document_title: List of U.S. states and territories by area

question_text: what is the biggest states in the us

question_tokens: what is the biggest states in the us

text: Area by state/territory[edit]

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

State/territory
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % land
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % water

 Alaska
7000100000000000000♠1
665,384.04
1,723,337
7000100000000000000♠1
570,640.95
1,477,953
7001857600000000000♠85.76%
7000100000000000000♠1
94,743.10
245,384
7001142400000000000♠14.24%

 Texas
7000200000000000000♠2
268,596.46
695,662
7000200000000000000♠2
261,231.71
676,587
7001972600000000000♠97.26%
7000800000000000000♠8
7,364.75
19,075
7000274000000000000♠2.74%

 California
7000300000000000000♠3
163,694.74
423,967
7000300000000000000♠3
155,779.22
403,466
7001951600000000000♠95.16%
7000600000000000000♠6
7,915.52
20,501
7000484000000000000♠4.84%

 Montana
7000400000000000000♠4
147,039.71
380,831
7000400000000000000♠4
145,545.80
376,962
7001989800000000000♠98.98%
7001260000000000000♠26
1,493.91
3,869
7000102000000000000♠1.02%

 New Mexico
7000500000000000000♠5
121,590.30
314,917
7000500000000000000♠5
121,298.15
314,161
7001997600000000000♠99.76%
7001490000000000000♠49
292.15
757
6999240000000000000♠0.24%

 Arizona
7000600000000000000♠6
113,990.30
295,234
7000600000000000000♠6
113,594.08
294,207
7001996500000000000♠99.65%
7001480000000000000♠48
396.22
1,026
6999350000000000000♠0.35%

 Nevada
7000700000000000000♠7
110,571.82
286,380
7000700000000000000♠7
109,781.18
284,332
7001992800000000000♠99.28%
7001360000000000000♠36
790.65
2,048
6999720000000000000♠0.72%

 Colorado
7000800000000000000♠8
104,093.67
269,601
7000800000000000000♠8
103,641.89
268,431
7001995700000099999♠99.57%
7001440000000000000♠44
451.78
1,170
6999430000000000000♠0.43%

 Oregon
7000900000000000000♠9
98,378.54
254,799
7001100000000000000♠10
95,988.01
248,608
7001975700000099999♠97.57%
7001200000000000000♠20
2,390.53
6,191
7000243000000000000♠2.43%

 Wyoming
7001100000000000000♠10
97,813.01
253,335
7000900000000000000♠9
97,093.14
251,470
7001992600000000000♠99.26%
7001370000000000000♠37
719.87
1,864
6999740000000000000♠0.74%

 Michigan
7001110000000000000♠11
96,713.51
250,487
7001220000000000000♠22
56,538.90
146,435
7001584600000000000♠58.46%
7000200000000000000♠2
40,174.61
104,052
7001415400000000000♠41.54%

 Minnesota
7001120000000000000♠12
86,935.83
225,163
7001140000000000000♠14
79,626.74
206,232
7001915900000000000♠91.59%
7000900000000000000♠9
7,309.09
18,930
7000841000000000000♠8.41%

 Utah
7001130000000000000♠13
84,896.88
219,882
7001120000000000000♠12
82,169.62
212,818
7001967900000000000♠96.79%
7001170000000000000♠17
2,727.26
7,064
7000321000000000000♠3.21%

 Idaho
7001140000000000000♠14
83,568.95
216,443
7001110000000000000♠11
82,643.12
214,045
7001988900000000000♠98.89%
7001330000000000000♠33
925.83
2,398
7000111000000000000♠1.11%

 Kansas
7001150000000000000♠15
82,278.36
213,100
7001130000000000000♠13
81,758.72
211,754
7001993700000000000♠99.37%
7001420000000000000♠42
519.64
1,346
6999630000000000000♠0.63%

 Nebraska
7001160000000000000♠16
77,347.81
200,330
7001150000000000000♠15
76,824.17
198,974
7001993200000099999♠99.32%
7001410000000000000♠41
523.64
1,356
6999680000000000000♠0.68%

 South Dakota
7001170000000000000♠17
77,115.68
199,729
7001160000000000000♠16
75,811.00
196,350
7001983100000000000♠98.31%
7001290000000000000♠29
1,304.68
3,379
7000169000000000000♠1.69%

 Washington
7001180000000000000♠18
71,297.95
184,661
7001200000000000000♠20
66,455.52
172,119
7001932100000099999♠93.21%
7001110000000000000♠11
4,842.43
12,542
7000679000000000000♠6.79%

  North Dakota
7001190000000000000♠19
70,698.32
183,108
7001170000000000000♠17
69,000.80
178,711
7001976000000000000♠97.60%
7001240000000000000♠24
1,697.52
4,397
7000240000000000000♠2.40%

 Oklahoma
7001200000000000000♠20
69,898.87
181,037
7001190000000000000♠19
68,594.92
177,660
7001981300000000000♠98.13%
7001300000000000000♠30
1,303.95
3,377
7000187000000000000♠1.87%

 Missouri
7001210000000000000♠21
69,706.99
180,540
7001180000000000000♠18
68,741.52
178,040
7001986100000000000♠98.61%
7001320000000000000♠32
965.47
2,501
7000138990000099999♠1.39%

 Florida
7001220000000000000♠22
65,757.70
170,312
7001260000000000000♠26
53,624.76
138,887
7001815500000000000♠81.55%
7000300000000000000♠3
12,132.94
31,424
7001184500000000000♠18.45%

 Wisconsin
7001230000000000000♠23
65,496.38
169,635
7001250000000000000♠25
54,157.80
140,268
7001826900000000000♠82.69%
7000400000000000000♠4
11,338.57
29,367
7001173109999900000♠17.31%

 Georgia
7001240000000000000♠24
59,425.15
153,910
7001210000000000000♠21
57,513.49
148,959
7001967800000000000♠96.78%
7001220000000000000♠22
1,911.66
4,951
7000322000000000000♠3.22%

 Illinois
7001250000000000000♠25
57,913.55
149,995
7001240000000000000♠24
55,518.93
143,793
7001958700000000000♠95.87%
7001190000000000000♠19
2,394.62
6,202
7000413000000000000♠4.13%

 Iowa
7001260000000000000♠26
56,272.81
145,746
7001230000000000000♠23
55,857.13
144,669
7001992600000000000♠99.26%
7001450000000000000♠45
415.68
1,077
6999740000000000000♠0.74%

 New York
7001270000000000000♠27
54,554.98
141,297
7001300000000000000♠30
47,126.40
122,057
7001863800000000000♠86.38%
7000700000000000000♠7
7,428.58
19,240
7001136200000099999♠13.62%

 North Carolina
7001280000000000000♠28
53,819.16
139,391
7001290000000000000♠29
48,617.91
125,920
7001903400000000000♠90.34%
7001100000000000000♠10
5,201.25
13,471
7000966000000000000♠9.66%

 Arkansas
7001290000000000000♠29
53,178.55
137,732
7001270000000000000♠27
52,035.48
134,771
7001978500000000000♠97.85%
7001310000000000000♠31
1,143.07
2,961
7000215000000000000♠2.15%

 Alabama
7001300000000000000♠30
52,420.07
135,767
7001280000000000000♠28
50,645.33
131,171
7001966100000000000♠96.61%
7001230000000000000♠23
1,774.74
4,597
7000339000000000000♠3.39%

 Louisiana
7001310000000000000♠31
52,378.13
135,659
7001330000000000000♠33
43,203.90
111,898
7001824800000000000♠82.48%
7000500000000000000♠5
9,174.23
23,761
7001175200000000000♠17.52%

 Mississippi
7001320000000000000♠32
48,431.78
125,438
7001310000000000000♠31
46,923.27
121,531
7001968900000000000♠96.89%
7001250000000000000♠25
1,508.51
3,907
7000311000000000000♠3.11%

 Pennsylvania
7001330000000000000♠33
46,054.35
119,280
7001320000000000000♠32
44,742.70
115,883
7001971500000000000♠97.15%
7001280000000000000♠28
1,311.64
3,397
7000285000000000000♠2.85%

 Ohio
7001340000000000000♠34
44,825.58
116,098
7001350000000000000♠35
40,860.69
105,829
7001911500000000000♠91.15%
7001140000000000000♠14
3,964.89
10,269
7000885000000000000♠8.85%

 Virginia
7001350000000000000♠35
42,774.93
110,787
7001360000000000000♠36
39,490.09
102,279
7001923200000099999♠92.32%
7001150000000000000♠15
3,284.84
8,508
7000768000000000000♠7.68%

 Tennessee
7001360000000000000♠36
42,144.25
109,153
7001340000000000000♠34
41,234.90
106,798
7001978400000000000♠97.84%
7001350000000000000♠35
909.36
2,355
7000216000000000000♠2.16%

 Kentucky
7001370000000000000♠37
40,407.80
104,656
7001370000000000000♠37
39,486.34
102,269
7001977200000000000♠97.72%
7001340000000000000♠34
921.46
2,387
7000227990000099999♠2.28%

 Indiana
7001380000000000000♠38
36,419.55
94,326
7001380000000000000♠38
35,826.11
92,789
7001983700000000000♠98.37%
7001390000000000000♠39
593.44
1,537
7000162990000000000♠1.63%

 Maine
7001390000000000000♠39
35,379.74
91,633
7001390000000000000♠39
30,842.92
79,883
7001871800000000000♠87.18%
7001120000000000000♠12
4,536.82
11,750
7001128200000000000♠12.82%

 South Carolina
7001400000000000000♠40
32,020.49
82,933
7001400000000000000♠40
30,060.70
77,857
7001938800000000000♠93.88%
7001210000000000000♠21
1,959.79
5,076
7000612000000000000♠6.12%

 West Virginia
7001410000000000000♠41
24,230.04
62,756
7001410000000000000♠41
24,038.21
62,259
7001992100000099999♠99.21%
7001500000000000000♠50
191.83
497
6999790000000000000♠0.79%

 Maryland
7001420000000000000♠42
12,405.93
32,131
7001420000000000000♠42
9,707.24
25,142
7001782500000000000♠78.25%
7001180000000000000♠18
2,698.69
6,990
7001217500000000000♠21.75%

 Hawaii
7001430000000000000♠43
10,931.72
28,313
7001470000000000000♠47
6,422.63
16,635
7001587500000000000♠58.75%
7001130000000000000♠13
4,509.09
11,678
7001412500000000000♠41.25%

 Massachusetts
7001440000000000000♠44
10,554.39
27,336
7001450000000000000♠45
7,800.06
20,202
7001739000000000000♠73.90%
7001160000000000000♠16
2,754.33
7,134
7001261000000000000♠26.10%

 Vermont
7001450000000000000♠45
9,616.36
24,906
7001430000000000000♠43
9,216.66
23,871
7001958400000000000♠95.84%
7001460000000000000♠46
399.71
1,035
7000416000000000000♠4.16%

 New Hampshire
7001460000000000000♠46
9,349.16
24,214
7001440000000000000♠44
8,952.65
23,187
7001957600000000000♠95.76%
7001470000000000000♠47
396.51
1,027
7000424000000000000♠4.24%

 New Jersey
7001470000000000000♠47
8,722.58
22,591
7001460000000000000♠46
7,354.22
19,047
7001843100000000000♠84.31%
7001270000000000000♠27
1,368.36
3,544
7001156900000000000♠15.69%

 Connecticut
7001480000000000000♠48
5,543.41
14,357
7001480000000000000♠48
4,842.36
12,542
7001873500000000000♠87.35%
7001380000000000000♠38
701.06
1,816
7001126500000000000♠12.65%

 Delaware
7001490000000000000♠49
2,488.72
6,446
7001490000000000000♠49
1,948.54
5,047
7001782900000000000♠78.29%
7001400000000000000♠40
540.18
1,399
7001217100000000000♠21.71%

 Rhode Island
7001500000000000000♠50
1,544.89
4,001
7001500000000000000♠50
1,033.81
2,678
7001669200000000000♠66.92%
7001430000000000000♠43
511.07
1,324
7001330800000000000♠33.08%

 District of Columbia
7002100000000000000♠
68.34
177
7002100000000000000♠
61.05
158
7001893300000000000♠89.33%
7002100000000000000♠
7.29
19
7001106700000000000♠10.67%

 Puerto Rico
7002100000000000000♠
5,324.84
13,791
7002100000000000000♠
3,423.78
8,868
7001643000000000000♠64.30%
7002100000000000000♠
1,901.07
4,924
7001357000000000000♠35.70%

 Northern Mariana Islands
7002100000000000000♠
1,975.57
5,117
7002100000000000000♠
182.33
472
7000923000000000000♠9.23%
7002100000000000000♠
1,793.24
4,644
7001907700000000000♠90.77%

 United States Virgin Islands
7002100000000000000♠
732.93
1,898
7002100000000000000♠
134.32
348
7001183309999999999♠18.33%
7002100000000000000♠
598.61
1,550
7001816700000000000♠81.67%

 American Samoa
7002100000000000000♠
581.05
1,505
7002100000000000000♠
76.46
198
7001131600000000000♠13.16%
7002100000000000000♠
504.60
1,307
7001868400000000000♠86.84%

 Guam
7002100000000000000♠
570.62
1,478
7002100000000000000♠
209.80
543
7001367700000000000♠36.77%
7002100000000000000♠
360.82
935
7001632300000000000♠63.23%

 Minor Outlying Islands[3][a]
7002100000000000000♠
16.00
41
7002100000000000000♠
16.00
41
—
7002100000000000000♠
—
—
—

 Contiguous United States
Total
3,120,426.47
8,081,867
7002100000000000000♠
2,954,841.42
7,653,004
7001946900000000000♠94.69%
7002100000000000000♠
165,584.6
428,862
7000530990000099999♠5.31%

 50 states and D.C.
Total
3,796,742.23
9,833,517
7002100000000000000♠
3,531,905.43
9,147,593
7001930200000000000♠93.02%
7002100000000000000♠
264,836.79
685,924
7000698000000000000♠6.98%

 All U.S. territory
Total
3,805,943.26
9,857,348
7002100000000000000♠
3,535,948.12
9,158,064
7001929100000000000♠92.91%
7002100000000000000♠
269,995.13
699,284
7000709000000000000♠7.09%

text: Area by division[edit]

text: All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

Division
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % land
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % water

East North Central
7000500000000000000♠5
301,368.57
780,541
7000600000000000000♠6
242,902.44
629,114

7000200000000000000♠2
58,466.13
151,427

East South Central
7000700000000000000♠7
183,403.89
475,014
7000700000000000000♠7
178,289.83
461,769

7000900000000000000♠9
5,114.60
13,247

Middle Atlantic
7000800000000000000♠8
109,331.89
283,168
7000800000000000000♠8
99,223.32
256,987

7000600000000000000♠6
10,108.57
26,181

Mountain
7000200000000000000♠2
863,564.63
2,236,622
7000200000000000000♠2
855,766.98
2,216,426

7000800000000000000♠8
7,797.65
20,196

New England
7000900000000000000♠9
71,987.96
186,448
7000900000000000000♠9
62,668.46
162,311

7000700000000000000♠7
9,299.50
24,086

Pacific
7000100000000000000♠1
1,009,687.00
2,615,077
7000100000000000000♠1
895,286.33
2,318,781

7000100000000000000♠1
114,400.67
296,296

South Atlantic
7000600000000000000♠6
292,990.46
758,842
7000500000000000000♠5
265,061.97
686,507

7000300000000000000♠3
27,928.49
72,334

West North Central
7000300000000000000♠3
520,355.80
1,347,715
7000300000000000000♠3
507,620.08
1,314,730

7000500000000000000♠5
12,735.72
32,985

West South Central
7000400000000000000♠4
444,052.01
1,150,089
7000400000000000000♠4
425,066.01
1,100,916

7000400000000000000♠4
18,986.00
49,174

text: Area by region[edit]

text: All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

Region
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % land
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % water

Midwest
7000300000000000000♠3
821,724.38
2,128,256
7000300000000000000♠3
750,522.52
1,943,844

7000200000000000000♠2
71,201.86
184,412

Northeast
7000400000000000000♠4
181,319.85
469,616
7000400000000000000♠4
161,911.78
419,350

7000400000000000000♠4
19,408.07
50,267

South
7000200000000000000♠2
920,446.37
2,383,945
7000200000000000000♠2
868,417.82
2,249,192

7000300000000000000♠3
52,028.55
134,753

West
7000100000000000000♠1
1,873,251.63
4,851,699
7000100000000000000♠1
1,751,053.31
4,535,207

7000100000000000000♠1
122,198.32
316,492

text:
U.S. states by total area

U.S. states by land area

U.S. states by water area

U.S. states by water percentage

Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world.[citation needed]

The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000♠18% of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000♠21% of the area of the contiguous United States

The second largest state, Texas, is only 7001400000000000000♠40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska

Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area

San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states; it is larger than the four smallest states combined.

Michigan is second (after Alaska) in water area, and first in water percentage

Florida is mostly a peninsula, and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage


document_title: List of U.S. states by incarceration and correctional supervision rate

question_text: which us state has the highest incarceration rate

root

text: Incarceration rate by state[edit]

text: U.S. states by incarceration rate under state prison or local jail jurisdiction per 100,000 population. Rates are for yearend 2016. Federal prison inmates are not included in the state rates. The table below has all 50 states plus the District of Columbia.

tag: p

text:
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

Jurisdiction

Yearend2016. Inprisonor jail

2016rate per100,000adults

2016rate per100,000of all ages

State

1,942,600

780

600

Federal

188,400

80

60

U.S. total

2,131,000

850

660

Alabama
40,900
1,080
840

Alaska
4,400
800
600

Arizona
55,000
1,030
790

Arkansas
24,000
1,050
800

California
202,700
670
510

Colorado
32,100
740
580

Connecticut
15,000
530
420

Delaware
6,600
880
690

District of Columbia
1,800
320
270

Florida
149,800
900
720

Georgia
91,400
1,160
880

Hawaii
5,600
500
390

Idaho
11,300
900
670

Illinois
60,800
620
480

Indiana
43,200
850
650

Iowa
13,400
560
430

Kansas
17,200
780
590

Kentucky
34,700
1,010
780

Louisiana
45,400
1,270
970

Maine
4,100
380
300

Maryland
28,400
610
470

Massachusetts
19,400
360
280

Michigan
56,500
730
570

Minnesota
16,300
380
290

Mississippi
28,700
1,260
960

Missouri
44,300
940
730

Montana
5,700
700
550

Nebraska
8,800
610
460

Nevada
20,200
890
680

New Hampshire
4,500
410
330

New Jersey
32,000
460
360

New Mexico
14,700
930
710

New York
74,400
480
380

North Carolina
54,100
680
530

North Dakota
3,100
540
410

Ohio
71,000
790
610

Oklahoma
39,000
1,310
990

Oregon
20,700
640
500

Pennsylvania
82,400
810
640

Rhode Island
3,100
370
290

South Carolina
32,100
820
640

South Dakota
5,800
880
670

Tennessee
48,400
930
720

Texas
218,500
1,050
780

Utah
11,700
540
380

Vermont
1,700
340
280

Virginia
57,500
880
680

Washington
30,400
530
410

West Virginia
10,100
690
550

Wisconsin
35,600
790
620

Wyoming
3,900
870
660

tag: table

text: Comparison with other countries[edit]

text: According to the World Prison Brief the United States currently has the largest prison population in the world, and the highest incarceration rate.[3][4][5][6]

text: On January 1, 2008 more than 1 in 100 adults in the United States were in prison or jail.[7][8] Total US incarceration peaked in 2008.[1]

text: In addition to the overall highest incarceration rate, the United States also has the highest rate of female incarceration. According to a November 2017 report by the World Prison Brief around 212,000 of the 714,000 female prisoners worldwide (women and girls) are incarcerated in the United States.[9] In the United States in 2015, women made up 10.4% of the incarcerated population in adult prisons and jails.[10] In most countries, the proportion of female inmates to the larger population is closer to one in twenty. Australia is the exception where the rate of female imprisonment increased from 9.2 percent in 1991 to 15.3 percent in 1999.[11]

text: Comparing other English-speaking developed countries,[3] whereas the incarceration rate in the US is 660 per 100,000 population of all ages (as of 2016 table above),[1] the incarceration rate of Canada is 114 per 100,000 (as of 2015),[12] England and Wales is 146 per 100,000 (as of 2016),[13] and Australia is 160 per 100,000 (as of 2016).[14] Comparing other developed countries, the rate of Spain is 133 per 100,000 (as of 2016),[15] Greece is 89 per 100,000 (as of 2016),[16] Norway is 73 per 100,000 (as of 2016),[17] Netherlands is 69 per 100,000 (as of 2014),[18] and Japan is 48 per 100,000 (as of 2014).[19]

text: In addition, the United States has striking statistics when observing the racial dimension of mass incarceration. According to Michelle Alexander, the United States "imprisons a larger percentage of its black population than South Africa did at the height of apartheid."[20]

text: Correctional supervision rate by state[edit]

text: Chart below has numbers for people in adult facilities, and for people on probation and on parole.[1] The incarceration numbers in the main part of the chart below are for sentenced and unsentenced inmates in adult facilities in local jails and state prisons, but not for people in federal prisons.

text: The bottom of the chart has totals and average rates for each column.

text: Federal prison numbers are added at the end of the chart. So the total number (local, state, and federal) under adult correctional supervision is 6,582,100. That is a correctional supervision rate of 2,630 per 100,000 U.S. adult residents. That rounds off to 2.6% of US adult residents.

text:
Jurisdiction
Total
Community supervision
Incarcerated

Total,12/31/2016
Rate per 100,000adults
Probation or Parole,12/31/2016
Rate per 100,000adults
In prison or jail,12/31/2016
Rate per 100,000adults

Alabama
99,800
2,640
60,700
1,610
40,900
1,080

Alaska
12,900
2,320
8,400
1,520
4,400
800

Arizona
137,500
2,570
84,800
1,590
55,000
1,030

Arkansas
72,100
3,150
51,500
2,250
24,000
1,050

California
536,100
1,770
333,300
1,100
202,700
670

Colorado
121,900
2,820
90,900
2,110
32,100
740

Connecticut
59,600
2,110
44,700
1,580
15,000
530

Delaware
22,400
2,980
15,800
2,100
6,600
880

District of Columbia
10,400
1,840
9,600
1,710
1,800
320

Florida
366,000
2,200
218,600
1,320
149,800
900

Georgia
..
..
..
..
91,400
1,160

Hawaii
27,500
2,450
21,900
1,950
5,600
500

Idaho
48,800
3,880
37,500
2,980
11,300
900

Illinois
204,200
2,070
143,400
1,450
60,800
620

Indiana
159,900
3,150
116,700
2,300
43,200
850

Iowa
46,700
1,940
35,100
1,460
13,400
560

Kansas
38,500
1,750
21,500
980
17,200
780

Kentucky
97,900
2,850
63,800
1,860
34,700
1,010

Louisiana
111,000
3,110
71,000
1,980
45,400
1,270

Maine
10,300
960
6,800
630
4,100
380

Maryland
99,000
2,120
82,800
1,770
28,400
610

Massachusetts
82,900
1,520
63,600
1,170
19,400
360

Michigan
..
..
..
..
56,500
730

Minnesota
119,500
2,810
103,900
2,450
16,300
380

Mississippi
65,300
2,880
37,700
1,660
28,700
1,260

Missouri
105,900
2,240
61,600
1,300
44,300
940

Montana
15,200
1,860
10,200
1,250
5,700
700

Nebraska
23,300
1,620
14,600
1,010
8,800
610

Nevada
39,200
1,720
19,000
830
20,200
890

New Hampshire
10,800
1,010
6,400
590
4,500
410

New Jersey
186,300
2,670
155,700
2,230
32,000
460

New Mexico
30,200
1,900
15,500
970
14,700
930

New York
212,100
1,360
142,400
910
74,400
480

North Carolina
149,300
1,890
95,200
1,210
54,100
680

North Dakota
10,300
1,770
7,100
1,230
3,100
540

Ohio
326,200
3,620
256,400
2,840
71,000
790

Oklahoma
74,500
2,510
35,500
1,190
39,000
1,310

Oregon
82,000
2,520
61,400
1,890
20,700
640

Pennsylvania
368,100
3,640
291,600
2,880
82,400
810

Rhode Island
24,300
2,850
23,200
2,730
3,100
370

South Carolina
68,800
1,770
36,700
940
32,100
820

South Dakota
15,000
2,290
9,300
1,420
5,800
880

Tennessee
119,400
2,310
74,700
1,440
48,400
930

Texas
681,900
3,290
482,900
2,330
218,500
1,050

Utah
25,400
1,180
15,900
740
11,700
540

Vermont
7,400
1,450
5,800
1,150
1,700
340

Virginia
120,000
1,830
62,500
950
57,500
880

Washington
127,000
2,230
100,600
1,760
30,400
530

West Virginia
20,100
1,380
10,100
690
10,100
690

Wisconsin
100,500
2,230
64,900
1,440
35,600
790

Wyoming
9,400
2,100
5,500
1,230
3,900
870

State
6,262,000
2,500
4,405,400
1,760
1,942,600
780

Federal
320,000
130
131,700
50
188,400
80

U.S. total
6,582,100
2,630
4,537,100
1,810
2,131,000
850

text: Male and female incarceration and correctional supervision numbers[edit]

text:
Number and rate of persons supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems, by sex and correctional status, 2015.[21]

Community supervision (parole, probation, etc.)
Incarcerated

Number
Rate per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages
Number
Rate per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages

Jurisdiction
Total
Male
Female
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Male
Female

U.S. total
4,650,900
3,594,300
1,056,700
2,260
640
2,145,100
1,942,500
202,600
1,600
160

Federal
132,800
109,200
23,700
70
10
195,700
182,800
12,900
150
10

State
4,518,100
3,485,100
1,033,000
2,190
630
1,949,400
1,759,700
189,800
1,450
150

Alabama
64,600
50,600
14,000
2,140
560
42,900
38,600
4,300
1,640
170

Alaska
8,500
6,600
1,900
1,700
550
5,400
4,800
600
1,230
170

Arizona
83,300
66,700
16,700
1,950
480
54,900
49,100
5,800
1,440
170

Arkansas
51,500
39,000
12,500
2,660
820
24,000
21,200
2,800
1,450
180

California
349,600
277,500
72,100
1,420
360
201,000
186,000
15,100
950
80

Colorado
89,200
66,700
22,400
2,410
820
31,800
28,000
3,800
1,010
140

Connecticut
45,300
35,700
9,500
2,040
520
15,800
14,700
1,100
840
60

Delaware
16,100
12,400
3,700
2,690
760
6,700
6,100
500
1,330
110

District of Columbia
9,900
8,500
1,400
2,640
400
1,800
1,700
100
530
30

Florida
225,400
167,000
58,400
1,670
560
153,000
137,900
15,100
1,380
140

Georgia
451,800
353,600
98,200
7,060
1,870
88,500
79,600
8,900
1,590
170

Hawaii
22,500
17,200
5,300
2,360
740
5,900
5,200
700
710
100

Idaho
37,800
28,100
9,700
3,370
1,160
10,900
9,300
1,600
1,120
190

Illinois
151,300
118,200
33,100
1,870
510
63,900
59,500
4,400
940
70

Indiana
122,500
93,100
29,400
2,850
870
43,500
38,200
5,200
1,170
160

Iowa
35,600
26,900
8,700
1,730
550
12,900
11,500
1,400
740
90

Kansas
20,900
16,400
4,500
1,120
310
16,600
14,800
1,800
1,010
130

Kentucky
70,600
49,400
21,300
2,260
940
33,800
28,700
5,100
1,310
230

Louisiana
71,900
57,400
14,500
2,510
600
49,000
45,400
3,600
1,980
150

Maine
6,700
5,400
1,400
820
200
4,000
3,500
500
540
70

Maryland
87,400
71,800
15,600
2,460
500
29,700
27,800
1,900
950
60

Massachusetts
66,900
52,600
14,300
1,590
410
20,100
19,000
1,200
570
30

Michigan
193,900
147,700
46,100
3,020
910
57,700
53,100
4,600
1,090
90

Minnesota
105,100
81,000
24,000
2,960
870
16,500
14,800
1,600
540
60

Mississippi
44,800
35,500
9,300
2,440
600
28,000
25,800
2,300
1,770
150

Missouri
62,600
47,600
15,000
1,590
480
43,400
38,500
4,900
1,290
160

Montana
9,700
7,400
2,300
1,430
440
5,600
4,800
800
930
150

Nebraska
13,700
10,000
3,700
1,050
390
8,600
7,700
900
810
100

Nevada
19,200
15,200
4,000
1,040
270
19,100
16,800
2,300
1,150
160

New Hampshire
6,300
4,900
1,400
750
210
4,600
4,100
500
620
80

New Jersey
151,300
117,700
33,700
2,690
730
33,900
31,700
2,200
720
50

New Mexico
16,800
12,600
4,200
1,210
400
15,100
13,300
1,800
1,290
170

New York
145,600
120,500
25,000
1,250
250
75,900
71,100
4,800
740
50

North Carolina
97,400
73,400
24,000
1,490
460
53,800
48,800
5,000
990
100

North Dakota
6,900
5,100
1,800
1,300
490
3,200
2,700
400
690
120

Ohio
262,000
189,700
72,300
3,330
1,220
70,700
62,800
7,900
1,100
130

Oklahoma
33,400
25,700
7,700
1,320
390
39,700
34,400
5,300
1,770
270

Oregon
61,900
49,600
12,300
2,470
600
21,000
18,600
2,400
930
120

Pennsylvania
296,200
223,500
72,700
3,560
1,110
83,900
76,300
7,600
1,220
120

Rhode Island
24,400
20,600
3,800
4,010
690
3,200
3,100
100
600
30

South Carolina
38,500
30,500
8,000
1,280
320
31,600
28,900
2,800
1,210
110

South Dakota
9,800
7,500
2,300
1,720
540
5,300
4,600
800
1,050
180

Tennessee
75,400
57,100
18,300
1,770
540
48,000
41,600
6,500
1,290
190

Texas
488,800
375,200
113,600
2,730
810
214,800
192,500
22,300
1400
160

Utah
15,700
12,000
3,700
790
240
11,700
10,100
1,600
660
110

Vermont
6,300
4,800
1,500
1,550
470
1,800
1,600
200
520
50

Virginia
57,000
43,700
13,300
1,060
310
57,300
51,000
6,300
1,230
150

Washington
104,700
81,600
23,200
2,260
640
29,700
26,300
3,400
730
90

West Virginia
10,100
7,300
2,800
800
300
10,100
8,700
1,400
950
150

Wisconsin
65,600
52,700
12,900
1,830
440
35,000
31,800
3,100
1,110
110

Wyoming
5,900
4,300
1,600
1,450
550
3,900
3,400
600
1,130
200

text: Juvenile detention[edit]


document_title: Lady Justice

question_text: who is the woman holding the scales of justice

text: Lady Justice

text: The Goddess Iustitia[edit]

text: The origin of Lady Justice was Iustitia, the goddess of Justice within Roman mythology. Iustitia was introduced by emperor Augustus, and was thus not a very old deity in the Roman pantheon.

text: Iustice was one of the virtues celebrated by emperor Augustus in his clipeus virtutis, and a Temple of Iustitia was established in Rome 8 January 13 CE by emperor Tiberius.[3] Iustitia became a symbol for the virtue of justice that every emperor wished to associate his regime with; emperor Vespasian minted coins with the image of the goddess seated on a throne called Iustitia Augusta, and many emperors after him used the image of the goddess to proclaim themselves protectors of justice.[3]

text: Though formally called a goddess with her own temple and cult shrine in Rome, it appears that she was from the onset viewed more as an artistic symbolic personification rather than as an actual deity with religious significance.

text: Depiction[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The personification of justice balancing the scales dates back to the Goddess Maat, and later Isis, of ancient Egypt. The Hellenic deities Themis and Dike were later goddesses of justice. Themis was the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom, in her aspect as the personification of the divine rightness of law.

text: There are three distinctive features of Lady Justice: a set of scales, a blindfold, and a sword.

text: Scales[edit]

text: Lady Justice is most often depicted with a set of scales typically suspended from her left hand, upon which she measures the strengths of a case's support and opposition. The depiction dates back to ancient Egypt, where the God Anubis was frequently depicted with a set of scales on which he weighed a deceased's heart against the Feather of Truth.[4]

text: The Greek goddess Dike is also holding a set of scales.

text: Bacchylides, Fragment 5 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.):

text: If some god had been holding level the balance of Dike (Justice).

text: The scales represent the weighing of evidence and are balanced to portray that the evidence should stand on its own.

text: Blindfold[edit]

text: Since the 16th century, Lady Justice has often been depicted wearing a blindfold. The blindfold represents impartiality, the ideal that justice should be applied without regard to wealth, power, or other status. The earliest Roman coins depicted Justitia with the sword in one hand and the scale in the other, but with her eyes uncovered.[5] Justitia was only commonly represented as "blind" since about the end of the 15th century. The first known representation of blind Justice is Hans Gieng's 1543 statue on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen (Fountain of Justice) in Berne.[6]

text: Instead of using the Janus approach, many sculptures simply leave out the blindfold altogether. For example, atop the Old Bailey courthouse in London, a statue of Lady Justice stands without a blindfold;[7] the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her "maidenly form" is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant.[8] Another variation is to depict a blindfolded Lady Justice as a human scale, weighing competing claims in each hand. An example of this can be seen at the Shelby County Courthouse in Memphis, Tennessee.[9]

text: The cover of a 2006 issue of Rolling Stone proclaimed TIME TO GO!, focusing on the perceived corruption that dominated Congress. The drawing showed a bunch of figures evoking reactionary politics emerging from the Capitol. One of the figures was Lady Justice lifting her blindfold, implying that the then-composition of Congress had politicized the criminal justice system.

text: It represents never favoring the strong nor the weak, the rich nor the poor, the righteous nor the wicked.

text: Sword[edit]

text: The last distinctive feature of Lady Justice is her sword. The sword represented authority in ancient times, and conveys the idea that justice can be swift and final.[4]

text: Toga[edit]

text: The Greco-Roman garment symbolizes the status of the philosophical attitude that embodies justice.[4][unreliable source?]

text: Lady Justice in art[edit]

text:
Justice in sculpture

Lady Justice with sword, scales and blindfold on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen in Berne, Switzerland—1543

The Justice, in front of the Supreme Court of Brazil

Lady Justice seated at the entrance of The Palace of Justice, Rome, Italy

Sculpture of Lady Justice on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen (Frankfurt) (de) in Frankfurt, Germany

Justitia, outside the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

The Central Criminal Court or Old Bailey, London, UK

Themis, Itojyuku, Shibuya-ku, Japan

19th-century sculpture of the Power of Law at Olomouc, Czech Republic—lacks the blindfold and scales of Justice, replacing the latter with a book

Themis, Chuo University, Tama-shi, Japan

Themis, Chuo University Suginami high school, Suginami-ku, Japan

The Law, by Jean Feuchère

Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, Tennessee, United States

Justitia, Tehran courthouse, Tehran, Iran

Themis, outside the Supreme Court of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Justice by Diana Moore, Government Center, Newark, New Jersey

Justitia in the Superior Courts Building in Budapest, Hungary

tag: ul

text:
Justice in painting

Fresco in the Sala di Costantino (it), Raphael Rooms, Raphael, c. 1520

Gerechtigkeit, Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1537

Luca Giordano, Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, 1684–1686

Justitia (Spitzweg) (de), Carl Spitzweg, c. 1857

text: Lady Justice and her symbols are used in heraldry, especially in the arms of legal government agencies.

text:
Justice in heraldry

Justitia in arms of Ilshofen in Baden-Württemberg

Scales and sword in the arms of a Swedish court of law

Scales balanced on a sword in the arms of Hörby

Prudentia and Justitia as supporters in the armorial achievement of Landskrona

text:
Justice in numismatics

Justice holding scales, $0.50 U.S. fractional currency.


document_title: Urinary bladder

question_text: which region does the urinary bladder lie in

text: Urinary bladder

text: Structure[edit]

text: In humans the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis. Urine collects in the bladder, fed from the two ureters that connect the bladder with the kidneys. Urine leaves the bladder via the urethra, a single muscular tube which ends in an opening – the urinary meatus, where it exits the body.

text: Anatomists divide the bladder into:.[3]

text:
a broad fundus
a body
an apex
a neck

text: The apex (prev.vertex) is directed forward toward the upper part of the pubic symphysis, and from there the median umbilical ligament continues upward on the back of the anterior abdominal wall to the umbilicus. The peritoneum is carried by it from the apex on to the abdominal wall to form the middle umbilical fold.

text: The neck of the bladder is the area at the base of the trigone that surrounds the internal urethral orifice that leads to the urethra.[3] In males the neck of the urinary bladder is adjacent to the prostate gland.

text: The three openings, two ureteric orifices, and the internal urethral orifice mark the triangular area called the trigone of the bladder. These openings have mucosal flaps in front of them that act as valves in preventing the backflow of urine into the ureters,[4] known as vesicoureteral reflux. Between the two ureteric openings is a raised area of tissue called the interureteric crest.[3] This makes the upper boundary of the trigone. The trigone is a smooth-muscle area that forms the floor of the bladder above the urethra.[5] It is an area of smooth tissue for the easy flow of urine into and from this part of the bladder - in contrast to the irregular surface formed by the rugae.

text: In men, the prostate gland lies outside the opening for the urethra. The middle lobe of the prostate causes an elevation in the mucous membrane behind the internal urethral orifice called the uvula of urinary bladder. The uvula can enlarge when the prostate becomes enlarged.

text: The bladder is situated below the peritoneal cavity near the pelvic floor and behind the pubic symphysis. In men, it lies in front of the rectum, separated by the recto-vesical pouch, and is supported by fibres of the levator ani and of the prostate gland. In women, it lies in front of the uterus, separated by the vesico-uterine pouch, and is supported by the elevator ani and the upper part of the vagina. The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3–5 mm thick.[6] When well distended, the wall is normally less than 3 mm.[6]

text: The inner walls have a series of ridges, thick mucosal folds known as rugae that allow for the expansion of the bladder.

text: The Latin phrase for "urinary bladder" is vesica urinaria, and the term vesical or prefix vesico - appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins. The modern Latin word for "bladder" - cystis - appears in associated terms such as cystitis (inflammation of the bladder).

text: Microanatomy[edit]

text: The outside of the bladder is protected by a serous membrane.[7] The bladder wall itself is smooth muscle.[7] The inner side of the bladder is lined with a mucosal membrane consisting of a surface glycocalyx that protects the cells beneath it from urine, the urothelium (a form of transitional epithelium), a basement membrane, and the lamina propria.[7][8] The mucosal lining also offers a urothelial barrier against the passing of infections.[9]

text:
Vertical section of bladder wall.

Layers of the urinary bladder wall and cross section of the detrusor muscle.

Anatomy of the male bladder, showing transitional epithelium and part of the wall in a histological cut-out.

text: Detrusor muscle[edit]

text: The detrusor muscle is a layer of the urinary bladder wall made of smooth muscle fibers arranged in spiral, longitudinal, and circular bundles. Stretch receptors in the bladder signal the parasympathetic nervous system to stimulate the muscarinic receptors in the detrusor to contract the muscle when the bladder is extended.[10] This encourages the bladder to expel urine through the urethra. The main receptor activated is the M3 receptor, although M2 receptors are also involved and whilst outnumbering the M3 receptors they are not so responsive.[11] The main relaxant pathway is via the adenylyl cyclase cAMP pathway, activated by β2 adrenergic receptors.[12][13] The detrusor muscle is unusually able to change its length. It can also contract for a long time whilst voiding, and it stays relaxed whilst the bladder is filling.[12] The urothelium and lamina propria (also termed the bladder mucosa) line the inside of the detrusor muscle, and can release regulators to influence general contractility of the detrusor muscle, maintain normal bladder tone, and potentially mediate bladder diseases such as overactive bladder[14].

text: Blood- and lymph-supply[edit]

text: The bladder is supplied by the vesical arteries and drained by the vesical veins.[15] The superior vesical artery supplies blood to the upper part of the bladder. The lower part of the bladder is supplied by the inferior vesical artery in males and by the vaginal artery in females, both of which are branches of the internal iliac arteries.[15] In females, the uterine arteries provides additional blood supply.[15] Venous drainage begins in a network of small vessels on the lateral and posterior surfaces of the bladder, which coalesce and pass backwards along the lateral ligaments of the bladder into the internal iliac veins.[15]

text: The lymph drained from the bladder begins in a series of networks throughout the mucosal, muscular and serosal layers. These then form three sets of vessels: one set near the trigone draining the bottom of the bladder; one set draining the top of the bladder; and another set draining the outer undersurface of the bladder. The majority of these vessels drain into the external iliac lymph nodes.[15]

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: The bladder receives motor innervation from both sympathetic fibers, most of which arise from the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses and nerves, and from parasympathetic fibers, which come from the pelvic splanchnic nerves.[16]

text: Sensation from the bladder is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) via general visceral afferent fibers (GVA). GVA fibers on the superior surface follow the course of the sympathetic efferent nerves back to the CNS, while GVA fibers on the inferior portion of the bladder follow the course of the parasympathetic efferents.[16]

text: For the urine to exit the bladder, both the autonomically controlled internal sphincter (in the male) and the voluntarily controlled external sphincter must be opened. Problems with these muscles can lead to incontinence.[17]

text: Development[edit]

text: The human urinary bladder derives from the urogenital sinus, and it is initially continuous with the allantois. The upper and lower parts of the bladder develop separately and join together around the middle part of development.[5] At this time the ureters move from the mesonephric ducts to the trigone.[5] In males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the recto-vesical pouch. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina; thus its maximum capacity is lower than in males. It is separated from the uterus by the vesico-uterine pouch. In infants and young children the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.[18]

text: Function[edit]

text: Urine, excreted by the kidneys, collects in the bladder before disposal by urination (micturition). The urinary bladder usually holds 300-350 ml of urine. As urine accumulates, the rugae flatten and the wall of the bladder thins as it stretches, allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal pressure.[19] Urination is controlled by the pontine micturition center in the brainstem.[20]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Inflammation and infection[edit]

text: Bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine which can indicate a urinary tract infection such as cystitis.

text: Interstitial cystitis

text: Incontinence and retention[edit]

text: Frequent urination can be due to excessive urine production, small bladder capacity, irritability or incomplete emptying. Males with an enlarged prostate urinate more frequently. One definition of an overactive bladder is when a person urinates more than eight times per day.[21] An overactive bladder can often cause urinary incontinence. Though both urinary frequency and volumes have been shown to have a circadian rhythm, meaning day and night cycles,[22] it is not entirely clear how these are disturbed in the overactive bladder. Urodynamic testing can help to explain the symptoms. An underactive bladder is the condition where there is a difficulty in passing urine and is the main symptom of a neurogenic bladder. Frequent urination at night may indicate the presence of bladder stones.

text: Disorders of or related to the bladder include:

text:
Bladder exstrophy
Bladder sphincter dyssynergia, a condition in which the sufferer cannot coordinate relaxation of the urethra sphincter with the contraction of the bladder muscles
Paruresis
Trigonitis
Urinary retention

text: Disorders of bladder function may be dealt with surgically, by re-directing the flow of urine or by replacement with an artificial urinary bladder. The volume of the bladder may be increased by bladder augmentation. An obstruction of the bladder neck may be severe enough to warrant surgery.

text: Cancer[edit]

text: Bladder cancer – the most common type is transitional cell carcinoma.[23]

text: Investigation[edit]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: Reptiles[edit]

text: In all reptiles the urinogenital ducts and the anus both empty into an organ called a cloaca. In some reptiles, a midventral wall in the cloaca may open into a urinary bladder, but not all. It is present in all turtles and tortoises as well as most lizards, but is lacking in the monitor lizard, the legless lizards. It is absent in the snakes, alligators, and crocodiles.[24]:p. 474

text: Many turtles, tortoises, and lizards have proportionally very large bladders. Charles Darwin noted that the Galapagos tortoise had a bladder which could store up to 20% of its body weight.[25] Such adaptations are the result of environments such as remote islands and deserts where water is very scarce.[26]:143 Other desert-dwelling reptiles have large bladders that can store a long-term reservoir of water for up to several months and aid in osmoregulation.[27]

text: Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, located lateral to the neck of the urinary bladder and dorsal to the pubis, occupying a significant portion of their body cavity.[28] Their bladder is also usually bilobed with a left and right section. The right section is located under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in that side while the left section is more likely to have calculi.[29]

text: Amphibians[edit]

text: Most aquatic and semi-aquatic amphibians have a membranous skin which allows them to absorb water directly through it. Some semi-aquatic animals also have similarly permeable bladder membrane.[30] As a result, they tend to have high rates of urine production to offset this high water intake, and have urine which is low in dissolved salts. The urinary bladder assists such animals to retain salts. Some aquatic amphibian such as Xenopus do not reabsorb water, to prevent excessive water influx.[31] For land-dwelling amphibians, dehydration results in reduced urine output.[32]:p. 184

text: The amphibian bladder is usually highly distensible and among some land-dwelling species of frogs and salamanders may account for between 20% and 50% of their total body weight.[32]:p. 184

text: Fish[edit]

text: Although the gills of most teleost fish assist with the elimination of ammonia from the body and although fish virtually by definition live in an environment surrounded by water, most still have a distinct bladder for storing waste fluid. The urinary bladder of teleosts is permeable to water, though this is less true for freshwater dwelling species than saltwater ones.[25]:p. 219 Most fish also have an organ called a swim-bladder which is unrelated to the urinary bladder except in its membranous nature. The loaches, pilchards, and herrings are among the few types of fish in which a urinary bladder is poorly developed. It is largest in those fish which lack an air bladder, and is situated in front of the oviducts and behind the rectum.[33]

text: Mammals[edit]

text: All mammals have a urinary bladder. This structure begins as an embryonic cloaca. In the vast majority, this eventually becomes differentiated into a dorsal part connected to the intestine and a ventral part which becomes associated with the urinogenital passage and urinary bladder. The only mammals in which this does not take place are the platypus and the spiny anteater both of which retain the cloaca into adulthood.[24]

text: The mammalian bladder is an organ that regularly stores a hyperosmotic concentration of urine. It therefore is relatively impermeable and has multiple epithelial layers. The urinary bladder of the cetaceans (whales and dolphins) is proportionally smaller than that of land-dwelling mammals.[34]

text: Birds[edit]

text: In the whole class of Aves there is no urinary bladder per se. Although all birds have kidneys, the ureters open directly into a cloaca which serves as a reservoir for urine, fecal matter, and eggs.[35]

text: Additional images[edit]

text: Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic prostate (BPH) visualized by medical ultrasound.


document_title: Saab Automobile

question_text: when was the last year saab was made

question_tokens: when was the last year saab was made

text: Saab Automobile

text: History

text: Svenska Aeroplan AB (1948–1969)

text: Saab AB, "Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget" (Swedish for "Swedish aeroplane corporation"), a Swedish aerospace and defence company, was created in 1937 in Linköping. The company had been established in 1937 for the express purpose of building aircraft for the Swedish Air Force to protect the country's neutrality as Europe moved closer to World War II. As the war drew to a close and the market for fighter planes seemed to weaken, the company began looking for new markets in which to diversify.

text: An automobile design project was started in 1945 with the internal name "X9248".[12][13] The design project became formally known as "Project 92"; the 92 being next in production sequence after the Saab 91, a single engine trainer aircraft.[14] In 1948, a company site in Trollhättan was converted to allow automobile assembly and the project moved there, along with the car manufacturing headquarters, which has remained there since. The company made four prototypes named "Ursaab" or "original Saab", numbered 92001 through to 92004, before designing the production model, the Saab 92, in 1949.

text: The Saab 92 went into production in December 1949,[15] selling 20,000 cars through the mid-1950s. The 92 was thoroughly redesigned and re-engineered in 1955, and was renamed the "Saab 93". The car's engine gained a cylinder, going from two to three and its front fascia became the first to sport the first incarnation of Saab's trademark trapezoidal radiator grill. A wagon variant, the Saab 95, was added in 1959. The decade also saw Saab's first performance car, the Saab 94, the first of the Saab Sonetts.

text: 1960 saw the third major revision to the 92's platform in the Saab 96. The 96 was an important model for Saab: it was the first Saab to be widely exported out of Sweden. The unusual vehicle proved very popular, selling nearly 550,000 examples. Unlike American cars of the day, the 93, 95 and 96 all featured the 3-cylinder 2-cycle engine, which required adding oil to the gasoline tank, front-wheel drive, and freewheeling, which allowed the driver to downshift the on-the-column manual shifter without using the clutch. Front seat shoulder belts were also an early feature.[citation needed]

text: Even more important to the company's fortunes was 1968's Saab 99. The 99 was the first all-new Saab in 19 years, and unlike its predecessors, severed all ties with the 92. The 99 had many innovations and features that would come to define Saabs for decades: wraparound windscreen, self-repairing bumpers, headlamp washers and side-impact door beams. The design by Sixten Sason was no less revolutionary than the underlying technology, and elements like the Saab hockey stick profile graphic continue to influence Saab design.[citation needed]

text: Saab-Scania (1969–1989)

text: In 1969, Saab AB merged with the Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer Scania-Vabis AB to form Saab-Scania AB, under the Wallenberg family umbrella.

text: The 99 range was expanded in 1973 with the addition of a combi coupe model, a body style which became synonymous with Saab. The millionth Saab was produced in 1976.

text: Saab entered into an agreement with Fiat in 1978 to sell a rebadged Lancia Delta as the Saab 600 and jointly develop a new platform. The agreement yielded 1985's Saab 9000, sister to the Alfa Romeo 164, Fiat Croma and Lancia Thema; all rode atop a common Type Four chassis. The 9000 was Saab's first proper luxury car but failed to achieve the planned sales volume.

text: 1978 also was the first year for the 99's replacement: the Saab 900. Nearly one million 900s would be produced, making it Saab's best-selling and most iconic model.[16] A popular convertible version followed in 1986, all of which were made at the Saab-Valmet factory in Finland, making up nearly 20% of 900 sales. Even today, the "classic 900" retains a cult following.

text: General Motors and Investor AB (1989–2000)

text: In 1989, the Saab car division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB, headquartered in Sweden; General Motors and Investor AB controlled 50% each. GM's investment of US$600 million gave it the option to acquire the remaining shares within a decade. General Motors' involvement spurred the launch of a new 900 in 1994. The new car shared a platform with the Opel Vectra. Due in large part to its success, Saab earned a profit in 1995 for the first time in seven years. However, the model never achieved the cult following of the "classic 900" and did not achieve the same reputation for quality.

text: 1997 marked Saab's 50th anniversary as an automaker. The company used its jubilee owners' convention to launch a replacement for the aging 9000: the Saab 9-5. The 900 received a facelift and renaming complementary to its new larger sibling: it would now be called the Saab 9-3. The 9-5 was the first Saab without a combi coupé body style option in 20 years. Filling that space was a wagon variant, introduced in 1999.

text: General Motors (2000–2010)

text: GM exercised its option to acquire the remaining Saab shares in 2000, spending US$125 million to turn the company into a wholly owned subsidiary.

text: The new close relationship yielded its first product in 2003's all-new 9-3. The new model, marketed as a sport sedan, dropped Saab's iconic hatchback in favour of a more conventional four-door approach. The model shared a co-developed platform (GM's "global Epsilon 1 platform") and some other components with the Opel Vectra again, but the relationship was much more of a joint engineering effort than before.

text: Under GM's direction, the badge-engineered Saab 9-2X (based on the Subaru Impreza) and Saab 9-7X (based on the Chevrolet Trailblazer) were introduced in the American market in 2005 with the hope of increasing sales. Both models were a critical and commercial failure and were cancelled a few years after production began. GM also delayed the 9-3 wagon by three years, shelved a hatchback derivative of the 9-3 sedan, stalled plans for all-wheel-drive capabilities in Saab models until 2008, cancelled a 9–5 replacement in 2005, and announced a planned shift of production away from Saab's historic home in Trollhättan to Opel's factory in Rüsselsheim.

text: Owing to fading fortunes across its entire business, GM announced that the Saab brand was "under review" in December 2008, a process which included the possibility of selling or shuttering the car maker. Reportedly, 27 potential buyers emerged, including BMW, Fiat, Geely, Hyundai, Magna, Renault and Tata Motors; serious talks progressed with three bidders: the Swedish supercar maker Koenigsegg, Merbanco and Renco Group.[citation needed]

text: As the talks progressed, GM's support receded, and Saab went into administration, the Swedish equivalent of America's Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Saab's managing director Jan-Åke Jonsson said that this was "the best way to create a truly independent entity that is ready for investment".[17] For its part, the Swedish government was reluctant to become involved, with Maud Olofsson, industry minister, stating: "The Swedish state and taxpayers in Sweden will not own car factories. Sometimes you get the impression that this is a small, small company but it is the world's biggest automaker so we have a right to make demands."[18]

text: On 16 June 2009, Koenigsegg announced its intention to purchase the brand from GM.[19] The bid was backed by a group of Norwegian investors and the Chinese car maker Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co Ltd (BAIC). The following month, both parties announced that GM had consented to the deal. There were outstanding financial details, but a loan from the European Investment Bank was expected to cover them. The loan was approved in October, but on November 24, 2009, Koenigsegg announced that it had "come to the painful and difficult conclusion that it could no longer carry out the acquisition."[20] much because of the constant delays and the difficulties coordinating the involved parties; GM, the European Investment Bank, the Swedish National Debt Office and BAIC.

text: It was announced on 14 December 2009, that the Chinese automaker would acquire the intellectual property rights and production equipment for the previous generation Saab 9-3 and Saab 9-5 in a deal worth about US$197 million, which was enough for the company to run for three months.[21][22] BAIC expressed its intention to create a new brand around the purchased technology and admitted to the purchase of "three overall vehicle platforms, two engine technologies and two transmission systems."[23]

text: Following the collapse of talks with Koenigsegg, GM announced that the brand would be eliminated in 2010 if it failed to secure a buyer before the close of 2009.[24] As talks with several firms failed, including the Netherlands-based boutique supercar maker Spyker, GM formally announced its intention to wind down the Saab brand.[25]

text: Undeterred, a new offer round materialized. Earlier bidders Spyker and Merbanco revised their offers and were joined by a submission from Luxembourg-based Genii Capital, which boasted the support of F1 chief Bernie Ecclestone.[26] GM continued accepting bids until a self-imposed deadline of January 7, 2010. Acknowledging that the chances for reaching a deal with any party were very slim, they pledged to evaluate each offer with due diligence.[27][28]

text: Spyker/Swedish Automobile (2010–2011)

text: 2010 – purchase of Saab

text: On 26 January, General Motors (GM) confirmed that Spyker N.V. and GM had come to an agreement allowing Spyker to purchase Saab,[29] subject to regulatory and government approval; the sale was completed on February 23, 2010.[30] General Motors would continue to supply Saab with engines and transmissions, and also completed vehicles in the shape of the new Saab 9-4x from GM's Mexican factory. The deal included a loan from the European Investment Bank, guaranteed by the Swedish government. It comprised US$74m in cash up front, payable to GM by July 2010, and shares in Spyker to the tune of US$320m.

text: 2011 – bankruptcy

text: On February 25, Spyker Cars N.V. announced that it had agreed to sell the sports car arm to focus on Saab. Spyker intended to change its name, in May, to include the Saab name.[31]

text: In early 2011, Saab began to run out of money, and Spyker were not able to cover the losses. Both companies stopped paying bills, and on March 30 several suppliers refused further deliveries to Saab's factory in Trollhättan. Initially Spyker CEO Victor Muller blamed the media for the problems, and claimed that Saab had no problems with funding.[32] On April 5 all production was halted at Saab's plant in Trollhättan.

text: Spyker CEO Victor Muller tried to obtain funding from several different sources. On March 30 his former sponsor, Russian banker Vladimir Antonov applied to Swedish authorities, EIB and General Motors for permission to become a shareholder in Saab. His request was denied by the EIB, citing concerns about his business practices.

text: On May 3, a joint venture between Saab and Chinese carmaker Hawtai was announced. This deal quickly unraveled and on May 12 Hawtai walked away from Saab.[33]

text: Plans for a new joint venture with Chinese carmaker Youngman and Chinese automotive retailer Pang Da followed shortly. After months of negotiations the companies agreed to a joint US$140 million takeover of Saab Automobile and its UK dealer network unit from Swedish Automobile, with Youngman and Pang Da taking 60 and 40 percent stakes respectively.[34][35][36]

text: On 6 December, GM announced that it would not continue its licenses to GM patents and technology to Saab if the company was sold to Pang Da and Zhejiang Youngman, stating that the new owner's use of the technology is not in the best interest of GM investors. Because of this, Saab started working on a new proposal which would not change the original ownership structure and would not include a Chinese partner as an owner of the company, but instead as a 50% owner of a new daughter company.

text: On 19 December 2011, with no alternatives left after GM continued to block any form of involvement with a Chinese partner, Saab officially filed for bankruptcy after a three-year fight for survival. Under Sweden's bankruptcy laws, a party that files for bankruptcy can be bought out of bankruptcy.

text: On 16 April 2012, a meeting on Saab’s bankruptcy was held at the District Court of Vänersborg.[37] The official receivers in charge of the Saab liquidation valued the assets at us$500m and the debt at US$2,000m. After subtracting the value of the assets, Saab leaves a debt of US$1,500m.[38]

text: 2012 – US$3 billion damages claim

text: On 6 August 2012, Spyker, represented by the law firm Patton Boggs, filed a lawsuit against General Motors in the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan claiming US$3 billion in damages for the actions GM took in the fall of 2011 to stop the various proposed deals between Spyker and Youngman concerning Saab Automobile where Youngman claimed to be ready to invest several billion dollars in Saab Automobile to guarantee its future. More precisely, under the Automotive Technology License Agreement (ATLA) between GM Global Technology Operations Inc (GTO) and Saab, GM refused licensing of the platforms and technology in Saab cars if any Chinese party were to be involved in Saab's ownership structure.

text: To solve this issue, Spyker and Youngman came up with a deal where Youngman would provide Saab with a loan of €200 million which would be converted into an equity interest in Saab only after Saab ceased using GM technology in its vehicles. Despite this, GM maintained that it would still refuse licensing of platforms and technology needed for production of Saab cars in Trollhättan and also threatened to cease 9-4X production at GM's plant in Mexico, should the deal go through.

text: Consequently, the deal finally collapsed and Saab was forced to file for bankruptcy. According to Spyker, the actions taken by GM were not legal. Since Saab had been in receivership since the bankruptcy, and would be until the deal with Nevs was closed, Spyker and the receivers of Saab Automobile had entered into an agreement where Spyker would bear the costs of the litigation in exchange for 90% of the claim if the case is successful.[39][40][41][42]

text: 2013 – claim dismissed

text: In June 2013, the district court dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that General Motors was within its rights to block the sale.[43] In October 2014, the district court of appeals upheld the dismissal.[44]

text: National Electric Vehicle Sweden (2012–2014)

text: On 13 June 2012, a press conference was held announcing that the main assets of Saab Automobile AB and its subsidiaries Saab Automobile Powertrain AB and Saab Automobile Tools AB as well as the Saab factory had been acquired by a Chinese consortium called National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS).[45] Saab Automobile Parts AB was not included in the deal and the Swedish National Debt Office would continue as an owner of that company.[46] NEVS' plan was to build only purely electric vehicles with an electric version of the current 9-3 model available in 2013/2014, as well as to continue development of the replacement to the 9-3, the Phoenix. GM continued to refuse licensing of the technology in the Saab 9-5 and 9-4X, so these models would not be produced. The rights to use of the Saab trademark had not yet been granted by Saab AB and Scania AB and negotiations on that matter continued.[47][48]

text: On 26 August 2012, Scania AB let the Swedish press know that the griffin logo used in both Scania's and Saab Automobile's trademark would not be allowed for use on future Saab cars with Nevs as the owner of Saab Automobile. Scania believed the logo is of high value in China and feared that it would end up in the wrong hands through the Chinese interests behind Nevs.[49]

text: On 3 September 2012, Nevs announced that it had finalized the acquisition of Saab Automobiles assets. Nevs would be able to use the name Saab on future cars but not the griffin logo. Production of the 9-3 would initially focus on a turbo-charged petrol variant, but an electric version - initially aimed at the Chinese market - would start production in 2014.[50]

text: On 8 January 2013, Nevs announced a deal with Qingdao Qingbo Investment Co. Ltd, for a 22% stake in the company. In return, Nevs/Saab would receive SEK 2bn, along with a production facility for models sold in China. Cars sold in North America and most of Europe would continue to be made in Trollhättan, Sweden. The possibility of using Fiat/Chrysler sourced drive train components for non- electric models was also being examined.[51][52]

text: On 12 August 2013, the Saab plant at Trollhättan reopened its doors to welcome back employees for preparations and restructuring of the production line. Production of the existing 9-3 would commence shortly with a new electric motor, while Saab finished the preparations for the new 9-3 Phoenix.

text: On 19 September 2013, the first Saab-branded vehicle produced by Nevs rolled off of the assembly line. The first pre-production model was mostly aesthetically identical to the previous Saab 9-3 and mainly used to test new components and assembly line equipment. Nevs announced a facelift of the exterior to be shown on a finalised production model. On 29 November 2013 Nevs announced that full-scale production would commence on 2 December 2013, having replaced the 20 percent of parts originally sourced from former Saab owner General Motors.[53]

text: Production of the gasoline version of the Saab 9-3 resumed in December 2013,[54] and on 10 December 2013 NEVS started selling their Saab 9-3 Aero to Swedish customers directly from their homepage,[55] but on 20 May 2014 NEVS announced that production had been stopped, 100 consultants had had to be laid off and 53 blue-collar and 19 white-collar workers had been given notice that their contracts would not be prolonged after the summer. According to NEVS, this was due to Qingdao Qingbo Investment Co Ltd not fulfilling their commitment to finance NEVS operations which had forced NEVS main owner Kai Johan Jiang to fund operations for several months through private funds as well as through assets in NEVS parent company National Modern Energy Holdings Ltd.[56][57][58][59]

text: On 27 May 2014, NEVS communication officer Mikael Östlund confirmed through a video interview that NEVS was in talks with two large automobile companies regarding funding of operations and co-development of the Phoenix platform.[60]

text: On 9 June 2014, Swedish media reported that a number of companies had filed debts from NEVS at the National Enforcement Agency in Sweden for a total sum of 10.4 million SEK.[61]

text: On 28 August 2014, NEVS itself filed for bankruptcy protection.[62]

text: On 29 August 2014, Saab AB announced it was cancelling the licensing agreement that allows NEVS to use the Saab name. NEVS' financial problems were cited as the reason.[63] A spokesman for NEVS said that the company expects to renegotiate the agreement after a solution to the company's financial problems is reached.

text: By June 2015, NEVS had acquired two new Chinese partners, an IT company and a development authority for the city of Tianjin. Both are state-owned. In late June, NEVS began construction of a factory in Tianjin, with the goal of manufacturing electric cars for the Chinese market. As of this point, NEVS has not re-acquired the rights to the Saab name, and it is developing a new brand for the Chinese market. There was no indication that restarting production at the plant in Trollhättan, Sweden was planned.[64]

text: On June 21, 2016, NEVS announced they will no longer use the Saab trademark, instead using their company name on its car, which will still be based on the Saab 9-3 platform.[65] The first NEVS car went into production in 2017.[66]

text: Production

text: Saab's total world production in 2008 was 90,281 vehicles produced in three countries.[67][68] Production declined sharply in 2009, as new owners struggled to deal with the company's mounting financial problems. Production was suspended until late 2013, when the new ownership launched a limited run of 2014 model year 9-3 sedans.

text:
Country
Cars (2013)
Cars (2010)
Cars (2009)
Cars (2008)
Cars (2007)
Models

Sweden
Trollhättan
162[69]
32,048
20,950[70]
75,073
102,915
9–3 Sedans, Wagon, and Convertible, 9-5 Sedan and Wagon

Austria
Graz
0

9-3 Convertible

Mexico
Ramos Arizpe
0
457
0
0
0
9-4x (Q2 2011)

Total
162[69]
32,505
20,905
90,281[67][68]
125,397

text: Saab manufactured various models at the Valmet Automotive plant in Uusikaupunki, Finland, between 1969 and 2003, in a joint venture established in 1968 together with Valmet. After 2003 Saab did not manufacture any cars in Finland, as the production of the 9-3 convertible then moved to Graz, Austria. In 2010 production of the 9-3 convertible was moved again to Trollhättan. This marked the first time that Trollhättan manufactured the 9-3 convertible.

text: Models

text: A common feature of Saab car types was the use of the number 9 in the model numbers. The final models were the 9-3 and 9-5, both of which were manufactured in Trollhättan, Sweden. Until 2008, the 9-7X was manufactured by GM along with the Chevrolet Trailblazer and its platform-mates. The exception to this naming rule is the Saab-Lancia 600, which was a re-badged Lancia Delta.

text: In December 2013, Nevs announced that the Saab 9-3 sedan was back in regular production, with convertible, station wagon, and electric models to follow in the next year. Production stopped in 2014.[71]

text: Cancelled models

text:
Saab 98, combi-coupé version of the Saab 96
all-terrain vehicle based on the Saab Sonett II chassis
Saab 9-3 electric model
Saab 9-3 convertible
Saab 9-3 station wagon
Saab 9-3 third generation, based on the PhoeniX platform
Unnamed Saab 9-3 replacement, production had been planned for October 2012
Saab 9-2, inspired by the classic Saab 92. Production had been planned for 2014.

text: Historical models

text:
Saab 92 and descendants:

Saab 92 (1949–56)
Saab 93 (1955–60)

Saab GT750 (1958–60)

Saab 94 Sonett I (1956)
Saab 95 estate (1959–78)

Saab 95 3 cylinder two-stroke (1960–67)
Saab 95 V4 (1967–80)

Saab 96 (1960–80)

Saab 96 3 cylinder two-stroke (1960–68)
Saab Sport 3 cylinder two-stroke (1962–1966)
Saab Monte Carlo 850 3 cylinder two-stroke (1966–1967)
Saab 96 V4 (1967–1980)
Saab Monte Carlo V4 V4 (1967–1968)

Saab 97

Sonett II (1966–1970)
Sonett III (1970–1974)

Saab Formula Junior single seat racing car (1960)
SaabO caravan/camper/travel trailer (1964–1968)
Saab 99 and descendents:

Saab 99 (1968–1984)
Saab 900 "Classic" (1979–1994)
Saab 90 (1984–1987)

Saab 600 (1985–1988)
Saab 9000 (1985–1998)
Saab 900 "New Generation" (1994–1998)
Saab 9-3 first generation (1998–2002)
Saab 9-2X (2005–2006)
Saab 9-7X (2005–2009)
Saab 9-5 first generation (1997–2009)
Saab 9-3 SportSedan (2003–2011) second generation
Saab 9-3 Convertible (2004–2011), (2012 by ANA)[72] second generation
Saab 9-3 SportCombi (2006–2011) second generation
Saab 9-3X (2009–2011)
Saab 9-5 (2010–2011) second generation
Saab 9-4X (June 2011 – December 2011)
Saab 9-3 compact executive car (second generation) (2002–2011, 2013–2014)

text: Concepts and prototypes

text:
Saab 92 line:

Saab 92001 or Ursaab: The prototype for the first Saab production car (1946)
Saab Monster (1959)
Saab 60 (1962)
Saab Quantum (1962)
Saab Catherina (1964)
Saab MFI13 (1965)
Saab Toad (1966)
Saab 98 (1974)

Saab EV-1 (1985)
Saab 900 line:

Saab Viking (1982)

Saab 9000 line:

Saab 9000 Cabriolet
Saab Prometheus: A 9000 fitted with a joystick instead of a steering wheel (1993)[73]

Saab 9XX Concept (1991)
Saab 9-X line:

Saab 9-X (2001)
Saab 9-3X (2002)
Saab 9-3 Sport Hatch (2003)
Saab 9-5 Aero BioPower (2006)
Saab 9-4X BioPower (2008)
Saab 9-X Biohybrid (2008)
Saab 9-X Air (2008)
Saab 9-3 ePower sport wagon (2010)

Saab Aero-X (2006)
Saab PhoeniX (2011)

text: Innovations

text:
1958: The GT 750 is the first Saab car fitted with seatbelts as standard.[74]
1963: Saab becomes the first volume maker to offer diagonally split dual brake circuits.
1969: Saab creates an ignition system near the gearstick[citation needed] – instead of behind the steering wheel like most cars – in an attempt to reduce the very common serious and permanent knee injuries during collisions, caused by the knee impacting the key.
1970: Saab introduces a world-first – headlamp wipers and washers.
1971: Heated front seats are introduced, the first time in the world they are fitted as standard.
1971: Saab develops the impact-absorbing, self-repairing bumper[citation needed].
1976: Saab was the first manufacturer to produce a turbo engine with wastegate to control boost.
1978: Saab introduces another 'world-first,' the passenger compartment air filter (pollen filter).
1980: Saab introduces Automatic Performance Control (APC), and an anti-knock sensor that allowed higher fuel economy and the use of lower grade fuel without engine damage.
1981: Saab introduces the split-field side mirror. This reduces the driver's blind spot.
1982: Saab introduces asbestos-free brake pads.
1983: Saab introduces the 16-valve turbocharged engine
1985: Saab pioneers direct ignition, eliminating the distributor and spark plug wires.
1991: Saab introduces a 'light-pressure' turbo.
1991: Saab is the first manufacturer to offer CFC-free air-conditioning.
1991: Saab develops its 'Trionic' engine management system, equipped with a 32-bit micro-processor.
1993: Saab introduces the 'Sensonic clutch' and the 'Black Panel', later to be called the 'Night Panel'.
1993: Saab develops the 'Safeseat' rear passenger protection system.
1994: Saab introduces the 'Trionic T5.5' engine management system, its processor is a Motorola 68332.
1995: Saab presents an asymmetrically turbocharged V6 at the Motor Show in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
1996: Saab introduces active head restraints (SAHR), which help minimize the risk of whiplash.
1997: Saab introduces Electronic Brake-force Distribution
1997: Saab fits ventilated front seats to their new 9-5.
1997: Saab introduces ComSense; an alert delay feature that reduces the risk of distraction by briefly postponing lower priority alerts when the brakes or indicators are activated
2000: Saab introduces SVC; a Variable Compression, an engine in which the compression ratio is varied by tilting the cylinder head in relation to the pistons.
2002: Saab developed an independent, multi-link, rear suspension system on the new Saab 9-3 known as "ReAxs", a system which provides crisp steering feedback and contributes to enhanced driving stability in curves
2002: Saab unveils the second-generation Saab Active Head-Restraint system, known as SAHR2, in the new Saab 9-3 sedan
2003: Saab introduces CargoSET; automatic storage well retraction for the convertible, a two-step tonneau action for quicker soft-top deployment
2008: Saab introduces Cross-wheel drive, an advanced all-wheel drive system with eLSD. Saab brands this systems as "XWD"

text: Safety

text: Safety has a high priority in the design of Saab cars. The cars are subjected to the Älgtest (elk test) as elk are a common cause of accidents in Sweden. Saab have compiled a database containing over 6,100 real-life accidents with Saabs. The first recorded event was in 1948 where Julian Shermis had an accident.[75]

text: All modern Saabs (except the 9000 and 9-2X) have a floor-mounted ignition. This is for many reasons, some of which follow:[citation needed] Saab believes this is a safer position in case of an accident. The driver's knee often jerks upward in a collision; the compact and dense ignition module on the steering column of many other cars has shattered many kneecaps. Saabs have bolstered dashboards for both front seat occupants. Also, the floor-mounted position yields more space, allowing modern Saabs to have a metal bar that rotates over and up into the ignition when the key is turned to the "Lock" position. This makes Saabs very challenging to hot-wire. Ergonomically, the ignition's location next to the parking brake lever, gearshift, and seatbelt, saves time. Last of all, the ignition is located on the floor because, in the aircraft that inspired Saab automobiles, the throttle controls were all located on the floor. Originally Saabs also had the key located on the right side of the steering column, but when they changed from a column shift to a floor shift, the ignition key followed, except in the Sonett III and 9000.

text: Endurance records

text: In October 1986, the Saab Long Run took place. Three standard Saab 9000 Turbos set two world records and 21 international records at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama, USA. 100,000 km (62,000 mi) were covered with an average speed of 213.299 km/h (132.537 mph) and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) with an average speed of 213.686 km/h (132.778 mph).

text: Ten years later, in 1996, three standard Saab 900 (NG) Turbos driven by factory test drivers and two standard naturally aspirated Saab 900s driven by journalists set new world records on the same speedway.

text: In early December 2006, a Wisconsin traveling salesman donated his 1989 Saab 900 SPG (Special Performance Group) to the Wisconsin Automotive Museum after amassing 1,001,385 miles (1,611,573 km) on the original factory engine. This mileage was verified by Saab.[76]

text: Marketing and ownership

text: Dating back to 1937, Svenska Aeroplan AB (Saab) created airplanes, introducing its first car, the Saab 92001, in 1947. Currently, Saab AB is separate from Saab Automobile and is best known for its old Saab 37 Viggen fighter aircraft (the Viggen badge would be shared by a 9-3) and its successor, the current export success low cost JAS 39 Gripen swing-role fighter. This has led to an ad campaign, "Born From Jets", evoking the days when Saab produced both aircraft and automobiles. Saab is imported into many countries; each has a president of the subsidiary or importer. In the US, the first president was Mr. R. Millet.

text: In 1987, Saab created a TV advertisement called "Saab suite" (subtitled Ballet in 3 acts for 8 Saab 9000 Turbos). In the film, stunt drivers show incredible driving with stock cars, such as one-wheeled burnouts, bumper-to-bumper driving through a slalom, cars slaloming from opposite directions on the same course, two-wheel driving, sliding in full speed, and jumping over passing cars—all on a closed airport runway with classical music playing in the background.[77]

text: To commemorate its 40th anniversary, Saab formed a Performance Team in 1987, which laid on exhibitions of automobile acrobatics and formation driving. Initially this was done with Saab 9000s, as above, then later models, such as the Saab 900 (NG) were used. All of the team's members have previously competed in rallies, but what's unusual is that all five Performance Team members held regular jobs at Saab: there are two engineers, a quality controller, a technician and the head of Saab's photo studio. The picture shows these vehicles on display at the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the Saab Aircraft Company, at Linköping, in 1997.

text: A Hewlett-Packard CPU-support chip features a Saab 900 Turbo 16 Cabriolet etched into its structure.[78]

text: Ownership and brand loyalty

text: As the brand has an unusual image in most markets, Saab owners tend to be correspondingly offbeat: intellectuals and enthusiasts.[79][80] In his studies of brand communities, Albert Muniz, professor of marketing at DePaul University in Chicago, found significant characteristics of Saab owners which he called Snaabery.[81] These included ownership of an original, pre-GM Saab; camaraderie with other Saab drivers and contempt for other brands such as BMW. Writer John Crace characterised the typical "Snaab" as a creative advertising executive with large spectacles and an asymmetric hairstyle.[82] Rüdiger Hossiep, a psychologist at Ruhr University Bochum, found that Saab drivers have the highest level of psychological involvement with their cars, being over 10 times more passionate than the average Volkswagen driver.[81] Saab's main three markets were Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.[82]

text: Slogans

text:
The Swedish Car with Aircraft Quality (first English slogan)[83]
Go Swift – Go Safe – Go Saab (advertisement page – 1970s FIA Year Book)[84]
The most intelligent cars ever built. (1980s)[85]
Find your own road. (1990s)[83]
A Saab will surrender its own life to save yours. (1990s)[83]
Welcome to the State of Independence (early 2000s decade; United States)[83]
Born From Jets. (2003–09; United States, Canada)[83]
Move Your Mind. (final global slogan)[citation needed]
People Who Test Drive a Saab, Usually Buy One[83]
It's A Pity Other Cars Aren't Built This Way[83]
We don’t make compromises. We make Saabs.[83]
Saab. It's what a car should be.[83]
Beyond the conventional (1990s United Kingdom).[83]
The Command Performance Car.[83]
The Well-Built Swede[86]

text: Literature and the arts

text: The Saab 900 Turbo was James Bond's vehicle of choice in many of the John Gardner Bond novels of the 1980s, beginning with Licence Renewed. In the second novel, For Special Services, the 900 was dubbed the "Silver Beast".[87] The car is Bond's private vehicle that he had outfitted with various gadgets by the real-life company Communication Control Systems Ltd (CCS). In conjunction with the release of Licence Renewed, Saab had a real "Silver Beast" created that was virtually identical to the specifications in the book. The car is currently in the Saab Museum in Trollhättan, Sweden.

text: In the series Seinfeld, Jerry Seinfeld usually drove a Saab 900S Cabrio with no Turbo. The Saab plays a prominent role in several episodes, in one, getting stolen by Jerry's mechanic, "for the car's best interests".[88]

text: In an essay originally published in In These Times in November 2004 entitled Have I Got A Car For You,[89] writer Kurt Vonnegut recounts his experiences as owner and operator of a Saab dealership in West Barnstable, Massachusetts and humorously claims that his criticism of Swedish engineering is the reason he was never awarded a Nobel Prize in Literature. The essay also appeared in the 2005 anthology A Man Without A Country.

text: The song "Diane Young" by Vampire Weekend from their 2013 album Modern Vampires of the City opens with the line, "You torched a Saab like a pile of leaves." The music video for the single features a burning Saab 900. The Lil’ Kim song "Gettin’ Money (Get Money Remix)" contains the lyrics "Convertible Saab/I’m married to the mob". The music video for "Song Cry" with Jay-Z features a Saab 900 Turbo convertible. The video for Peter Peter Hughes' "My God Is An Angry God (Juan Manuel Fangio Castiga Los Pecados Del Mundo)" prominently features a Saab 900 Aero.[90] A black Saab 900 Turbo was a plot point in the movie Moving (1988 film) featuring Richard Pryor.[91]

text: In August 2014 a Swedish book, Saabs sista strid was published, chronicling Saab's last year and spiral into bankruptcy. The author is Swedish financial journalist Jens B. Nordström.[92]

text: In motorsport

text: Saab competed in the Trans Am Series in 1966, entering a 96 and a 850. Saab also entered its 9-3 in the Castrol Canadian Touring Car Championship.

text: Saab had a factory rally team with successful drivers, Erik "On-the-Roof" Carlsson, Tom Trana, Simo Lampinen, Stig Blomqvist and Per Eklund. The team stopped competing in 1980. In 2012 a new Saab rally team took part in the classic historic Midnattssolsrallyt (Rally to the Midnight Sun). The S2AB Historic Rally team entered four Saab 99 Turbos, driven by ex-champions Ola Strömberg, Erik Uppsäll, Travis Decker and Jörgen Trued. S2AB (Swedish Advanced Automotive Business) is the company led by Magnus Roland, former chassis manager at Saab.


document_title: Stella (UK TV series)

question_text: who plays aunt brenda's husband in stella

question_tokens: who plays aunt brenda 's husband in stella

text: Stella (UK TV series)

text: Background[edit]

text: The series is set in the fictional village of Pontyberry in the South Wales Valleys. Stella is a 40-something single mum who earns a living doing the locals' ironing. Most of the time, she's relatively happy with life as she juggles the ups and downs of her family, amid the chaos of her eccentric friends, relatives and children's fathers. Her brood consists of eldest son Luke, who starts the series in prison as a consequence of stealing five cars and a lorry; 16-year-old Emma who's smitten with her first love Sunil; and 12-year-old Ben.

text: Then there's Stella's best friend, sister-in-law Paula, a functioning alcoholic funeral director. Stella's not-too-bright ex-husband Karl who's now seeing 28-year-old Nadine; not forgetting lollipop man and youth rugby coach Alan, an old school friend of Stella's who's been in love with her since 1984. Finally there's Stella's brother Dai who is an ex-serviceman injured on duty. He doesn't work now but is always willing to help out while enjoying an exciting sex life with his wife Paula.

text: A running joke of the series is the Daddy character played by Howell Evans who only speaks in an unfathomable language, yet everyone in the village is able to understand him but outsiders cannot. However, Daddy appears in the choir scenes where he appears to sing the same words as the rest of the choir members. In episode 2.7 Ashley Banjo thinks Daddy is speaking Welsh but Paula says Daddy does not speak Welsh. However, in episode 2.10 Aunty Brenda says Daddy can speak Welsh and Punjabi.

text: A number of main cast members did not return after the second series and exited off screen. Consequently, new cast members were added for the third series.

text: Catrin Stewart did not return as Emma in the fourth series having departed on screen in the Christmas special but returned in episodes 9 and 10 in Series 5 and the final episode of series 6. Several other cast members also did not return.

text: In Series 4 Episode 7 Elizabeth Berrington returned as Paula Kosh after having not appeared since Series 2, however her return was only temporary, she departed in Episode 8. She also returned in episodes 7 and 8 of Series 5, because of Daddy's death. She also appeared on the final episode.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Stella is a warm, funny, down-to-earth family saga starring Ruth Jones in the titular role as a mum juggling the demands of life, love and the next door neighbour's donkey. Stella is a 40-something mum who earns a living doing the locals' washing and ironing. And, most of the time, she's relatively happy with life as she juggles the ups and downs of her family, amid the chaos of her eccentric friends, relatives and children's fathers. Her brood consists of eldest son Luke, a lovely boy who starts the series in prison; beautiful 16-year-old Emma who's smitten with her first love Sunil; the brains of the family 12-year-old Ben and their dog Banjo.

text: Then there's Stella's best friend Paula, a functioning alcoholic funeral director. Stella's not-too-bright ex-husband Karl who's now seeing 28-year-old Nadine; not forgetting lollipop man and youth rugby coach Alan, an old school friend of Stella's who's been in love with her since 1984. Finally there's Stella's brother Dai who is an ex-serviceman injured on duty. He doesn't work now but is always willing to help out while enjoying an exciting sex life with his wife. Stella's life isn't straightforward. Bagging toy boy Sean and son Luke's release from prison indicated that things were on an upward turn in the first run, but teenage daughter Emma's pregnancy and the untimely return of Stella's first love Rob soon knocked the family off balance. In the last episode, Luke revealed he was emigrating to Canada, although Stella stole the show by confessing to Emma that she was pregnant - but didn't know if Rob or Sean was the father.

text: Series two joins Stella and Sean preparing for their new arrival, while Emma and Sunil adjust to married life. Domestic bliss looks doubtful for both, however, as Rob's business dealings bring him back to Pontyberry and Sunil enrols at a brainy (and boozy) medical school. Elsewhere, Dai begins work at the funeral home with wife Paula, creating untoward problems for the usually adventurous couple. Catch up with lollipop man Alan too, who experiences a run of bad luck when his crossing is replaced by traffic lights. Karl and Nadine's new salon Tantastic Bodies, meanwhile, promises to make the town "browner and beefier", and they've already got a potential client in Aunty Brenda, a new arrival from Tenerife armed with bags of insults and an appetite to offend.

text: English lawyer Michael Jackson moves to the house next door to Stella after an acrimonious divorce has caused him to downsize his lifestyle. As he tries to adjust to valley life he soon becomes inextricably linked to Stella's household. When we left Pontyberry at the end of Series 2 Stella had made the life changing decision not to go to Canada with Rob. She also parted ways with Sean and he emigrated to Australia with his new love. As the story picks up for series 3 will Stella have entirely given up on men? Or could new neighbour Michael become the new apple of her eye?

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character
Duration
Notes

Ruth Jones
Stella Morris/Jackson
2012–2017

Craig Gallivan
Luke Morgan
2012–2017
Eldest son of Stella

Catrin Stewart
Emma Morris/Choudary
2012–2014, 2016, 2017
Daughter of Stella

Justin Davies
Ben Morris
2012–2017
Youngest son of Stella

Patrick Baladi
Michael Jackson
2014–2017
Boyfriend/Husband of Stella

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Duration

Elizabeth Berrington
Paula Kosh/Simpson
2012–2013, 2015, 2016, 2017

Karen Paullada
Nadine Bevan
2012–2017

Aled Pugh
Bobby Gittins
2012–2017

Daniel Gammond
Little Alan
2012–2017

Maxine Evans
Rhian Evans
2012–2017

Mark Lewis Jones
Rob Morgan
2012–2013, 2015, 2016, 2017

Russell Gomer
Yanto Beed
2012–2017

Dafydd Hywel
Glen Brennig
2012–2017

Pal Aron
Jagadeesh Choudary
2012–2014, 2016–2017

Scott Quinnell
Himself
2012–2017

Josh Cook
Keckers
2012–2017

Michael Elwyn
Ken, Stella's father
2012, 2017

Piers Ahia
Billy
2013, 2017

Di Botcher
Aunty Brenda Draper
2013–2017

Bethan Witcomb
Zoe
2013–2017

Clare Hingot
Cheryl Spragg
2014–2017

Remy Beasley
Beyonce Evans
2015–2017

Gillian Elisa
Nanna Pat
2015–2017

Olwen Rees
Olwen Kosh / Nanna Kosh
2017

Matt Lucas
Wes
2017

Darren Day
Will Morgan
2017

Tilly Blackwood
Jan Jackson
2014, 2017

Craig Bellamy
Himself
2017

text: Former cast[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character
Duration

Julian Lewis Jones
Karl Morris
2012–2016

Taj Atwal
Jasminder Choudary
2012–2013, 2016

Wayne Cater
George the Butcher
2012–2016

Maggie Steed
Meg, Stella's mother
2012

James Corden
Steven
2012

Joanna Scanlan
Nancy
2012

Owen Teale
Dai Kosh
2012–2013

Kenny Doughty
Sean McGaskill
2012–2013

Beth Robert
Mrs. Barclay
2012–2013

Menna Trussler
Bopa Boyce
2012–2013

Donna Edwards
Mo the Bap
2012–2013

Nadia Kamil
Bethan
2012–2013

Andy Linden
Big Rae
2012–2013

Sudha Bhuchar
Tanisha Choudary
2012–2014

Deddie Davies
Marj Brennig
2012, 2014–2016

Katie Elin-Salt
Amy Edwards
2012, 2014

Rory Girvan
Sunil Choudary
2012–2013, 2014

Steve Speirs
Alan Williams
2012–2015

Anthony O'Donnell
Dai Davies
2012–2015

Howell Evans
Daddy Simpson
2012–2015

Michelle McTernan
WPC Jane Glover
2012–2014, 2015

Joanna Riding
Melissa
2013

Lucinda Dryzek
Leah
2013

Paul Kaye
Peschman Hodd
2013

Howell Evans
Uncle Huw Simpson
2013

Melanie Walters
Sonographer
2013

Gareth Pierce
Lenny Mack
2013–2014

James Thornton
Marcus Jensen
2014

Denise Gough
Collette Jensen
2014

Ian Lavender
Keith Jackson
2014

Keith Barron
The Captain
2014

Eiri Hughes
Verv/Vivienne
2014

Martha Mackintosh
Katie Jackson
2014–2016

Emma Rydal
Celia Braxton
2014–2016

Yasmine Akram
Parvadi
2014–2015

Celyn Jones
Brother Alan
2014–2015

Vern Griffiths
Dewi Phillips
2015

Ramon Tikaram
Mr. Jeffrey Honey
2015

Jamie Lomas
Dan Braxton
2015

Richard Elfyn
Iwan Jenkins
2015

Jane Asher
Hazel
2015

Wynne Evans
Dafydd Sanchez
2015

Michelle Luther
Carley
2015

Alice Hewkin
Lily
2015–2016

Leona Vaughan
Cerys Ferris
2015–2016

Tim Rhys-Evans
Himself
2016

Tony Gardner
Ivan Schloss
2016

Laila Rouass
Maria
2016

Ruth Madoc
Mayor Mary Meyer
2016

Richard Harrington
Ian Meyer
2016

Patricia Kane
Dotty
2016

Andy Fairweather Low
Himself
2016

Clive Russell
Uncle Clem Draper
2016

Suzanne Packer
Carole
2016

text: DVD release[edit]

text: The complete first series of Stella was released on DVD on 12 March 2012.[7]

text: The complete second series of Stella was released on DVD on 18 March 2013.[8]

text: The complete third series of Stella was released on DVD on 31 March 2014.[9]

text: The complete fourth series and the 2014 Christmas Special of Stella was released on DVD on 13 April 2015.[10]

text: The complete fifth series of Stella was released on DVD on 21 March 2016. A series 1-5 boxset was also released.


document_title: 1970 FIFA World Cup Final

question_text: who scored the last goal in 1970 world cup

text: 1970 FIFA World Cup Final

text: Match[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Brazil struck first, with Pelé heading in a cross by Rivelino at the 18th minute.[5] Roberto Boninsegna equalized for Italy after a blunder in the Brazilian defence. In the second half, Brazil's firepower and creativity was too much for an Italian side that clung to their cautious defensive system. Gérson fired in a powerful shot for the second goal, and then helped provide the third, with a long free kick to Pelé who headed down into the path of the onrushing Jairzinho. Pelé capped his superb performance by drawing the Italian defence in the centre and feeding captain Carlos Alberto on the right flank for the final score. Carlos Alberto's goal, after a series of moves by the Brazilian team from the left to the centre, is considered one of the greatest goals ever scored in the history of the tournament.[6]

text: A total of seven outfield players from Brazil passed the ball until Captain Carlos Alberto hammered the ball into the corner of the Italian goal following an inch perfect pass across the Italian 18 yard box from Pelé, prompted by the intelligent Tostão, who, with his back to the goal, told Pelé that Alberto was steaming in on the right flank. Tostão started the move five yards from the left of the Brazilian 18 yard box, then ran the length of the field to the Italian box without touching the ball again to tell Pelé to lay it off for Alberto. The players involved in the passes in order were Tostão, Brito, Clodoaldo, Pelé, Gérson, midfielder Clodoaldo beat four Italian players in his own half before passing to Rivelino who hit a perfect pass down the wing to Jairzinho. Jairzinho crossed from the wing to the centre of the box to Pelé who held the ball up to play a pass for Alberto to smash it home. The only outfield players not involved in the move were Everaldo and Piazza. In 2002, the UK public voted the goal as number 36 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.[7][8]

text: Details[edit]

text:
Brazil
4–1
 Italy

Pelé  18'
Gérson  66'
Jairzinho  71'
Carlos Alberto  86'
Report
Boninsegna  37'

text:
Brazil

Italy

text:
GK
1
Félix

RB
4
Carlos Alberto (c)

CB
2
Brito

CB
3
Piazza

LB
16
Everaldo

RH
5
Clodoaldo

LH
8
Gérson

OR
7
Jairzinho

OL
11
Rivellino

CF
9
Tostão

CF
10
Pelé

Manager:

Mário Zagallo

GK
1
Enrico Albertosi

RB
2
Tarcisio Burgnich

CB
8
Roberto Rosato

CB
5
Pierluigi Cera

LB
3
Giacinto Facchetti (c)

DM
10
Mario Bertini

 75'

CM
16
Giancarlo De Sisti

CM
13
Angelo Domenghini

AM
15
Sandro Mazzola

CF
20
Roberto Boninsegna

 84'

CF
11
Luigi Riva

Substitutions:

MF
18
Antonio Juliano

 75'

MF
14
Gianni Rivera

 84'

Manager:

Ferruccio Valcareggi

text:
Assistant referees:
Rudolf Scheurer (Switzerland)
Ángel Norberto Coerezza (Argentina)

Match rules:

90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
Replay on 23 June if scores still level.
Five named substitutes.
Maximum of two substitutions.