document_title: Eye color

question_text: percentage of the world that has brown eyes

text: Eye color

text: Genetic determination

text: Eye color is an inherited trait influenced by more than one gene.[13][14] These genes are sought using associations to small changes in the genes themselves and in neighboring genes. These changes are known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. The actual number of genes that contribute to eye color is currently unknown, but there are a few likely candidates. A study in Rotterdam (2009) found that it was possible to predict eye color with more than 90% accuracy for brown and blue using just six SNPs.[15] There is evidence that as many as 16 different genes could be responsible for eye color in humans; however, the main two genes associated with eye color variation are OCA2 and HERC2, and both are localized in Chromosome 15.[9]

text: The gene OCA2 (OMIM: 203200), when in a variant form, causes the pink eye color and hypopigmentation common in human albinism. (The name of the gene is derived from the disorder it causes, oculocutaneous albinism type II.) Different SNPs within OCA2 are strongly associated with blue and green eyes as well as variations in freckling, mole counts, hair and skin tone. The polymorphisms may be in an OCA2 regulatory sequence, where they may influence the expression of the gene product, which in turn affects pigmentation.[12] A specific mutation within the HERC2 gene, a gene that regulates OCA2 expression, is partly responsible for blue eyes.[16] Other genes implicated in eye color variation are SLC24A4[17] and TYR.[17] A 2010 study on eye color variation into hue and saturation values using high-resolution digital full-eye photographs found three new loci for a total of ten genes, and now about 50% of eye colour variation can be explained.[18]

text:
Gene name

Effect on eye color

OCA2

Associated with melanin producing cells. Central importance to eye color.

HERC2

Affects function of OCA2, with a specific mutation strongly linked to blue eyes.

SLC24A4

Associated with differences between blue and green eyes.[17]

TYR

Associated with differences between blue and green eyes.[17]

text: Blue eyes with a brown spot, green eyes, and gray eyes are caused by an entirely different part of the genome.

text: Ancient DNA and eye color in Europe

text: People of European descent show the greatest variety in eye color of any population worldwide. Recent advances in ancient DNA technology have revealed some of the history of eye color in Europe. All European Mesolithic hunter-gatherer remains so far investigated have shown genetic markers for light-colored eyes, in the case of western and central European hunter-gatherers combined with dark skin color. The later additions to the European gene pool, the Early Neolithic farmers from Anatolia and the Yamnaya Copper Age/Bronze Age pastoralists (possibly the Proto-Indo-European population) from the area north of the Black Sea appear to have had much higher incidences of dark eye color alleles, and alleles giving rise to lighter skin, than the original European population.[19][20]

text: Classification of color

text: Iris color can provide a large amount of information about a person, and a classification of colors may be useful in documenting pathological changes or determining how a person may respond to ocular pharmaceuticals.[21] Classification systems have ranged from a basic light or dark description to detailed gradings employing photographic standards for comparison.[21] Others have attempted to set objective standards of color comparison.[22]

text: Eye colors range from the darkest shades of brown to the lightest tints of blue.[13] To meet the need for standardized classification, at once simple yet detailed enough for research purposes, Seddon et al. developed a graded system based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or yellow pigment present.[23] There are three pigment colors that determine, depending on their proportion, the outward appearance of the iris, along with structural color. Green irises, for example, have blue and some yellow. Brown irises contain mostly brown. Some eyes have a dark ring around the iris, called a limbal ring.

text: Eye color in non-human animals is regulated differently. For example, instead of blue as in humans, autosomal recessive eye color in the skink species Corucia zebrata is black, and the autosomal dominant color is yellow-green.[24]

text: As the perception of color depends on viewing conditions (e.g., the amount and kind of illumination, as well as the hue of the surrounding environment), so does the perception of eye color.[25]

text: Changes in eye color

text: Most new-born babies who have European ancestry have light-colored eyes. As the child develops, melanocytes (cells found within the iris of human eyes, as well as skin and hair follicles) slowly begin to produce melanin. Because melanocyte cells continually produce pigment, in theory eye color can be changed. Adult eye color is usually established between 3 and 6 months of age, though this can be later.[27] Observing the iris of an infant from the side using only transmitted light with no reflection from the back of the iris, it is possible to detect the presence or absence of low levels of melanin. An iris that appears blue under this method of observation is more likely to remain blue as the infant ages. An iris that appears golden contains some melanin even at this early age and is likely to turn from blue to green or brown as the infant ages.

text: Changes (lightening or darkening) of eye colors during early childhood, puberty, pregnancy, and sometimes after serious trauma (like heterochromia) do represent cause for a plausible argument stating that some eyes can or do change, based on chemical reactions and hormonal changes within the body.

text: Studies on Caucasian twins, both fraternal and identical, have shown that eye color over time can be subject to change, and major demelanization of the iris may also be genetically determined. Most eye-color changes have been observed or reported in the Caucasian population with hazel and amber eyes.[28]

text: Eye color chart (Martin scale)

text: Carleton Coon created a chart by the original Martin scale. The numbering is reversed on the scale below in the (later) Martin–Schultz scale, which is (still) used in physical anthropology.

text: Light and light-mixed eyes (16–12 in Martin scale)

text: Pure light (16–15 in Martin scale)

text:
16: pure light blue
15: gray

text: Light-mixed (14–12 in Martin scale)

text:
14: Very light-mixed (blue with gray or green or green with gray)
13-12: Light-mixed (light or very light-mixed with small admixture of brown)

text:
Mixed eyes (11–7 in Martin scale)
Mixture of light eyes (blue, gray or green) with brown when light and brown appearance is at the same level.

text: Dark and dark-mixed eyes (6–1 in Martin scale)

text:
Dark-mixed: 6–5 in Martin scale. Brown with small admixture of light
Dark: 4–1 in Martin scale. Brown (light brown and dark brown) and very dark brown (almost black)

text: Amber

text: Amber eyes are of a solid color and have a strong yellowish/golden and russet/coppery tint. This may be due to the deposition of the yellow pigment called lipochrome in the iris (which is also found in green eyes).[29][30] Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes; although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to comprise many other colors, including green, brown and orange. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples, while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue. Even though amber is considered to be like gold, some people have russet or copper colored amber eyes that many people mistake for hazel, though hazel tends to be duller and contains green with red/gold flecks, as mentioned above. Amber eyes may also contain amounts of very light gold-ish gray.

text: The eyes of some pigeons contain yellow fluorescing pigments known as pteridines.[31] The bright yellow eyes of the great horned owl are thought to be due to the presence of the pteridine pigment xanthopterin within certain chromatophores (called xanthophores) located in the iris stroma.[32] In humans, yellowish specks or patches are thought to be due to the pigment lipofuscin, also known as lipochrome.[33] Many animals such as canines, domestic cats, owls, eagles, pigeons and fish have amber eyes as a common color, whereas in humans this color occurs less frequently.

text: Blue

text: There is no blue pigmentation either in the iris or in the ocular fluid. Dissection reveals that the iris pigment epithelium is brownish black due to the presence of melanin.[34] Unlike brown eyes, blue eyes have low concentrations of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which lies in front of the dark epithelium. Longer wavelengths of light tend to be absorbed by the dark underlying epithelium, while shorter wavelengths are reflected and undergo Rayleigh scattering in the turbid medium of the stroma.[4] This is the same frequency-dependence of scattering that accounts for the blue appearance of the sky.[3]:9[6] The result is a "Tyndall blue" structural color that varies with external lighting conditions.

text: In humans, the inheritance pattern followed by blue eyes is considered similar to that of a recessive trait (in general, eye color inheritance is considered a polygenic trait, meaning that it is controlled by the interactions of several genes, not just one).[14] In 2008, new research tracked down a single genetic mutation that leads to blue eyes. "Originally, we all had brown eyes," said Eiberg.[35] Eiberg and colleagues suggested in a study published in Human Genetics that a mutation in the 86th intron of the HERC2 gene, which is hypothesized to interact with the OCA2 gene promoter, reduced expression of OCA2 with subsequent reduction in melanin production.[36] The authors suggest that the mutation may have arisen in the northwestern part of the Black Sea region, but add that it is "difficult to calculate the age of the mutation."[35][36][37]

text:
Blue-eyed populations

Country

Percent of population

Estonia

89%

Finland

89%

Ireland

57%

Scotland

50%

England

48%

Wales

45%

Belgium (adult population)

28.9%

France (adult pop.)

20.2%

United States

16.6%

Spain

16.3%

Algeria (adult pop.)

2.6%

Morocco (adult pop.)

2.1%

Tunisia (adult pop.)

1.2%

sources:[38][39][40][41]

text: Blue eyes are common in northern and eastern Europe, particularly around the Baltic Sea. Blue eyes are also found in southern Europe, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa and West Asia.[42][43][44] In West Asia, a proportion of Israelis are of  Ashkenazi origin, among whom the trait is relatively elevated (a study taken in 1911 found that 53.7% of Ukrainian Jews had blue eyes).[45][46]

text:
A Birman kitten with distinctive sapphire blue eyes.

Jungle crow

The first blue-eyed koala known to be born in captivity.[47]

text: The same DNA sequence in the region of the OCA2 gene among blue-eyed people suggests they may have a  single common ancestor.[48][49][50]

text: DNA studies on ancient human remains confirm that light skin, hair and eyes were present at least tens of thousands of years ago on Neanderthals, who lived in Eurasia for 500,000 years.[51][52][53][54][55] As of  2016[update], the earliest light-pigmented and blue-eyed remains of Homo Sapiens were found in 7,700 years old Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from Motala, Sweden.[56]

text: A 2002 study found that the prevalence of blue eye color among the white population in the United States to be 33.8% for those born from 1936 through 1951 compared with 57.4 percent for those born from 1899 through 1905.[14] As of 2006, one out of every six people, or 16.6% of the total population, and 22.3% of whites, has blue eyes. Blue eyes are continuing to become less common among American children.[39]

text: Blue eyes are rare in mammals; one example is the recently discovered marsupial, the blue-eyed spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus wilsoni). The trait is hitherto known only from a single primate other than humans – Sclater's lemur (Eulemur flavifrons) of Madagascar. While some cats and dogs have blue eyes, this is usually due to another mutation that is associated with deafness. But in cats alone, there are four identified gene mutations that produce blue eyes, some of which are associated with congenital neurological disorders.  The mutation found in the Siamese cats is associated with strabismus (crossed eyes).  The mutation found in blue-eyed solid white cats (where the coat color is caused by the gene for "epistatic white") is linked with deafness.  However, there are phenotypically identical, but genotypically different, blue-eyed white cats (where the coat color is caused by the gene for white spotting) where the coat color is not strongly associated with deafness.  In the blue-eyed Ojos Azules breed, there may be other neurological defects.  Blue-eyed non-white cats of unknown genotype also occur at random in the cat population.

text: Brown

text: In humans, brown eyes result from a relatively high concentration of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which causes light of both shorter and longer wavelengths to be absorbed.[57]

text: Dark brown eyes are dominant in humans[58] and in many parts of the world, it is nearly the only iris color present.[59] Dark pigment of brown eyes is common in Europe, South Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Oceania, Africa, Americas, etc. as well as parts of Eastern Europe and Southern Europe.[17] The majority of people in the world overall have brown eyes to dark brown eyes.

text: Light or medium-pigmented brown eyes can also be commonly found in South Europe, among the Americas, and parts of Central Asia (Middle East and South Asia).

text: Gray

text: Like blue eyes, gray eyes have a dark epithelium at the back of the iris and a relatively clear stroma at the front. One possible explanation for the difference in the appearance of gray and blue eyes is that gray eyes have larger deposits of collagen in the stroma, so that the light that is reflected from the epithelium undergoes Mie scattering (which is not strongly frequency-dependent) rather than Rayleigh scattering (in which shorter wavelengths of light are scattered more). This would be analogous to the change in the color of the sky, from the blue given by the Rayleigh scattering of sunlight by small gas molecules when the sky is clear, to the gray caused by Mie scattering of large water droplets when the sky is cloudy.[60] Alternatively, it has been suggested that gray and blue eyes might differ in the concentration of melanin at the front of the stroma.[60]

text: Gray eyes are most common in Northern and Eastern Europe.[61] Gray eyes can also be found among the Algerian Shawia people[62] of the Aurès Mountains in Northwest Africa, in the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. Under magnification, gray eyes exhibit small amounts of yellow and brown color in the iris.

text: Green

text: As with blue eyes, the color of green eyes does not result simply from the pigmentation of the iris.  The green color is caused by the combination of: 1) an amber or light brown pigmentation in the stroma of the iris (which has a low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the Rayleigh scattering of reflected light.[57] Green eyes contain the yellowish pigment lipochrome.[63]

text: Green eyes probably result from the interaction of multiple variants within the OCA2 and other genes. They were present in south Siberia during the Bronze Age.[64]

text: They are most common in Northern, Western and Central Europe.[65][66] In Ireland and Scotland 14% of people have brown eyes and 86% have either blue or green eyes,[40] In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color.[67] A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men.[68] Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.[citation needed] 37.2% of Italians from Verona and 56% of Slovenes have blue/green eyes.[69][70]

text: Green eyes are common in Tabby cats as well as the Chinchilla Longhair and its shorthaired equivalents are notable for their black-rimmed sea-green eyes.

text: Hazel

text: Hazel eyes are due to a combination of Rayleigh scattering and a moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer.[4][33] Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color from a brown to a green. Although hazel mostly consists of brown and green, the dominant color in the eye can either be brown/gold or green. This is how many people mistake hazel eyes to be amber and vice versa.[71][72][73][74][75][76][77] This can sometimes produce a multicolored iris, i.e., an eye that is light brown/amber near the pupil and charcoal or dark green on the outer part of the iris (or vice versa) when observed in sunlight.

text: Definitions of the eye color hazel vary: it is sometimes considered to be synonymous with light brown or gold, as in the color of a hazelnut shell.[71][73][76][78]

text: Hazel eyes occur throughout Caucasoid populations, in particular in regions where blue, green and brown eyed peoples are intermixed.

text: Red and violet

text: The eyes of people with severe forms of albinism may appear red under certain lighting conditions owing to the extremely low quantities of melanin,[79] allowing the blood vessels to show through. In addition, flash photography can sometimes cause a "red-eye effect", in which the very bright light from a flash reflects off the retina, which is abundantly vascular, causing the pupil to appear red in the photograph.[80] Although the deep blue eyes of some people such as Elizabeth Taylor can appear violet at certain times, "true" violet-colored eyes occur only due to albinism.[81]

text: Spectrum of eye color

text: Medical implications

text: Those with lighter iris color have been found to have a higher prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) than those with darker iris color;[75] lighter eye color is also associated with an increased risk of ARMD progression.[82] A gray iris may indicate the presence of a uveitis, and an increased risk of uveal melanoma has been found in those with blue, green or gray eyes.[67][83] However, a study in 2000 suggests that people with dark brown eyes are at increased risk of developing cataracts and therefore should protect their eyes from direct exposure to sunlight.[84]

text: Wilson's disease

text: Wilson's disease involves a mutation of the gene coding for the enzyme ATPase7B, which prevents copper within the liver from entering the Golgi apparatus in cells. Instead, the copper accumulates in the liver and in other tissues, including the iris of the eye. This results in the formation of Kayser–Fleischer rings, which are dark rings that encircle the periphery of the iris.[85]

text: Coloration of the sclera

text: Eye color outside of the iris may also be symptomatic of disease. Yellowing of the sclera (the "whites of the eyes") is associated with jaundice,[86] and may be symptomatic of liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis.[87] A blue coloration of the sclera may also be symptomatic of disease.[86] In general, any sudden changes in the color of the sclera should be addressed by a medical professional.[citation needed]

text: Aniridia

text: Aniridia is a congenital condition characterized by an extremely underdeveloped iris, which appears absent on superficial examination.[88]

text: Ocular albinism and eye color

text: Normally, there is a thick layer of melanin on the back of the iris. Even people with the lightest blue eyes, with no melanin on the front of the iris at all, have dark brown coloration on the back of it, to prevent light from scattering around inside the eye. In those with milder forms of albinism, the color of the iris is typically blue but can vary from blue to brown. In severe forms of albinism, there is no pigment on the back of the iris, and light from inside the eye can pass through the iris to the front. In these cases, the only color seen is the red from the hemoglobin of the blood in the capillaries of the iris. Such albinos have pink eyes, as do albino rabbits, mice, or any other animal with a total lack of melanin. Transillumination defects can almost always be observed during an eye examination due to lack of iridial pigmentation.[89] The ocular albino also lacks normal amounts of melanin in the retina as well, which allows more light than normal to reflect off the retina and out of the eye. Because of this, the pupillary reflex is much more pronounced in albino individuals, and this can emphasize the red eye effect in photographs.

text: Heterochromia

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Heterochromia (heterochromia iridum or heterochromia iridis) is an eye condition in which one iris is a different color from the other (complete heterochromia), or where a part of one iris is a different color from the remainder (partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia). It is a result of the relative excess or lack of pigment within an iris or part of an iris, which may be inherited or acquired by disease or injury.[90] This uncommon condition usually results due to uneven melanin content. A number of causes are responsible, including genetic, such as chimerism, Horner's syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome.

text: A chimera can have two different colored eyes just like any two siblings can—because each cell has different eye color genes. A mosaic can have two different colored eyes if the DNA difference happens to be in an eye-color gene.

text: There are many other possible reasons for having two different-colored eyes.  For example, the film actor Lee Van Cleef was born with one blue eye and one green eye, a trait that reportedly was common in his family, suggesting that it was a genetic trait.  This anomaly, which film producers thought would be disturbing to film audiences, was "corrected" by having Van Cleef wear brown contact lenses.[91] David Bowie, on the other hand, had the appearance of different eye colors due to an injury that caused one pupil to be permanently dilated.

text: Another hypothesis about heterochromia is that it can result from a viral infection in utero affecting the development of one eye, possibly through some sort of genetic mutation.  Occasionally, heterochromia can be a sign of a serious medical condition.

text: A common cause in females with heterochromia is X-inactivation, which can result in a number of heterochromatic traits, such as calico cats. Trauma and certain medications, such as some prostaglandin analogues, can also cause increased pigmentation in one eye.[92] On occasion, a difference in eye color is caused by blood staining the iris after injury.

text: Mate selection and traits that have been linked to iris color

text: Selection for rare iris colors

text: A study compared the frequency of eye color in commercial advertising models in Brazil and the UK, these countries were chosen because they have inverted frequencies of eye-coloration, with Brazil having an excess of brown and the UK an excess of light-colored eyes. Models are chosen for their attractiveness, and it was found that, in Brazil, models with light eyes are in a significant excess compared to the levels found in the general population, while, in the UK, models with brown or intermediate eyes were in significant excess over their frequency in the general population. This suggests that eye color rarity plays a role in sexual attraction, people with rare eye colors being perceived as being more attractive. Some research indicates that eye color variation is greater in women than in men, which may reflect sexual selection of mates with rare eye colors.[93]

text: Selection though imprinting of parental eye color

text: In contrast to the phenomenon of selection for rarity, scholarship has implied the existence another form of eye color involvement in mate selection. A study found a significant incidence of the partners of heterosexual people possessing similar eye and hair color to that of their opposite-sex parent. This is suggestive of a form of parental imprinting on eventual mate selection.[94]


document_title: Black Hawk, Colorado

question_text: who owns the lodge casino in blackhawk co

root

text: Black Hawk, Colorado

text: History[edit]

text: Mining boom[edit]

text: The town is located along the north fork of Clear Creek and Gregory Gulch. Black Hawk was established in 1859.[12] In May 1859 the discovery of gold in Gregory Gulch by its namesake, John H. Gregory, brought thousands of prospectors and miners into the area, combing the hills for more gold veins. The Bobtail lode was discovered the following month.[13] Hardrock mining boomed for a few years, but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold, and found that their amalgamation mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores.[14]

tag: p

text: Nathaniel P. Hill built Colorado's first successful ore smelter in Black Hawk in 1868. Hill's smelter could recover gold from the sulfide ores, an achievement that saved hardrock mining in Black Hawk, Central City, and Idaho Springs from ruin. Other smelters were built nearby. Black Hawk's advantageous location on North Clear Creek made it the center of ore processing for the area, and it became known as the "City of Mills".[15]

text: The Colorado Central Railroad extended its line to the town in 1872.[13] A restored depot and locomotive are on display on the east side of downtown. Black Hawk was also served by the two-foot-gauge Gilpin Tramway which climbed from Black Hawk to the mines above Central City. Many historic buildings in the town have been restored following the opening of the casinos in 1991.

text: Gambling boom[edit]

text: The town has been in heated competition for gambling revenue with its neighbor Central City since casinos opened in both towns in 1991. Development of the area down Clear Creek from the historic Black Hawk townsite lining State Highway 119 has flourished. Gamblers from Denver pass the Blackhawk casinos before they arrive at Central City, and, as a result, Black Hawk has realized much more revenue from gambling than Central City. Gambling in Black Hawk also benefits from less restrictive building codes; while Central City until recently limited building heights to 53 feet (16 m) to preserve the historic character of the town, Black Hawk has no such limits. In an attempt to close the competitive gap, Central City built the Central City Parkway from Interstate 70 near Idaho Springs as an alternative route, leading guests first to Central City, and then to Black Hawk. The Central City Parkway opened November 19, 2004. However, Black Hawk continues to have three times the number of casinos, and generates more than seven times the gambling revenue that Central City does.[16]

text: Although the 1990 statewide referendum allowing casino gambling in Black Hawk was promoted as a way to promote historic preservation in Black Hawk, critics have charged that it has had the opposite effect, and that the historic appearance of Black Hawk has been sacrificed to allow construction of the large casinos.[17][18][19][20]

text: Tax from the gambling revenue provides funding for the State Historical Fund, administered by the Colorado Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.[21]

text: Bicycling ban controversy[edit]

text: In February 2013, the Colorado Supreme Court overturned a citywide ban on bicycle traffic through Black Hawk, ruling that the city had failed to comply with state traffic law.[11] In 2010, the city of Black Hawk banned bicycle use on most of the streets in the city. The ban was prompted by a surge in traffic following the change in maximum casino betting limits from $5 to $100. Black Hawk City Manager Michael Copp said that the city council, which passed the new law, believed it was best for the casinos and their patrons. The penalty for riding a bicycle through Black Hawk was a $68 fine.[22][23] Bicycle advocacy groups challenged the bike ban, with the case ultimately going to the Colorado Supreme Court.[24][25] State Highway 119 and County Road 279 in Black Hawk are part of the Great Parks Bicycle Route and the Peak to Peak Scenic Byway touring route.

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.95 square miles (5.04 km2).[10]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The Black Hawk & Central City Tramway, operated by the cities of Black Hawk and Central City, provides a free shuttle between the two towns. Ramblin Express and Ace Express Coaches provides transportation from Denver.[26]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1870
1,068

—

1880
1,540

44.2%

1890
1,067

−30.7%

1900
1,200

12.5%

1910
668

−44.3%

1920
253

−62.1%

1930
253

0.0%

1940
289

14.2%

1950
166

−42.6%

1960
171

3.0%

1970
217

26.9%

1980
232

6.9%

1990
227

−2.2%

2000
118

−48.0%

2010
118

0.0%

Est. 2016
127
[8]
7.6%

U.S. Decennial Census[27]

tag: table

text: As of the census[28] of 2000, there were 118 people, 54 households, and 28 families residing in the city. The population density was 80.9 people per square mile (31.2/km²). There were 79 housing units at an average density of 54.2 per square mile (20.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.75% White, 3.39% African American, 0.85% Native American, 5.93% from other races, and 5.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.17% of the population.

text: There were 54 households out of which 18.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.3% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.69.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 17.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 34.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 131.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.0 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $44,583, and the median income for a family was $52,500. Males had a median income of $29,688 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,985. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

text: Education[edit]

text: Black Hawk Public Schools are part of the Gilpin County School District RE-1. The district has one elementary school and one high school, Gilpin County Elementary School and Gilpin County Undivided High School.[29]

text: Tina Goar is the Superintendent of Schools.[30]

text: There are approximately 380 students enrolled in the district.[31]

text: Attractions[edit]

text: While smaller, Black Hawk has more casinos than Atlantic City, New Jersey.

text:
Ameristar Casino Resort Spa Black Hawk, owned by Ameristar Casinos
Black Hawk Station
Bull Durham Saloon & Casino
Canyon Casino
Saratoga Casino Black Hawk, owned by Saratoga Harness Racing
Gilpin Hotel Casino, owned by Jacobs Entertainment
Golden Gates Casino, owned by Affinity Gaming
Golden Gulch Casino, owned by Affinity Gaming
Golden Mardi Gras Casino, owned by Affinity Gaming
Isle of Capri Black Hawk, owned by Isle of Capri Casinos
Lady Luck Casino, owned by Isle of Capri Casinos
The Lodge Casino, owned by Jacobs Entertainment
Monarch Casino, owned by Monarch Casino & Resort, Inc.
Red Dolly Casino
Sasquatch Casino
Wild Card Casino
Z Casino

tag: ul

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
William Frederick Cody ("Buffalo Bill"), briefly a resident of Black Hawk while searching for gold near the town for two months
Nathaniel P. Hill, Brown University chemistry professor, Black Hawk smelter magnate, U.S. senator


document_title: Crayon

question_text: what kind of wax are crayons made from

question_tokens: what kind of wax are crayons made from

text: Crayon

text: Composition

text: In the modern English-speaking world, the term crayon is commonly associated with the standard wax crayon, such as those widely available for use by children. Such crayons are usually approximately 3.5 inches (89 mm) in length and made mostly of paraffin wax. Paraffin wax is heated and cooled to achieve the correct temperature at which a usable wax substance can be dyed and then manufactured and shipped for use around the world. Paraffin waxes are used for cosmetics, candles, for the preparation of printing ink, fruit preserving, in the pharmaceutical industry, for lubricating purposes, and crayons.[1]

text: Colin Snedeker, a chemist for Binney & Smith (the then-parent company of Crayola), developed the first washable crayons in response to consumer complaints regarding stained fabrics and walls.[2] A patent for the washable solid marking composition utilized in the washable crayons was awarded to Snedeker in 1990.[2]

text: History

text: The history of the crayon is not entirely clear. The word "crayon" dates to 1644, coming from the French word craie (chalk) and the Latin word creta (Earth).[3]

text: The notion to combine a form of wax with pigment actually goes back thousands of years. Encaustic painting is a technique that uses hot beeswax combined with colored pigment to bind color into stone. A heat source was then used to "burn in" and fix the image in place.[4] Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, was thought to describe the first techniques of wax crayon drawings.[5]

text: This method, employed by the Egyptians, Romans, Greeks and even indigenous people in the Philippines, is still used today. However, the process wasn't used to make crayons into a form intended to be held and colored with and was therefore ineffective to use in a classroom or as crafts for children.[6]

text: Contemporary crayons are purported to have originated in Europe, where some of the first cylinder-shaped crayons were made with charcoal and oil.[7] Pastels are an art medium having roots with the modern crayon and stem back to Leonardo da Vinci in 1495. Conté crayons, out of Paris, are a hybrid between a pastel and a conventional crayon, used since the late 1790s as a drawing crayon for artists.[8] Later, various hues of powdered pigment eventually replaced the primary charcoal ingredient found in most early 19th century products.  References to crayons in literature appear as early as 1813 in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. Joseph Lemercier (born in Paris 1803—died 1884), considered by some of his contemporaries to be "the soul of lithography", was also one of the founders of the modern crayon.  Through his Paris business circa 1828 he produced a variety of crayon and color related products.[9] But even as those in Europe were discovering that substituting wax for the oil strengthened the crayon, various efforts in the United States were also developing.

text: American crayon companies

text: The initial era of wax crayons saw a number of companies and products competing for the lucrative education and artist markets.  In addition to the giants such as Binney & Smith/Crayola and American Crayon/Dixon Ticonderoga, other companies popped up in the industry at various times from the late 19th century to the early 1910s.

text: Crayola

text: Crayola (formerly named Binney & Smith) developed their own famous line of wax crayons beginning on June 10, 1903.[10] Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith had been long established in the coloring marketplace through Binney's Peekskill, NY chemical works factory making lampblack by burning whale and carbon black and later instrumental in the coloring of automobile tires.

text: In 1902 they developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon. Edwin Binney, working with his wife, Alice Stead Binney, came up with their famous Crayola brand of crayons.  Alice came up with the name Crayola by combining the French word for chalk, craie, with the first part of oleaginous, the oily paraffin wax used to make the crayon.[11]

text: Binney and Smith were quick to capitalize on their creation by offering 19 different boxes with 30 different colors, including the Crayola No 51, which, with 28, featured their largest selection of colors.[12]  The Rubens Crayola line started in 1903 as well (not in the 1920s as previously documented by many sources)[13] was directly targeted toward artists and designed to compete with the Raphael brand of crayons out of Europe. Rubens were featured in everything from the small 6-color box to the No. 500 with 24 colors.[14] In addition to their highly familiar Crayola line, they also made many other crayon lines including Anti-Roll, Arista, Art-Toy, Besco, Boston, Cerata, Cerola, Chic'ago, Doo Zee, Durel, Easy-Off, Gotham, Liquitex, Munsell Crayola, Perma, Pooh, Protfolio, Rubens, Spectra, Tiny Tots, Washable and Widstrok.[15]

text: By far the most recognizable brand was their Crayola "Gold Medal" line in the familiar yellow boxes.  The Gold Medal referred to a Gold Medal the company earned with their An-du-Septic dustless chalk during the March 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.  Over 39,000 awards were given out using the medals designed by Adolph A. Weinman.  Receiving a medal at an Exposition was and still is something of importance with many companies featuring their medal on their products.  Two companies to use the 1904 medal were Jack Daniel's whiskey (which still use it on their bottles to this day) and Binney & Smith.  They used the award to design an entirely new line of crayons featuring the medal on the front of their box.[16]  Initially, they developed and introduced the No. 8 box of eight assorted colors (this famous box is usually depicted on most historical material associated with Crayola; it was even featured on a postage stamp) in early 1905[17] using the side of the medal depicting an Eagle but quickly changed to the other side showing the 1904 date their medal was won.[18]  From there they began to transition and phase out other Crayola crayon boxes used earlier until eventually their entire line of Crayola crayons featured the Gold Medal design. They would use this design to identify their brand for over 50 years, permanently infusing their crayons into the consciousness of consumers and catapulting the Crayola brand into the world's leading crayon brand. The Crayola brand is currently owned by Hallmark Cards of Kansas City, Missouri.

text: E. Steiger & Co.

text: One of the first companies to offer up a line of wax crayons aimed for kindergarten use. Located out of New York, NY, it is unclear when this company started producing crayons but based on a known ad from 1881, they clearly offered wax crayons in boxes of 6, 12, and 18 colors.[19]

text: Franklin Mfg Co.

text: The Franklin Mfg. Co, founded in 1876 in Rochester, New York, was one of the first companies to make and sell wax crayons.  While it is undetermined when the company began manufacturing wax crayons, they were indeed selling them as early as 1883, having appeared with a display of crayons at the World's Colombian Exposition that year.[20]  They regularly advertised their Rainbow, Radiant, Penguin and Educational brands of crayons in various art and educational catalogues and periodicals throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century.  In 1906, they changed their name from the Franklin Mfg. Co to the Franklin Crayon Company and remained in operation until 1927.[21][22]

text: Eberhard Faber

text: The Eberhard Faber Pencil Company, originally the A. W. Faber Company, was founded by John Eberhard Faber (1822–1879) in 1861. The company is primarily credited with bringing German lead pencil-making techniques to the United States.  The Faber family was known for lead pencil manufacturing in the village of Stein, Germany, near the city of Nuremberg as early as 1761 when the business was founded by Kasper Faber. His son Anton Faber took over in 1774 and the company came to be known as the A.W. Faber Company.  Anton's grandson, Johann Lothar, took charge of the business in 1839.

text: Johann Lothar's youngest son, Eberhard Faber (1822–1879), came to the United States in 1848. He settled in New York City, and by 1850, had opened a store selling pencils and other stationery items in Manhattan.  In 1861, Faber opened the American manufacturing branch of A.W. Faber, in a factory close to the East River, near 42nd Street (Manhattan), where the United Nations now stands. It was the first pencil factory opened in the United States.[23]

text: Faber also developed his own line of wax crayons by as early as 1883.  E. Faber's wax crayons were available in packages of 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 in a variety of assorted colors.[24]  While their cedar wood-encased crayons were a hybrid on the traditional all-wax crayon, this nonetheless should be regarded as one of the earliest available wax crayon products.  Later they would offer traditional all-wax crayons as well.[25]  After a fire destroyed the original factory, they moved their location to Brooklyn.  The Faber Company grew to become one of the largest pencil manufacturers in the world, with additional factories located in Germany, Canada, and Argentina.

text: Charles A. Bowley

text: Another one of the earliest recorded evidence of the modern paraffin wax crayon comes from Charles A. Bowley, a resident outside of Danvers, MA who developed what he thought were the first wax coloring crayons in the late 1880s.  Mr. Bowley had been selling various stationery items around the vicinity of Danvers and had developed clumps of colored wax designed for marking leather.  With the need for more accuracy, he went back to his home and formed the wax crayons into more manageable cylinder shapes similar to that of a pencil.  The crayons were approximately five and one-half inches long and sold out quickly.  He packaged his crayons into decorative boxes and offered them through stationer clients he knew.  The demand for his crayons soon exceeded his ability to keep up with production and he contacted the American Crayon Company in 1902 to partner and create a full blown catalog of crayon offerings.[26]

text: Joseph Dixon Crucible Co.

text: The Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. was formed in March 1868 from the existing Joe Dixon and Company that Joseph Dixon ran.[27]  While the company primarily produced pencils, like many of their contemporaries (E. Faber and Eagle Pencil) they too expanded into a line of wax crayons for offer in 1887.[28]  The Dixon Solid Crayons were offered in as many as 15 colors by 1902.[29]  In addition to their initial Dixon brand they went on to produce the Educator, Gem and Prestite lines of crayons before the company merged with American Crayon to form the Dixon Ticonderoga Company in 1983.  They continue to produce numerous brands of crayons to today.

text: Prang Educational Company

text: Louis Prang, one of the principal fathers of art education in schools throughout the United States, also developed his own line of watercolor crayons, very similar to the modern wax-based crayon.  Through his business, the Prang Educational Company, he sold several crayon products during the timeframe from the late 1880s through the early 20th century.  Several examples of these exist in private collections to this day.  In 1915 Prang merged his company into the American Crayon company and he served on the board for several years afterward.[30][31][32]

text: B.B. Crayons

text: Perhaps one of the most mysterious companies to offer a full set of brands was a company simply known as B.B. (they have a trademarked double bumblebee on their logo.)  They offered several boxes similar in size and composition to that of the earliest of crayon boxes from the late 19th century with products such as Cadet (featuring a civil war tent camp backdrop), Favorite, Junior Artists, and The Winner brands.[33]

text: Milton Bradley Co.

text: Founded in 1860, the Milton Bradley Company is the oldest game manufacturer in the United States.  They didn't stop by offering just games however.  They were also instrumental in the promotion of the early kindergarten movement rising up during the late 19th century.  Bradley, inspired by a lecture from Elizabeth Peabody on the teachings of German scholar Friedrich Fröbel concerning education through creative activities, spent much of his life developing and selling products around this pursuit.[34]  Through the Milton Bradley Company, he produced wax crayons for retail as early as 1895 under the Bradley name.[35] In addition to the Bradley line of crayons, they also produced Brodlyne, Copley, Banner, Big Boy, Crayrite, Economo, Embeco, Manual Art, Tru-Tone and Springfield Solid and other brands.  In addition, they produced a series of licensed character crayon products such as Popeye, Mother Goose, Howdy Doody, Little Lulu, Moon Mullins, Lone Ranger, Little Orphan Annie and Sergeant William Preston.[36]  The company was acquired by Hasbro in 1984.

text: Standard Crayon Company

text: The Standard Crayon Company began their operations in the late 1890s.  Though the exact date of their beginning is not clear, there is documentation on a receipt from the state of Maine from 1897.[37]  There is also information on size of the company from 1899 police report investigating child labor complaints (the company had 72 employees that year).[38]  It is also unclear exactly when they started producing wax crayon products but ads featuring their Centennial and Falcon brands of crayons began appearing as early as Jan 1900.[39][40] They went on to produce Clover, Acme, Hummer, Gem, Crown, Crest Light, Bon-Ton, Crayel, Velazquez, Buster, Old Master, Viking, Bril-Tone, Murillo and other crayon lines[41] before eventually being purchased by Binney & Smith Inc. in 1958.

text: American Crayon

text: Known for their chalk crayons, the American Crayon Company in Sandusky, OH spread out to the wax crayon market in 1902.  As the popularity of Bowley's crayons spread to schools, his ability to keep up with production forced him to partner with the American Crayon Company who increased his manufacturing output by adopting his crayons and offering a full blown catalog of crayons in 1902.[42]  These boxes included The American Crescent Drawing Crayons in 7 and 14 color packages, the American Special School and Drawing Crayons in 7 and 14 colors, the American Electric drawing crayons in 7 and 12 colors, the American Brownie crayons in 7, 12 and 28 colors along with a wooden canister containing 14 colors, the American Perfection crayons in a wooden canister of 7 colors, the American Banner containing six colors and a pencil sharpener.[43]

text: They continued to expand their crayon line to include brands such as Blendwel, Crayograph, Crayarto, Colorit, Crayonart, Crayonex, Emerald, Excello, Giant, Imperial, Kantroll, Kindograph, Kroma, Lakeshore, Old King Cole, Paragon, Pastello, Payons, Perfection, Popeye, Prang, Sketcho, Playmates, Waxena, Wonder and Young Artist brands among others.[44]  In 1957 they merged with Joseph Dixon Crucible which eventually merged to form Dixon Ticonderoga Company in 1983; which continues to make and sell crayons to this day.

text: Eagle Pencil Company

text: In 1902 another pencil company began to offer up crayons. The Eagle Pencil Company, New York, NY, featured a line of wax crayons offered up in 6 and 12 count boxes with a color line that included White, Pink, Violet, Terrasienna, Yellow, Blue, Brick Red, Brown, Orange, Red, Green and Black.[45]  Eagle Pencil began in 1856 and quickly became one of the four major pencil manufacturers in the United States (Joseph Dixon Crucible, Eberhard Faber and American Lead Pencil were the others.)  Though always considered a side item, they continued with their crayons through the mid 40s with the introduction of their Color-Glo Eagle crayons.[46]  They closed their NY factory in 1958 and under various mergers and acquisitions they still operate selling pencils to this day with Berol.[47]

text: L. & C. Hardtmuth

text: There isn't a lot of clear data on L. & C. Hardtmuth, New York, NY except to know that they were pencil and crayon manufacturers starting with crayons at least as early as 1903; perhaps even earlier.  What is interesting about this company at this time was their large selection of crayon colors for the time.  A 1905 ad describes 48 different colors available for sale; the most variety of colors coming out of any crayon manufacturer at the time.

text: New England Crayon Company

text: New England Crayon Company began their crayon operations in 1905 under Wadsworth, Howland & Co. out of Boston, MA.  This company ran until 1912.  They introduced a line of Pride crayons featuring the popular "The Brownies" characters.  They were available in 28 colors.  Their factory boasted having the only steam operated molding machine back in 1907; allowing them cost efficiencies passed on to the consumer.[48][49]

text: Albert H. Munsell

text: Another significant contributor to crayon history is Albert Henry Munsell, the professor who did scientific experiments in color that led to his published 1905 "A Color Notation" work.[50]  He created the Munsell Color System in 1915 and started his own Munsell Color Company in 1917.[51]  Initially he produced high quality coloring crayons through Wadsworth, Howland & Co. as early as 1906 and then later through his own company.[52] In 1926, Binney & Smith purchased the Munsell Color Company's Munsell Crayon line, consisting of twenty-two colors: five principal and five intermediate hues, each at maximum chroma, and with middle value and middle chroma, plus middle grey and black.[53][54]  They kept the Munsell name on products such as "Munsell-Crayola" and "Munsell-Perma" up until 1934 and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes.[55]

text: The Munsell colors were produced in specially-marked Crayola boxes until 1944, when wartime shortages made many of the pigments required for crayon production unavailable. When Binney & Smith resumed full production of Crayola crayons in 1949, the Munsell line was discontinued. A few of the colors were incorporated into the No. 48 box; Middle Yellow-Red became Medium Orange, and Maximum Blue became Blue-Green, while Middle Grey had been incorporated into the Crayola line as Neutral Gray, and later simply Gray.  Medium Orange was discontinued in 1958, but Blue-Green and Gray remain part of the Crayola line.[56]

text: Others

text: Many other companies took to producing crayons as well.  J. Pressman out of New York had a license for Disney's Snow White characters and produced Snow White crayons for a short time.  Ullman Mfg Co., NY was another early crayon adopter featuring their Priscilla brand of crayons.  Hundreds of companies entered the crayon market, but only a few exist today, with Crayola dominating the market in the United States.

text: In all, there were over 300 documented crayon manufacturers in the United States and many more in other countries.

text: Today

text: Beyond Crayola, other brand name crayon manufacturers today include Rose Art Industries and Dixon Ticonderoga. There are also numerous suppliers who create generic brand or store brand crayons. These are typically found in supermarkets.

text: In 2000 there was a concern about potential contamination of asbestos in many popular brands of crayons after the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported in May of that year that they had tests performed finding that three brands of crayons contained asbestos.[57] In a follow-up study released in June the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) found traces of asbestos fibers in three crayons and larger amounts of transitional fibers which can be misinterpreted as asbestos as a result of using talc as a binding agent in additional crayons. CPSC declared the risk to be low, but said that because of the concerns it had asked manufacturers to reformulate the concerned crayons and commended them for their swift agreement to do so.[58] Further tests have shown the risk to be insignificant, especially since the largest risk of asbestos is produced when it becomes friable and is then inhaled. Because the fibers are trapped in wax this is unlikely. As part of their testing the CPSC simulated heavy use by a child and did not find significant amounts of fibers released.[59][60]

text: Artists

text: Early French artists, including Francois Clouet (1510-1572) and Nicholas L'agneau (1590-1666), used crayons in their early art projects. Clouet used crayons for his modeled portraits, which were so elaborate that he caught the attention of Henry V, who knighted him. He became court painter for the royalty, and his entire art career began and consisted of some wax crayon art. L'agneau illustrated his portraits with outlines in wax crayons, and with tints of watercolor. His portraits were often of people who looked surprised or unaware of their surroundings.[5]

text: Sister Gertrude Morgan was most known for preaching the Gospel around New Orleans with simplicity and easy-to-understand crayon drawings. Morgan caught the eye of a gallery owner E. Lorenz Borenstein, and was allowed to show her work, play her music and spread her word of God at the gallery. Her early drawings were that of just very modest and simplicity crayon drawings, depicting biblical text to provide a clearer image to those who were unfamiliar with the Bible. Morgan went on to publish a record of her biblical songs and has artwork featured in the American Folk Art Museum in New York.[61]

text: Modern artists working at a professional level with crayons include Don Marco[62], Kristina Nelson[63], and Jeffrey Robert[64].


document_title: Riverdale (Archie Comics)

question_text: what is the name of the highschool in riverdale

text: Riverdale (Archie Comics)

text: Overview[edit]

text: Riverdale is usually shown as being a medium-sized town (possibly a suburb of a bigger city), with all the usual amenities of shopping malls, restaurants, and parks. The climate, appearance and geography of Riverdale varies from story to story. Riverdale has been shown to have beaches, lakes, rivers, deserts, farmland, woodland, mountains, plains, a transit system (as noted in the Josie and the Pussycats film) and four distinct seasons with changes in climate.

text: Archie Comics publisher John L. Goldwater and initial Archie artist Bob Montana differed on the inspiration for Riverdale, with Goldwater saying it was based on his hometown of Hiawatha, Kansas, and Montana saying the town's high school was based on his own in Haverhill, Massachusetts, where as in the comics a replica of Auguste Rodin's famous statue The Thinker stands.[1]

text: In Jackpot Comics #5 (Spring 1942), a story written by Montana has the gang going on a river trip. One panel says "...the good ship 'Peter Stuyvesant' settles into the Hudson, as Riverdale High clambers aboard for a happy trip to Bear Mountain."

text: In one issue[volume & issue needed] of Archie and Jughead Digest, when one of the readers asked in a letter, "Where is Riverdale located?", the editor replied, "Riverdale is more of a state of mind than an actual physical location. It could be anywhere that kind people live and just have fun, like Archie and his friends. It could be in the Midwest, or along the Eastern Seaboard, or even a town in Canada, Mexico, or England."

text: Riverdale High School[edit]

text: Riverdale High School is the local educational institution of Riverdale where Archie and his friends attend the 11th grade. Its school colors are blue and gold, and its school newspaper is the Blue and Gold.

text: Only a few of Riverdale High's staff appear regularly in the comics. These include school principal Mr. Weatherbee, homeroom teacher Miss Grundy, chemistry teacher Mr. Flutesnoot, history teacher Miss Haggly, physical education teachers Coach Kleats and Coach Clayton, cafeteria cook Miss Beazley, custodian Mr. Svenson, secretary Miss Phlips, and superintendent of schools Mr. Hassle.

text: In the five-issue miniseries Faculty Funnies (cover-dated June 1989 – May 1990) by writer George Gladir and penciler Stan Goldberg, faculty members Mr. Weatherbee, Mr. Flutesnoot, Miss Grundy and Coach Clayton secretly become the superhero team the Awesome Foursome after a lab accident involving Archie's science project. They lose their powers after putting out a chemical fire.[2] [3]

text: The series Archie at Riverdale High ran 113 issues (August 1972 – February 1987).[4] This was followed by Riverdale High, which ran six issues (August–June 1990). After a brief hiatus, it was retitled Archie's Riverdale High and then canceled with issue #8 (August–October 1991).[5][6]

text: Places[edit]

text: Places in Riverdale besides the high school include the following:

text:
Pop Tate's Chocklit Shoppe, the soda shop frequented by the teenaged cast.
Pickens Park, the community park named for the fictional Civil War hero General Pickens.
The Lodge Mansion, the large and luxurious home of wealthy Veronica Lodge and her parents.
Homes of other members of the gang, including the Andrews residence, Jones residence and Cooper residence.
Dilton Doiley's science lab, a home-based setup where Dilton invents and conducts experiments.
Chuck Clayton's studio, where Chuck draws his cartoons at home.
The beach, where Archie and the gang spend much of their time in the summer.
The Riverdale Mall, a source of shopping and entertainment, particularly for the girls.
The Blossom Mansion, the larger and luxurious home where wealthy Cheryl Blossom and her family live.

text: Nearby towns[edit]

text: Some nearby towns include Greendale and Midvale. Greendale is the home of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, who once lived in Riverdale but eventually moved. Characters who appear in Josie and the Pussycats come from Midvale.

text: Riverdale High School's main scholastic and athletic rival is Central High School, located in another nearby community. Central High seems to consist of nothing but villainous types. The males are generally thuggish, conniving brutes, and the females are usually lecherous, scheming vamps. In most of their encounters, Central students seldom compete without using unsportsmanlike conduct, if not out-and-out cheating. The coaches and teachers often are not only aware of this skullduggery, but encourage it. In most cases, Central's team colors are bright red and silver-white.

text: Pembrooke Academy is a private school attended by siblings Cheryl and Jason Blossom and their snobbish friends Bunny and Cedric. They look down on Riverdale students as "townies" and will not (except for the Blossom twins) willingly associate with them. Other schools that have been featured as Riverdale rival schools include Hadley High and Southside High. In one comics,[volume & issue needed] a letter sent to Riverdale has "U." where the state should be, and a ZIP code of 10543 (which in real life is Mamaroneck, New York, the home of Michael Silberkleit, an Archie Comics editor).[citation needed]

text: Related media[edit]

text: In the pilot of the 2017 series Riverdale, the town's is described as being located in "Rockland County". Only one county in the US has that name, Rockland County, New York, close to Archie Comics' headquarters in Pelham, New York.[7]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: In The Simpsons episode "Sideshow Bob Roberts" (Episode 2F02), several Archie Comics characters, including Archie Andrews, Reggie Mantle, Moose Mason and Jughead Jones, make a brief cameo appearance. After Sideshow Bob's stooges pull up to the Simpsons' house, toss Bart Simpson (who had been investigating Bob) out of their car, the Archie gang, in one of the show's frequent non sequiturs, pull up to the Simpsons' house and toss Homer Simpson out of their car. Moose warns Homer to "Duh, stay out of Riverdale!" Later in the episode, Homer is reading an issue of Archie Comics and mutters, "Stuck-up Riverdale punks, think they're too good for me!"