document_title: World's Columbian Exposition

question_text: what entertainment ride was introduced at the world’s columbian exhibition

question_tokens: what entertainment ride was introduced at the world 's columbian exhibition

text: World's Columbian Exposition

text: Planning and organization[edit]

text: Many prominent civic, professional, and commercial leaders from around the United States participated in the financing, coordination, and management of the Fair, including Chicago steel tycoon Charles H. Schwab, Chicago railroad and manufacturing magnate John Whitfield Bunn, and Connecticut banking, insurance, and iron products magnate Milo Barnum Richardson, among many others.[7]

text: The fair was planned in the early 1890s during the Gilded Age of rapid industrial growth, immigration, and class tension. World's fairs, such as London's 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition, had been successful in Europe as a way to bring together societies fragmented along class lines.

text: The first American attempt at a world's fair in Philadelphia in 1876, drew crowds but was a financial failure. Nonetheless, ideas about distinguishing the 400th anniversary of Columbus' landing started in the late 1880s. Civic leaders in St. Louis, New York City, Washington DC and Chicago expressed an interest in hosting a fair to generate profits, boost real estate values, and promote their cities. Congress was called on to decide the location. New York's financiers J. P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and William Waldorf Astor, among others, pledged $15 million to finance the fair if Congress awarded it to New York, while Chicagoans Charles T. Yerkes, Marshall Field, Philip Armour, Gustavus Swift, and Cyrus McCormick, offered to finance a Chicago fair. What finally persuaded Congress was Chicago banker Lyman Gage, who raised several million additional dollars in a 24-hour period, over and above New York's final offer.[8]

text: Chicago representatives not only fought for the world's fair on monetary reasons, but also on practicality reasons. On a Senate hearing held in January 1890, representative Thomas B. Bryan argued that the most important qualities for a world's fair were 'abundant supplies of good air and pure water,...ample space, accommodations and transportation for all exhibits and visitors..." He argued that New York had too many obstructions, and Chicago would be able to use large amounts of land around the city where there was "not a house to buy and not a rock to blast.." and that it would be so located that "the artisan and the farmer and the shopkeeper and the man of humble means" would be able to easily access the fair. Bryan continued to say that the fair was of 'vital interest' to the West, and that the West wanted the location to be Chicago. The city spokesmen would continue to stress the essentials of a successful Exposition and that only Chicago was fitted to fill these exposition requirements.[9]

text: The exposition corporation and national exposition commission settled on Jackson Park and an area around it as the fair site. Daniel H. Burnham was selected as director of works, and George R. Davis as director-general. Burnham emphasized architecture and sculpture as central to the fair and assembled the period's top talent to design the buildings and grounds including Frederick Law Olmsted for the grounds.[2] The temporary buildings were designed in an ornate Neoclassical style and painted white, resulting in the fair site being referred to as the “White City”.[8]

text: The Exposition's offices set up shop in the upper floors of the Rand McNally Building on Adams Street, the world's first all-steel-framed skyscraper. Davis's team organized the exhibits with the help of G. Brown Goode of the Smithsonian. The Midway was inspired by the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition, which included ethnological "villages".[10]

text: Civil rights leaders protested the refusal to include an African American exhibit. Frederick Douglass, Ida B. Wells, Irvine Garland Penn, and Ferdinand Lee Barnet coauthored a pamphlet entitled "The Reason Why the Colored American is not in the World's Columbian Exposition - The Afro-American's Contribution to Columbian Literature" addressing the issue. The exhibition included a number of exhibits put on by black individuals and approved by white organizers of the fair, including exhibits by the sculptor Edmonia Lewis, a painting exhibit by scientist George Washington Carver, and a statistical exhibit by John Imogen Howard. It also included blacks in white exhibits, such as Nancy Green's portrayal of the character, "Aunt Jemima" for the R. T. Davis Milling Company.[11]

text: Description[edit]

text: The fair opened in May and ran through October 30, 1893. Forty-six nations participated in the fair (it was the first world's fair to have national pavilions),[12] constructing exhibits and pavilions and naming national "delegates" (for example, Haiti selected Frederick Douglass to be its delegate).[13] The Exposition drew nearly 26 million visitors. The fair was originally meant to be closed on Sundays, but the Chicago Woman's Club petitioned that it stay open.[14][15] The club felt that if the exposition was closed on Sunday, it would restrict those who could not take off work during the work-week from seeing it.[16]

text: The exposition was located in Jackson Park and on the Midway Plaisance on 630 acres (2.5 km2) in the neighborhoods of South Shore, Jackson Park Highlands, Hyde Park and Woodlawn. Charles H. Wacker was the Director of the Fair. The layout of the fairgrounds was created by Frederick Law Olmsted, and the Beaux-Arts architecture of the buildings was under the direction of Daniel Burnham, Director of Works for the fair. Renowned local architect Henry Ives Cobb designed several buildings for the exposition. The Director of the American Academy in Rome, Francis Davis Millet, directed the painted mural decorations. Indeed, it was a coming-of-age for the arts and architecture of the "American Renaissance", and it showcased the burgeoning neoclassical and Beaux-Arts styles.

text: Attractions[edit]

text: The World's Columbian Exposition was the first world's fair with an area for amusements that was strictly separated from the exhibition halls. This area, developed by a young music promoter, Sol Bloom, concentrated on Midway Plaisance and introduced the term "midway" to American English to describe the area of a carnival or fair where sideshows are located.[17]

text: It included carnival rides, among them the original Ferris Wheel, built by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr..[2] This wheel was 264 feet (80 m) high and had 36 cars, each of which could accommodate 40 people.[2][18] The importance of the Columbian Exposition is highlighted by the use of rueda de Chicago ("Chicago wheel") in many Latin American countries such as Costa Rica and Chile in reference to the Ferris wheel.[citation needed] One attendee, George C. Tilyou, later credited the sights he saw on the Chicago midway for inspiring him to create America's first major amusement park, Steeplechase Park in Coney Island, New York.

text: The fair included life-size reproductions of Christopher Columbus' three ships, the Niña (real name Santa Clara), the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. These were intended to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of the Americas. The ships, a joint project of the governments of Spain and the United States, were constructed in Spain and then sailed to America for the exposition. The ships were a very popular exhibit.[19]

text: Eadweard Muybridge gave a series of lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose on Midway Plaisance. He used his zoopraxiscope to show his moving pictures to a paying public. The hall was the first commercial movie theater.[20]

text: The "Street in Cairo" included the popular dancer known as Little Egypt.[21] She introduced America to the suggestive version of the belly dance known as the "hootchy-kootchy", to a tune said to have been improvised by Sol Bloom (and now more commonly associated with snake charmers) which he had composed when his dancers had no music to dance to.[22][23] Bloom did not copyright the song, putting it immediately in the public domain.

text: Also included was the first moving walkway or travelator. It had two different divisions: one where passengers were seated, and one where riders could stand or walk. It ran in a loop down the length of a lakefront pier to a casino.

text: Although denied a spot at the fair, Buffalo Bill Cody decided to come to Chicago anyway, setting up his Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show just outside the edge of the exposition. Nearby, historian Frederick Jackson Turner gave academic lectures reflecting on the end of the frontier which Buffalo Bill represented.

text: The electrotachyscope of Ottomar Anschütz was demonstrated, which used a Geissler tube to project the illusion of moving images. Louis Comfort Tiffany made his reputation with a stunning chapel designed and built for the Exposition. This chapel has been carefully reconstructed and restored. It can be seen in at the Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art.

text: Architect Kirtland Cutter's Idaho Building, a rustic log construction, was a popular favorite,[24] visited by an estimated 18 million people.[25] The building's design and interior furnishings were a major precursor of the Arts and Crafts movement.

text: Among the other attractions at the fair, several products that are well known today were introduced. These products included Juicy Fruit Gum, Cream of Wheat, and Pabst Blue Ribbon beer, among many others.

text: Anthropology[edit]

text: There was an Anthropology Building at the World's Fair. Nearby, "The Cliff Dwellers" featured a rock and timber structure that was painted to recreate Battle Rock Mountain in Colorado, a stylized recreation of American Indian cliff dwelling with pottery, weapons and other relics on display.[26] There was also an Eskimo display. There were also birch bark wigwams of the Penobscot tribe.

text: Rail[edit]

text: The John Bull locomotive was displayed. It was only 62 years old, having been built in 1831. It was the first locomotive acquisition by the Smithsonian Institution. The locomotive ran under its own power from Washington, DC, to Chicago to participate, and returned to Washington under its own power again when the exposition closed. In 1981 it was the oldest surviving operable steam locomotive in the world when it ran under its own power again.

text: A Baldwin 2-4-2 locomotive was showcased at the exposition, and subsequently the 2-4-2 type was known as the Columbia

text: An original frog switch and portion of the superstructure of the famous 1826 Granite Railway in Massachusetts could be viewed. This was the first commercial railroad in the United States to evolve into a common carrier without an intervening closure. The railway brought granite stones from a rock quarry in Quincy, Massachusetts, so that the Bunker Hill Monument could be erected in Boston. The frog switch is now on public view in East Milton Square, Massachusetts, on the original right-of-way of the Granite Railway.

text: Country and state exhibition buildings[edit]

text: Forty-six countries had pavilions at the exposition.[2] Norway participated by sending the Viking, a replica of the Gokstad ship. It was built in Norway and sailed across the Atlantic by 12 men, led by Captain Magnus Andersen. In 1919 this ship was moved to Lincoln Park. It was relocated in 1996 to Good Templar Park in Geneva, Illinois, where it awaits renovation.[27][28]

text: United States states also had their own pavilions.[2] The work of noted feminist author Kate McPhelim Cleary was featured during the opening of the Nebraska Day ceremonies at the fair, which included a reading of her poem "Nebraska".[29] Four United States territories also had pavilions: Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Utah.[2]

text: Visitors to the Louisiana Pavilion were each given a seedling of a cypress tree. This resulted in the spread of cypress trees to areas where they were not native. Cypress trees from those seedlings can be found in many areas of West Virginia, where they flourish in the climate.[30] The Illinois was a detailed, full-scale mockup of an Indiana-class battleship, constructed as a naval exhibit.

text: Guns and artillery[edit]

text: The German firm Krupp had a pavilion of artillery, which apparently had cost one million dollars to stage,[31] including a coastal gun of 42 cm in bore (16.54 inches) and a length of 33 calibres (45.93 feet, 14 meters). A breech-loaded gun, it weighed 120.46 long tons (122.4 metric tons). According to the company's marketing: "It carried a charge projectile weighing from 2,200 to 2,500 pounds which, when driven by 900 pounds of brown powder, was claimed to be able to penetrate at 2,200 yards a wrought iron plate three feet thick if placed at right angles."[32] Nicknamed "The Thunderer", the gun had an advertised range of 15 miles; on this occasion John Schofield declared Krupps' guns "the greatest peacemakers in the world".[31] This gun was later seen as a precursor of the company's World War I Dicke Berta howitzers.[33]

text: Religions[edit]

text: The 1893 Parliament of the World’s Religions, which ran from September 11 to September 27, marked the first formal gathering of representatives of Eastern and Western spiritual traditions from around the world. According to Eric J. Sharpe, Tomoko Masuzawa, and others, the event was considered radical at the time, since it allowed non-Christian faiths to speak on their own behalf; it was not taken seriously by European scholars until the 1960s.[34]

text: Moving walkway[edit]

text: Along the banks of the lake, patrons on the way to the casino were taken on a moving walkway, the first of its kind open to the public,[35] called The Great Wharf, Moving Sidewalk, it allowed people to walk along or ride in seats.[1]

text: Horticulture[edit]

text: Horticultural exhibits at the Horticultural Hall included cacti and orchids as well as other plants in a greenhouse.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: White City[edit]

text: Most of the buildings of the fair were designed in the neoclassical architecture style. The area at the Court of Honor was known as The White City. Facades were made not of stone, but of a mixture of plaster, cement, and jute fiber called staff, which was painted white, giving the buildings their "gleam". Architecture critics derided the structures as "decorated sheds". The buildings were clad in white stucco, which, in comparison to the tenements of Chicago, seemed illuminated. It was also called the White City because of the extensive use of street lights, which made the boulevards and buildings usable at night.

text: In 1892, working under extremely tight deadlines to complete construction, director of works Daniel Burnham appointed Francis Davis Millet to replace the fair's official director of color, William Pretyman. Pretyman had resigned following a dispute with Burnham. After experimenting, Millet settled on a mix of oil and white lead whitewash that could be applied using compressed air spray painting to the buildings, taking considerably less time than traditional brush painting.[36] Joseph Binks, maintenance supervisor at Chicago's Marshall Field's Wholesale Store, who had been using this method to apply whitewash to the subbasement walls of the store, got the job to paint the Exposition buildings.[37][38] Claims this was the first use of spray painting may be apocryphal since journals from that time note this form of painting had already been in use in the railroad industry from the early 1880s.[39]

text: Role in the City Beautiful Movement[edit]

text: The White City is largely credited for ushering in the City Beautiful movement and planting the seeds of modern city planning. The highly integrated design of the landscapes, promenades, and structures provided a vision of what is possible when planners, landscape architects, and architects work together on a comprehensive design scheme.

text: The White City inspired cities to focus on the beautification of the components of the city in which municipal government had control; streets, municipal art, public buildings and public spaces. The designs of the City Beautiful Movement (closely tied with the municipal art movement) are identifiable by their classical architecture, plan symmetry, picturesque views, axial plans, as well as their magnificent scale. Where the municipal art movement focused on beautifying one feature in a city, the City Beautiful movement began to make improvements on the scale of the district. The White City of the World's Columbian Exposition inspired the Merchants Club of Chicago to commission Daniel Burnham to create the Plan of Chicago in 1909, which became the first modern comprehensive city plan in America.[40]

text: Great Buildings[edit]

text: There were fourteen main "great buildings"[41] centered around a giant reflective pool called the Grand Basin.[42] Buildings included:

text:
The Administration Building, designed by Richard Morris Hunt
The Agricultural Building, designed by Charles McKim of McKim, Mead & White
The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, designed by George B. Post. If this building were standing today, it would rank second in volume and third in footprint on list of largest buildings (130,000m2, 8,500,000m3).[22] It exhibited works related to literature, science, art and music.
The Mines and Mining Building, designed by Solon Spencer Beman
The Electricity Building, designed by Henry Van Brunt and Frank Maynard Howe
The Machinery Hall, designed by Robert Swain Peabody of Peabody and Stearns
The Woman's Building, designed by Sophia Hayden
The Transportation Building, designed by Adler & Sullivan
The Fisheries Building designed by Henry Ives Cobb[43]
Forestry Building designed by Charles B. Atwood
Horticultural Building designed by Jenney and Mundie
Anthropology Building designed by Charles B. Atwood

text: Transportation Building[edit]

text: Louis Sullivan's polychrome proto-Modern Transportation Building was an outstanding exception to the prevailing style, as he tried to develop an organic American form. Years later, in 1922, he wrote that the classical style of the White City had set back modern American architecture by forty years.[44]

text: As detailed in Erik Larson's popular history The Devil in the White City, extraordinary effort was required to accomplish the exposition, and much of it was unfinished on opening day. The famous Ferris Wheel, which proved to be a major attendance draw and helped save the fair from bankruptcy, was not finished until June, because of waffling by the board of directors the previous year on whether to build it. Frequent debates and disagreements among the developers of the fair added many delays. The spurning of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show proved a serious financial mistake. Buffalo Bill set up his highly popular show next door to the fair and brought in a great deal of revenue that he did not have to share with the developers. Nonetheless, construction and operation of the fair proved to be a windfall for Chicago workers during the serious economic recession that was sweeping the country.[22]

text: Surviving structures[edit]

text: Almost all of the fair's structures were designed to be temporary; of the more than 200 buildings erected for the fair, the only two which still stand in place are the Palace of Fine Arts and the World's Congress Auxiliary Building. From the time the fair closed until 1920, the Palace of Fine Arts housed the Field Columbian Museum (now the Field Museum of Natural History, since relocated); in 1933 (having been completely rebuilt in permanent materials), the Palace building re-opened as the Museum of Science and Industry.[45] The second building, the World's Congress Building, was one of the few buildings not built in Jackson Park, instead it was built downtown in Grant Park. The cost of construction of the World's Congress Building was shared with the Art Institute of Chicago, which, as planned, moved into the building (the museum's current home) after the close of the fair.

text: Three other significant buildings survived the fair. The first is the Norway pavilion, a recreation of a traditional wooden stave church which is now preserved at a museum called Little Norway in Blue Mounds, Wisconsin. The second is the Maine State Building, designed by Charles Sumner Frost, which was purchased by the Ricker family of Poland Spring, Maine. They moved the building to their resort to serve as a library and art gallery. The Poland Spring Preservation Society now owns the building, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The third is the Dutch House, which was moved to Brookline, Massachusetts.

text: The 1893 Viking ship that was sailed to the Exposition from Norway by Captain Magnus Andersen, is located in Geneva, Illinois. The ship is open to visitors on scheduled days April through October.[46]

text: The main altar at St. John Cantius in Chicago, as well as its matching two side altars, are reputed to be from the Columbian Exposition.

text: Since many of the other buildings at the fair were intended to be temporary, they were removed after the fair. The White City so impressed visitors (at least before air pollution began to darken the façades) that plans were considered to refinish the exteriors in marble or some other material. These plans were abandoned in July 1894, when much of the fair grounds was destroyed in a fire.

text: Other architecture at the Fair[edit]

text:
The Administration Building and Grand Court during the October 9, 1893, commemoration of the 22nd anniversary of the Chicago Fire.

The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, seen from the southwest.

Horticultural Building, with Illinois Building in the background.

A view toward the Peristyle from Machinery Hall.

Midway Plaisance

Frederick MacMonnies' Columbian Fountain.

"Canal of Venice" during Chicago World's Fair 1893

text: Visitors[edit]

text: Helen Keller, along with her mentor Anne Sullivan and Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, visited the fair in summer of 1893. Keller described the fair in her autobiography The Story of My Life. [47] Early in July, a Wellesley College English teacher named Katharine Lee Bates visited the fair. The White City later inspired the reference to "alabaster cities" in her poem "America the Beautiful".[48] The exposition was extensively reported by Chicago publisher William D. Boyce's reporters and artists.[49] There is a very detailed and vivid description of all facets of this fair by the Persian traveler Mirza Mohammad Ali Mo'in ol-Saltaneh written in Persian. He departed from Persia on April 20, 1892, especially for the purpose of visiting the World's Columbian Exposition.[50] Pierre de Coubertin visited the fair with his friends Paul Bourget and Samuel Jean de Pozzi. He devotes the first chapter of his book " Souvenirs d'Amérique et de Grèce " (1897) to the visit. Swami Vivekananda visited the fair to attend the Parliament of the World's Religions and delivered his famous speech "Sisters and Brothers of America!".[51] Kubota Beisen was an official delegate of Japan. As an artist, he sketched hundreds of scenes, some of which were later used to make woodblock print books about the Exhibition.[52] Serial Killer Herman Mudgett (H. H. Holmes) attended the fair with two of his victims, Annie and Minnie Williams.

text: Souvenirs[edit]

text: Examples of exposition souvenirs can be found in various American museum collections. One example, copyrighted in 1892 by John W. Green, is a folding hand fan with detailed illustrations of landscapes and architecture.[53] Charles W Goldsmith produced a set of ten postcard designs, each in full colour, showing the buildings constructed for the exhibition.[54]Columbian Exposition coins were also minted for the event.

text: Assassination and end of fair[edit]

text: The fair ended with the city in shock, as popular mayor Carter Harrison, Sr. was assassinated by Patrick Eugene Prendergast two days before the fair's closing. Closing ceremonies were canceled in favor of a public memorial service.

text: Jackson Park was returned to its status as a public park, in much better shape than its original swampy form. The lagoon was reshaped to give it a more natural appearance, except for the straight-line northern end where it still laps up against the steps on the south side of the Palace of Fine Arts/Museum of Science & Industry building. The Midway Plaisance, a park-like boulevard which extends west from Jackson Park, once formed the southern boundary of the University of Chicago, which was being built as the fair was closing (the university has since developed south of the Midway). The university's football team, the Maroons, were the original "Monsters of the Midway". The exposition is mentioned in the university's alma mater: "The City White hath fled the earth,/But where the azure waters lie,/A nobler city hath its birth,/The City Gray that ne'er shall die."

text: Electricity at the fair[edit]

text: The effort to power the Fair with electricity, which became a demonstration piece for Westinghouse Electric and the alternating current system they had been developing for many years, took place at the end of what has been called the War of the currents between DC and AC.[55] Westinghouse initially did not put in a bid to power the Fair but agreed to be the contractor for a local Chicago company that put in a low bid of US$510,000 to supply an alternating current based system.[56] Edison General Electric, which at the time was merging with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric, put in a US$1,720,000 bid to power the Fair and its planned 93,000 incandescent lamps with direct current. After the Fair committee went over both proposals, Edison General Electric re-bid their costs at $554,000 but Westinghouse under bid them by 70 cents per lamp to get the contract.[56][57] Westinghouse could not use the Edison incandescent lamp since the patent belonged to General Electric and they had successfully sued to stop use of all patent infringing designs. Since Edison specified a sealed globe of glass in his design Westinghouse found a way to sidestep the Edison patent by quickly developing a lamp with a ground glass stopper in one end, based on a Sawyer-Man "stopper" lamp patent they already had. The lamps worked well but were short lived, requiring a small army of workmen to constantly replace them.[58] Westinghouse Electric had severely underbid the contract and struggled to supply all the equipment specified including twelve 1,000 horsepower single phase AC generators and all the lighting and other equipment required.[59] They also had to fend off a last minute lawsuit by General Electric claiming the Westinghouse Sawyer-Man based stopper lamp infringed on the Edison incandescent lamp patent.[60]

text: The International Exposition held an Electricity Building which was devoted to electrical exhibits. A statue of Benjamin Franklin was displayed at the entrance. The exposition featured interior and exterior light and displays as well as displays of Thomas Edison's kinetoscope, search lights, a seismograph, electric incubators for chicken eggs,[61] and Morse code telegraph.[62]

text: All the exhibits were from commercial enterprises. Participants included General Electric, Brush, Western Electric, and Westinghouse. The Westinghouse Company displayed several polyphase systems. The exhibits included a switchboard, polyphase generators, step-up transformers, transmission line, step-down transformers, commercial size induction motors and synchronous motors, and rotary direct current converters (including an operational railway motor). The working scaled system allowed the public a view of a system of polyphase power which could be transmitted over long distances, and be utilized, including the supply of direct current. Meters and other auxiliary devices were also present.

text: Part of the space occupied by the Westinghouse Company was devoted to demonstrations of electrical devices developed by Nikola Tesla[63] including a two-phase induction motor, and generators to power the system.[64] Tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects, some which were in previous lectures performed in America and Europe.[65] This included using high-voltage, high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp.[65]

text: Also at the Fair, the Chicago Athletic Association Football team played one of the very first night football games against West Point (the earliest being on September 28, 1892 between Mansfield State Normal and Wyoming Seminary). Chicago won the game 14-0. The game lasted only 40 minutes, compared to the normal 90 minutes.[66]

text: Music at the fair[edit]

text: Musicians[edit]

text:
Joseph Douglass, classical violinist, who achieved wide recognition after his performance there and became the first African-American violinist to conduct a transcontinental tour and the first to tour as a concert violinist.[67][68]
Sissieretta Jones, a soprano known as "the Black Patti" and an already-famous opera singer.[69]
A paper on African-American spirituals and shouts by Abigail Christensen was read to attendees.[70]

text: There were many other black artists at the fair, ranging from minstrel and early ragtime groups to more formal classical ensembles to street buskers.

text: Scott Joplin, pianist, from Texarkana, Texas; became widely known for his piano playing at the fair.

text: Other music and musicians[edit]

text:
John Philip Sousa′s Band played for the Exposition dedication celebration in Chicago, 10 October through 21 October 1892.
The first Indonesian music performance in the United States was at the exposition.[71] The gamelan instruments used in the performance were later placed in the Field Museum of Natural History.
A group of hula dancers led to increased awareness of Hawaiian music among Americans throughout the country.[72]
Stoughton Musical Society, the oldest choral society in the United States, presented the first concerts of early American music at the exposition.
The first eisteddfod (a Welsh choral competition with a history spanning many centuries) held outside Wales was held in Chicago at the exposition.
A 250-voice Mormon Tabernacle Choir competed in the Eisteddfod taking the second place prize of $1000. This was the first appearance of the Choir outside the Utah territory.
August 12, 1893 – Antonín Dvořák conducted a gala "Bohemian Day" concert at the exposition, besieged by visitors including the conductor of the Chicago Symphony, who arranged for performance of Dvořák's American string quartet, just completed in Spillville, Iowa, during a Dvořák family vacation in a Czech-speaking community there.[73]
American composer Amy Beach (1867-1944) was commissioned by the Board of Lady Managers of the fair to compose a choral work (Festival Jubilate, op. 17) for the opening of the Woman's Building.[74]
Sousa′s Band played concerts in the south bandstand on the Great Plaza, 25 May to 28 June 1893.
The University of Illinois Military Band conducted by student leaders Charles Elder and Richard Sharpe played concerts twice daily in the Illinois Building 9 June to 24 June 1893. Soloists were William Sandford, euphonium; Charles Elder, clarinet; William Steele, cornet. The band members slept on cots on the top floor of the building.
8 June 1893 — The Exposition Orchestra, an expanded version of the Chicago Symphony conducted by guest conductor Vojtěch I. Hlaváč, played the American premier of Modest Mussorgsky's A Night on Bald Mountain as part of a concert of Russian folk music.[75]

text: Art at the fair[edit]

text: American artists[edit]

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text:
Mary Cassat, painter (Modern Woman Mural in Palace of Fine Arts Bldg.).[76]
Cyrus Edwin Dallin[77]:362
Sarah Paxton Ball Dodson[78]
Theodore Dreiser
George Hunt
Mary Lawrence[79]
Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson[77]:pp.82, 376
Aloys Loeher
Carol Brooks MacNeil (as Caroline Brooks)[77]:p.165
Charles Morgan McIlhenney[77]:286
Helen Farnsworth Mears[80]
Gari Melchers[77]:286-287
Anna Lea Merritt[81]
John Harrison Mills[77]:pp.82, 370
Robert Crannell Minor[77]:pp.82, 390
Louis Moeller
Harry Humphrey Moore[77]:pp.290-291
Edward Moran
Peter Moran[77]:p.296
William Rudolf O'Donovan (as William Russell O'Donovan)[77]:pp.371-372
George D. Peterson
Bessie Potter[77]:p.374
Preston Powers[77]:p.374
Katherine Prescott[77]:p.374
A. Phimister Proctor[77]:p.374
John Rogers[77]:p.375
Carl Rohl-Smith[77]:p.376
Theo Alice Ruggles[77]:p.376
Lorado Taft[77]:p.377-378
Douglas Tilden[77]:p.375
Luella Varney, sculptor[82]

text: Women artists at the Women's Building[edit]

text: The women artists at the Women's Building included Anna Lownes,[83] Viennese painter Rosa Schweninger, and many others.[84] American composer Amy Cheney Beach was commissioned by the Board of Lady Managers of the fair to compose a choral work (Festival Jubilate, op. 17) for the opening of the Woman's Building.[74] Women inventions, such as the Mrs Potts sad-iron system was on display.[85] Ami Mali Hicks' stencil design was selected to adorn the frieze in the assembly room of the Women's Building.[86]

text: Notable firsts at the fair[edit]

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text: Concepts[edit]

text:
Frederick Jackson Turner lectured on his Frontier thesis.[87]
The Pledge of Allegiance was first performed at the exposition by a mass of school children lined up in military fashion.[88]
Contribution to Chicago's nickname, the "Windy City". Some argue that Charles Anderson Dana of the New York Sun coined the term related to the hype of the city's promoters. Other evidence, however, suggests the term was used as early as 1881 in relation to either Chicago's "windbag" politicians or to its weather.[22]

text: Commemorations[edit]

text:
United States Mint offered its first commemorative coins: the Columbian Exposition quarter dollar and Columbian Exposition half dollar[89]
The United States Post Office Department produced its first picture postcards and Commemorative stamp set[90]

text: Edibles and potables[edit]

text:
Cream of Wheat
Milton Hershey bought a European exhibitor's chocolate manufacturing equipment and added chocolate products to his caramel manufacturing business
Juicy Fruit gum
Quaker Oats
Shredded Wheat[91]
Pabst Blue Ribbon
Aunt Jemima pancake mix was widely popularized by spokesperson Nancy Green's pancake cooking and story telling performances.[92]

text: Inventions and manufacturing advances[edit]

text:
A device that made plates for printing books in Braille, unveiled by Frank Haven Hall, who met Helen Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan at the exhibit.[22]
Moving walkway, or travelator
The third rail giving electric power to elevated trains led directly to its first continuing US use.[93]
The "clasp locker," a clumsy slide fastener and forerunner to the zipper was demonstrated by Whitcomb L. Judson
Elongated coins (the squashed penny)
Ferris Wheel
First fully electrical kitchen including an automatic dishwasher[22]
Phosphorescent lamps (a precursor to fluorescent lamps)[22]
John T. Shayne & Company, the local Chicago furrier helped America gain respect on the world stage of manufacturing
Clark cell as a standard for measuring voltage

text: Organizations[edit]

text:
Congress of Mathematicians,[94] precursor to International Congress of Mathematicians
Interfaith dialogue (the Parliament of the World’s Religions)

text: Performances[edit]

text: The poet and humorist Benjamin Franklin King, Jr. first performed at the exposition.

text: Later years[edit]

text:
Postal memorabilia

Columbus postage issued at the Exposition

1893 postmark
used at the Exposition

The Fisheries Building at the Exposition

text: The exposition was one influence leading to the rise of the City Beautiful movement.[95] Results included grand buildings and fountains built around Olmstedian parks, shallow pools of water on axis to central buildings, larger park systems, broad boulevards and parkways and, after the start of the 20th century, zoning laws and planned suburbs. Examples of the City Beautiful movement's works include the City of Chicago, the Columbia University campus, and the National Mall in Washington D.C.

text: After the fair closed, J.C. Rogers, a banker from Wamego, Kansas, purchased several pieces of art that had hung in the rotunda of the U.S. Government Building. He also purchased architectural elements, artifacts and buildings from the fair. He shipped his purchases to Wamego. Many of the items, including the artwork, were used to decorate his theater, now known as the Columbian Theatre.

text: Memorabilia saved by visitors can still be purchased. Numerous books, tokens, published photographs, and well-printed admission tickets can be found. While the higher value commemorative stamps are expensive, the lower ones are quite common. So too are the commemorative half dollars, many of which went into circulation.

text: Although not available for purchase, The George Washington University maintains a small collection of exposition tickets for viewing and research purposes. The collection is currently cared for by GWU's Special Collections Research Center, located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library.[96]

text: When the exposition ended the Ferris Wheel was moved to Chicago's north side, next to an exclusive neighborhood. An unsuccessful Circuit Court action was filed against the owners of the wheel to have it moved. The wheel stayed there until it was moved to St. Louis for the 1904 World's Fair.[49]

text: The Columbian Exposition has celebrated many anniversaries since the fair in 1893. The Chicago Historical Society held an exhibition to commemorate the fair. The Grand Illusions exhibition was centered around the idea that the Columbian Exposition was made up of a series of illusions. The commemorative exhibition contained partial reconstructions, a video detailing the fair, and a catalogue similar to the one sold at the World's Fair of 1893.[97]


document_title: United States federal judicial district

question_text: how many districts are there in the us

question_tokens: how many districts are there in the us

root

text: United States federal judicial district

text: For purposes of the federal judicial system, Congress has divided the United States into judicial districts. There are 94 federal judicial districts, including at least one district in each state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Three territories of the United States — the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands — have district courts that hear federal cases, including bankruptcy cases.[1] The breakdown of what is in each judicial district is at 28 U.S.C. §§ 81–131.

tag: p

text: Federal judicial districts have also been established in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Courts in other insular areas are territorial courts under Article I of the Constitution, not United States district courts, although they have similar jurisdiction.

text: Only two districts have jurisdiction over areas outside the state in which the court sits:

text:
The District of Wyoming includes all of Yellowstone National Park, including areas in Montana and Idaho.
The District of Hawaii includes Midway Island, Palmyra Island, and a number of other uninhabited Pacific island possessions of the United States.

tag: ol

text: Each district has its own United States district court (with a bankruptcy court under its authority), including judges, clerks, court reporters, and other support personnel, all employed by the judicial branch of the government and overseen by the Administrative Office of the Courts in Washington, D.C. There is also a United States Attorney in each district, who acts as the federal government's lawyer in the district, both prosecuting federal criminal cases and defending the government (and its employees) in civil suits against them; the U.S. Attorney is not employed by the judicial branch but by the Department of Justice, part of the executive branch. There is also a Federal Public Defender who represents people charged with federal crimes who cannot afford to hire their own lawyers; some FPDs cover more than one judicial district. Each district also has a United States Marshal who serves the court system.

text: List of districts[edit]

text: Below is a list of the federal judicial districts and the place(s) where each court "sits" (holds trial) in each district.

text:
Circuit
State
District
Seat(s)

11
Alabama
Northern
Florence, Huntsville, Decatur, Birmingham, Anniston, Tuscaloosa

Middle
Montgomery, Dothan, Opelika

Southern
Mobile

9
Alaska
Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau, Ketchikan, Nome

9
Arizona
Phoenix, Prescott, Tucson, Yuma, Flagstaff

8
Arkansas
Eastern
Helena, Little Rock, Pine Bluff, Batesville, Jonesboro

Western
Texarkana, El Dorado, Fort Smith, Harrison, Fayetteville, Hot Springs

9
California
Northern
Eureka, Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose

Eastern
Fresno, Redding, Sacramento, Bakersfield, Yosemite

Central
Riverside, Los Angeles, Santa Ana

Southern
San Diego, El Centro

10
Colorado
Denver, Durango, Grand Junction, Colorado Springs

2
Connecticut
Bridgeport, Hartford, New Haven

3
Delaware
Wilmington

D.C.
District of Columbia
Washington

11
Florida
Northern
Gainesville, Panama City, Pensacola, Tallahassee

Middle
Fort Myers, Jacksonville, Ocala, Orlando, Tampa

Southern
Fort Lauderdale, Fort Pierce, Key West, Miami, West Palm Beach

11
Georgia
Northern
Gainesville, Atlanta, Rome, Newnan

Middle
Athens, Macon, Columbus, Albany, Valdosta

Southern
Augusta, Dublin, Savannah, Waycross, Brunswick, Statesboro

9
Hawaii
Honolulu

9
Idaho
Boise, Coeur d'Alene, Moscow, Pocatello

7
Illinois
Northern
Chicago, Rockford

Central
Urbana, Peoria, Rock Island, Springfield

Southern
Benton, East St. Louis

7
Indiana
Northern
Fort Wayne, South Bend, Hammond, Lafayette

Southern
Indianapolis, Terre Haute, Evansville, New Albany

8
Iowa
Northern
Cedar Rapids, Sioux City

Southern
Des Moines, Council Bluffs, Davenport

10
Kansas
Kansas City, Topeka, Wichita

6
Kentucky
Eastern
Ashland, Covington, Frankfort, Lexington, London, Pikeville

Western
Bowling Green, Louisville, Owensboro, Paducah

5
Louisiana
Eastern
New Orleans

Middle
Baton Rouge

Western
Alexandria, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Monroe, Shreveport

1
Maine
Bangor, Portland

4
Maryland
Baltimore, Greenbelt

1
Massachusetts
Boston, Springfield, Worcester

6
Michigan
Eastern
Ann Arbor, Detroit, Flint, Port Huron, Bay City

Western
Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Marquette

8
Minnesota
Saint Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Fergus Falls

5
Mississippi
Northern
Aberdeen, Oxford, Greenville

Southern
Jackson, Natchez, Gulfport, Hattiesburg

8
Missouri
Eastern
St. Louis, Hannibal, Cape Girardeau

Western
Kansas City, Joplin, Saint Joseph, Jefferson City, Springfield

9
Montana
Billings, Butte, Great Falls, Helena, Missoula

8
Nebraska
Lincoln, North Platte, Omaha

9
Nevada
Las Vegas, Reno

1
New Hampshire
Concord

3
New Jersey
Camden, Newark, Trenton

10
New Mexico
Albuquerque, Las Cruces, Roswell, Santa Fe

2
New York
Northern
Albany, Binghamton, Plattsburgh, Syracuse, Utica

Southern
New York City, White Plains

Eastern
Brooklyn, Central Islip

Western
Buffalo, Rochester

4
North Carolina
Eastern
Elizabeth City, Fayetteville, Greenville, New Bern, Raleigh, Wilmington

Middle
Durham, Greensboro, Winston-Salem

Western
Asheville, Charlotte, Statesville

8
North Dakota
Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks, Minot

6
Ohio
Northern
Cleveland, Youngstown, Akron, Toledo

Southern
Cincinnati, Dayton, Columbus

10
Oklahoma
Northern
Tulsa

Eastern
Muskogee

Western
Oklahoma City

9
Oregon
Eugene, Medford, Pendleton, Portland

3
Pennsylvania
Eastern
Allentown, Easton, Reading, Philadelphia

Middle
Harrisburg, Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport

Western
Erie, Johnstown, Pittsburgh

1
Puerto Rico
San Juan

1
Rhode Island
Providence

4
South Carolina
Charleston, Columbia, Florence, Aiken, Greenville, Anderson, Spartanburg

8
South Dakota
Aberdeen, Sioux Falls, Pierre, Rapid City

6
Tennessee
Eastern
Knoxville, Greenville, Chattanooga, Winchester

Middle
Nashville, Cookeville, Columbia

Western
Jackson, Memphis

5
Texas
Northern
Dallas, Fort Worth, Abilene, San Angelo, Amarillo, Wichita Falls, Lubbock

Southern
Galveston, Houston, Laredo, Brownsville, Victoria, Corpus Christi, McAllen

Eastern
Tyler, Beaumont, Sherman, Marshall, Texarkana, Lufkin

Western
Austin, Waco, El Paso, San Antonio, Del Rio, Pecos, Midland, Alpine, Fort Hood

10
Utah
Salt Lake City, St. George

2
Vermont
Brattleboro, Burlington, Rutland

4
Virginia
Eastern
Alexandria, Newport News, Norfolk, Richmond

Western
Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, Roanoke

9
Washington
Eastern
Spokane, Yakima, Richland

Western
Seattle, Tacoma

4
West Virginia
Northern
Clarksburg, Elkins, Martinsburg, Wheeling

Southern
Beckley, Bluefield, Charleston, Huntington

7
Wisconsin
Eastern
Green Bay, Milwaukee

Western
Madison

10
Wyoming
Casper, Cheyenne, Mammoth

tag: table

text:
[show]

v
t
e

United States district and territorial courts

List of United States district and territorial courts

District Courts

Alabama (M, N, S)
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas (E, W)
California (C, E, N, S)
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida (M, N, S)
Georgia (M, N, S)
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois (C, N, S)
Indiana (N, S)
Iowa (N, S)
Kansas
Kentucky (E, W)
Louisiana (E, M, W)
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan (E, W)
Minnesota
Mississippi (N, S)
Missouri (E, W)
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York (E, N, S, W)
North Carolina (E, M, W)
North Dakota
Ohio (N, S)
Oklahoma (E, N, W)
Oregon
Pennsylvania (E, M, W)
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee (E, M, W)
Texas (E, N, S, W)
Utah
Vermont
Virginia (E, W)
Washington (E, W)
West Virginia (N, S)
Wisconsin (E, W)
Wyoming

Territorial courts

Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Virgin Islands

Extinct courts

Former United States district courts
District of Orleans
District of Potomac
Eastern District of Illinois
District of the Canal Zone
District of China


document_title: Mini (marque)

question_text: who makes the engine in a mini cooper

question_tokens: who makes the engine in a mini cooper

text: Mini (marque)

text: History

text: 1959 to 1990

text: The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,[4][12][13] and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.[14] The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the Volkswagen Beetle, which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential car of the 20th Century, behind the Ford Model T.[15][16]

text: This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by Sir Alec Issigonis.[17][18] It was manufactured at the Longbridge and Cowley plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland British Motor Corporation (Australia) factory in Sydney, Australia, and later also in Spain (Authi), Belgium, Chile, Italy (Innocenti), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini Mark I had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an estate car, a pickup truck, a van and the Mini Moke—a jeep-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as rally cars, winning the Monte Carlo Rally four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.[19] Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969.[6][20] The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

text: 1990 to 2000

text: In the 1990s, BMW was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.[1]

text: In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature iconic BMW characteristics (such as rear wheel drive) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium BMW 1 Series and the mid-range Mini.[1]

text: It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the ACV30 which was unveiled at the 1997 Monte Carlo Rally. The name was partially an acronym of Anniversary Concept Vehicle, whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted MG F engine.[1]

text: Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called Spiritual and Spiritual Too. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.[1]

text: In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, Frank Stephenson. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).[21] This design, being a city car, also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the supermini class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine Autocar:[1]

text:
“
We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"
”

— Frank Stephenson[1]

text: 2000 to present

text: The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.[22][23] The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer Lulu, and was subsequently housed at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.[23] The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.[24]

text: In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.[25][26]

text: At the North American International Auto Show in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the Mini Paceman concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.[27][28] In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.[29][30]

text: Production models

text: Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)

text: Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

text: Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a “mustache” grille. The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added. The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the “magic wand” selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector. An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965. In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

text: Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)

text: The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

text: Mini Mark III-Mark VII (1969 to 2000)

text: The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from Hydrolastic to rubber cones.[31] as a cost-saving measure.[32] Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.[33]

text: The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

text: The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced 8.4-inch (210 mm) brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

text: For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

text: The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

text: Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)

text: All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including One (entry-level), Cooper, Cooper S (sporty), and John Cooper Works (JCW) (high-end).

text: The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply Mini. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4 litre I4[34] version of the Tritec engine but all other petrol powered Minis used the 1.6 litre I4 version.[35][36]

text: The names Cooper and Cooper S followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of John Cooper and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the John Cooper Works (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind 17-inch (430 mm) racing wheels.[37]

text: The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built Tritec engine, co-developed by Chrysler & BMW; the Mini One D used a Toyota-built 1ND-TV diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at Oxford, and the body pressings were made in nearby Swindon at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

text: The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with John Cooper Works GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped John Cooper Works model. Hand-finished by Bertone in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

text: Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)

text: At the 2004 Salon International de l'Auto, Mini introduced a convertible model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

text: The convertible roof is fully automatic — an unusual feature in such a small car — and can be opened partially to act as a sunroof whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini — it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

text: At the 2007 North American International Auto Show, Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of 215 km/h (134 mph) and accelerates from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour (0 to 62 mph) in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides 168 hp (125 kW) and 220 N·m (160 lbf·ft) of torque.

text: Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)

text: Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered platform incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the Prince engine, the architecture of which is shared with PSA Peugeot Citroën and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.[38] The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.[21][39][40] Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by 60 mm (2.4 in).

text: The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the BMW Motorsport factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.[41] In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.[42]

text: Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)

text: The Mini Clubman is an estate Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is 240 mm (9.4 in) longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is 80 mm (3.1 in) longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop — 160 mm (6.3 in) longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the 66 kW (90 PS; 89 hp) One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

text: The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

text: Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)

text: The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 Detroit Auto Show[43] and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show[44] as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009[45]). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.

text: Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)

text: The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. It is the first Mini crossover SUV, and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel four-cylinder engines in various states of tune.[46] Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

text: The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional all-wheel-drive powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.[47] A six-speed manual transmission is standard on all models, with automatic transmission available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.

text: Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)

text: Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever - in John Cooper Works trim it does 0 to 62 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of 149 mph (240 km/h) as it is powered by a turbocharged 208 hp (155 kW) 1,598 cc four-cylinder.

text: Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)

text: The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009[48] and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and John Cooper Works.[49]

text: Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)

text: The Mini Paceman three-door crossover version of the Countryman debuted as a concept car at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.[50] On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S." [51] The production version was launched at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.[52]

text: Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)

text: The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres. [53]

text: Technical information

text: Engine summary

text:
Model
Years
Type
Power, torque @ rpm

Petrol engines

First
2009–2010
1,397 cc (1.397 L; 85.3 cu in) I4
75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) @ 4,500, 120 N·m (89 lb·ft) @ 2,500

One
2007–2010
1,397 cc (1.397 L; 85.3 cu in) I4
95 PS (70 kW; 94 hp) @ 6,000, 140 N·m (100 lb·ft) @ 4,000

First
2010–
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4
75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) @ 6,000, 140 N·m (100 lb·ft) @ 2,250

One
2010–
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4
98 PS (72 kW; 97 hp) @ 6,000, 153 N·m (113 lb·ft) @ 3,000

Cooper Hardtop
Cooper Clubman
Cooper Convertible
2007–2010
2008–2010
2009–2010
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4
120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp) @ 6,000, 160 N·m (120 lb·ft) @ 4,250

Cooper (all body styles)
2010–
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4
122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) @ 6,000, 160 N·m (120 lb·ft) @ 4,250

Cooper S Hardtop
Cooper S Clubman
Cooper S Convertible
2007–
2008–
2009–
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo
175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp) @ 5,500, 240 N·m (180 lb·ft) @ 1,600-5,000
Overboost: 260 N·m (190 lb·ft) @ 1,700-4,500

Cooper S (all body styles)
2010–
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo
184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp) @ 5,500, 240 N·m (180 lb·ft) @ 1,600-5,000
Overboost: 260 N·m (190 lb·ft) @ 1,700-4,500

John Cooper Works CHALLENGE
John Cooper Works (all body styles)
2008–
2009–
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo
211 PS (155 kW; 208 hp) @ 6,000, 261 N·m (193 lb·ft) @ 1,850-5,600
Overboost: 279 N·m (206 lb·ft) @ 2,000

Diesel engines

One D
2007–2009
1,364 cc (1.364 L; 83.2 cu in) I4 turbo
88 PS (65 kW; 87 hp) @ 4,000, 190 N·m (140 lb·ft) @ 1,750

One D
2009–2010
1,560 cc (1.56 L; 95 cu in) I4 turbo
90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) @ 4,000,88 hp

Cooper D
2008–2010
1,560 cc (1.56 L; 95 cu in) I4 turbo
110 PS (81 kW; 110 hp) @ 4,000, 240 N·m (180 lb·ft) @ 1,750-2,000
Overboost: 260 N·m (190 lb·ft)

One D
2010–
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo
90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) @ 4,000, 215 N·m (159 lb·ft) @ 1,750-2,500

Cooper D
2010–
1,598 cc (1.598 L; 97.5 cu in) I4 turbo
112 PS (82 kW; 110 hp) @ 4,000, 270 N·m (200 lb·ft) @ 1,750-2,250

Cooper SD
2011–
1,995 cc (1.995 L; 121.7 cu in) I4 turbo
143 PS (105 kW; 141 hp) @ 4,000, 305 N·m (225 lb·ft) @ 1,750-2,700

Electric motors

E
2009–
AC Propulsion 13000 rpm motor,
100A @ 13.5 V power supply
204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp) @ 6,000-12,000, 225 N·m (166 lb·ft) @ 0-5,000
Regeneration: 115 N·m (85 lb·ft)
Continuous: 68 PS (50 kW; 67 hp)

text: Internal designations

text: The original Mini was designated ADO 15,[54] the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.[55] The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.[56]

text: Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:[57]

text:
R50: "Mk I" Mini One & Cooper (2001–2006)
R52: "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
R53: "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
R55: "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
R56: "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
R57: "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–present)
R58: Coupé (2012–present)
R59: Roadster (2012–present)
R60: Countryman (2010–present)
R61: Paceman (2013–2016)[58]
F56: Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–present)[59]
F55: 5-door Hatch (2015–present)

tag: ul

text: Body type summary in UK

text:
Chassis codes
R55
R56
R57
R60
R61

Body styles
Clubman
Hardtop
Convertible
Countryman
Paceman

Trim level
Years

First
–
2009–
–
–
–

One
–
2007–
–
–
–

Cooper
2008–
2007–
2009–
2011–
2013–

Cooper S
2008–
2007–
2009–
2011–
2013–

John Cooper Works
2009–
2009–
2009–
2013–
2013–

John Cooper Works Challenge
–
2008–
–
–
–

Cooper D
2008–
2008–
2010–
2013–
–

E
–
2009
–
–
–

text: Development and production

text: Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been made at both Cowley, Oxfordshire and Longbridge, Birmingham. In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "Plant Oxford", on the site of what was historically the Pressed Steel Company's Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.[60]

text: Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".[61] Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by Magna Steyr in Austria.[9]

text: At Plant Oxford 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).[62] The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where paint robots apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.[63][64]

text: All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the Hams Hall Plant[65] near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.[66] Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

text: Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at Swindon, where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 welding robots.[67] The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the Pressed Steel Company and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.[68]

text: Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.[69]

text: In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market[70][71] from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,[72] and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.[73] Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by VDL Nedcar near Maastricht in Limburg.[74][75]

text: Sales

text: A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

text: Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,[76] with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.[77]

text: In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car - the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.[78] It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.[79]

text: Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand’s largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.[80]

text: A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.[10] The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.[10] The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.[10]

text: Marketing

text: During the production of the post-2000 Mini, as a part of Mini's viral marketing approach, purchasers of the Mini convertible were asked to sign a "contract" promising that they would drive the car with the roof open at least 90% of the time. Mini also set up a telephone hotline (in the USA: 1-888-DO NOT CLOSE) which one may call to report convertible owners who are driving with the roof up inappropriately. The automated system offers such helpful advice as how to administer a wedgie to the offender.

text: Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners, Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called Hammer & Coop, directed by Todd Phillips as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.[81]

text: Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called Counterfeit Mini Coopers as part of the ad campaign.[82]

text: To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini Rickshaw, which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.[83]

text: In New Zealand, Mini sponsored Mad Men, broadcast on Prime. Special spots were created; for the first season, these took the form of a satirical, sexist 60s-style television commercial. For the second season, the spot was a pastiche of Mad Men's opening credits, with a silhouette figure tumbling out of an office building, landing in the driver's seat of a Mini.

text: Controversy

text: It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from EPA testing didn’t match the automaker’s submissions.[84]

text: Films

text: In 1963, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film The Italian Job starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward.[85] In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of The Italian Job. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53.

text: Demonstration models

text: This Category needs to be updated. Please update this Category to reflect recent events or newly available information. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (March 2014)

text: Mini E (2009 to 2010)

text: The Mini E is a front-wheel drive electric car powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the Los Angeles Auto Show,[86] with an electric motor rated 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp) and 220 N·m (160 lb·ft), 380 V 35 kilowatt-hours (130 MJ) lithium-ion battery with distance of 240 kilometres (150 mi). It has top speed of 152 km/h (94 mph). The vehicle gliders are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.[87]

text: The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the BMW ActiveE (all-electric vehicle), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the Mega City Vehicle (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into mass production between 2013 and 2015.[88][89][90][91] Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in Los Angeles and the New York/New Jersey area.[92] In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.[90][93] Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.[94] Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.[88][95][96][97] This trial program allowed the BMW Group to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.[98]

text: Concept cars

text: There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the ACV30 in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the Mini Countryman in 2010.

text: The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer Adrian van Hooydonk[99] and Frank Stephenson.

text: Alternative fuel versions

text: BMW demonstrated a hydrogen-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from electric-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the Honda FCX in that it uses a cylinder-based internal combustion engine.

text: An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around 200 kilograms (440 lb) of Lithium Ion batteries.[citation needed] Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie The Italian Job to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.[citation needed]

text: PML Flightlink developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an 160 bhp (120 kW) electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.[100]

text: Motorsport

text: The Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally in 1964, 1965 and 1967.[101] Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance headlamp dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.[102]

text: An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.[103] The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, Spain, New Zealand, and Saudi Arabia commencing in 2010.

text: RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the KONI Challenge Series Street Tuner class.[104]

text: Mini Countryman WRC

text: On 27 July 2010 Mini announced plans to enter the World Rally Championship.[105] The Countryman is the chosen donor model and Prodrive have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.

text: Awards and criticism

text: The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (Autocar magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (Classic & Sports Car magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide Internet poll run by the prestigious Global Automotive Elections Foundation in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the Model T Ford).

text: The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the North American Car of the Year award in 2003.[106] The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 International Car of the Year. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their Small Car of the Year 2006.[107] The car was runner up in the 2007 World Car of the Year. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for WhatGreenCar.com Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the Green Car Awards, but lost to the Ford Focus ECOnetic. In April 2010 Kelley Blue Book included the Mini Cooper as one of its Top 10 Green Cars for 2010.[108][109]

text: Dr. Alex Moulton, the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with MiniWorld magazine: "It's enormous - the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time - this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."[110]

text: The Pulitzer Prize-winning automotive journalist Dan Neil has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.[111] In the 2013 International Engine of the Year Awards which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its 1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"[112] and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0-100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for Mini Cooper S Countryman and Mini Cooper S Paceman and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.[113] [114]


document_title: MCM Worldwide

question_text: what does the name brand mcm stand for

question_tokens: what does the name brand mcm stand for

text: MCM Worldwide

text: History[edit]

text: The MCM label, originally stood for Michael Cromer München, was founded by Michael Cromer in 1976 in Munich, Germany.[2] The company designed expensive leather suitcases and handbags which became popular during the 1980s for being "ostentatious and flashy".[2] At the height of its popularity in 1993, it owned 250 branches worldwide and recorded sales of $250 million.[2] Following a 1995 investigation of Cromer for alleged tax evasion by German tax authorities, banks and investors lost faith in MCM's financial stability.[3] In 1997, the company was restructured, and its stores and trademark rights were split and sold.[3]

text: In 2005, the worldwide rights to the MCM brand were acquired by Sungjoo Group, a South Korean retail business founded by Sung-Joo Kim, the youngest daughter of South Korean magnate Kim Soo-keon.[4] Kim re-launched the brand in 2006 with a new store in Berlin and appointed German designer Michael Michalsky as MCM’s creative director.[5] MCM thereafter reopened stores in New York, Toronto, Paris, London, Singapore, Tokyo and China among others. In 2011, MCM debuted its largest store in Hong Kong’s Entertainment Building.[6]

text: MCM makes roughly 70% of its sales in Asia, and roughly 30% in Europe, the Middle East and the Americas.[4] The brand aims to have sales of $2 billion by 2019.[4]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
MCM Store in Berlin

MCM Heritage Cognac Visetos Travel Collection

MCM Stark Backpack in Cognac Visetos