document_title: Telephone numbers in Australia

question_text: what is the telephone code for melbourne australia

question_tokens: what is the telephone code for melbourne australia

text: Telephone numbers in Australia

text: Overview[edit]

text: For landline telephony, Australia is now geographically divided into four large areas, most of which cover more than one State and/or Territory. All "Local" telephone numbers within these four areas are of eight digits, consisting (mainly) of a four digit "Exchange" code plus a four digit number. The "National 'Significant' Number" consists of a single digit "Area" code followed by the "Local" eight digit number - a total of nine digits. Within Australia, to access the "Number" of a landline telephone in an "Area" other than that in which the caller is located (including a caller using a "Mobile" 'phone), firstly it is necessary to dial the Australian "Trunk Access Code" of 0 plus the "Area" code, followed by the "Local" Number. Thus, the "Full National Number" (FNN) has ten digits: 0x xxxx xxxx.

text: The Australian "Trunk Access Code" (0) and the following digit(s) specify the type of service required. The following is a high level[clarification needed] listing of the numbering plan (including the "Trunk Access Code"), presented in domestic format. (Geographical region boundaries do not exactly follow State borders.)

text:
000 Emergency access
0011 International access (Certain other prefixes are also in use by certain service providers, see below)
01 Alternative phone services
02 Geographic: Central East region (NSW, ACT)
03 Geographic: South-east region (VIC, TAS)
04 Digital Mobile services (GSM, 3G and 4G)
05 Digital Mobile services (0550 allocated to Location Independent Communication Services)
07 Geographic: North-east region (QLD)
08 Geographic: Central and West region (SA, NT, WA)
1 Non-geographic numbers (mostly for domestic use only) and override prefixes.

text: The current numbering plan would appear to be sufficient to cope with potential increase in demand for services for quite some time to come. The 06 and 09 area codes are completely unused. In addition, each current area code has large number "ranges" unallocated.

text: When dialing from outside Australia, after dialing the appropriate International Access Code it is necessary to dial the Country Code for Australia (61) followed by the nine digit "National 'Significant' Number". (The + symbol is used to represent International Access Code, e.g. +61 3 xxxx xxxx for a number in Victoria/Tasmania or +61 4xx xxx xxx for a "Mobile" number). Some numbers beginning with a 1 may be dialled without any replacement, after dialling the required International Access Code and the Country Code for Australia (+61). (see below)

text: Australian "Local Area" numbers are of eight digits in length, conventionally written in the form xxxx xxxx. "Mobile" (Cell Phone) numbers are written in the form of ten digits in length since, when dialed within Australia, the Trunk Access Code 0 must be included, plus 4, which indicates the Service required is a "Mobile" number. Mobile numbers are conventionally written 04xx xxx xxx. If a landline or mobile number is written where it may be viewed by an international audience (e.g. in an email signature or on a website) then the number is often written as +61 x xxxx xxxx or +61 4xx xxx xxx respectively.

text: (The Australian National "Trunk Access Code" of 0 is not used for calls originated from locations outside Australia.)

text: Geographic numbers[edit]

text: Fixed line telephone numbers in Australia exist within four "areas", each specified by a single digit "area code".

text: (Within Australia, to access a number in another "Area" it is necessary firstly to dial the "Trunk Access Code" of 0, followed by the "Area Code" and then the specific "Local" number.)

text: In major centres, the first four digits specify the CCA (Call Collection Area, also known as an "exchange"), and the remaining digits specify a number at that exchange, up to 10,000 of which may be connected. Smaller Exchanges in more remote areas may be specified by five or six "local" digits, meaning that no more than 1,000 or 100 numbers respectively could be connected to such exchanges.

text: To access numbers in the same area, it is necessary only to dial the eight digits concerned. To access a number in another "Area" it is necessary firstly to dial the "Trunk Access Code" of 0, followed by the area code (2, 3, 7 or 8) and then the specific "Local" number.

text: The area codes do not exactly match State/Territory boundaries. Notable are the part of New South Wales around Broken Hill (a large part of the state's area but less than 1% of its population), which uses (08) 80xx numbers,[2] and Wodonga, which is in Victoria but is within the New South Wales (02) area code. Physical exchanges can be allocated one or more prefixes and modern technology allows sub-sets of these number ranges to be allocated to switching entities physically located at a distance from the "exchange" in which their controlling computer is located. (Thus, the concept of what is a "telephone exchange" can become somewhat blurred.)

text: Landlines use an open dialling plan: if the caller's phone shares the same area code as the called phone, the area code may be omitted. For example, a call from the number (02) 5551 5678, to the number (02) 7010 1111, will be connected if the caller dials only 7010 1111. Similarly, a person who dials 7010 5678 on a land-line or mobile phone in Melbourne (i.e., within the 03 area) will be connected to 03 7010 5678. For this reason, landline numbers are often specified without the area code. If a person's number and the destination number share the same area code, then the area code is not required, even if it is not a "local" (untimed) call.

text: However, the "Full National Number" may always be dialled. In fact, the full "International Number" may always be dialled, since the Australian telephone network has the "intelligence" to recognise when the destination required is either "International", in a different "National" area or within the "Local" area –  and to switch and charge the call accordingly. Thus, it is strongly recommended that telephone numbers should be stored in mobile phones in the form of the full "International Number", should the owner of the phone be likely to use the phone concerned in an area away from "home", either within Australia or internationally.

text: Mobile phones[edit]

text: Within Australia, mobile phone numbers traditionally begin with 04 - the Australian National "Trunk Access Code" 0, plus the Mobile indicator 4 - followed by eight digits. This is generally written as 04aa bbb ccc or 04aa bb cc dd within Australia, or as +61 4 yyyy xxxx for an international audience. Whilst this format may be viewed as incorrect, it is the result of mobile carriers advertising numbers in such a way so as to clearly identify the owning telco prior to mobile number portability, introduced on 25 September 2001. Prior to MNP, mobile operators generally reserved number ranges in blocks of 04aa.

text: All Australian numbers are 10 digits, with a 2 digit area code (02), (03), (04), .... prefix and 8 digit number xxxx yyyy.

text: The y-digit codes are allocated per network, although with the introduction of number portability, there is no longer a fixed relationship between the mobile phone number and the network it uses.

text: Within Australia, mobile numbers must always be dialed with all 10 digits, regardless of the caller's location. 04 is the National Trunk Access Code plus a prefix indicating the service required and not an "area code", as such.

text: In 2015 the 05 range (other than 0550) was also allocated to Digital Mobile Phones.

text: Geographic numbers[edit]

text: Geographical areas are identified by the first few digits of the local number:

text: Central East region (02)[edit]

text:
02 33 Gosford, Central Coast [geo 1]
02 37 Armidale, Tamworth, Northern Tablelands [geo 2]
02 38 Bowral, Crookwell, Goulburn, Marulan [geo 1]
02 39 Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina [geo 2]
02 40 Newcastle, Lower Hunter [geo 3]
02 41 Newcastle, Lower Hunter [geo 1]
02 42 Wollongong
02 43 Gosford, Central Coast
02 44 Batemans Bay, Moruya, Nowra
02 45 Windsor, Richmond
02 46 Campbelltown
02 47 Penrith, Blue Mountains
02 48 Bowral, Crookwell, Goulburn, Marulan
02 49 Newcastle, Lower Hunter
02 50 Albury, Corryong, Wodonga [geo 1]
02 51 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass [geo 1]
02 52 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass [geo 1]
02 53 Bathurst, Orange. [geo 3]
02 54 Bega, Merimbula, Tathra, Cooma [geo 2]
02 55 Kempsey, Taree, Lord Howe Island, Muswellbrook [geo 3] [geo 4]
02 56 Murwillumbah, Grafton, Lismore [geo 3]
02 57 Armidale, Tamworth, Northern Tablelands [geo 3]
02 58 Bourke, Dubbo, Far West. [geo 3]
02 59 Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina [geo 3]
02 60 Albury, Corryong, Wodonga
02 61 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass [geo 3]
02 62 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass
02 63 Bathurst, Orange, Cowra
02 64 Bega, Merimbula, Tathra, Cooma
02 65 Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Taree, Lord Howe Island, Muswellbrook.
02 66 Coffs Harbour, Grafton, Lismore
02 67 Armidale, Glen Innes, Gunnedah, Inverell, Moree, Narrabri, Tamworth
02 68 Bourke, Dubbo, Far West
02 69 Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina
02 7 Sydney [geo 1][geo 4]
02 8 Sydney [geo 3]
02 9 Sydney

text: South-east region (03)[edit]

text:
03 32 Geelong, Colac [geo 2]
03 33 Ballarat [geo 2]
03 34 Bendigo [geo 2]
03 40 Mildura, Balranald [geo 3]
03 41 Traralgon, Bairnsdale [geo 1]
03 42 Geelong, Colac [geo 1]
03 43 Ballarat [geo 3]
03 44 Bendigo [geo 3]
03 45 Warrnambool [geo 1]
03 47 Wangaratta [geo 3]
03 48 Deniliquin, Numurkah, Shepparton [geo 1]
03 49 Mornington [geo 3]
03 50 Mildura, Balranald
03 51 Traralgon, Bairnsdale
03 52 Colac, Geelong
03 53 Ballarat
03 54 Bendigo
03 55 Warrnambool, Casterton, Portland [geo 4]
03 56 Drouin, Foster, Warragul, Wonthaggi
03 57 Wangaratta
03 58 Deniliquin, Shepparton
03 59 Mornington, Pakenham, Rosebud, Warburton, Yarra Ranges
03 61 Hobart [geo 3]
03 62 Hobart
03 63 Launceston
03 64 Devonport, Burnie, Queenstown
03 65 Devonport, Burnie, Queenstown [geo 1]
03 67 Launceston [geo 1]
03 7 Melbourne [geo 1][geo 4]
03 8 Melbourne [geo 3]
03 9 Melbourne

text: North-east region (07)[edit]

text:
07 2 Brisbane, Bribie Island [geo 1]
07 3 Brisbane, Bribie Island
07 40 Cairns, Far North Queensland
07 41 Bundaberg, Kingaroy
07 42 Cairns [geo 3]
07 43 Bundaberg, Kingaroy [geo 1]
07 44 Townsville, North Queensland [geo 3]
07 45 Toowoomba, Roma, south-west [geo 3]
07 46 Toowoomba, Roma, South West
07 47 Townsville, North Queensland
07 48 Rockhampton, Mackay [geo 3]
07 49 Rockhampton, Mackay, Gladstone
07 52 Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture [geo 1]
07 53 Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture [geo 3]
07 54 Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture
07 55 Gold Coast, Beaudesert [geo 4]
07 56 Gold Coast, Beaudesert [geo 3]
07 57 Gold Coast, Beaudesert [geo 1]
07 70 Cairns, Far North Queensland [geo 2][geo 4]
07 75 Inglewood, Toowoomba [geo 2]
07 76 Inglewood, Toowoomba [geo 1]
07 77 Townsville, North Queensland [geo 2]
07 79 Rockhampton, Mackay, Gladstone [geo 2]

text: Central and West region (08)[edit]

text:
08 25 Riverland, Murraylands [geo 2]
08 26 Ceduna [geo 2]
08 51 Port Hedland [geo 1]
08 52 Perth [geo 1]
08 53 Perth [geo 1]
08 54 Perth [geo 1]
08 55 Bullsbrook East, Northam, Pinjarra (Mandurah) [geo 2][geo 4]
08 58 Albany [geo 2]
08 60 Kalgoorlie, Merredin, Goldfields-Esperance [geo 3]
08 61 Perth [geo 3]
08 62 Perth [geo 3]
08 63 Perth [geo 3]
08 64 Perth [geo 3]
08 65 Perth [geo 3]
08 66 Moora [geo 1]
08 67 Bridgetown, Bunbury [geo 1]
08 68 Albany [geo 3]
08 69 Geraldton [geo 2]
08 70 Adelaide [geo 3][geo 4]
08 71 Adelaide [geo 3]
08 72 Adelaide [geo 3]
08 73 Adelaide [geo 3]
08 74 Adelaide [geo 3]
08 75 Riverland, Murraylands [geo 3]
08 76 Ceduna [geo 3]
08 77 South East [geo 1]
08 78 Mid North [geo 1]
08 79 Northern Territory (Alice Springs, Darwin) [geo 3]
08 80 Broken Hill
08 81 Adelaide [geo 3]
08 82 Adelaide
08 83 Adelaide
08 84 Adelaide
08 85 Riverland, Murraylands
08 86 Ceduna
08 87 South East
08 88 Mid North
08 89 Northern Territory (Alice Springs, Darwin)
08 90 Kalgoorlie
08 91 Derby [inc. Cocos/Keeling & Christmas Islands.]
08 92 Perth
08 93 Perth
08 94 Perth
08 95 Bullsbrook East, Northam, Pinjarra (Mandurah)
08 96 Moora
08 97 Bunbury, Busselton, Bridgetown, Collie
08 98 Albany
08 99 Geraldton

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Prefixes proposed by ACMA and legislated in early 2008.[3] Note, some of these numbers are now actually in use
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o New in 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Added since renumbering
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h 0x 5550 and 0x 7010 reserved for fictitious use.[4]

text: Non-geographic numbers[edit]

text: Mobile phone numbers (04, 05)[edit]

text: Each mobile phone company is allocated numbers in blocks, which are listed below. However mobile number portability means an individual number might have been "ported". There are also many MVNOs which use numbers from their wholesaler or might have their own ranges. A search function is also available on the ACMA website.

text: ACMA plans to introduce the "05" range for mobile numbers in 2017, when the "04" range is expected to be exhausted.[5]

text:
Allocation for numbers in the range 04xy z00 000 – 04xy z99 999

y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

040yz
Telstra
Optus
Vodafone
Telstra

041yz
Vodafone
Optus
Vodafone
Telstra

042yz
*
Vodafone
Optus
Vodafone
Telstra

043yz
Vodafone
Optus
Vodafone
Optus
Telstra

044yz
Spare
T
*
Spare
Telstra
Vodafone

045yz
Vodafone
Spare
Telstra

046yz
Spare
Optus
Telstra

Optus
Lycamobile

047yz
Lycamobile
Spare
Telstra
Optus

048yz
Spare
Optus
Spare
Telstra
Spare
Telstra
P
T
*

*
P

049yz
Telstra

*
Spare
Telstra

text:
*Allocation of numbers in these ranges

Multi
Range
Provider

04200
0420 000 000 – 0420 019 999
Rail Corporation New South Wales

0420 020 000 – 0420 029 999
Dialogue Communications Pty Limited

0420 030 000 – 0420 039 999
Symbio Network Pty Ltd

0420 040 000 – 0420 089 999
Spare

0420 090 000 - 0420 099 999
CLX

04201
0420 100 000 – 0420 109 999
Pivotel Satellite Pty Limited

0420 110 000 – 0420 119 999
COMPATEL Limited

0420 120 000 – 0420 199 999
Spare

04445
0444 500 000 - 0444 599 999
MBLOX

04888
0488 800 000 – 0488 899 999
Pivotel

04890
0489 000 000 – 0489 909 999
Novatel Telephony Pty Ltd

04898
0489 800 000 – 0489 839 999
Spare

0489 840 000 – 0489 849 999
Victorian Rail Track

0489 850 000 – 0489 899 999
Spare

04899
0489 900 000 – 0489 999 999
Pivotel

04915
0491 500 000 – 0491 569 999
Spare

0491 570 000 – 0491 579 999
ACMA

0491 580 000 – 0491 599 999
Spare

text: Satellite phone numbers (014)[edit]

text: Numbers beginning with 014 are predominantly used for satellite services. Parts of the 014 prefix had previously been used as a 9 digit, AMPS mobile phone access code.

text: The 01471 prefix is the ten-digit replacement for the previous, nine-digit ITERRA satellite phone code 0071 xxxxx. Prior to its use for ITERRA (and other satellite services). These numbers were allocated in March 1999.

text: 0145xxxxxx numbers are used for services utilised on the Optus network in Australia. This is predominantly used for MobileSat and Thuraya mobile satellite services. These numbers were allocated in December 1992: 220,000 with the rest "spare".

text: The prefixes 0141, 0142, 0143, 0145 and 0147 are set aside for satellite systems; the rest of the 014 prefix range is currently not allocated to any other service type. There is not a lot of demand for these services, and many satellite phones now have normal mobile phone numbers (prefix 04), so it is not likely for the entire 014 range to be allocated to satellite services.

text: Location independent communications service (0550)[edit]

text: These numbers are designed for VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) systems, where they work like a fixed number but not allocated on a geographical level. It is possible that LICS numbers will be absorbed into mobile numbers in the future, as they provide similar features. Indeed, the July 2012 variation of the numbering plan allocated the rest of the 05 range to digital mobile numbering.[6]

text: Data numbers (0198)[edit]

text: All calls to 0198 numbers are a "local call" cost like 13 and 1300 numbers but are used for internet service provider access numbers. They are used both with dial up modems and ISDN. e.g. 0198 379 000 is the Dial-Up PoP number for iiNet

text: Obsolete numbers[edit]

text: Most numbers that are no longer used have been removed from the Telecommunications Numbering Plan 2015, whether in previous variations or in this complete replacement. (See below)

text: However, the 0163 prefix is still allocated for use with pagers. This was reduced from 016 in a variation to the previous numbering plan. As of March 2011 only 1000 numbers were allocated, and by the end of 2012 there were none allocated.

text: Non-geographic numbers (domestic use)[edit]

text: The following codes are not generally dialable from international points, but used in domestic dialling:

text:
000 – Emergency (Police, Fire, Ambulance)
106 – TTY emergency (for the hearing-impaired)
11 – Community services

1100 – Dial Before You Dig
112 – Alternative access to Emergency Services (Police, Fire, Ambulance; diallable from GSM mobile phones only)
119x – Community services (e.g. 1194 is time and 1196 is weather)

12 – Network services

122x – Operator services (e.g. 1223 is directory assistance)
1225 – International directory assistance
123x – Operator services (e.g. 1234 is Sensis personal assistance)
124xx – Operator services (e.g. 12456 is Sensis Call Connect)
125xxx – Telstra Mobile Services (e.g. 125111 is Telstra Mobile Customer Service)
1268x, 1268 xxxx and 1268 xxx xxx – Internal network services
127 – Testing numbers (e.g. 12722123 reads your number from a Telstra line, 12723123 reads your number for an Optus line) (length varies), dial 12722199 then hang up and the call is returned by the exchange (used to test handset functionality)
1282 – Call information service
128xx – Call information service

13 xx xx and 1300 xxx xxx – "Local Rate" calls, except for VoIP and mobile phone users
1345 xxxx – Local rate calls (only used for back-to-base monitored alarm systems)
180 xxxx and 1800 xxx xxx – FreeCall
188 xxxx – Premium SMS (since moved to 19 range)
189 xx – Calling card service
19 xx xx and 19xx xxxx – Premium SMS
190x xxx xxx – Premium rate services (usually 1902 and 1900)

text: Some notes:

text:
These numbers do not have a Trunk Access Code prefix (0).
The 106 number is believed to be the first nationwide TTY emergency service in the world.
13 xx xx, 1300 xxx xxx and 1800 xxx xxx numbers can provide source-based routing, used by organisations such as pizza chains that advertise one number nationwide that connects customers to their nearest store.
Virtually all FreeCall numbers in use are 1800 xxx xxx, though some organisations do use the shorter 7-digit version.[7]
Some of these numbers are dialable from locations outside Australia. It is up to the individual owner to set this up correctly (for 13 and 18 numbers at least) (e.g. +61 13x xxx)
911 will not re-route to triple zero as the prefix 911x has been allocated to landlines under the current numbering plan.[8] 911 may redirect to 000 when using a mobile phone, like 112, but it is not encouraged as knowledge of these numbers causes confusion

text: Emergency services numbers (000, 106, 112)[edit]

text: 000 is the primary emergency telephone number in Australia. Secondary emergency numbers are 106 (for use by the hearing impaired with a TTY terminal) and the international GSM mobile emergency telephone number 112.

text: Increased awareness of the 112 emergency number in Australia has led to the potential for confusion over which number to call in an emergency. As a secondary emergency number, 112 is not guaranteed to work from all technologies; most notably, it does not work from landlines.[9] In order to encourage use of 000, mobile telephones imported commercially into Australia are required to be programmed to treat 000 in the same fashion as 112 (i.e. dialling with key lock enabled, use of any carrier, preferential routing, etc.).[10] On older or privately imported (e.g. roaming from another country) telephones, 000 may not receive such preferential treatment.

text: A proposed amendment to the Telecommunications (Consumer Protection and Service Standards) Act 1999 would prevent carriers from providing emergency services access to SIM-less devices, i.e. mobile telephones that do not have a SIM installed.[11]

text: Local Rate and FreeCall numbers (13, 180)[edit]

text: Australia uses the free call prefix 1800 for 10 digit freecall numbers. This is similar to the North American or NANPA prefix 1–800, but while in North America, the 1 is the long-distance or toll prefix and 800 is the area code; 1800 in Australia is itself a "virtual area code" (prior to the introduction of 8-digit numbers, the free call code was 008). There are also seven digit freecall numbers beginning with 180 – the only numbers currently allocated begin with 1802.

text: The 13 and 1300 numbers are known as Local Rate Numbers or SmartNumbers.[12] They are also known as priority 13, and priority 1300 numbers. These work across large areas (potentially the whole of Australia) and charge the caller only a low cost, routing the call to the appropriate place in a given area. For example, a company could have the number 139999 and have the telephone company set it up so that calls made in Melbourne would route to their Melbourne number, calls made in Brisbane to their Brisbane number, and calls made anywhere else in Australia route to their Sydney number, all at a local charge cost to the caller. 13 numbers were not available before the introduction of the current 8-digit local numbering plan. Businesses looking for local callers tend to connect to a "1300" number. Note that these numbers are called "Local Rate" and not "Local" numbers, so do not necessarily cost the same as a local call: Indeed, many (landline and mobile) phone plans do not even include them in the "included" credit and/or charge them at a higher rate than "normal" numbers.

text: Though promoted as "local call rate" calls, calls to 13 and 1300 numbers cost more than a local call fee for those people using VoIP and having all local and national calls free.[citation needed]

text: 1800, 1300 and 13 numbers are reverse charge networks. Other than the length of the number, the differences between a 13 number and a 1300 number is that the shorter number has a higher fee for the owner of the number: there should be no difference in cost to the caller. A call to an 1800 is free when dialled from a landline. It depends on the individual mobile plan as how these numbers are charged: many plans now do not charge for 1800 but 1300 may still be charged at a high rate, or outside included calls.

text: These numbers "forward" to a geographic or mobile number. The recipient is usually charged at a set rate per second for each call, depending on plan and destination.

text: Premium numbers (19)[edit]

text: 190x (not to be confused with 0198) is the prefix for premium rate services (e.g. recorded information, competition lines, psychics, phone sex, etc.). (Prior to the introduction of 8-digit local numbers, the prefix was 0055.) 190 numbers incur a rate as charged by the provider – either at a per-minute rate (limited at $5.50 per minute) or a fixed rate (up to $38.50 per call). The latter method is most often used for fax-back services, where a timed charge is not appropriate. Costs of 190 calls for competitions involving chance are also often limited by state legislation to $0.55 per call. (In the previous numbering plan, 0055 numbers were limited to three bands: Premium Rate, Value Rate and Budget Rate, with per minute rates of $0.75, $0.60 and $0.40 respectively.)

text: Other numbers beginning with 19 are used for premium-rate SMS services. These were originally trialled using the 188 prefix. These can range from a standard SMS cost (usually 25c), up to 55c for competition use, to several dollars for other uses, such as unique bid auctions.

text: International access[edit]

text: Default (0011)[edit]

text: The main international prefix is 0011. (E.164 international format is supported from phones with the ability to dial the '+' symbol.[13])

text: Others[edit]

text: There are other codes for using a non-default carrier or a special plan:

text:
0014 will route through the Primus network
0015 will use the Telstra network on a special mode for international faxing.
0019 will use the Optus network
Other 4 and 5 digit prefixes beginning with 001 (and even 009) are available but have not been allocated.

text: However, carrier selection codes (14xx) are now also used, and carrier pre-selection is widely used.

text: Override prefixes[edit]

text: Provider override codes (14)[edit]

text: These four-digit numbers are dialled before the destination number to complete and bill a call by a carrier other than the subscriber's service provider. For example, to use AAPT to call a number in Tokyo, Japan, subscribers would dial 1414 0011 81 3 xxxx xxxx, or to use Optus to call a Perth they would dial 1456 08 xxxx xxxx. It is not clear if all these prefixes will actually work.

text:
1410 – Telstra
1411 – Telstra
1412 - Chime
1413 – Telstra
1414 – AAPT
1415 - Vodafone
1422 - Premier Technologies
1423 - Soul Pattinson
1428 - Verizon Australia
1431 - Vodafone Hutchison
1434 – Symbio Networks
1441 – Soul Pattinson
1447 – TransACT
1450 - Pivotel
1455 - Netsip
1456 – Optus
1464 - Agile
1466 – Primus
1468 - Telpacific
1469 - Lycamobile
1474 – Powertel
1477 - Vocus
1488 – Symbio Networks
1499 - VIRTUTEL

text: Supplementary Control service (183) works from both landline and mobile[edit]

text:
1831 – Block caller-id sending
1832 – Unblock caller-id sending

text: Caller identification control, on a Call by Call basis - mobile only[edit]

text:
#31# - Block caller-id sending, for this call, then dial the number you are calling.
*31# - Unblock caller-id sending, for this call, then dial the number you are calling.

text: Unlike the feature codes below, these caller-id prefixes work with all/most carriers.

text: Other numbers and codes[edit]

text: Feature codes – Telstra[edit]

text: These codes are only true for Telstra-infrastructure based landline phones

text:
Call waiting

*#43# – Check call waiting status
*43# – Enable call waiting
#43# – Disable call waiting
*44 – Dial before a number to disable call waiting for the call duration (Enabled on Ericsson 'AXE' and Alcatel 'S12' based exchanges)

Call forward – immediate

*#21# – Check Call Forward Immediate Status
*21 [forward number] # – Enable Call Forward Immediate on all incoming calls
#21# – Disable Call Forward Immediate

Call forward – busy

*#24# – Check Call Forward Busy Status
*24 [forward number] # – Enable Call Forward when line is Busy for incoming calls
#24# – Disable Call Forward Busy

Last call return

*10# – Check last missed call
0# – Redial last number (This is only enabled on Ericsson based Exchanges)

Call control

*30 [old pin] * [new pin] * [new pin] # – Setup/change current Call Control PIN
*#33# – Check Call Control Status
*33 [pin] # – Enable Call Control on line
#33 [pin] # – Disable Call Control on line

text: Test numbers[edit]

text:
Telstra Landline Test numbers

12722123 – Playback the last connected or current landline number (add 1832 in front for private numbers)
12722199 – Ringback the current landline number

Optus landline test numbers

1272312 – Playback the last connected or current landline number
1272399 – Ringback the current landline number

From other subscribers including VoIP providers

1800801920 – Playback the last connected or current landline number

Other

12711 – Current long-distance Carrier Name

text: Historic numbering plans[edit]

text: A lot of old numbers were officially removed from the Telecommunications Numbering Plan in the 2015 version, whether in the replacement version or a previous variation.

text:
018 AMPS phone numbers are completely removed.
0500 Personal Numbers are removed.
Unused prefixes such as 114 mass calling service are removed.

text: 0055 numbers were previously premium-rate numbers, but have been moved into 190 numbers before 1999. They are still referenced by many Australians.

text: The original toll-free area code was 008, but the format was changed to 1800.

text: Directory assistance used various numbers: 013 for local calls, 0175 for other national calls, and 0103 for international. The two domestic numbers have been replaced with 1223, while 0103 has been replaced with 1225. Other numbers for directory assistance, often with a call connection option, exist depending on the carrier.

text: 0011 was initially the code for the operator, which later became the international exit code.

text: 014 was originally the number for the time, (later 1104), which was changed to 1194 in 1976.

text: 0176 was previously the reverse-charge call operator, which has been moved to 12550 or 3rd-party companies such as 1800 REVERSE.

text: Until the early 1960s, the first one or two digits of telephone numbers in metropolitan areas were alphabetical, with each letter representing a distinct number on the telephone dial. Each one-letter or two-letter code signified an exchange within an urban area. Rural and regional areas typically relied on manual exchanges, or only one automatic exchange for the whole town, so rural and regional numbers did not feature these letter prefixes.

text: This alphanumeric scheme was significantly different from the current system used for SMS messages.

text: The former alphanumeric scheme was:

text:
A = 1;
B = 2;
F = 3;
J = 4;
L = 5;
M = 6;
U = 7;
W = 8;
X = 9;
Y = 0

text: The letters did not relate to the exchange name. For example, the exchange prefix for Essendon was FU (which translated to 37 and later became the 37x [then 937x] exchange used by the whole City of Essendon [which became the City of Moonee Valley in late 1994]). Although Melbourne city numbers began with 6, it was only rarely, and probably by accident, that any other exchanges had matching letters. Numbers using the old alphanumeric scheme were written as ab.xxxx, for example FU 1234 (the actual train of digits sent to the phone was "371234") or MW 5550 (685550). Seven-digit numbers started appearing as early as 1960, and were all numerical from the start. There were still some six-digit numbers in Melbourne as late as 1989, but by the 1990s, they all had been converted to seven-digit numbers. Footscray used 6-digit numbers in exchange code 68 until 1987, when they were changed to 687 or 689.

text: The old call back number was 199, and could be used on public pay phones, and private numbers too. This has been moved to a new number 12722199.


document_title: England at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when did england last win a knock out match

question_tokens: when did england last win a knock out match

root

text: England at the FIFA World Cup

text: History[edit]

text: Brazil 1950[edit]

text: England's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship. The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park, Cardiff, against Wales. Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes, and just seven minutes later, Jackie Milburn doubled the lead. This was the first goal of Milburn's hat trick, which left England 4–0 up with 20 minutes to play. Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time, but England held on for a comfortable victory.

tag: p

text: A month later, England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road, and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes. England were already 6–0 up, thanks to Jack Froggatt, two for Stan Pearson, Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley, by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes. Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth's goal, however, leaving the score at 8–1 at the hour mark. The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that, with only one apeice before the final whistle, with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England's ninth, and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland.

text: It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland, who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales. With the top two from the group qualifying, both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals, and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship, and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil. A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory, the title and the top spot in the group.

text: 1950 Finals[edit]

text: England were seeded in pot one for the finals, which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2, which also contained Spain, Chile and the United States. England's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro, and, as was expected, England cruised to a 2–0 victory, courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion.[citation needed]

text: Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time. Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory, which has gone down as one of the World Cup's greatest upsets. A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back, they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10–1 in England's favour. However, this has proven to be untrue.[5]

text: This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match, against Spain in Rio. They needed to win, and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through, and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour. As it turned out, no such calculations were necessary, despite Chile's victory, as Spain's Zarra scored the only goal of the game, eliminating England from the competition.

text: Switzerland 1954[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: As with their first World Cup, England's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953–54 British Home Championship. They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again, and the 4–1 result was the same. However, unlike four years earlier, it was the home side that went into the lead, after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch. Despite being 1–0 down at half time, England scored four within eight minutes of the restart; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse.

text: Goodison Park was the venue for England's home clash against Ireland, who were newly renamed Northern Ireland. Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes. Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark, but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later. Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3–1 win for England.

text: With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals, the final game between England and Scotland, at Hampden Park, settled nothing except the placings within the group, despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3–3 draw at home to Wales. Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes, but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later. Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time, and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen's 68th-minute goal. Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time, and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play, England topped the competition for the second time in a row.

text: 1954 Finals[edit]

text: England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals, with hosts Switzerland, Italy and Belgium. In an odd twist, unique to the 1954 tournament, England and Italy, as the two seeded teams in the group, did not have to play each other.

text: Equally, Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other. England's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel, and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes. Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later, and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later, it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians.

text: Broadis scored his second just after the hour, but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3–2 down. Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again. In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup, drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time, and as such the teams played on with the score at 3–3.

text: Just one minute into the added period, Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it, but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4–4. It stayed this way until the extra period was up, and as penalty shoot-outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group, the match was recorded as a draw.

text: England's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern. This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions, and they scored one goal in each half (from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively) to give them a comfortable win of 2–0. As Switzerland (against England), Italy (against Switzerland) and Belgium (against Italy) had all lost one game, England progressed as group winners, along with Switzerland, who won a play-off against Italy.

text: England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter-finals. Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes, but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later. England were clearly struggling, but held on until just before half time, when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay.

text: Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break, but Tom Finney kept England's foot in the door with his sixty seventh-minute goal. However, it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two-goal lead with twelve minutes to play. The score remained at 4–2, and England were eliminated from the cup.

text: Sweden 1958[edit]

text: For the first time, England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden. They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark. In the qualifying round, England won three out of the four games and drew the other. Four months before the World Cup, Roger Byrne, Duncan Edwards, David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United. At the finals, which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part, the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups.

text: England were drawn against the Soviet Union (2–2), Brazil (0–0) and Austria (2–2), who finished third in the 1954 World Cup. At the end of the group stage, Soviet Union and England each had three points, and had scored four goals and conceded four goals. This meant there was a play-off to decide the second-placed team in the group, the winner to qualify. England lost the play-off 1–0 and were thus knocked out. The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose.

text: Chile 1962[edit]

text: The third World Cup which took place in South America, saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group, which contained Portugal and Luxembourg, defeating Luxembourg on both occasions, and defeating Portugal at home, and drawing in Lisbon.

text: At the finals, England were drawn in a group with Hungary, Argentina and Bulgaria. England defeated Argentina 3-1, thanks to goals from Ron Flowers, Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves,[6] before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria, and a 2–1 defeat to Hungary.[7]

text: England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3, defending champions Brazil, in the quarter-finals. Brazil scored first through Garrincha, before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time. However, second-half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3–1, and eliminated England from the competition.[8] This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom's last game in charge. Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals. From May 1963, Alf Ramsey became the manager of England.

text: England 1966[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018)

text: In the 1966 World Cup Finals, England used their home advantage and, under Ramsey, won their first, and only, World Cup title. England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London, which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege. After drawing 0–0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay, which started a run of four games all ending goalless. England then beat both France and Mexico 2–0 and qualified for the quarter-finals.[citation needed]

text: The quarter-finals saw England play Argentina, which ended in a 1–0 win to England. This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina, when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game. A 2–1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed. Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament. The final saw England play West Germany, with the result finishing in a 4–2 win for England, after extra time.[citation needed]

text: Mexico 1970[edit]

text: 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup. England were drawn in a group with Romania, former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia. Each of the matches only saw one goal, with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia, and losing to Brazil. The quarter-final saw a repeat of the 1966 final, with England playing West Germany. England were hampered by the fact that first-choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill, and Peter Bonetti played instead. England led 2–0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters, but in the 70th minute, Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany.

text: After Beckenbauer's goal, Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton, who overtook Billy Wright as England's most capped player ever, with caps totalling 106. Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute, thereby taking the game into extra time. During extra time, Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3–2. This turned out to be Charlton's last game for England.[9]

text: West Germany 1974[edit]

text: For the first time, England did not qualify for a World Cup. In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales, England could not overtake Poland. After only drawing at home to Wales 1–1 and losing the first leg 2–0 to Poland, meant that England had to beat Poland at home, whilst Poland only needed to draw. Poland managed to withstand England's attacks in the first half, who had Martin Peters playing for them. Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski.

text: England equalised six minutes later, with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke. England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay. Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a "clown".[10] The commentator of the game then said "it's all over".[11] Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place. After failing to qualify, Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time, where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years, no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years. This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager.[12]

text: Argentina 1978[edit]

text: England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America. This time, England were denied by Italy, who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points. Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head-to-head record between the two sides finished the same, following a 2–0 home win for each team. The lower-ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg, but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive. Nevertheless, Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England, after taking the role in 1977.

text: Spain 1982[edit]

text: 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams, where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup. Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania, Switzerland and Norway.

text: At the finals, England won all three group games, defeating France 3-1, with a brace from Bryan Robson,[13] before beating Czechoslovakia 2–0, with a Jozef Barmos own goal, [14] and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1–0, thanks to a Trevor Francis goal.[15]

text: The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams, a first time event at the World Cup. England drew with West Germany 0–0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2–1, England then had to beat Spain with a two-goal difference to progress to the next round. England, however, only managed a 0–0 draw against the Spanish. England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament. After the World Cup, Ron Greenwood's time as England manager ended, and he was replaced by Bobby Robson.

text: Mexico 1986[edit]

text: 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico. England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland, who qualified in second place, Romania, Finland and Turkey. In Mexico, England lost their opening game to Portugal 1–0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco. The final group game, however, saw England beat Poland 3–0, which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup, with Gary Lineker scoring a hat-trick.

text: This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco. England then also beat Paraguay 3–0 in the Round of 16. In the quarter-finals, England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals, both scored by Diego Maradona. Maradona's first goal, known as the Hand of God, was illegal and should not have counted, as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net. However, the referee missed this infringement, and ruled that the goal should stand. Maradona then made the score 2-0, famously dribbling from inside Argentina's half and around several English players before scoring. Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2-1, but England ran out of time to equalise, and were eliminated. Nevertheless, Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England's first Golden Boot winner.

text: Italy 1990[edit]

text: By winning three and drawing three, England qualified for Italia '90, the second World Cup to be held in Italy, scoring ten goals and conceding none. England were unbeaten through qualification, winning three games, and drawing the remaining three, but still finished second to Sweden, whom they drew with twice.[16] England profited from Romania's 3–1 win over Denmark, who, had they won, would have qualified as the third-best second-placed team. West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia '90 as the best second-placed teams in the groups with four teams.

text: Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches, England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily. In group F, was the European champions Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England. After opening the tournament with a 1–1 draw against Ireland and a 0–0 draw against the Dutch, England then beat Egypt 1–0. This was Egypt's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup.[citation needed] England won the group with four points.[17]

text: In the next round, England had to play Belgium. The game went to extra time, and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute, David Platt scored the winning goal.[18] England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter-finals. Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter-finals. England opened the scoring through David Platt, but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2-1. Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time. He then scored a second penalty, to see England reach the semi-finals.[19]

text: In the semi-finals, England met West Germany. There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes, which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games. There was also no separating the two teams after extra time, thereby taking the game to penalties.[20]

text: Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty, he was unable to save any. German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner, having failed to save any of England's first three penalties, saved England's fourth penalty, taken by Stuart Pearce. Olaf Thon then scored for Germany, meaning that England's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans' fifth penalty. However, Waddle's penalty missed completely, going high over the crossbar, thereby resulting in England's being knocked out of the competition.[20] The third-place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time. Even though this was England's best finish since the 1966 World Cup, Bobby Robson's time as England manager had come to an end.[21][22]

text: United States 1994[edit]

text: For the 1994 World Cup in the United States, under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor, England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament. In a group with six teams, England lost to Norway and the Netherlands, finishing third above Poland, Turkey and San Marino.

text: England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven-goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify.[23] In the game against San Marino, Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds, taking the lead for the outsiders. England went on to win 7–1, which was too small a goal margin. Additionally, despite the half-time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1-1, the Dutch went on to win 3-1, meaning that however many goals England scored, they could still not qualify. Taylor's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables, who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996, hosted in England.[12]

text: France 1998[edit]

text: After missing out on the World Cup in 1994, England, managed by Glenn Hoddle, qualified for the World Cup in France. England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy, Poland, Georgia and Moldova. England beat Poland, Georgia and Moldova both home and away, but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically; defeat would see them have to navigate a play-off to secure qualification. The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group.

text: At the finals in France, England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2–0 in the first game, with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes.[24] Their second match saw England lose 2–1 to Romania; despite an 81st-minute equaliser from Michael Owen, Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time. In their final group game, England defeated Colombia 2–0 in the decisive match, thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham.[25] England finished second in Group G, which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase, and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H, Argentina.

text: In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties, David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence, knocking over Diego Simeone.[26][27] Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game, before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later. England took the lead through Owen, in the 16th minute. Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half.

text: The game finished 2-2, and, as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time, penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round. While David Seaman did save one penalty, Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two, including the vital one from David Batty, thereby knocking England out of the World Cup. Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post.[28][29]

text: South Korea/Japan 2002[edit]

text: In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time. England, under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven-Göran Eriksson, were able to qualify for the tournament. England were drawn in Group 9, alongside Germany, Finland, Greece and Albania. In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium, (which closed after the match) England played Germany, losing 1–0, the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann. The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan, who resigned at the end of the match, and was replaced by Eriksson.[30] By beating Germany 5–1 in Munich, England's qualifying campaign was revitalised, and they qualified automatically, by drawing 2–2 with Greece. Germany, who could only draw 0–0 with Finland, had to play a play-off game against Ukraine, with England qualifying ahead winning the group.

text: In Japan, England had to play against Eriksson's homeland, Sweden, and both settled out for a 1–1 draw. England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1-0, thanks to a Beckham penalty. However, England could only manage a disappointing 0-0 draw against Nigeria, meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round, where they played Denmark, they qualified as runners up, which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter-finals if they qualified.

text: England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3–0, thanks to goals from Micheal Owen, Rio Ferdinand, and Emile Heskey.[31] England played four-time World Cup winners and 1998 runners-up Brazil in the quarter-finals. Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal, a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2–1, and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England, and went on to win the tournament.[32]

text: Germany 2006[edit]

text: England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup. The group featured other home nations in Wales, and Northern Ireland, as well as Poland (who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany), Azerbaijan and Austria. England won eight of the 10 games, and qualified as group winners, in front of Portugal, despite drawing to Austria in Vienna, and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast.[33]

text: In Germany, however, England were less convincing. England played in Group B, alongside Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, and Sweden. England started with a 1–0 win against Paraguay; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal.[34] The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead, with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal, and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard.[35][36] The last group game saw England play against Sweden, where an eventual 2-2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners, thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany.[37]

text: In the last 16 stage, a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1–0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter-finals, where they faced Portugal.[38] The game finished goalless, and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot-out. Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard, Steven Gerrard, and Jamie Carragher; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves. Portugal won the shoot-out 3-1, despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana. This game was also Erickson's final match as England manager.[39]

text: South Africa 2010[edit]

text: Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello, after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008. By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine, England qualified ahead of Croatia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Andorra. England's group was seen as a favourable one, containing comparatively much weaker teams.[40] However, England opened up their campaign with a 1–1 draw against the United States, thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green. They then drew 0–0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans, drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney.[41] England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1–0, but only qualified as runners up to the United States, thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany.

text: In the second round match, Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose, who opened the scoring. The score became 2–0 to Germany after 32 minutes. Shortly after, England defender Matthew Upson scored a header. Later, Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line; which was confirmed on replays. German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line, but decided to deceive the referee.[42] The German media reported it was "revenge for Wembley", while the English media criticised FIFA's refusal to implement goal-line technology. Ironically, despite his earlier opposition to goal-line technology, Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out.[43][42][44] As England tried to equalise, Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals. This became Germany's biggest win against England in a World Cup, winning 4-1.[45]

text: Brazil 2014[edit]

text: Under Roy Hodgson, who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA, England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil. Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds. The other opponents included Montenegro, Poland, Moldova and San Marino. After winning six games and drawing four, England qualified unbeaten.[46]

text: The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay, both former world champions, which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group, along with Costa Rica. England lost to Italy and Uruguay, and were thus knocked out after two games. The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw. This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup, ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match, their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup.[46]

text: Russia 2018[edit]

text: England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup, in a group of six with Slovakia, Slovenia, Scotland, Lithuania and Malta, with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification. England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce, only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules.[47]

text: Under Allardyce's replacement, Gareth Southgate, England went undefeated throughout qualification, winning eight matches out of 10, drawing with Slovenia 0–0 in Ljubljana, and drawing 2–2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Harry Kane.[48] This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated, having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup, and Euro 2016 qualifying.

text: 2018 Finals[edit]

text: Under Gareth Southgate, the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia. The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute. Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker. Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane, inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out. England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute, again by Harry Kane, resulting in a 2–1 victory.[49]

text: In the second group stage match, England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6-1. Jesse Lingard scored the third goal, John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat-trick with the second, fifth and sixth goals.[50]

text: In the final group stage match, England narrowly lost 1-0 to Belgium. Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams, with England specificially making 9 changes. Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial, as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world.[c][51][52] The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second, setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia.[53][54]

text: England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena, Moscow, with the same team as against Tunisia. Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament, and the third penalty, after once again being fouled in the box from a corner, similarly as against Panama.[55] The score remained at 1-0, until stoppage time, where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time. Neither team managed to score in extra time, and the match went to penalties, which England won 4-3.[56] As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 (last defeating Ecuador in the last 16); it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot-out.[d][58] The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in, with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match.[e][59]

text: England played against Sweden in their quarter-final at Cosmos Arena, Samara on 7 July 2018.[57] They won the match 2–0, with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal, a header scored from a corner, and Dele Alli a second header from close range. This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990, and third overall.[60] The team played Croatia in the semi-final, resulting in a 2–1 loss after extra time.[61] England would later finish fourth in the competition, the best result since 1990. England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff, thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard, despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld.[62]

text: The tournament would see England score nine goals from set-pieces – the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966.[63]

text: Records[edit]

text:
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA
GD

 1930
Not a FIFA member

 1934

 1938

 1950
Group stage
8th
3
1
0
2
2
2
0

 1954
Quarter-finals
7th
3
1
1
1
8
8
0

 1958
Group stage
11th
4
0
3
1
4
5
-1

 1962
Quarter-finals
8th
4
1
1
2
5
6
-1

 1966
Champions
1st
6
5
1
0
11
3
8

 1970
Quarter-finals
8th
4
2
0
2
4
4
0

 1974
Did not qualify

 1978

 1982
Second group stage
6th
5
3
2
0
6
1
5

 1986
Quarter-finals
8th
5
2
1
2
7
3
4

 1990
Semi finals
4th
7
3
3
1
8
6
2

 1994
Did not qualify

 1998
Round of 16
9th
4
2
1
1
7
4
3

  2002
Quarter-finals
6th
5
2
2
1
6
3
3

 2006
Quarter-finals
7th
5
3
2
0
6
2
4

 2010
Round of 16
13th
4
1
2
1
3
5
-2

 2014
Group stage
26th
3
0
1
2
2
4
-2

 2018
Semi-finals
4th
7
3
1
3
12
8
4

 2022
TBD

   2026

Total
15/21
1 title
69
29
21
19
91
64
27

text:
showEngland's World Cup record

First Match

 England 2–0 Chile  (25 June 1950; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Biggest Win

 England 6–1 Panama  (24 June 2018; Nizhny Novgorod, Russia)

Biggest Defeat

 England 1-4 Germany  (27 June 2010; Bloemfontein, South Africa)

Best Result

Champions at the 1966 World Cup

Worst Result

Group stage in 1950, 1958 and 2014

text: By match[edit]

text:
Year

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

 1950
Group 2
 Chile
2–0
Mortensen, Mannion

 United States
0–1

 Spain
0–1

 1954
Group 4
 Belgium
4–4 (aet)
Broadis (2), Lofthouse (2)

  Switzerland
2–0
Mullen, Wilshaw

Quarter-final
 Uruguay
2–4
Lofthouse, Finney

 1958
Group 4
 Soviet Union
2–2
Kevan, Finney

 Brazil
0–0

 Austria
2–2
Haynes, Kevan

Play-off
 Soviet Union
0–1

 1962
Group 4
 Hungary
1–2
Flowers

 Argentina
3–1
Flowers, Charlton, Greaves

 Bulgaria
0–0

Quarter-final
 Brazil
1–3
Hitchens

 1966
Group 1
 Uruguay
0–0

 Mexico
2–0
Charlton, Hunt

 France
2–0
Hunt (2)

Quarter-final
 Argentina
1–0
Hurst

Semi-final
 Portugal
2–1
Charlton (2)

Final
 West Germany
4–2 (aet)
Hurst (3), Peters

 1970
Group 3
 Romania
1–0
Hurst

 Brazil
0–1

 Czechoslovakia
1–0
Clarke

Quarter-final
 West Germany
2–3 (aet)
Mullery, Peters

 1982
Group 4
 France
3–1
Robson (2), Mariner

 Czechoslovakia
2–0
Francis, Barmoš (o.g.)

 Kuwait
1–0
Francis

Group B Round 2
 West Germany
0–0

 Spain
0–0

 1986
Group F
 Portugal
0–1

 Morocco
0–0

 Poland
3–0
Lineker (3)

Round of 16
 Paraguay
3–0
Lineker (2), Beardsley

Quarter-final
 Argentina
1–2
Lineker

 1990
Group F
 Republic of Ireland
1–1
Lineker

 Netherlands
0–0

 Egypt
1–0
Wright

Round of 16
 Belgium
1–0 (aet)
Platt

Quarter-final
 Cameroon
3–2 (aet)
Platt, Lineker (2)

Semi-final
 West Germany
1–1 (aet)[f]
Lineker

Third-place play-off
 Italy
1–2
Platt

 1998
Group G
 Tunisia
2–0
Shearer, Scholes

 Romania
1–2
Owen

 Colombia
2–0
Anderton, Beckham

Round of 16
 Argentina
2–2 (aet)[f]
Shearer, Owen

  2002
Group F
 Sweden
1–1
Campbell

 Argentina
1–0
Beckham

 Nigeria
0–0

Round of 16
 Denmark
3–0
Ferdinand, Owen, Heskey

Quarter-final
 Brazil
1–2
Owen

 2006
Group B
 Paraguay
1–0
Gamarra (o.g.)

 Trinidad and Tobago
2–0
Crouch, Gerrard

 Sweden
2–2
Cole, Gerrard

Round of 16
 Ecuador
1–0
Beckham

Quarter-final
 Portugal
0–0 (aet)[f]

 2010
Group C
 United States
1–1
Gerrard

 Algeria
0–0

 Slovenia
1–0
Defoe

Round of 16
 Germany
1–4
Upson

 2014
Group D
 Italy
1–2
Sturridge

 Uruguay
1–2
Rooney

 Costa Rica
0–0

 2018
Group G
 Tunisia
2–1
Kane (2)

 Panama
6–1
Stones (2), Kane (3), Lingard

 Belgium
0–1

Round of 16
 Colombia
1–1 (aet)[g]
Kane

Quarter-final
 Sweden
2–0
Maguire, Alli

Semi-final
 Croatia
1–2 (aet)
Trippier

Third-place play-off
 Belgium
0–2

text: By opponent[edit]

text:
Country

Played

Won

Drawn

Lost

GF

GA

GD

 Argentina
5
3
1
1
8
5
+3

 Germany
5
1
2
2
8
10
-2

 Brazil
4
0
1
3
2
6
-4

 Sweden
3
1
2
0
5
3
+2

 Belgium
4
1
1
2
5
7
-2

 Portugal
3
1
1
1
2
2
0

 Uruguay
3
0
1
2
3
6
-3

 France
2
2
0
0
5
1
+4

 Paraguay
2
2
0
0
4
0
+4

 Tunisia
2
2
0
0
4
1
+3

 Czechoslovakia
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

 Colombia
2
1
1
0
3
1
+2

 Romania
2
1
0
1
2
2
0

 Soviet Union
2
0
1
1
2
3
-1

 United States
2
0
1
1
1
2
-1

 Spain
2
0
1
1
0
1
-1

 Italy
2
0
0
2
2
4
-2

 Panama
1
1
0
0
6
1
+5

 Poland
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3

 Denmark
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3

 Chile
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

  Switzerland
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Mexico
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Trinidad and Tobago
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Cameroon
1
1
0
0
3
2
+1

 Kuwait
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Egypt
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Ecuador
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Slovenia
1
1
0
0
0
0
+1

 Austria
1
0
1
0
2
2
0

 Republic of Ireland
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

 Bulgaria
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Morocco
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Netherlands
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Nigeria
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Algeria
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Costa Rica
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Hungary
1
0
0
1
1
2
-1

 Croatia
1
0
0
1
1
2
-1

text: Last update: 14 July 2018

text: Players' honours[edit]

text: List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Peter Shilton
17
1982, 1986, 1990

2

Terry Butcher
14
1982, 1986, 1990

Bobby Charlton
14
1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

Ashley Cole
14
2002, 2006, 2010

Bobby Moore
14
1962, 1966, 1970

6
David Beckham
13
1998, 2002, 2006

7

Steven Gerrard
12
2006, 2010, 2014

Gary Lineker
12
1986, 1990

Michael Owen
12
1998, 2002, 2006

10
Chris Waddle
11
1986, 1990

text: List of England top goalscorers at World Cups[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Gary Lineker
10
1986 (6) and 1990 (4)

2
Harry Kane
6
2018

3
Geoff Hurst
5
1966 (4) and 1970 (1)

4

Bobby Charlton
4
1962 (1) and 1966 (3)

Michael Owen
4
1998 (2) and 2002 (2)

6

Nat Lofthouse
3
1954

Roger Hunt
3
1966

David Platt
3
1990

David Beckham
3
1998, 2002 and 2006

Steven Gerrard
3
2006 (2) and 2010

11
Nine players
2

text: Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia

text: List of England goals by tournament[edit]

text:
World Cup

Goalscorer(s)

1950

Wilf Mannion, Stan Mortensen

1954

Nat Lofthouse (3), Ivor Broadis (2), Tom Finney, Jimmy Mullen, Dennis Wilshaw

1958

Derek Kevan (2), Tom Finney, Johnny Haynes

1962

Ron Flowers (2), Bobby Charlton, Jimmy Greaves, Gerry Hitchens

1966

Geoff Hurst (4), Roger Hunt (3), Bobby Charlton (3), Martin Peters

1970

Allan Clarke, Geoff Hurst, Alan Mullery, Martin Peters

1982

Trevor Francis (2), Bryan Robson (2), Paul Mariner, Own Goal

1986

Gary Lineker (6), Peter Beardsley

1990

Gary Lineker (4), David Platt (3), Mark Wright

1998

Michael Owen (2), Alan Shearer (2), Darren Anderton, David Beckham, Paul Scholes

2002

Michael Owen (2), David Beckham, Sol Campbell, Rio Ferdinand, Emile Heskey

2006

Steven Gerrard (2), David Beckham, Joe Cole, Peter Crouch, Own Goal

2010

Jermain Defoe, Steven Gerrard, Matthew Upson

2014

Wayne Rooney, Daniel Sturridge

2018

Harry Kane (6), John Stones (2), Jesse Lingard, Harry Maguire, Dele Alli, Kieran Trippier

text: List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup[edit]

text: Historically, very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad.[64]

text:
Year

Number (Country)

Players (Apps)

1950–1958

0

1962

1 (Italy)

Gerry Hitchens (2)

1966–1970

0

1982

1 (West Germany)

Tony Woodcock (2)

1986

2 (Italy)

Mark Hateley (3), Ray Wilkins

1990

5 (4 in Scotland, 1 in France)

Terry Butcher (5), Trevor Steven (3), Gary Stevens (2), Chris Woods (0); Chris Waddle (7)

1998

0

2002

1 (Germany)

Owen Hargreaves (2)

2006

2 (1 Spain, 1 Germany)

David Beckham (5); Owen Hargreaves (4)

2010

0

2014

1 (Scotland)

Fraser Forster (0)

2018

0

text: Team awards and records[edit]

text: Team Awards

text:
World Champions 1966
FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990
FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 (shared)

tag: ul

text: Individual Awards

text:
Golden Ball 1966: Bobby Charlton
Silver Ball 1966: Bobby Moore
Golden Boot 1986: Gary Lineker
Golden Boot 2018: Harry Kane
Bronze Boot 1966: Geoff Hurst
Golden Glove 1966: Gordon Banks
Best Young Player Award 1998: Michael Owen

text: Team Records

text:
Most penalty shoot-outs lost: 3 (shared with Italy and Spain)
Biggest World Cup victory: 6-1 vs Panama, 2018 Group Stage [65]

text: Individual Records

text:
Only hattrick in a final: Geoff Hurst (1966 v West Germany)
Oldest captain: Peter Shilton (age 40 years and 292 days, 1990 v Italy)
Most clean sheets: Peter Shilton (10, 1982-1990) (shared with Fabien Barthez)

text: Refereeing[edit]

text: Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees, more than by any other football association. The first Englishman to officiate a final, George Reader, is also the oldest World Cup referee to date, as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil. The other final referees are William Ling (1954), Jack Taylor (1974) and Howard Webb (2010).

text: Arthur Ellis, who was a linesman at the 1950 final, is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups (1950–1958).


document_title: List of earthquakes in California

question_text: what was the date of the largest earthquake recorded in california

text: List of earthquakes in California

text: Tectonic setting[edit]

text: During the last 66 million years, nearly the entire west coast of North America was dominated by a subduction zone, with the Farallon Plate subducting beneath the North American Plate. Presently, the Juan de Fuca Plate (with its Explorer and Gorda satellite plates) and the Rivera and Cocos Plates are the only remnants of the once much larger Farallon Plate. The plate margin that remains in California is that of the strike-slip San Andreas Fault (SAF), the diffuse Pacific–North American plate boundary that extends east into the Basin and Range Province of eastern California and western Nevada (a seismically active area called Walker Lane) and southwest into the California Continental Borderland region off the central and southern coasts. This system of faults terminates in the north at the Mendocino Triple Junction, one of the most seismically active regions in the state, where earthquakes are occasionally the result of intraplate deformation within the Gorda Plate. It terminates in the south at the Salton Sea where displacement transitions to a series of spreading centers and transform faults, beginning with the Brawley Seismic Zone in the Imperial Valley.[6]

text: In the San Francisco Bay Area, the San Andreas system of faults spans offshore and into the East Bay area, with the bulk of the faults lying to the east of the main SAF. There is a 70% probability that one of these faults will generate a M6.7 or greater earthquake before 2030, including the Hayward Fault Zone, which has gone beyond its average return period of 130 years (150 years as of 2018). While the SAF north of San Francisco is quiet, the central SAF segment near San Juan Bautista is where fault creep was first studied, and to the south is where the recurring Parkfield earthquakes occur. The secondary faults lay to the west of the main SAF at the extreme southern portion, including the active and young San Jacinto Fault Zone, which may be taking over as the primary boundary south of Cajon Pass. A paleoseismic investigation using Lidar revealed that more than 5 meters (16 ft) of slip has accumulated since the 1857 event on the southern SAF, which borders the Mojave Desert to the north and east of the Greater Los Angeles Area. Near the Transverse Ranges, reverse and thrust faults have produced damaging earthquakes in Santa Barbara and the San Fernando Valley.[6]

text: Earthquakes[edit]

text:
Date
Name
Area
Mag.
MMI
Deaths
Injuries
Total damage / notes

2014-08-24
South Napa
North Bay
6.0 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII
1
~200
$362 m–$1 b

2014-03-28
La Habra
LA Area
5.1 Mw
7000600000000000000♠ VI

Few
$10.8 m
[7]

2013-05-13
Canyondam
Eastern
5.7 Mw
7000800000000000000♠VIII

1
dmge: Canyondam
[8]

2010-04-04
Baja California
Baja California
7.2 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII
2–4
100–233
$1.15 b

2010-01-09
Eureka
North Coast
6.5 Mw
7000600000000000000♠ VI

35
$21.8–43 m

2008-07-29
Chino Hills
LA Area
5.5 Mw
7000600000000000000♠ VI

8
Limited

2007-10-30
Alum Rock
South Bay
5.6 Mw
7000600000000000000♠ VI

Limited

2003-12-22
San Simeon
Central Coast
6.6 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII
2
40
$250–300 m

2000-09-03
Yountville
North Bay
5.0 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

41
$10–50 m

1999-10-16
Hector Mine
Eastern
7.1 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

4–5
Limited

1994-12-26
Samoa
North Coast
5.5 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

$2.1–5 m
[7]

1994-01-17
Northridge
LA Area
6.7 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX
57
8,700+
$13–$40 b

1992-06-28
Big Bear
Inland Empire
6.5 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

Some
Moderate / triggered

1992-06-28
Landers
Inland Empire
7.3 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX
3
400+
$92 m

1992-04-26
Cape Mendocino
North Coast
6.6 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

dmge / triggered

1992-04-26
Cape Mendocino
North Coast
6.5 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

dmge / triggered

1992-04-25
Cape Mendocino
North Coast
7.2 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX

98–356
$48.3–75 m / tsunami

1992-04-22
Joshua Tree
Inland Empire
6.3 Ms
7000700000000000000♠ VII

32
Light–moderate
[7]

1991-06-28
Sierra Madre
LA Area
5.6 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII
1
100–107
$33.5–40 m

1990-02-28
Upland
LA Area
5.7 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

30
$12.7 m

1989-10-17
Loma Prieta
Santa Cruz Mts
6.9 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX
63
3,757
$5.6–6 b / tsunami

1989-08-08
Loma Prieta
Santa Cruz Mts
5.4 ML
7000700000000000000♠ VII
1

Minor

1987-11-24
Elmore Ranch
Imperial Valley
6.5 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

Triggered
[9]

1987-11-23
Superstition Hills
Imperial Valley
6.1 Mw
7000600000000000000♠ VI

$3 m
[9]

1987-10-01
Whittier
LA Area
5.9 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII
8
200
$213–358 m

1986-07-21
Chalfant Valley
Eastern
6.2 Mw
7000600000000000000♠ VI

2
$2.7 m / sequence

1986-07-13
Oceanside
South Coast
5.8 Mw
7000600000000000000♠ VI

1
$700K
[10]

1986-07-08
N. Palm Springs
Inland Empire
6.0 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

29–40
$4.5–6 m

1986-03-31
Mt Lewis
South Bay
5.6 Mw
7000600000000000000♠ VI

6
Minor
[11]

1984-04-24
Morgan Hill
South Bay
6.2 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

21–27
$7.5–8 m

1983-05-02
Coalinga
Central Valley
6.2 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

94
$10 m

1981-04-26
Westmorland
Imperial Valley
5.9 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

$1–3 m
[12]

1980-11-08
Eureka
North Coast
7.3 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

6
$2–2.75 m

1980-05-25
Mammoth Lakes
Eastern
6.2 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

9
$1.5 m / swarm
[13]

1980-01-26
Livermore
East Bay
5.4 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

Doublet
[14]

1980-01-24
Livermore
East Bay
5.8 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

$11.5 m / doublet
[15]

1979-10-15
Imperial Valley
Imperial Valley
6.4 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX

91
$30 m

1979-08-06
Coyote Lake
South Bay
5.7 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

16
$500K

1978-08-13
Santa Barbara
Central Coast
5.8 Mw
7000700000000000000♠VII

65
$12 m
[16]

1975-08-01
Butte County
Butte County
5.7 ML
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

10
$3 m
[7]

1973-02-21
Point Mugu
South Coast
5.8 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

Several
$1 m

1971-02-09
San Fernando
LA Area
6.6 Mw
7001110000000000000♠ XI
58–65
200–2,000
$505–553 m

1969-10-01
Santa Rosa
North Bay
5.7 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

Doublet

1969-10-01
Santa Rosa
North Bay
5.6 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII
1

$8.35 m / doublet

1968-04-08
Borrego Mtn
Imperial Valley
6.5 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

dmge / rockslides
[17]

1957-03-22
San Francisco
Bay Area
5.7 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII
1
40
$1 m

1954-12-21
North Coast
Eureka
6.5 ML
7000700000000000000♠ VII
1
Several
$2.1 m
[18]

1952-08-22
Kern County
Central Valley
5.8 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII
2
Several
$10 m

1952-07-21
Kern County
Central Valley
7.3 Mw
7001110000000000000♠XI
12
Hundreds
$60 m

1948-12-04
Desert Hot Springs
Inland Empire
6.4 Mw
7000700000000000000♠ VII

Several
Minor

1941-11-14
Torrance–Gardena
LA Area
5.4 Ms
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

$1.1 m
[19]

1941-06-30
Santa Barbara
Central Coast
5.9 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

$100K
[20]

1940-05-18
El Centro
Imperial Valley
6.9 Mw
7001100000000000000♠ X
9
20
$6 m

1933-03-10
Long Beach
South Coast
6.4 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII
115–120

$40 m

1932-06-06
Eureka
North Coast
6.4 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII
1
3
Severe

1927-11-04
Lompoc
Central Coast
7.3 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

Moderate / tsunami
[21]

1925-06-29
Santa Barbara
Central Coast
6.8 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX
13

$8 m

1923-01-22
Humboldt County
North Coast
7.2 Ms
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

Severe / tsunami
[22]

1920-06-21
Inglewood
LA Area
4.9 ML
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

More than $100K
[23]

1918-04-21
San Jacinto
Inland Empire
6.7 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX
1
Several
$200K

1915-06-22
Imperial Valley
Imperial Valley
5.5 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

add'l dmge / doublet
[24]

1915-06-22
Imperial Valley
Imperial Valley
5.5 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII
6

$900K / doublet
[24]

1911-07-01
Calaveras
South Bay
6.6 Ms
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

dmge: Lick Observatory
[25]

1906-04-18
Imperial Valley
Imperial Valley
6.3 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

dmge / triggered[26]
[27]

1906-04-18
San Francisco
Northern–Central
7.9 Mw
7001110000000000000♠ XI
700–3,000+

Conflagration / tsunami

1899-12-25
San Jacinto
Inland Empire
6.7 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX
6

$50K or more
[28]

1898-03-30
Mare Island
North Bay
5.8–6.4 Mw
7000850000000000000♠ VIII–IX

$350K / moderate

1892-04-21
Vacaville–Winters
Central Valley
6.2 MLa
7000900000000000000♠ IX

Doublet

1892-04-19
Vacaville–Winters
North Bay
6.4 MLa
7000900000000000000♠ IX
1

$225K–250K / doublet

1892-02-23
Laguna Salada
Baja California
7.1–7.2 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

Moderate

1873-11-23
Crescent City
North Coast
6.7 MLa
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

dmge / ground cracks
[29]

1872-03-26
Lone Pine
Eastern
7.4–7.9 Mw
7001100000000000000♠ X
27
56
$250K / limited

1868-10-21
Hayward
Bay Area
6.3–6.7 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX
30

$350K / moderate

1865-10-08
Santa Cruz Mts
Santa Cruz Mts
6.3 MLa
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

$500K
[30]

1857-01-09
Fort Tejon
Central–Southern
7.9 Mw
7000900000000000000♠ IX
2

Severe

1838-06-??
San Andreas
Bay Area
6.8–7.2 Mw
7000800000000000000♠ VIII

Minor

1812-12-21
Ventura
Central Coast
7.1 MLa
7000800000000000000♠ VIII
1

Tsunami
[31]

1812-12-08
San Juan Capistrano
South Coast
6.9–7.5
7000800000000000000♠ VII–IX
40

Moderate

Stover & Coffman 1993 uses various seismic scales. Mla is a local magnitude that is equivalent to ML (Richter magnitude scale) and is used for events that occurred prior to the instrumental period. It is based on the area of perceptibility (as presented on isoseismal maps). Mw = moment magnitude scale and Ms = surface wave magnitude. The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles. The principles described are also applicable to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded.
dmge = damage, m = million, b = billion


document_title: JOM (journal)

question_text: the journal of the minerals metals & materials society abbreviation

text: JOM (journal)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
JOM

Former names

Journal of Metals

ISO 4 abbreviation

JOM

Discipline
Materials science

Language
English

Edited by
Justin A. Scott, Maureen Byko

Publication details

Publisher

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), Springer Science+Business Media

Publication history

1949–present

Frequency
Monthly

Impact factor
(2016)

1.860

Indexing

ISSN
1047-4838 (print)
1543-1851 (web)

Links

Journal homepage
Web-enhanced JOM archive (1997 to 2011)

text: JOM is a technical journal devoted to exploring the many aspects of materials, science and engineering published monthly by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) (a member-based professional society).[1] JOM reports scholarly work that explores the many aspects of materials science and engineering within the broad topical areas of light metals, structural materials, functional materials, extraction and processing, and materials processing and manufacturing. JOM strives to balance the interests of the laboratory and the marketplace by reporting academic, industrial, and government-sponsored work from around the world.

text: History[edit]

text: From 1949 through 1988, the journal was named Journal of Metals. With materials systems becoming commonplace and with the journal frequently covering composites, plastics, and other materials, its name was changed to JOM. It is published by TMS, which is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[2]

text: Many articles can be viewed free, online at Springerlink.[3]


document_title: Blocking (stage)

question_text: who makes the final decision on the blocking of the actors

text: Blocking (stage)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Both "blocking" and "block" were applied to stage and theater from as early as 1961.[2] The term derives from the practice of 19th-century theatre directors such as Sir W. S. Gilbert who worked out the staging of a scene on a miniature stage using blocks to represent each of the actors.[3] (Gilbert's practice is depicted in Mike Leigh's 1999 film Topsy-Turvy.)[4]

text: Blocking in theater and film[edit]

text: In contemporary theater, the director usually determines blocking during rehearsal, telling actors where they should move for the proper dramatic effect, ensure sight lines for the audience and work with the lighting design of the scene.

text: Each scene in a play is usually "blocked" as a unit, after which the director will move on to the next scene. The positioning of actors on stage in one scene will usually affect the possibilities for subsequent positioning unless the stage is cleared between scenes.

text: During the blocking rehearsal, the assistant director, stage manager or director take notes about where actors are positioned and their movements on stage. It is especially important for the stage manager to note the actors' positions, as a director is not usually present for each performance, and it becomes the stage manager's job to ensure that actors follow the assigned blocking from night to night.[5]

text: In film, the term is sometimes used to speak of the arrangement of actors in the frame. In this context, there is also a need to consider the movement of the camera as part of the blocking process (see Cinematography).

text: Stage directions[edit]

text: Look up stage right, stage left, upstage, or downstage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: The stage itself has been given named areas to facilitate blocking.[6]

text:
The rear of the stage area, farthest from the audience, is upstage. The front, nearest the audience, is downstage. The terms derive from the once common use of raked stages that slope downward toward the audience.
In English-speaking cultures generally, stage left and stage right refer to the actor's left and right when facing the audience. Sometimes the terms prompt and bastard/opposite prompt are used as synonyms. (See also Prompt corner)
House left and house right refer to the audience perspective. In productions for film or video, analogous terms are screen left/right and camera left/right.
To cross is to move. An actor placed up-stage right in blocking may be instructed by a director to cross down-stage left when speaking a line.

text: Non-English-speaking cultures[edit]

text:
In French, house right is côté cour (court side) and house left is côté jardin (garden side).
In German, Italian and Arabic, left and right always refer to the audience perspective.


document_title: The Devil and Tom Walker

question_text: where did the devil and tom walker take place

text: The Devil and Tom Walker

text: Summary[edit]

text: The story starts with the legend of William Kidd the pirate. It is rumored that Kidd had buried a large treasure in a forest in colonial Massachusetts. Kidd made a deal with the devil to protect his money. The devil's conditions are unknown. Kidd died never able to reclaim his money, but the devil has protected it ever since.

text: The story continues around 1727. Old Scratch appears as a lumberjack or a woodsman chopping trees, each with a prominent and wealthy colonialist's name branded on the trunk. One rotted and soon-to-fall tree has the name of a deacon who grew wealthy "trading" with the Indians. Another fallen trunk has that of a wealthy seaman rumored to be a pirate. Burdened with this secret, he tells his wife. While he has no scruples in selling himself to Old Scratch for the treasure, he does not wish to do so for his wife's sake. She meets Old Scratch herself but tells her husband Old Scratch requires an offering. When Tom is away, she takes all their valuables in and goes to make a deal with Old Scratch. When Tom searches for his wife and property, all he finds is her apron holding her heart and liver, tied to a tree.

text: Tom Walker agrees to Old Scratch's deal, as he considered his abusive wife's death a good thing. Because he can only use the treasure in Old Scratch's service, Tom agrees to become a usurer (today commonly called a loan shark), although Tom has scruples about becoming a slave trader.

text: During the governorship of Jonathan Belcher (1730-1741), speculation runs rampant, and Walker's business flourishes. Becoming a member of the local stock exchange, Tom buys a big house and a coach but furnishes neither even though he has the money (he is so miserly he even half starves his horses). Tom never tires of swindling people until he suddenly becomes fearful about the afterlife. He then becomes fiercely and loudly dedicated to God, always keeping two Bibles at hand—thinking that any sin on his neighbor's "account" is a "credit" to his own. He even has his best riding horse saddled and buried upside down so that he might flee when Old Scratch comes to collect his due from Tom.

text: One day a ruined stock jobber (speculator) who had borrowed money from him asks for clemency and annoys Tom, who says, "The Devil take me if I have made but a farthing!" (the smallest currency of the time, 1/4 of a penny). There are three loud knocks at the door. Tom is drawn towards a black-cloaked figure and realizes, in horror, that he has left his Bibles at his desk.

text: Old Scratch tosses Tom Walker on the back of a black horse which rides toward the old fortress and disappears in lightning. Tom is never seen again. All his assets become worthless—his coach horses become skeletons, the gold and silver Tom hoarded turn into wood chips and shavings, his mortgages and deeds become cinders, and his great house burns to the ground. Since that day, his ghost haunts the site of the old fortress. His only legacy is a New England saying, "The Devil and Tom Walker".

text: Editions[edit]

text: Washington Irving, Rip Van Winkle; Legend of Sleepy Hollow; The Devil and Tom Walker; The Voyage; Westminster Abbey; Stratford-on-Avon; The Stout Gentleman, Doubleday & McClure Company, 1902, pp. 93-113: "The Devil and Tom Walker".


document_title: Child Is Father of the Man

question_text: who said the child is father of man

question_tokens: who said the child is father of man

text: Child Is Father of the Man

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Child is father of the man" is an idiom originating from the poem "My Heart Leaps Up" by William Wordsworth. In a 1966 interview, Wilson mistakenly attributed it to Karl Menninger, and added that the saying had fascinated him.[2] There exist many different interpretations of the phrase, the most popular of which is man being the product of habits and behavior developed in youth. According to collaborator Van Dyke Parks, he brought up the idiom to Wilson.[3]

text: Brian had a fervent desire to re-invent himself as an individual, not as a boy, and that's what happened, I think. By the time I met him, he had already done "When I Grow Up (To Be A Man)"; he'd already raised the questions about being a man, and when I met him, that crisis was acute. I knew it was psychologically complex and over my head. The only way I could help with any of this, whatever it was he was going through, was refer him to that poem by Hawthorne [sic] from which the phrase "the child is father to the man" comes. He used it as part of his inquiry of Smile, as a lyric.[3]

text: Recording[edit]

text: Several sections of the song were recorded, but aside from a group piano demo, only one variation of the chorus's backing track was overdubbed with vocals sung in elaborate musical rounds.[3] According to The Smile Sessions compiler Mark Linett, "When he's not singing, you can hear faint background vocal parts that no longer exist on the multitrack. They must have been in his headphones, and were picked up by the vocal mic. It could be that Brian decided he didn't need them, or that he was going to re-record them, but never did. You hear this sort of stuff throughout the tapes."[4] The song was worked on between October and December 1966. After one more revisit in April 1967, the track was abandoned forever by the group.

text: Decades later in both The Smile Sessions and Brian Wilson Presents Smile, the song was included as the third track of the second movement. "Child Is Father of the Man" precedes "Surf's Up" and follows "Look (Song for Children)". When rerecorded by Wilson in 2004, he sang newly written lyrics by Parks (Easy, my child / It's just enough to believe / Out of the wild / into what you can conceive / You'll achieve).[3][5]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The song's chorus was later rewritten and rerecorded as the chorus for "Little Bird", a song on the band's 1968 Friends album released as a single.[6] It was then quoted within the closing section of "Surf's Up", which ended up appearing on their 1971 album of the same name.[1]