document_title: Femina Miss India

question_text: name the first indian woman to be crowned as miss world

question_tokens: name the first indian woman to be crowned as miss world

text: Femina Miss India

text: History

text: The first Miss India was Pramila (Esther Victoria Abraham), from Calcutta, who won in 1947.[4][5] It was organised by the local press.

text: In 1952, two Miss India pageants were held, Indrani Rehman and Nutan were the winners of the pageant.[6] Nutan was crowned as Miss Mussorie.[7] The pageant was held by the local press. Indrani Rehman was crowned at Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai in the month of April, 1952. Indrani later represented India at Miss Universe 1952, the inaugural edition of Miss Universe pageant.[8]

text: In 1953, Peace Kanwal from Punjab was crowned Miss India 1953 at KARDAR-KOLYNOS Pageant. The pageant was organised by Abdur Rashid Kardar.[9] She later established herself as a Bollywood actress.[10]

text: In 1954, Leela Naidu from Maharashtra was declared Miss India, and the same year was featured in Vogue magazine's list of the world's ten most beautiful women.[11]

text: There was no Miss India pageant from 1955 to 1958. In 1959, Eve's Weekly organised its very first Miss India contest called Eve's Weekly Miss India to send India's representatives to the Miss World pageant. Fleur Ezekiel was crowned the eventual winner. She represented India at Miss World 1959 held in London, United Kingdom.

text: The first ever Femina Miss India pageant was held in year 1964. Meher Castelino Mistri of Maharashtra was crowned the first ever Femina Miss India. She was chosen to represent India at Miss Universe 1964 held in the United States and Miss Nations 1964 held in Spain.[12]

text: Reita Faria was the first Miss India ever to win any international beauty pageant. She was crowned Miss World 1966 in London, United Kingdom.[13] She was the winner of Eve's Weekly Miss India contest. The same year Femina Miss India winner Yasmin Daji represented India at Miss Universe 1966 and was crowned 3rd Runner Up at the event. She was the first ever Femina Miss India Winner to get placed at any international beauty pageant.[14]

text: In Earlier days, Femina Miss India used to crown three contestants, the winner used to represent India at Miss Universe and the runners-up were sent to Miss Asia Pacific and International Teen Princess.[15] Later the second runner up represents India at Miss Teenage Intercontinental. On some occasions the 2nd Runner up or a finalist was sent to Queen of Pacific pageant from 1969 to 1975. [16]

text: Zeenat Aman was the first ever Femina Miss India titleholder to win an international pageant. She was crowned Femina Miss India Asia Pacific and went on to win Miss Asia Pacific 1970 held in Philippines.[17]

text: Later, after acquiring the rights to send India's representatives to Miss World, Femina Miss India used to select three winners who were then sent to Miss Universe, Miss World and Miss Asia Pacific International pageants, respectively.[15]

text: In 1991, Femina also acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss International pageant and on some occasions the third winner represented India at Miss International and a finalist was sent to Miss Asia Pacific International or else the third winner was crowned as Femina Miss India Asia Pacific and used to represent India at Miss Asia Pacific International and a finalist was sent to Miss International.[15]

text: In 1994, after India's historic win at the International pageants, the organisation ended the practice of crowning a single winner and instead decided that the top three winners were designated as winners with equal visibility and prizes.[18]

text: In 2002, the third winner was designated to Miss Earth instead of Miss Asia Pacific.[19]

text: In 2010, after the I Am She - Miss Universe India acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss Universe, Femina Miss India crowned three winners as Femina Miss India World, Femina Miss India Earth and Femina Miss India International, the third winner representend India in Miss International pageant.[20]

text: In 2010, Tantra Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. (TEPL), in partnership with Sushmita Sen, started a new pageant called I Am She – Miss Universe India. The winner of this pageant participated in the Miss Universe pageant from 2010 to 2012.[20]

text: In 2013, The Times Group again acquired the rights to send India's representatives to the Miss Universe pageant and started a new pageant called Miss Diva. The first ever Miss Diva pageant was held in Mumbai on September 5, 2013. Manasi Moghe of Maharashtra was crowned Miss Diva Universe 2013. Manasi represented India at Miss Universe 2013 and placed in the top 10. Gurleen Grewal from Punjab was crowned Miss Diva International 2013. She represented India at Miss International 2013.[21]

text: India in international pageants

text:
International pageants

Current franchises

Pageant
Year(s) competed

Miss Universe
1964–1987, 1989–2009, 2013–present

Miss World
1971, 1974, 1976–present

Miss Supranational
2013–present

Miss United Continent
2013–present

Miss Grand International
2015–present

Miss Intercontinental
2017

Former franchises

Pageant
Year(s) competed

Miss International
1991–2014

Miss Earth
2001–2014

Miss Universal Peace and Humanity
2014

Miss Asia Pacific World
2013

Miss Heritage
2013

Miss Tourism International
1994, 2006

Miss Asia Pacific International
1968–2005

Miss Tourism
2005, 2007

Miss Teenage Intercontinental
1975–1978

Miss World Amber / Miss Ambar Del Mundo
1978

International Teen Princess
1974, 1970

Queen of Pacific
1969–1972, 1974, 1975

Miss Nations
1964

text: Miss India has been participating in the Miss Universe pageant since 1952, starting with Indrani Rehman and in the Miss World pageant since 1959, starting with Fleur Ezekiel.[6] Historically, the Femina Miss India pageant sent the winner of the pageant to the Miss Universe pageant and a runner up to Miss Asia Pacific pageant and on some occasions the 2nd runner up used to represent India at International Teen Princess contest, whereas Eve's Weekly, a rival women's publication sent the winner of its Miss India contest to Miss World and Miss International.[16]

text: In the 1970s, Femina acquired the rights to send a representative to Miss World as well, and started to send the winner to Miss Universe and the runner-up to the Miss World contest.[15] Later in 1991, Femina Miss India also acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss International pageant.[22]

text: In 1994, following India's historic dual wins at both Miss Universe and Miss World, the custom of crowning a single winner was discontinued. Instead, the top three placers were designated winners with equal visibility, equal prizes and responsibilities, and were crowned as Femina Miss India-Universe, Femina Miss India-World, and Femina Miss India-Asia Pacific and a finalist was sent to Miss International.[15] In 2002, the third title was changed to Femina Miss India-Earth, to designate India's representation at the newly launched Miss Earth pageant, focused on the cause of environmental advocacy and a finalist was sent to Miss International.

text: From 2007 to 2009, three equal winners were selected going to Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss Earth.[23][24] In 2010, I Am She - Miss Universe India acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss Universe. Later, in 2013 The Times Group again acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss Universe and launched a new pageant for Miss Universe named Miss Diva.

text: In 1970, Zeenat Aman won Miss Asia Pacific 1970. She became the first Indian and South Asian woman to win the title.[25]

text: The awards for 1989 were given at the end of the year (December); hence there was no separate contest for 1990.[26]

text: In 1994, Sushmita Sen won the Miss Universe title after winning the Miss India crown and became the first Indian woman ever to win the Miss Universe crown.[27] The same year the runner-up of Miss India, Aishwarya Rai, won the Miss World title.[28] Sushmita Sen and Aishwarya Rai established themselves in the Bollywood industry after winning their titles.[29][30][31]

text: The success of Rai and Sen spawned coaching institutions which were set up to groom young women in pageant participation skills. The number of participants in the preliminary rounds of the pageant has increased considerably. Miss India World 1997, Diana Hayden won the title of Miss World 1997. In 1999, the Miss India World Yukta Mookhey went on to win the Miss World that year.[32][33]

text: In 2000, three of the Miss India winners won their respective international pageants — Lara Dutta (Miss Universe), Priyanka Chopra (Miss World) and Diya Mirza Miss Asia Pacific. The other country to have won all three major titles in one year were Australia in 1972.[34]

text: In 2010, after the introduction of I Am She - Miss Universe India, the third title was changed to Femina Miss India-International and the winner represented India at Miss International pageant.

text: In 2010, Nicole Faria became the first Indian to win the Miss Earth title in Vietnam, which leaves Miss International as the only major international pageant that has not been won by an Indian contestant.[35]

text: In 2012, Himangini Singh Yadu won Miss Asia Pacific World 2012 and became first Indian and Asian to win the pageant. She was sent by I Am She - Miss Universe India pageant.[36]

text: In 2013, Srishti Rana won Miss Asia Pacific World 2013 giving India a rare back to back victory. She is the second Indian and first Miss Diva Winner to win Miss Asia Pacific World Crown. She is also the first ever Indian delegate to win an international pageant that has been sent by Femina Miss India's sister pageant, Miss Diva.[37]

text: In 2014, Asha Bhat, Miss Diva Supranational 2014 won Miss Supranational 2014 and became the first ever Indian woman to win the crown.[38] Asha is the second Asian to win the crown. The same year Ruhi Singh who was crowned the first ever Femina Miss India Universal Peace and Humanity won the first ever Miss Universal Peace and Humanity pageant held in Lebanon.[39]

text: After May Myat Noe, the winner of Miss Asia Pacific World 2014 pageant was dethroned,[40] the organisation organised another pageant named Miss Asia Pacific 2014 Supertalent of the World Season 5 under Miss Asia Pacific World title, Swetha Raj who represented India won the crown, giving India a rare back to back to back victory, India is the only country to win any international pageant three years in a row, however Swetha was sent by Miss India Australia organisation.[41]

text: On some occasions the top finalists have represented India at some other international pageants like Miss Heritage, Miss Tourism International, Miss Tourism. Femina Miss India also sends representatives to other international pageants like Miss United Continent and Miss Universal Peace and Humanity.[42][43]

text: International victories

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text: Indian winners in the Big Four

text: The following is the list of Indian winners in the Big Four international beauty pageants:

text:
Pageant
Titles
Winning year(s)
Winner(s)

Miss World
6

1966°
Reita Faria[44]

1994
Aishwarya Rai

1997
Diana Hayden

1999
Yukta Mookhey

2000
Priyanka Chopra

2017
Manushi Chhillar

Miss Universe
2

1994
Sushmita Sen

2000
Lara Dutta

Miss Earth
1
2010
Nicole Faria

text: Winners of minor international pageants

text: The following is the list of Indian winners in various minor international pageants:

text:
Pageant
Titles
Winning year(s)
Winner(s)

Miss Supranational
2
2014
Asha Bhat

2016
Srinidhi Ramesh Shetty

Miss Universal Peace and Humanity
1
2014
Ruhi Singh

Miss Asia Pacific World
3

2012^
Himangini Singh Yadu

2013
Srishti Rana

2014
Shweta Raj

Miss Asia Pacific International
3

1970
Zeenat Aman

1973
Tara Anne Fonseca

2000
Dia Mirza

Miss Tourism
2

2005
Sonal Chauhan

2007
Priyanka Shah

Miss Teenage Intercontinental
1
1978
Elizabeth Anita Reddi

Miss World Amber / Miss Ambar Del Mundo
1
1978
Mala Rai Singhani

International Teen Princess
1
1974
Radha Bartake

text:
° In 1966 India won Miss World but the representative was sent by Eve's Weekly Miss India organisation.
^ In 2012 India won Miss Asia Pacific World 2012 but India's representative was sent by I Am She - Miss Universe India organisation.
Asha Bhat (Miss Supranational 2014), Srinidhi Ramesh Shetty (Miss Supranationall 2016) and Srishti Rana (Miss Asia Pacific World 2013) were the winners of Miss Diva not Femina Miss India.

text: Multiple victories in the same year

text: The following is the list of India's multiple victories in major international pageants:

text:
Year
Pageant
Winner
Number of titles

1994
Miss Universe
Sushmita Sen
2

Miss World
Aishwarya Rai

2000
Miss Universe
Lara Dutta
3

Miss World
Priyanka Chopra

Miss Asia
Diya Mirza

text: Competition irregularities

text: In 2008, president of Gladrags, Maureen Wadia, served a legal notice to the newly crowned Pantaloons Femina Miss India Earth 2008, Harshita Saxena for violation of a two-year exclusive contract with Gladrags which had been signed by Harshita in 2006. To participate in any other beauty pageant, Harshita would need a written letter of no-objection from Gladrags. Harshita gave up the title and the crown passed on to Tanvi Vyas who represented India in the Miss Earth 2008 pageant held in November 2008.[45] Harshita was later placed fourth in Miss India 2009 and represented India in Miss International 2009.

text: In 1989, the winner Kalpana Pandit was found to have misrepresented her nationality (she was holding an American passport); she was stripped of her title and Dolly Mihas was declared winner.[46]

text: In 2004, Lakshmi Pandit (sister of Kalpana Pandit) was initially declared as the winner but had to return the title as she was married (to Siddarth Mishra); Sayali Bhagat was ultimately declared as the winner.[47]

text: Femina Miss India and Miss Diva winners from 2013 - present

text:
Year
Femina Miss India
Miss Diva

2017

Femina Miss India 2017

Femina Miss India World - Manushi Chhillar
Femina Miss India United Continents 2017 - Sana Dua
Femina Miss India Intercontinental 2017 - Priyanka Kumari
Femina Miss India Grand International - Anukriti Gusain

Miss Diva 2017

Miss Diva Universe - Shraddha Shashidhar
Miss Diva Supranational - Peden Ongmu Namgyal
2nd Runner Up - Apeksha Porwal

2016

Femina Miss India 2016

Femina Miss India World - Priyadarshini Chatterjee
Femina Miss India 2016 - 1st runner up -Sushruthi Krishna
Femina Miss India Grand International - Pankhuri Gidwani
Femina Miss India United Continent - Lopamudra Raut

Miss Diva 2016

Miss Diva Universe - Roshmitha Harimurthy
Miss Diva Supranational - Srinidhi Shetty
2nd Runner Up - Aaradhana Buragohain

2015

Femina Miss India 2015

Femina Miss India World - Aditi Arya
Femina Miss India Supranational - Aafreen Vaz
Femina Miss India Grand International - Vartika Singh
Femina Miss India United Continent - Sushrii Shreya Mishraa

Miss Diva 2015

Miss Diva Universe -Urvashi Rautela
1st Runner Up - Natasha Assadi
2nd Runner Up - Naveli Deshmukh

2014

Femina Miss India 2014

Femina Miss India World - Koyal Rana
Femina Miss India International - Jhataleka Malhotra
Femina Miss India United Continent - Gail Nicole Da Silva
Femina Miss India Universal Peace and Humanity - Ruhi Singh
Miss India Asia Pacific World 2014 - Anukriti Gusain

Miss Diva 2014

Miss Diva Universe - Noyonita Lodh
Miss Diva Earth - Alankrita Sahai
Miss Diva Supranational - Asha Bhat

2013

Femina Miss India 2013

Femina Miss India World - Navneet Kaur Dhillon
Femina Miss India Earth - Sobhita Dhulipala
Femina Miss India United Continent - Purva Rana
Femina Miss India Supranational - Vijaya Sharma
Femina Miss India Heritage - Swati Kain
Femina Miss India - Runner Up - Zoya Afroz

Miss Diva 2013

Miss Diva Universe - Manasi Moghe
Miss Diva International - Gurleen Grewal
Miss Diva Asia Pacific World - Srishti Rana

text: Representatives to Big Four pageants

text: The following women have represented India in the Big Four international beauty pageants, the four major international beauty pageants for women.[48][49] These are Miss World, Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth.[50][51][52]

text:
Winner
Vice Queen/Virreina
Runner Up
Finalist/Semifinalist
Unplaced

text: Miss Universe

text: India did not compete in the Miss Universe pageant from 1953 to 1963. I AM She – Miss Universe India sent its delegates to Miss Universe from 2010 to 2012. Traditionally the Miss India Winner was sent to Miss Universe and the runner up was sent to Miss World; however since 2013 a separate pageant Miss Diva has been held to send delegates to Miss Universe and the Miss India winner will represent India at Miss World annually.[2]

text:
Year
Miss India
State
Placement
Special Awards

2017
Shraddha Shashidhar
Tamil Nadu

2016
Roshmitha Harimurthy
Karnataka

2015
Urvashi Rautela
Uttarakhand

2014
Noyonita Lodh
Karnataka
Top 15
Best National Costume - Top 5

2013
Manasi Moghe
Maharashtra
Top 10

2012
Shilpa Singh
Bihar
Top 16

Urvashi Rautela
Uttarakhand
Dethroned as she could not meet the minimum age requirement.

2011
Vasuki Sunkavalli
Andhra Pradesh

2010
Ushoshi Sengupta
West Bengal

2009
Ekta Chowdhary
Haryana

2008
Simran Kaur Mundi
Maharashtra

National Costume - Group Winner
Best in Swimsuit - Top 5
Charming Áo dài - Top 5

2007
Puja Gupta
New Delhi
Top 10

2006
Neha Kapur
New Delhi
Top 20

2005
Amrita Thapar
Punjab

2004
Tanushree Dutta
Jharkhand
Top 10

2003
Nikita Anand
New Delhi

2002
Neha Dhupia
New Delhi
Top 10

2001
Celina Jaitley
West Bengal
4th Runner-up
3rd Runner Up - Swimsuit competition
5th Runner Up - Evening Gown

2000
Lara Dutta
Karnataka
Miss Universe 2000
Oscar de la Renta - Best In Swimsuit (Winner)
Best in Evening Gown - 2nd Runner Up
Best in National Costume - 1st Runner Up

1999
Gul Panag
Punjab
Top 10
Interview Round - Winner
Evening Gown Round - Top 5
Swimsuit Round - Top 10

1998
Lymaraina D'Souza
Maharashtra
Top 10

1997
Nafisa Joseph
Karnataka
Top 10

1996
Sandhya Chib
Karnataka
Top 10

1995
Manpreet Brar
New Delhi
1st Runner-up
2nd Runner Up - Evening Gown
3rd Runner Up - Interview Round
Swimsuit Competition - Top 10

1994
Sushmita Sen
New Delhi
Miss Universe 1994
1st Runner Up - Swimsuit competition
2nd Runner Up - Evening Gown
4th Runner Up - Interview Round

1993
Namrata Shirodkar
Maharashtra
Top 6
(5th Runner Up)
2nd Runner Up Interview Round
2nd runner Up - Evening Gown

1992
Madhu Sapre
Maharashtra
2nd Runner-up
1st Runner Up - Swimsuit Competition
1st Runner Up - Evening Gown
4th Runner Up - Interview Round

1991
Christabelle Howie
Tamil Nadu

1990
Suzanne Sablok
Maharashtra
Top 10

1989
Dolly Minhas
Punjab

1987
Priyadarshini Pradhan
Maharashtra

1986
Mehr Jessia
Maharashtra

1985
Sonu Walia
New Delhi

1984
Juhi Chawla
Punjab

Best National Costume Award

1983
Rekha Hande
Karnataka

1982
Pamela Chaudry Singh
New Delhi

1981
Rachita Kumar
Maharashtra

1980
Sangeeta Bijlani
Maharashtra

Best National Costume Award

1979
Swaroop Sampat
Maharashtra

1978
Alamjeet Kaur Chauhan
Punjab

Best National Costume Award

1977
Bineeta Bose
Maharashtra

1976
Naina Sudhir Balsavar
Uttar Pradesh

1975
Meenakshi Kurpad
Maharashtra

1974
Shailini Bhavnath Dholakia
Maharashtra
Top 12

1973
Farzana Habib
Maharashtra
Top 12

1972
Roopa Satyan
New Delhi
Top 12

1971
Raj Gill
Maharashtra

1970
Veena Sajnani
Maharashtra

1969
Kavita Bhambhani
Maharashtra

1968
Anjum Mumtaz Barg
Maharashtra

1967
Nayyara Mirza
New Delhi

1966
Yasmin Daji
Maharashtra
3rd Runner-up
Evening Gown Round - Winner
Swimsuit Round - Top 3

1965
Persis Khambatta
Maharashtra

1964
Meher Castelino Mistri
Maharashtra

1952
Indrani Rehman
Tamil Nadu

text: Miss World

text: India did not send delegates in 1967, 1965, 1964, 1963. From 1959 to 1966 representatives to Miss World were sent by Eve's Weekly Miss India pageant. In 1968, Bharat Sundari got the franchise to send India's representative to Miss World. They sent the delegates from 1968 to 1970, 1972, 1975. Femina got the franchise in 1976. Femina also sent delegates to Miss World in 1971 and 1974. Traditionally the runner up in Miss India pageant was sent to Miss World but this changed in 2013 and now the winner of Miss India is sent to represent at Miss World.[2]

text:
Year
Miss India
State
Placement
Special Awards

2017
Manushi Chhillar
Haryana
Miss World 2017
Head-to-Head Challenge(Group 9) - Winner
Miss World Top Model - Top 30
Beauty with a Purpose - Winner
Multimedia Award - Top 9
People's Choice Award - Top 9

2016
Priyadarshini Chatterjee
Assam
Top 20
Beauty with a Purpose - Top 5
Miss World Talent - Top 21

2015
Aditi Arya
New Delhi

Multimedia Award - Top 5
People's Choice Award - Top 5
World Fashion Designer Dress - Top 10
Beauty with a Purpose - Top 25
Miss World Talent - Top 30
Miss World Top Model - Top 30

2014
Koyal Rana
New Delhi
Top 11
Miss World - Asia
Beauty With a Purpose Winner
World Fashion Designer Dress Winner
Dances of the world performer
Charity Gala
Miss World Beach Beauty - Top 5
Multimedia Award - Top 5
The People's Choice - Top 10
Miss World Top Model - Top 20
Miss World Sport - Top 32

2013
Navneet Kaur Dhillon
Punjab
Top 20
Multimedia Award Winner
Beauty with a Purpose Top 10
Interview Round - Top 20

2012
Vanya Mishra
Punjab
Top 7
(6th Runner Up)
Beauty With a Purpose Award Winner
Multimedia Award Winner
Dances of the world performer
Interview Round - Top 16
Miss World Beach Beauty - Top 40
Miss World Top Model - Top 47

2011
Kanishtha Dhankhar
Haryana
Top 31
Miss World Top Model - Top 10
Beauty with a Purpose - Top 10

2010
Manasvi Mamgai
Uttarakhand

Dances of the world performer
Miss World Beach Beauty - Top 20
Miss World Top Model - Top 20

2009
Pooja Chopra
Maharashtra
Top 16
Beauty With a Purpose winner
Miss World Sports - Top 6

2008
Parvathy Omanakuttan
Kerala
1st Runner-up
Miss World – Asia and Oceania
Miss World Top Model - 2nd Runner-Up
Miss World Beach Beauty - Top 10

2007
Sarah Jane Dias
Karnataka

Miss World Talent - Top 18

2006
Natasha Suri
Maharashtra
Top 17
Miss World Beach Beauty - 2nd Runner Up
Best Designer Gown - 2nd Runner Up
Miss World Talent - Top 10

2005
Sindhura Gadde
Andhra Pradesh
Top 15

2004
Sayali Bhagat1
Maharashtra

Miss World Top Model - Top 20

Lakshmi Pandit
Maharashtra
Dethroned, as she was already married

2003
Ami Vashi
Gujarat
3rd Runner Up
Miss World Talent - Top 21

2002
Shruti Sharma
Uttar Pradesh
Top 20

2001
Sara Corner
Karnataka

2000
Priyanka Chopra
Bihar
Miss World 2000
Miss World – Asia and Oceania

1999
Yukta Mookhey
Maharashtra
Miss World 1999
Miss World – Asia and Oceania

1998
Annie Thomas
Kerala

1997
Diana Hayden
Andhra Pradesh
Miss World 1997
Miss World – Asia and Oceania
Miss Photogenic
Spectacular swimwear

1996
Rani Jeyraj
Tamil Nadu
3rd Runner Up
Miss World – Asia and Oceania
Spectacular Evening Gown

1995
Preeti Mankotia
Punjab

1994
Aishwarya Rai
Karnataka
Miss World 1994
Miss Photogenic
Miss World l– Asia and Oceania

1993
Karminder Kaur-Virk
Punjab

Best in National costume

1992
Shyla Lopez
Karnataka

1991
Ritu Singh
New Delhi
Top 10

1990
Naveeda Mehdi
Maharashtra

1989
Shabnam Patel
Maharashtra

1988
Anuradha Kottur
Maharashtra

1987
Manisha Kohli
Punjab

1986
Maureen Mary Lestourgeon
Maharashtra

1985
Sharon Mary Clarke
Maharashtra

1984
Suchita Kumar
Maharashtra

1983
Sweety Grewal
Punjab

1982
Uttara Mhatre Kher
Maharashtra

1981
Deepti Divakar
Andhra Pradesh

1980
Elizabeth Anita Reddi
Andhra Pradesh
Top 15

1979
Raina Winifred Mendonica
Maharashtra

Top 10 Photographer's choice

1978
Kalpana Iyer
Tamil Nadu
Top 15
Most Popular Delegate
Top 20 Miss Talented
Top 15 Photographer's choice

1977
Veena Prakash
Maharashtra
Withdrew in protest against the presence of a white Miss South Africa

1976
Naina Balsavar
Maharashtra
Withdrew in protest against the presence of two South African entries - one white and one black - in conformity with the apartheid policy of racial separation.

1975
Anjana Sood
Himachal Pradesh
Top 15

1974
Kiran Dholakia
Maharashtra

1972
Malathi Basappa
Karnataka
4th Runner-up

1971
Prema Narayan
Andhra Pradesh

1970
Heather Corinne Faville
Maharashtra
Top 15

1969
Adina Shellim
Maharashtra

1968
Jane Coelho
New Delhi

1966
Reita Faria
Maharashtra
Miss World 1966
Best Body Award
Best in Evening Dress Award for wearing Sari

1962
Ferial Karim
Maharashtra
Top 15

1961
Veronica Leonora Torcato
Maharashtra

1960
Iona Pinto
Maharashtra

1959
Fleur Ezekiel
Maharashtra

text: Miss International

text:
Since 2015, Glamanand Supermodel India holds the rights to send India's representatives to Miss International pageant. India did not send delegates to Miss International in 1963–1967, 1972, 1977, 1989, 1990.
From 1960 to 1988 Eve's Weekly Miss India sent India's representatives to Miss International pageant. In the year 2013, Miss Diva winner was sent to Miss International.

text:
Year
Miss India
State
Placement
Special Awards

2017
Ankita Kumari
Jharkhand

2016
Rewati Chetri
Assam

2015
Supriya Aiman
Bihar

2014
Jhataleka Malhotra
Maharashtra

Miss Internet
3rd Runner Up - Best National Costume

2013
Gurleen Grewal
Punjab

1st Runner Up - Miss Internet

2012
Rochelle Maria Rao
Tamil Nadu
Top 15 Semifinalist

2011
Ankita Shorey
Jammu & Kashmir

2010
Neha Hinge
Madhya Pradesh
Top 15 Semifinalist

2009
Harshita Saxena
Goa

2008
Radha Brahmbhatt
Gujarat, Northwood, London

2007
Esha Gupta
New Delhi

2006
Sonali Sehgal
West Bengal
Semifinalist

2005
Vaishali Desai
Maharashtra

2004
Mihika Verma
Maharashtra
Semifinalist

2003
Shonali Nagrani
New Delhi
1st Runner-Up

2002
Gauhar Khan
Maharashtra

2001
Kanwal Toor
New Delhi
Semifinalist

2000
Gayatri Joshi
Maharashtra
Semifinalist

1999
Srikrupa Murali
Karnataka

1998
Shwetha Jaishanker
Tamil Nadu
2nd Runner-Up

1997
Diya Abraham
Kerala
1st Runner-Up

1996
Fleur Xavier
Maharashtra

1995
Priya Gill
Maharashtra

1994
Fransesca Hart
Maharashtra

1993
Pooja Batra
Punjab
Semifinalist

1992
Kamal Sandhu
New Delhi

1991
Preeti Mankotia
Karnataka
Semifinalist

1988
Shikha Swaroop
Maharashtra

1987
Erika Maria D'Souza
Maharashtra
Semifinalist

1986
Poonam Pahlet Gidwant
Maharashtra

1985
Vinita Seshadri Vasan
Bangalore

1984
Nalanda Ravindra Bhandar
West Bengal
Semifinalist

1983
Sahila Chadha
Punjab

1982
Betty O'Connor
Maharashtra

1981
Meenakshi Seshadri
Tamil Nadu

1980
Ulrika Karen Bredemeyer
Maharashtra

1979
Nita Pinto
Maharashtra

1978
Sabita Dhanrajgir
Punjab

1976
Nafisa Ali
Maharashtra
2nd Runner-up

1975
'Indira Maria Bredemeyer'
Maharashtra
2nd Runner-Up

1974
Leslie Jean Hartnett
New Delhi

1972
Indira Muthanna
Karnataka

1971
Samita Mukherjee
West Bengal

1970
Patricia D'Souza
New Delhi
Semifinalist

1969
Wendy Leslie Vaz
Maharashtra

1968
Sumita Sen
West Bengal
Semifinalist

1962
Sheila Chonkar
Maharashtra

1961
Diana Valentine
New Delhi

1960
Iona Pinto
Maharashtra
1st Runner-Up

text: Miss Earth

text:
In 2015 Glamanand Supermodel India obtained the rights to send India's representatives to Miss Earth. However, in 2016, Glamanand Supermodel India lost the franchise rights of Miss Earth India to Growbiz Consult Pte. Ltd.[53][54]
In 2014, Miss Diva winner was sent to Miss Earth pageant.

text:
Year
Miss India
State
Placement
Special Awards

2017
Shaan Sumas Kumar
Bhopal

Best in preliminary interview (Intelligence Round) - Top 16
Miss Friendship(Group 3) - 2nd Runner Up

2016
Rashi Yadav
New Delhi

2015
Aaital Khosla
Chandigarh

Cooking challenge winner - Team Asia

2014
Alankrita Sahai
New Delhi

Miss Eco - Beauty
Miss Earth Pagudpud
Miss Hannah's Beach Resort Best in Casual Wear
Best Evening Gown
Miss Photogenic - 1st Runner Up
Besuty for a Cause - 1st Runner Up
Best in Swimsuit - 2nd Runner Up
Best National Costume - 2nd Runner Up

2013
Sobhita Dhulipala
Andhra Pradesh

Miss Photogenic
Miss Eco Beauty
Miss Ever Bilena
Miss Talent - Top 15
Best in Resort Wear - Top 15

2012
Prachi Mishra
Uttar Pradesh

Miss Friendship
Miss Congeniality

2011
Hasleen Kaur
New Delhi

2010
Nicole Faria
Karnataka
Miss Earth 2010
Miss Talent
Miss Diamond Place

2009
Shriya Kishore
Maharashtra
Top 16

2008
Tanvi Vyas2
Gujarat

2007
Pooja Chitgopekar
Karnataka
1st Runner-Up
(Miss Earth – Air)

2006
Amruta Patki
Maharashtra
1st Runner-Up
(Miss Earth – Air)
Best in Long Gown

2005
Niharika Singh
Uttarakhand

2004
Jyoti Brahmin
West Bengal
Top 16 Semifinalist

2003
Shweta Vijay
Kerala

2002
Reshmi Ghosh
West Bengal

2001
Shamita Singha
Maharashtra
Top 10 Semifinalist
Best in National Costume

text: Representatives to minor international pageants

text: Miss Supranational

text: Femina Miss India and Miss Diva (The Times Group) acquired the rights to send India representatives to Miss Supranational only from the year 2013.[55] In the years 2011 and 2012, contestants were selected by Indian Princess pageant.[56]

text:
Year
Miss India
State
Placement
Special Awards

2017
Peden Ongmu Namgyal
Sikkim
Top 25 Semifinalist
Miss Talent - 2nd Runner-up
Best in Swimsuit - 3rd Runner-up

2016
Srinidhi Ramesh Shetty
Karnataka
Miss Supranational 2016
Miss Supranational - Asia and Oceania
Miss Mobstar - 3rd Runner-up

2015
Aafreen Rachael Vaz
Karnataka
Top 10 Finalist
Miss Supranational - Asia and Oceania
Miss Supranational Top Model - Top 10
Miss Internet - 1st Runner Up
Best National Costume - Top 10

2014
Asha Bhat
Karnataka
Miss Supranational 2014
Miss Talented
Miss Internet - Top 5

2013
Vijaya Sharma
New Delhi
Top 20 Semifinalist

2012
Gunjan Saini
New Delhi

2011
Michelle Almeda
Maharashtra
Top 20 Semifinalist
Miss Supranational - Asia and Oceania
Miss Internet

text: Miss Grand International

text: In the years 2013 and 2014 India's delegates to Miss Grand International were sent by Indian Princess. Femina Miss India acquired the franchise in 2015.

text:
Year
Miss India
State
Placement
Special Awards

2017
Anukriti Gusain
Uttarakhand
Top 20 Semifinalist
Best National Costume - Top 10

2016
Pankhuri Gidwani
Uttar Pradesh

Best National Costume - Top 10

2015
Vartika Singh
Uttar Pradesh
1st Runner Up[57]
Best Social Media
Miss Popular–Top 10
Best National Costume–Top 20[57]

2014
Monica Sharma
New Delhi

Best National Costume - Top 20

2013
Rupa Khurana
New Delhi

text: Miss United Continents

text: The representatives for Miss United Continents have been selected by Femina Miss India since the pageant's inception in 2013.

text:
Year
Miss India
Placement
Special Awards

2017
Sana Dua
Top 10 Semifinalist

2016
Lopamudra Raut
2nd Runner-up
Best National Costume
Miss Photogenic - 1st Runner-up

2015
Sushrii Shreya Mishraa
3rd Runner-up
Best National Costume
Miss Photogenic

2014
Gail Nicole Da Silva
1st Runner-up
Best National Costume
Miss Photogenic

2013
Purva Rana
Vice Queen
Best National Costume - 2nd Runner-up

text: Miss Asia Pacific World

text: In the years 2011 and 2012, I Am She - Miss India sent their runners-up to this pageant. Femina had franchise to select their representatives in the years 2013 and 2014.[58][59]

text:
Year
Miss India
Placement
Special Awards

2016
Akanksha Dhiman

Wing Of Angel

2014
Swetha Raj
Miss Asia Pacific World 2014 - Season 5 (Competition held in the year 2014)
Miss Talent

2014
Anukriti Gusain
4th Runner Up

2013
Srishti Rana
Miss Asia Pacific World 2013
Best National Costume
Miss Personality
Miss Talent

2012
Himangini Singh Yadu
Miss Asia Pacific World 2012
Best in Evening Gown - 1st Runner Up

2011
Tanvi Singla
3rd Runner Up

text: Note

text: India is the only country to win an international pageant three years in a row. In the year 2012, Himangini Singh Yadu was crowned as Miss Asia Pacific World 2012.[60][61] In the succeeding year Srishti Rana was crowned as Miss Asia Pacific World 2013.[62][63] In the year 2014, May Myat Noe of Myanmar was originally crowned but later she was dethroned.[40] A new pageant was held by the organizers and Swetha Raj of India became victorious,[64] thus giving India a rare Three-peat victory in an international pageant.[65][66]

text: Miss Asia Pacific International

text:
Year
Miss India
Placement
Special Awards

2017
Sonika Roy

2016
Shiva Shrishti Vyakaranam

2005
Simran Chandok

Best dancer

2003
Shonal Rawat
1st Runner-up
Miss Friendship
Miss Talent
Miss Congeniality

2002
Tina Chatwal
2nd Runner-up
Miss Internet

2001
Maheshwari Thiagaranjan

2000
Dia Mirza
Miss Asia Pacific 2000
Miss Close-Up Smile
Miss AVON

1999
Shivangi Parikkh

1998
Vikkitha Aggarwal

1997
Divya Chauhan
1st Runner-up
Best in Evening gown

1996
Mini Menon
Top 10 semifinalist

1995
Ruchi Malhotra
1st Runner-up
Best in Evening gown

1994
Shweta Menon
Top 10 semifinalist

1993
Namrata Shirodkar
1st Runner-up
Best in Evening gown

1992
Mehroo Jal Mistry

1989
Anuradha Ramani

1988
Viola Antony

1987
Jasleem Kaur

1986
Ana Vasan

1985
Seema Malhotra
Semifinalist

1983
Monica Lakhmana

1982
Aparna Sharma

1981
Mehjabeen Ayub Khan

Miss Talent

1980
Upneet Pannu

1979
Maureen Mary Lestourgeon
1st Runner-up

1978
Preeti Koppikar

Best national costume
Miss Talent

1977
Marianne De Souza
1st Runner-up

1976
Anna Adriane Bredemeyer
2nd Runner-up

1975
Seema Marwaha

1974
Marilyn Theresa Ferreira

1973
Tara Anne Fonseca
Miss Asia Pacific 1973

1972
Samita Mukherjee

1971
Urmila Sanandan

1970
Zeenat Aman
Miss Asia Pacific 1970
Miss Photogenic

1969
Tasneem Fakir Mohammed

1968
Anabella Crawford

Miss Talent

text: Miss Intercontinental

text: Indian representatives to Miss Intercontinental is being sent by Femina Miss India group.

text:
Year
Miss India
Placement
Special Awards

2014
Priyanka Kumari

Best National Costume - Winner

2016
Aarushi Sharma

2015
Sneha Priya Roy
Top 17 Semifinalist
Best National Costume - 2nd Runner-up

2014
Chandni Sharma

2013
Sharon Fernández

2012
Bobby Layal
Top 10 Semifinalist

2011
Ipsita Pati
Top 15 Semifinalist

2008
Sonia Jain

2003
Deepti Gujral
3rd Runner-up

2002
Rakhee Chaudhary
Semi-finalist

2001
Koena Mitra
Top 12 Semifinalist

1998
Tora Khasigar

1999
Aanchal Kumar
Semi-finalist

1997
Lara Dutta
Miss Intercontinental 1997

1978
Elizabeth Anita Reddi
Miss Intercontinental 1978

text: Photographs of some notable international titleholders

text: Femina Miss India

text:
Sushmita Sen, Miss Universe 1994

Lara Dutta, Miss Universe 2000 and
Miss Intercontinental 1997

Aishwarya Rai, Miss World 1994

Diana Hayden, Miss World 1997

Yukta Mookhey, Miss World 1999

Priyanka Chopra, Miss World 2000

Manushi Chhillar, Miss World 2017

Nicole Faria, Miss Earth 2010

Dia Mirza, Miss Asia Pacific 2000

Sonal Chauhan, Miss Tourism 2005

Priyanka Shah, Miss Tourism 2007

Manasvi Mamgai, Miss Tourism International 2009

text: Miss Diva

text: Photographs of some titleholders

text: Femina Miss India Universe

text:
Celina Jaitly, Miss Universe 2001 - 4th Runner Up

Sangeeta Bijlani, Femina Miss India Universe 1980

Juhi Chawla, Femina Miss India Universe 1984

Sonu Walia, Femina Miss India Universe 1985

Mehr Jesia Rampal, Femina Miss India Universe 1986

Nafisa Joseph, Femina Miss India Universe 1997

Gul Panag, Femina Miss India 1999

Neha Dhupia, Femina Miss India Universe 2002

Tanushree Dutta, Femina Miss India Universe 2004

Puja Gupta, Femina Miss India Universe 2007

Simran Kaur Mundi, Femina Miss India Universe 2008

text: Miss Diva Universe

text:
Manasi Moghe, Miss Diva Universe 2013

Urvashi Rautela, Miss Diva Universe 2015

text: Femina Miss India World

text:
Parvathy Omanakuttan, Miss World 2008 - 1st Runner Up

Shruti Sharma, Femina Miss India World 2002

Sayali Bhagat, Femina Miss India World 2004

Natasha Suri, Femina Miss India World 2006

Sarah-Jane Dias, Femina Miss India world 2007

Pooja Chopra, Femina Miss India World 2009

Manasvi Mamgai, Femina Miss India world 2010, Miss Tourism International 2008

Kanishtha Dhankhar, Femina Miss India World 2011

Navneet Kaur Dhillon, Femina Miss India World 2013

text: Femina Miss India Earth

text:
Amruta Patki, Miss Earth Air 2006

Shamita Singha, Femina Miss India Earth 2001

Reshmi Ghosh, Femina Miss India Earth 2002

Niharika Singh, Femina Miss India Earth 2005

Shriya Kishore, Femina Miss India Earth 2009

Hasleen Kaur, Femina Miss India Earth 2011

Sobhita Dhulipala, Femina Miss India Earth 2013

text: Femina Miss India International

text:
Shonali Nagrani, Miss International 2003 - 1st Runner Up

Pooja Batra, Femina Miss India International 1993

Gayatri Joshi, Femina Miss India International 2000

Gauhar Khan, Femina Miss India International 2002

Vaishali Desai, Femina Miss India International 2005

Sonal Sehgal, Femina Miss India International 2006

Esha Gupta, Femina Miss India International 2007

Neha Hinge, Femina Miss India International 2010

Ankita Shorey, Femina Miss India International 2011

Rochelle Rao, Femina Miss India International 2012

text: Femina Miss India Asia Pacific

text:
Shonal Rawat, Miss Asia Pacific 2003 - 1st Runner Up

Shweta Menon, Femina Miss India Asia Pacific 1994


document_title: The Old Grey Whistle Test

question_text: where was the old grey whistle test filmed

root

text: The Old Grey Whistle Test

text: History[edit]

text: The show's focus on "serious" rock music, rather than chart hits covered on BBC1 by Top of the Pops, was emphasised by a lack of showbiz glitter: bands would often perform their songs in front of either the bare studio walls or plain wooden boards (actually the backs of set walls from other programmes filmed in the same studio). As with many BBC productions, this was (initially at least) as much a matter of money as of style; other late night shows of the time, having only 'minority' appeal, also had to be content with spartan sets. Another factor was that the programme was originally produced in a studio at BBC Television Centre in west London known as "Pres B", which had been originally designed for shooting little more than in-vision continuity. The studio was only 32 by 22 feet (10 m × 7 m)[4] which left little room for a set once the cameras and band were in.

tag: p

text: The original opening credits were played over a naked dancing woman painted in green to Santana's Jingo. When Richard Williams was replaced by 'Whispering' Bob Harris, the series' opening titles theme was changed to the now more famous animation of a male figure made up of stars (known as the 'Star Kicker') dancing. The programme's title music, with its harmonica theme, was a track called "Stone Fox Chase" by a Nashville band, Area Code 615.

text: The first host was Richard Williams, features editor of Melody Maker, the music weekly. From 1972, the programme was presented by disc jockey Bob Harris (nicknamed "Whispering Bob Harris", because of his quiet voice and "laid back" style). He later became notorious among the younger generation for calling the New York Dolls "mock rock"[5] and left OGWT in 1978.

text: After Harris's departure, Anne Nightingale took over as host. In December 1980, Nightingale presented the show in the immediate aftermath of the shooting of John Lennon (who had appeared on the show in 1975). This particular episode consisted almost entirely of interviews with various people about Lennon's life and career.

text: Following the departure of Nightingale in 1982, Mark Ellen, David Hepworth and Richard Skinner also took turns as presenters. In 1983, the programme was moved to a live mid-evening slot. The title was abridged to Whistle Test and the title credits and music were changed. Andy Kershaw joined the series as a presenter in 1984.[6] The same four presenters co-presented the BBC's television coverage of Live Aid in 1985.

text: The series was cancelled in early 1987 by Janet Street-Porter, who had been appointed head of Youth Programmes at the BBC.[7] The series ended with a live New Year's Eve special broadcast through to the early hours of New Year's Day 1988; material included "Hotel California" by The Eagles, live from 1977, and "Bat Out of Hell" by Meat Loaf.

text: Owing to technical issues during the show's early years, and the need to ensure performances were controlled, the bands often recorded the instrumental tracks the day before. The vocals were then performed live, "99 percent" of the time. After 1973, the show changed to an entirely live format.[8]

text: Influence[edit]

text: The programme hosted many seminal acts of the era, including the first British TV performance of Bob Marley and the Wailers as well as then little-known acts of whom any early footage is now considered precious, such as Billy Joel, Judas Priest (with a long haired Rob Halford), Wishbone Ash, Judee Sill, Heart, and Lynyrd Skynyrd.

text: Whistle Test was also the British television debut of the American glam punk band New York Dolls. Although host Bob Harris derided the group as "mock rock," comparing them unfavourably to The Rolling Stones, their performance influenced the following punk rock scene such as the Sex Pistols and The Clash as well as alternative bands like R.E.M. and The Smiths and the glam metal scene of the 1980s.

text: The show become the template for many successive "serious" British music programmes, such as The Tube, Later with Jools Holland and From the Basement.

text: In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, The Old Grey Whistle Test was placed 33rd.

text: Parodies[edit]

text: A parody of the show as part of Rutland Weekend Television in 1975, featuring Eric Idle as Harris, is the first known mention of fictional band, Toad The Wet Sprocket – a later reference on a Monty Python album gave rise to the band of the same name. The parody also featured "all-dead" musician Stan Fitch, whose silent, motionless performance was treated with quick zooms, closeups, and other visual effects typical of shows like Whistle Test.

text: The show was parodied on an episode of The Benny Hill Show, originally aired on 24 September 1975, being called "Old Grey Whistle Tester". The host was parodied by Benny Hill.[9]

text: The show's title was parodied in the comedy series Father Ted, in the episode "The Old Grey Whistle Theft".

text: The series was also parodied on The Fast Show, with Jazz Club, hosted by the eccentric (but quiet) Louis Balfour (a parody of Bob Harris).[10][11]

text: In 2006, the series was parodied in the sketch comedy show Snuff Box. The host was played by Richard Ayoade.

text: The Jon Holmes radio show on BBC Radio 6 Music has a feature called the Old Gay Whistle Test, a parody where a homosexual pensioner whistles a tune for the listeners to guess.

text: DVD series[edit]

text: In 2006, the BBC released three DVDs. The first concentrated on the early and mid 1970s. The second DVD completed the timeline, as it dealt with the late 1970s and 1980s. The third DVD, however, covered the entire history. The DVDs also featured spoken intros by the presenters introducing the songs.

text: Billy Joel included his 1978 performance on the show as part of The Stranger 30th Anniversary Edition DVD.

text: Archive status[edit]

text: Out of an original total of 445 episodes, 16 episodes are missing, a further 54 are incomplete and one exists on a format inferior to the original.


document_title: Split-off point

question_text: what is the split off point of joint products

text: Split-off point

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In the context of production, a split-off point is the point at which joint products appear in the production process.[1]

text: Example:

text: When the Entity is carrying on the business with two subsidiaries,one subsidiary is making huge profits and another subsidiary making huge losses.....while preparing the financial statements of the company, the company showing no profit and no loss,and these will not attract the investors.The company got the idea to form independent companies so that it can be easily measurable and it can decide the future of the companies and where developments required for the companies.


document_title: Social Security Trust Fund

question_text: what is the current balance of the social security trust fund

text: Social Security Trust Fund

text: Structure[edit]

text: The "Social Security Trust Fund" comprises two separate funds that hold federal government debt obligations related to what are traditionally thought of as Social Security benefits. The larger of these funds is the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Trust Fund, which holds in trust special interest-bearing federal government securities bought with surplus OASI payroll tax revenues.[8] The second, smaller fund is the Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Fund, which holds in trust more of the special interest-bearing federal government securities, bought with surplus DI payroll tax revenues.[9]

text: The trust funds are "off-budget" and treated separately in certain ways from other federal spending, and other trust funds of the federal government. From the U.S. Code:

text: EXCLUSION OF SOCIAL SECURITY FROM ALL BUDGETS Pub.L. 101–508, title XIII, Sec. 13301(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-623, provided that: Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the receipts and disbursements of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund shall not be counted as new budget authority, outlays, receipts, or deficit or surplus for purposes of - (1) the budget of the United States Government as submitted by the President, (2) the congressional budget, or (3) the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.

text: The trust funds run surpluses in that the amount paid in by current workers is more than the amount paid out to current beneficiaries. These surpluses are given to the U.S. Treasury (and thus become part of the general federal budget) in exchange for special U.S. government securities, which are deposited into the trust funds. If the trust funds begin running deficits, meaning more in benefits are paid out than contributions paid in, the Social Security Administration is empowered to redeem the securities and use those funds to cover the deficit.

text: Governance[edit]

text: The Board of Trustees of the Trust Funds is composed of 6 members:[1][2]

text:
Secretary of the Treasury (the Managing Trustee),
Secretary of Labor,
Secretary of Health and Human Services,
Commissioner of Social Security, and
2 members appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

tag: ul

text: The Board of Trustees holds the trust funds.[10] The Managing Trustee is responsible for investing the funds,[11] which has been delegated to the Bureau of the Fiscal Service.[12]

text: History[edit]

text: The Social Security system is primarily a pay-as-you-go system, meaning that payments to current retirees come from current payments into the system.

text: In 1977, President Jimmy Carter and the 95th Congress increased the FICA tax to fund Social Security, phased in gradually into the 1980s.[13] In the early 1980s, financial projections of the Social Security Administration indicated near-term revenue from payroll taxes would not be sufficient to fully fund near-term benefits (thus raising the possibility of benefit cuts). The federal government appointed the National Commission on Social Security Reform, headed by Alan Greenspan (who had not yet been named Chairman of the Federal Reserve), to investigate what additional changes to federal law were necessary to shore up the fiscal health of the Social Security program.[14] The Greenspan Commission projected that the system would be solvent for the entirety of its 75-year forecast period with certain recommendations.[14] The changes to federal law enacted in 1983 and signed by President Reagan [2] and pursuant to the recommendations of the Greenspan Commission advanced the time frame for previously scheduled payroll tax increases (though it raised slightly the payroll tax for the self-employed to equal the employer-employee rate), changed certain benefit calculations, and raised the retirement age to 67 by the year 2027.[15] As of the end of calendar year 2010, the accumulated surplus in the Social Security Trust Fund stood at just over $2.6 trillion.[16]

text: Social Security benefits are paid from a combination of social security payroll taxes paid by current workers and interest income earned by the Social Security Trust Fund. According to the projections of the Social Security Administration, the Trust Fund will continue to show net growth until 2022[17] because the interest generated by its bonds and the revenue from payroll taxes exceeds the amount needed to pay benefits. After 2022, without increases in Social Security taxes or cuts in benefits, the Fund is projected to decrease each year until being fully exhausted in 2034. At this point, if legislative action is not taken, the benefits would be reduced.[18]

text: Recent activity and financial status[edit]

text: The 2015 Trustees Report Press Release (which covered 2014 statistics) stated:

text:
"Income including interest to the combined OASDI Trust Funds amounted to $884 billion in 2014. ($756 billion in net contributions, $30 billion from taxation of benefits, $98 billion in interest, and less than $1 billion in reimbursements from the General Fund of the Treasury—almost exclusively resulting from the 2012 payroll tax legislation)
Total expenditures from the combined OASDI Trust Funds amounted to $859 billion in 2014.
Non-interest income fell below program costs in 2010 for the first time since 1983. Program costs are projected to exceed non-interest income throughout the remainder of the 75-year period.
The asset reserves of the combined OASDI Trust Funds increased by $25 billion in 2014 to a total of $2.79 trillion.
During 2014, an estimated 166 million people had earnings covered by Social Security and paid payroll taxes.
Social Security paid benefits of $848 billion in calendar year 2014. There were about 59 million beneficiaries at the end of the calendar year.
The cost of $6.1 billion to administer the program in 2014 was 0.7 percent of total expenditures. However, because the dollar value of the expenditures is so large this percentage is actually very high.
The combined Trust Fund asset reserves earned interest at an effective annual rate of 3.6 percent in 2014."[19]

text: Some basic equations for understanding the fund balance include:

text:
Fund ending balance for a given year = Fund starting balance + program revenues + interest - program payouts
Program annual surplus (or deficit if negative) = program revenues + interest - program expenses
Program annual cash surplus (or deficit if negative) = program revenues - program expenses

text: "Program revenues" has several components, including payroll tax contributions, taxation of benefits, and an accounting entry to reflect recent payroll tax cuts during 2011 and 2012, to make the fund "whole" as if these tax cuts had not occurred. These all add to the program revenues.

text: During 2016, the initial balance as of January 1 was $2,780 billion. An additional $710 billion in payroll tax revenue and $87 billion in interest added to the Fund during 2016, while expenses of $776 billion were removed from the Fund, for a December 31, 2016 balance of $2,801 billion (i.e., $2,780 + $710 + $87 - $776 = $2,801).[20]

text: Recent attention[edit]

text: Under George W. Bush[edit]

text: On February 2, 2005, President George W. Bush made Social Security a prominent theme of his State of the Union Address. One consequence was increased public attention to the nature of the Social Security Trust Fund. Unlike a typical private pension plan, the Social Security Trust Fund does not hold any marketable assets to secure workers' paid-in contributions. Instead, it holds non-negotiable United States Treasury bonds and U.S. securities backed "by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government". The trust funds have been invested primarily in non-marketable Treasury debt, first, because the Social Security Act prohibits "prefunding" by investment in equities or corporate bonds and, second, because of a general desire to avoid large swings in the Treasuries market that would otherwise result if Social Security invested large sums of payroll tax receipts in marketable government bonds or redeemed these marketable government bonds to pay benefits.

text: The Office of Management and Budget has described the distinction as follows:

text: These [Trust Fund] balances are available to finance future benefit payments and other Trust Fund expenditures – but only in a bookkeeping sense.... They do not consist of real economic assets that can be drawn down in the future to fund benefits. Instead, they are claims on the Treasury that, when redeemed, will have to be financed by raising taxes, borrowing from the public, or reducing benefits or other expenditures. The existence of large Trust Fund balances, therefore, does not, by itself, have any impact on the Government’s ability to pay benefits. (from FY 2000 Budget, Analytical Perspectives, p. 337)

text: Other public officials have argued that the trust funds do have financial or moral[clarification needed] value, similar to the value of any other Treasury bill, note or bond. This confidence stems largely from the "full faith and credit" guarantee. "If one believes that the trust fund assets are worthless," argued former Representative Bill Archer, then similar reasoning implies that “Americans who have bought EE savings bonds should go home and burn them because they’re worthless because the money has already been spent.”[21] At a Senate hearing in July 2001, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan was asked whether the trust fund investments are “real” or merely an accounting device. He responded, “The crucial question: Are they ultimate claims on real resources? And the answer is yes.”[22]

text: Like other U.S. government debt obligations, the government bonds held by the trust funds are guaranteed by the "full faith and credit" of the U.S. government. To escape paying either principal or interest on the "special" bonds held by the trust funds, the government would have to default on these obligations. This cannot be done by executive order or by the Social Security Administration. Congress would have to pass legislation to repudiate these particular government bonds. This action by Congress could involve some political risk and, because it involves the financial security of older Americans, seems unlikely.[citation needed]

text: An alternative to repudiating these bonds would be for Congress to simply cap Social Security spending at a level below that which would require the bonds to be redeemed. Again, this would be politically risky, but would not require a "default" on the bonds.

text: From the point of view of the Social Security trust funds, the holdings of "special" government bonds are an investment that returned 5.5% to the trust funds in 2005.[23] The trust funds cannot resell these "special" government bonds on the secondary bond market, although the interest rate is determined based on market interest rates. Instead, the "specials" can be sold back to the government at face value, which is an advantage when interest rates are rising.

text: The week after his State of the Union speech, Bush downplayed the importance of the Trust Fund:

text: Some in our country think that Social Security is a trust fund – in other words, there's a pile of money being accumulated. That's just simply not true. The money – payroll taxes going into the Social Security are spent. They're spent on benefits and they're spent on government programs. There is no trust.[24]

text: These comments were criticized as "lay[ing] the groundwork for defaulting on almost two trillion dollars' worth of US Treasury bonds".[25]

text: However, even right-leaning politicians have been inconsistent with the language they use when referencing Social Security. For example, Bush has referred to the system going "broke" in 2042. That date arises from the anticipated depletion of the Trust Fund, so Bush's language "seem[s] to suggest that there's something there that goes away in 2042."[26] Specifically, in 2042 and for many decades thereafter, the Social Security system can continue to pay benefits, but benefit payments will be constrained by the revenue base from the 12.4% FICA (Social Security payroll) tax on wages. According to the Social Security trustees, continuing payroll tax revenues at the rate of 12.4% will enable Social Security to pay about 74% of promised benefits during the 2040s, with this ratio falling to about 70% by the end of the forecast period in 2080.[27]

text: Under Barack Obama[edit]

text: In 2011 and 2012, the federal government temporarily extended the reduction in the employees' share of payroll taxes from 6.2% to 4.2% of compensation.[28] The resulting shortfall was appropriated from the general Government funds. This increased public debt, but did not advance the year of depletion of the Trust Fund.[29]

text: An economic perspective[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Trust Fund represents a legal obligation of the federal government to program beneficiaries. The government has borrowed nearly $2.8 trillion as of 2014 from the Trust Fund and used the money for other purposes. Under current law, when the program goes into an annual cash deficit, the government has to seek alternate funding beyond the payroll taxes dedicated to the program to cover the shortfall. This reduces the trust fund balance to the extent this occurs. The program deficits are expected to exhaust the fund by 2034. Thereafter, since Social Security is only authorized to pay beneficiaries what it collects in payroll taxes dedicated to the program, program payouts will fall by an estimated 21%.

text:
"Gross federal debt consists of debt held by the public and debt issued to government accounts (for example, the Social Security trust funds). The latter type of debt does not directly affect the economy and has no net effect on the budget."

Congressional Budget Office[30]

tag: div

text: The trust fund is expected to peak in 2021 at approximately $3.0 trillion.[17] If the parts of the budget outside of Social Security are in deficit, which the Congressional Budget Office and multiple budget expert panels assume for the foreseeable future, there are several implications:

text:
Additional debt must be issued to investors to obtain the funding necessary to pay this obligation. This will increase "debt held by the public" while simultaneously reducing the "intragovernmental debt" represented by the trust fund.
CBO reported in 2015 that: "Continued growth in the debt might lead investors to doubt the government’s willingness or ability to pay its obligations, which would require the government to pay much higher interest rates on its borrowing."[30]
Other parts of the budget may be modified, with higher taxes and lower expenditures in other areas to fund Social Security.[31]
Debate regarding whether the proper debt-to-GDP ratio for evaluating U.S. credit risk is the "debt held by the public" or "total debt" (i.e., debt held by the public plus intragovernmental debt) will be rendered moot, as the amounts will converge substantially.

text: On the other hand, if other parts of the budget are in surplus and program recipients can be paid from the general fund, then no additional debt need be issued. However, this scenario is highly unlikely.

text: Commentary[edit]

text: Some commentators believe that whether the trust fund is a fact or fiction comes down to whether the trust fund contributes to national savings or not.[32] If $1 added to the fund increases national savings, or replaces borrowing from other lenders, by $1, the trust fund is real. If $1 added to the fund does not replace other borrowing or otherwise increase national savings, the trust fund is not "real". Some economic research argues that the trust funds have led to only a small to modest increase in national savings and that the bulk of the trust fund has been "spent".[32][33][34][35] Others suggest a more significant savings effect.[36]


document_title: Run (baseball)

question_text: most runs scored in mlb game all time

question_tokens: most runs scored in mlb game all time

text: Run (baseball)

text: Examples[edit]

text: Below are examples of an un-counted run and a run scored.

text:
With a runner on third and two outs, batter hits a ground ball to the second baseman. The runner on third races home. The second baseman fields the ball and throws on to the first baseman in time to get the batter on the force out at first for the third out of the inning. Even if the runner on third had touched home plate before that force out was made at first, his run would not count.
With a runner on third and two outs, batter hits a fly ball over centerfielder's head. It bounces several times as it rolls to the wall. The runner on third runs safely home and easily scores a run. Meanwhile, the batter safely reaches first, then tries to advance to second. The centerfielder, having retrieved the ball, throws the ball to the second baseman and the runner is tagged out as he slides into second. Since the runner stepped on home plate before the batter was tagged out at second for the third out of the inning, his run will count.[1]

text: Significant run scoring records[edit]

text: Player[edit]

text: The career record for most runs scored by a major-league player is 2,295, held by Rickey Henderson (1979–2003). The season record for most runs scored is 198, set by Billy Hamilton of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1894. The so-called modern-day record (1900 and after) is 177, achieved by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in 1921. The record for most seasons leading one of the major leagues in runs scored is 8, held by Babe Ruth (American League: 1919–21, 1923, 1924, 1926–28).

text: The record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored is 18, shared by the Yankees' Red Rolfe (August 9–August 25, 1939) and the Cleveland Indians' Kenny Lofton (August 15–September 3, 2000). The record for most runs scored by a player in a single game is 7, set by Guy Hecker of the American Association's Louisville Colonels on August 15, 1886. The modern-day record of 6 is shared by fourteen players (eight of whom attained it before 1900). Of the six modern-day players to score 6 runs in a game, the first to perform the feat was Mel Ott of the New York Giants on August 4, 1934 (he repeated the accomplishment ten years later, making him the only player ever to do it twice); the most recent was Shawn Green, then of the Los Angeles Dodgers, on May 23, 2002.

text: Team[edit]

text: The record for most runs scored by a major-league team during a single season is 1,212, set by the Boston Beaneaters (now the Atlanta Braves) in 1894. The modern-day record is 1,067, achieved by the New York Yankees in 1931. The team record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored (i.e., most consecutive games not being shut out) is 308, set by the Yankees between August 3, 1931, and August 2, 1933. The team record for most runs in its overall history (up until 2013) is the Chicago Cubs with 94,138.[2]

text: The record for most runs scored by a team in a single game is 36, set by the Chicago Colts (now the Chicago Cubs) against the Louisville Colonels (which joined the National League in 1892) on June 29, 1897.  The modern-day record of 30 was set on August 22, 2007, by the Texas Rangers against the Baltimore Orioles in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park.  The Rangers scored 5 runs in the fourth inning, 9 in the sixth, 10 in the eighth, and 6 in the ninth.  On August 25, 1922, the highest-scoring game in major-league history took place: the Chicago Cubs defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 26–23, a total of 49 runs.

text: The record for most runs scored by a team in a single inning is 18, set by the Chicago White Stockings (now the Chicago Cubs) against the Detroit Wolverines on September 6, 1883.  The modern-day record is 17, achieved by the Boston Red Sox against the Detroit Tigers on June 18, 1953.

text: World Series[edit]

text: The Yankees' Mickey Mantle holds the record for most career World Series runs scored with 42 (1951–53, 1955–58, 1960–64). The record for most runs scored in a single World Series, shared by two players, is 10, achieved both times in a six-game Series: Reggie Jackson of the Yankees was the first to do it, in 1977; the Toronto Blue Jays' Paul Molitor equaled him in 1993. The most runs ever scored by a player in a World Series game is 4, a record shared by ten players. Babe Ruth set the mark on October 6, 1926, while with the Yankees; it was matched most recently by Albert Pujols of the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 3 of the 2011 World Series.

text: On October 2, 1936, playing the New York Giants, the Yankees set the team record for most runs scored in a single Series game with 18.  Players crossed the plate a record 29 times in the highest-scoring World Series game in history on October 20, 1993, as the Blue Jays beat the Phillies 15–14 at Veterans Stadium in Game 4 of the 1993 World Series.