document_title: Detroit International Riverfront

question_text: who was shane park named after in detroit

text: Detroit International Riverfront

text: History[edit]

text: The Detroit Riverfront Conservancy, incorporated as a 501(c)(3) organization, helped raise funds for the International Riverfront project.[1]  Developers planned the initial east riverfront promenade investment at $559 million, which included contributions of $135 million from GM and $50 million from the Kresge foundation.[2]

text: The development marked a step toward the city's potential bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Detroit has made the Summer Olympic Games' final bidding election more often than any other ultimately unsuccessful bid city, participating in IOC elections for the 1944 (3rd place, behind bid winner London), 1952 (5th place), 1956 (4th place), 1960 (3rd place), 1964 (2nd place), 1968 (2nd place) and 1972 (4th place) Games. (Los Angeles has made more total bids with nine, but hosted twice) If accepted as the U.S. candidate by USOC, this would be the city's eighth bid.[3] Lowered crime figures improve Detroit's prospects for the USOC competition. Soft-drink manufacturer Faygo has stepped up its efforts as major sponsor.  Successful events such as Super Bowl XL have showcased Detroit as a city accustomed to hosting supersized crowds.[4]

text: Features[edit]

text: The area contains the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge which is the only international wildlife preserve in North America, uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline.

text: Belle Isle Park[edit]

text: Belle Isle Park is a 982 acres (397 ha; 1.534 sq mi) island state park in the Detroit River managed by the State of Michigan. Until November 12, 2013, it was a city-operated park operated by the City of Detroit Recreation Department.  It connects to the city by the MacArthur Bridge.  It is home to the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory (1904), the oldest conservatory in the United States, the Detroit Yacht Club, the Detroit Boat Club, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, a Coast Guard post, and a municipal golf course.  The park contains a Nature Center where visitors are able to traverse wooded trails and view wildlife natural habitats. The island includes a half-mile (800 m) swimming beach.

text: Chene Park[edit]

text:
Chene Park
Chene Park amphitheatreType
MunicipalLocation
2600 Atwater St., DetroitCoordinates
42°20′1.89″N 83°1′17.14″W / 42.3338583°N 83.0214278°W / 42.3338583; -83.0214278

text:
Chene Park is located on the near east side of Detroit, at the foot of Chene Street, along the banks of the Detroit River. Located just east of Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, it contains a 6,000-seat amphitheater where concerts are regularly scheduled every summer. Jazz, Classic Soul and Rhythm and Blues acts are the staples of the season. The park also includes park trails, the Chene Park Fountain, and the Lake Lounge bar.
The Detroit Riverfront Conservancy has connected the park to the Renaissance Center along a riverside promenade.

text: The park is named for Charles Chene, a French immigrant who owned a strip of land along the shores of the Detroit River that extended into what is now just east of downtown.[5] On September 4, 2018, Detroit City Council unanimously voted to rename Chene Park the Aretha Louise Franklin Amphitheater after the famous singer who passed away on August 16, 2018. The change will take place before the 2019 season.[6][7]

text: Dequindre Cut Greenway[edit]

text: Dequindre Cut Greenway  is a non-motorized trail extending from the Detroit River northward, with the future potential to connect to the Ferndale-Birmingham greenway in Oakland County. The mile (1.6 km) long trail primarily connects the Lafayette Park neighborhood and Eastern Market to the Riverwalk. The greenway utilizes half of the corridor, with a 20-foot (6.1 m) wide paved path with separate lanes for biking and walking.[1]

text: Construction of phase I of the Dequindre Cut Greenway, extending from the River one mile (1.6 km) north to Gratiot Avenue, is complete. Funded by MDOT’s Transportation Enhancement Program and the Community Foundation of Southeast Michigan, this portion of the greenway sets the template for future phases and includes a 20-foot (6.1 m) bituminous path; access ramps for bicyclists, pedestrians and emergency vehicles; landscaping; lighting; signage and security cameras. The first phase of the trail officially opened May 14, 2009 with an opening ribbon-cutting ceremony at the Woodbridge Street entrance of the greenway between Orleans Street and St. Aubin Street.

text: The Dequindre Cut Greenway phase II North project begins at the northern terminus of the phase I at Gratiot Avenue and continues for over one-half mile to Mack Avenue.  The strategic plan for phase II provides a design approach and project budget that builds on the lessons learned in phase I construction.

text: The Dequindre Cut is noted for the high quality graffiti covering the walls of the corridor. The Riverfront Conservancy which operates the greenway will permit current and future painted art work to remain as long as it is not deemed offensive. The trail is one of the city's few public art parks and is a major attraction for urban photographers.[1]

text: GM Plaza and Promenade[edit]

text:
The Renaissance Center, nicknamed the RenCen, is a group of seven interconnected skyscrapers in Detroit, Michigan, and the tallest building in Michigan since 1977. Located on the Detroit International Riverfront, the entire Renaissance Center complex is owned by General Motors. The central tower is occupied by the Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center, the tallest all-hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere with the largest rooftop restaurant, called Coach Insignia. The complex contains many restaurants, a variety of shops, and the vehicle display known as GM World. GM donated its portion of the plaza and promenade to the Riverfront Conservancy upon completion.  A cruise-ship passenger terminal stands on Hart Plaza, adjacent to the Renaissance Center.
In 2003, General Motors completed a $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center for its world headquarters which it had purchased in 1996. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Gensler, the Smith Group, and Ghafari Associates were among the architects for the renovation. The majority of the construction operations were led by Turner Construction Company. The renovation included the addition of a five-story Wintergarden which provides access to the Detroit International Riverfront.[8]

text: Work continued in and around the complex until 2005.  The Renaissance Center totals 5.5 million square feet (511,000 m²), making it one of the world's largest office complexes.

text: Hart Plaza and the Dock of Detroit[edit]

text: Philip A. Hart Plaza in downtown Detroit, is a city plaza along the Detroit River. It is located more or less on the site at which Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac landed in 1701 when he founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, the settlement that became Detroit. In 2011, the Detroit-Wayne County Port Authority opened its new cruise ship passenger terminal and dock at Hart Plaza, adjacent to the Renaissance Center, which receives major cruise ships such as the MS Columbus and the Yorktown.[9]

text: The 14-acre (5.7 ha) plaza, which is named for the late U.S. Senator Philip Hart, opened in 1975 and has a capacity for about 40,000 people.[citation needed] At the center of the plaza is the Horace E. Dodge and Son Memorial Fountain, designed by Isamu Noguchi and Walter Budd in 1978.

text: River Place[edit]

text: The historic Stroh River Place complex is a mixed-use residential development adjacent to the Roberts Riverwalk Hotel and Residence, the redeveloped site of the Parke-Davis research laboratory, a National Historic Landmark located along the east riverfront promenade. The historic Dry Dock Complex is an additional redeveloped site along the east riverfront which includes residential units and retail.

text: River Walk[edit]

text:
River Walk
GM Plaza and Promenade on the riverfront at the Renaissance CenterType
MunicipalLocation
DetroitCreated
2007

text: The Detroit International Riverfront includes a 5½-mile (8.8 km) promenade called the River Walk which is to extend from the Ambassador Bridge to Belle Isle. The path is located directly on the river, sometimes bridging it. The path is 62 feet (18¾ m) wide in most places, with separate lanes for pedestrian and wheeled (such as bicycles or inline skate) traffic. Pavilions, fishing piers and benches are located at intervals along the path.[1]

text: The east riverfront promenade connects an area known as Rivertown. It extends along the east riverfront area from the Cobo Center convention and exhibit facility to the Belle Isle State Park bridge and includes the Renaissance Center, GM Plaza and Promenade, William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor, Stroh River Place, Chene Park, Mt Elliott Park and Gabriel Richard Park. The river walk is designed to supplement new retail and residential development, and includes the newly renovated historic Alden Park Towers. Architect Eric J. Hill aided in its design.[1]

text: The first 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of continuous riverfront promenade and two of the four planned pavilions opened to the public on June 6, 2007. Rivard Plaza located at the foot of Rivard Street features a covered seating, a carousel, concessions and bike rentals. Richard Plaza located in Gabriel Richard Park features covered seating, concessions and a butterfly garden. The River Walk is continuous from Joe Louis Arena to Milliken State Park with unfinished sections between the state park and River Place. From River Place the River Walk is then continuous through Mt Elliott Park to the former site of the Uniroyal Tire factory west of Belle Isle. The west riverfront promenade development is not expected to be completed before 2012.  The west riverfront includes the high-rise Riverfront Towers. The west riverfront promenade will eventually connect to River Rouge in the southwest side.[1]

text: William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor[edit]

text: William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor (formerly Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor) is a state park in Michigan, and one of only two state parks located within an urban area. The park consist of the former city-owned St. Aubin Park and Marina. Located just east of downtown Detroit in the Near-East Riverfront, it covers 31 acres (13 ha) on the Detroit River, and includes a 52-slip harbor of refuge. A 63-foot (19 m) conical brick light tower marks the harbor entrance. The park's first phase opened in 2003, included refurbishing of the marina and construction of lighthouse. Construction on the second phase, adjacent to Rivard Plaza, to expand the park started in summer 2008 and was completed in summer 2009.  In fall 2009, the state park was renamed in honor of former Michigan Governor William G. Milliken.

text: Riverfront activities[edit]

text: Detroit River Days, a five-day festival on the International Riverfront, marked the 2007 opening of the riverfront promenade along the east river leading up to the Detroit-Windsor International Freedom Festival fireworks. Detroit and Windsor jointly celebrate the multi-day festival the last week of June which draws about 3.5 million visitors during the week in order to commemorate each country's respective National holiday - (US Independence Day on July 4 and Canada Day on July 1). The festival began in 1959. It is organized by the Parade Company, a well sponsored not-for-profit organization governed by the Michigan Thanksgiving Parade Foundation.

text: Traditionally, several days of events were planned, ending with one of the world's largest fireworks displays,[10] sponsored by Target. In prior years, the fireworks display has been billed as the world's largest.  On the Windsor side, there is a midway consisting of carnival rides and concessions during the festival.  The Midway operates as stand-alone attraction at the end of June, beginning of July.

text: The Detroit Electronic Music Festival (DEMF) is an electronic dance music showcase held in Hart Plaza each Memorial Day weekend since 2000. In subsequent years, the similarly themed festivals Movement (2003–2004), Fuse-In (2005) and currently, Movement: Detroit's Electronic Music Festival (2006–present) continue the DEMF's traditions, with each name change reflecting shifts in festival management. All of these festivals featured performances by musicians and DJs, and emphasized the progressive qualities of the culture surrounding electronic music.

text: The International Riverfront is host to part of the Detroit International Jazz Festival held in Hart Plaza each Labor Day weekend. Hart Plaza is also the traditional location of rallies to celebrate championships won by Detroit's major sports teams. Both Detroit and Windsor have hosted the Red Bull Air Race World Championship on the International Riverfront.

text: Photo gallery[edit]

text:
Riverfront circa 1901

View from Caesars Windsor casino resort overlooking Detroit.

Looking upriver to Belle Isle State Park.

Rivard Plaza includes a Merry-Go-Round

Dry Dock Complex historic redevelopment

Skyline along the International Riverfront

Renaissance Center

Detroit's skyline as seen from Belle Isle


document_title: 2011 Cricket World Cup statistics

question_text: how many runs sachin scored in 2011 world cup

root

text: 2011 Cricket World Cup statistics

text: Team statistics[edit]

text: Highest team totals[edit]

text:
Team
Score
Opponent
Ground
Date

 India
370/4 (50 overs)
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-02-19-000019 February 2011

 New Zealand
358/6 (50 overs)
 Canada
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
000000002011-03-13-000013 March 2011

 South Africa
351/5 (50 overs)
 Netherlands
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
000000002011-03-03-00003 March 2011

 India
338 (49.5 overs)
 England
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002011-02-27-000027 February 2011

 England
338/8 (50 overs)
 India
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002011-02-27-000027 February 2011

Source: Cricinfo [1]

tag: table

text: Largest winning margin[edit]

text: By runs[edit]

text:
Team
Margin
Opponent
Ground
Date

 South Africa
231 runs
 Netherlands
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
000000002011-03-03-00003 March 2011

 West Indies
215 runs
 Netherlands
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
000000002011-02-28-000028 February 2011

 Sri Lanka
210 runs
 Canada
Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota
000000002011-02-20-000020 February 2011

 South Africa
206 runs
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-03-19-000019 March 2011

 Pakistan
205 runs
 Kenya
Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota
000000002011-02-23-000023 February 2011

Source: Cricinfo [2]

text: By wickets[edit]

text:
Team
Margin
Overs Remaining
Opponent
Ground
Date

 New Zealand
10 wickets
42.0 overs
 Kenya
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002011-02-20-000020 February 2011

 Pakistan
10 wickets
29.1 overs
 West Indies
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-03-23-000023 March 2011

 New Zealand
10 wickets
16.3 overs
 Zimbabwe
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
000000002011-03-04-00004 March 2011

 Sri Lanka
10 wickets
10.3 overs
 England
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002011-03-26-000026 March 2011

 West Indies
9 wickets
37.4 overs
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-03-04-00004 March 2011

Source: Cricinfo [2]

text: By balls remaining[edit]

text:
Team
Margin
Opponent
Ground
Date

 New Zealand
252 balls
 Kenya
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002011-02-20-000020 February 2011

 West Indies
226 balls
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-03-04-00004 March 2011

 Sri Lanka
188 balls
 Kenya
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002011-03-01-00001 March 2011

 Pakistan
175 balls
 West Indies
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-03-23-000023 March 2011

 New Zealand
99 balls
 Zimbabwe
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
000000002011-03-04-00004 March 2011

Source: Cricinfo [2]

text: Lowest team totals[edit]

text: This is a list of completed innings only, low totals in matches with reduced overs are omitted except when the team was all out. Successful run chases in the second innings are not counted.

tag: p

text:
Team
Score
Opponent
Ground
Date

 Bangladesh
58 (18.5 overs)
 West Indies
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-03-04-00004 March 2011

 Kenya
69 (23.5 overs)
 New Zealand
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002011-02-20-000020 February 2011

 Bangladesh
78 (28.0 overs)
 South Africa
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-03-19-000019 March 2011

 West Indies
112 (43.3 overs)
 Pakistan
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-03-23-000023 March 2011

 Kenya
112 (33.1 overs)
 Pakistan
Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota
000000002011-02-23-000023 February 2011

Source: Cricinfo [3]

text: Smallest winning margin[edit]

text: By runs[edit]

text:
Team
Margin
Opponent
Ground
Date

 England
6 runs
 South Africa
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002011-03-06-00006 March 2011

 Pakistan
11 runs
 Sri Lanka
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002011-02-26-000026 February 2011

 England
18 runs
 West Indies
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002011-03-17-000017 March 2011

 Bangladesh
27 runs
 Ireland
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002011-02-25-000025 February 2011

 India
29 runs
 Pakistan
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
000000002011-03-30-000030 March 2011

Source: Cricinfo [2]

text: By wickets[edit]

text:
Team
Margin
Overs Remaining
Opponent
Ground
Date

 Bangladesh
2 wickets
1.0 over
 England
Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
000000002011-03-11-000011 March 2011

 South Africa
3 wickets
0.2 overs
 India
Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, Nagpur
000000002011-03-12-000012 March 2011

 Ireland
3 wickets
0.5 overs
 England
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002011-03-02-00002 March 2011

 Pakistan
4 wickets
9.0 overs
 Australia
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002011-03-19-000019 March 2011

 Sri Lanka
5 wickets
2.1 overs
 New Zealand
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002011-03-29-000029 March 2011

Source: Cricinfo [2]

text: By balls remaining[edit]

text:
Team
Margin
Opponent
Ground
Date

 South Africa
2 balls
 India
Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, Nagpur
000000002011-03-12-000012 March 2011

 Ireland
5 balls
 England
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002011-03-02-00002 March 2011

 Bangladesh
6 balls
 England
Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
000000002011-03-11-000011 March 2011

 England
8 balls
 Netherlands
Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, Nagpur
000000002011-02-22-000022 February 2011

 India
10 balls
 Sri Lanka
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
000000002011-04-02-00002 April 2011

Source: Cricinfo [2]

text: Individual statistics[edit]

text: Batting[edit]

text: Highest scores[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Score
Balls
4s
6s
SR
Opponent

Virender Sehwag
 India
175
140
14
5
125.00
 Bangladesh

Andrew Strauss
 England
158
145
18
1
108.96
 India

Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
144
131
16
1
109.92
 Zimbabwe

AB de Villiers
 South Africa
134
98
13
4
136.73
 Netherlands

Upul Tharanga
 Sri Lanka
133
141
17
0
94.32
 Zimbabwe

Source: Cricinfo [4]

text: Most boundaries[edit]

text:
Total Fours

Player
Team
No. of Fours

Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
61

Sachin Tendulkar
 India
52

Upul Tharanga
 Sri Lanka
52

Virender Sehwag
 India
49

Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
44

Source: Cricinfo [5]

text:
Total Sixes

Player
Team
No. of Sixes

Ross Taylor
 New Zealand
14

Kieron Pollard
 West Indies
11

Kevin O'Brien
 Ireland
9

Sachin Tendulkar
 India
8

AB de Villiers
 South Africa
7

Source: Cricinfo [6]

text: Bowling[edit]

text: Most wickets[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Mat
Inns
Wkts
Ave
Econ
BBI
SR

Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
8
8
21
12.85
3.62
5/16
21.20

Zaheer Khan
 India
9
9
21
18.76
4.83
3/20
23.20

Tim Southee
 New Zealand
8
8
18
17.33
4.31
3/13
24.10

Robin Peterson
 South Africa
7
7
15
15.86
4.25
4/12
22.40

Muttiah Muralitharan
 Sri Lanka
9
8
15
19.40
4.09
4/25
28.40

Source: Cricinfo [7]

text: Best bowling figures[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Bowling figures:
Wickets-Runs (Overs)
Opponent
Date

Kemar Roach
 West Indies
6-27 (8.3)
 Netherlands
000000002011-02-28-000028 February 2011

Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
6-38 (7.4)
 Kenya
000000002011-03-01-00001 March 2011

Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
5-16 (8.0)
 Kenya
000000002011-02-23-000023 February 2011

Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
5-23 (10.0)
 Canada
000000002011-03-03-00003 March 2011

Yuvraj Singh
 India
5-31 (10.0)
 Ireland
000000002011-03-06-00006 March 2011

Source: Cricinfo [8]

text: Most maidens[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Inns
Mdns
Ave

Tim Southee
 New Zealand
8
9
17.33

Mitchell Johnson
 Australia
7
7
23.10

Ray Price
 Zimbabwe
6
7
18.77

Abdul Razzaq
 Pakistan
8
6
32.20

Brett Lee
 Australia
7
6
18.07

Source: Cricinfo [9]

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Batsmen out
Opponent
Date

Kemar Roach
 West Indies
Pieter Seelaar
Bernard Loots
Berend Westdijk
 Netherlands
000000002011-02-28-000028 February 2011

Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
Tanmay Mishra
Peter Ongondo
Shem Ngoche
 Kenya
000000002011-03-01-00001 March 2011

Source: Cricinfo [10][11]

text: Fielding[edit]

text: Most dismissals[edit]

text: This is a list of only wicket-keepers with the most dismissals in the tournament.

text:
Player
Team
Innings
Dismissals
Caught
Stumped

Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
8
14
10
4

Brad Haddin
 Australia
7
13
13
0

Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
8
12
8
4

Matt Prior
 England
7
10
7
3

Devon Thomas
 West Indies
7
10
7
3

Source: Cricinfo [12]

text: Most catches[edit]

text: This is a list of the outfielders who have taken the most catches in the tournament.

text:
Player
Team
Innings
Catches

Mahela Jayawardene
 Sri Lanka
8
8

Jacques Kallis
 South Africa
7
6

Robin Peterson
 South Africa
7
6

Kieron Pollard
 West Indies
7
6

Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
8
6

Source: Cricinfo [13]

text: Other statistics[edit]

text: Highest partnerships[edit]

text: The following tables are lists of the highest partnerships for the tournament.

text:
Wicket
Runs
Team
Players
Opponent
Date

By wicket

1st
282
 Sri Lanka
Upul Tharanga
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Zimbabwe
000000002011-03-10-000010 March 2011

2nd
134
 India
Sachin Tendulkar
Gautam Gambhir
 England
000000002011-02-27-000027 February 2011

3rd
221
 South Africa
Hashim Amla
AB de Villiers
 Netherlands
000000002011-03-03-00003 March 2011

4th
132
 Canada
Ashish Bagai
Jimmy Hansra
 Kenya
000000002011-03-07-00007 March 2011

5th
121
 Netherlands
Ryan ten Doeschate
Peter Borren
 Ireland
000000002011-03-18-000018 March 2011

6th
162
 Ireland
Kevin O'Brien
Alex Cusack
 England
000000002011-03-02-00002 March 2011

7th
85
 New Zealand
Ross Taylor
Jacob Oram
 Pakistan
000000002011-03-08-00008 March 2011

8th
54
 New Zealand
Nathan McCullum
Daniel Vettori
 Australia
000000002011-02-25-000025 February 2011

9th
66
 Pakistan
Abdul Razzaq
Umar Gul
 New Zealand
000000002011-03-08-00008 March 2011

10th
23
 Kenya
Nehemiah Odhiambo
James Ngoche
 Zimbabwe
000000002011-03-20-000020 March 2011

23
 Pakistan
Misbah-ul-Haq
Saeed Ajmal
 India
000000002011-03-30-000030 March 2011

By runs

1st
282
 Sri Lanka
Upul Tharanga
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Zimbabwe
000000002011-03-10-000010 March 2011

1st
231*
 Sri Lanka
Upul Tharanga
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 England
000000002011-03-26-000026 March 2011

3rd
221
 South Africa
Hashim Amla
AB de Villiers
 Netherlands
000000002011-03-03-00003 March 2011

3rd
203
 India
Virender Sehwag
Virat Kohli
 Bangladesh
000000002011-02-19-000019 February 2011

1st
183
 Australia
Shane Watson
Brad Haddin
 Canada
000000002011-03-16-000016 March 2011

3rd
181
 Zimbabwe
Tatenda Taibu
Craig Ervine
 Canada
000000002011-02-28-000028 February 2011

3rd
179
 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara
Mahela Jayawardene
 Canada
000000002011-02-20-000020 February 2011

1st
177
 Ireland
William Porterfield
Paul Stirling
 Netherlands
000000002011-03-18-000018 March 2011

3rd
170
 England
Andrew Strauss
Ian Bell
 India
000000002011-02-27-000027 February 2011

3rd
167
 England
Jonathan Trott
Ian Bell
 Ireland
000000002011-03-02-00002 March 2011

Source: Cricinfo [14][15]


document_title: Italy at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time italy qualified for the world cup

text: Italy at the FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text: Champions       Runners-up       Third Place       Fourth Place

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D*

L

GF

GA

 1930

Did Not Enter

 1934

Champions

1st

5

4

1

0

12

3

 1938

Champions

1st

4

4

0

0

11

5

 1950

Group Stage

7th

2

1

0

1

4

3

 1954

10th

3

1

0

2

6

7

 1958

Did Not Qualify

 1962

Group Stage

9th

3

1

1

1

3

2

 1966

9th

3

1

0

2

2

2

 1970

Runners-up

2nd

6

3

2

1

10

8

 1974

Group Stage

10th

3

1

1

1

5

4

 1978

Fourth Place

4th

7

4

1

2

9

6

 1982

Champions

1st

7

4

3

0

12

6

 1986

Round of 16

12th

4

1

2

1

5

6

 1990

Third Place

3rd

7

6

1

0

10

2

 1994

Runners-up

2nd

7

4

2

1

8

5

 1998

Quarter Final

5th

5

3

2

0

8

3

  2002

Round of 16

15th

4

1

1

2

5

5

 2006

Champions

1st

7

5

2

0

12

2

 2010

Group Stage

26th

3

0

2

1

4

5

 2014

22nd

3

1

0

2

2

3

 2018

Did Not Qualify

 2022

TBD

Total

4 Titles

18/21

83

45

21

17

128

77

text:
showItaly's World Cup record

First Match

 Italy 7–1 United States  (27 May 1934; Rome, Italy)

Biggest Win

 Italy 7–1 United States  (27 May 1934; Rome, Italy)

Biggest Defeat

  Switzerland 4–1 Italy  (23 June 1954; Basel, Switzerland) Brazil 4–1 Italy  (21 June 1970; Mexico City, Mexico)

Best Result

Champions in 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006

Worst Result

Group Stage in 1950, 1954, 1962, 1966, 1974, 2010 and 2014

text: Winning World Cups[edit]

text:
Year

Manager

Captain

Winning Goal Scorer(s)

1934

Vittorio Pozzo

Gianpiero Combi

Raimundo Orsi, Angelo Schiavio

1938

Vittorio Pozzo

Giuseppe Meazza

Gino Colaussi (2), Silvio Piola (2)

1982

Enzo Bearzot

Dino Zoff

Paolo Rossi, Marco Tardelli, Alessandro Altobelli

2006

Marcello Lippi

Fabio Cannavaro

Marco Materazzi, Fabio Grosso (decisive penalty)

text: By Match[edit]

text: Italy's score listed first

text:
World Cup

Round

Opponent

Score

Venue

Scorers

1934
Round of 16
 United States
7–1
Rome
Schiavio (3), Orsi (2), Ferrari, Meazza

Quarter-finals
 Spain
1–1 (a.e.t.)
Florence
Ferrari

 Spain
1–0
Florence
Meazza

Semi-finals
 Austria
1–0
Milan
Guaita

Final
 Czechoslovakia
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Rome
Orsi, Schiavio

1938
Round of 16
 Norway
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Marseille
Ferraris, Piola

Quarter-finals
 France
3–1
Paris
Piola (2), Colaussi

Semi-finals
 Brazil
2–1
Marseille
Colaussi, Meazza

Final
 Hungary
4–2
Paris
Colaussi (2), Piola (2)

1950
Group stage
 Sweden
2–3
São Paulo
Carapellese, Muccinelli

 Paraguay
2–0
São Paulo
Carapellese, Pandolfini

1954
Group stage
  Switzerland
1–2
Lausanne
Boniperti

 Belgium
4–1
Lugano
Pandolfini, Galli, Frignani, Lorenzi

  Switzerland
1–4
Basel
Nesti

1962
Group stage
 West Germany
0–0
Santiago
&—

 Chile
0–2
Santiago
&—

  Switzerland
3–0
Santiago
Bulgarelli (2), Mora

1966
Group stage
 Chile
2–0
Sunderland
A. Mazzola, Barison

 Soviet Union
0–1
Sunderland
&—

 North Korea
0–1
Middlesbrough
&—

1970
Group stage
 Sweden
1–0
Toluca
Domenghini

 Uruguay
0–0
Puebla
&—

 Israel
0–0
Toluca
&—

Quarter-finals
 Mexico
4–1
Toluca
Riva (2), Guzmán (o.g.), Rivera

Semi-finals
 West Germany
4–3 (a.e.t.)
Mexico City
Boninsegna, Burgnich, Riva, Rivera

Final
 Brazil
1–4
Mexico City
Boninsegna

1974
Group stage
 Haiti
3–1
Munich
Rivera, Benetti, Anastasi

 Argentina
1–1
Stuttgart
Perfumo (o.g.)

 Poland
1–2
Stuttgart
Capello

1978
Group stage
 France
2–1
Mar del Plata
Rossi, Zaccarelli

 Hungary
3–1
Mar del Plata
Rossi, Bettega, Benetti

 Argentina
1–0
Buenos Aires
Bettega

Second round
 West Germany
0–0
Buenos Aires
&—

 Austria
1–0
Buenos Aires
Rossi

 Netherlands
1–2
Buenos Aires
Brandts (o.g.)

Third place play-off
 Brazil
1–2
Buenos Aires
Causio

1982
Group stage
 Poland
0–0
Vigo
&—

 Peru
1–1
Vigo
Conti

 Cameroon
1–1
Vigo
Graziani

Second round
 Argentina
2–1
Barcelona
Tardelli, Cabrini

 Brazil
3–2
Barcelona
Rossi (3)

Semi-finals
 Poland
2–0
Barcelona
Rossi (2)

Final
 West Germany
3–1
Madrid
Rossi, Tardelli, Altobelli

1986
Group stage
 Bulgaria
1–1
Mexico City
Altobelli

 Argentina
1–1
Puebla
Altobelli

 South Korea
3–2
Puebla
Altobelli (2), Cho K. R. (o.g.)

Round of 16
 France
0–2
Mexico City
&—

1990
Group stage
 Austria
1–0
Rome
Schillaci

 United States
1–0
Rome
Giannini

 Czechoslovakia
2–0
Rome
Schillaci, R. Baggio

Round of 16
 Uruguay
2–0
Rome
Schillaci, Serena

Quarter-finals
 Republic of Ireland
1–0
Rome
Schillaci

Semi-finals
 Argentina
1–1 (a.e.t.)  (3–4  pen.)
Naples
Schillaci

Third place play-off
 England
2–1
Bari
R. Baggio, Schillaci

1994
Group stage
 Republic of Ireland
0–1
East Rutherford
&—

 Norway
1–0
East Rutherford
D. Baggio

 Mexico
1–1
Washington, D.C.
Massaro

Round of 16
 Nigeria
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Foxborough
R. Baggio (2)

Quarter-finals
 Spain
2–1
Foxborough
D. Baggio, R. Baggio

Semi-finals
 Bulgaria
2–1
East Rutherford
R. Baggio (2)

Final
 Brazil
0–0 (a.e.t.)  (2–3  pen.)
Pasadena
&—

1998
Group stage
 Chile
2–2
Bordeaux
Vieri, R. Baggio

 Cameroon
3–0
Montpellier
Vieri (2), Di Biagio

 Austria
2–1
Saint-Denis
Vieri, R. Baggio

Round of 16
 Norway
1–0
Marseille
Vieri

Quarter-finals
 France
0–0 (a.e.t.)  (3–4  pen.)
Saint-Denis
&—

2002
Group stage
 Ecuador
2–0
Sapporo
Vieri (2)

 Croatia
1–2
Ibaraki
Vieri

 Mexico
1–1
Ōita
Del Piero

Round of 16
 South Korea
1–2 (a.e.t.)
Daejeon
Vieri

2006
Group stage
 Ghana
2–0
Hanover
Pirlo, Iaquinta

 United States
1–1
Kaiserslautern
Gilardino

 Czech Republic
2–0
Hamburg
Materazzi, Inzaghi

Round of 16
 Australia
1–0
Kaiserslautern
Totti

Quarter-finals
 Ukraine
3–0
Hamburg
Toni (2), Zambrotta

Semi-finals
 Germany
2–0 (a.e.t.)
Dortmund
Grosso, Del Piero

Final
 France
1–1 (a.e.t.)  (5–3  pen.)
Berlin
Materazzi

2010
Group stage
 Paraguay
1–1
Cape Town
De Rossi

 New Zealand
1–1
Nelspruit
Iaquinta

 Slovakia
2–3
Johannesburg
Di Natale, Quagliarella

2014
Group stage
 England
2–1
Manaus
Marchisio, Balotelli

 Costa Rica
0–1
Recife
&—

 Uruguay
0–1
Natal
&—

text: Record by Opponent[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)

Opponent

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

Goals Scored

Goals Conceded

 Argentina
2
3
0
5
6
4

 Australia
1
0
0
1
1
0

 Austria
4
0
0
4
5
1

 Belgium
1
0
0
1
4
1

 Brazil
2
1
2
5
7
9

 Bulgaria
1
1
0
2
3
2

 Cameroon
1
1
0
2
4
1

 Chile
1
1
1
3
4
4

 Costa Rica
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Croatia
0
0
1
1
1
2

 Czech Republic
1
0
0
1
2
0

 Czechoslovakia
2
0
0
2
4
1

 Ecuador
1
0
0
1
2
0

 England
2
0
0
2
4
2

 France
2
2
1
5
6
5

 Germany
3
2
0
5
9
4

 Ghana
1
0
0
1
2
0

 Haiti
1
0
0
1
3
1

 Hungary
2
0
0
2
7
3

 Israel
0
1
0
1
0
0

 Mexico
1
2
0
3
6
3

 Netherlands
0
0
1
1
1
2

 New Zealand
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Nigeria
1
0
0
1
2
1

 North Korea
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Norway
3
0
0
3
4
1

 Paraguay
1
1
0
2
3
1

 Peru
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Poland
1
1
1
3
3
2

 Republic of Ireland
1
0
1
2
1
1

 Slovakia
0
0
1
1
2
3

 South Korea
1
0
1
2
4
4

 Soviet Union
0
0
1
1
0
1

 Spain
2
1
0
3
4
2

 Sweden
1
0
1
2
3
3

  Switzerland
1
0
2
3
5
6

 Ukraine
1
0
0
1
3
0

 United States
2
1
0
3
9
2

 Uruguay
1
1
1
3
2
1

text: World Cup Finals[edit]

text: 1934 World Cup Final v Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: With temperatures around 40 °C (104 °F), Italy won their home tournament in 1934 after going into extra time against Czechoslovakia.

text:
Italy

2–1 (a.e.t.)

 Czechoslovakia

Orsi  81'Schiavio  95'

Report

Puč  71'

text:
GK
Gianpiero Combi (c)

RB
Eraldo Monzeglio

LB
Luigi Allemandi

RH
Attilio Ferraris

CH
Luis Monti

LH
Luigi Bertolini

OR
Enrique Guaita

IR
Giuseppe Meazza

IL
Giovanni Ferrari

OL
Raimundo Orsi

CF
Angelo Schiavio

Manager:

 Vittorio Pozzo

GK
František Plánička (c)

RB
Josef Čtyřoký

LB
Ladislav Ženíšek

RH
Rudolf Krčil

CH
Štefan Čambal

LH
Josef Košťálek

OR
Antonín Puč

IR
Oldřich Nejedlý

IL
František Svoboda

OL
František Junek

CF
Jiří Sobotka

Manager:

 Karel Petrů

text: 1938 World Cup Final v Hungary[edit]

text: After a difficult route to the final, defeating hosts France in the quarter-finals and Brazil in the semis, Italy was the first team to win the World Cup title on foreign ground. Also, it was the first of only two times in World Cup history that a team successfully defended their title.

text:
Italy

4–2

 Hungary

Colaussi  6', 35'Piola  16', 82'

Report

Titkos  8'Sárosi  70'

text:
GK

Aldo Olivieri

RB

Alfredo Foni

LB

Pietro Rava

RH

Pietro Serantoni

LH

Ugo Locatelli

CH

Michele Andreolo

IR

Giuseppe Meazza (c)

IL

Giovanni Ferrari

OR

Amedeo Biavati

CF

Silvio Piola

OL

Gino Colaussi

Manager:

 Vittorio Pozzo

GK

Antal Szabó

RB

Sándor Bíró

LB

Gyula Polgár

RH

Gyula Lázár

LH

Antal Szalay

CH

György Szűcs

IR

Gyula Zsengellér

IL

Jenő Vincze

OR

Pál Titkos

CF

György Sárosi (c)

OL

Ferenc Sas

Manager:

 Alfréd Schaffer

text: 1970 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: In 1970, the Brazilian team featured superstars like Pelé, Rivelino, Jairzinho and Carlos Alberto and were considered favourites for the title. Particularly in the second half, the Italians were outclassed by the Brazilians passing play.

text:
Brazil

4–1

 Italy

Pelé  18'Gérson  66'Jairzinho  71'Carlos Alberto  86'

Report

Boninsegna  37'

text:
GK
1
Félix

DF
4
Carlos Alberto (c)

DF
2
Brito

DF
3
Piazza

DF
16
Everaldo

MF
5
Clodoaldo

MF
8
Gérson

FW
7
Jairzinho

FW
9
Tostão

FW
10
Pelé

FW
11
Rivelino

Manager:

 Mário Zagallo

GK
1
Enrico Albertosi

DF
2
Tarcisio Burgnich

DF
5
Pierluigi Cera

DF
8
Roberto Rosato

DF
3
Giacinto Facchetti (c)

MF
10
Mario Bertini

 75'

MF
13
Angelo Domenghini

MF
16
Giancarlo De Sisti

FW
15
Sandro Mazzola

FW
11
Luigi Riva

FW
20
Roberto Boninsegna

 84'

Substitutions:

MF
18
Antonio Juliano

 75'

MF
14
Gianni Rivera

 84'

Manager:

 Ferruccio Valcareggi

text: 1982 World Cup Final v West Germany[edit]

text: Italy played three draws in the first group stage in a worrisome start to the tournament, proceeding ahead of Cameroon only on number of goals scored. However, the Italians continued to defeat Brazil, Argentina and a strong Polish side over the course of the tournament and faced West Germany in the final in Madrid.

text: Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty in the goalless first half, but the dominant Italian side eventually built up a 3-0 lead and won by 3-1 in the end, securing their third World Cup trophy.

text:
Italy

3–1

 West Germany

Rossi  57'Tardelli  69'Altobelli  81'

Report

Breitner  83'

text:
GK
1
Dino Zoff (c)

SW
7
Gaetano Scirea

CB
6
Claudio Gentile

CB
5
Fulvio Collovati

RWB
3
Giuseppe Bergomi

LWB
4
Antonio Cabrini

DM
13
Gabriele Oriali
 73'

RM
16
Bruno Conti
 31'

CM
14
Marco Tardelli

LW
19
Francesco Graziani

 7'

CF
20
Paolo Rossi

Substitutions:

GK
12
Ivano Bordon

MF
10
Giuseppe Dossena

MF
11
Giampiero Marini

MF
15
Franco Causio

 89'

FW
18
Alessandro Altobelli

 7'
 89'

Manager:

Enzo Bearzot

GK
1
Harald Schumacher

SW
15
Uli Stielike
 73'

RB
20
Manfred Kaltz

CB
4
Karlheinz Förster

LB
5
Bernd Förster

RM
6
Wolfgang Dremmler
 61'
 62'

CM
3
Paul Breitner

LM
2
Hans-Peter Briegel

RW
11
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (c)

 70'

LW
7
Pierre Littbarski
 88'

CF
8
Klaus Fischer

Substitutions:

GK
21
Bernd Franke

DF
12
Wilfried Hannes

MF
10
Hansi Müller

 70'

MF
14
Felix Magath

FW
9
Horst Hrubesch

 62'

Manager:

Jupp Derwall

text: 1994 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]

text: The 1994 final was the first ever to be decided on penalties after goalless 120 minutes. Italian captain Franco Baresi missed the very first penalty, and Roberto Baggio the decisive last one.

text: Italy became the first team to lose two World Cup finals against the same opponent.

text:
Brazil

0–0(a.e.t.)

 Italy

Report

Penalties

Márcio Santos Romário Branco Dunga

3–2

 Baresi Albertini Evani Massaro R. Baggio

text:
GK
1
Cláudio Taffarel

RB
2
Jorginho

 21'

CB
13
Aldair

CB
15
Marcio Santos

LB
6
Branco

CM
5
Mauro Silva

CM
8
Dunga (c)

AM
17
Mazinho
 4'

AM
9
Zinho

 106'

CF
11
Romário

CF
7
Bebeto

Substitutions:

DF
14
Cafu
 87'
 21'

FW
21
Viola

 106'

Manager:

 Carlos Alberto Parreira

GK
1
Gianluca Pagliuca

RB
8
Roberto Mussi

 35'

CB
6
Franco Baresi (c)

CB
5
Paolo Maldini

LB
3
Antonio Benarrivo

RM
14
Nicola Berti

CM
13
Dino Baggio

 95'

CM
11
Demetrio Albertini
 42'

LM
16
Roberto Donadoni

CF
10
Roberto Baggio

CF
19
Daniele Massaro

Substitutes:

DF
2
Luigi Apolloni
 41'
 35'

MF
17
Alberigo Evani

 95'

Manager:

 Arrigo Sacchi

text: 2006 World Cup Final v France[edit]

text: Italian defender Marco Materazzi was involved in all three outstanding moments of the first 120 minutes: He conceded the penalty that was converted by Zinedine Zidane early in the game, equalised with a powerful header soon after, and provoked Zidane in a manner that lead to the French captain being sent off. He also scored in the penalty-shootout that was to follow.

text: It was only the second time a World Cup final was decided on penalties, again involving Italy after the 1994 final lost to Brazil.

text:
Italy

1–1 (a.e.t.)

 France

Materazzi  19'

Report

Zidane  7' (pen.)

Penalties

Pirlo
Materazzi
De Rossi
Del Piero
Grosso

5–3

 Wiltord
 Trezeguet
 Abidal
 Sagnol

text:
GK
1
Gianluigi Buffon

RB
19
Gianluca Zambrotta
 5'

CB
5
Fabio Cannavaro (c)

CB
23
Marco Materazzi

LB
3
Fabio Grosso

RM
16
Mauro Camoranesi

 86'

CM
8
Gennaro Gattuso

CM
21
Andrea Pirlo

LM
20
Simone Perrotta

 61'

SS
10
Francesco Totti

 61'

CF
9
Luca Toni

Substitutions:

MF
4
Daniele De Rossi

 61'

FW
15
Vincenzo Iaquinta

 61'

FW
7
Alessandro Del Piero

 86'

Manager:

 Marcello Lippi

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
19
Willy Sagnol
 12'

CB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
William Gallas

LB
3
Éric Abidal

CM
4
Patrick Vieira

 56'

CM
6
Claude Makélélé
 76'

RW
22
Franck Ribéry

 100'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane (c)
 110'

LW
7
Florent Malouda
 111'

CF
12
Thierry Henry

 107'

Substitutions:

MF
18
Alou Diarra

 56'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 100'

FW
11
Sylvain Wiltord

 107'

Manager:

 Raymond Domenech

text: Player appearances[edit]

text: Paolo Maldini is the player with the third-most matches at FIFA World Cups, trailing only behind the Germans Lothar Matthäus (25) and Miroslav Klose (24). This also makes him the player with the most World Cup matches who has never won the trophy.

text: Goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon is one of only three players who have been part of five FIFA World Cup squads.[3]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Paolo Maldini
23
1990, 1994, 1998 and 2002

2

Antonio Cabrini
18
1978, 1982 and 1986

Gaetano Scirea
18
1978, 1982 and 1986

Fabio Cannavaro
18
1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010

5
Dino Zoff
17
1974, 1978 and 1982

6

Giuseppe Bergomi
16
1982, 1986, 1990 and 1998

Roberto Baggio
16
1990, 1994 and 1998

8

Paolo Rossi
14
1978 and 1982

Gianluigi Buffon
14
2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014

10

Claudio Gentile
13
1978 and 1982

Marco Tardelli
13
1978 and 1982

Gianluca Zambrotta
13
2002, 2006 and 2010

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Two Italians were awarded the Golden Boot for best goalscorer at a FIFA World Cup: Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990 with 6 goals each.[4]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Paolo Rossi
9
1978 (3) and 1982 (6)

Roberto Baggio
9
1990 (2), 1994 (5) and 1998 (2)

Christian Vieri
9
1998 (5) and 2002 (4)

4
Salvatore Schillaci
6
1990

5

Silvio Piola
5
1938

Alessandro Altobelli
5
1982 (1) and 1986 (4)

7

Angelo Schiavio
4
1934

Gino Colaussi
4
1938

9
Raimundo Orsi
3
1934

Giuseppe Meazza
3
1934 (2) and 1938 (1)

Luigi Riva
3
1970

Gianni Rivera
3
1970 (2) and 1974 (1)

text: Awards and Records[edit]

text: Team Awards[edit]

text:
World Champions 1934
World Champions 1938
World Champions 1982
World Champions 2006
Second Place 1970
Second Place 1994
Third Place 1990

tag: ul

text: Individual Awards[edit]

text: Golden Ball award

text:
Golden Ball 1934: Giuseppe Meazza
Golden Ball 1982: Paolo Rossi
Golden Ball 1990: Salvatore Schillaci
Silver Ball 1938: Silvio Piola
Silver Ball 1978: Paolo Rossi
Silver Ball 1994: Roberto Baggio
Silver Ball 2006: Fabio Cannavaro
Bronze Ball 2006: Andrea Pirlo

text: Golden Boot award

text:
Golden Boot 1982: Paolo Rossi
Golden Boot 1990: Salvatore Schillaci
Silver Boot 1934: Angelo Schiavio
Silver Boot 1938: Silvio Piola
Silver Boot 1998: Christian Vieri

text: Other individual awards

text:
Golden Glove 1982: Dino Zoff (oldest Golden Glove winner)
Golden Glove 2006: Gianluigi Buffon
Best Young Player Award 1978: Antonio Cabrini
Man of the Match Award 2006: Andrea Pirlo

text: Refereeing[edit]

text: Three World Cup finals have been officiated by representatives of the Italian football federation, only English referees have had the honour more often (four times). The 1978 final between Argentina and the Netherlands has been led by Sergio Gonella, who had already officiated the European Championship final two years earlier. The other referees are Pierluigi Collina in 2002, and Nicola Rizzoli in 2014.

text: The Italian referee with the most World Cup matches, however, is Roberto Rosetti, who has been in charge of six matches total in 2006 and 2010.


document_title: Indian order of precedence

question_text: in the warrant of precedence the speaker of lok sabha is placed

text: Indian order of precedence

text: Order

text:
Rank

Persons

1

President (Ram Nath Kovind)

2

Vice president (Venkaiah Naidu)

3

Prime minister (Narendra Modi)

4

Governors of states (within their respective states)

5

Former presidents (Pratibha Patil, Pranab Mukherjee)

5A

Deputy prime minister (vacant)

6

Chief justice (Dipak Misra)
Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Sumitra Mahajan)

7

Cabinet ministers of the Union
Chief ministers of states (within their respective states)
Deputy Chairman of the NITI Aayog[2] (Rajiv Kumar)
Former prime ministers (Atal Bihari Vajpayee, H. D. Deve Gowda, Manmohan Singh)
Leaders of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha (Ghulam Nabi Azad) and the Lok Sabha (vacant)

7A[3]

Holders of the Bharat Ratna (Amartya Sen, Lata Mangeshkar, C. N. R. Rao, Sachin Tendulkar, Atal Bihari Vajpayee)[note 1]

8

Ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary and the high commissioners of Commonwealth countries accredited to India
Chief ministers of states (when outside their respective states)
Governors of states (when outside their respective states)

9

Judges of the Supreme Court of India

9A[3]

Chairman, Union Public Service Commission (Vinay Mittal)
Chief Election Commissioner (Om Prakash Rawat)
Comptroller and Auditor General (Rajiv Mehrishi)

10

Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (P. J. Kurien)
Deputy Chief ministers of states
Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha (M. Thambidurai)
Members of the NITI Aayog
Ministers of states of the Union

11

Lieutenants governor of union territories (within their respective union territories)
Attorney general (Kottayan Katankot Venugopal)
Cabinet secretary (Pradeep Kumar Sinha)

12

Chiefs of Staff holding the rank of full General or equivalent rank

Chief of the Army Staff (General Bipin Rawat)
Chief of the Air Staff (Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa)
Chief of the Naval Staff (Admiral Sunil Lanba)

13

Envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary accredited to India

14

Chief justices of states
Chairmen and speakers of state legislatures (within their respective states)

15

Chief ministers of union territories (within their respective union territories)
Cabinet ministers in states (within their respective states)
Chief Executive Councillor of Delhi (within their respective union territories)
Deputy ministers of the union

16

Officiating chiefs of staff holding the rank of lieutenant general or equivalent rank

17

Judges of high courts
Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal
Chairman, Minorities Commission
Chairman, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission[3]

18

Cabinet ministers in states (outside their respective states)
Chairmen and Speakers of state legislatures (outside their respective states)
Chairman, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission
Deputy chairmen and deputy speakers of state legislatures (within their respective states)
Ministers of state in states (within their respective states)
Ministers of union territories and executive councillors of Delhi (within their respective union territories)
Speakers of legislative assemblies in union territories
Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council (within their respective union territories)

19

Chief commissioners of union territories not having a council of ministers (within their respective union territories)
Deputy ministers  in states (within their respective states)
Deputy speakers of legislative assemblies in union territories
Deputy Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council (within their respective union territories)

20

Deputy chairmen and deputy speakers of state legislatures (outside their respective states)
Ministers of state in states (outside their respective state)

21

Members of parliament

22

Deputy ministers in states (outside their respective states)

23

Secretaries to the Government of India
Officers of the rank of full general or equivalent rank
Army commanders/Vice Chief of the Army Staff or equivalent in other services
Chief secretaries to state Governments (within their respective states)
Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities
Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Members, Minorities Commission
Members, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission
Secretary, Minorities Commission
Secretary, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission
Secretary to the President
Secretary to the Prime Minister
Secretary, Rajya Sabha/Lok Sabha
Solicitor General (Ranjit Kumar)
Vice-Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal

24

Lieutenant generals of the Indian Army
Air marshals of the Indian Air Force
Vice admirals of the Indian Navy

25

Additional secretaries to Government of India
Advocates general of states
Additional solicitors general
Chairman, Tariff Commission
Chargé d'affaires and acting high commissioners a pied and ad. interim.
Chief ministers of union territories (outside their respective union territories)
Chief Executive Councillor of Delhi (outside their respective union territories)
Chief Secretaries of state Governments (outside their respective states)
Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General
Deputy speakers of legislative assemblies in union territories
Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council (outside their respective union territories)
Deputy Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council (outside their respective union territories)
Director of the Intelligence Bureau (Rajiv Jain)
Director, Central Bureau of Investigation
Director General, Border Security Force
Director General, Central Reserve Police Force
Lieutenants governor of union territories (outside their respective union territories)
Members, Central Administrative Tribunal
Members, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission
Members, Union Public Service Commission
ministers of union territories and Executives Councillors of Delhi
Principal staff officers of the Armed Forces of the rank of Major general or equivalent rank
Speakers of legislative assemblies in union territories

26

Joint secretaries to the Government of India
Major generals of the Indian Army
Rear admirals of the Indian Navy
Air Vice Marshals of the Indian Air Force


document_title: Authorship of the Bible

question_text: who wrote the first 5 book of the bible

question_tokens: who wrote the first 5 book of the bible

text: Authorship of the Bible

text: Divine authorship[edit]

text: The rabbis of the Babylonian Talmud held that God wrote the Torah in heaven in letters of black fire on parchment of white fire before the world was created, and that Moses received it by divine dictation.[3] The early Church Fathers agreed that the scriptures were inspired or dictated by God, but not on which writings were scriptural: as a result, the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches treat some books (the Apocrypha) as inspired, but the Protestant tradition does not.[4] In the 20th century the vast majority of theologians, both Catholic and Protestant, moved away from the divine dictation model and emphasised the role of the human authors.[5] As a result, even many conservative scholars now accept, for example, that the Book of Isaiah has multiple authors and that 2 Corinthians is two letters joined together.[6]

text: Hebrew Bible[edit]

text: The Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, is the collection of scriptures making up the Bible used by Judaism; the same books, in a slightly different order, also make up the Protestant version of the Old Testament. The order used here follows the divisions used in Jewish Bibles.

text: Torah[edit]

text: The first division of the Jewish Bible is the Torah, meaning "Instruction" or "Law"; in scholarly literature it is frequently called by its Greek name, the Pentateuch ("five scrolls"). It is the group of five books made up of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy and stands first in all versions of the Christian Old Testament.

text: According to Rabbinic tradition the five books of the Torah were written by Moses, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy which describe his death.[7] Most Jews and Christians believed Mosaic authorship until the 17th century. Today, the majority of scholars agree that the Pentateuch does not have a single author, and that its composition took place over centuries.[8]

text: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers[edit]

text: From the late 19th century there was a consensus among scholars around the documentary hypothesis, which suggests that the first four books (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers) were created by combining four originally independent documents, known as the Jahwist, the Elohist, the Deuteronomist, and the Priestly sources.[9] This approach has since seen various revisions,[10] yet while the identification of distinctive Deuteronomistic and Priestly theologies and vocabularies remains widespread, they are used to form new approaches suggesting that the books were combined gradually over time by the slow accumulation of "fragments" of text, or that a basic text was "supplemented" by later authors/editors.[11] At the same time there has been a tendency to bring the origins of the Pentateuch further forward in time, and the most recent proposals place it in 5th century BCE Judah under the Persian empire.[12]

text: Deuteronomy[edit]

text: Deuteronomy is treated separately from Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers. Its place in the documentary hypothesis is anomalous, as it, unlike the other four, consists of a single "source". The process of its formation probably took several hundred years, from the 8th century to the 6th,[13] and its authors have been variously identified as prophetic circles (because the concerns of Deuteronomy mirror those of the prophets, especially Hosea), Levitical priestly circles (because it stresses the role of the Levites), and wisdom and scribal circles (because it esteems wisdom, and because the treaty-form in which it is written would be best known to scribes).[14] Deuteronomy was later used as the introduction to the comprehensive history of Israel written in the early part of the 6th century, and later still it was detached from the history and used to round off the Pentateuch.[15]

text: Prophets[edit]

text: Former prophets[edit]

text: The Former Prophets (נביאים ראשונים, Nevi'im Rishonim), make up the first part of the second division of the Hebrew Bible, the Nevi'im, which translates as "Prophets". In Christian Bibles the Book of Ruth, which belongs in the final section of the Hebrew Bible, is inserted between Judges and Samuel.

text: According to Jewish tradition dating from at least the 2nd century CE, the Book of Joshua was by Joshua, the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel were by the prophet Samuel (with some passages by the prophets Gad and Nathan), while the two Books of Kings were by Jeremiah.[16] Since 1943 most scholars have accepted Martin Noth's argument that Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings make up a single work, the so-called "Deuteronomistic history."[17] Noth believed that the history was the work of a single author writing in the time of the Babylonian exile (586–539 BCE). This author/editor took as his starting point an early version of the book of Deuteronomy, which had already been composed during the reign of Josiah (last quarter of the 7th century), selecting, editing and composing it to produce a coherent work.[18] Frank Moore Cross later proposed that an earlier version of the history was composed in Jerusalem in Josiah's time; this first version, Dtr1, was then revised and expanded to create Noth's second edition, or Dtr2. Still later scholars have discovered further layers and further author-editors.[19] In the 1990s some scholars began to question the existence of a Deuteronomistic history[20] and the question of the origin of these books continues to be debated.[21]

text: Latter prophets[edit]

text: Isaiah[edit]

text: Modern scholars divide the Book of Isaiah into three parts, each with a different origin:[22] "First Isaiah", chapters 1–39, containing the words of the historical 8th century BCE prophet Isaiah and later expansions by his disciples;[23] "Deutero-Isaiah" (chapters 40–55), by an anonymous Jewish author in Babylon near the end of the Babylonian captivity;[22]:418 and "Trito-Isaiah" (chapters 56–66), by anonymous disciples of Deutero-Isaiah in Jerusalem immediately after the return from Babylon[22]:444 (although some scholars suggest that chapters 55–66 were written by Deutero-Isaiah after the fall of Babylon.)[24] This orderly sequence of pre-exilic, exilic and post-exilic material is somewhat misleading, as significant editing has clearly taken place in all three parts.[25]

text: Jeremiah[edit]

text: Jeremiah lived in the late 7th and early 6th centuries BCE. The Book of Jeremiah presents Baruch ben Neriah as the prophet's companion who writes his words on several occasions, and there has accordingly been much speculation that Baruch could have composed an early edition of the book.[26] In the early 20th century Sigmund Mowinckel identified three types of material in the book, Jeremiah 1–25 (Type A) being the words of Jeremiah himself, the biographic prose material (Type B) by an admirer writing c. 580–480 BCE, and the remainder (Type C) from later periods.[27] There has been considerable debate over Mowinckel's ideas, notably the extent of the Jeremiah material and the role of Baruch, who may have been the author of the Type B material.[27] It is generally agreed that the book has strong connections with the Deuteronomistic layers from the Former Prophets, recapitulating in modern terms the traditional idea that Jeremiah wrote both his own book and the Books of Kings.[28]

text: Ezekiel[edit]

text: The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of Ezekiel ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon between 593 and 571 BCE.[29] The various manuscripts, however, differ markedly from each other, and it is clear that the book has been subjected to extensive editing.[30] While Ezekiel himself may have been responsible for some of this revision, there is general agreement that the book as we have it today is the product of a highly educated priestly circle that owed allegiance to the historical Ezekiel and was closely associated with the Temple.[31]

text: Minor Prophets or Book of the Twelve[edit]

text: The Minor Prophets are one book in the Hebrew Bible, and many (though not all) modern scholars agree that the Book of the Twelve underwent a process of editing which resulted in a coherent collection.[32] This process is believed to have reached its final form in the Persian period (538–332 BCE), although there is disagreement over whether this was early or late.[33] For the individual books, scholars usually assume that there exists an original core of prophetic tradition which can be attributed to the figure after whom the book is named.[34] The noteworthy exception is the Book of Jonah, an anonymous work containing no prophetic oracles, probably composed in the Hellenistic period (332–167 BCE).[35]

text: Writings[edit]

text: Psalms[edit]

text: While a number of the Psalms bear headings which seem to identify their authors, these are probably the result of the need to find a significant identification in tradition.[36] The individual psalms come from widely different periods: "some ... presuppose a reigning king and an established cult in the Temple; others clearly presuppose and mention the events of the Exile."[37]

text: Job[edit]

text: The unknown author of the Book of Job is unlikely to have written earlier than the 6th century BCE, and the cumulative evidence suggests a post-Exilic date.[38] It contains some 1,000 lines, of which about 750 form the original core.[39]

text: Proverbs[edit]

text: The Book of Proverbs consists of several collections taken from various sources.[40] Verses 10:1–22:16 are probably the oldest section, with chapters 1–9 being composed as a prologue – there is some question whether this happened before or after the Exile (587 BCE). The remaining collections are probably later, with the book reaching its final form around the 3rd century BCE.[41]

text: Ruth[edit]

text: The Talmud refers to Samuel as the author of Ruth, but this conflicts with several details inside the book.[42] It has been proposed that the anonymous author was a woman, or if a man then one who took women's issues seriously.[43] The book is largely a unity, although the genealogy of David appears to be a later addition.[44]

text: Song of Songs (Song of Solomon)[edit]

text: The Song of Songs was traditionally attributed to Solomon, but modern scholars date it around the 3rd century BCE.[45] Scholars still debate whether it is a single unified work (and therefore from a single author), or more in the nature of an anthology.[46]

text: Qoheleth/Ecclesiastes[edit]

text: The Book of Ecclesiastes is usually dated to the mid-3rd century BCE. A provenance in Jerusalem is considered likely. The book's claim of Solomon as author is a literary fiction; the author also identifies himself as "Qoheleth", a word of obscure meaning which critics have understood variously as a personal name, a nom de plume, an acronym, and a function; a final self-identification is as "shepherd", a title usually implying royalty.[47]

text: Lamentations[edit]

text: Lamentations is assigned by tradition to the Prophet Jeremiah; linguistic and theological evidence point to its origin as a distinct book in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE, with the contents having their origin in special mourning observances in Exilic and post-Exilic Jewish communities.[48]

text: Esther[edit]

text: The Book of Esther was composed in the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE among the Jews of the eastern diaspora. The genre of the book is the novella or short story, and it draws on the themes of wisdom literature; its sources are still unresolved.[49]

text: Daniel[edit]

text: The Book of Daniel presents itself as the work of a prophet named Daniel who lived during the 6th century BCE; the overwhelming majority of modern scholars date it to the 2nd century BCE.[50] The author, writing in the time of the Maccabees to assure his fellow-Jews that their persecution by the Syrians would come to an end and see them victorious, seems to have constructed his book around the legendary Daniel mentioned in Ezekiel, a figure ranked with Noah and Job for his wisdom and righteousness.[51]

text: Ezra-Nehemiah[edit]

text: The Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah were originally one work, Ezra-Nehemiah. H.G.M Williamson (1987) proposed three basic stages leading to the final work: (1) composition of the various lists and Persian documents, which he accepts as authentic and therefore the earliest parts of the book; (2) composition of the "Ezra memoir" and "Nehemiah memoir", about 400 BCE; and (3) composition of Ezra 1–6 as the final editor's introduction to the combined earlier texts, about 300 BCE.[52] Lester Grabbe (2003) puts the combination of the two texts Ezra and Nehemiah, with some final editing, somewhat later, in the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE.[53]

text: Chronicles[edit]

text: Chronicles is an anonymous work from Levitical circles in Jerusalem, probably composed in the late 4th century BCE.[54] Although the book is divided into two parts (1st and 2nd Chronicles), the majority of studies propose a single underlying text with lengthy later additions and amendments to underline certain interests such as the cult or the priesthood.[55]

text: Deuterocanonicals/Biblical Apocrypha[edit]

text: The Catholic and Orthodox Christian churches include some or all of the following books in their Bibles.

text: Additions to Daniel[edit]

text: The Greek text of the Book of Daniel contains additions not found in the Hebrew/Aramaic version. All are anonymous. The Prayer of Azariah (one of Daniel's companions) was probably composed around 169/8–165/4, when Antiochus IV was oppressing the Jews. The Song of the Three Holy Children (i.e., the three thrown into the furnace) may have been composed by priestly circles in Jerusalem. Susanna may have been composed around 170–130 BCE in the context of the Hellenisation struggle. Bel and the Dragon is difficult to date, but the late 6th century is possible.[56]

text: 1 & 2 Esdras[edit]

text: Jerome's translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate) contained four books of Esdras (i.e. Ezra); Jerome's 1 and 2 Esdras were eventually renamed Ezra and Nehemiah; the remaining books each moved up two places in most versions, but the numbering system remains highly confused. The present 1 Esdras takes material from the Book of Chronicles and the Book of Ezra, but ignores Nehemiah entirely; it was probably composed in the period 200–100 BCE.[57] 2 Esdras has no connection with the other Esdras books beyond taking Ezra as its central character. It was probably written soon after the destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE.

text: Book of Baruch[edit]

text: The author of the Book of Baruch is traditionally held to be Baruch the companion of Jeremiah, but this is considered unlikely. Some scholars propose that it was written during or shortly after the period of the Maccabees.[58]

text: 1, 2, 3 & 4 Maccabees[edit]

text: The anonymous author of 1 Maccabees was an educated Jew and a serious historian; a date around 100 BCE is most likely.[59] 2 Maccabees is a revised and condensed version of a work by an otherwise unknown author called Jason of Cyrene, plus passages by the anonymous editor who made the condensation (called "the Epitomist"). Jason most probably wrote in the mid to late 2nd century BCE, and the Epitomist before 63 BCE.[60] 3 Maccabees concerns itself with the Jewish community in Egypt a half-century before the revolt, suggesting that the author was an Egyptian Jew, and probably a native of Alexandria. A date of c. 100–75 BCE is "very probable".[61] 4 Maccabees was probably composed in the middle half of the 1st century CE, by a Jew living in Syria or Asia Minor.[62]

text: Letter of Jeremiah[edit]

text: The Letter of Jeremiah is not by Jeremiah; the author apparently appropriated the name of the prophet to lend authority to his composition. Nor is it by Jeremiah's secretary Baruch, although it appears as the last chapter of Baruch in the Catholic Bible and the KJV. Internal evidence points to a date around 317 BCE, with the author possibly a Jew in Palestine addressing Jews of the diaspora.[63]

text: Prayer of Manasseh[edit]

text: The Prayer of Manasseh presents itself as a prayer from the wicked, but now penitent, king Manasseh (or Manassas) from his exile in Babylon. The actual author is unknown, and the date of composition is probably the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE.[64]

text: Wisdom of Sirach and Wisdom of Solomon[edit]

text: Sirach names its author as Jesus ben Sirach. He was probably a scribe, offering instruction to the youth of Jerusalem. His grandson's preface to the Greek translation helps date the work to the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE, probably between 196 BCE and the beginning of the oppression of the Jews by Antiochus IV, who reigned 175–164 BCE.[65] The Wisdom of Solomon is unlikely to be earlier than the 2nd century BCE, and probably dates from 100–50 BCE. Its self-attribution to Solomon was questioned even in the medieval period, and it shows affinities with the Egyptian Jewish community and with Pharisee teachings.[66]

text: Additions to Esther[edit]

text: The Book of Esther itself was composed probably around 400 BCE by Jews living in the eastern provinces of the Persian empire and reached its final form by the 2nd century BCE; concerns over the legitimacy of certain passages in the Hebrew text led to the identification of the additions to Esther in the Greek translation of Esther of the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE.[67]

text: Tobit[edit]

text: Tobit is set in the 8th century BCE and is named after its central character, a pious Jew in exile. The generally recognised date of composition is the early 2nd century BCE.[68]

text: Judith[edit]

text: The Book of Judith is set in Israel in the time of Nebuchadrezzar, king of Assyria. It has strong Persian elements, which suggests a 4th-century BCE date; it also has strong parallels with the Hasmonean period, which suggests a 2nd-century date. It is typically labeled Pharisaic, but an origin in Sadducee circles has also been suggested.[69]

text: Additional Psalms[edit]

text: The canonical Psalms contains 150 entries. Psalm 151 is found in most Greek translations, and the Hebrew version was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.[70] Psalms 152–155 are part of the Syriac Peshitta Bible, some of which were found at Qumran.

text: New Testament[edit]

text: Gospels and Acts[edit]

text: The gospels (and Acts) are anonymous, in that none of them provide the name of the author within their text.[71] While the Gospel of John might be considered somewhat of an exception, because the author refers to himself as "the disciple Jesus loved" and claims to be a member of Jesus' inner circle,[72] most scholars today consider this passage to be an interpolation (see below).

text: There is general agreement among scholars that the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke) show a high level of cross-reference. The usual explanation, the Two-source hypothesis, is that Mark was written first and that the authors of Matthew and Luke relied on Mark and the hypothetical Q document. Scholars agree that the Gospel of John was written last, using a different tradition and body of testimony. In addition, most scholars agree that the author of Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles, making Luke-Acts two halves of a single work.[73][74][75][76][77]

text: Mark[edit]

text: According to tradition and early church fathers, first attested by Papias of Hierapolis, the author is Mark the Evangelist, the companion of the apostle Peter.[78] The gospel, however, appears to rely on several underlying sources, varying in form and in theology, which tells against the tradition that the gospel was based on Peter's preaching.[79] Various elements within the gospel, including the importance of the authority of Peter and the broadness of the basic theology, suggest that the author wrote in Syria or Palestine for a non-Jewish Christian community which had earlier absorbed the influence of pre-Pauline beliefs and then developed them further independent of Paul.[80]

text: Matthew[edit]

text: Early Christian tradition, first attested by Papias of Hierapolis, held that the Gospel of Matthew was written in "Hebrew" (Aramaic, the language of Judea) by the apostle Matthew, the tax-collector and disciple of Jesus,[81] but according to the majority of modern scholars it is unlikely that this Gospel was written by an eyewitness.[82] Modern scholars interpret the tradition to mean that Papias, writing about 125–150 CE, believed that Matthew had made a collection of the sayings of Jesus.[83] Papias's description does not correspond well with what is known of the gospel: it was most probably written in Greek, not Aramaic or Hebrew, it depends on the Greek Gospel of Mark and on the hypothetical Q document, and it is not a collection of sayings.[84] Although the identity of the author is unknown, the internal evidence of the Gospel suggests that he was an ethnic Jewish male scribe from a Hellenised city, possibly Antioch in Syria,[85] and that he wrote between 70 and 100 CE[86] using a variety of oral traditions and written sources about Jesus.[87]

text: Luke and Acts[edit]

text: There is general acceptance that the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles originated as a two-volume work by a single author addressed to an otherwise unknown individual named Theophilus.[88] This author was an "amateur Hellenistic historian" versed in Greek rhetoric, that being the standard training for historians in the ancient world.[89]

text: According to tradition, first attested by Irenaeus, the author was Luke the Evangelist, the companion of the Apostle Paul, but many modern scholars have expressed doubt and opinion on the subject is evenly divided.[90] Instead, they believe Luke-Acts was written by an anonymous Christian author who may not have been an eyewitness to any of the events recorded within the text. Some of the evidence cited comes from the text of Luke-Acts itself. In the preface to Luke, the author refers to having eyewitness testimony "handed down to us" and to having undertaken a "careful investigation", but the author does not mention his own name or explicitly claim to be an eyewitness to any of the events, except for the we passages. And in the we passages, the narrative is written in the first person plural— the author never refers to himself as "I" or "me". To those who are skeptical of an eyewitness author, the we passages are usually regarded as fragments of a second document, part of some earlier account, which was later incorporated into Acts by the later author of Luke-Acts, or simply a Greek rhetorical device used for sea voyages.[91]

text: John[edit]

text: John 21:24 identifies the author of the Gospel of John as "the beloved disciple," and from the late 2nd century tradition, first attested by Irenaeus, this figure, unnamed in the Gospel itself, was identified with John the son of Zebedee.[92] Today, however, most scholars agree that John 21 is an appendix to the Gospel, which originally ended at John 20:30–31.[93] The majority of scholars date the Gospel of John to c. 80–95,[71][94] and propose that the author made use of two major sources, a "Signs" source (a collection of seven miracle stories) and a "Discourse" source.[95]

text: Epistles[edit]

text: Pauline epistles[edit]

text: The Epistle to the Romans, First Corinthians and Second Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and the Epistle to Philemon are almost universally accepted as the work of Paul – the superscripts to all except Romans and Galatians identify these as coming from Paul and at least one other person, a practice which was not usual in letters of the period, and it is not clear what role these other persons had in their composition.[96] There is some support for Paul's authorship of the three "Deutero-Pauline Epistles," Ephesians, Colossians, and 2 Thessalonians. The three Pastoral epistles – First and Second Timothy and Titus, are probably from the same author,[96] but most historical-critical scholars regard them as the work of someone other than Paul.[97][98]

text: Letter to the Hebrews[edit]

text: The Church included the Letter to the Hebrews as the fourteenth letter of Paul until the Reformation. Pauline authorship is now generally rejected, and the real author is unknown.[99]

text: General epistles[edit]

text: The traditional authors are: Peter the apostle (First and Second Peter); the author of the Gospel of John (First, Second and Third John), writing in advanced age; "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James" (Epistle of Jude); and James the Just, "a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (James). In fact 1 John is anonymous, and 2 and 3 John identify their author only as "the Elder." Though 2 Peter states its author as "Simon Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ", most scholars today regard this as pseudonymous, and many hold the same opinion of James, 1 Peter and Jude.[96]

text: Revelation[edit]

text: The author of the Book of Revelation was traditionally believed to be the same person as both John, the apostle of Jesus and John the Evangelist, the traditional author of the Fourth Gospel – the tradition can be traced to Justin Martyr, writing in the early 2nd century.[100] Most biblical scholars now believe that these were separate individuals.[101][102] The name "John" suggests that the author was a Christian of Jewish descent, and although he never explicitly identifies himself as a prophet it is likely that he belonged to a group of Christian prophets and was known as such to members of the churches in Asia Minor. Since the 2nd century the author has been identified with one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. This is commonly linked with an assumption that the same author wrote the Gospel of John. Others, however, have argued that the author could have been John the Elder of Ephesus, a view which depends on whether a tradition cited by Eusebius was referring to someone other than the apostle. The precise identity of "John" therefore remains unknown.[103]