document_title: 2026 FIFA World Cup

question_text: where is the next world cup soccer being held

text: 2026 FIFA World Cup

text: Format[edit]

text: Michel Platini, who was then the UEFA president, had suggested in October 2013 an expansion of the tournament to 40 teams,[4][5] an idea that FIFA president Gianni Infantino also suggested in March 2016.[6] A desire to increase the number of participants in the tournament from the previous 32 team format was announced on October 4, 2016. Four expansion options were considered:[7][8][9][10]

text:
Expand to 40 teams (8 groups of 5 teams) – 88 matches
Expand to 40 teams (10 groups of 4 teams) – 76 matches
Expand to 48 teams (opening 32-team playoff round) – 80 matches
Expand to 48 teams (16 groups of 3 teams) – 80 matches

text: On January 10, 2017, the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to a 48-team tournament.[3]

text: The tournament will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams, with the top two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 teams.[11] The number of games played overall will increase from 64 to 80, but the number of games played by finalists remains at seven, the same as with 32 teams, but one group match will be replaced by a knockout match. The tournament will also be completed within 32 days, the same as previous 32-team tournaments.[12]

text: The European Club Association and its member clubs opposed the proposal for expansion, saying that the number of games was already at an "unacceptable" level and they urged the governing body to reconsider its idea of increasing the number of teams that qualify.[13] They contended that it was a decision taken for political reasons because Infantino would thus satisfy his electorate, rather than for sporting reasons.[14] Liga de Fútbol Profesional president Javier Tebas agreed, affirming the unacceptability of the new format. He told Marca that the football industry is maintained thanks to clubs and leagues, not FIFA, and that Infantino did politics because to be elected he promised more countries in the World Cup; he wanted to keep the electoral promises.[15] German national team coach Joachim Löw warned that expansion, as had occurred for Euro 2016, would dilute the value of the world tournament because players have already reached their physical and mental limit.[16]  Another criticism of the new format is that with three-team groups, the risk of collusion between the two teams playing in the last round of the group stage will increase compared with four-team groups (where simultaneous kick-offs have been employed). One suggestion by president Infantino is that group matches that end in draws will be decided by penalty shootouts.[17]

text: Slot allocation[edit]

text: On March 30, 2017, the Bureau of the FIFA Council (composed of the FIFA president and the presidents of each of the six confederations) proposed a slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. The recommendation was submitted for the ratification by the FIFA Council.[18][19]

text: On May 9, 2017, two days before the 67th FIFA Congress, the FIFA Council approved the slot allocation in a meeting in Manama, Bahrain. It includes an intercontinental playoff tournament involving six teams to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths.[20]

text:
Confederation

FIFA eligible members

Places in finals(including hosts)

Percentage of members  with places in finals

Places before 2026(excluding hosts, including half-places)

AFC

46

8
17%
4.5

CAF

54

9
17%
5

CONCACAF

35

6
17%
3.5

CONMEBOL

10

6
60%
4.5

OFC

11

1
9%
0.5

UEFA

55

16
29%
13

Playoff

–

2
33%
–

Total

211

48
23%
31 (+ hosts)

text:
The issue of how to allocate automatic host country qualification given that there are multiple host countries has not yet been resolved and will be decided by the FIFA council.[18][20][21]
The United bid anticipated all three host countries being awarded automatic places.[22]

text: The ratification of slot allocation gives OFC a guaranteed berth in the final tournament for the first time in FIFA World Cup history. The 2026 FIFA World Cup will be the first tournament in which all six confederations have guaranteed berths.

text: Playoff tournament[edit]

text: A playoff tournament involving six teams will be held to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths,[18] consisting of one team per confederation (except for UEFA) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country (i.e. CONCACAF).

text: Two of the teams will be seeded based on the FIFA World Rankings, and the seeded teams will play for a FIFA World Cup berth against the winners of the first two knockout games involving the four unseeded teams.

text: The tournament is to be played in the host country(ies) and to be used as a test event for the FIFA World Cup. The existing playoff window of November 2025 has been suggested as a tentative date for the 2026 edition.

text: Host selection[edit]

text: The FIFA Council went back and forth between 2013 and 2017 on limitations within hosting rotation based on the continental confederations. Originally, it was set that bids to be host would not be allowed from countries belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments. It was temporarily changed to only prohibit countries belonging to the confederation that hosted the previous World Cup from bidding to host the following tournament,[23] before the rule was changed back to its prior state of two World Cups. However, the FIFA Council did make an exception to potentially grant eligibility to member associations of the confederation of the second-to-last host of the FIFA World Cup in the event that none of the received bids fulfill the strict technical and financial requirements.[24][25] In March 2017, FIFA president Gianni Infantino confirmed that "Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively."[26] Therefore, the 2026 World Cup could be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations: CONCACAF (North America; last hosted in 1994), CAF (Africa; last hosted in 2010), CONMEBOL (South America; last hosted in 2014), or OFC (Oceania, never hosted before), or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from those four met the requirements.

text: Co-hosting the FIFA World Cup—which had been banned by FIFA after the 2002 World Cup—was approved for the 2026 World Cup, though not limited to a specific number but instead evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Also by 2026, the FIFA general secretariat, after consultation with the Competitions Committee, will have the power to exclude bidders who do not meet the minimum technical requirements to host the competition.[24]

text: Canada, Mexico and the United States had all publicly considered bidding for the tournament separately, but the United joint bid was announced on April 10, 2017. The United bid contacted 48 venues in 43 cities (3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico, 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 37 venues in 34 cities in the United States). This bid was ultimately cut down to 23 venues in 23 cities (3 in Canada, 3 in Mexico and 17 in the United States; the American venues will be cut down to 10 for a total of 16 venues for the tournament). Morocco announced its bid in August 2017, and had 14 proposed venues in 12 cities.

text: Allowed to vote Banned from voting     Voted for United bid   Canada/Mexico/United States     Voted for Moroccan bid   Morocco     Voted for neither   Sanctioned by FIFA     Abstained from voting   Not a FIFA member

text: Voting[edit]

text: The voting took place on June 13, 2018, during FIFA's annual congress in Moscow, and it was reopened to all eligible members.[27] The United bid won receiving 134 valid ballots, while the Morocco bid received 65 valid ballots. Upon the selection, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men's and women's World Cup—the latter was in 2015, Mexico becomes the first country to host three men's World Cups—previously in 1970 and 1986, and the United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice each—having hosted the 1994 men's and the 1999 and 2003 women's World Cups.

text: Qualification[edit]

text:
The 2026 World Cup's qualification process has yet to be decided. The FIFA Council is expected to decide which hosts, if  any, will receive automatic qualifications to the tournament.[18][20][21]
The United Bid personnel anticipated that all three host countries would be awarded automatic places.[22]

text:
CAF (Africa): 9 slots
AFC (Asia): 8 slots
UEFA (Europe): 16 slots
CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3 slots
OFC (Oceania): 1 slot
CONMEBOL (South America): 6 slots
Playoff: 2 slots

text: Candidate cities and venues[edit]

text: During the bidding process, there were 49 venues in 43 cities contacted to be part of the bid. 41 cities with 45 venues responded and submitted to be part of the bid (3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico, 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 38 venues in 34 cities in the United States). A first round elimination cut 9 venues and 9 cities, then a second round elimination cut 9 venues in 6 cities, reducing the total number to 23 venues, each in their own city or metropolitan area. The 23 candidate cities and venues will be narrowed down to 16 in 2020 or 2021 (3 in Canada, 3 in Mexico, and 10 in the United States):

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Montreal[28]

Edmonton[28]

Toronto[28]

Olympic Stadium

Commonwealth Stadium

BMO Field

Capacity: 61,004(Bid book capacity: 55,822)(Expandable to 73,000)

Capacity: 56,302(Bid book capacity: 56,418)

Capacity: 30,000 (Expanding to 45,500 for tournament)

EdmontonMontrealToronto Canadian candidate cities

text: Mexico[edit]

text:
Mexico City[28]

Monterrey[28]

Guadalajara[28]

Estadio Azteca

Estadio BBVA Bancomer

Estadio Akron

Capacity: 87,523

Capacity: 53,500(Bid book capacity: 53,460)

Capacity: 46,232(Bid book capacity: 48,071)

Mexico CityMonterreyGuadalajara Mexican candidate cities

text: United States[edit]

text:
Los Angeles[28]

New York City[28]

Washington, D.C.[28]

Dallas[28]

Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)

MetLife Stadium(East Rutherford, New Jersey)

FedExField(Landover, Maryland)

AT&T Stadium(Arlington, Texas)

Capacity: 92,000(Bid book capacity: 88,432)

Capacity: 82,500(Bid book capacity: 87,157)

Capacity: 82,000(Bid book capacity: 70,249)

Capacity: 80,000(Bid book capacity: 92,967)(expandable to 100,000)

Kansas City[28]

Denver[28]

Houston[28]

Baltimore[28]

Arrowhead Stadium

Broncos Stadium at Mile High

NRG Stadium

M&T Bank Stadium

Capacity: 76,416(Bid book capacity: 76,640)

Capacity: 76,125(Bid book capacity: 77,595)

Capacity: 71,795(Bid book capacity: 72,220)

Capacity: 71,006(Bid book capacity: 70,976)

Atlanta[28]

AtlantaBaltimoreBostonCincinnatiDallasDenverHoustonKansas CityLos AngelesMiamiNashvilleNew York CityOrlandoPhiladelphiaSan Francisco Bay AreaSeattleWashington, D.C. United States candidate cities

Mercedes-Benz Stadium

Capacity: 71,000(Bid book capacity: 75,000)(expandable to 83,000)

Philadelphia[28]

Nashville[28]

Seattle[28]

San Francisco Bay Area[28]

Lincoln Financial Field

Nissan Stadium

CenturyLink Field

Levi's Stadium (Santa Clara, California)

Capacity: 69,176(Bid book capacity: 69,328)

Capacity: 69,143(Bid book capacity: 69,722)(expandable to 75,000)

Capacity: 69,000(expandable to 72,000)

Capacity: 68,500(Bid book capacity: 70,909)(expandable to 75,000)

Boston[28]

Cincinnati[28]

Miami[28]

Orlando[28]

Gillette Stadium(Foxborough, Massachusetts)

Paul Brown Stadium

Hard Rock Stadium(Miami Gardens, Florida)

Camping World Stadium

Capacity: 65,878(Bid book capacity: 70,000)

Capacity: 65,515(Bid book capacity: 67,402)

Capacity: 64,767(Bid book capacity: 67,518)

Capacity: 60,219(Bid book capacity: 65,000)

text: Controversies[edit]

text: FIFA president Gianni Infantino criticized the U.S. travel ban on several Muslim-majority nations. Infantino said, "When it comes to FIFA competitions, any team, including the supporters and officials of that team, who qualify for a World Cup need to have access to the country, otherwise there is no World Cup. That is obvious."[29]

text: However, assurances were later given by the government that there would be no such discrimination.[30][31]

text: U.S. President Donald Trump threatened the countries that intended to support the Morocco bid to host the 2026 World Cup, tweeting: "The US has put together a STRONG bid w/ Canada & Mexico for the 2026 World Cup. It would be a shame if countries that we always support were to lobby against the U.S. bid. Why should we be supporting these countries when they don’t support us (including at the United Nations)?"[32]

text: Broadcasting rights[edit]

text:
Canada – CTV, TSN, RDS[33]
 United States – Fox, Telemundo[34]

text: On February 12, 2015, Fox, Telemundo, and Bell Media's rights to the tournament were renewed by FIFA to cover 2026, without accepting any other bids. The New York Times believed that this extension was intended as compensation for the rescheduling of the 2022 World Cup to November-December rather than its traditional June-July scheduling, which falls during the heart of the regular season for several major North American sports leagues (including the National Football League; Fox is a main U.S. rightsholder).[35][36][37]


document_title: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

question_text: when is the nfl hall of fame game being played

root

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

text: Team selection[edit]

text: The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. Since 1971, the opponents for each game have traditionally included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League, the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the "original eight" franchises of the AFL, the Tennessee Titans (dressed as their previous incarnation, the Houston Oilers) and the Buffalo Bills, whose owner, Ralph Wilson, was inducted into the Hall that year. An all-NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011,[1] but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout; the following year, another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place. Since 2012, both competing teams in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year.

tag: p

text: Because this game and the Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league's regular four-week exhibition season begins, both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four, and unlike the Canadian Football League, the league does not remove an exhibition game from another week.

text: Expansion clubs[edit]

text: The last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game. In 1995, expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played one another, and in 2002, Houston was one of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. (The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game that year, nor have they played at any time in their existence.)

text: Scheduling[edit]

text: Prior to the AFL-NFL merger, the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September, in some cases at the end of the preseason. In 1970, it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August.

text: The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game. The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25, forcing cancellation of the game.

text: The 2016 edition, which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts, was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions. Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day, the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf. When it was apparent the paint wasn't drying fast enough, the field was heated to speed up the drying process, but this caused the turf's rubber to melt. These issues led to unfavorable play conditions. The affected areas were described as being slick and "like cement," making it impossible to get decent footing. Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent, reportedly paint thinner, to the turf. A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin, and alerted others to the discovery. When officially cancelling the game, both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns.[2][3][4]

text: Both teams were told at 6:40 p.m.--an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff--that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff.[5]

text: On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday, August 3, 2017. The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. On February 23, 2017, it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals.[6]

text: Television and radio[edit]

text: Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local networks, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's Monday Night Football package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's Wide World of Sports package (still using the MNF crew). In 1998, the game was put in the MNF package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football[7] television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions, it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019.

text: Westwood One owns national radio rights; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network. Each team's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games (albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations).

text: In 2007 and 2008, the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports. It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights. ESPN America (formerly North American Sports Network) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe.

text: From 1998 to 2005, the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada, simulcasting ABC; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006, the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010. With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics, TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012. Azteca 7 aired Spanish-language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010. Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa's Summer Olympics coverage, the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013.

text: Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market, and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania. As such, the NBC affiliates (and before them, the ABC affiliates) are within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out. Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans (less than half the NFL's minimum requirements for its stadiums) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton, the game has, to date, always sold out (several NFL teams, as well as the Super Bowl, have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks).

text: Game history[edit]

text:
Date
Away team
Away score
Home team
Home score
Recap

August 11, 1962
New York Giants
21
St. Louis Cardinals
21
Recap

September 8, 1963
Cleveland Browns
7
Pittsburgh Steelers
16
Recap

September 6, 1964
Baltimore Colts
48
Pittsburgh Steelers
17
Recap

September 12, 1965
Detroit Lions
3
Washington Redskins
20
Recap

August 5, 1967
Cleveland Browns
13
Philadelphia Eagles
28
Recap

August 3, 1968
Dallas Cowboys
24
Chicago Bears
30
Recap

September 13, 1969
Green Bay Packers
38
Atlanta Falcons
24
Recap

August 8, 1970
New Orleans Saints
14
Minnesota Vikings
13
Recap

July 31, 1971
Houston Oilers
6
Los Angeles Rams
17
Recap

July 29, 1972
Kansas City Chiefs
23
New York Giants
17
Recap

July 28, 1973
San Francisco 49ers
20
New England Patriots
7
Recap

July 27, 1974
Buffalo Bills
13
St. Louis Cardinals
21
Recap

August 2, 1975
Washington Redskins
17
Cincinnati Bengals
9
Recap

July 24, 1976
Denver Broncos
10
Detroit Lions
7
Recap

July 30, 1977
Chicago Bears
20
New York Jets
6
Recap

July 29, 1978
Miami Dolphins
3
Philadelphia Eagles
17
Recap

July 28, 1979
Dallas Cowboys
13
Oakland Raiders
20
Recap

August 2, 1980
San Diego Chargers
0
Green Bay Packers
0
Recap [A]

August 1, 1981
Atlanta Falcons
10
Cleveland Browns
24
Recap

August 7, 1982
Baltimore Colts
14
Minnesota Vikings
30
Recap

July 30, 1983
New Orleans Saints
14
Pittsburgh Steelers
27
Recap

July 28, 1984
Seattle Seahawks
38
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
0
Recap

August 3, 1985
New York Giants
21
Houston Oilers
20
Recap

August 2, 1986
New England Patriots
21
St. Louis Cardinals
16
Recap

August 8, 1987
San Francisco 49ers
20
Kansas City Chiefs
7
Recap

July 30, 1988
Cincinnati Bengals
14
Los Angeles Rams
7
Recap

August 5, 1989
Washington Redskins
31
Buffalo Bills
6
Recap

August 4, 1990
Cleveland Browns
0
Chicago Bears
13
Recap

July 27, 1991
Detroit Lions
14
Denver Broncos
3
Recap

August 1, 1992
New York Jets
41
Philadelphia Eagles
14
Recap

July 31, 1993
Green Bay Packers
3
Los Angeles Raiders
19
Recap

July 30, 1994
San Diego Chargers
17
Atlanta Falcons
21
Recap

July 29, 1995
Carolina Panthers
20
Jacksonville Jaguars
14
Recap

July 27, 1996
Indianapolis Colts
10
New Orleans Saints
3
Recap

July 26, 1997
Minnesota Vikings
28
Seattle Seahawks
26
Recap

August 1, 1998
Pittsburgh Steelers
6
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
30
Recap

August 9, 1999
Dallas Cowboys
17
Cleveland Browns
20
Recap

July 31, 2000
New England Patriots
20
San Francisco 49ers
0
Recap

August 6, 2001
St. Louis Rams
17
Miami Dolphins
10
Recap

August 5, 2002
Houston Texans
17
New York Giants
34
Recap

August 4, 2003
Kansas City Chiefs
9
Green Bay Packers
0
Recap[B]

August 9, 2004
Denver Broncos
17
Washington Redskins
20
Recap

August 8, 2005
Chicago Bears
27
Miami Dolphins
24
Recap

August 6, 2006
Oakland Raiders
16
Philadelphia Eagles
10
Recap

August 5, 2007
New Orleans Saints
7
Pittsburgh Steelers
20
Recap

August 3, 2008
Indianapolis Colts
16
Washington Redskins
30
Recap

August 9, 2009
Buffalo Bills
18
Tennessee Titans
21
Recap

August 8, 2010
Dallas Cowboys
16
Cincinnati Bengals
7
Recap

August 7, 2011
Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout
Ref.

August 5, 2012
Arizona Cardinals
10
New Orleans Saints
17
Recap

August 4, 2013
Miami Dolphins
20
Dallas Cowboys
24
Recap

August 3, 2014
New York Giants
17
Buffalo Bills
13
Recap

August 9, 2015
Pittsburgh Steelers
3
Minnesota Vikings
14
Recap

August 7, 2016
Canceled due to poor field conditions
Ref.

August 3, 2017
Dallas Cowboys
20
Arizona Cardinals
18
Recap

tag: table

text: Standings[edit]

text:
Team
W
L
T
PCT
Last appearance

Washington Redskins
5
0
0
1.000
2008

Chicago Bears
4
0
0
1.000
2005

Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
3
0
0
1.000
2006

Carolina Panthers
1
0
0
1.000
1995

Minnesota Vikings
3
1
0
.750
2015

Pittsburgh Steelers
3
3
0
.500
2015

New England Patriots
2
1
0
.667
2000

San Francisco 49ers
2
1
0
.667
2000

Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams
2
1
0
.667
2001

Kansas City Chiefs
2
1
0
.667
2003

New York Giants
3
1
1
.625
2014

Dallas Cowboys
3
3
0
.500
2017

Indianapolis/Baltimore Colts
2
2
0
.500
2008

Philadelphia Eagles
2
2
0
.500
2006

New York Jets
1
1
0
.500
1992

Seattle Seahawks
1
1
0
.500
1997

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
1
1
0
.500
1998

Cleveland Browns
2
3
0
.400
1999

New Orleans Saints
2
3
0
.400
2012

Green Bay Packers
1
2
1
.375
2003

Cincinnati Bengals
1
2
0
.333
2010

Atlanta Falcons
1
2
0
.333
1994

Denver Broncos
1
2
0
.333
2004

Detroit Lions
1
2
0
.333
1991

Tennessee Titans/Houston Oilers
1
2
0
.333
2009

Arizona/St. Louis Cardinals
1
3
1
.300
2017

Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers
0
1
1
.250
1994

Baltimore Ravens
0
0
0
–
N/A

Houston Texans
0
1
0
.000
2002

Jacksonville Jaguars
0
1
0
.000
1995

Buffalo Bills
0
4
0
.000
2014

Miami Dolphins
0
4
0
.000
2013

text: Most appearances – 6: Pittsburgh Steelers (1963, 1964, 1983, 1998, 2007, and 2015) and Dallas Cowboys (1968, 1979, 1999, 2010, 2013, and 2017)

text: Most wins – 5: Washington Redskins (1965, 1975, 1989, 2004, and 2008)

text: Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance – 26 seasons: Detroit Lions (last appearance – 1991); 25 seasons: New York Jets (last appearance – 1992); 23 seasons: Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers (last appearance – 1994); 22 seasons: Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars (last appearance – 1995)

text: Active teams to have never made a Hall of Fame Game appearance – Baltimore Ravens

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Game ended with 5:29 remaining in the fourth quarter due to severe lightning.
Jump up ^ Game ended with 5:49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning.

tag: ol


document_title: Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2

question_text: who plays the cop in cloudy with a chance of meatballs 2

text: Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Inventor Flint Lockwood and his friends have saved the world from the food storm created by the "Flint Lockwood Diatonic Super Mutating Dynamic Food Replicator" (FLDSMDFR) but this has left their island home town of Swallow Falls covered in food. Super-inventor Chester V, the CEO of Live Corp and Flint's childhood idol, offers his company's services to clean the island and helps to relocate the population to nearby San Franjose, California. Chester also invites Flint to work at Live Corp.

text: Six months later, Chester shows Flint that the island is flourishing with sentient food created by the FLDSMDFR in the form of "foodimals", and that some are trying to swim from the island, potentially threatening the world. Chester tells Flint he needs to travel to the island, find the FLDSMDFR, and insert a special USB device into it to destroy it to end the threat. Though the mission is meant to be classified, Flint invites his friends to help: his girlfriend, meteorologist Sam Sparks; her cameraman Manny; police officer Earl Devereaux; Steve, his pet monkey who communicates via a device on his chest; and "Chicken" Brent. He also grudgingly accepts the help of Tim, his father, who takes them to the island by his fishing boat. When Chester learns that Flint is not alone, he and his assistant Barb, a super-intelligent orangutan, soon follow along with several Live Corp employees.

text: While Tim stays with the boat, Flint and his friends work their way through the jungle-like environment that now covers Swallow Falls and encounter the numerous forms of foodimals, including a strawberry they call "Barry". Chester arrives shortly, offering to help Flint. Sam becomes suspicious of Chester's motives, as his claim that the foodimals are dangerous does not align with what they have observed already. Flint refuses to accept Sam's statement, and she and the rest of Flint's friends leave on their own, eventually getting captured by the Live Corp employees.

text: Flint, Barb and Chester track down and locate the FLDSMDFR. As Flint is about to insert the USB device, he recognizes that it is acting as a brain to all the foodimals on the island, and it is not dangerous to them in any way. He refuses to use the USB device, but Chester forces his hand, and with the device, is able to seize control of the FLDSMDFR. Chester announces his plan to use it to create more foodimals, and with those and the ones being captured on the island as they speak, he will make food bars out of them. Chester knocks Flint into a river, where he washes out and reunites with Tim. Without the FLDSMDFR, he and his father find the foodimals on the island are dying, and Flint vows to get it back with the help of Barry.

text: Tim helps Flint and Barry sneak into the Live Corp base. As Barry frees the foodimals, Flint challenges Chester to turn over the FLDSMDFR, but Chester threatens to use his friends in his food bar processing machine. Flint is able to use his inventions to beat Chester and free his friends, along with Barb's help after Chester shows how little respect he has for her. Chester tries to escape but is eaten by a cheeseburger spider. Flint recovers the FLDSMDFR, restores it to normal, and returns it to where they found it, allowing the foodimals to flourish naturally. He and his friends, including Barry and Barb, return home, and Flint reconciles with Tim, who lets him try out fishing for the first time.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Barb is trying to ask Steve on a date while he is distracted by a banana sandwich.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bill Hader as Flint Lockwood, an inventor.[2] He also voices the FLDSMDFR, as he did in the first movie.

Bridget Hoffman as Young Flint Lockwood. She replaces Max Neuwirth for the role.

Anna Faris as Samantha "Sam" Sparks, a weather intern from New York City and Flint's girlfriend.[2]
James Caan as Tim Lockwood, Flint's widowed father.[2]
Will Forte as Chester V, a world-famous super-inventor and the head of Live Corp.
Andy Samberg as Brent McHale, an infamous/former celebrity mascot of Baby Brent's Sardines, now known as Chicken Brent.[2]
Neil Patrick Harris as Steve the Monkey, Flint's pet vervet monkey who communicates using a Speak and Spell monkey thought translator Flint invented; however, he only has a limited vocabulary and mostly just says his name, says a few random things, and reminds Flint that he's hungry.[2]
Benjamin Bratt as Manny, Sam's Guatemalan cameraman and a former doctor, pilot, and comedian.[2]
Terry Crews as Officer Earl Devereaux, the town's athletic cop.[9] Crews replaced Mr. T for the role.
Kristen Schaal as Barb, Chester V's talking and lipstick-wearing orangutan with a human brain.[9][10]
Khamani Griffin as Cal Devereaux, Earl's son. Griffin replaced Bobb'e J. Thompson for the role.
Al Roker as Patrick Patrickson, the anchorman of the weather station.
Cody Cameron as Barry the Strawberry and Dill Pickles.[11]
Melissa Sturm as Sentinel Louise and Live Corp Scientist.
Kris Pearn as Shrimpanzees,[11] Sentinel Peter, and Labcoat Jenny.
Craig Kellman as Flintly McCallahan and Idea Pants Guy.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The first news of the sequel came out in April 2010, when website io9 reported that the original directors, Phil Lord and Chris Miller, won't return for the sequel.[12] In December 2011, it was reported that Cody Cameron, the story artist on the first film, and Kris Pearn, the head of story on the first, would direct the sequel, with Lord and Miller serving as exec-producers. John Francis Daley, Jonathan Goldstein, and Erica Rivinoja[2] wrote the screenplay, which is based on an original story idea, not on Pickles to Pittsburgh, Ron and Judi Barrett's follow-up book.[13] In February 2012, it was announced that the sequel would be titled Cloudy 2: Revenge of the Leftovers,[14] but it was later retitled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2.[15]

text: Bill Hader, Anna Faris, James Caan, Andy Samberg, Neil Patrick Harris, and Benjamin Bratt reprised their roles.[2] The role of Earl, the town cop, was taken over by Terry Crews, since Mr. T declined to return.[9] Kristen Schaal joined the cast to voice Barb, a talking and lipstick-wearing orangutan with a human brain.[10] Will Forte, who voiced Joseph Towne in the first film, voices Chester V, a world-famous super-inventor who commands Barb and is the head of the Live Corp Company.[9] On January 17, 2013, concept art from the film was released.[16]

text: The music was composed by Mark Mothersbaugh.[3] Cody Simpson provided a single "La Da Dee", which was played at the film's end credits. Simpson also performed in a music video that incorporated footage from the film.[1] Paul McCartney's single, "New", from his 2013 album, was featured in the film.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 was originally scheduled for release on December 20, 2013,[19] then pushed to February 7, 2014,[20] before moving up to September 27, 2013.[8]

text: In promotional events before the film's release, Sony Pictures Animation partnered with some produce companies to provide more than 200,000 pounds (91 tonnes) of produce for Feeding America's action to help children and families in need. Several food-packing events across the country were organized, with Anna Faris and Will Forte attending the main one in Los Angeles.[21] Sony teamed up with marketing partners in the United States to promote the film through Subway Kids Meals with a set of 6 customized bags.[22]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 28, 2014.[23] The home media was accompanied with four short animated films based on the main feature: Super Manny, Earl Scouts, Steve's First Bath, and Attack of the 50-Foot Gummi Bear.[23] Two of the shorts, Super Manny and Earl Scouts, were already released online before the media release, premiering in October 2013 on Univision[24][25][26] and Fandango,[27][28][29] respectively. David Feiss directed all four shorts,[30] which feature a computer-generated wraparound animation and a hand-drawn animation, provided by Six Point Harness.[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 71%, based on 119 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's consensus reads: "While not as clever or inventive as its predecessor, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 compensates with enough dazzling visuals to keep younger viewers entertained."[32] Another aggregator, Metacritic, gave the film a score of 59 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[33]

text: Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying "While not as delightfully breezy as the original, an engaging voice cast and hordes of 'Foodimals' still manage to serve up a tasty sequel."[34] Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars, saying "At its heart, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 is fun, even if it is occasionally so chaotic it tramples the movie's flow like a herd of stampeding Buffaloafs."[35] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The movie is better in every respect than the original Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs. It's also more fun than all three Ice Ages; Monsters University; Planes; Epic; Despicable Me 2; and though I could go on, I won't."[36] Jordan Hoffman of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars, saying "Cloudy 2 is loud, weird and chaotic—just as kids like it. There's plenty of screaming and running while arms flail about, and even the obligatory message bit is given a healthy dose of 'yeah, yeah, yeah.' Your car ride back from the theater won't be a quiet one, but sometimes it's good to have a sugary treat."[37] Dave McGinn of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Unfortunately, the film promises more fun and laughs than it delivers, and this meal tastes like too many that have gone before it."[38] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film four out of five stars, saying "It's the rare [sequel] that takes the spirit of the original and runs with it, coming up with something uniquely good in its own right."[39]

text: Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of four stars, saying "For all its properly surreal mayhem, this flick isn't quite as nimble or emotionally rounded as its predecessor."[40] Sean O'Connell of The Washington Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Kids will chuckle, for sure. But parents who were pleasantly surprised by the original film's intelligence will miss Lord and Miller's guiding hands, as what once felt so funny now leaves a stale taste."[41] Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film one out of four stars, saying "Whelk, I hope the makers of Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs earned a nice celery, but I'm afraid they made a hash of things. A hash seasoned with oy sauce."[42] Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Mostly, Cloudy 2 relies on the usual noxious recipe for junky kid flicks: loud noise, pop music and poop jokes."[43] Miriam Bale of The New York Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "At times it felt as if this film might challenge Pixar's decade-long reign, but that promise wanes. Instead, the movie is sometimes so strange, colorful and wildly cute that it may end up becoming a Yellow Submarine for a new generation."[44] Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two out of four stars, saying "It's another brightly rendered effort, but, as the title indicates, a lot of the real creativity seems to have been used up the first time around."[45] Mike Clark of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "There's not a surprise or moment of tension to be found here, but the film is all energy and color that makes the discomfort of 3-D glasses seem worth it."[46]

text: Jocelyn Noveck of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Your enjoyment will probably depend on your tolerance of those countless food-based puns dreamed up by script writers Erica Rivinoja, John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein. Some might find these tiresome, but let's just note here that this is a kid movie, and KIDS LOVE PUNS. So they laugh at 'There's a leek in the boat.' And they laugh even more the second time."[47] A. A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a C, saying "Like too many sequels, this second helping of Meatballs confuses bigger for better, piling on the action but misplacing much of the original's charm."[48] David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars, saying "This scrumptious sequel follows the same recipe as the 2009 original."[49] Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs 2 is a humorous yet unfocused romp, so unwilling to settle on a single theme that hyperactivity medication should be handed out with the 3-D glasses."[50] Matt Patches of Film.com gave the film 7.1 out of 10, saying "The 2009 original separated itself from the Pixar and Dreamworks competition with a joke-first approach. The sequel quadruples the recipe, with gags on top of gags on top of gags in a way only animation could achieve. Like a foodie Jurassic Park conjured up by Tex Avery, Cloudy 2 is a sight to behold … as long as your brain hasn't turned to mush by the halfway point."[51]

text: Amy Nicholson of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review, saying "The Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs franchise takes its comic cues from The Muppets and Pee Wee's Playhouse, kids' shows that ripen as their audience matures."[52] Keith Staskiewicz of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, saying "While no one was exactly crying out for second helpings of this animated meat-eorology franchise, Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs 2 is charming enough on its own not to feel like just reheated leftovers."[53] Steve Davis of The Austin Chronicle gave the film two out of five stars, saying "For both kids and adults, CWCM2 is little more than a vague memory as soon as it's over."[54] Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review, saying "What Erica Rivinoja, John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein's script lacks in lingering nutritional value, it compensates for with amusing food puns. If nothing else, the pic's zany tone and manic pace are good for a quick-hit sugar high."[4] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "Honestly, anyone who can pull off a running joke about leeks that does not make you gag, and is in fact a silly delight, deserves props."[55] Bill Zwecker of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Unlike so many sequels, this fun-filled 3D adventure is sure to entertain younger kids but also charm the adults who will be accompanying them to the multiplexes."[56]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 grossed $119,793,567 in North America, and $154,532,382 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $274,325,949.[7] Its budget was reported at $78 million,[7] while Sony spent $48.2 million for the film's marketing in the United States, and $41.3 million in other countries.[57]

text: In North America, the film earned $9.3 million on its opening day,[58] and opened to number one in its first weekend, with $34,017,930.[59] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number two, grossing an additional $20,950,192.[60] In its third weekend, the film dropped to number three, grossing $13,774,742.[61] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing $9,672,791.[62]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Kids' Choice Awards[63]
Favorite Animated Movie

Nominated

Satellite Awards[64]
Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media

Nominated

Visual Effects Society Awards[65]
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Peter Nash, Michael Ford, Chris Juen, Mandy Tankenson
Nominated

Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Andrew Hofman, Alex Moaveni
Nominated

British Academy Children's Awards[66]
BAFTA Kid's Vote - Film in 2014

Nominated

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2, published by GameMill Entertainment, was released on September 24, 2013 for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS.[67] A free mobile game titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2: Foodimal Frenzy was developed by PlayFirst and released for both iOS and Android devices.[68]


document_title: Languages of Colombia

question_text: what languages are spoken in colombia besides spanish

text: Languages of Colombia

text: More than 99.2% of Colombians speak the Spanish language; also 65 Amerindian languages, 2 Creole languages and the romani language are spoken in the country. English has official status in the San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands.[1][2][3]

text: The overwhelming majority of Colombians speak Spanish (see also Colombian Spanish), but in total 101 languages are listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database. The specific number of spoken languages varies slightly since some authors consider as different languages what others consider to be varieties or dialects of the same language. Best estimates recorded 71 languages that are spoken in-country today—most of which belong to the Chibchan, Tucanoan, Bora–Witoto, Guajiboan, Arawakan, Cariban, Barbacoan, and Saliban language families. There are currently about 850,000 speakers of native languages.[4][5]

text: Sixty-five indigenous languages that exist today can be regrouped into 12 language families and 10 languages isolated, not yet classified. [1]

text: The languages are: the great linguistic family Chibchan, of probable Central American origin; the great South American families Arawakan, Cariban, Quechuan and Tupian; seven families only present at the regional level (Chocó, Guahibo, Saliba, Macu, Witoto, Bora, Tucano). The ten isolated languages are: Andoque, Awa-cuaiquer, Cofán, Guambiano, Kamentsá, Páez, Ticuna, Tinigua, Yagua, Yaruro. [1]

text: Sign languages[edit]

text:
Colombian Sign Language
Providence Island Sign Language


document_title: Food Safety Act 1990

question_text: who does the food safety act 1990 apply to

text: Food Safety Act 1990

text:
Food Safety Act 1990

United Kingdom Parliament

Long title
An Act to make new provision of place of the Food Act 1984 (except Parts III and V), the Food and Drugs (Scotland) Act 1956 and certain other enactments relating to food; to amend Parts III and V of the said Act of 1984 and Part I of the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985; and for connected purposes.

Citation
1990 c. 16

Territorial extent
Great Britain and certain sessions extend to Northern Ireland

Dates

Royal assent
29 June 1990

Text of statute as originally enacted

[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/16 legislation_history= Revised text of statute as amended]

text: The Food Safety Act 1990[1][2] is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is the statutory obligation to treat food intended for human consumption in a controlled and managed way.

text: The key requirements of the Act are that food must comply with food safety requirements, must be "of the nature, substance and quality demanded", and must be correctly described (labelled).

text: Definitions[edit]

text:
This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information. If importance cannot be established, the section is likely to be moved to another article, pseudo-redirected, or removed.
Find sources: "Food Safety Act 1990" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Advertisement includes any notice, circular, label, wrapping, invoice or other document or presentation, and any broadcast or public announcement by visual or acoustic presentation or both, and "to advertise" shall be construed accordingly; this is the definition

text: Authorised technique shall not include any technique which involves no more than, or no more than the assistance of, naturally occurring processes of reproduction, including selective breeding techniques or in vitro fertilisation;

text: Authorised officer means any person suitably qualified to the satisfaction of the health authority; "but if regulations made by the Ministers so provide, no person shall be so authorised unless he has such qualifications as may be prescribed by the regulations."[3]

text: Authorised place means any port, airport or other place authorised by or under the regulations which is used, or is capable of being used, for the importation or exportation of food or food sources, and, in relation to food in a particular consignment.

text:
Food Administration
Public analyst


document_title: Walking Tall (2004 film)

question_text: where was the 2004 movie walking tall filmed

text: Walking Tall (2004 film)

text: Plot

text: Former U.S. Army Special Forces sergeant Chris Vaughn (The Rock)  returns to his small home town in Kitsap County, Washington. Looking for work, he finds the local cedar mill was closed down three years prior by its heir, Jay Hamilton (Neal McDonough), who opened a new casino that now accounts for the majority of revenue for the local area. Hamilton, who was also Vaughn's school friend, invites him to a night of fun at the casino. While checking out the VIP lounge, Vaughn stumbles upon his childhood friend Deni (Ashley Scott), who is now working as a stripper. Later, he notices the craps dealer using loaded dice and demonstrates this to the patrons by placing a bet and calling out the roll before throwing the dice. When the floorman declares no payout, Vaughn instigates a fight. Although he beats down most of the security guards, he is subsequently subdued with a cattle prod and knocked unconscious. The security staff take Vaughn into the basement and Hamilton's right-hand man and head of security Booth (Kevin Durand) tortures him by cutting his torso with a utility knife before dumping him on a roadside. He is found by a trucker and hospitalized, but recovers quickly.

text: Vaughn goes to the sheriff, Stan Watkins (Michael Bowen), to press charges against the guards, but Sheriff Watkins refuses to allow him to do so because the casino is viewed as too important to the town's economy, stating that because of its position, the casino is considered a "no fly zone". After this, Vaughn also learns that his nephew, Pete (Khleo Thomas), experimented with crystal meth, which was sold to his friends by the casino security guards. Infuriated, Vaughn goes to the casino, and using a piece of lumber as a club, begins destroying casino property, and brutally beats the security guards when they attempt to stop him. Vaughn is apprehended by Sheriff Watkins and his deputies as he is driving away from the scene.

text: In the ensuing trial, all of Hamilton's security and staff testify against Vaughn. When the judge allows Vaughn to present his defense, he fires his appointed attorney, who is implicitly under Hamilton's employ. After making a civic speech about the town's great former self, Vaughn tells the jury and the rest of the town that if he's cleared of the charges, he will run for sheriff and clean up the town. To further emphasize his plea, Vaughn reveals the grotesque scars on his torso from his being tortured by the casino staff. He is then acquitted and wins the election for sheriff. Upon taking office, he summarily dismisses the entire police force and deputizes his friend, Ray Templeton (Johnny Knoxville), whom Vaughn feels he can trust, as well as help Vaughn learn about narcotics (Templeton revealed earlier that he served time in prison after becoming a drug addict).

text: Vaughn and Templeton find drugs on Booth and they take him into custody. In an attempt to make him reveal information on the town drug operation, they hold him captive in a garage and proceed to strip his truck into pieces in front of him, but he does not talk. Vaughn assigns Templeton to stand watch over his house, as he knows Hamilton will likely target his family. Vaughn himself remains at the sheriff's office to supervise Booth. He is visited by Deni, stopping by under the pretense of bringing him food and reveals that she quit her job as the casino stripper. The two end up spending the night together in the office. The next morning, Watkins and his deputies arrive at the Sheriff's office where they blow up Vaughn's truck and fire upon the building with machine guns. Recognizing his dangerous predicament, Booth pleads for Vaughn to let him out of his cell, prompting Vaughn to use Booth's perilous situation as leverage for information. Booth reveals that the old mill is where the drugs are being produced, but is immediately killed by the indiscriminate fire of the attackers. Vaughn manages to kill all of the attackers with Deni's help.

text: Vaughn's parents' house is attacked, but Templeton and Vaughn's father are able to dispatch the gunmen. After ensuring their safety, Vaughn heads for the mill where he discovers a meth lab as well as Hamilton, calmly waiting in a control room. Hamilton attempts to kill Vaughn with the mill equipment by dropping him through a trap door, but Vaughn drags Hamilton down with him and the two fall through a chute. Vaughn, whose leg is injured, manages to tend to his injury in a nearby forest before Hamilton attacks him with an axe. The two fight for their lives, with Vaughn ultimately coming out on top by beating Hamilton with a nearby uprooted tree, breaking his leg. Vaughn repeats what Hamilton said to him earlier "You're right, Jay. This does change our relationship. This is my town. You're under arrest." And Hamilton is arrested and taken into custody, with Templeton's assistance, Vaughn shuts down the casino. In the closing scene it is revealed that the local mill is back in use.

text: Cast

text:
Dwayne Johnson as Christopher "Chris" Vaughn, Jr.
Johnny Knoxville as Ray Templeton
Neal McDonough as Jay Hamilton
Michael Bowen as Sheriff Stan Watkins
Kevin Durand as Booth
Kristen Wilson as Michelle Vaughn
Ashley Scott as Deni
Khleo Thomas as Pete Vaughn
John Beasley as Christopher Vaughn Sr.
Cobie Smulders as Beautiful Eye Candy in car

text: Production

text:
In the original film, Pusser uses a wooden club to beat the criminals. Director Kevin Bray wanted to update it by making it a baseball bat. There were objections, so the compromise was just to add a handle.
Although it was filmed in Squamish, British Columbia, Canada, the setting of this 2004 film is in semi-rural Kitsap County, Washington, and not in the McNairy County, Tennessee, where Buford Pusser originally served as a sheriff.

text: Reception

text: The film received mostly negative reviews from critics. Based on 133 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 25% of critics gave Walking Tall a positive review, with an average rating of 4.4/10, with the critics consensus: "The Rock makes a competent hero, but the movie is content to let a 2×4 do all the talking."[1]

text: The film grossed $57 million (worldwide total), with a budget of $46 million.[2]

text: Sequel

text: Walking Tall: The Payback and Walking Tall: Lone Justice are two  direct-to-video sequels that have been released starring Kevin Sorbo.


document_title: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory

question_text: who did charlie take to the chocolate factory

text: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory

text: Plot[edit]

text: 11-year-old Charlie Bucket lives in poverty in a tiny house with his parents and four grandparents. His grandparents share the only bed in the house, located in the only bedroom. Charlie and his parents sleep on a mattress on the floor. One day, Grandpa Joe tells him about the legendary and eccentric chocolatier, Willy Wonka and all the wonderful candy he made until the other candymakers sent in spies to steal his secret recipes, which led him to close the factory forever. The next day, the newspaper announces that Mr Wonka is reopening the factory and has invited five children to come on a tour, after they find a golden ticket in a Wonka Bar. Each ticket find is a media sensation and each finder becomes a celebrity. The first four golden tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled and petulant Veruca Salt, the gum-addicted Violet Beauregarde, and the TV-obsessed Mike Teavee.

text: One day, Charlie sees a fifty-pence coin (dollar bill in the US version) buried in the snow. He then buys himself a Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket and shows it to his parents. The ticket says he can bring any family members with him to the factory and Charlie's parents decide to allow Grandpa Joe to go with him.

text: After meeting Mr Wonka, the kids and their parents go inside where they meet Oompa-Loompas, a race of small people who help Mr Wonka operate the factory since he rescued them from poverty and fear in their home country Loompaland. The other kids are ejected from the factory in comical, mysterious and painful ways. Augustus gets sucked up the pipe after falling into the Chocolate River in the Chocolate Room, Violet blows up into a giant blueberry after sampling an experimental three-course chewing gum meal in the Inventing Room, Veruca is thrown down the garbage chute in the Nut Room after the nut-testing squirrels consider her a "bad nut," and Mike gets shrunk after he tries to be the first person to be sent by television in the Television Room's Television Chocolate Technology. With only Charlie remaining, Mr Wonka congratulates him for "winning" the factory and, after explaining his true age and the reason behind his golden tickets, names Charlie his successor. They ride the Great Glass Elevator to Charlie's house while the other four children go home (Augustus squeezed thin, Violet all blue in the face, Veruca covered in garbage, and Mike stretched ten feet tall). Afterwards, Mr Wonka invites Charlie's family to come live with him in the factory, and they do.

text: Publication[edit]

text: Dahl’s widow said that Charlie was originally written as 'a little black boy.' Dahl’s biographer said the change to a white character was driven by Dahl’s agent, who thought a black Charlie would not appeal to readers.[4][5]

text: Unused chapters[edit]

text: Various unused and draft material from Dahl's early versions of the novel have been found. In the initial, unpublished drafts of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory nine golden tickets were distributed to tour Willy Wonka's secret chocolate factory[6] and the children faced more rooms and more temptations to test their self-control.[6][7] Some of the names of the children cut from the final work include:[8]

text:
Clarence Crump, Bertie Upside, and Terence Roper (who overindulge in Warming Candies)[9][10]
Elvira Entwhistle (lost down a trash chute, renamed as Veruca Salt)[6][9]
Violet Glockenberry (renamed Strabismus and finally Beauregarde)[6][9][11]
Miranda Grope and Augustus Pottle (lost up a chocolate pipe, combined into the character Augustus Gloop)[6][9]
Miranda Mary Piker (renamed from Miranda Grope, became the subject of Spotty Powder)[11][12]
Marvin Prune (a conceited boy)[8][12]
Wilbur Rice and Tommy Troutbeck, the subjects of The Vanilla Fudge Room[6][9][13]
Herpes Trout (renamed Mike Teavee)[11]

text: "Spotty Powder"[edit]

text: "Spotty Powder" was first published as a short story in 1973.[12][14] In 2005, The Times reprinted "Spotty Powder" as a "lost" chapter, saying it had been found in Dahl's desk, written backwards in mirror writing (the way Leonardo da Vinci wrote his journal).[7][15] This chapter describes Spotty Powder, which looks and tastes like sugar, but causes bright red pox-like spots to appear on faces and necks five seconds after ingestion, so children who eat Spotty Powder do not have to go to school. The spots fade on their own a few hours later. After learning the purpose of Spotty Powder, the humourless, smug Miranda Piker and her equally humourless father (a schoolmaster) are enraged and disappear into the Spotty Powder room to sabotage the machine. Soon after entering, they are heard making what Mrs Piker interpreted as screams. Mr Wonka assures her (after making a brief joke where he claims that headmasters are one of the occasional ingredients) it was only laughter. Exactly what happened to them is not revealed in the extract.[6][7]

text: In an early draft, sometime after being renamed from Miranda Grope to Miranda Piker but before "Spotty Powder" was written, she falls down the chocolate waterfall and ends up in the Peanut-Brittle Mixer. This results in the "rude and disobedient little kid" becoming "quite delicious."[12][16] This early draft poem was slightly rewritten as an Oompa-Loompa song in the lost chapter, which now puts her in the "Spotty-Powder mixer" and instead of being "crunchy and ... good [peanut brittle]" she is now "useful [for truancy] and ... good."[7]

text: "The Vanilla Fudge Room"[edit]

text: In 2014, The Guardian revealed that Dahl had cut another chapter ("The Vanilla Fudge Room") from an early draft of the book. The Guardian reported the now-eliminated passage was "deemed too wild, subversive and insufficiently moral for the tender minds of British children almost 50 years ago."[6][17] In what was originally chapter five in that version of the book, Charlie goes to the factory with his mother (instead of his grandfather, as originally published). At this point, the chocolate factory tour is down to eight kids,[13][18] including Tommy Troutbeck and Wilbur Rice. After the entire group climbs to the top of the titular fudge mountain, eating vanilla fudge along the way, Troutbeck and Rice decide to take a ride on the wagons carrying away chunks of fudge. The wagons take them directly to The Pounding And Cutting Room, where the fudge is reformed and sliced into small squares for retail sale. Wonka states the machine is equipped with "a large wire strainer ... which is used specially for catching children before they fall into the machine" adding that "It always catches them. At least it always has up to now."[13]

text: The chapter dates back to an early draft with ten golden tickets, including two for Miranda Grope and Augustus Pottle, who fell into the chocolate river prior to the events of "Fudge Mountain".[6][19] Augustus Pottle was routed to the Chocolate Fudge Room, not the Vanilla Fudge Room explored in this chapter,[13][18] and Miranda Grope ended up in the Peanut Brittle Room.[12]

text: "The Warming Candy Room"[edit]

text: Also in 2014, Vanity Fair published a plot summary of "The Warming Candy Room", wherein three boys eat too many "warming candies" and end up "bursting with heat."[20]

text: The Warming Candy Room is dominated by a boiler, which heats a scarlet liquid. The liquid is dispensed one drop at a time, where it cools and forms a hard shell, storing the heat and "by a magic process ... the hot heat changes into an amazing thing called 'cold heat.'" After eating a single warming candy, one could stand naked in the snow comfortably. This is met with predictable disbelief from Clarence Crump, Bertie Upside, and Terence Roper, who proceed to eat at least one hundred warming candies each, resulting in profuse perspiration. The three boys and their families discontinue the tour after they are taken to cool off "in the large refrigerator for a few hours."[10]

text: "The Children's-Delight Room"[edit]

text: Roald Dahl originally planned for a child called Marvin Prune to be included in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Dahl submitted the excised chapter regarding Marvin Prune to The Horn Book Review in the early 1970s.[21] Rather than publish the chapter, Horn Book responded with a critical essay by novelist Eleanor Cameron, who criticised Dahl's worth as a human being.[22]

text: Although it was believed that Horn Book never returned the chapter, Marvin Prune's chapter is actually available, but it has not yet been published.[citation needed] "The Children's-Delight Room" was reworked into "Spotty Powder".[citation needed] It is present in two versions. One features the workers from "The Vanilla Fudge Room" but also include "tiny whispery voices" who sing the songs after each child's exit, and Charlie with his mother and father. The second version features Grandpa Joe, Charlie's grandfather, who is present in the final book, and the Oompa-Loompas. In the version with the voices, the voices actually sing two songs, a two verse type one found in "The Vanilla Fudge Room", plus a longer one like the type that is found in the final book. Like Miranda, Marvin loves school and suffers the same fate as her—supposedly getting ground into powder.

text: Reception[edit]

text: A fan of the book since childhood, film director Tim Burton wrote: "I responded to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory because it respected the fact that children can be adults."[23][24] In a 2006 list for the Royal Society of Literature, author J. K. Rowling (author of the Harry Potter books) named Charlie and the Chocolate Factory among her top ten books every child should read.[25]

text: A 2004 study found that it was a common read-aloud book for fourth-graders in schools in San Diego County, California.[26] A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that it was one of the most common books that UK adults had read as children, after Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and The Wind in The Willows.[27]

text: Groups who have praised the book include:

text:
New England Round Table of Children's Librarians Award (USA, 1972)
Surrey School Award (UK, 1973)[28]
Read Aloud BILBY Award (Australia, 1992)[29]
Millennium Children's Book Award (UK, 2000)
Blue Peter Book Award (UK, 2000)
The Big Read, rank 35 in a survey of the British public by the BBC to identify the "Nation's Best-loved Novel" (UK, 2003)[30]
National Education Association, one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children" based on a poll (USA, 2007)[31]
School Library Journal, rank 61 among all-time children's novels (USA, 2012)[32]

text: In the 2012 survey published by SLJ, a monthly with primarily US audience, Charlie was the second of four books by Dahl among the so-called Top 100 Chapter Books, one more than any other writer.[32]

text: Although the book has always been popular and considered a children's classic by many literary critics, a number of prominent individuals have spoken unfavorably of the novel over the years.[33] Children's novelist and literary historian John Rowe Townsend has described the book as "fantasy of an almost literally nauseating kind" and accused it of "astonishing insensitivity" regarding the original portrayal of the Oompa-Loompas as black pygmies, although Dahl did revise this in later editions.[34] Another novelist, Eleanor Cameron, compared the book to the sweets that form its subject matter, commenting that it is "delectable and soothing while we are undergoing the brief sensory pleasure it affords but leaves us poorly nourished with our taste dulled for better fare."[22] Ursula K. Le Guin wrote in support of this assessment in a letter to The Horn Book Review, saying that her own daughter would turn "quite nasty" upon finishing the book.[35] Roald Dahl responded to Cameron's criticisms by noting the classics she had cited would not be well received by contemporary children.[36]

text: The cover art for Penguin UK's Modern Classics 50th Anniversary Edition of the book, published in September 2014, received criticism as being creepy, irrelevant, and age inappropriate.[37]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In addition to spawning several sequels, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has frequently been adapted for other media, including games, radio, the screen,[38] and stage, most often as plays or musicals for children – often titled Willy Wonka or Willy Wonka, Jr. and almost always featuring musical numbers by all the main characters (Wonka, Charlie, Grandpa Joe, Violet, Veruca, etc.); many of the songs are revised versions from the 1971 film.[citation needed]

text:
The book was first made into a feature film as a musical, titled Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), directed by Mel Stuart, produced by David L. Wolper, and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka, character actor Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe, and Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket. The film had an estimated budget of $2.9 million but grossed only $4 million and was considered a box-office disappointment. Exponential home video and DVD sales, as well as repeated television airings, resulted in the film's subsequently becoming a cult classic.[39] Concurrently with the 1971 film, the Quaker Oats Company introduced a line of candies whose marketing uses the book's characters and imagery.[40]
The BBC produced an adaptation for Radio 4 in the early 1980s.[citation needed]
In 1985, the Charlie and the Chocolate Factory video game was released for the ZX Spectrum by developers Soft Options Ltd and publisher Hill MacGibbon.
Another film version, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka, Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket, Deep Roy as the Oompa-Loompas, Philip Wiegratz as Augustus Gloop, and Geoffrey Holder as the Narrator, was a hit, grossing about $470 million worldwide with an estimated budget of $150 million. The 1971 and 2005 films are consistent with the written work to varying degrees. The Burton film greatly expanded Willy Wonka's personal back-story borrowing many themes and elements from the book's sequel. Both films heavily expanded the personalities of the four bad children and their parents from the limited descriptions in the book.[citation needed]
A video game, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory based on Burton's adaptation, was released on 11 July 2005.
On 1 April 2006, the British theme park, Alton Towers, opened a family attraction themed around the story. The ride features a boat section, where guests travel around the chocolate factory in bright pink boats on a chocolate river. In the final stage of the ride, guests enter one of two glass elevators, where they join Willy Wonka as they travel around the factory, eventually shooting up and out through the glass roof.[41]
The Estate of Roald Dahl sanctioned an operatic adaptation called The Golden Ticket. It was written by American composer Peter Ash and British librettist Donald Sturrock. The Golden Ticket has completely original music and was commissioned by American Lyric Theater, Lawrence Edelson (producing artistic director), and Felicity Dahl. The opera received its world premiere at Opera Theatre of Saint Louis on 13 June 2010, in a co-production with American Lyric Theater and Wexford Festival Opera.[42]
A musical based on the novel, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory premiered at the West End's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in May 2013 and officially opened on 25 June.[43] The show is directed by Sam Mendes, with new songs by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman, and stars Douglas Hodge as Willy Wonka.[43] The production broke records for weekly ticket sales.[44] Coincidentally, Hodge was also the voice of a Charlie and the Chocolate Factory audiobook, as part of a package of Roald Dahl CDs read by celebrities.
In October 2016, Variety reported that Warner Bros has acquired the rights to the Willy Wonka character from the Roald Dahl Estate and is planning a new film centred around the eccentric character with David Heyman producing with the Dahl Estate manager Michael Siegel; Kevin McCormick is executive producing and Simon Rich is penning the script while Courtenay Valenti and Jon Gonda are overseeing the project for the studio.[45]
A direct-to-video animated crossover film called Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory was released in 2017.[46]

text: Editions[edit]

text: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has undergone numerous editions and been illustrated by numerous artists.[47]

text: Books[edit]

text:
1964, OCLC 9318922 (hardcover, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., original, first US edition, illustrated by Joseph Schindelman)
1967, ISBN 9783125737600 (hardcover, George Allen & Unwin, original, first UK edition, illustrated by Faith Jaques)
1973, ISBN 0-394-81011-2 (hardcover, revised Oompa Loompa edition)
1976, ISBN 0-87129-220-3 (paperback)
1980, ISBN 0-553-15097-9 (paperback, illustrated by Joseph Schindelman)
1985, ISBN 0-14-031824-0 (paperback, illustrated by Michael Foreman)
1987, ISBN 1-85089-902-9 (hardcover)
1988, ISBN 0-606-04032-3 (prebound)
1992, ISBN 0-89966-904-2 (library binding, reprint)
1995 (illustrated by Quentin Blake)
1998, ISBN 0-14-130115-5 (paperback)
2001, ISBN 0-375-81526-0 (hardcover)
2001, ISBN 0-14-131130-4 (illustrated by Quentin Blake)
2002, ISBN 0-060-51065-X (audio CD read by Eric Idle)
2003, ISBN 0-375-91526-5 (library binding)
2004, ISBN 0-14-240108-0 (paperback)
ISBN 0-8488-2241-2 (hardcover)
2011, ISBN 978-0-14-310633-3 (paperback), Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition, cover by Ivan Brunetti
2014, (hardcover, Penguin UK/Modern Classics, 50th anniversary edition)
2014, (hardcover, Penguin UK/Puffin celebratory golden edition, illustrated by Sir Quentin Blake)[37]
2014, (double-cover paperback)[37]

text: 50th anniversary cover controversy[edit]

text: The cover photo of the 50th anniversary edition, published by Penguin Modern Classics for sale in the UK and aimed at the adult market received widespread commentary and criticism.[48] The cover is a photo of a heavily-made up young girl seated on her mother's knee and wearing a doll-like expression, taken by the photographers Sofia Sanchez and Mauro Mongiello as part of a photo shoot for a 2008 fashion article in a French magazine, for a fashion article titled "Mommie Dearest."[37][49] In addition to writing that "the image seemingly has little to do with the beloved children's classic",[50] reviewers and commenters in social media (such as posters on the publisher's Facebook page) have said the art evokes Lolita, Valley of the Dolls, and JonBenet Ramsey; looks like a scene from Toddlers & Tiaras; and is "misleading," "creepy," "sexualized," "grotesque," "misjudged on every level," "distasteful and disrespectful to a gifted author and his work," "pretentious," "trashy", "outright inappropriate," "terrifying," "really obnoxious," and "weird & kind of paedophilic."[37][51][52][53]

text: The publisher explained its objective in a blog post accompanying the announcement about the jacket art: "This new image . . . looks at the children at the center of the story, and highlights the way Roald Dahl’s writing manages to embrace both the light and the dark aspects of life."[54] Additionally, Penguin Press's Helen Conford told the Bookseller: "We wanted something that spoke about the other qualities in the book," Penguin Press's Helen Conford told the Bookseller. "It's a children's story that also steps outside children's and people aren't used to seeing Dahl in that way." She continued: "[There is] a lot of ill feeling about it, I think because it's such a treasured book and a book which isn't really a 'crossover book'" As she acknowledged: "People want it to remain as a children's book."

text: The New Yorker describes what it calls this "strangely but tellingly misbegotten" cover design thusly: "The image is a photograph, taken from a French fashion shoot, of a glassy-eyed, heavily made-up little girl. Behind her sits, a mother figure, stiff and coiffed, casting an ominous shadow. The girl, with her long, perfectly waved platinum-blond hair and her pink feather boa, looks like a pretty and inert doll—" The article continues: "And if the Stepford daughter on the cover is meant to remind us of Veruca Salt or Violet Beauregarde, she doesn't: those badly behaved squirts are bubbling over with rude life." Moreover, writes Talbot, "The Modern Classics cover has not a whiff of this validation of childish imagination; instead, it seems to imply a deviant adult audience."[48]


document_title: Much Ado About Nothing

question_text: who pretends to be hero in much ado about nothing

text: Much Ado About Nothing

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Benedick, A lord and soldier from Padua; companion of Don Pedro
Beatrice, niece of Leonato
Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon.
Don John, "the Bastard Prince," brother of Don Pedro.
Claudio, of Florence; a count, companion of Don Pedro, friend to Benedick.
Leonato, governor of Messina; Hero's father
Antonio, brother of Leonato.
Balthasar, attendant on Don Pedro, a singer.
Borachio, follower of Don John.
Conrade, follower of Don John.
Innogen, a ghost character in early editions as Leonato's wife
Hero, daughter of Leonato
Margaret, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
Ursula, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
Dogberry, the constable in charge of Messina's night watch.
Verges, the Headborough, Dogberry's partner
Friar Francis, a priest.
A Sexton, the judge of the trial of Borachio
A Boy, serving Benedick
The Watch, watchmen of Messina
Attendants and Messengers

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: In Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro, a prince from Aragon, will return that night from a successful battle, Claudio being among his soldiers. Beatrice, Leonato's niece, asks the messenger about Benedick, Don Pedro's companion, and makes sarcastic remarks about his ineptitude as a soldier. Leonato explains that "There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signor Benedick and her."[3]

text: Upon the arrival of the soldiers, Leonato welcomes Don Pedro and invites him to stay for a month, Benedick and Beatrice resume their "merry war " and Pedro's illegitimate brother Don John is introduced. Claudio's feelings for Hero, Leonato's only daughter, are rekindled upon seeing her, and Claudio soon announces to Benedick his intention to court her. Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade his friend but Don Pedro encourages the marriage. Benedick swears that he will never get married. Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him that when he has found the right person he shall get married.

text: A masquerade ball is planned in celebration of the end of the war, giving a disguised Don Pedro the opportunity to woo Hero on Claudio's behalf. Don John uses this situation to get revenge on his brother Don Pedro by telling young Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself. A furious Claudio confronts Don Pedro, but the misunderstanding is quickly resolved and Claudio wins Hero's hand in marriage.

text: Meanwhile, Benedick disguises himself and dances with Beatrice. Beatrice proceeds to tell this "mystery man" that Benedick is "the prince's jester, a very dull fool." Benedick, enraged by her words, swears he will have revenge. Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, harbour a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice. They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love with him but afraid to tell him; that their pride is the main impediment to their courtship. Meanwhile, Hero and her maid Ursula ensure Beatrice overhears them discuss Benedick's undying love for her. The tricks have the desired effect: both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think they are the object of unrequited love, and both accordingly resolve to mend their faults and reconcile.

text: Meanwhile, Don Pedro's brother Don John, the "bastard prince", plots to stop the wedding, embarrass his brother and wreak misery on Leonato and Claudio. He informs Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is unfaithful, and arranges for them to see John's associate Borachio enter her bedchamber where he has an amorous liaison (actually with Margaret, Hero's chambermaid). Claudio and Don Pedro are taken in, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly.

text: At the wedding the next day, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests and storms off with Don Pedro. Hero faints. Her humiliated father Leonato expresses the wish that she would die. The presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero to be innocent. He suggests the family fake Hero's death in order to extract the truth and Claudio's remorse. Prompted by the day's harrowing events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other. Beatrice then asks Benedick to slay Claudio as proof of his devotion, since he has slandered her kinswoman. Benedick is horrified and at first denies her request. Leonato and his brother Antonio blame Claudio for Hero's apparent death and challenge him to a duel. Benedick then does the same. Benedick is following the commands of Beatrice and is one of the few who believe Hero. Luckily, on the night of Don John's treachery, the local Watch apprehended Borachio and his ally Conrade. Despite the comic ineptness of the Watch (headed by constable Dogberry, a master of malapropisms), they have overheard the duo discussing their evil plans. The Watch arrest the villains and eventually obtain a confession, informing Leonato of Hero's innocence. Though Don John has fled the city, a force is sent to capture him. Claudio, stricken with remorse at Hero's supposed death, agrees to her father's demand that he marry Antonio's daughter, "almost the copy of my child that's dead"[3] and carry on the family name.

text: At the wedding, the bride is revealed to be Hero, still living. Claudio is overjoyed. Beatrice and Benedick, prompted by their friends' interference, finally and publicly confess their love for each other. As the play draws to a close, a messenger arrives with news of Don John's capture – but Benedick proposes to postpone his punishment to another day so that the couples can enjoy their new-found happiness. Don Pedro is lonely because he hasn't found love. Thus Benedick gives him the advice "Get thee a wife."

text: Sources[edit]

text: Stories of lovers deceived into believing each other false were common currency in northern Italy in the sixteenth century. Shakespeare's immediate source could have been one of the Novelle ("Tales") by Matteo Bandello of Mantua, dealing with the tribulations of Sir Timbreo and his betrothed Fenicia Lionata in Messina after King Piero's defeat of Charles of Anjou, perhaps through the translation into French by François de Belleforest.[4] Another version featuring lovers Ariodante and Ginevra, with the servant Dalinda impersonating Ginevra on the balcony, appears in Book V of Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto, published in an English translation in 1591.[5] The character of Benedick too has a counterpart in a commentary upon marriage in Orlando Furioso,[6] but the witty wooing of Beatrice and Benedick is original and very unusual in style and syncopation.[4] One version of the Claudio/Hero plot is told by Edmund Spenser in "The Faerie Queen" (Book II, Canto iv).[7]

text: Date and text[edit]

text: The earliest printed text states that Much Ado About Nothing was "sundry times publicly acted" prior to 1600 and it is likely that the play made its debut in the autumn or winter of 1598–1599.[8] The earliest recorded performances are two that were given at Court in the winter of 1612–1613, during the festivities preceding the marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Frederick V, Elector Palatine (14 February 1613). The play was published in quarto in 1600 by the stationers Andrew Wise and William Aspley. This was the only edition prior to the First Folio in 1623.

text: Analysis and criticism[edit]

text: Style[edit]

text: The play is one of the few in the Shakespeare canon where the majority of the text is written in prose.[9] The substantial verse sections are used to achieve both courteous decorum, on the one hand, and impulsive energies, on the other.[10]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Much Ado About Nothing is set in Messina, a port on the island of Sicily, which is next to the toe of Italy. Sicily was ruled by Aragon at the time the play was set.[11] The action of the play takes place mainly at the home and on the grounds of Leonato's Estate.

text: Themes and motifs[edit]

text: Gender roles[edit]

text: Benedick and Beatrice quickly became the main interest of the play, to the point where they are today considered the leading roles, even though their relationship is given equal or lesser weight in the script than Claudio and Hero's situation. Charles II even wrote 'Benedick and Beatrice' beside the title of the play in his copy of the Second Folio.[12] The provocative treatment of gender is central to the play and should be considered in its Renaissance context. While this was reflected and emphasized in certain plays of the period, it was also challenged.[13] Amussen[14] notes that the undoing of traditional gender clichés appears to have inflamed anxieties about the erosion of social order. It seems that comic drama could be a means of calming such anxieties. Ironically, we can see through the play's popularity that this only increased people's interest in such behavior. Benedick wittily gives voice to male anxieties about women's "sharp tongues and proneness to sexual lightness".[13] In the patriarchal society of the play, the men's loyalties were governed by conventional codes of honor and camaraderie and a sense of superiority to women.[13] Assumptions that women are by nature prone to inconstancy are shown in the repeated jokes on cuckoldry and partly explain Claudio's readiness to believe the slur against Hero. This stereotype is turned on its head in Balthazar's song "Sigh No More," which presents men as the deceitful and inconstant sex that women must suffer.

text: Infidelity[edit]

text: A theme in Shakespeare is cuckoldry or the infidelity of a wife. Several of the characters seem to be obsessed by the idea that a man has no way to know if his wife is faithful and therefore women can take full advantage of that fact. Don John plays upon Claudio's pride and fear of cuckoldry, which leads to the disastrous first wedding. Many of the males easily believe that Hero is impure and even her father readily condemns her with very little proof. This motif runs through the play, often in references to horns, a symbol of cuckoldry.

text: In contrast, Balthasar's song "Sigh No More" tells women to accept men's infidelity and continue to live joyfully. Some interpretations say that Balthasar sings poorly, undercutting the message. This is supported by Benedick's cynical comments about the song, where he compares it to a howling dog. However, in the 1993 Branagh film Balthasar sings beautifully, the song is also given a prominent role in both the opening and finale and the message appears to be embraced by the women in the film.[15]

text: Deception[edit]

text: In Much Ado About Nothing, there are many examples of deception and self-deception. The games and tricks played on people often have the best intentions—to make people fall in love, to help someone get what they want, or to lead someone to realize their mistake. However, not all are meant well, such as when Don John convinces Claudio that Don Pedro wants Hero for himself, or when Borachio meets 'Hero' (who is actually Margaret, pretending to be Hero) in Hero's bedroom window. These modes of deceit play into a complementary theme of emotional manipulation and the ease with which the characters' sentiments are redirected and their propensities exploited as a means to an end. The characters' feelings for each other are played as vehicles to reach an ultimate goal of engagement rather than seen as an end in themselves.

text: Masks and mistaken identity[edit]

text: People are constantly pretending to be others or being mistaken for other people. An example of this is Margaret who is mistaken for Hero, which leads to Hero's public disgrace at her wedding with Claudio. However, during a masked ball in which everyone must wear a mask, Beatrice rants about Benedick to a masked man who turns out to be Benedick himself but she acts unaware of this at the time. During the same celebration, Don Pedro, masked, pretends to be Claudio and courts Hero for him. After Hero is announced "dead," Leonato orders Claudio to marry his "niece," who is actually Hero in disguise.

text: Noting[edit]

text: Another motif is the play on the words nothing and noting, which in Shakespeare's day were near-homophones.[16] Taken literally, the title implies that a great fuss ("much ado") is made of something which is insignificant ("nothing"), such as the unfounded claims of Hero's infidelity and the unfounded claims that Benedick and Beatrice are in love with one another. The title could also be understood as Much Ado About Noting. Much of the action is in interest in and critique of others, written messages, spying, and eavesdropping. This is mentioned several times, particularly concerning "seeming," "fashion," and outward impressions. Nothing is a double entendre; "an O-thing" (or "n othing" or "no thing") was Elizabethan slang for "vagina", evidently derived from the pun of a woman having "nothing" between her legs.[4][17][18]

text: Examples of noting as noticing occur in the following instances: (1.1.131–132)

text: Claudio: Benedick, didst thou note the daughter of Signor Leonato?

text: Benedick: I noted her not, but I looked on her.

text: and (4.1.154–157).

text: Friar: Hear me a little,

text:
For I have only been silent so long
And given way unto this course of fortune
By noting of the lady.

text: At (3.3.102–104), Borachio indicates that a man's clothing doesn't indicate his character:

text: Borachio: Thou knowest that the fashion of a doublet, or a hat, or a cloak is nothing to a man.

text: A triple play on words in which noting signifies noticing, musical notes and nothing occurs at (2.3.47–52):

text: Don Pedro: Nay pray thee, come;

text:
Or if thou wilt hold longer argument,
Do it in notes.
Balthasar: Note this before my notes:
There's not a note of mine that's worth the noting.
Don Pedro: Why, these are very crotchets that he speaks –
Note notes, forsooth, and nothing!

text: Don Pedro's last line can be understood to mean, "Pay attention to your music and nothing else!" The complex layers of meaning include a pun on "crotchets," which can mean both "quarter notes" (in music) and whimsical notions.

text: The following are puns on notes as messages: (2.1.174–176),

text: Claudio: I pray you leave me.

text: Benedick: Ho, now you strike like the blind man – 'twas the boy that stole your meat, and you'll beat the post.

text: in which Benedick plays on the word post as a pole and as mail delivery in a joke reminiscent of Shakespeare's earlier advice "Don't shoot the messenger"; and (2.3.138–142)

text: Claudio: Now you talk of a sheet of paper, I remember a pretty jest your daughter told us of.

text: Leonato: O, when she had writ it and was reading it over, she found Benedick and Beatrice between the sheet?

text: in which Leonato makes a sexual innuendo concerning sheet as a sheet of paper (on which Beatrice's love note to Benedick is to have been written) and a bedsheet.

text: Performance history[edit]

text: The play was very popular in its early decades, as it would be later: in a poem published in 1640, Leonard Digges wrote, "...let but Beatrice / And Benedick be seen, lo in a trice / The Cockpit galleries, boxes, all are full."

text: After the theatres re-opened during the Restoration, Sir William Davenant staged The Law Against Lovers (1662), which inserted Beatrice and Benedick into an adaptation of Measure for Measure. Another adaptation, The Universal Passion, combined Much Ado with a play by Molière (1737). Shakespeare's text had been revived by John Rich at Lincoln's Inn Fields (1721). David Garrick first played Benedick in 1748 and continued to play him until 1776.[19]

text: The great nineteenth-century stage team Henry Irving and Ellen Terry counted Benedick and Beatrice as their greatest triumph and Charles Kemble also had a great success as Benedick. John Gielgud made Benedick one of his signature roles between 1931 and 1959, playing the part opposite the Beatrice of Diana Wynyard, Peggy Ashcroft, and Margaret Leighton. The longest running Broadway production is A. J. Antoon's 1972 staging starring Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes, and Barnard Hughes, and Derek Jacobi won a Tony Award for playing Benedick in 1984. Jacobi had also played Benedick in the Royal Shakespeare Company's highly praised 1982 production. Director Terry Hands produced the play on a stage-length mirror, against an unchanging backdrop of painted trees. Sinéad Cusack played Beatrice.

text: In 2013 James Earl Jones and Vanessa Redgrave (who are in their seventies and eighties, respectively) played Benedick and Beatrice on stage at The Old Vic, London.

text: On stage[edit]

text:
In the original production by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, William Kempe played Dogberry and Richard Cowley played Verges.
1765 David Garrick played Benedick.
1862 Henry Irving and Ellen Terry played Benedick and Beatrice.
1930 John Gielgud played Benedick for the first time at the Old Vic Theatre and it stayed in his repertory until 1959.
1960 Tony Award Nomination for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play: Margaret Leighton
1973 Tony Award Nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play: Barnard Hughes as Dogberry in the New York Shakespeare Festival production
1973 Tony Award Nomination for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play: Kathleen Widdoes
1983 Evening Standard Award: Best Actor: Derek Jacobi
1985 Tony Award Nomination for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play: Sinéad Cusack
1985 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play: Derek Jacobi as Benedick
1989 Evening Standard Award: Best Actress: Felicity Kendal as Beatrice in Elijah Moshinsky's production at the Strand Theatre
1994 Laurence Olivier Award: Best Actor: Mark Rylance as Benedick in Matthew Warchus' production at the Queen's Theatre
2006 Laurence Olivier Award: Best Actress: Tamsin Greig as Beatrice in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, directed by Marianne Elliott
2007 Zoë Wanamaker as Beatrice and Simon Russell Beale as Benedick in a National Theatre production directed by Nicholas Hytner
2011 Eve Best as Beatrice and Charles Edwards as Benedick at Shakespeare's Globe, directed by Jeremy Herrin.[20]
2011 David Tennant as Benedick alongside Catherine Tate as Beatrice in a production of the play at the Wyndham's Theatre, directed by Josie Rourke.[21] An authorized recording of this production is available to download and watch from Digital Theatre.
2012 Meera Syal as Beatrice and Paul Bhattacharjee as Benedick in an Indian setting, directed by Iqbal Khan for the Royal Shakespeare Company, part of the World Shakespeare Festival
2013 Vanessa Redgrave as Beatrice and James Earl Jones as Benedick in a production at The Old Vic directed by Mark Rylance.
2013 German-language production ("Viel Lärm um Nichts"), translated and directed by Marius von Mayenburg at the Schaubuhne am Lehniner Platz, Berlin.
2017 Beatriz Romilly as Beatrice and Matthew Needham as Benedick in a Mexican setting, at Shakespeare's Globe, directed by Matthew Dunster.
2018 Mel Giedroyc as Beatrice and John Hopkins as Benedick in a modern Sicilian setting, at the Rose Theatre, Kingston, directed by Simon Dormandy

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: There have been several screen adaptations of Much Ado About Nothing, and almost all of them have been made for television.

text: An adaptation is the 1973 New York Shakespeare Festival production by Joseph Papp, shot on videotape and released on VHS and DVD, that presents more of the text than Kenneth Branagh's version. It is directed by A. J. Antoon. The Papp production stars Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes, and Barnard Hughes.

text: The 1984 BBC Television version stars Lee Montague as Leonato, Cherie Lunghi as Beatrice, Katharine Levy as Hero, Jon Finch as Don Pedro, Robert Lindsay as Benedick, Robert Reynolds as Claudio, Gordon Whiting as Antonio and Vernon Dobtcheff as Don John. An earlier BBC television version with Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens, adapted from Franco Zeffirelli's stage production for the National Theatre Company's London stage production, was broadcast in February 1967.[22]

text: In 2005 the BBC adapted the story by setting it in the modern-day studios of Wessex Tonight, a fictional regional news programme, as part of the ShakespeaRe-Told season, with Damian Lewis, Sarah Parish, and Billie Piper.

text: Film[edit]

text: The first cinematic version in English may have been the 1913 silent film directed by Phillips Smalley.

text: Martin Hellberg's 1964 East German film Viel Lärm um nichts was based on the Shakespeare play.

text: In 1973 a Soviet film adaptation was directed by Samson Samsonov which starred Galina Jovovich and Konstantin Raikin.

text: The first sound version in English released to cinemas was the highly acclaimed 1993 film by Kenneth Branagh. It starred Branagh as Benedick, Branagh's then-wife Emma Thompson as Beatrice, Denzel Washington as Don Pedro, Keanu Reeves as Don John, Richard Briers as Leonato, Michael Keaton as Dogberry, Robert Sean Leonard as Claudio, Imelda Staunton as Margaret, and Kate Beckinsale in her film debut as Hero.

text: The 2001 Hindi film Dil Chahta Hai is a loose adaptation of the play.[23]

text: In 2011, Joss Whedon completed filming of an adaptation,[24] released in June 2013. The cast includes Amy Acker as Beatrice, Alexis Denisof as Benedick, Nathan Fillion as Dogberry, Clark Gregg as Leonato, Reed Diamond as Don Pedro, Fran Kranz as Claudio, Jillian Morgese as Hero, Sean Maher as Don John, Spencer Treat Clark as Borachio, Riki Lindhome as Conrade, Ashley Johnson as Margaret, Tom Lenk as Verges, and Romy Rosemont as the sexton.

text: In 2012 a filmed version of the live 2011 performance at The Globe was released to cinemas and on DVD.

text: In 2012 a filmed version of the 2011 performance at Wyndham's Theatre was made available for download or streaming on the Digital Theatre website.

text: In 2015, a modern movie version of this play was created by Owen Drake entitled Messina High, starring Faye Reagan.[25]

text: Other[edit]

text: The operas Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) by Hector Berlioz, Paul Puget's Beaucoup de bruit pour rien (pub.1898) and Much Ado About Nothing by Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (1901) are based upon this play.[26]

text: Erich Wolfgang Korngold composed music for a production in 1917 at the Vienna Burgtheater by Max Reinhardt.

text: In 2006 the American Music Theatre Project produced The Boys Are Coming Home,[27] a musical adaptation by Berni Stapleton and Leslie Arden that sets Much Ado About Nothing in America during the Second World War.

text: The title track of the 2009 Mumford & Sons album Sigh No More uses quotes from this play in the song. The title of the album is also a quotation from the play.

text: On March 26, 2014, the first episode of the video blog series Nothing Much to Do was released.[28] Set in a New Zealand high school, the series was adapted by the four women team The Candle Wasters.[29]

text: In 2015, Billie Joe Armstrong wrote the music for a rock opera adaptation of the play, These Paper Bullets, which was written by Rolin Jones.[30]

text: In 2017, a YA adaptation was released by author Mckelle George called Speak Easy, Speak Love, where the events of the play take place in the 1920s, focused around a failing speakeasy.

text: In 2018, author Molly Booth released a summer YA novel adaptation called Nothing Happened, where Claudio and Hero are a homosexual couple, Claudia and Hana.