document_title: Hulk (film)

question_text: who played the hulks dad in the movie

question_tokens: who played the hulks dad in the movie

text: Hulk (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Scientist David Banner has the idea to create super soldiers by introducing modified DNA sequences extracted from various animals to strengthen the human cellular response, but General Thaddeus Ross denies him permission to use human subjects. Banner subsequently conducts the experiments on himself. After the birth of his son Bruce, he finds that his son may have inherited the effects and seeks a cure, but is stopped in the process. Following a traumatic event, Bruce remembers nothing of the incident, and has been raised by the Krenzlers. Years later, Bruce is a geneticist working with his girlfriend, Betty Ross, within the Berkeley Biotechnology Institute on nanomed research. The pair hopes to achieve instantaneous cell repair by using low level Gamma radiation exposure to activate the nanomeds once they are introduced into a living organism. During routine maintenance of their appropriated gamma-ray spectrometer, a circuit shorts and triggers the experiment's program sequence. Unable to prevent the machine from firing, Bruce throws himself in front of a colleague to shield the man and is exposed to a massive amount of gamma radiation.

text: Betty visits Bruce in the hospital and remarks that he should be dead, but Bruce feels great. A new janitor at the lab claims that he is Bruce's biological father, of whom Bruce has no recollection. When under extreme stress, Bruce transforms into the Hulk, a huge, humanoid, green-skinned monstrous being who destroys the laboratory, though Bruce later has no memory of the incident. General Ross suspects Bruce of collaborating with David Banner but deduces Bruce has repressed memories. He orders Bruce to be put under house arrest. Through a phone call with his father, Bruce learns that the radiation unleashed something that was already in his DNA, and that David Banner plans to have Betty killed by his dogs, which now have similar powers to the Hulk thanks to David mutating them with gamma radiation. Bruce is then attacked by Major Glenn Talbot, leading to a transformation into the Hulk. The Hulk seriously injures Talbot before leaping to save Betty. After being wounded in a lengthy struggle, he kills David's dogs and changes back into Bruce before being captured by the military the next morning.

text: Bruce is kept under observation at a secret desert base, while Talbot intends to weaponize the Hulk's powers. David tries to recreate Bruce's failed experiment, but instead of turning into another Hulk he finds himself able to absorb any material he touches or energy to which he is exposed. He hands himself over to the military after telling Betty that he had murdered his wife in front of the child Bruce. Bruce has a nightmare about the event, leading to a more powerful transformation of the Hulk. Talbot is killed in an explosion created when he attempted to use a special syringe to gain a sample of the creature. The Hulk escapes the base and rampages across the desert to San Francisco, battling Army forces sent after him. When Betty calms Bruce into his human form, General Ross realizes the Hulk is uncontrollable and that Bruce should be executed.

text: At their mutual execution, David tries to taunt his son into transforming into the Hulk, but fails. He then decides to "go first" and bites an electrical cable, absorbing all the electricity in San Francisco. The electricity hits Bruce, triggering his own transformation. A brutal fight ensues between David and the Hulk, with David absorbing the Hulk's energy. It proves too much for David to handle, but when he himself transforms into a massive creature, he is killed by an Army missile. One year later, Bruce is presumed dead, while General Ross mentions apparent Hulk sightings and Betty admits her love for Bruce. In a South American jungle, Bruce has become a doctor and is approached by rebel militants who want to take medical supplies from the poor. Bruce faces the militants' leader, warning him that, "You wouldn't like me when I'm angry." His eyes turn green and the roar of the Hulk is heard from the distance.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Eric Bana as Dr. Bruce Banner / Hulk (known legally as Bruce Krenzler throughout the movie): a gamma-radiation research scientist who was exposed to a large amount of gamma radiations in an accident in his labs and after the incident. Bana was cast in October 2001, signing for an additional two sequels.[3] Ang Lee felt obliged to cast Bana upon seeing Chopper, and first approached the actor in July 2001.[4] The role was heavily pursued by other actors. Bana was also in heavy contention for Ghost Rider, but lost out to Nicolas Cage.[3] Bana explained, "I was obsessed with the TV show. I was never a huge comic book reader when I was a kid, but was completely obsessed with the television show."[5] It was widely reported Billy Crudup turned down the role. Johnny Depp and Steve Buscemi were reported to be under consideration for the lead.[6] Edward Norton, who went on to play the part in The Incredible Hulk, expressed interest in the role. Norton eventually turned down the part as he was disappointed with the script.[7][8]

tag: ul

text:
Mike Erwin as sixteen-year-old Bruce Banner
Damon James as nine-year-old Bruce Banner
Bailey James as five-year-old Bruce Banner
Michael Kronenberg as four-year-old Bruce Banner
David Kronenberg as two-year-old Bruce Banner

text: Jennifer Connelly as Betty Ross: Bruce's ex-girlfriend/co-researcher, as well as estranged daughter of General Ross. Betty is possibly the only way for the Hulk to lead back into his transformation of Bruce. Connelly was attracted to the role by way of director Ang Lee. "He's not talking about a guy running around in green tights and a glossy fun-filled movie for kids. He's talking along the lines of tragedy and psychodrama. I find it interesting, the green monster of rage and greed, jealousy and fear in all of us."[9]

text: Rhiannon Leigh Wryn as young Betty Ross

text: Sam Elliott as General Thunderbolt Ross: A four-star general and estranged father of Betty. Ross was responsible for prohibiting David Banner from his lab work after learning of his dangerous experiments. Elliott felt his performance was similar to his portrayal of Basil L. Plumley in We Were Soldiers.[10] Elliott accepted the role without reading the script, being simply too excited to work with Ang Lee. In addition Elliot also researched Hulk comic books for the part.[11]

text: Todd Tesen as Young Thaddeus Ross

text:
Josh Lucas as Major Glenn Talbot: A ruthless former soldier who offers Banner and Betty Ross an opportunity to work for him in an attempt to start an experiment on self-healing soldiers.
Nick Nolte as Dr. David "Dave" Banner / The Father: The mentally unstable biological father of Bruce Banner who was also a genetics research scientist and had been locked away for 30 years after causing an explosion in the gamma reactor and accidentally killing his wife, Edith. After exposing himself to gamma radiation, he gains the ability to combine with the essence of all physical objects, reminiscent of the comic book character Absorbing Man, one of the characters that first appeared in the early scripts of the film. He also, at one point, becomes a towering creature composed of electricity, reminiscent of Zzzax, one of the Hulk's enemies in the comic series.[12] Nolte agreed to participate in the film when Ang Lee described the project as a "Greek tragedy."[13][14]

text: Paul Kersey as Young David Banner

text:
Cara Buono as Edith Banner: Bruce's biological mother whom he cannot remember. She is heard, but mostly appears in Bruce's nightmares.
Celia Weston as Mrs. Krenzler: Bruce's adoptive mother who cared for him after the death of Edith and David's incarceration.
Kevin Rankin as Harper: Bruce's colleague whom he saved from the gamma radiations.
Jesse Corti as Colonel

text: Hulk co-creator/executive producer Stan Lee and former Hulk actor Lou Ferrigno made cameo appearances as security guards. Johnny Kastl and Daniel Dae Kim have small roles as soldiers.

text: Development[edit]

text: Jonathan Hensleigh[edit]

text: Producers Avi Arad and Gale Anne Hurd started the development for Hulk in 1990,[15] the same year the final TV movie based on the 1970s TV series aired. They set the property up at Universal Pictures in 1992.[16] Michael France and Stan Lee were invited into Universal's offices in 1994, with France writing the script. Universal's concept was to have the Hulk battle terrorists, an idea France disliked. John Turman, a Hulk comic book fan, was brought to write the script in 1995, getting approval from Lee. Turman wrote ten drafts and was heavily influenced by the Tales to Astonish issues, which pitted the Hulk against General Ross and the military,[17] the Leader, Rick Jones, the atomic explosion origin from the comics,[18] and Brian Banner as the explanation for Bruce's inner anger. Universal had mixed feelings over Turman's script, but nonetheless future screenwriters would use many elements.[17][19]

text: Hurd brought her husband Jonathan Hensleigh as co-producer the following year and Industrial Light & Magic was hired to use computer-generated imagery to create the Hulk. Universal was courting France once more to write the script,[6] but changed their minds when Joe Johnston became the director in April 1997.[20] The studio wanted Hensleigh to rewrite the script due to his successful results on Johnston's Jumanji. France was fired before he wrote a single page, but received a buy-off from Universal.[6] Johnston dropped out of directing in July 1997 in favor of October Sky, and Hensleigh convinced Universal to make the Hulk his directing debut. Turman was brought back a second time to write two more drafts. Zak Penn then rewrote it.[6][21] His script featured a fight between the Hulk and a school of sharks,[18] as well as two scenes he eventually used for the 2008 film; Banner realizing he is unable to have sex, and triggering a transformation by falling out of a helicopter.[22] Hensleigh rewrote from scratch, coming up with a brand new storyline[6] featuring Bruce Banner, who prior to the accident which will turn him into The Hulk, experimenting with gamma-irradiated insect DNA on three convicts. This transforms the convicts into "insect men" that cause havoc.[6][23]

text: Filming was set to start in December 1997 in Arizona for a summer 1999 release date, but filming was pushed back for four months.[23][24] Hensleigh subsequently rewrote the script with J. J. Abrams. Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were also brought on board to rewrite with Hensleigh still attached as director.[6] In October 1997, Hulk had entered pre-production with the creation of prosthetic makeup and computer animation already under way. Gregory Sporleder was cast as "Novak", Banner's archenemy while Lynn "Red" Williams was cast as a convict who transforms into a combination of human, ant and beetle.[24] In March 1998 Universal put Hulk on hiatus due to its escalating $100 million budget and worries of Hensleigh directing his first film. $20 million was already spent on script development, computer animation, and prosthetics work. Hensleigh immediately went to rewrite the script in order to lower the budget.[25]

text: Michael France[edit]

text: Hensleigh found the rewriting process to be too difficult and dropped out, and felt he "wasted nine months in pre-production".[26] It took another eight months for France to convince Universal and the producers to let him try to write a script for a third time. France claimed "Someone within the Universal hierarchy wasn't sure if this was a science fiction adventure, or a comedy, and I kept getting directions to write both. I think that at some point when I wasn't in the room, there may have been discussions about turning it into a Jim Carrey or Adam Sandler movie."[6] France was writing the script on fast track from July—September 1999. Filming for Hulk was to start in April 2000.[27][28]

text: France stated his vision of the film was different from the other drafts, which based Bruce Banner on his "amiable, nerdy genius" incarnation in the 1960s. France cited inspiration from the 1980s Hulk stories which introduced Brian Banner, Bruce's abusive father who killed his mother. His script had Banner trying to create cells with regenerative capabilities in order to prove to himself that he is not like his father.[6] However, he has anger management issues before the Hulk is even created, which makes everything worse. The "Don't make me angry..." line from the TV series was made into dialogue that Banner's father would say before beating his son. Elements such as the "Gammasphere", Banner's tragic romance with Ross, and the black ops made it to the final film. France turned in his final drafts in late 1999-January 2000.[6]

text: Ang Lee[edit]

text: Michael Tolkin and David Hayter rewrote the script afterwards, despite positive response from the producers over France's script. Tolkin was brought in January 2000, while Hayter was brought in September of that year. Hayter's draft featured The Leader, Zzzax, and the Absorbing Man as the villains, who are depicted as colleagues of Banner and get caught in the same accident that creates the Hulk.[6][12][29] Director Ang Lee and his producing partner James Schamus became involved with the film in January 20, 2001.[30] Lee was dissatisfied with Hayter's script, and commissioned Schamus for a rewrite, merging Banner's father with the Absorbing Man.[6][31] Lee cited influences from King Kong, Frankenstein, Jekyll and Hyde, Beauty and the Beast, Faust, and Greek mythology for his interpretation of the story.[32] Schamus said he had found the storyline that introduced Brian Banner, thus allowing Lee to write a drama that again explored father-son themes.[33]

text: Schamus was still rewriting the script in October 2001.[3] In early 2002, as filming was underway, Michael France read all the scripts for the Writers Guild of America, to determine who would get final credit. France criticized Schamus and Hayter for claiming they were aiming to make Banner a deeper character, and was saddened they had denigrated his and Turman's work in interviews. Schamus elected to get solo credit. France felt, "James Schamus did a significant amount of work on the screenplay. For example, he brought in the Hulk dogs from the comics and he made the decision to use Banner's father as a real character in the present. But he used quite a lot of elements from John Turman's scripts and quite a lot from mine, and that's why we were credited."[6][34][35] France, Turman and Schamus received final credit. A theatrical release date for June 20, 2003 was announced in December 2001, with the film's title as The Hulk.[36]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on March 18, 2002 in Arizona, and moved on April 19 to the San Francisco Bay Area. This included Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley labs, Oakland, Treasure Island military base, and the sequoia forests of Porterville, before several weeks in the Utah and Californian deserts. The penultimate battle scene between Hulk and his father used the real Pear Lake in Sequoia National Park as a backdrop. Filming then moved to the Universal backlot in Los Angeles, using Stage 12 for the water tank scene, before finishing in the first week of August. Filming of Hulk constituted hiring 3,000 local workers, generating over $10 million into the local economy.[37][38][39][40] Mychael Danna, who previously collaborated with Lee on Ride with the Devil and The Ice Storm, was set to compose the film score before dropping out. Danny Elfman was then hired.[41]

text: Eric Bana commented that the shoot was, "Ridiculously serious... a silent set, morbid in a lot of ways." Lee told him that he was shooting a Greek tragedy: he would be making a "whole other movie" about the Hulk at Industrial Light & Magic. An example of Lee's art house approach to the film was taking Bana to watch a bare-knuckle boxing match.[33] Visual effects supervisor Dennis Muren was on the set every day.[15] One of the many visual images in the film that presented an acting challenge for Bana was a split screen technique employed by Lee to cinematically mimic the panels of a comic book page. This required many more takes of individual scenes than normal.[42] Sound design was completed at Skywalker Sound. Muren and other ILM animators used previous technology from Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (for the Dobby character) to create the Hulk with computer-generated imagery. Other software used included PowerAnimator, Softimage XSI, and RenderMan Interface Specification. ILM started computer animation work in 2001, and completed in May 2003, just one month before the film's release.[43] Lee provided some motion capture work in post-production.[4]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Hulk: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman

Released
June 17, 2003

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
69:53

Label
Decca Records

Marvel Comics film series soundtrack chronology

X2: Original Motion Picture Score
(2003)X2: Original Motion Picture Score2003
Hulk: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2003)
The Punisher: The Album
(2004)The Punisher: The Album2004

text: The musical score for Hulk was composed by Danny Elfman, who scored Spider-Man the previous year. Frequent Ang Lee collaborator, Mychael Danna, was the original composer for the film. However, Danna's score was rejected by studio executives for its non-traditional approach, which featured Japanese taiko, African drumming, and Arabic singing.[44] Elfman was then approached by Universal's president of film music, Kathy Nelson. With 37 days to compose over two hours of music, Elfman agreed out of respect to Lee.[45] While instructing to retain much of the character of Danna's score, Lee pushed Elfman to write material that did not sound like his previous superhero scores.[46] "They did leave some of my music in the movie," said Danna, "so the Arabic singing and some of the drumming is mine. What happened is that they panicked, they brought in Danny and he heard what I've been doing and I guess he liked it."[47]

text: A soundtrack album was released on June 17, 2003 by Decca Records.[48] It features the song "Set Me Free" by Velvet Revolver, which is played during the film's end credits.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Titles"
4:36

2.
"Prologue"
4:38

3.
"Betty's Dream"
2:14

4.
"Bruce's Memories"
2:45

5.
"Captured"
3:41

6.
"Dad's Visit"
2:15

7.
"Hulk Out!"
4:00

8.
"Father Knows Best"
3:34

9.
"...Making Me Angry"
4:02

10.
"Gentle Giant"
1:02

11.
"Hounds Of Hell"
3:47

12.
"The Truth Revealed"
4:19

13.
"Hulk's Freedom"
2:36

14.
"A Man Again"
7:48

15.
"The Lake Battle"
4:32

16.
"The Aftermath"
0:52

17.
"The Phone Call"
1:34

18.
"End Credit"
1:13

19.
"Set Me Free"
4:09
 length20 = 8:18

title20 = let me loose

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Universal Pictures spent $2.1 million to market the film in a 30-second television spot during Super Bowl XXXVII on January 26, 2003.[49] And a 70-second teaser trailer was attached to Spider-Man on May 3, 2002. Just weeks before the film's release, a number of workprints were leaked on the Internet. The visual and special effects were already being criticized, despite the fact that it was not the final editing cut of the film.[50]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Hulk was released on VHS and DVD on October 28, 2003.[51] The film earned $61.2 million in DVD sales during 2003.[52] Hulk was released on HD DVD format on December 12, 2006 and it was later released on Blu-ray on September 16, 2008.[53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Hulk received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes calculated a 61% approval rating out of 227 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "While Ang Lee's ambitious film earns marks for style and an attempt at dramatic depth, there's ultimately too much talking and not enough smashing."[54] By comparison Metacritic collected an average score of 54 based on 40 reviews.[55] Roger Ebert gave a positive review, explaining, "Ang Lee is trying to actually deal with the issues in the story of the Hulk, instead of simply cutting to brainless visual effects." Ebert also liked how the Hulk's movements resembled King Kong.[56] Although Peter Travers of Rolling Stone felt Hulk should have been shorter, he heavily praised the action sequences, especially the climax and cliffhanger.[57] Paul Clinton of CNN believed the cast gave strong performances, but in an otherwise positive review, heavily criticized the computer-generated imagery, calling the Hulk "a ticked-off version of Shrek".[58]

text: Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle considered "the film is more thoughtful and pleasing to the eye than any blockbuster in recent memory, but its epic length comes without an epic reward."[59] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe felt "Jennifer Connelly reprises her stand-by-your-messed-up-scientist turn from A Beautiful Mind."[60] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly stated, "a big-budget comic-book adaptation has rarely felt so humorless and intellectually defensive about its own pulpy roots."[61]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hulk was released on June 20, 2003, earning $62.1 million in its opening weekend, which made it the 16th highest ever opener at the time. With a second weekend drop of 70%, it was the first opener above $20 million to drop over 65%.[62] The film went on to gross $132,177,234 in North America on an estimated budget of $137,000,000, and made $113,183,246 in foreign countries, coming to a worldwide total of $245,360,480.[2] With a final North American gross of $132.2 million it became the largest opener not to earn $150 million.[63]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Connelly and Danny Elfman received nominations at the 30th Saturn Awards with Best Actress and Best Music. The film was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film but lost out to another film based on Marvel characters, X2. Dennis Muren, Michael Lantieri and the special effects crew were nominated for Best Special Effects.[64]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: After the mixed reception of Hulk, Marvel Studios reacquired the film rights to the character, and writer Zak Penn began work on a sequel titled The Incredible Hulk. However, Edward Norton rewrote Penn's script after he signed on to star, retelling the origin story in flashbacks and revelations, to help in establishing the film as a reboot; director Louis Leterrier agreed with this approach.[65] Leterrier acknowledged that the only remaining similarity between the two films was Bruce hiding in South America.[66]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball triples records

question_text: who holds the record for most triples in a season

root

text: 175 career triples[edit]

text:
Player
Triples[1]
Teams & Seasons

Sam Crawford
309
1899–1902 Cincinnati; 1903–17 Detroit

Ty Cobb
297
1905–26 Detroit; 1927–28 Philadelphia (AL)

Honus Wagner
252
1897–99 Louisville; 1900–17 Pittsburgh

Jake Beckley
2431
1888–89, 1891–96 Pittsburgh; 1890 Pittsburgh (PL); 1896–97 New York (NL); 1897–1903 Cincinnati; 1904–07 St. Louis (NL)

Roger Connor
233
1880–82 Troy (NL); 1883–91, 1893–94 New York (NL); 1892 Philadelphia (NL); 1894–97 St. Louis (NL)

Tris Speaker
222
1907–15 Boston (AL); 1916–26 Cleveland, 1927 Washington; 1928 Philadelphia (AL)

Dan Brouthers
2052
1879–80 Troy (NL); 1881–85 Buffalo (NL); 1886–88 Detroit (NL); Boston (NL); 1890–91 Boston (PL-AA); Brooklyn; 1894–95 Baltimore (NL); 1895 Louisville (NL); 1896 Philadelphia (NL); 1904 New York (NL)

Joe Kelley
194
1891, 1908 Boston (NL); 1892 Pittsburgh; 1892–98 Baltimore (NL); 1899–1901 Brooklyn; 1902 Baltimore (AL); 1902–06 Cincinnati

Paul Waner
191
1926–40 Pittsburgh; 1941–44 Boston (NL); 1941 Brooklyn; 1944–45 New York (AL)

Bid McPhee
1883
1882–89 Cincinnati (AA); 1890–99 Cincinnati (NL)

Eddie Collins
187
1906–14, 1927–30 Philadelphia (AL), 1915–26 Chicago (AL)

Ed Delahanty
1854
1888–89, 1891–1901 Philadelphia (NL); 1890 Cleveland (PL); 1902–03 Washington (AL)

Sam Rice
184
1915–33 Washington (AL); 1934 Cleveland

Jesse Burkett
182
1890 New York (NL); 1891–98 Cleveland (NL); 1899–1901 St. Louis (NL); 1902–04 St. Louis (AL); 1905 Boston (AL)

Ed Konetchy
1825
1907–13 St. Louis (NL); 1914 Pittsburgh; 15 Pittsburgh (FL); 1916–18 Boston (NL); 1919–21 Brooklyn; 1921 Philadelphia (NL)

Edd Roush
1826
1913 Chicago (AL); 1914–15 Indianapolis/Newark (FL); 1916, 1927–29 New York (NL); 1916–26, 1931 Cincinnati

Buck Ewing
178
1880–82 Troy (NL); 1883–92 New York (NL); 1893–94 Cleveland (NL); 1895–97 Cincinnati

Rabbit Maranville
177
1912–20, 1929–33, 1935 Boston (NL); 1921–24 Pittsburgh; 1925 Chicago (NL); 1926 Brooklyn; 1927–28 St. Louis (NL)

Stan Musial
177
1941–44, 1946–63 St. Louis (NL)

tag: table

text: Closest active players[edit]

text: There are no active players that are considered close to realistically reaching 175 career triples.

tag: p

text: Active players with 100 or more career triples (as of September 18, 2016):[2]

text:
Carl Crawford – 123
José Reyes – 120
Jimmy Rollins – 115

text: Top 10 in career triples, 1920–present[edit]

text:
Player
Triples[3]
Teams & Seasons

Paul Waner
191
1926–40 Pittsburgh Pirates, 1941–44 Boston Braves, 1941 Brooklyn Dodgers, 1944–45 New York Yankees

Stan Musial
177
1941–44, 1946–63 St. Louis Cardinals

Goose Goslin
173
1921–30, 1933, 1938 Washington Senators, 1930–32 St. Louis Browns, 1934–37 Detroit Tigers

Roberto Clemente
166
1955–72 Pittsburgh

Sam Rice
165
1915–33 Washington Senators, 1934 Cleveland Indians

Pie Traynor
164
1920–35, 1937 Pittsburgh

Lou Gehrig
163
1923–39 New York (AL)

Heinie Manush
160
1923–27 Detroit; 1928–30 St. Louis (AL); 1930–35 Washington (AL); 1936 Boston (AL); 1937–38 Brooklyn; 1938–39 Pittsburgh

Kiki Cuyler
157
1921–27 Pittsburgh; 1928–35 Chicago (NL); 1935–37 Cincinnati; 38 Brooklyn

Earle Combs
154
1924–35 New York (AL)

text: Top 10 career triples by league[edit]

text:
American League Player
Triples
National League Player
Triples

Ty Cobb
297
Honus Wagner
252

Sam Crawford
249
Roger Connor
233

Tris Speaker
222
Jake Beckley
221

Eddie Collins
187
Fred Clarke
220

Sam Rice
184
Joe Kelley
194

Goose Goslin
177[4]
Paul Waner
191

Joe Jackson
168[5]
Buck Ewing
178

Lou Gehrig
163[6]
Dan Brouthers
177

Joe Judge
158[7]
Rabbit Maranville
177

Earle Combs
154[8]
Stan Musial
177

text: 25 triples in one season[edit]

text:
Player
Triples[9]
Team
Season

Chief Wilson
36
Pittsburgh Pirates
1912

Dave Orr
31
New York Metropolitans (AA)
1886

Heinie Reitz
31
Baltimore Orioles (NL)
1894

Perry Werden
29
St. Louis Browns (NL)
1894

Harry Davis
28
Pittsburgh Pirates
1897

George Davis
27
New York Giants
1893

Sam Thompson
27
Philadelphia Phillies
1894

Sam Crawford
26
Detroit Tigers
1914

Kiki Cuyler
26
Pittsburgh Pirates
1925

Joe Jackson
26
Cleveland Naps
1912

John Reilly
26
Cincinnati Reds
1890

George Treadway
26
Brooklyn Bridegrooms
1894

Roger Connor
25
New York Giants/St. Louis Browns (NL)
1894

Sam Crawford
25
Detroit Tigers
1903

Larry Doyle
25
New York Giants
1911

Buck Freeman
25
Washington Senators (NL)
1899

Tom Long
25
St. Louis Cardinals
1915

text: Evolution of the single season record for triples[edit]

text:
Triples[10]
Player
Team
Year
Years Record Stood

14
Ross Barnes
Chicago White Stockings
1876
6

14
Buttercup Dickerson
Cincinnati Reds
1879
3

14
Harry Stovey
Worcester Ruby Legs
1880
2

18
Roger Connor
Troy Trojans
1882
2

20
Buck Ewing
New York Giants
1884
3

20
Roger Connor
New York Giants
1886
1

23
Sam Thompson
Detroit Wolverines
1887
3

26
John Reilly
Cincinnati Reds
1890
3

29
Perry Werden
St. Louis Browns (NL)
1893
1

31
Heinie Reitz
Baltimore Orioles (NL)
1894
18

21
Bill Keister
Baltimore Orioles
1901
(1)7

21
Jimmy Williams
Baltimore Orioles
1901
(1)

22
Sam Crawford
Cincinnati Reds
1902
(1)

22
Tommy Leach
Pittsburgh Pirates
1902
(1)

25
Sam Crawford
Detroit Tigers
1903
(9)

36
Chief Wilson
Pittsburgh Pirates
1912
current

text: Three or more seasons with 20 triples[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons & Teams

Sam Crawford[11]
5
1902 Cincinnati; 1903, 1912–14 Detroit

Ty Cobb[12]
4
1908, 1911–12, 1917 Detroit

Harry Stovey[13]
3
1883, 1888 Philadelphia Athletics (AA); 1891 Boston (NL)

Roger Connor[14]
3
1886–87 New York (NL); 1894 St. Louis (NL)

Dan Brouthers[15]
3
1887 Detroit (NL); 1892 Brooklyn; 1894 Baltimore (NL)

Sam Thompson[16]
3
1887 Detroit (NL); 1894–95 Philadelphia (NL)

Jimmy Williams[17]
3
1899 Pittsburgh; 1901–02 Baltimore

Joe Jackson[5]
3
1912 Cleveland; 1916, 1920 Chicago (AL)

Earle Combs[8]
3
1927–28, 1930 New York (AL)

text: Six or more seasons with 15 triples[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons & Teams

Sam Crawford
13
1900–02 Cincinnati; 1903–04, 1906–08, 1910, 1912–15 Detroit

Roger Connor
9
1882 Troy (NL); 1883, 1885–90 New York (NL); 1894 St. Louis (NL)

Dan Brouthers
7
1883–84 Buffalo (NL); 1886–87 Detroit (NL); 1891 Boston (AA); 1892 Brooklyn; 1894 Baltimore (NL)

Jake Beckley[18]
7
1890 Pittsburgh (PL); 1891–95 Pittsburgh; 1899 Cincinnati

Elmer Flick[18]
7
1900–01 Philadelphia (NL); 1903–07 Cleveland

Honus Wagner[19]
7
1900, 1902–03, 1908, 1911–12, 1915 Pittsburgh

Ty Cobb
7
1908, 1911–13, 1917, 1921–22 Detroit

Paul Waner[20]
7
1926–30, 1933–34 Pittsburgh

Joe Kelley[21]
6
1893–96, 1898 Baltimore (NL); 1900 Brooklyn

Ed Delahanty[22]
6
1892–94, 1896–97, 1901 Philadelphia (NL)

Joe Jackson
6
1911–13 Cleveland; 1916–17, 1920 Chicago (AL)

text: Four or more consecutive seasons with 15 triples[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons & Teams

Roger Connor
6
1885–90 New York

Jake Beckley
6
1890 Pittsburgh (PL); 1891–95 Pittsburgh

Sam Crawford
5
1900–02 Cincinnati; 1903–04 Detroit

Elmer Flick
5
1903–07 Cleveland

Goose Goslin
5
1923–27 Washington (AL)

Paul Waner
5
1926–30 Pittsburgh

Bill Kuehne[23]
4
1884 Columbus (AA); 1885–87 Pittsburgh

Joe Kelley
4
1893–96, 1898 Baltimore (NL)

Buck Freeman[24]
4
1901–04 Boston (AL)

Sam Crawford
4
1912–15 Detroit

George Sisler[25]
4
1919–22 St. Louis (AL)

Earle Combs
4
1927–30 New York (AL)

text: Twelve or more seasons with 10 triples[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons & Teams

Sam Crawford
17
1900–02 Cincinnati; 1903–16 Detroit

Ty Cobb
17
1907–19, 1921–22, 1924–25 Detroit

Jake Beckley
14
1889, 1891–95 Pittsburgh; 1890 Pittsburgh (PL); 1897 New York (NL)–Cincinnati; 1898–1901, 1903 Cincinnati; 1905 St. Louis (NL)

Fred Clarke[26]
14
1896–98 Louisville (NL); 1900–09, 1911 Pittsburgh

Honus Wagner
13
1899 Louisville (NL); 1900–05, 1907–09, 1911–12, 1915 Pittsburgh

Tris Speaker
13
1909–15 Boston (AL); 1917–21, 1923 Cleveland

Eddie Collins
12
1909–14 Philadelphia (AL); 1915–17, 1920–22 Chicago (AL)

text: Eight or more consecutive seasons with 10 triples[edit]

text:
Player
Years
Seasons & Teams

Sam Crawford
17
1900–02 Cincinnati; 1903–16 Detroit

Ty Cobb
13
1907–19 Detroit

Mike Tiernan[27]
10
1889–98 New York (NL)

Elmer Flick
10
1898–1901 Philadelphia (NL); 02 Philadelphia (AL)–Cleveland; 1903–07 Cleveland

Fred Clarke
10
1900–09 Pittsburgh

Bobby Veach[28]
10
1913–22 Detroit

Sam Rice
10
1921–30 Washington (AL)

Paul Waner
10
1926–35 Pittsburgh

Eddie Collins
9
1909–14 Philadelphia (AL); 1915–17 Chicago (AL)

Earle Combs
9
1925–33 New York (AL)

Roger Connor
8
1885–91 New York (NL); 1892 Philadelphia (NL)

Ed McKean[29]
8
1890–97 Cleveland (NL)

Heinie Manush[30]
8
1927 Detroit; 1928–29 St. Louis (AL); 1930 St. Louis (AL)-Washington (AL); 1931–34 Washington (AL)

text: League leader in triples[edit]

text: League leader in triples 4 or more seasons[edit]

text:
Player
Titles[31]
Seasons & Teams

Sam Crawford
6
1902 Cincinnati; 1903, 1910, 1913–15 Detroit

Stan Musial
5
1943, 1946, 1948–49, 1951 St. Louis-NL

Willie Wilson
5
1980, 1982, 1985, 1987–88 Kansas City

Lance Johnson
5
1991–94 Chicago (AL); 1996 New York (NL)

Harry Stovey
4
1880 Worcester Brown Stockings, 1884, 1888 Philadelphia Athletics (AA), 1891 Boston Beaneaters

Ty Cobb
4
1908, 1911, 1917–18 Detroit

Brett Butler
4
1983 Atlanta; 1986 Cleveland; 1994 Los Angeles (NL); 1995 Los Angeles (NL)-New York (NL)

Jimmy Rollins
4
2001–02, 2004, 2007 Philadelphia-NL

text: League leader in triples 3 or more consecutive seasons[edit]

text:
Player
Titles[31]
Seasons & Teams

Lance Johnson
4
1991–94 Chicago (AL)

Elmer Flick
3
1905–07 Cleveland

Sam Crawford
3
1913–15 Detroit

Garry Templeton
3
1977–79 St. Louis (NL)

Carl Crawford
3
2004–06 Tampa Bay

text: League leader in triples in both leagues[edit]

text:
Player
Titles[31]
Seasons & Teams

Sam Crawford
6
1902 Cincinnati; 1903, 1910, 1913–15 Detroit

Brett Butler
4
1983 Atlanta; 1986 Cleveland; 1994 Los Angeles (NL); 1995 Los Angeles (NL)-New York (NL)

Lance Johnson
5
1991–94 Chicago (AL); 1996 New York (NL)

text: 4 triples by an individual in one game[edit]

text:
Triples[32][33]
Player
Team
Date
Opponent

4
George Strief
Philadelphia Athletics (AA)
June 25, 1885
Brooklyn Grays

4
Bill Joyce
New York Giants
May 18, 1897
Pittsburgh Pirates

text: 110 triples by a team in one season[edit]

text:
Triples[34]
Team
Season

131
Philadelphia Phillies
1894

130
Brooklyn Grooms
1894

129
Pittsburgh Pirates
1912

127
Pittsburgh Pirates
1893

124
Pittsburgh Pirates
1894

122
Pittsburgh Pirates
1924

121
Pittsburgh Pirates
1899

120
Cincinnati Reds
1890

120
Cincinnati Reds
1926

119
Pittsburgh Pirates
1930

116
Pittsburgh Pirates
1929

113
St. Louis Cardinals
1894

113
Boston Pilgrims
1903

111
Pittsburgh Pirates
1923

111
Cincinnati Reds
1924

110
Pittsburgh Pirates
1903

110
Pittsburgh Pirates
1922

110
New York Yankees
1930


document_title: History of sociology

question_text: the american academician who taught the first sociology courses in the united states was

text: History of sociology

text: Precursors[edit]

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: The sociological reasoning may be traced back at least as far as the ancient Greeks (cf. Xenophanes′ remark: "If horses would adore gods, these gods would resemble horses"). Proto-sociological observations are to be found in the founding texts of Western philosophy (Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Polybius and so on), as well as in the non-European thought of figures such as Confucius.[3] The characteristic trends in the sociological thinking of the ancient Greeks can be traced back to their social environment. Because there was rarely any extensive or highly centralized political organization within states this allowed the tribal spirit of localism and provincialism to have free play. This tribal spirit of localism and provincialism pervaded most of the Greek thinking upon social phenomena.[4]

text: The origin of the survey can be traced back to the Domesday Book ordered by king William I in 1086.[5][6]

text: In the 13th century, Ma Tuan-Lin, a Chinese historian, first recognized patterns of social dynamics as an underlying component of historical development in his seminal encyclopedia, Wenxian Tongkao or "Comprehensive Examination of Literature".[7]

text: Ibn Khaldun (14th century)[edit]

text: There is evidence of early Muslim sociology from the 14th century. Some consider Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century Tunisian, Arab, Islamic scholar from North Africa, to have been the first sociologist and father of sociology; his Muqaddimah was perhaps the first work to advance social-scientific reasoning on social cohesion and social conflict.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), in his Muqaddimah (later translated as Prolegomena in Latin), the introduction to a seven volume analysis of universal history, was the first to advance social philosophy and social science in formulating theories of social cohesion and social conflict. He is thus considered by some to be the forerunner of sociology.[8][10][12][13][14][15]

text: Concerning the discipline of sociology, he conceived a dynamic theory of history that involved conceptualizations of social conflict and social change. He developed the dichotomy of sedentary life versus nomadic life as well as the concept of a "generation", and the inevitable loss of power that occurs when desert warriors conquer a city. Following a contemporary Arab scholar, Sati' al-Husri, the Muqaddimah may be read as a sociological work: six books of general sociology. Topics dealt with in this work include politics, urban life, economics, and knowledge. The work is based around Ibn Khaldun's central concept of 'asabiyyah, which has been translated as "social cohesion", "group solidarity", or "tribalism". This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups; it can be intensified and enlarged by a religious ideology. Ibn Khaldun's analysis looks at how this cohesion carries groups to power but contains within itself the seeds – psychological, sociological, economic, political – of the group's downfall, to be replaced by a new group, dynasty or empire bound by a stronger (or at least younger and more vigorous) cohesion.

text: Classical origins[edit]

text: The term ("sociologie") was first coined by the French essayist Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836),[16] from the Latin: socius, "companion"; and the suffix -ology, "the study of", from Greek λόγος, lógos, "knowledge".[17][18] In 1838, the French-thinker Auguste Comte (1798–1857) ultimately gave sociology the definition that it holds today.[17] Comte had earlier expressed his work as "social physics", but that term had been appropriated by others, such as Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874).

text: The Enlightenment and positivism[edit]

text: Henri de Saint-Simon[edit]

text: Saint-Simon published Physiologie sociale in 1813 and devoted much of his time to the prospect that human society could be steered toward progress if scientists would form an international assembly to influence its course. He argued that scientists could distract groups from war and strife, by focusing their attention to generally improving their societies living conditions. In turn, this would bring multiple cultures and societies together and prevent conflict. Saint-Simon took the idea that everyone had encouraged from the Enlightenment, which was the belief in science, and spun it to be more practical and hands-on for the society. Saint-Simon's main idea was that industrialism would create a new launch in history. He saw that people had been seeing progress as an approach for science, but he wanted them to see it as an approach to all aspects of life. Society was making a crucial change at the time since it was growing out of a declining feudalism. This new path could provide the basis for solving all the old problems society had previously encountered. He was more concerned with the participation of man in the workforce instead of which workforce man choose. His slogan became "All men must work[2] ” and from this, the slogan of communism was evolved "Each according to his capacity.[2] "

text: Auguste Comte[edit]

text: Writing after the original enlightenment and influenced by the work of Saint-Simon, political philosopher of social contract, Auguste Comte hoped to unify all studies of humankind through the scientific understanding of the social realm. His own sociological scheme was typical of the 19th century humanists; he believed all human life passed through distinct historical stages and that, if one could grasp this progress, one could prescribe the remedies for social ills. Sociology was to be the "queen science" in Comte's schema; all basic physical sciences had to arrive first, leading to the most fundamentally difficult science of human society itself.[17] Comte has thus come to be viewed as the "Father of Sociology".[17] Comte delineated his broader philosophy of science in The Course in Positive Philosophy [1830–1842], whereas his A General View of Positivism (1865) emphasized the particular goals of sociology.

text: Auguste Comte was so impressed with his theory of positivism that he referred to it as "the great discovery of the year 1822.” Comte's system is based on the principles of knowledge, as seen in 3 states. This law states any kind of knowledge always begins in theological form. Here the knowledge can be explained by a superior supernatural power such as animism, spirits, or gods. It then passes to the metaphysical form where the knowledge is explained by abstract philosophical speculation. Finally, the knowledge becomes positive after being explained scientifically through observation, experiment, and comparison. The order of the laws was created in order of increasing difficulty.[2] Comte's description of the development of society is parallel to Karl Marx's own theory historical progression from capitalism to communism. They both were influenced by various Utopian-socialist thinkers of the day and agreed that some form of communism would be the climax of societal development.[2]

text: In later life, Auguste Comte developed a 'religion of humanity' to give positivist societies the unity and cohesiveness found through the traditional worship people were used to. In this new "religion" he referred to society as the "Great Being." Comte promoted a universal love and harmony taught through the teachings of his industrial system theory.[2] For close associate John Stuart Mill, it was possible to distinguish between a "good Comte" (the author of the Course in Positive Philosophy) and a "bad Comte" (the author of the secular-religious system).[19] The system was unsuccessful but met with the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species to influence the proliferation of various Secular Humanist organizations in the 19th century, especially through the work of secularists such as George Holyoake and Richard Congreve.

text: Industrial revolution and the Darwinian revolution[edit]

text: Historical materialism[edit]

text: Both Comte and Marx intended to develop a new scientific ideology in the wake of European secularization. Marx, in the tradition of Hegelianism, rejected the positivist method and was in turn rejected by the self-proclaimed sociologists of his day. However, in attempting to develop a comprehensive science of society Marx nevertheless became recognized as a founder of sociology by the mid 20th century. Isaiah Berlin described Marx as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title."[20]

text: To have given clear and unified answers in familiar empirical terms to those theoretical questions which most occupied men's minds at the time, and to have deduced from them clear practical directives without creating obviously artificial links between the two, was the principal achievement of Marx's theory ... The sociological treatment of historical and moral problems, which Comte and after him, Spencer and Taine, had discussed and mapped, became a precise and concrete study only when the attack of militant Marxism made its conclusions a burning issue, and so made the search for evidence more zealous and the attention to method more intense.

text: In the 1830s, Karl Marx was part of the Young Hegelians in Berlin, which discussed and wrote about the legacy of the philosopher, Hegel (1770–1831) (whose seminal tome, Science of Logic was published in 1816). Although, at first sympathetic with the groups strategy of attacking Christianity to undermine the Prussian establishment, he later formed divergent ideas and broke with the Young Hegelians, attacking their views in works such as The German Ideology. Witnessing the struggles of the laborers during the Industrial Revolution, Marx concluded that religion (or the "ideal") is not the basis of the establishment's power, but rather ownership of capital (or the "material")- processes that employ technologies, land, money and especially human labor-power to create surplus-value[22] — lie at the heart of the establishment's power. This "stood Hegel on his head" as he theorized that, at its core, the engine of history and the structure of society was fundamentally material rather than ideal. He theorized that both the realm of cultural production and political power created ideologies that perpetuated the oppression of the working class and the concentration of wealth within the capitalist class: the owners of the means of production. Marx predicted that the capitalist class would feel compelled to reduce wages or replace laborers with technology, which would ultimately increase wealth among the capitalists. However, as the workers were also the primary consumers of the goods produced, reducing their wages would result in an inevitable collapse in capitalism as a mode of economic production.[2]

text: Social Darwinism[edit]

text: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), the English philosopher, was one of the most popular and influential 19th-century sociologists. The early sociology of Spencer came about broadly as a reaction to Comte and Marx; writing before and after the Darwinian revolution in biology, Spencer attempted to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as socially Darwinistic terms. In fact, his early writings show a coherent theory of general evolution several years before Darwin published anything on the subject.[23] Encouraged by his friend and follower Edward L. Youmans,[24][25] Spencer published The Study of Sociology in 1874, which was the first book with the term "sociology" in the title. In the 1900 edition of the journal International Monthly,[23] Franklin H. Giddings (1855–1931), the first professor of sociology at Columbia University, described it as the book that "first awakened in England, America, France, Italy and Russia a wide interest general interest"[24] in the then fledgling discipline of sociology. In the United States, Charles Horton Cooley, stated in a 1920 article that The Study of Sociology "probably did more to arouse interest in the subject than any other publication before or since."[24] It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th century thinkers, including Émile Durkheim, defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheim’s Division of Labour in Society is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer from whose sociology Durkheim borrowed extensively.[26] Also a notable biologist, Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest" as a basic mechanism by which more effective socio-cultural forms progressed. Whilst many intellectuals of his day were proponents of socialism as a scientifically informed manner of steering society, Spencer was a critic of socialism and an advocate for a laissez-faire style of government. His ideas were highly observed by conservative political circles, especially in the United States and England.[27] Although Spencer's work is rarely discussed in contemporary sociological theory, his work has been adapted and changed, and resurfaces in various contemporary forms.[28]

text: A contemporary of Spencer, Lester Frank Ward is often described as a father of American sociology[29] and served as the first president of the American Sociological Association in 1905 and served as such until 1907. He published Dynamic Sociology in 1883; Outlines of Sociology in 1898; Pure Sociology in 1903; and Applied Sociology in 1906. Also in 1906, at the age of 65 he was appointed to professor of sociology at Brown University.[30]

text: Following Ward as president of the American Sociological Association was William Graham Sumner from 1908 to 1909. He also held the first professorship of sociology at Yale College, and in 1876, Sumner became the first to teach a course entitled "sociology" in the English-speaking world. His course focused predominantly on the work of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer. He was ideologically opposed to the sociology of Ward as he felt that society could not be steered by scientific intervention, and famously stated the alternative to "survival of the fittest" was the "survival of the unfittest." However, he also opposed the grand theorizing of Spencer. During the Progressive Era in the United States, social Darwinism became a contentious topic and Sumner and his course at Yale College was criticized for including Spencerian ideas. This almost led to Sumner's expulsion from teaching. His most famous sociological works are What Social Classes Owe to Each Other in 1883 and Folkways: a study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals in 1906.

text: Other precursors[edit]

text: Many other philosophers and academics were influential in the development of sociology, not least the Enlightenment theorists of social contract, and historians such as Adam Ferguson (1723–1816). For his theory on social interaction, Ferguson has himself been described as "the father of modern sociology"[31] Other early works to appropriate the term 'sociology' included A Treatise on Sociology, Theoretical and Practical by the North American lawyer Henry Hughes and Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society[32] by the American lawyer George Fitzhugh. Both books were published in 1854, in the context of the debate over slavery in the antebellum US. Harriet Martineau, a Whig social theorist and the English translator of many of Comte's works, has been cited as the first female sociologist.

text: Various other early social historians and economists have gained recognition as classical sociologists, including Robert Michels (1876–1936), Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859), Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) and Thorstein Veblen (1857–1926). The classical sociological texts broadly differ from political philosophy in the attempt to remain scientific, systematic, structural, or dialectical, rather than purely moral, normative or subjective. The new class relations associated with the development of Capitalism are also key, further distinguishing sociological texts from the political philosophy of the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras.

text: Foundation of the academic discipline[edit]

text: Formal institutionalization of sociology as an academic discipline began when Emile Durkheim founded the first French department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895. In 1896, he established the journal L'Année Sociologique.

text: A course entitled "sociology" was taught for the first time in the United States in 1875 by William Graham Sumner, drawing upon the thought of Comte and Herbert Spencer rather than the work of Durkheim.[33] In 1890, the oldest continuing sociology course in the United States began at the University of Kansas, lectured by Frank Blackmar. The Department of History and Sociology at the University of Kansas was established in 1891[34][35] and the first full-fledged independent university department of sociology was established in 1892 at the University of Chicago by Albion W. Small (1854–1926), who in 1895 founded the American Journal of Sociology.[36] American sociology arose on a broadly independent trajectory to European sociology. George Herbert Mead and Charles H. Cooley were influential in the development of symbolic interactionism and social psychology at the University of Chicago, while Lester Ward emphasized the central importance of the scientific method with the publication of Dynamic Sociology in 1883.

text: The University of Chicago developed the major sociologists at the time. It brought them together, and even gave them a hub and a network to link all the leading sociologists. In 1925, a third of all sociology graduate students attended the University of Chicago. Chicago was very good at not isolating their students from other schools. They encouraged them to blend with other sociologists, and to not spend more time in the class room than studying the society around them. This would teach them real life application of the classroom teachings. The first teachings at the University of Chicago were focused on the social problems that the world had been dealt. At this time, academia was not concerned with theory; especially not to the point that academia is today. Many people were still hesitant of sociology at this time, especially with the recent controversial theories of Weber and Marx. The University of Chicago decided to go into an entirely different direction and their sociology department directed their attention to the individual and promoted equal rights. Their concentration was small groups and discoveries of the individual’s relationship to society. The program combined with other departments to offer students well-rounded studies requiring courses in hegemony, economics, psychology, multiple social sciences and political science. Albion Small was the head of the sociology program at the University of Chicago. He played a key role in bringing German sociological advancements directly into American academic sociology. Small also created the American Journal of Sociology. Robert Park and Ernest Burgess refined the program’s methods, guidelines, and checkpoints. This made the findings more standardized, concise and easier to comprehend. The pair even wrote the sociology program’s textbook for a reference and get all students on the same page more effectively. Many remarkable sociologists such as George Hebert Mead, W.E. Du Bois, Robert Park, Charles S. Johnson, William Ogburn, Hebert Blumer and many others have significant ties to the University of Chicago.[37]

text: In 1920 a department was set up in Poland by Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958). William I. Thomas was an early graduate from the Sociology Department of the University of Chicago. He built upon his education and his work changed sociology in many ways. In 1918, William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki gave the world the publication of "The Polish Peasant" in Europe and America. This publication combined sociological theory with in depth experiential research and thus launching methodical sociological research as a whole. This changed sociologist’s methods and enabled them to see new patterns and connect new theories. This publication also gave sociologists a new way to found their research and prove it on a new level. All their research would be more solid, and harder for society to not pay attention to it. In 1920, Znaniecki developed a sociology department in Poland to expand research and teachings there.[2]

text: With the lack of sociological theory being taught at the University of Chicago paired with the new foundations of statistical methods, the student’s ability to make any real predictions was nonexistent. This was a major factor in the downfall of the Chicago school.[37]

text: The first sociology department in the United Kingdom was founded at the London School of Economics in 1904. In 1919 a sociology department was established in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich by Max Weber, who had established a new antipositivist sociology. The "Institute for Social Research" at the University of Frankfurt (later to become the "Frankfurt School" of critical theory) was founded in 1923.[29] Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after WW2, influencing literary theory and the "Birmingham School" of cultural studies.

text: The University of Frankfurt’s advances along with the close proximity to the research institute for sociology made Germany a powerful force in leading sociology at that time. In 1918, Frankfurt received the funding to create sociology’s first department chair. The Germany’s groundbreaking work influenced its government to add the position of Minister of Culture to advance the country as a whole. The remarkable collection of men who were contributing to the sociology department at Frankfurt were soon getting worldwide attention and began being referred to as the “Frankfurt school.” Here they studied new perspectives of Marx theories, and went into depth of the works of Weber and Freud. Most of this men would soon be forced out of Germany by the Nazis and arrive in America, influencing social research there. This forced relocation of sociologists enabled sociology in America to bring up to the standards of European studies of sociology by planting some of Europe’s greatest sociologists in America.[38]

text: Felix Weil was one of the students who received their doctorate on the concept of socialization from the University of Frankfurt. He, along with Max Horkheimer and Kurt Albert Gerlach, developed the Institute of Social Research and it was established in 1923. Kurt Albert Gerlach would serve as the institute’s first director. Their goal in creating the institute was to produce a place that people could discover and be informed of social life as a whole. Weil, Horkheimer, and Gerlach wanted to focus on interactions between economics, politics, legal matters, as well as scholarly interactions in the community and society. The main research that got the institute known was its revival of scientific Marxism. Many benefactors contributed money, supplies, and buildings to keep this area of research going. When Gerlach, became ill and had to step down as director, Max Horkheimer took his place. He encouraged the students of the institute to question everything they studied. If the students studied a theory, he not only wanted them to discover its truth themselves, but also to discover how, and why it is true and the theories relation to society. The National Socialist regime exiled many of the members of the Institute of Social Research. The regime also forced many students and staff from the entire Frankfurt University, and most fled to America. Many people forced from the institute also left the war path, but unlike the university, the institute lost too many people and was forced to close. In 1950, the institute was reopened as a private establishment. From this point on the Institute of Social Research would have a close connection to sociology studies in the United States.[38]

text: International cooperation in sociology began in 1893 when René Worms (1869–1926) founded the small Institut International de Sociologie, eclipsed by much larger International Sociological Association from 1949. In 1905 the American Sociological Association, the world's largest association of professional sociologists, was founded, and Lester F. Ward was selected to serve as the first President of the new society.

text: The canon: Durkheim, Marx, Weber[edit]

text: Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are typically cited as the three principal architects of modern social science. The sociological "canon of classics" with Durkheim and Weber at the top owes in part to Talcott Parsons, who is largely credited with introducing both to American audiences.[39] Parsons' Structure of Social Action (1937) consolidated the American sociological tradition and set the agenda for American sociology at the point of its fastest disciplinary growth. In Parsons' canon, however, Vilfredo Pareto holds greater significance than either Marx or Simmel. His canon was guided by a desire to "unify the divergent theoretical traditions in sociology behind a single theoretical scheme, one that could in fact be justified by purely scientific developments in the discipline during the previous half century."[40] While the secondary role Marx plays in early American sociology may be attributed to Parsons,[40] as well as to broader political trends,[41] the dominance of Marxism in European sociological thought had long since secured the rank of Marx alongside Durkheim and Weber as one of the three "classical" sociologists.[42]

text: 19th century: from positivism to antipositivism[edit]

text: The methodological approach toward sociology by early theorists was to treat the discipline in broadly the same manner as natural science. An emphasis on empiricism and the scientific method was sought to provide an incontestable foundation for any sociological claims or findings, and to distinguish sociology from less empirical fields such as philosophy. This perspective, termed positivism, was first developed by theorist Auguste Comte. Positivism was founded on the theory that the only true, factual knowledge is scientific knowledge. Comte had very vigorous guidelines for a theory to be considered positivism. He thought that this authentic knowledge can only be derived from positive confirmation of theories through strict continuously tested methods, that are not only scientifically but also quantitatively based.[2] Émile Durkheim was a major proponent of theoretically grounded empirical research,[43] seeking correlations to reveal structural laws, or "social facts". Durkheim proved that concepts that had been attributed to the individual were actually socially determined. These occurrences are things such as suicide, crime, moral outrage, a person’s personality, time, space, and God. He brought to light that society had influence on all aspects of a person, far more than had been previously believed.[2] For him, sociology could be described as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning".[44] Durkheim endeavoured to apply sociological findings in the pursuit of political reform and social solidarity. Today, scholarly accounts of Durkheim's positivism may be vulnerable to exaggeration and oversimplification: Comte was the only major sociological thinker to postulate that the social realm may be subject to scientific analysis in the same way as noble science, whereas Durkheim acknowledged in greater detail the fundamental epistemological limitations.[45][46]

text: Reactions against positivism began when German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) voiced opposition to both empiricism, which he rejected as uncritical, and determinism, which he viewed as overly mechanistic.[47] Karl Marx's methodology borrowed from Hegel dialecticism but also a rejection of positivism in favour of critical analysis, seeking to supplement the empirical acquisition of "facts" with the elimination of illusions.[48] He maintained that appearances need to be critiqued rather than simply documented. Marx nonetheless endeavoured to produce a science of society grounded in the economic determinism of historical materialism.[48] Other philosophers, including Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911) and Heinrich Rickert (1863–1936) argued that the natural world differs from the social world because of those unique aspects of human society (meanings, signs, and so on) which inform human cultures.

text: At the turn of the 20th century the first generation of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural norms, values, symbols, and social processes viewed from a subjective perspective. Max Weber argued that sociology may be loosely described as a 'science' as it is able to identify causal relationships—especially among ideal types, or hypothetical simplifications of complex social phenomena.[49] As a nonpositivist however, one seeks relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable"[50] as those pursued by natural scientists. Ferdinand Tönnies presented Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (sometimes translated as community and society) as the two normal types of human association, a distinction that was developed further by Max Weber. Tönnies drew a sharp line between the realm of conceptuality and the reality of social action: the first must be treated axiomatically and in a deductive way ('pure' sociology), whereas the second empirically and in an inductive way ('applied' sociology). Both Weber and Georg Simmel pioneered the Verstehen (or 'interpretative') approach toward social science; a systematic process in which an outside observer attempts to relate to a particular cultural group, or indigenous people, on their own terms and from their own point-of-view. Through the work of Simmel, in particular, sociology acquired a possible character beyond positivist data-collection or grand, deterministic systems of structural law. Relatively isolated from the sociological academy throughout his lifetime, Simmel presented idiosyncratic analyses of modernity more reminiscent of the phenomenological and existential writers than of Comte or Durkheim, paying particular concern to the forms of, and possibilities for, social individuality.[51] His sociology engaged in a neo-Kantian critique of the limits of perception, asking 'What is society?' in a direct allusion to Kant's question 'What is nature?'[52]

text: 20th century: critical theory, postmodernism, and positivist revival[edit]

text: In the early 20th century, sociology expanded in the U.S., including developments in both macrosociology, concerned with the evolution of societies, and microsociology, concerned with everyday human social interactions. Based on the pragmatic social psychology of George Herbert Mead (1863–1931), Herbert Blumer (1900–1987) and, later, the Chicago school, sociologists developed symbolic interactionism.[53] In the 1920s, György Lukács released History and Class Consciousness (1923), while a number of works by Durkheim and Weber were published posthumously. In the 1930s, Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) developed action theory, integrating the study of social order with the structural and voluntaristic aspects of macro and micro factors, while placing the discussion within a higher explanatory context of system theory and cybernetics. In Austria and later the U.S., Alfred Schütz (1899–1959) developed social phenomenology, which would later inform social constructionism. During the same period members of the Frankfurt school, such as Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969) and Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), developed critical theory, integrating the historical materialistic elements of Marxism with the insights of Weber, Freud and Gramsci—in theory, if not always in name—often characterizing capitalist modernity as a move away from the central tenets of enlightenment.

text: During the Interwar period, sociology was undermined by totalitarian governments for reasons of ostensible political control. After the Russian Revolution, sociology was gradually "politicized, Bolshevisized and eventually, Stalinized" until it virtually ceased to exist in the Soviet Union.[54] In China, the discipline was banned with semiotics, comparative linguistics and cybernetics as "Bourgeois pseudoscience" in 1952, not to return until 1979.[55] During the same period, however, sociology was also undermined by conservative universities in the West. This was due, in part, to perceptions of the subject as possessing an inherent tendency, through its own aims and remit, toward liberal or left wing thought. Given that the subject was founded by structural functionalists; concerned with organic cohesion and social solidarity, this view was somewhat groundless (though it was Parsons who had introduced Durkheim to American audiences, and his interpretation has been criticized for a latent conservatism).[46]

text: In the mid-20th century there was a general—but not universal—trend for U.S.-American sociology to be more scientific in nature, due to the prominence at that time of action theory and other system-theoretical approaches. Robert K. Merton released his Social Theory and Social Structure (1949). By the turn of the 1960s, sociological research was increasingly employed as a tool by governments and businesses worldwide. Sociologists developed new types of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Paul Lazarsfeld founded Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research, where he exerted a tremendous influence over the techniques and the organization of social research. His many contributions to sociological method have earned him the title of the "founder of modern empirical sociology".[56] Lazarsfeld made great strides in statistical survey analysis, panel methods, latent structure analysis, and contextual analysis.[56] He is also considered a co-founder of mathematical sociology. Many of his ideas have been so influential as to now be considered self-evident.[56]

text: In 1959, Erving Goffman published The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and introduced the theory of dramaturgical analysis which asserts that all individuals aim to create a specific impression of themselves in the minds of other people. C. Wright Mills presented The Sociological Imagination, encouraging humanistic discourse and a rejection of abstracted empiricism and grand theory. Parallel with the rise of various social movements in the 1960s, particularly in Britain, the cultural turn saw a rise in conflict theories emphasizing social struggle, such as neo-Marxism and second-wave feminism.[57] Ralf Dahrendorf and Ralph Miliband presented pioneering theory on class conflict and industrialized nation states. The sociology of religion saw a renaissance in the decade with new debates on secularisation thesis, globalization, and the very definition of religious practise. Theorists such as Lenski and Yinger formulated 'functional' definitions of religion; enquiring as to what a religion does rather than what it is in familiar terms. Thus, various new social institutions and movements could be examined for their religious role. Marxist theorists continued to scrutinize consumerism and capitalist ideology in analogous terms. Antonio Gramsci's Selections from the Prison Notebooks [1929–1935] was finally published in English during the early 1970s.[58]

text: In the 1960s and 1970s so-called post-structuralist and postmodernist theory, drawing upon structuralism and phenomenology as much as classical social science, made a considerable impact on frames of sociological enquiry.[citation needed] Often understood simply as a cultural style 'after-Modernism' marked by intertextuality, pastiche and irony, sociological analyses of postmodernity have presented a distinct era relating to (1) the dissolution of metanarratives (particularly in the work of Lyotard), and (2) commodity fetishism and the 'mirroring' of identity with consumption in late capitalist society (Debord; Baudrillard; Jameson).[59] Postmodernism has also been associated with the rejection of enlightenment conceptions of the human subject by thinkers such as Michel Foucault, Claude Lévi-Strauss and, to a lesser extent, in Louis Althusser's attempt to reconcile Marxism with anti-humanism. Most theorists associated with the movement actively refused the label, preferring to accept postmodernity as a historical phenomenon rather than a method of analysis, if at all. Nevertheless, self-consciously postmodern pieces continue to emerge within the social and political sciences in general.

text: In the 1980s, theorists outside France tended to focus on globalization, communication, and reflexivity in terms of a 'second' phase of modernity, rather than a distinct new era per se. Jürgen Habermas established communicative action as a reaction to postmodern challenges to the discourse of modernity, informed both by critical theory and American pragmatism. Fellow German sociologist, Ulrich Beck, presented The Risk Society (1992) as an account of the manner in which the modern nation state has become organized. In Britain, Anthony Giddens set out to reconcile recurrent theoretical dichotomies through structuration theory. During the 1990s, Giddens developed work on the challenges of "high modernity", as well as a new 'third way' politics that would greatly influence New Labour in U.K. and the Clinton administration in the U.S. Leading Polish sociologist, Zygmunt Bauman, wrote extensively on the concepts of modernity and postmodernity, particularly with regard to the Holocaust and consumerism as historical phenomena.[60] While Pierre Bourdieu gained significant critical acclaim for his continued work on cultural capital,[61] certain French sociologists, particularly Jean Baudrillard and Michel Maffesoli, were criticised for perceived obfuscation and relativism.[62][63]

text: Functionalist systems theorists such as Niklas Luhmann remained dominant forces in sociology up to the end of the century. In 1994, Robert K. Merton won the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the sociology of science.[64] The positivist tradition is popular to this day, particularly in the United States.[65] The discipline's two most widely cited American journals, the American Journal of Sociology and the American Sociological Review, primarily publish research in the positivist tradition, with ASR exhibiting greater diversity (the British Journal of Sociology, on the other hand, publishes primarily non-positivist articles).[65] The twentieth century saw improvements to the quantitative methodologies employed in sociology. The development of longitudinal studies that follow the same population over the course of years or decades enabled researchers to study long-term phenomena and increased the researchers' ability to infer causality. The increase in the size of data sets produced by the new survey methods was followed by the invention of new statistical techniques for analyzing this data. Analysis of this sort is usually performed with statistical software packages such as SAS, Stata, or SPSS.

text: Social network analysis is an example of a new paradigm in the positivist tradition. The influence of social network analysis is pervasive in many sociological sub fields such as economic sociology (see the work of J. Clyde Mitchell, Harrison White, or Mark Granovetter, for example), organizational behavior, historical sociology, political sociology, or the sociology of education. There is also a minor revival of a more independent, empirical sociology in the spirit of C. Wright Mills, and his studies of the Power Elite in the United States of America, according to Stanley Aronowitz.[66]


document_title: Mary Mae Ward

question_text: who played mary mae ward on general hospital

text: Mary Mae Ward

text: Casting[edit]

text: The role of Mary Mae Ward was originated by Rosalind Cash (1938–1995)[3] in 1994, who played her as a proud matriarch character who had triumphed over racism and tragedy.[4] When Cash died of cancer in 1995, the Mary Mae Ward character was written out of the series, with an explanation of having died of natural causes. In 1996, Cash was posthumously nominated for an Emmy Award, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[5]

text: Brief Character History[edit]

text: Mary Mae Ward showed up in Port Charles after Laura Spencer bought the Ward House. Mary Mae and Laura became instant friends and ran an orphanage out of the Ward House. After her son Bradley Ward was found dead in Luke and Laura Spencer's yard, Mary Mae's grandson Justus and granddaughter Keesha came to Port Charles to attend Bradley's funeral. Bradley had been murdered, but who killed him? Keesha began dating the young, rich Jason Quartermaine. Mary Mae and Edward Quartermaine, both grandparents of the teens, weren't happy about the two dating each other. Soon all evidence of Bradley's death was pointing to Edward as the murderer. Edward was arrested and charged. He swore on his life to Mary Mae that he was not her son's killer. Mary Mae knew it and revealed during her testimony that Bradley was Edward's son. Edward had wartime romance with Mary Mae when she was a blue singer years ago which resulted in the conception of Bradley. Edward was later acquitted.

text: Mary Mae found herself singing the blues again when Lois Cerullo offered her a job at her record label, L&B. Mary Mae was a hit at Luke's club where everyone would go to listen to her beautiful voice.

text: Mary Mae was adored by many in Port Charles. When she died in her sleep in January 1996, the whole town turned out to pay their respects to their beloved Mary Mae.


document_title: Thoracic cavity

question_text: what are the two dominant systems in the thoracic cavity

text: Thoracic cavity

text: Structure[edit]

text: Structures within the thoracic cavity include:

text:
structures of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and great vessels, which include the thoracic aorta, the pulmonary artery and all its branches, the superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary veins, and the azygos vein
structures of the respiratory system, including the Diaphragm, trachea, bronchi and lungs[1]
structures of the digestive system, including the esophagus,
endocrine glands, including the thymus gland,
structures of the nervous system including the paired vagus nerves, and the paired sympathetic chains,
lymphatics including the thoracic duct.

text: It contains three potential spaces lined with mesothelium: the paired pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity. The mediastinum comprises those organs which lie in the centre of the chest between the lungs. The cavity also contains two openings one at the top, the superior thoracic aperture also called the thoracic inlet, and a lower inferior thoracic aperture which is much larger than the inlet.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: If the pleural cavity is breached from the outside, as by a bullet wound or knife wound, a pneumothorax, or air in the cavity, may result. If the volume of air is significant, one or both lungs may collapse, which requires immediate medical attention.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Illustration of Heart in Thoracic Cavity

Illustration of Heart Position Relative to the Rib Cage


document_title: List of Social Security Area Numbers

question_text: what is the social security number for california

text: List of Social Security Area Numbers

text: This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: List showing the geographical location of the first three digits of the social security numbers assigned in the United States and its territories since 1973. Repeated numbers indicate that they've been transferred to another location or they're shared by more than one location.

text:
SSN Area Number
Location[1]

001–003
New Hampshire

004–007
Maine

008–009
Vermont

010–034
Massachusetts

035–039
Rhode Island

040–049
Connecticut

050–134
New York

135–158
New Jersey

159–211
Pennsylvania

212–220
Maryland

221–222
Delaware

223–231
Virginia

232–236
West Virginia

232
North Carolina

237–246
Not Issued

247–251
South Carolina

252–260
Georgia

261–267
Florida

268–302
Ohio

303–317
Indiana

318–361
Illinois

362–386
Michigan

387–399
Wisconsin

400–407
Kentucky

408–415
Tennessee

416–424
Alabama

425–428
Mississippi

429–432
Arkansas

433–439
Louisiana

440–448
Oklahoma

449–467
Texas

468–477
Minnesota

478–485
Iowa

486–500
Missouri

501–502
North Dakota

503–504
South Dakota

505–508
Nebraska

509–515
Kansas

516–517
Montana

518–519
Idaho

520
Wyoming

521–524
Colorado

525,585
New Mexico

526–527
Arizona

528–529
Utah

530,680
Nevada

531–539
Washington

540–544
Oregon

545–573
California

574
Alaska

575–576
Hawaii

577–579
District of Columbia

580
Virgin Islands

580–584
Puerto Rico

586
Pacific Islands

Guam
American Samoa
Philippine Islands
Northern Mariana Islands

587–665
Not Issued

667–679
Not Issued

681–699
Not Issued

700–728
Railroad Board (discontinued July 1, 1963)

729–730
Enumeration at Entry

750–772
Not Issued

text: The above table is only valid for SSN issued before June 2011. On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to "SSN randomization".[2] SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process. Among its changes, it eliminates the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN, previously referred to as the Area Number, by no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states. The table above is based on out-of-date information. Numbers in the range of 650-699 most certainly have been issued (see related comment on the Talk page).


document_title: Deputy Prime Minister of India

question_text: who was the first deputy prime minister of independent india

text: Deputy Prime Minister of India

text:
Deputy Prime Minister of India
भारत के उप प्रधानमन्त्री

Emblem of India

Incumbent
Vacant

Appointer
President on the advice of the Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Formation
15 August 1947

text: The Deputy Prime Minister of India is a member of the Union Cabinet in the Government of India. Not technically a constitutional office, it seldom carries any specific powers. A deputy prime minister usually also holds a key cabinet portfolio such as home minister or finance minister. In the parliamentary system of government, the prime minister is treated as the "first among equals" in the cabinet; the position of deputy prime minister is used to bring political stability and strength within a coalition government or in times of national emergency, when a proper chain of command is necessary.

text: The first Deputy Prime Minister of India was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was also home minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet. The office has since been only intermittently occupied. The seventh and last deputy prime minister was L. K. Advani, who took on the role in addition to his home ministership from 2002 to 2004 in Atal Bihari Vajpayee's government. The current government does not have a Deputy Prime Minister.

text: Many times there arose a proposal to make this post permanent, but nothing happened. The same goes to the post of Deputy Chief Minister in state level,

text: List of Deputy Prime Ministers of India[edit]

text:
Indian National Congress

  Janata Party

  Janata Party (Secular)

  Indian National Congress (Socialist)

  Janata Dal

  Samajwadi Janata Party

  Bharatiya Janata Party

text:
№
Deputy Prime Minister
(Portfolio)
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

1
Sardar Vallabhai Patel
(Minister of Home Affairs)

15 August 1947
15 December 1950
Indian National Congress

Jawaharlal Nehru

2
Morarji Desai
(Minister of Finance)

21 March 1967
6 December 1969
Indira Gandhi

3
Charan Singh
(Minister of Home Affairs
& Minister of Finance)

24 March 1977
28 July 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

4
Jagjivan Ram
(Minister of Defence)

24 March 1977
28 July 1979

5
Yashwantrao Chavan
(Minister of Home Affairs)

28 July 1979
14 January 1980
Indian National Congress (Socialist)

Charan Singh

6
Chaudhary Devi Lal

2 December 1989
21 June 1991
Janata Dal
(National Front)

V. P. Singh

Chandra Shekhar

7
L. K. Advani
(Minister of Home Affairs)

5 February 2002
22 May 2004
Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

 Government ministries of India

President (List) • Government of India • Prime Minister (List • Office) • Deputy Prime Minister • Council of Ministers

Current

Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
AYUSH
Chemicals and Fertilizers
Civil Aviation
Coal
Commerce and Industry
Communications
Consumer Affairs
Culture
Defence
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Earth Sciences
Electronics and Information Technology
Environment, Forest and Climate Change
External Affiars
Finance
Food Processing Industries
Health and Family Welfare
Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
Home Affairs
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
Human Resource Development
Information and Broadcasting
Labour and Employment
Law and Justice
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Mines
Minority Affairs
New and Renewable Energy
North East
Panchayati Raj
Parliamentary Affairs
Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
Petroleum
Power
Railways
Road Transport and Highways
Rural Development
Science and Technology
Shipping
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
Social Justice and Empowerment
Statistics and Programme Implementation
Steel
Textiles
Tourism
Tribal Affairs
Urban Development
Water Resources
Women and Child Development

Defunct

Communications and Information Technology
Overseas Indian Affairs
Surface Transport

Ministers

Home Affairs
Finance
External Affairs
Defence
Railways
Health and Family Welfare
HRD
Information and Broadcasting
Labour and Employment
Parliamentary Affairs
Science and Technology
Tribal Affairs
North Eastern Region

text: Indian Deputy Prime MinistersLists of political office-holders in India