document_title: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

question_text: who is recognised as the father of geometry

text: Natural sciences[edit]

text: Biology[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Bacteriology
Robert Koch / Ferdinand Cohn[4] / Louis Pasteur
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of bacteria.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]

Biogeography
Alfred Russel Wallace
"...Often described as the Father of Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world."[6]

Biology[n 1]
Aristotle
0.25em|

Ecology
Carl Linnaeus / Ernst Haeckel / Eugenius Warming[7]
Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called The Economy of Nature (1772), Haeckel coined the term "ecology" (German: Oekologie, Ökologie) (1866), Warming authored the first book on plant ecology. Plantesamfund (1895).

Entomology
Jan Swammerdam
[8]

Johan Christian Fabricius[9]
Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.

William Kirby
[10]

Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[11]

Evolution
Natural selection

Charles Darwin[12][13][14]
On the Origin of Species (1859).

Genetics
Gregor Mendel
For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance.[15]

William Bateson
Proponent of Mendelism.[16]

Ichthyology
Peter Artedi
"Far greater than either of these… was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–35)."[17]

Lichenology
Erik Acharius
"Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology..."[18]

Microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek / Louis Pasteur[19]
The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria.

Molecular biology
Linus Pauling
[20]

Molecular biophysics
Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran[21]
Founded the [world's first?] molecular biophysics unit (1970).

Paleontology
Leonardo da Vinci
George Cuvier
[22]

Parasitology
Francesco Redi
The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.[23]

Protozoology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa.

Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus[24]
Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world.

Virology
Dmitry Ivanovsky
Martinus Beijerinck
The first men to discover viruses (1892).

text: Chemistry[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Atomic theory (early)
Democritus[25]
Founder of atomism in cosmology.

Atomic theory (modern)
Father Roger Boscovich[26]
First coherent description of atomic theory.

John Dalton[27]
First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures.

Chemical thermodynamics (modern)
Gilbert Lewis / Willard Gibbs / Merle Randall / Edward Guggenheim[28]
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs (1933), which made a major contribution to the use of thermodynamics in chemistry.

Chemistry (early)
Jabir ("Geber") ibn Hayyan (died 815)[29][30][31][32]
Introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy.

Chemistry (modern)
Antoine Lavoisier[33]
Elements of Chemistry (1787)

Robert Boyle[33]
The Sceptical Chymist (1661)

Jöns Berzelius[34][35]
Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s)

John Dalton[33]
Revival of atomic theory (1803)

Green chemistry
Paul Anastas[36]
Design and manufacture of chemicals that are non-hazardous and environmentally benign.

Nuclear chemistry
Otto Hahn[37]

Applied Radiochemistry (1936)
First person to split an atomic nucleus (nuclear fission, 1938)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery (1944)

Periodic table
Dmitri Mendeleev[38]
Arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869).

Physical chemistry
Mikhail Lomonosov
The first to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term (1752).

Jacobus van 't Hoff
Jacobus van 't Hoff is considered to be one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry. His work helped found the discipline as it is today.[39][40][41]

Svante Arrhenius[42]
Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry. On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876), Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange (1882).

Wilhelm Ostwald
"Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry..."[43]

Hermann von Helmholtz
[citation needed]

text: Earth sciences[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Geochemistry (modern)
Victor Goldschmidt
For developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements.

Early geodesy (mathematical geography)
Eratosthenes[44][45]
Eratosthenes was first to write the word Geography (from Geo- and -graphy, literally "writing about the Earth")

Modern geodesy
Al-Biruni[46][47]

Geology (modern)

Father Nicholas Steno[48]
James Hutton[49]

For setting down most of the principles of modern geology.
For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory.

Limnology (modern)
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
[50]

Mineralogy
Georgius Agricola
[51]

Meteorology
Naval oceanography (modern)

Matthew Fontaine Maury
[52]

Plate tectonics
Alfred Wegener
[citation needed]

Acoustical oceanography
Leonid Brekhovskikh
[53]

Stratigraphy
Father Nicholas Steno
[48]

Speleology
Édouard-Alfred Martel
Began the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology.

text: Medicine and physiology[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Anatomy (modern)
Marcello Malpighi

Biophysics
Hermann von Helmholtz

Biomechanics
Christian Wilhelm Braune
First to describe the methodology of human gait walking.

Bioelectromagnetics
Luigi Galvani
First to discover animal electricity through a series of experiments.

Cognitive therapy
Aaron T. Beck

"In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years."[54]
The Prospect of Immortality (1962)

Cryonics
Robert Ettinger
[55]

Dentistry (modern)
Pierre Fauchard
[56]

Electrophysiology
Emil du Bois-Reymond
The discoverer of nerve action potential.

Emergency medicine

Peter Safar[57][58]
Frank Pantridge

Safar pioneered CPR, intensive-care units and developed standards for EMT, ambulance design and equipment.
Pantridge: [59]

Epidemiology (modern)
John Snow

Fitness
Jack LaLanne
[60]

Gynaecology
J. Marion Sims
[61][62]

Histology
Marcello Malpighi

Human anatomy (modern)
Vesalius[63]
De humani corporis fabrica (1543)

Medical genetics
Victor McKusick[64]
Mendelian Inheritance in Man

Medicine (early)

Imhotep[65]
Charaka[66]
Hippocrates[67][68]

None.
Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.
Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath.

Medicine (modern)

Sir William Osler

Neurosurgery
Harvey Cushing[69]
Developed techniques that considerably reduced the risks involved with brain surgery in the early 20th Century.[69]

Nursing (modern)
Florence Nightingale
See Nursing#History.

Nutrition (modern)

Justus von Liebig
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

"Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food. It consisted of [...]"[70]
"In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition, as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body..."[71]

Organ transplantation
Thomas Starzl[72]
Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs including ciclosporin. Developed major advances in organ preservation, procurement and transplantation.

Orthopedic surgery (modern)
Hugh Owen Thomas[73]
He stressed the importance of rest in treatment and was responsible for many landmark contributions to orthopaedic surgery. He was especially celebrated for his design and use of splints; the famous Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at the end of World War II.

Psychology (experimental)
Wilhelm Wundt[74]
Founded the first laboratory for psychological research.

Pediatrics
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ("Rhazes")[75]
Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field.

Physiology
Claude Bernard[76]
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865)

Physical culture
Bernarr Macfadden
"It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys."[77]

Plastic surgery

Sushruta[78][79]
Harold Gillies

Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
[80]

Psychophysics

Ernst Heinrich Weber
Gustav Fechner[81]

Elements of Psychophysics (1860)

Space medicine
Hubertus Strughold
"After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the 'father of space medicine'"[82]

Surgery (early)
Sushruta[78][79]
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Surgery (modern)

Abu al-Qasim ("Abulcasis") al-Zahrawi[83]
Guy de Chauliac[84]
Ambroise Paré
John Hunter
Joseph Lister
William Stewart Halsted
See also Father of modern surgery

Kitab al-Tasrif (1000 AD).
Chirurgia magna
Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.[85]
Experimental, scientific approach to surgery.[86][87]
Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic.[88][89]
Introduction of residency system in the United States.[90]

Toxicology
Paracelsus
[91]

text: Physics and astronomy[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Acoustics
Ernst Chladni[92]
For important research in vibrating plates

Atomic bomb
Enrico Fermi
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Leslie Groves
Edward Teller
For their role in the Manhattan Project

Aerodynamics
Nikolai Zhukovsky
George Cayley[93]
Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow, was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift. Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built

Physical cosmology
Albert Einstein (founder)
Henrietta Leavitt (mother)[94]
Edwin Hubble (father)[94]

Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables, the "Standard Candle" by which Hubble later determined galactic distances. Einstein's general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology.

Classical mechanics
Isaac Newton (founder)[95]
Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)

Electricity
William Gilbert[96]
Michael Faraday[97]
Book: De Magnete (1600)
Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831)

Electrodynamics
André-Marie Ampère[98]
Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience (1827)

Energetics
Willard Gibbs[99]
Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)

Experimental physics (founder)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[100][101]
For introducing experimental method into physics with his Book of Optics (1021)

Modern astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus[102]
Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)

Nuclear physics
Ernest Rutherford[103]
Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)

Nuclear science
Marie Curie
Pierre Curie[104]

Optics
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[105]
Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021).

Physics (early)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[106]
Francis Bacon[107]
Alhazen developed rigorous experimental methods of controlled scientific testing to verify theoretical hypotheses and substantiate inductive conjectures.
Developed Baconian method in his Novum Organum (1620).

Physics (modern)
Galileo Galilei[108]
His development and extensive use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope

Plasma physics
Irving Langmuir
Hannes Alfvén[109]
Langmuir first described ionised gas as plasma and observed fundamental plasma vibrations, Langmuir waves.
Alfvén pioneered the theoretical description of plasma by developing magnetohydrodynamics.

Quantum mechanics
Max Planck (founder)[110]
Werner Heisenberg
Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form

Relativity
Albert Einstein (founder)[111]
Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)

Spaceflight (rocketry)
Robert Hutchings Goddard
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Hermann Oberth
Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket.
Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.

Thermodynamics
Sadi Carnot (founder)[112]
Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power (1824)

text: Formal sciences[edit]

text: Mathematics[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Algebra
(see also The father of algebra)
Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[113] Brahmagupta[114]
Diophantus[115][116]
Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al-Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline.
First use of symbolism (syncopation) in his Arithmetica.

Algebraic topology
Henri Poincaré[117]
Published Analysis Situs in 1895,[118] introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.

Analysis
Augustin-Louis Cauchy[119]
Karl Weierstrass[120]

Analytic geometry
René Descartes
Pierre de Fermat[121] (founders)
For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System

Calculus
Isaac Newton[122]
Gottfried Leibniz
See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.

Classical analysis
Madhava of Sangamagrama[123]
Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions

Computer science
Charles Babbage
Alan Turing
In the history of computer science Babbage is often regarded as one of the first pioneers of computing and Turing invented the principle of the modern computer and the stored program concept that almost all modern day computers use.

Computer programming
Ada Lovelace
Work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine

Cryptanalysis
Al-Kindi[124][125][126]
Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on frequency analysis. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics.

Descriptive geometry
Gaspard Monge[127]
(founder)
Developed a graphical protocol that creates three-dimensional virtual space on a two-dimensional plane

Fractal geometry
Benoît B. Mandelbrot

Geometry
Euclid[128]
Euclid's Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.

Graph theory
Leonhard Euler[129]
See Seven Bridges of Königsberg

Italian school of algebraic geometry
Corrado Segre[130]
Publications and students developing algebraic geometry

Modern algebra
Emmy Noether[131]
Provided the first general definitions of a commutative ring, and suggested that topology be studied algebraically.[132] Combined the structure theory of associative algebras and the representation theory of groups into a single arithmetic theory of modules and ideals in rings satisfying ascending chain conditions.[133]

Non-Euclidean geometry
János Bolyai,
Nikolai Lobachevsky[134](founders)
Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is not true

Number theory
Pythagoras[135]

Probability
Gerolamo Cardano, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens[136] (founders)
Fermat and Pascal co-founded probability theory, about which Huygens wrote the first book

Projective geometry
Girard Desargues[137](founder)
By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away

Tensor calculus
Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro[138]
(founder)
Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus

Trigonometry
Hipparchus[139][140]
Constructed the first trigonometric table.

Vector algebra,
vector calculus
Willard Gibbs[141]
Oliver Heaviside[142]
(founders)
For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus

text: Systems theory[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Chaos theory
Henri Poincaré[143]
Mary Cartwright[144][145]
Edward Lorenz[146]
Poincaré's work on the three-body problem was the first discovered example of a chaotic dynamical system. Cartwright made the first mathematical analysis of dynamical systems with chaos. Lorenz introduced strange attractor notation.

Cybernetics
Norbert Wiener[147]
Book Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 1948.

Dynamic programming
Richard E. Bellman

Fuzzy logic
Lotfi Asker Zadeh

Information theory
Claude Shannon[148]
Article: A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)

Optimal control
Arthur E. Bryson[149]
Book: Applied Optimal Control[150]

Robust control
George Zames[citation needed]
Small gain theorem and H infinity control.

Stability theory
Alexander Lyapunov[citation needed]
Lyapunov function

System dynamics
Jay Wright Forrester[151]
Book: Industrial dynamics (1961)

text: Social sciences[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Anthropology
Herodotus[152]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[153][154]

Bibliometrics
Paul Otlet
The term bibliométrie was first used by Paul Otlet in 1934[155] and defined as "the measurement of all aspects related to the publication and reading of books and documents."[156]

Demography
Ibn Khaldun[157]
Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)

Egyptology
Father Athanasius Kircher[158]
Jean-François Champollion[citation needed]

First to identify the phoenetic importance of the hieroglyph, and he demonstrated Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian, before the Rosetta stone's discovery.
Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone.

Historiography
Ibn Khaldun
Wrote several essential books

History
Herodotus (who also coined the term)

Indology
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[154]
Wrote the Indica

International law
Alberico Gentili
Francisco de Vitoria
Hugo Grotius
Influential contributions to the theory of international law, war and human rights

Linguistics (early)
Panini
Wrote the first descriptive grammar (of Sanskrit)

Linguistics (modern)
Ferdinand de Saussure
Noam Chomsky

Sociology
Ibn Khaldun[157][159]
Adam Ferguson[160]
Auguste Comte (who also coined the term)[161]
Marquis de Condorcet (founder)[162]
Wrote the first sociological book, the Muqaddimah (Prolegomena).
"Father of modern sociology"
Introduced the scientific method into sociology.

text: Economics[edit]

text:
Field
Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Accounting and bookkeeping
Luca Pacioli[163]
Establisher of accounting and the first person to publish a work on bookkeeping.[163]

Economics (early)
Ibn Khaldun[164]
Chanakya / Kautilya[165]
Publication: Muqaddimah (1370)
Publication: Arthashastra (400 BCE - 200 CE)

Economics (modern)

Richard Cantillon[166]
Anders Chydenius[167]
Adam Smith[168]

First specific treatise on economics.
The National Gain (1765), a pamphlet that included key ideas about free trade.[169]
The Wealth of Nations (1776).

Evolutionary economics
Ecological economics
Thermoeconomics
bioeconomics

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen[170][171][172][173][174]
The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971)

Macroeconomics
John Maynard Keynes[175]
Author of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money and groundbreaking economist, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking. Prior to Keynes, the general consensus among economists was that the economy was self-fixing. During the Great Depression, when people began to realize that the economy would not fix itself, Keynes proposed that the government needed to intervene to combat excessive boom and bust. This idea was the largest influence in U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.[176][177]

Mathematical economics
Daniel Bernoulli
Forerunner of the Tableau économique.[178]

Monetary economics

Nicole Oresme (c. 1322–1382)[179]
Irving Fisher (1867–1947)
Milton Friedman (1912–2006)

Oresme's De Moneta.
"Irving Fisher [...] spent his career studying questions about money and the economy - how money affects interest rates, how money affects inflation, and the impact of money on overall economic activity. For this work, he is regarded as the father of monetary economics."[180]
"[...] no less an authority than the University of Chicago's Milton Friedman, the father of monetary economics, [...]"[181]

Microcredit
Muhammad Yunus[182]
Founded Grameen Bank

Personnel economics
Edward Lazear
Published the first paper in the field.

text: Schools of thought[edit]

text:
Field
Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Austrian School
Carl Menger[183]

Communism
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
David Ricardo[184]

School of Salamanca
Francisco de Vitoria[185]
Highly influential teacher and lecturer on commercial morality

text: Theories[edit]

text:
Field
Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Expectations theory
Thomas Cardinal Cajetan[186]
Recognised the effect of market expectations on the value of money

Modern portfolio theory
Harry Markowitz[187]

Social choice theory
Kenneth Arrow
Created the field with his 1951 book Social Choice and Individual Values.

text: Other fields[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Science (modern)
Ibn al-Haytham[188]
[189][190]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 965–1039 Iraq. A polymath, considered by some to be the father of modern scientific methodology, due to his emphasis on experimental data and reproducibility of its results.]

Science (modern)
Galileo Galilei[191]
[192][193]
For systemic use of experimentation in science and contributions to scientific method, physics and observational astronomy

Family and consumer science
Ellen Swallow Richards
Founded the American Association of Home Economics, currently the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. "Bringing science into the home, Richards hoped to "...attain the best physical, mental, and moral development" for the family, which she believed was the basic unit of civilization."[194]


document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: who scored most goals in a premier league season

root

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3
Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)[1]
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]
Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference – the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

tag: ul

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[4]
Most home points in a season: 55, joint record:[5]
Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)[7]
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[8]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[9]
Most points in a season while being relegated:
42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[10]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[10]
Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[11]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in total: 629, Manchester United[12]
Most wins in a season (38 games): 32, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[13]
Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[7]
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Most away wins in a season (19 games): 16, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[7][14][15]
Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)
Most consecutive wins: 18, Manchester City (between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017)[16][2]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[17]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, joint record:[18][16]
Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)
Manchester City (between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017)
Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[19]

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Most defeats in total: 351, Everton[20]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[21]
Fewest defeats in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[22]
Fewest home defeats in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:
Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[23][24][25]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)[26][27][28]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[28][29][30][31][32]
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18)[33]
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)
Fewest away defeats in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[27][34]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)[35]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[36]
Most defeats in a season (42 games or 38 games): 29, joint record:
Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)[37]
Most home defeats in a season (19 games): 14, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[38]
Most away defeats in a season (19 games): 17, Burnley (2009–10)[39]
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[40]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in total: 287, Everton[20]
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:
Manchester City (1993–94)[41]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:
Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)[41]
Sunderland (2014–15)[41]
Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:
Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[41]
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)[41]
Manchester United (2016–17)[41]
Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98, 2016–17)[41]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:
Manchester City (2008–09)[41]
Manchester United (2012–13)[41]
Chelsea (2016–17)[41]
Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:
Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96, 2014–15)[41]
Barnsley (1997–98)[41]
Chelsea (1997–98)[41]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[41]
Everton (2000–01)[41]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[41]
Portsmouth (2005–06, 2007–08)[41]
Burnley (2009–10)[41]
Liverpool (2011–12)[41]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[41]
Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:
Norwich City (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Manchester City (2009–10)[41]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[42]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[43]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[44]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[45]
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Worst goal difference in a season: –69, Derby County (2007–08)[46]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[47]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[45]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[48]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[49]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43
Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[49]
Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[49]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[49]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8
Middlesbrough (1995–96)[49]
Southampton (1998–99)[49]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[49]
Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[49]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[49]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[50]
Most goals scored in total: 1,924, Manchester United[20]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,267, Tottenham Hotspur[20]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)[51]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[52][53]
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)[54]
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)[54]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)[55]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[56]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[57]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[58]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[59]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[60]
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer[61]
Most Premier League goals at one club: 183, Wayne Rooney (Manchester United)[62]
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[63]
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[64]
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[65]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[66]

text:
Rank

Name

Goals

Games

Goals per game

Playing position

First goal

Last goal

1

 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2

 Wayne Rooney
208
491
0.42
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3

 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4

 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5

 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6

 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7

 Jermain Defoe
162
492
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8

 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9

 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

10

 Teddy Sheringham
146
418
0.35
Forward
1992–93
2006–07

tag: table

tag: p

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]
Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 32, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[69]
Most games scored in during a Premier League season: 24, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[70]
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)[71]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:
20-team league:[69]
Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
22-team league:[citation needed]
Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)
Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[72]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[73]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[74]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[75]
Andy Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[76]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[77]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[78]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[79]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers)[80]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[66]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[83]
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[84]
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[85]
Most own goals in a season: 4, joint record:
Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[86]
Lewis Dunk (2017–18)[87]
Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[88]
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)[89]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists (career)

Rank
Player
Assists

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
111

3
 Wayne Rooney
103

4
 Frank Lampard
102

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

8
 James Milner
78

9
 Teddy Sheringham
76

10
 David Silva
75

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[91]
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[92]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[93]
Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton  v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[94]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Most clean sheets (career)

Rank
Player
Clean  sheets

1
 Petr Čech
201

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
151

4
 David Seaman
140

5
 Nigel Martyn
137

6
 Pepe Reina
134

7
 Edwin van der Sar
132

 Tim Howard

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
128

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[95]
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[96]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):
Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[97]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[98]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[99]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[100]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[101]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[55]
Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne
Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[67]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[102]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[103]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City, 23 May 2012[104]

text: Youngest goalscorers[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[105]

text:
Player

Date

Team

Age

Opposition

1

James Vaughan

10 April 2005

Everton

16 years, 270 days

Crystal Palace

2

James Milner

26 December 2002

Leeds United

16 years, 346 days

Sunderland

3

Wayne Rooney

19 October 2002

Everton

16 years, 351 days

Arsenal

4

Cesc Fàbregas

25 August 2004

Arsenal

17 years, 114 days

Blackburn Rovers

5

Michael Owen

6 May 1997

Liverpool

17 years, 144 days

Wimbledon

6

Andy Turner

5 September 1992

Tottenham

17 years, 166 days

Everton

7

Federico Macheda

5 April 2009

Manchester United

17 years, 226 days

Aston Villa

8

Raheem Sterling

20 October 2012

Liverpool

17 years, 317 days

Reading

9

Mikael Forssell

20 February 1999

Chelsea

17 years, 342 days

Nottingham Forest

10

Danny Cadamarteri

20 September 1997

Everton

17 years, 344 days

Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[106]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[106]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:
Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)
Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[107]
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3
Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[108]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[109]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[110]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[111]
Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[112]
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[113]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[114]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:
Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score; 3–4)[115]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score; 4–4)[116]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score; 3–4)[117]
Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:
Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[118]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[119]
Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:
Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[120]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[121]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[122]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[123]

text:
Pos.

Club

Seasons

Pld

Win

Draw

Loss

GF

GA

GD

Pts

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Relegated

AvgPts

BestPos.

1
Manchester United

26
1000
629
215
156
1924
875
1049
2102
13
6
3
1

80.85
1

2
Arsenal

26
1000
544
253
203
1772
962
810
1885
3
6
5
7

72.50
1

3
Chelsea

26
1000
537
248
215
1707
963
744
1859
5
4
4
2

71.50
1

4
Liverpool

26
1000
499
255
246
1685
1024
661
1752

3
5
7

67.38
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur

26
1000
423
255
322
1480
1267
213
1524

1
2
2

58.62
2

6
Everton

26
1000
362
287
351
1303
1265
38
1373

1

52.81
4

7
Manchester City

21
810
359
194
257
1279
952
327
1271
3
2
2
1
2
60.52
1

8
Newcastle United

23
882
334
225
323
1207
1187
20
1227

2
2
1
2
53.35
2

9
Aston Villa

24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

10
West Ham United

22
844
275
221
348
1012
1214
−202
1046

2
47.55
5

11
Blackburn Rovers

18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton

19
734
229
202
303
892
1022
−130
889

1
46.79
6

13
Leeds United

12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough

15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[124]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland

16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham

13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers

13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City

12
460
142
129
189
572
670
−98
555
1

3
46.25
1

19
West Bromwich Albion

12
456
112
128
216
475
696
−221
464

4
38.67
8

20
Stoke City

10
380
116
109
155
398
525
−127
457

1
45.70
9

21
Coventry City

9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday

8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon

8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Crystal Palace

9
350
97
89
164
374
511
−137
380

4
42.22
10

25
Charlton Athletic

8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

26
Norwich City

8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

27
Wigan Athletic

8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Swansea City

7
266
82
66
118
306
383
−77
312

1
44.57
8

29
Queens Park Rangers

7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

30
Birmingham City

7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

31
Portsmouth

7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[125]

1
41.86
8

32
Derby County

7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.14
8

33
Nottingham Forest

5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town

5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Watford

5
190
45
43
102
188
318
−130
178

2
35.60
13

36
Hull City

5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

37
Burnley

4
152
40
37
75
145
229
−84
157

2
39.25
7

38
Wolverhampton Wanderers

4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

39
Sheffield United

3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

40
Bournemouth

3
114
34
30
50
145
195
−50
132

44.00
9

41
Reading

3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

42
Oldham Athletic

2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

43
Bradford City

2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Brighton & Hove Albion

1
38
9
13
16
34
54
–20
40

40.00
15

45
Blackpool

1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

46
Huddersfield Town

1
38
9
10
19
28
58
–30
37

37.00
16

47
Barnsley

1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

48
Cardiff City

1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

49
Swindon Town

1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

text: League or status at 2018–19:

text:
2018–19 Premier League teams

2018–19 EFL Championship teams

2018–19 EFL League One teams

2018–19 EFL League Two teams

Defunct teams

text: By a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[126][127]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola[128]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[129]
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018)[130]
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers): 41 days, Les Reed (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006) (8 games)[131]


document_title: HQ Trivia

question_text: where does the app hq get the money from

text: HQ Trivia

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The app takes a form of a live game show, which usually airs at 9 pm US Eastern Time daily, with an extra show at 3 pm US Eastern on weekdays.

text: The host, usually Scott Rogowsky but occasionally a special guest or a substitute,[7] asks a series of usually twelve increasingly difficult multiple choice questions, each with three possible answers. Players who get a question correct within the 10-second limit move on; the rest are eliminated. Any question that eliminates a greater number of players than get the question correct is deemed a "savage question"[8] (though some hosts do not do this). Players that correctly answer all questions split the prize money.[3] Previously, the prize for games on Monday through Saturday was $2,500 but since has increased to $5,000, while Sundays, holidays, and special events have prizes up to $250,000. [9] The creators have stated that they plan to someday increase prizes to $1,000,000.[10]

text: Players can earn "extra lives" by inviting friends to sign up for the game using invitation codes. If at any time except the final question the player failed to answer the question correctly, the player can use the "extra life" to return to the game; however, the "extra life" can be used only once per game.

text: On March 11, 2018, HQ introduced a new "1 Winner Takes All" format for its Sunday night game. In this version of the game, the host continues asking questions until only one player remains to claim the entire prize. The "extra life" is unavailable after the 15th question. If a question eliminates all remaining players, the game ends without a winner and the prize money rolls over to the following Sunday's game. The highest number of questions asked so far in this format is 27 on the March 18, 2018 show, which ended with no winner.

text: On March 26, 2018, in partnership with Nike, HQ also gave away special Nike Air Maxes to all the winners. Also, on March 28, in partnership with Warner Bros. in promotion for the movie Ready Player One, HQ gave away $250,000, their largest prize to date.

text: Release[edit]

text: HQ is available worldwide on the iOS App Store and Google Play, with live shows targeted to North American and UK audiences.[11] Average numbers of participants range from 600,000 to 1,600,000 per broadcast,[12] with over 2 million concurrent players on occasion.[13][14]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: HQ has been criticized for its method of paying winners. Typically, victorious players receive between $10 and $14,[15] but payouts have been as low as $0.28 or as high as $50,000, on two cases.[16][17] In order to cash out and receive their winnings through a PayPal deposit, winners previously needed to have achieved a "minimum prize balance" of $20 accumulated within a period of 90 days, or all prior winnings are forfeited, per the game's terms of service.[16][18] Starting on January 26, 2018, during the 3 pm EST show, it was announced that there would be no minimum amount to cash out.[19]

text: The iOS and Android apps have also experienced many technical glitches as the app has grown in popularity, sparking outrage from players.[20] In addition, users have complained of lagging and freezing during gameplay, which on January 17, 2018, January 25, 2018, February 5, 2018, February 6, 2018, and February 15, 2018, became so severe the game was postponed to address the difficulties.[21][22]

text: Creators Rus Yusupov and Colin Kroll have sought to attract investors and venture capitalist firms to fund HQ with the intent of landing a post-money valuation as high as $100 million.[23] However, the pair's prior split from Twitter has caused issues; Kroll departed the social media site in 2014 after accusations of incompetence and alleged inappropriate behavior towards women, and Yusupov was laid off in 2015, giving potential investors reasons for pause.[16][23] Currently, HQ's fundraising prospects are ongoing and its parent company, Intermedia Labs, is still in talks with potential investors.[23]

text: Special episodes[edit]

text:
Date
Time
Details
Players
Winners
Prize money per person

December 12, 2017
3:00 pm EST
hosted by Ben Gleib[24]

December 13, 2017
3:00 pm EST
prize of $1,500 - hosted by Jason Silva[24]

1
$1,500

December 13, 2017
9:00 pm EST
hosted by Geoff Keighley[24]

December 14, 2017
9:00 pm EST
hosted by Dillon Francis[24]

December 31, 2017
3:00 pm EST
guest appearance by Ryan Seacrest[25]

January 1, 2018
12:30 am EST
prize of $18,000 – originally planned for 11:45 pm,
postponed due to technical difficulties[26]
667 thousand
303
$59.41

January 11, 2018
9:00 pm EST
hosted by Jimmy Kimmel[27]
742 thousand
331
$6.39

January 29, 2018
9:00 pm EST
co-hosted by Bert from Sesame Street[28]
1.3 million
1509
$1.66

February 4, 2018
8:30 pm EST
prize of $20,000 – at the halftime of Super Bowl LII
2.002 Million
168
$119.05

February 28, 2018
7:00 pm EST
guest appearance by Kristi Yamaguchi[29]

March 4, 2018
9:00 pm EST
prize of $50,000 – During Oscars
2.4 million
6
$8,333.33

March 11, 2018
9:00 pm EST
Prize of $25,000- New format introduced where the trivia continues until there is only 1 winner
1.88 million
1
$25,000, won by maelkins1 on question 18

March 18, 2018
9:00 pm EDT
Prize of $25,000-With the new format of winner takes all. 2 people were left on Question 27, however JericBrual got kicked out for allegedly breaking terms and conditions and kayla14 got the question wrong resulting in 0 winners.[30]

0
$0, Won by nobody on question 27

March 25, 2018
9:00 pm EDT
Prize of $50,000--With the new format of winner takes all.

1
$50,000, won by johnnycf on question 21

March 26, 2018
9:30 pm EDT
Prize of $100,000--Sponsored by Nike in celebration for Air Max Day. 100 winners would be chosen to win exclusive HQ Trivia Nike AIR270's made exclusively for HQ Trivia.
1.78 Million
4
$25,000, plus HQ Nike AIR270's

March 28, 2018
9:00 pm EDT
Prize of $250,000 - Sponsored by Warner Bros in promotion for Ready Player One.
2.56 million
12
$20,833.33

April 5, 2018
3:00 pm BST (10am EDT)
Prize of £550 - British game presented by Scott Rogowsky
60.3 thousand
337
£1.63

April 6, 2018
3:00 pm BST (10am EDT)
Prize of £550 - British game presented by Sarah Pribis
58.0 thousand
15
£36.67

April 7, 2018
9:00 pm BST (4pm EDT)
Prize of £550 - British game presented by Sarah Pribis
71.1 thousand
7
£78.57

April 11, 2018
TBD
Prize of $300,000 - Co-hosted by Dwayne Johnson and sponsored by Warner Bros in promotion for Rampage.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The game won the A-Train Award for Best Mobile Game at the New York Game Awards 2018.[31]

text: Time Magazine awarded it "App of the year" for 2017.[32]


document_title: Gospel of John

question_text: when did john write the gospel of john

question_tokens: when did john write the gospel of john

text: Gospel of John

text: Structure and content[edit]

text: The Gospel of John can be divided into four sections: a prologue (1:1–18), a Book of Signs (1:19–12:50), a Book of Glory (13:1–20:31), and an epilogue (21).[10] The structure is highly schematic: there are seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discourses, culminating in Thomas's proclamation of Jesus as "my lord and my God"—the same title (dominus et deus) claimed by Roman Emperor Domitian.[11]

text: Prologue[edit]

text: Jesus is placed in his cosmic setting as the Logos made flesh who reveals God and gives salvation to believers; John the Baptist, Andrew, and Nathanael bear witness to him as the Lamb of God, the Son of God, and the Christ.[12]

text: Book of Signs[edit]

text: The narrative of Jesus' public ministry, beginning with the introduction of the first disciples of Jesus. It consists of seven miracles, or "signs", interspersed with long dialogues, discourses, "Amen, amen" sayings, and "I Am" sayings, culminating with the raising of Lazarus from the dead. In John it is this, and not the cleansing of the Temple, that prompts the authorities to have Jesus executed. The seven signs consist of Jesus' miracle at the wedding at Cana, his healing the royal official's son, his healing the paralytic at Bethesda, his feeding the 5,000, his walking on water, his healing the man born blind, and his raising Lazarus from the dead. Other incidents recounted in this segment of the gospel include the cleansing of the Temple; Jesus' conversation with the Pharisee Nicodemus, wherein he explains the importance of spiritual rebirth; his conversation with the Samaritan woman at the well, wherein he gives the Water of Life Discourse; the Bread of Life Discourse, which prompted many of his disciples to leave; the Woman Taken in Adultery; Jesus' claims to be the Light of the World; Jesus' answer to Pilate; the Good Shepherd pericope; Jesus' rejection by the Jews; the Jesus wept; the plot to kill Jesus; the anointing of Jesus; Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem; the prediction of the glorification of the Son of Man; and the prediction of the Last Judgment.

text: Book of Glory[edit]

text: The narrative of Jesus' Passion, Resurrection, and post-Resurrection appearances. The Passion narrative opens with an account of the Last Supper that differs significantly from that found in the synoptics, with Jesus washing the disciples' feet instead of ushering in a new covenant of his body and blood.[13] This is followed by Jesus' Farewell Discourse, an account of his betrayal, arrest, trial, death, burial, post-Resurrection appearances,[Notes 4] and final commission for his followers. It also includes Peter's denial, the institution of the New Commandment and the New Covenant, the promise of the Paraclete, the allegory of the True Vine, the High Priestly Prayer, the ut omnes unum sint, the What is truth?, Jesus' mocking and crowning with thorns, the Ecce homo, the discovery of the empty tomb, the noli me tangere, the Great Commission, and the incredulity of Thomas. The section ends with a conclusion on the purpose of the gospel: "that [the reader] may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."[12]

text: Epilogue[edit]

text: The narrative of Jesus' post-Resurrection appearance to his disciples by the lake, the miraculous catch of fish, the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter, the restoration of Peter, and the fate of the Beloved Disciple.[12] A majority of scholars believes this chapter to be an addition to the gospel.[14]

text: Composition and setting[edit]

text: Authorship, date, and origin[edit]

text: The Gospel of John is anonymous. Traditionally, Christians have identified the author as "the Disciple whom Jesus loved" mentioned in John 21:24,[15] who is understood to be John son of Zebedee, one of Jesus' Twelve Apostles. These identifications, however, are rejected by many modern biblical scholars.[1][16][Notes 5] Nevertheless, the author of the fourth Gospel is sometimes called John the Evangelist, often out of convenience since the definitive name of the author is still debated.

text: John is usually dated to AD 90–110.[17][Notes 6] It arose in a Jewish Christian community in the process of breaking from the Jewish synagogue.[18] Scholars believe that the text went through two to three redactions, or "editions", before reaching its current form.[19][20]

text: John, which regularly describes Jesus' opponents simply as "the Jews", is more consistently hostile to "the Jews" than any other body of New Testament writing.[21][Notes 7] Historian and former Roman Catholic priest James Carroll states: "The climax of this movement comes in chapter 8 of John, when Jesus is portrayed as denouncing 'the Jews' who were gathered at the Temple as the offspring of Satan."[22] In John 8:44 Jesus tells the Jews: "You are of your father the devil, and the desires of your father you will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and he stood not in the truth; because truth is not in him." In 8:38 and 11:53, "the Jews" are depicted as wishing to kill Jesus. However, Carroll cautions that this and similar statements in the Gospel of Matthew and the 1 Thessalonians should be viewed as "evidence not of Jew hatred but of sectarian conflicts among Jews" in the early years of the Christian church.[23]

text: As noted by New Testament scholar Obrey M. Hendricks, Jr.: "Although its scathing portrayal of the Jews has opened John to charges of anti-Semitism, a careful reading reveals 'the Jews' to be a class designation, not a religious or ethnic grouping; rather than denoting adherents to Judaism in general, the term primarily refers to the hereditary Temple religious authorities."[24] In later centuries, John was used to support anti-Semitic polemics, but the author of the gospel regarded himself as a Jew, championed Jesus and his followers as Jews, and probably wrote for a largely Jewish community.[25][26]

text: Sources[edit]

text: Rudolf Bultmann, in a seminal work published in 1941, argued that John's sources were a hypothetical "Signs Gospel" listing Christ's miracles, a revelation discourse, and a passion narrative. Bultmann's work, combined with that of other scholars (the work of Raymond E. Brown was particularly influential in the English-speaking world), led to a scholarly consensus in the second half of the 20th century that the Gospel of John was independent of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, known as the synoptic gospels. This agreement broke down in the last decade of the century, and there are now many scholars who believe that John did know the synoptics, especially Mark, while the hypothesis of a "signs" source has been increasingly undermined.[27]

text: But theories of either complete independence of or complete dependence on the synoptics are largely rejected in current scholarship: on the one hand, elements such as distinctive Johannine language, the lengthy discourses, and the prologue on the Logos, are clearly unique to John; on the other, John clearly shares a multitude of episodes with the other three.[28]

text: The most important sources used by the evangelist were the Jewish scriptures (the Tanakh, more or less identical with the Christian Old Testament), probably in the Greek translation. John quotes from them directly, references important figures from them, and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses. But the author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources: the Logos of the prologue (the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation) derives from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers, while John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco-Roman mystery cults, while John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs.[29]

text: Historical reliability[edit]

text: Chapters 19 and 21 of John hint that "the Disciple whom Jesus loved", or "the Beloved Disciple", was an eyewitness to Jesus' ministry, but the majority of scholars are cautious of accepting this at face value.[30][31] With the exception of the "Johannine Thunderbolt" passages,[Notes 8] the teachings of Jesus found in the synoptic gospels are very different from those recorded in John, and since the 19th century some scholars have argued that these discourses in Johannine style are less likely to be historical, and more likely to have been written for theological purposes.[33]

text: Scholars usually agree that John is not entirely without historical value.[34] It has become generally accepted that certain sayings in John are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts. His representation of the topography around Jerusalem is often superior to that of the synoptics, his testimony that Jesus was executed before, rather than on, Passover, might well be more accurate, and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels.[34]

text: Textual history and position in the New Testament[edit]

text: Rylands Library Papyrus P52, a Greek papyrus fragment with John 18:31–33 on one side and 18:37–38 on the other, commonly dated to the first half of the 2nd century, is the oldest New Testament manuscript known.[35] A substantially complete text of John exists from the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest, so that the textual evidence for this gospel is commonly accepted as both earlier and more reliable than that for any other. John stands fourth in the standard ordering of the gospels, after Matthew, Mark and Luke.

text: Theology[edit]

text: Christology[edit]

text: The Gospel of John presents a "high Christology," depicting Jesus as divine, and yet, according to some interpretations, subordinate to the one God.[36] However, in his Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas flatly rejects any denial of equality among the persons of the Trinity, including denials based on Johannine passages.[37][Notes 9] John's gospel gives more focus to the relationship of the Son to the Father than the synoptics, as seen in chapter 17 of the gospel.

text: Jesus' divine role[edit]

text: In the synoptics, Jesus speaks often about the Kingdom of God; his own divine role is obscured (see Messianic Secret). In John, Jesus talks openly about his divine role. He echoes the Father's own statement of identity, i.e. "I Am Who I Am", with several "I Am" declarations that also identify him with symbols of major significance.[39] He says "I am":

text:
"the bread of life"[6:35]
"the light of the world"[8:12]
"the gate for the sheep"[10:7]
"the good shepherd"[10:11]
"the resurrection and the life"[11:25]
"the way and the truth and the life"[14:6] and
"the true vine"[15:1]

text: Logos[edit]

text: In the prologue, John identifies Jesus as the Logos (Word). In Ancient Greek philosophy, the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason. In this sense, it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom, God's companion and intimate helper in creation. The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world. The evangelist adapted Philo's description of the Logos, applying it to Jesus, the incarnation of the Logos.[39]

text: The opening verse of John is translated as "the Word was with God and the Word was God" in all "orthodox" English Bibles.[Notes 10] There are alternative views. The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of Jehovah's Witnesses has "The Word was with God, and the Word was a god." The Scholars Version of the gospel, developed by the Jesus Seminar, loosely translates the phrase as "The Logos was what God was," offered as a better representation of the original meaning of the evangelist.[40]

text: Cross[edit]

text: The portrayal of Jesus' death in John is unique among the four Gospels. It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice (cf. Mk 10:45, Rom 3:25) but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the father. Likewise, the three "passion predictions" of the Synoptic Gospels (Mk 8:31, 9:31, 10:33–34 and pars.) are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or "lifted up"(Jn 3:14, 8:28, 12:32). The verb for "lifted up" reflects the double entendre at work in John's theology of the cross, for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also, at the same time, exalted and glorified.[41]

text: Sacraments[edit]

text: Among the most controversial areas of interpretation of John is its sacramental theology. Scholars' views have fallen along a wide spectrum ranging from anti-sacramental and non-sacramental, to sacramental, to ultra-sacramental and hyper-sacramental. Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to the sacraments at all, and on the degree of importance he places upon them. Individual scholars' answers to one of these questions do not always correspond to their answer to the other.[42]

text: Frequency of allusion[edit]

text: According to Rudolf Bultmann, there are three sacramental allusions: one to baptism (3:5), one to the Eucharist (6:51–58), and one to both (19:34). He believed these passages to be later interpolations, though most scholars now reject this assessment. Some scholars on the weaker-sacramental side of the spectrum deny that there are any sacramental allusions in these passages or in the gospel as a whole, while others see sacramental symbolism applied to other subjects in these and other passages. Oscar Cullmann and Bruce Vawter, a Protestant and a Catholic respectively, and both on the stronger-sacramental end of the spectrum, have found sacramental allusions in most chapters. Cullmann found references to baptism and the Eucharist throughout the gospel, and Vawter found additional references to matrimony in 2:1–11, anointing of the sick in 12:1–11, and penance in 20:22–23. Towards the center of the spectrum, Raymond Brown is more cautious than Cullmann and Vawter but more lenient than Bultmann and his school, identifying several passages as containing sacramental allusions and rating them according to his assessment of their degree of certainty.[42]

text: Importance to the evangelist[edit]

text: Most scholars on the stronger-sacramental end of the spectrum assess the sacraments as being of great importance to the evangelist. However, perhaps counterintuitively, some scholars who find fewer sacramental references, such as Udo Schnelle, view the references that they find as highly important as well. Schnelle in particular views John's sacramentalism as a counter to Docetist anti-sacramentalism. On the other hand, though he agrees that there are anti-Docetic passages, James Dunn views the absence of a Eucharistic institution narrative as evidence for an anti-sacramentalism in John, meant to warn against a conception of eternal life as dependent on physical ritual.[42]

text: Individualism[edit]

text: In comparison to the synoptic gospels, the Fourth Gospel is markedly individualistic, in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church.[42][43] This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel.[42][Notes 11] According to Richard Bauckham, emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John.[42] There is also a theme of "personal coinherence", that is, the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer "abides" in Jesus and Jesus in the believer.[43][42][Notes 12] According to C. F. D. Moule, the individualistic tendencies of the Fourth Gospel could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer; this realized eschatology is not, however, to replace "orthodox", futurist eschatological expectations, but is to be "only [their] correlative."[44] Some have argued that the Beloved Disciple is meant to be all followers of Jesus, inviting all into such a personal relationship with Christ. Beyond this, the emphasis on the individual's relationship with Jesus in the Gospel has suggested its usefulness for contemplation on the life of Christ.[45]

text: John the Baptist[edit]

text: John's account of the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels. In this gospel, John is not called "the Baptist."[46] The Baptist's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned, but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous.[46] The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it.[47] He subordinates the Baptist to Jesus, perhaps in response to members of the Baptist's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement.[13]

text: In John's gospel, Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod. He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John's own. The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black, containing no historically accurate information.[40] According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus.[48]

text: Gnostic elements[edit]

text: Although not commonly understood as Gnostic, many scholars, including Bultmann, have forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism.[13] Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century, and so 2nd-century Proto-Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it.[49] To say John's gospel contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it.[50] Bultmann, for example, argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John, the pre-existing Logos, was actually a Gnostic theme. Other scholars, e.g. Raymond E. Brown have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs, and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus.[51]

text: Comparisons to Gnosticism are based not in what the author says, but in the language he uses to say it, notably, use of the concepts of Logos and Light.[52] Other scholars, e.g. Raymond E. Brown, have argued that the ancient Jewish Qumran community also used the concept of Light versus Darkness. The arguments of Bultmann and his school were seriously compromised by the mid-20th-century discoveries of the Nag Hammadi library of genuine Gnostic writings (which are dissimilar to the Gospel of John) as well as the Qumran library of Jewish writings (which are often similar to the Gospel of John).[53]

text: Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did.[54] Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis, secret knowledge, and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge.[55] Barnabas Lindars asserts that the gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom, specifically belief in (literally belief into) Jesus.[56]

text: Raymond Brown contends that "The Johannine picture of a savior who came from an alien world above, who said that neither he nor those who accepted him were of this world,[57] and who promised to return to take them to a heavenly dwelling[58] could be fitted into the gnostic world picture (even if God's love for the world in 3:16 could not)."[59] It has been suggested that similarities between John's gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature.[60]

text: Comparison with the synoptics[edit]

text: The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels, with major variations in material, theological emphasis, chronology, and literary style.[61] There are also some discrepancies between John and the synoptics, some amounting to contradictions.[61]

text: Material[edit]

text: John lacks scenes from the synoptics such as Jesus' baptism,[62] the calling of the Twelve, exorcisms, parables, the Transfiguration, and the Last Supper. Conversely, it includes scenes not found in the synoptics, including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana, the resurrection of Lazarus, Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, and multiple visits to Jerusalem.[61]

text: In the fourth gospel, Jesus' mother Mary, while frequently mentioned, is never identified by name.[63][64] John does assert that Jesus was known as the "son of Joseph" in 6:42. For John, Jesus' town of origin is irrelevant, for he comes from beyond this world, from God the Father.[65]

text: While John makes no direct mention of Jesus' baptism,[62][61] he does quote John the Baptist's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove, as happens at Jesus' baptism in the synoptics. Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent, including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse,[66] and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the synoptics.[62][67] John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple, Nathanael, whose name is not found in the synoptics. Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name, described as "Doubting Thomas".[68]

text: Theological emphasis[edit]

text: Jesus is identified with the Word ("Logos"), and the Word is identified with theos ("god" in Greek);[69] no such identification is made in the synoptics.[70] In Mark, Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret, but in John he is very open in discussing it, even referring to himself as "I AM", the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self-revelation to Moses. In the synoptics the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven (the latter specifically in Matthew), while John's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice.[61][67] In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom (using the term parousia, meaning "coming"), John presents a more individualistic, realized eschatology.[71][72][Notes 13]

text: Chronology[edit]

text: In the synoptics, the ministry of Jesus takes a single year, but in John it takes three, as evidenced by references to three Passovers. Events are not all in the same order: the date of the crucifixion is different, as is the time of Jesus' anointing in Bethany, and the cleansing of the temple occurs in the beginning of Jesus' ministry rather than near its end.[61]

text: Literary style[edit]

text: In the synoptics, quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short, pithy sayings; in John, longer quotations are often given. The vocabulary is also different, and filled with theological import: in John, Jesus does not work "miracles" (Greek: δῠνάμεις, translit. dynámeis, sing. δύνᾰμῐς, dýnamis), but "signs" (Greek: σημεῖᾰ, translit. sēmeia, sing. σημεῖον, sēmeion) which unveil his divine identity.[61] Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables.[74] Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories, such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine, in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person, group, or thing. Some scholars, however, find some such parables as the short story of the childbearing woman (16:21) or the dying grain (12:24).[Notes 14]

text: Discrepancies[edit]

text: According to the synoptics, the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple, while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus.[61] The Pharisees, portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, are instead portrayed as sharply divided; they debate frequently in John's accounts. Some, such as Nicodemus, even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus. This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees, who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief.[75]

text: Representations[edit]

text: The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions, skits, plays, and Passion Plays, as well as in film. The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film 'The Gospel of John', directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox, with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus. The 2003 film The Gospel of John, was directed by Philip Saville, narrated by Christopher Plummer, with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus.

text: Parts of the gospel have been set to music. One such setting is Steve Warner's power anthem "Come and See", written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs. Additionally, some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel, most notably the one composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, although some verses are borrowed from Matthew.[76]


document_title: List of earthquakes in Washington (state)

question_text: when was the last time washington state had an earthquake

text: This is a list of earthquakes in Washington, a U.S. state.

text:
Date
Location
MMI
Mag.
Deaths
Injuries
Total damage / notes

2001-02-28
Puget Sound
VIII
6.8 Mw
0–1
400
$1–4 billion

1999-07-03
Satsop
VII
5.8 Mw

7
$8.1 million
[1][2]

1996-05-02
Duvall
VII
5.6 Mw

scientific interest

1965-04-29
Puget Sound
VIII
6.7 Mw
7

$12.5 million

1962-11-06
Clark County
VII
5.2 Mw

Minor
[3]

1949-04-13
Olympia
VIII
6.7 Mw
8
At least 64
$25 million

1946-06-23
Strait of Georgia
VIII
7.3 Mw
2

Limited

1945-04-29
North Bend
VII
5.5 Ms

Minor
[4]

1891-11-29
Puget Sound
VI

Tsunami
NGDC

1872-12-15
North Cascades
VIII
6.5–7.0

scientific interest

1700-01-26
Cascadia subduction zone

8.7–9.2 Mw

Tsunami

Note: The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand-alone articles. The principles described also apply to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded.


document_title: List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

question_text: where does australia rank by alcohol consumption per capita

text: WHO (World Health Organization) Data[edit]

text: The WHO publish periodically The Global Status Report on Alcohol:

text:
1999 was first published by WHO in 1999.[1]
2004 is the second global status report on alcohol published by WHO
2011 third global report on alcohol published by WHO
2014 fourth global report on alcohol published by WHO with data from 2010.

text: 2010 WHO data[edit]

text: The table below for 191 countries uses 2010 data from the WHO report published in 2014. The methodology used by the WHO calculated use by persons 15 years of age or older. All data in columns refer to year 2010. The column "recorded" refers to the average recorded consumption for the period 2010.  Unrecorded consumption (homebrew, moonshine, smuggled alcohol, surrogate alcohol etc.) was calculated using empirical investigations and expert judgments. Total is the sum of the recorded and unrecorded consumption. The next four columns are a breakdown of the recorded alcohol consumption by type.  Beer refers to malt beer, wine refers to grape wine, spirits refers to all distilled beverages such as vodka and similar products, and the column "other" refers to all other alcoholic beverages, such as rice wine, sake, mead, cider, kvass, and African beers (kumi kumi, kwete, banana beer, millet beer, umqombothi etc.).

text:
Pure alcohol consumption among persons (age 15+) in liters per capita per year, 2010[2]

Rank
Country
Total
Recordedconsumption
Unrecordedconsumption
Beer(%)
Wine(%)
Spirits(%)
Other(%)
2015projection

1
 Belarus
17.6
14.4
3.2
17.3
5.2
46.6
30.9
17.1

2
 Moldova
16.8
6.3
10.5
30.4
5.1
64.5
0
17.4

3
 Lithuania
15.5
12.9
2.5
46.5
7.8
34.1
11.6
16.2

4
 Russia
15.1
11.5
3.6
37.6
11.4
51
0
14.5

5
 Romania
14.4
10.4
4
50
28.9
21.1
0
12.9

6
 Ukraine
13.9
8.9
5
40.5
9
48
2.6
11.8

7
 Andorra
13.8
12.4
1.4
34.6
45.3
20.1
0
9.1

8
 Hungary
13.3
11.3
2
36.3
29.4
34.3
0
12.4

9
 Czech Republic
13
11.8
1.2
53.5
20.5
26
0
14.1

10
 Slovakia
13
11.4
1.7
30.1
18.3
46.2
5.5
12.5

11
 Portugal
12.9
11
1.9
30.8
55.5
10.9
2.8
12.5

12
 Serbia
12.6
9.6
2.9
51.5
23.9
24.6
0
12.9

13
 Grenada
12.5
11.9
0.7
29.3
4.3
66.2
0.2
10.4

14
 Poland
12.5
10.9
1.6
55.1
9.3
35.5
0
11.5

15
 Latvia
12.3
10.5
1.8
46.9
10.7
37
5.4
10.6

16
 Finland
12.3
10
2.3
46
17.5
24
12.6
11.9

17
 South Korea
12.3
9.8
2.5
25
1.6
2.9
70.5
10.9

18
 France
12.2
11.8
0.4
18.8
56.4
23.1
1.7
11.6

19
 Australia
12.2
10.4
1.8
44
36.7
12.5
6.8
12.6

20
 Croatia
12.2
10.2
2
39.5
44.8
15.4
0.2
11.7

21
 Ireland
11.9
11.4
0.5
48.1
26.1
18.7
7.7
10.9

22
 Luxembourg
11.9
11.4
0.5
36.2
42.8
21
0
11.2

23
 Germany
11.8
11.3
0.5
53.6
27.8
18.6
0
10.6

24
 Slovenia
11.6
10.6
1
44.5
46.9
8.6
0
10.9

25
 United Kingdom
11.6
10.4
1.2
36.9
33.8
21.8
7.5
12

26
 Denmark
11.4
10.4
1
37.7
48.2
14.1
0
10.2

27
 Bulgaria
11.4
10.3
1.1
39.3
16.5
44.1
0.1
11.3

28
 Spain
11.2
10
1.2
49.7
20.1
28.2
1.8
10.6

29
 Belgium
11
10.5
0.5
49.2
36.3
14.4
0.1
10.8

30
 South Africa
11
8.2
2.9
48.1
17.8
16.7
17.4
11.5

31
 New Zealand
10.9
9.3
1.6
38.2
33.9
15.2
12.5
11.2

32
 Gabon
10.9
8.9
2
68.3
11.9
19.8
0.1
11.8

33
 Namibia
10.8
6.8
4
96.7
0.3
0.9
2.1
11.8

34
  Switzerland
10.7
10.2
0.5
31.8
49.4
17.6
1.2
10.4

35
 Saint Lucia
10.4
10.1
0.2
29.7
12.6
56.1
1.5
10.4

36
 Austria
10.3
9.7
0.6
50.4
35.5
14
0
8.5

37
 Estonia
10.3
9.5
0.8
41.2
11.1
36.8
10.9
9.4

38
 Greece
10.3
8.3
2
28.1
47.3
24.2
0.4
9.3

39
 Kazakhstan
10.3
6.8
3.5
31.8
3.1
65.1
0
8.2

40
 Canada
10.2
8.2
2
51.2
22
26.8
0
10.3

41
 Nigeria
10.1
9.1
1
8
0.4
0.9
90.7
11.3

42
 Netherlands
9.9
9.4
0.5
46.8
36.4
16.9
0
9.6

43
 Uganda
9.8
8.3
1.5
9.4
0.1
1.9
88.6
10.5

44
 Rwanda
9.8
6.8
3
11.1
0
0.4
88.4
10

45
 Chile
9.6
7.6
2
29.9
40.7
29.4
0
9.3

46
 Argentina
9.3
8.3
1
40.7
48
5.5
5.8
7.6

47
 Burundi
9.3
6.3
3
24.5
0
0.1
75.4
9.8

48
 United States
9.2
8.7
0.5
50
17.3
32.7
0
9

49
 Cyprus
9.2
8.2
1
40.9
24.7
33.7
0.7
9.1

50
 Sweden
9.2
7.2
2
37
46.6
15.1
1.4
8.7

51
 Venezuela
8.9
7.7
1.3
75.6
0.8
23.4
0.2
8.3

52
 Paraguay
8.8
7.3
1.5
51.1
18.2
28.8
2
9.6

53
 Brazil
8.7
7.2
1.5
59.6
4
36.3
0.1
9.1

54
 Sierra Leone
8.7
6.7
2
6.4
0.5
0.7
92.3
8.2

55
 Montenegro
8.7
4.9
3.9
10.9
47
41.7
0.4
13.3

56
 Belize
8.5
6.8
1.7
67.6
2
30.3
0.1
8.3

57
 Cameroon
8.4
5.8
2.6
63.9
22.1
13.8
0.2
7.7

58
 Botswana
8.4
5.4
3
56
11.8
11.5
20.7
7.7

59
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.2
7.7
0.5
44
7.4
48
0.6
7

60
 Guyana
8.1
7.1
1
23
0.3
76.6
0.1
8.6

61
 Peru
8.1
6.1
2
46.8
6.1
47.1
0
5.2

62
 Panama
8
7.2
0.8
69.2
4.6
26
0.2
7.7

63
 Niue
8
7
1
47
1.7
51.3
0
7.7

64
 Palau
7.9
6.9
1
77.7
5.9
16.4
0

65
 Norway
7.7
6.7
1
44.2
34.7
19
2.1
7

66
 Tanzania
7.7
5.7
2
11
0.2
1.8
87
8.1

67
 Georgia
7.7
5.4
2.3
17
49.8
33.2
0.1
6.7

68
 Uruguay
7.6
6.6
1
30.6
59.9
9.5
0
7

69
 Angola
7.5
5.9
1.6
64.3
13.7
17.4
4.7
7.6

70
 Laos
7.3
6.2
1.1
35.6
0
64.4
0
7.5

71
 Japan
7.2
7
0.2
19.2
4.1
52
24.7
7.5

72
 Mexico
7.2
5.5
1.8
75.7
1.5
22.2
0.5
6.8

73
 Ecuador
7.2
4.2
3
67.3
1.2
31.5
0
6.1

74
 Dominica
7.1
6.6
0.5
13.7
7.1
77.9
1.2
6.6

75
 Iceland
7.1
6.6
0.5
61.8
21.2
16.5
0.5
6.9

76
 Thailand
7.1
6.4
0.7
27
0.4
72.6
0
8.3

77
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7.1
4.6
2.5
73.3
9.7
17
0
7.5

78
 São Tomé and Príncipe
7.1
4.2
2.9
23.5
60.2
16.3
0
6.8

79
 Malta
7
6.6
0.4
39.4
32.7
27.2
0.7
7.2

80
 Albania
7
4.9
2.1
31.8
19.8
48.4
0
6.6

81
 Bahamas
6.9
6.3
0.5
34
14.6
50.4
1
4.2

82
 Dominican Republic
6.9
6.2
0.7
54.5
2.7
42.7
0.1
7.6

83
 Mongolia
6.9
4.9
2
27.6
2.8
69.6
0
7.8

84
 Cape Verde
6.9
4
2.9
44.4
1.2
0.2
54.2
7.2

85
 Barbados
6.8
6.3
0.5
39.7
10.2
49.3
0.8
6.5

86
 Burkina Faso
6.8
4.3
2.5
10
3
3.1
83.8
7.4

87
 Italy
6.7
6.5
0.2
23
65.6
11.5
0
6.1

88
 Trinidad and Tobago
6.7
6.4
0.3
54
2
43.8
0.3
6.6

89
 China
6.7
5
1.7
27.8
3
69.2
0
7.6

90
 Lebanon
6.7
3.9
2.8
47.4
39.9
12.6
0
5.7

91
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6.6
6.3
0.3
33.4
3
63.1
0.5
7.2

92
 Equatorial Guinea
6.6
5.8
0.8
27.8
72.2
0
0
8.1

93
 Suriname
6.6
5.6
1
40
2.3
57.2
0.5
6.5

94
 Vietnam
6.6
2
4.6
97.3
0.6
2.1
0
8.7

95
 Lesotho
6.5
2.8
3.7
51.3
0.2
18.9
29.6
6.4

96
 Haiti
6.4
5.9
0.6
0.2
0.2
99.6
0
5.9

97
 Cook Islands
6.4
5.9
0.5
0
22.6
77.4
0
4.8

98
 Colombia
6.2
4.2
2
66.1
1.1
32.5
0.3
6.6

99
 Ivory Coast
6
4
2
16.1
3
0.4
80.5
6.5

100
 Bolivia
5.9
3.8
2.1
76.8
3.8
19.3
0.1
5.8

101
 Swaziland
5.7
4.7
1
33.6
0.8
0.7
65
6.4

102
 Zimbabwe
5.7
4.7
1
23.7
1.7
6.8
67.7
4.8

103
 Seychelles
5.6
4.1
1.5
67
22.2
10.8
0
6.7

104
 Cambodia
5.5
2.2
3.3
45.7
0.8
53.5
0
6.1

105
 Puerto Rico
5.4
4.9
0.5
66.6
6.7
26.4
0.3
-

106
 Netherlands Antilles
5.4
4.9
0.4
36.4
16.4
47
0.3
3.2

107
 Philippines
5.4
4.6
0.9
26.9
0.3
72.7
0
5.6

108
 Costa Rica
5.4
4.4
1
59.3
4.7
35.5
0.5
5.1

109
 Armenia
5.3
3.8
1.5
9.7
5.3
84.9
0
5.5

110
 Cuba
5.2
4.2
1
38.8
2.2
58.9
0
5.5

111
 Nicaragua
5
3.5
1.5
38.8
0.5
60.6
0
4.6

112
 Jamaica
4.9
3.4
1.5
42
4.9
51.4
1.6
5.1

113
 Ghana
4.8
1.8
3
30
9.7
2.9
57.3
5.4

114
 Liberia
4.7
3.1
1.6
10.8
1
88.1
0
5.2

115
 Uzbekistan
4.6
2.4
2.1
18.3
6.3
75.4
0
4.8

116
 Chad
4.4
0.4
4
66.3
3.4
3.8
26.5
4.4

117
 United Arab Emirates
4.3
2.8
1.5
10.3
2.9
86.7
0
4.3

118
 Kyrgyzstan
4.3
2.4
1.9
22.6
4.2
72.9
0.3
3.9

119
 India
4.3
2.2
2.2
6.8
0.1
93.1
0
4.6

120
 Turkmenistan
4.3
2.2
2.2
15.4
26.1
58.4
0
5

121
 Kenya
4.3
1.8
2.5
56.1
1.8
21.6
20.4
4

122
 Ethiopia
4.2
0.7
3.5
49.7
0.6
8.2
41.4
4.3

123
 Honduras
4
3
1
40.1
1.1
58.7
0
4

124
 Guinea-Bissau
4
2.5
1.5
19.6
14.9
22.4
43
4.3

125
 Zambia
4
2.5
1.5
22.7
2.9
13.6
60.7
4

126
 Republic of the Congo
3.9
1.7
2.2
78.4
9.8
10.9
0.8
3.9

127
 Guatemala
3.8
2.2
1.6
41.9
1.6
56.3
0.2
3.9

128
 Central African Republic
3.8
1.8
2
16.2
0.6
2.1
81.1
3.8

129
 North Korea
3.7
3.2
0.5
5.1
0
94.9
0
4.4

130
 Sri Lanka
3.7
2.2
1.5
13
0.1
85.2
1.7
4.5

131
 Mauritius
3.6
2.6
1
66.2
12.3
21.3
0.2
4

132
 Samoa
3.6
2.6
1
70.9
16.6
12.5
0

133
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
3.6
2.3
1.3
24
0.7
2
73.3
3.4

134
 Nauru
3.5
1
2.5
85.4
14.6
0
0
3

135
 Gambia
3.4
2.4
1
5.6
0.7
0.3
93.5
3.2

136
 Federated States of Micronesia
3.3
2.3
1
47
14.1
38.9
0
3.5

137
 El Salvador
3.2
2.2
1
41.7
1.7
56.6
0
3.5

138
 Fiji
3
2
1
67.7
0.9
31.1
0.2
3.2

139
 Papua New Guinea
3
1.5
1.5
51.3
0.9
47.7
0
3.1

140
 Kiribati
3
1
2
36.9
2.2
60.9
0
2.9

141
 Tajikistan
2.8
0.3
2.5
10.2
1.1
88.7
0
2.4

142
 Israel
2.8
0.3
2.5
44
6.2
49.5
0.3
3.1

143
 Sudan
2.7
1.7
1
8
0
13.5
78.5
2.7

144
 Malawi
2.5
1.5
1
9.1
1.2
13.4
76.2
2.5

145
 Macedonia
2.4
1.9
0.5
18.2
29.1
52.4
0.3
2.2

146
 Azerbaijan
2.3
1.3
1
28.7
7.6
63.3
0
2.1

147
 Mozambique
2.3
1.3
1
63
7.3
25.4
4.3
2

148
 Togo
2.3
1.3
1
48.9
26.9
2.4
21.8
1.9

149
   Nepal
2.2
0.2
2
47.7
0.9
51.4
0
2.1

150
 Bahrain
2.1
2
0.1
36.6
6.3
57
0.1
2.4

151
 Benin
2.1
1.1
1
54.6
21.7
7.2
16.5
2.2

152
 Singapore
2
1.5
0.5
70.1
13.5
14.7
1.7
2.9

153
 Turkey
2
1.4
0.6
63.6
8.6
27.9
0
2.4

154
 Madagascar
1.8
0.8
1
56
9.5
34.5
0
1.9

155
 Solomon Islands
1.7
1.2
0.5
81.1
2.1
16.7
0
1.6

156
 Tonga
1.6
1.1
0.5
57.9
7.6
34.3
0.1
2.1

157
 Tunisia
1.5
1.3
0.2
68.6
27.7
3.7
0
1.2

158
 Tuvalu
1.5
1
0.5
10
15.5
74.5
0
1.3

159
 Qatar
1.5
0.9
0.6
1.2
13.9
84.6
0.3
1.3

160
 Vanuatu
1.4
0.9
0.5
40.5
22.8
36.7
0
1.2

161
 Djibouti
1.3
1.1
0.2
23.2
5.3
71.5
0
0.9

162
 Malaysia
1.3
0.3
1
76.2
2
21.8
0.1
1.7

163
 Syria
1.2
1
0.3
8.5
27.9
63.5
0
1.4

164
 Maldives
1.2
0.7
0.5
29.1
29.4
41.2
0
1

165
 Mali
1.1
0.6
0.5
13.3
1.5
2.1
83.1
1

166
 Eritrea
1.1
0.5
0.6
63.6
0
0.1
36.3
1.4

167
 Algeria
1
0.7
0.3
62.6
35.5
0
2
0.6

168
 Iran
1
0
1
24.8
52.1
1
1

169
 Oman
0.9
0.7
0.2
54.6
3.3
42.2
0
0.9

170
 Brunei
0.9
0.6
0.3
89.8
2.3
7.2
0.7
0.8

171
 Morocco
0.9
0.5
0.5
43.5
36.5
19.9
0
0.7

172
 Jordan
0.7
0.5
0.2
22.4
2.1
75.4
0.1
0.7

173
 Bhutan
0.7
0.4
0.3
100
0
0
0
1.1

174
 Guinea
0.7
0.2
0.5
78.9
16.3
3.7
1.1
0.7

175
 Myanmar
0.7
0.1
0.6
82.6
5.7
11.8
0
0.7

176
 Afghanistan
0.7
0
0.7
18.9
38.3
1
1.2

177
 Senegal
0.6
0.3
0.3
55.1
41.3
3.6
0
0.5

178
 Indonesia
0.6
0.1
0.5
84.5
0.1
15.3
0
0.6

179
 Timor-Leste
0.6
0.1
0.5
9.3
75.9
14.8
0
1.2

180
 Iraq
0.5
0.2
0.3
76.1
1
22.9
0
0.5

181
 Somalia
0.5
0
0.5
9.2
19.2
0.5
0.5

182
 Egypt
0.4
0.2
0.2
53.8
5.4
40.3
0.5
0.3

183
 Niger
0.3
0.1
0.2
46
13.2
40.7
0
0.3

184
 Yemen
0.3
0.1
0.2
100
0
0
0
0.2

185
 Comoros
0.2
0.1
0.1
23.3
22.2
54.6
0
0.2

186
 Saudi Arabia
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
1.9
97.9
0.2
0.2

187
 Bangladesh
0.2
0
0.2
9
17.6
0.2
0.2

188
 Kuwait
0.1
0
0.1
58.1
10.8
30.7
0.4
0.1

189
 Libya
0.1
0
0.1
2.5
5
0
0

190
 Mauritania
0.1
0
0.1

0.1

191
 Pakistan
0.1
0
0
1.2
3
0.1
0.1

text: Worldwide consumption in 2010 was equal to 6.2 litres of pure alcohol consumed per person aged 15 years or older.

text: 2015 WHO data for OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries[edit]

text: The following is a list of OECD countries by the total alcohol consumption per capita in litres of pure alcohol as published by the World Health Organization in 2015.[3]

text:
Rank
Country
Alcohol consumptionin litres
Relative alcohol consumption

1
 Czech Republic
14.1

14.1

2
 Australia
12.6

12.6

3
 Portugal
12.5

12.5

4
 Slovakia
12.5

12.5

5
 Hungary
12.4

12.4

6
 United Kingdom
12.0

12

7
 Finland
11.9

11.9

8
 France
11.6

11.6

9
 Poland
11.5

11.5

10
 Luxembourg
11.2

11.2

11
 New Zealand
11.2

11.2

12
 Ireland
10.9

10.9

13
 Slovenia
10.9

10.9

14
 South Korea
10.9

10.9

15
 Belgium
10.8

10.8

16
 Germany
10.6

10.6

17
 Spain
10.6

10.6

18
  Switzerland
10.4

10.4

19
 Canada
10.3

10.3

20
 Denmark
10.2

10.2

21
 Netherlands
9.6

9.6

22
 Chile
9.3

9.3

23
 Greece
9.3

9.3

24
 United States
9.0

9

25
 Sweden
8.7

8.7

26
 Austria
8.5

8.5

27
 Japan
7.5

7.5

28
 Norway
7.0

7

29
 Iceland
6.9

6.9

30
 Mexico
6.8

6.8

31
 Italy
6.1

6.1

32
 Israel
3.1

3.1

33
 Turkey
2.4

2.4

text: OECD Data[edit]

text: 2013 OECD statistics[edit]

text: The table below lists OECD countries by the annual consumption of pure alcohol in liters, per person, aged 15 years old and over, as published in the 2013 OECD Health Data. Note that the methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to pure alcohol may differ across countries. Typically beer is weighted as 4–5%, wine as 11–16% and spirits as 40% of pure alcohol equivalent.

text: This table is an accurate reflection of the annual consumption of pure alcohol in litres by OECD countries.

text:
Rank
Country
Liters per capita [4]
Relative size
Year

1
 Austria
12.2

12.2
2011

2
 Estonia
12

12
2011

3
 France
11.8

11.8
2011

4
 Ireland
11.7

11.7
2011

5
 Czech Republic
11.5

11.5
2011

6
 Hungary
11.4

11.4
2011

7
 Luxembourg
11.4

11.4
2011

8
 Germany
11.2

11.2
2011

9
 Slovenia
10.6

10.6
2011

10
 Denmark
10.5

10.5
2011

11
 Poland
10.3

10.3
2011

12
 Portugal
10.3

10.3
2011

13
 United Kingdom
10.3

10.3
2011

14
 Slovakia
10.2

10.2
2011

15
 Australia
10

10
2011

16
  Switzerland
10

10
2011

17
 Belgium
9.8

9.8
2011

18
 Finland
9.8

9.8
2011

19
 Spain
9.8

9.8
2010

20
 New Zealand
9.5

9.5
2011

21
 Netherlands
9.2

9.2
2011

22
 South Korea
8.9

8.9
2011

23
 United States
8.6

8.6
2011

24
 Canada
8

8
2011

25
 Chile
7.9

7.9
2010

26
 Greece
7.4

7.4
2011

27
 Japan
7.3

7.3
2011

28
 Sweden
7.3

7.3
2011

29
 Norway
6.4

6.4
2011

30
 Iceland
6.3

6.3
2010

31
 Italy
6.1

6.1
2010

32
 Mexico
5.1

5.1
2011

33
 Israel
2.6

2.6
2011

34
 Turkey
1.5

1.5
2011