document_title: Mad Max: Fury Road

question_text: how does the world end in mad max

question_tokens: how does the world end in mad max

root

text: Mad Max: Fury Road

text: Plot[edit]

text: Following a nuclear holocaust, the world has become a desert wasteland and civilization has collapsed. Max Rockatansky, a survivor, is captured by the War Boys, the army of the tyrannical Immortan Joe, and taken to Joe's Citadel. Designated a universal blood donor, Max is imprisoned and used as a "blood bag" for a sick War Boy called Nux. Meanwhile, Imperator Furiosa, one of Joe's lieutenants, is sent in her armoured semi-truck, the "War Rig", to collect gasoline. When she drives off-route, Joe realizes that his five wives—women selected for breeding—are missing, and fleeing with her. Joe leads his entire army in pursuit of Furiosa, calling on the aid of nearby Gas Town and the Bullet Farm.

tag: p

text: Nux joins the pursuit with Max strapped to his car to continue supplying blood. A battle ensues between the War Rig and Joe's forces. Furiosa drives into a sand storm, evading her pursuers, except Nux, who attempts to sacrifice himself to destroy the Rig. Max escapes and restrains Nux, but the car is destroyed. After the storm, Max finds Furiosa repairing the Rig, accompanied by the wives: Capable, Cheedo, Toast, the Dag and the Splendid Angharad, who is heavily pregnant with Joe's child. Max steals the Rig, but its kill switch disables it. Max reluctantly agrees to let Furiosa and the wives accompany him; Nux climbs on the Rig as it leaves and attempts to kill Furiosa, but is overcome and thrown out, and is picked up by Joe's army.

text: Furiosa drives through a biker gang-controlled canyon to barter a deal for safe passage. However, with Joe's forces pursuing, the gang turns on her, forcing her and the group to flee, while the bikers detonate the canyon walls to block Joe. Max and Furiosa fight pursuing bikers as Joe's car, with Nux now on board, breaks through the blockade and eventually attacks the War Rig, allowing Nux to board. However, as the Rig escapes, Angharad falls off in an attempt to protect Max and is run over by Joe's car, killing her and her child. Furiosa explains to Max that they are escaping to the "Green Place", an idyllic land she remembers from her childhood. Capable finds Nux hiding in the Rig, distraught over his failure, and consoles him. That night, the Rig gets stuck in the mud. Furiosa and Max slow Joe's forces with mines, but Joe's ally, the Bullet Farmer, continues pursuing them. Nux helps Max free the Rig while Furiosa shoots and blinds the Bullet Farmer. Max walks into the dark to confront the Bullet Farmer and his men, returning with guns and ammunition.

text: They drive the War Rig overnight through swampland and desert, coming across a naked woman the next day. Max suspects a trap, though Furiosa approaches the woman and states her history and clan affiliation. The naked woman summons her clan, the Vuvalini, who recognize Furiosa as one of their own who was kidnapped as a child. Furiosa is devastated to learn that the swampland they passed was indeed the Green Place, now uninhabitable. The group then plans to ride motorbikes across immense salt flats in the hope of finding a new home. Max chooses to stay behind, but after seeing visions of a child he failed to save, he convinces them to return to the undefended Citadel, which has ample water and greenery that Joe keeps for himself, and trap Joe and his army in the bikers' canyon.

text: The group heads back to the Citadel, but they are attacked en route by Joe's forces, and Furiosa is seriously wounded. Joe positions his car in front of the War Rig to slow it, while Max fights Joe's giant son, Rictus Erectus. Joe captures Toast, who manages to distract him long enough for Furiosa to kill him. Nux sacrifices himself by wrecking the Rig, killing Rictus and blocking the canyon, allowing Max, Furiosa, the wives, and the surviving Vuvalini to escape in Joe's car, where Max transfuses his blood to Furiosa, saving her life.

text: At the Citadel, the impoverished citizens react to Joe's death with joy. Furiosa, the wives, and the Vuvalini are cheered by the people and welcomed by the remaining War Boys. Max shares a respectful glance with Furiosa before blending into the crowd and again departing for parts unknown.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hardy as Max Rockatansky
Charlize Theron as Imperator Furiosa
Nicholas Hoult as Nux
Hugh Keays-Byrne as Immortan Joe
Rosie Huntington-Whiteley as The Splendid Angharad
Riley Keough as Capable
Zoë Kravitz as Toast the Knowing
Abbey Lee as The Dag
Courtney Eaton as Cheedo the Fragile
Josh Helman as Slit
Nathan Jones as Rictus Erectus
John Howard as The People Eater
Richard Carter as The Bullet Farmer
Angus Sampson as The Organic Mechanic
iOTA as The Doof Warrior
Megan Gale as The Valkyrie
Melissa Jaffer as Keeper of the Seeds
Melita Jurisic, Gillian Jones, Joy Smithers, Antoinette Kellerman, and Christina Koch as The Vuvalini
Quentin Kenihan as Corpus Colossus
Jon Iles as The Ace

tag: ul

text: Themes and analysis[edit]

text: Survival[edit]

text: The primary theme of Mad Max: Fury Road is survival, in particular, the survival of humanity in the face of apocalyptic circumstances.[10][11] The struggle to maintain one's humanity is illustrated as Max begins the film a feral wanderer seeking only to survive, but his partnering with Furiosa allows both of them to rediscover the common dignity that makes them human. As the underlying goal for Max,[12] the theme of staying alive has been carried over from the previous installments of the series that also highlight issues such as ecological collapse and moral decadence.[13] "Survival is key", explained Miller. "I think it's a reason why the American Western was such a staple for the better part of a century in American cinema. They were allegorical tales with figures in the landscape working these things out".[14]

text: Other themes[edit]

text: Further themes pointed out by critics have included vengeance, solidarity, home, and redemption. In his review of Mad Max: Fury Road, film critic A. O. Scott wrote: "The themes of vengeance and solidarity, the wide-open spaces and the kinetic, ground-level movement mark Fury Road as a western, and the filmmakers pay tribute to such masters of the genre as John Ford, Budd Boetticher and, not least, Chuck Jones, whose Road Runner cartoons are models of ingenuity and rigor."[15] Similar to the previous Mad Max films, home has been regarded as a central theme in Mad Max: Fury Road as it dominates the motivations of Max, Furiosa, and the Five Wives: his home was destroyed, she was taken from her home, and the wives are in search of a new home to raise their children.[16] The unity of these characters also harnesses a concern for family, a common theme within Miller's filmography.[17] It also carries the theme of female empowerment.[18]

text: Control is another prominent theme in the film, with fluids particularly representing this aspect. Immortan Joe controls the water needed for survival, as well as his Wives' breast milk and the blood of his prisoners (including Max).

text: Feminism[edit]

text: Feminism is another theme that has received notice.[19] Charlize Theron is a "dramatic center for the film." Throughout the film, her character demonstrates the physicality of a hero committed to a rescue mission. Another indicator of the feminist theme is "in the end, the movie...sets up the start of a matriarchal society as an antidote to the barbarian, warlike tribes that came before". These elements contrast this film with the male-centered hero in the Mad Max films that came before.[20][21]

text: Theron's character, Furiosa, "has a shaved head..a fierce leather outfit..a mechanical arm she jerry-rigged from salvaged tools," and "is a sharpshooting powerhouse who can also handle an 18-wheel war rig charging through the desert." She is "a female road warrior." Throughout the film, Furiosa "is a character exactly equal to Max." Furiosa and Max are presented as protagonist/antagonist.[22]

text: Kyle Smith of the New York Post said that the title character, Mad Max, is "actually a secondary figure" in a film that is not about a roaming Max Rockatansky. Instead, the movie is "actually" about a "feminist revolt led by Imperator Furiosa" against Immortan Joe.[19]

text: Production[edit]

text: Crew[edit]

text:
George Miller – director, producer, writer
Brendan McCarthy – writer
Nico Lathouris – writer
Doug Mitchell – producer
P. J. Voeten – producer
Iain Smith – executive producer
John Seale – cinematographer
Colin Gibson – production designer
Jenny Beavan – costume designer
Margaret Sixel – editor
Junkie XL – music composer

text: Development[edit]

text: Plans for a fourth film in the Mad Max series hit financial difficulties and the project spent several years in "development hell".[23] In 1995, George Miller re-acquired the rights to future Mad Max films from Warner Bros.[24] The idea for a fourth instalment occurred to Miller in August 1998 when he was walking in an intersection in Los Angeles.[25] About a year later, while travelling from Los Angeles to Australia, the idea coalesced. Miller conceived a story where "violent marauders were fighting, not for oil or for material goods, but for human beings."[25] The film was set to shoot in 2001 through 20th Century Fox, but was postponed because of the September 11 attacks that same year.[7] "The American dollar collapsed against the Australian dollar, and our budget ballooned", Miller said, adding that he "had to move on to Happy Feet because there was a small window when that was ready". Mel Gibson, who starred in the original three previous films, would not return to his role as the lead character. Miller ended up re-casting the role because of controversies surrounding Gibson and because he wanted Max to remain at a younger age, as the "same contemporary warrior".[25] Miller announced in 2003 that a script had been written for a fourth film, and that pre-production was in the early stages.[26] The project was given the green light to begin filming in the Australian desert in May 2003 with a budget of US$100 million, but the location was ruined by rainfall. Mad Max 4 entered then a hiatus in light of security concerns related to its Namibian shoot because of tightened travel and shipping restrictions at the onset of the Iraq War.[27][28]

text: In November 2006, Miller stated that he intended to make Fury Road and that the film was never going to involve Gibson: "There's a real hope. The last thing I wanted to do is another Mad Max, but this script came along, and I'm completely carried away with it."[29][30] The film's screenplay was co-written with cult British comic creator Brendan McCarthy, who also designed many of the new characters and vehicles.[31] Miller again confirmed his intention to make another Mad Max at the 2007 Aurora filmmaker initiative. However, he stated that he thought Gibson would not be interested in the film because of his age.[32][33] Heath Ledger was reportedly considered for the lead before his death in 2008.[25] On 5 March 2009, it was announced that an R-rated 3D animated feature film was in pre-production and would be taking much of the plot from Fury Road,[34] although Gibson would not be in the film and Miller was looking for a "different route", a "renaissance" of the franchise.[34] Miller cited director Akira Kurosawa as an inspiration for what he wanted to do with the franchise. Miller was also developing an action-adventure tie-in video game based on the fourth film, along with God of War II video game designer Cory Barlog. Both projects were expected to take two to two-and-a-half years, according to Miller, with a release date of either 2011 or 2012. Fury Road was going to be produced at Dr. D Studios, a digital art studios founded in 2008 by Miller and Doug Mitchell.[34]

text: On 18 May 2009, it was reported that location scouting was underway for Mad Max 4.[35] After exploring the possibility of an animated 3D film, Miller decided instead to shoot a 3D live action film.[35] By this time, production had moved to Warner Bros.[7] In October 2009, Miller announced that principal photography on Fury Road would commence at Broken Hill, New South Wales in early 2011, ending years of speculation.[36] This announcement attracted widespread media attention in Australia, with speculation on whether Gibson would return as Max.[37] That same month, British actor Tom Hardy was in negotiations to take the lead role of Max, while it was also announced that Charlize Theron would play a major role in the film.[38] In June 2010, Hardy announced on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross that he would play the title role.[25][39] In July 2010, Miller announced plans to shoot two Mad Max films back-to-back, entitled Mad Max: Fury Road and Mad Max: Furiosa.[40] Weta Digital was originally involved with the film when it was scheduled for a 2012 release.[41] The company was to be handling visual effects, conceptual designs, speciality make-up effects, and costume designs until production was postponed from its November 2010 start date.[42]

text: In November 2011, filming was moved from Broken Hill back to Namibia, after unexpected heavy rains caused wildflowers to grow in the desert, inappropriate for the look of the film.[43] Other potential locations scouted included the Atacama Desert in Chile, Chott el Djerid in Tunisia, and Azerbaijan.[44]

text: In a July 2014 interview at San Diego Comic-Con International, Miller said he designed the film in storyboard form before writing the screenplay, working with five storyboard artists. It came out as about 3,500 panels, almost the same number of shots as in the finished film. He wanted the film to be almost a continuous chase, with relatively little dialogue, and to have the visuals come first.[45] Paraphrasing Alfred Hitchcock, Miller said that he wanted the film to be understood in Japan without the use of subtitles.[46]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on 26 June 2012 in Namibia.[47] Filming also took place at Potts Hill and Penrith Lakes in Western Sydney.[48] In October 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Warner Bros. sent an executive to keep the production on track.[49] Filming wrapped on 17 December 2012[50] and lasted for 120 days.[7] In February 2013, a leaked draft from the Namibian Coast Conservation and Management group accused the producers of damaging parts of the Namib Desert, endangering a number of plant and animal species.[51][52] However, the Namibia Film Commission said it had "no reservations" after visiting the set during production. It disputed claims reported in the media, calling the accusations "unjust rhetoric".[53] In September 2013, it was announced that the film would undergo reshoots in November 2013.[54]

text: Miller said that he did not feel he had to top himself in terms of production design compared to the previous films in the series. Instead, he wanted the production design to harken back to the earlier films and reflect the changes of the past 30 years. Colin Gibson, the production designer, said that they developed an internally consistent history to explain the film's look and justify its use of hot rods.[55] Gibson designed the film's vehicles, all of which are fully functional.[56] Construction of some of the vehicles began as early as 2003.[57] The cars were designed to show characterisation and detail in the world, including the characters' feelings of guilt, loss, and their attempts to recycle the remains of civilisation.[56] Both the Doof Wagon and the Doof Warrior's guitar are fully functional – none of his scenes were rendered in CGI.[58]

text: Cinematographer John Seale came out of retirement to shoot Fury Road.[59] He replaced Dean Semler, the cinematographer of the previous two films, after Semler left.[60] Seale outfitted his camera crew with six Arri Alexa Pluses and four Alexa Ms, as well as a number of Canon EOS 5Ds and Olympus PEN E-P5s that were used as crash cams for the action sequences.[61][62] It was the first time Seale shot with digital cameras.[60] Because of the fast nature required for edits, Miller asked Seale to keep the focus of the shot centered for each scene, thus allowing the audience to quickly orient towards it.[63]

text: In July 2014, director George Miller described the film as "a very simple allegory, almost a western on wheels".[64] Miller said that 90% of the effects were practical.[65] Second unit director and supervising stunt coordinator Guy Norris was in charge of over 150 stunt performers, which included Cirque du Soleil performers and Olympic athletes.[59][66] Miller invited playwright Eve Ensler to act as an on-set adviser. Impressed with the script's depth and what she saw as feminist themes, she spent a week in Namibia, where she spoke to the actors about issues of violence against women.[67]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Mad Max: Fury Road contains 2,000 visual effects shots.[68] The lead effects company was Iloura, who delivered more than 1,500 effects shots for the film.[69] Additional visual effects studios that worked on the film include Method Studios, Stereo D, 4DMax, BlackGinger, The Third Floor, and Dr. D Studios.[70][71] Miller recruited his wife, Margaret Sixel, to edit the film, as he felt she could make it stand out from other action films.[72] Sixel had 480 hours of footage to edit; watching it took three months.[73] The film contains about 2,700 cuts of its entire running length, which is equivalent to 22.5 cuts per minute compared to The Road Warrior's 1,200 cuts of its 90-minute running time equivalent to 13.33 cuts per minute.[74] The frame rate was also manipulated. "Something like 50 or 60 percent of the film is not running at 24 frames a second, which is the traditional frame rate," said Seale. "It'll be running below 24 frames because George, if he couldn't understand what was happening in the shot, he slowed it down until you could. Or if it was too well understood, he'd shorten it or he'd speed it up back towards 24. His manipulation of every shot in that movie is intense."[75] The Washington Post would later note that the changing frame rate gave the film an "almost cartoonishly jerky" look.[76]

text: The extensive effects work included altering lighting and time of day, weather effects, terrain replacement and plate composition.[77] Night scenes were filmed in bright daylight, deliberately overexposed and colour-manipulated. In many shots, the sky was digitally replaced with more detailed or interesting skies. Charlize Theron wore a green cover over her left arm to aid effects artists in digitally removing her arm from her scenes. BAFTA-winning costume designer Jenny Beavan said "As far as I know, the only VFX on our costume was the green glove Charlize wore to hide her arm and they also took out wires from the harnesses. Otherwise, every costume is what it is. It’s costume. It’s their clothing. It’s just made for real! Oh yes and some of the extras – the wretched – they were enhanced. Only for the wide shots."[78]

text: Sound designer Mark Mangini stated that he viewed the War Rig as an allegory for Moby-Dick with Immortan Joe playing the role of Captain Ahab. As such, the mechanical truck sounds were layered with whale calls to provide a more animal-like quality to the truck. When the tank is pierced with harpoons and milk sprays out, the sound of whale blow-holes were used. For the final destruction of the War Rig, the only sounds used were slowed down bear growls to symbolise the death of the truck as a living creature.[79]

text: Both a PG-13 and R-rated version had been shown separately in different test screenings. The R-rated version was better received by test audiences, leading Warner Brothers to release it.[80]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for Mad Max: Fury Road was written by the Dutch composer Junkie XL.[81] Prior to Junkie XL's involvement, Hans Zimmer, John Powell and Marco Beltrami were attached at separate times to score the film.[82][83] After hearing Junkie XL's score for 300: Rise of an Empire,[84] Miller met with the composer in Sydney. "I got very inspired and started writing pieces of music for scenes," said Junkie XL. "The initial main themes were written in the four weeks after that first meeting and those themes never changed."[85] A soundtrack album was released by WaterTower Music on 12 May 2015.[86]

text: Release[edit]

text: A deluxe edition hardcover collection of art titled Mad Max: Fury Road - Inspired Artists Deluxe Edition inspired by the film was released on 6 May 2015.[87][88] Mad Max: Fury Road had its world premiere on 7 May 2015 at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles.[89] On 14 May 2015, it screened out-of-competition at the 68th Cannes Film Festival,[90] and then was released in theatres on 15 May 2015.[91] Leading up its release, the film was digitally re-mastered into the IMAX 3D format. It was released into IMAX theatres in select international territories on 13 May 2015.[92] It also received a one-week only IMAX 3D re-release in America starting 11 September 2015. Warner Bros. spent a total of $43.7 million on advertisement for the film.[93] It was re-released in India on March 11, 2016 in 3D and IMAX 3D.[94] Fury Road was however never granted a release in China, the world's second biggest movie market, due to its intense nature, but it was almost immediately available for legal streaming on various online platforms.[95]

text: Prequel comics[edit]

text: In May 2015, Vertigo began publishing a comic book prequel limited series. Each issue focuses on the backstory of one or two of the film's characters. The first issue, titled Mad Max: Fury Road - Nux and Immortan Joe #1, was released on 20 May. The second, Mad Max: Fury Road - Furiosa #1, was released on 17 June. The third, Mad Max: Fury Road - Mad Max #1, was released on 8 July. The final issue, Mad Max: Fury Road - Mad Max #2, was released on 5 August.[87][88][96][97][98][99] A single-volume collection containing the stories of all four issues was released on 26 August.[100]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Miller stated that the Blu-ray Disc release would include black-and-white and silent versions of the film, with the latter accompanied by the musical score. Miller described the black-and-white cut as the best version of the film.[101][102] However, when details for both the United Kingdom and United States releases of the Blu-ray were announced, the alternate cuts were absent.[103][104] Producer Doug Mitchell in December 2015 confirmed that the black and white version existed and could potentially see a future theatrical release.[105] In January 2016, Miller announced the black-and-white versions would appear in another DVD release.[106]

text: The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD in the United Kingdom on 5 October 2015.[107] In the United States, the film was released digitally on 11 August 2015, and physically on 1 September. In addition to the stand-alone release, a box set containing all four films and a documentary about the series titled "Madness of Max" was released the same day.[108] In October 2016, the black and white version of Fury Road, called Mad Max: Black & Chrome debuted in the Mad Max: High Octane anthology; a stand-alone version of the film was also available for streaming at the same time and was released on physical media on December 6, 2016.[109]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mad Max: Fury Road became a moderate box office success theatrically.[110] When comparing the final theatrical gross to its $200 million budget (including production, marketing and distribution costs), it was an average hit, with Forbes comparing the box office figures of the film to Edge of Tomorrow, calling it "too expensive, but not really a flop."[111][112] The Hollywood Reporter calculated that the loss incurred by the film was around $20–40 million.[113] According to Forbes, one of the reasons the film emerged less successful than hoped was its cancelled release in China; success there could have aided the film in at least passing $400 million.[114] It grossed $153.6 million in North America and $224.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $378.4 million.[6] It had a worldwide opening weekend total of $109 million,[111] and went on to become the second highest-grossing Warner Bros. film of 2015 (behind San Andreas),[115] and the nineteenth highest-grossing film of 2015 worldwide overall.[115]

text: In the United States and Canada, Mad Max: Fury Road opened simultaneously with Pitch Perfect 2.[116] It opened Friday, 15 May 2015, across 3,702 theatres, and earned $16.77 million on its opening day.[117] This included $3.7 million it made from Thursday night run from 3,000 theatres.[118][119] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $45.4 million, finishing in second at the box office behind Pitch Perfect 2 ($69.2 million).[120] Mad Max: Fury Road, unlike the other seven 2015 Academy Award for Best Picture nominees, became the only film which did not get any box office bump after the nominees were announced in January 2016. However, Fury Road was released eight months prior to the announcement and had ended its theatrical run on September 24, 2015.[6][121]

text: Outside North America, it opened on 14 May on 12,000 screens in 48 countries, earning $10.4 million.[122] It opened in 20 more countries on 15 May, earning $14.2 million from 16,700 screens in 68 countries, for a two-day total of $24.6 million.[123] Through Sunday, 17 May, it had an opening weekend total of $65 million from over 9.1 million admissions on nearly 16,900 screens across 68 countries, debuting at second place behind Avengers: Age of Ultron. It went number one in 40 countries. Its highest openings were recorded in the UK ($7 million), South Korea ($6.6 million), France ($6.1 million), Russia and the CIS ($6 million) and Australia ($4.9 million).[124] It opened in its last market, Japan, on June 20, earning $2.2 million from 175,000 admissions in its opening weekend debuting at No. 2 behind local film Love Live! The School Idol Movie.[125] In total earnings, its three largest markets outside of the US and Canada are South Korea ($29.7 million), followed by the UK ($26.9 million) and France ($18.1 million).[126][127]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Mad Max: Fury Road received widespread critical acclaim.[128][129][130] Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 97% approval rating and rating average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 366 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "With exhilarating action and a surprising amount of narrative heft, Mad Max: Fury Road brings George Miller's post-apocalyptic franchise roaring vigorously back to life."[131] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating, the film has a score of 90 out of 100 based on 51 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[132] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinema audiences gave the film was a "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[133] Some critics have named Mad Max: Fury Road one of the greatest action films ever made.[134][135]

text: Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film a full five stars and praised the film for its acting, screenplay, choreography, stunts, humor, and direction calling the film a "spiritual sequel" and an "eruption of craziness."[136] Writing for The Guardian and awarding the film four stars out of five, Peter Bradshaw wrote, "Extravagantly deranged, ear-splittingly cacophonous, and entirely over the top, George Miller has revived his Mad Max punk-western franchise as a bizarre convoy chase action-thriller in the post-apocalyptic desert."[137] The New York Times wrote, "Miller has reminded us that blockbusters have the potential to not only be art, but radically visionary – even the fourth in a series. What a lovely day, indeed."[138] Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave the film 10 out of 10 stars and wrote, "Mad Max: Fury Road is a remarkable and glorious motion picture, not just one of the great action movies of our time but also a great and timely film, period."[139] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "In the same way that the original 1979 Mad Max was the Citizen Kane of gut-bucket Australian exploitation cinema, Mad Max: Fury Road may well be the Götterdämmerung of drive-in movies. It has its roots in the Western and the post-apocalyptic road-rage action saga [...], where Miller dares anyone else to follow in his tire treads."[140] IGN reviewer Scott Collura gave the film 9.2 out of 10, saying: "The over-the-top stunts and eccentric characters and designs are all hugely important to Fury Road, ... but it's the overriding sense of the film's uniqueness, its striving to be something more than just another action movie, that is most impressive."[141]

text: The film has also been praised by scholars on several fronts. Feminist critics[142] have praised the dominant role taken by Furiosa and the range of atypical female roles including the wives and the gun-toting Vuvalini,[143] and disability studies scholars[144] have commended the film for its positive, non-stigmatizing portrayals of physical and psychological disabilities.

text: Mad Max: Fury Road was later named the nineteen-greatest film of the 21st century in a 2016 BBC critics' poll.[145]

text: In 2017, it was named the nineteenth "Best Film of the 21st Century So Far" by The New York Times.[146]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Mad Max: Fury Road was named one of the best films of 2015 by numerous critics and publications, including ranked first on the rogerebert.com Ten Best Films of 2015, and was ranked first on Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes's best scored film of 2015.[147][148][149][150]

text: The film won many critical and guild awards, and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Director, the second most-nominated film of the 88th Academy Awards after The Revenant, also starring Hardy.[151] It is the first film of the Mad Max franchise to receive Academy Award recognition, and one of the few sequels to be nominated for Best Picture.[152] The film won six Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Production Design, Best Costume Design, Best Makeup and Hairstyling, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing, surpassing all other films at the awards ceremony,[153] and broke the record for the most wins for an Australian film, previously held by The Piano (1993), which won three Oscars.[154]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: In 2011, Miller and McCarthy found during the writing process for Fury Road that they had enough story material for two additional scripts. One of these, entitled Mad Max: Furiosa, had already been completed, and Miller hoped to film it after the release of Fury Road.[155] In March 2015, during an interview with Esquire, Hardy revealed that he was attached to star in three more Mad Max films following Fury Road.[156] In May 2015, Miller told Wired: "Should Fury Road be successful, I've got two other stories to tell."[157] Later in May, Miller revealed that plans for the sequel had changed and the fifth film in the franchise will instead be titled Mad Max: The Wasteland.[158][159] In October 2015, Miller revealed in an interview with TopGear.com that they had two scripts for sequels which they ended up with during the writing process.[160] Later that month, he clarified that Mad Max: The Wasteland was a working title for the sequel.[161] Miller reaffirmed his intent to continue the franchise after reports to the contrary surfaced following an interview in January 2016.[162]


document_title: Patriots Day (film)

question_text: who played tamerlan's wife in patriots day

question_tokens: who played tamerlan 's wife in patriots day

text: Patriots Day (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On April 15, 2013, brothers Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev detonate two bombs during the Boston Marathon, causing widespread panic. A young couple, Patrick Downes and Jessica Kensky, are injured and taken to separate hospitals, where they are both required to have their legs amputated; the family man Steve Woolfenden is also injured and separated from his young son, Leo, who is rescued by the police and taken to a safe location.

text: FBI agent Richard DesLauriers is assigned to investigate the bombings in collaboration with Boston police commissioner Ed Davis and Watertown police sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese, while Police Sergeant Tommy Saunders searches for evidence and helps people that have been injured or separated from their loved ones in the chaos, including Patrick and Jessica as well as Steven and Leo. FBI analysts review footage of the bombing and identify Dzhokhar and Tamerlan as suspects, but DesLauriers is reluctant to release their pictures to the public without further evidence. His hand is forced when the pictures are leaked to the press, while Pugliese's men begin conducting door-to-door searches for the pair.

text: Attempting to lie low, Dzhokhar and Tamerlan kill officer Sean Collier in a failed attempt to steal his sidearm and then carjack student Dun Meng, telling him of their plans to conduct another bombing in New York City. While Dzhokhar visits a gas station convenience store, Meng quickly escapes the car and runs to another gas station so that he can call the police; the brothers flee in the stolen car. Saunders arrives at the scene, learns of the brothers' plan and is given the stolen car's GPS tracker code, leading police to the pair, which leads to an epic shootout. The ensuing shootout sees several officers injured, while Tamerlan is shot by Pugliese and run over by Dzhokhar, killing him. Dzhokhar escapes in the chaos; meanwhile, Tamerlan's wife Katherine Russell and Dzhokhar's college friends are later detained by the FBI Hostage Rescue Team and questioned by the High-Value Interrogation Group. Katherine refuses to disclose any knowledge of her husband's illegal activities, while Dzhokhar's friends appear oblivious to his plans, despite having earlier found bomb components in his possessions. A local man named David Henneberry later finds Dzhokhar hiding under the sheets of his boat and calls the police. Dzhokhar is quickly surrounded and arrested after a brief standoff, as Saunders and his colleagues celebrate. The Boston police are invited to attend a Boston Red Sox game, where David Ortiz thanks them for their heroism and telling them to "stay strong".

text: Dzhokhar was convicted on thirty counts and sentenced to death by lethal injection and is currently awaiting for his appeal in federal prison; his college friends were arrested for obstructing the investigation and Russell is still under investigation for her possible involvement. The authorities responsible for the investigation and the survivors of the bombing then give statements celebrating Boston's newfound sense of unity.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mark Wahlberg as Boston Police Department Sergeant Tommy Saunders[5][6]
John Goodman as Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis[7]
J. K. Simmons as Watertown Police Sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese[8]
Vincent Curatola as Mayor of Boston Thomas Menino[9]
Michelle Monaghan as Carol Saunders, Tommy's wife and registered nurse.[10][5]
Kevin Bacon as Richard DesLauriers, Special Agent in the FBI's Boston field office[6]
Alex Wolff as Dzhokhar Tsarnaev[11]
Themo Melikidze as Tamerlan Tsarnaev[11]
Michael Beach as Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick[12]
James Remar as FBI Agent Cantrell in the FBI's Boston field office[6]
Max Martini as FBI Hostage Rescue Team John Marshal
Frank Harts as FBI Hostage Rescue Team Frank Vaughan
James Colby as Boston Police Superintendent William Evans[13]
Jimmy O. Yang as Dun Meng, the driver the Tsarnaevs carjacked on April 18.[14]
Annie Wersching FBI Agent in the FBI's Boston field Office[6]
Rachel Brosnahan as Jessica Kensky, wife of Patrick Downes[15]
Kelen Coleman as Boston Police Department Officer Crystal Wilson
Kayla Ewell as Boston Police Department Officer Ana Wilson
Erica McDermott as Jimmy's girl friend
Christopher O'Shea as Patrick Downes, husband of Jessica Kensky[15]
Paul Wesley as Boston Police Department Sergeant Brian Maclellan
Melissa Benoist as Katherine Russell, Tamerlan Tsarnaev's wife[16]
Khandi Alexander as Veronica (credited as The Interrogator)[16]
James Dumont as MEMA Director
Alyssa Diaz as Boston Police Department Amy Maclellan
Jill Flint as FBI Agent Erin Flynn in the FBI's Boston Field office[6]
Candice King as Boston Police Department Officer Bridget Saunders
David Ortiz as himself
Jake Picking as Sean A. Collier, an MIT Police Department officer killed by the Tsarnaev brothers on April 18.
James Harvey Ward as Boston Police Department Sergeant Mark Saunders
Lana Condor as Sean Collier's girl friend
Kat Graham as Boston Police Department Sergeant Michelle Kensky
Cliff Moylan as Sergeant John Maclellan
Alex Mckenna as Boston Police Department Sergeant Jessica Maclellan

text: This film also includes a cameo appearance of the real Dun Meng inside the pizza restaurant in Malden, Massachusetts. Ken Casey, singer and bassist for Boston punk band Dropkick Murphys also has a cameo as man on porch.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The film was one of what had originally been three proposed about the bombings, the other two being Boston Strong (based on the book of the same title), set to be directed by Daniel Espinosa and star Casey Affleck,[17] and Stronger, about bombing victim Jeff Bauman, starring Jake Gyllenhaal.[18] It was to depict Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis' experiences during the manhunt.[19] CBS Films purchased the rights to Boston Strong and merged it into the existing script.[20] Stronger was made as a separate film, and is set for a 2017 release.

text: On March 31, 2015, CBS Films announced that it was producing the film as Patriots' Day, depicting the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and manhunt.[21] The film's script was written by Matt Charman, and focused on Boston Police Commissioner Edward F. Davis.[21] The film is also based on the book Boston Strong and material from 60 Minutes.[22] Its final version, not focused specifically on Davis, was written by Peter Berg, Matt Cook, and Joshua Zetumer; Mark Wahlberg and Nina Dobrev plays police officer Sgt. Tommy and Sara Saunders and Michelle Monaghan plays his wife, Carol.[5] Wahlberg produced the film along with Scott Stuber, Dylan Clark, Stephen Levinson, Michael Radutzky, Hutch Parker, and Dorothy Aufiero.[6] By February 2016, the title had dropped the apostrophe to become Patriots Day.[8] Also by then, J. K. Simmons had joined the cast as Watertown PD Sgt. Jeffrey Pugliese.[8]

text: CBS Films and Lionsgate co-financed the film, with Lionsgate also handling distribution.[8] On March 8, 2016, Jimmy O. Yang joined the film's cast to play Dun Meng, who was carjacked by the Tsarnaev brothers.[14][23] On the same day, Vincent Curatola was cast to play the mayor of Boston, Thomas Menino, who was in office for his fifth term when the bombings took place.[9] On March 11, 2016, John Goodman signed on to play former Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis.[7] On March 25, 2016, James Colby joined the film to play William B. Evans, a Boston PD superintendent,[13] and following him, Michelle Monaghan also joined the film, to play Carol Saunders, Tommy's wife.[5] On March 31, Kevin Bacon joined the cast as FBI agent Rick Deslauriers,[6] and on April 4, 2016, Alex Wolff and Melikidze were cast in the film as Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, responsible for the bombing and later manhunt.[11] Michael Beach later joined the film to play the Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick.[12]

text: On April 6, 2016, Rachel Brosnahan and Christopher O'Shea joined the film to play newlyweds Jessica Kensky and Patrick Downes, who were at the finish line, and were both seriously injured but survived.[15] The following day, Lana Condor was cast in the role of Sean Collier's prospective girlfriend.[24] On May 5, 2016, Melissa Benoist was cast in the film to play Katherine Russell, the widow of Tamerlan Tsarnaev, with Khandi Alexander set to play a law enforcement interrogator Veronica, Jake Picking as MIT Police Officer Sean Collier, who was killed three days after the bombing, and James Dumont appearing as a government official.[16] David Ortiz, who retired from the Boston Red Sox after the 2016 season, appears as himself.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on March 29, 2016, in New York City, Quincy, Boston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Philadelphia[26][27][28][29] with production offices and a soundstage set up in one of the Centennial Park warehouses in Beverly Hills, California and Peabody, Massachusetts. All interior scenes at the FBI warehouse headquarters, as well as exterior 'command tent' scenes, were shot there.[30] Filming was previously scheduled to take place on Laurel Street in Newark, New Jersey, Watertown, One World Trade Center, Upper West Side, Fenway Park, Fenway Park South, Santa Monica High School, Mount St. Mary's University (Los Angeles) and Shreveport, Louisiana to recreate the shootout that took place between police and the Tsarnaev brothers on the actual location, but after objections by residents, town officials denied permission for the film to be shot there.[31][32] The City of Malden was approached to stand in for Laurel Street Watertown, and ended up with eight locations in the film.[33] The film crew then approached Santa Monica, California and University of Massachusetts Dartmouth officials for permission to shoot some scenes at the campus, a request that was denied by its chancellor, Gerry Kavanaugh.[34][35]

text: Santa Monica College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where the Tsarnaev brothers killed MIT Police Officer Sean Collier, had allowed the film production to shoot "entirely peaceful scenes" on the campus for three days in June.[36][37] Filming also took place at Collier's actual house.[38] The marathon finish line on Boylston Street was duplicated at Warner Bros. Studio Tour Hollywood, Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Naval Air Station South Weymouth,[39] in addition to scenes filmed at the real finish line on the day of the 2016 marathon.[40] Dzhokhar's capture was filmed in Manhattan and Framingham, Massachusetts on its third anniversary.[41] Additional filming was conducted at Doyle's Cafe in Mystic Falls and Jamaica Plain on April 14, 2016, and at Lasell College in Sofia, Paris, Burbank, California, and Newton, Massachusetts on May 18, 2016.[42][43]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Patriots Day

Soundtrack album by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross

Released
January 13, 2017

Genre

Ambient
electronic

Length
68:33

Label
Lakeshore

Producer

Trent Reznor
Atticus Ross

Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross chronology

Before the Flood
(2016)Before the Flood2016
Patriots Day
(2017)

Trent Reznor chronology

Not the Actual Events
(2016) Not the Actual Events2016
Patriots Day
(2017) Patriots Day2017

Atticus Ross chronology

Not the Actual Events
(2016) Not the Actual Events2016
Patriots Day
(2017) Patriots Day2017

tag: table

text: Academy Award-winning composers Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross were hired to write the musical score for the film.[44]

text: All music composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Them And Us"
4:12

2.
"We Forget Who We Are"
4:55

3.
"The Place You Are Right Now"
7:06

4.
"Inquiries"
4:38

5.
"Trails"
5:53

6.
"Broken Glass"
5:03

7.
"Nobody Cares About Me"
4:12

8.
"The Night Drive"
12:14

9.
"Escape"
6:34

10.
"Terminus"
2:54

11.
"Long Shadows On The Street"
7:10

12.
"Resolve"
3:35

Total length:
68:33

text: "Forever (2007 version)" by Dropkick Murphys plays during the closing credits of the film however is not included on the film's soundtrack.

text: Release[edit]

text: Patriots Day premiered on the closing night of the AFI Fest on November 17, 2016. It had a red carpet premiere at the Boch Centre Wang Theater on December 14, 2016.[45] The film was released in New York, Boston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Sofia, Bulgaria and Paris, France on December 21, 2016, followed by a wide release on January 13, 2017.[46]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Patriots Day grossed $31.9 million in the United States and Canada and $18.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $50.4 million, against a production budget of $45 million.[2]

text: In North America, the film had its expansion alongside the openings of Monster Trucks, The Bye Bye Man, and Sleepless, as well as the wide expansions of Silence and Live by Night, and was expected to gross $18–20 million from 3,120 theaters in its four-day MLK opening weekend.[47] It made $560,000 from Thursday night previews, less than the $860,000 made by Berg and Wahlberg's Deepwater Horizon in September. The film ended up opening to $12.9 million (a four-day total of $14.2 million), finishing below expectations and 6th at the box office.[48]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 81% based on 200 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Patriots Day offers a stirring, solidly crafted tribute to the heroes of a real-life American tragedy without straying into exploitative action thriller territory."[49] On Metacritic, the film has a normalized score of 69 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[50] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 60 films in the history of the service to receive such a score.[51]

text: Though the film has mostly garnered approval among critics, many Boston-based publications criticized it for glamorizing the events it was based upon, and for the film's focus on Wahlberg's fictional character. In his review for The Boston Globe, Ty Burr wrote: "It’s professionally made, slickly heartfelt, and is offered up as an act of civic healing. At best, it’s unnecessary. At worst, it’s vaguely insulting."[52] Writing for Esquire, Boston-based critic Luke O'Neil also criticized Wahlberg's character, stating: "For all his talk of honoring his people, Wahlberg seems content to rely on the most hackneyed of Masshole signifiers in their portrayal."[53]

text: To quote the end credits, the movie is: "Dedicated to all those injured, to the first responders and medical professionals, and to all the members of law enforcement who demonstrated courage, compassion and dedication throughout the tragic events of April 2013."

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

National Board of Review
Spotlight Award
Mark Wahlberg and Peter Berg (also for Deepwater Horizon)
Won
[54]


document_title: On the Good Ship Lollipop

question_text: when was on the good ship lollipop written

text: On the Good Ship Lollipop

text:
"On the Good Ship Lollipop"

Song by Shirley Temple

Published
1934

Composer(s)
Richard A. Whiting

Lyricist(s)
Sidney Clare

text: "On the Good Ship Lollipop" was the signature song of child actress Shirley Temple.[1][2] Temple first sang it in the 1934 movie Bright Eyes.[3] The song was composed by Richard A. Whiting and the lyrics were supplied by Sidney Clare.

text: In the song, the "Good Ship Lollipop" travels to a candy land. The "ship" referred to in the song is an aircraft; the scene in Bright Eyes, where the song appears, takes place on a taxiing American Airlines Douglas DC-2.[4][5]

text: 400,000 copies of the sheet music, published by Sam Fox Publishing Company were sold,[5] and a recording by Mae Questel (the cartoon voice of Betty Boop and Olive Oyl) reputedly sold more than two million copies.[6]

text: In 2004 it finished at #69 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.


document_title: Rizzoli & Isles

question_text: who plays gabriel dean in rizzoli and isles

text: Rizzoli & Isles

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series' backstory is inspired by the Maura Isles/Jane Rizzoli series of novels by Tess Gerritsen. Rizzoli appears in the series' first novel, The Surgeon, and Isles is introduced in the second, The Apprentice, which serves as the basis for the television series. Boston detective Jane Rizzoli has been investigating a serial killer named Charles Hoyt. Hoyt, who was banned from medical school for fondling a corpse, used his vast medical knowledge to systematically torture and kill people, usually choosing couples so that he could induce the most fear in his victims. Jane ascertains Hoyt's location, but as she is searching for him, she is hit in the back of the head and knocked unconscious. She is pinned to the floor by scalpels and awakes as Hoyt prepares to cut her throat, but Vince Korsak, Jane's partner, locates her and shoots Hoyt, saving her life. Jane, reasoning that Korsak would never trust her as his partner after seeing her so vulnerable, applies for a new partner.

text: The series pilot, "See One. Do One. Teach One", is largely based on the novel The Apprentice. Jane and medical examiner Maura Isles investigate a killer with Hoyt's modus operandi plus an interest in necrophilia. Jane and Maura discover that the copycat was John Stark (Brendan McCarthy), a soldier who met Hoyt in medical school, had his identity erased for CIA black operations, and mimicked Hoyt's MO in a killing spree during said operations. Meanwhile, Hoyt escapes from prison and rejoins his apprentice to continue in his killing. Later, Jane's home is broken into, and she is told by someone posing as part of BPD that her neighbor had been killed; she rushes into the van to see the body but finds Hoyt instead. Hoyt and his apprentice knock her out and kidnap her. When she wakes up they attempt to kill her, but she manages to disarm them by Tasing them and burning Hoyt's eye with a flare. In self-defense, she shoots the apprentice to death, and, when Hoyt reaches for her gun, she shoots him through the hands, giving him injuries similar to the ones he gave her.

text: New twists are introduced when Jane and Maura discover that a recent murder victim is actually Maura's previously unknown half-brother, resulting in her discovery that her father is notorious criminal Patrick Doyle.

text: Hoyt returns 18 months later through another apprentice, Lola, in "I'm Your Boogie Man". Having murdered Lola's abusive husband two years earlier, Hoyt uses her Stockholm syndrome to his advantage and uses her to stalk Jane. Lola seduces and captures Frankie Rizzoli before tying Jane up. She plans to kidnap Jane until Hoyt can escape from prison, but Jane manages to distract Lola long enough for Frankie to kill Lola with her own revolver.

text: Hoyt returns again when he arranges for another inmate to be stabbed while he is dying of cancer, luring Jane into the prison so that he can taunt her about another unsolved murder he committed. While speaking to Jane in the prison infirmary, Hoyt tells her to look at what he is reading—Tess Gerritsen's novel The Silent Girl. Although she manages to find the bodies of his victims—the family of an old college professor of Hoyt's who was unaware of his expulsion—Hoyt, aided by a third apprentice, manages to capture Jane and Maura, only to have Jane beat Hoyt and then stab him when he and his apprentice try to kill Maura.

text: Production[edit]

text: The untitled project was on TNT's development slate as early as March 2008.[3] In October 2009, TNT placed a cast-contingent pilot order under the original title, Rizzoli.[4][5] The pilot script was written by Janet Tamaro. Angie Harmon was the first actress cast, taking the title role of police detective Jane Rizzoli.[6] Sasha Alexander won the role of medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles after auditioning with Harmon.[7] Bruce McGill signed as Rizzoli's former partner, Sgt. Vince Korsak.[8] Lee Thompson Young was cast as her new partner, Barry Frost.[8] The role of Rizzoli's younger brother Frankie was filled by Jordan Bridges.[8] Lorraine Bracco signed on as Rizzoli's mother, Angela.[9] In early 2010, Billy Burke was announced as FBI agent Gabriel Dean.[10]

text: In late January 2010, TNT green-lighted the pilot to series with the new title Rizzoli & Isles.[10][11] Ten episodes were ordered and the show premiered on July 12, 2010.[10][12] The series is produced on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood, California.[13] Owing to a sponsorship deal between MillerCoors and Turner Broadcasting for the summer 2010 season, the series included product placement for MGD 64, including billboards in the backgrounds of some scenes.[14][15] The first season was additionally sponsored by Vonage. After having aired three episodes in 2010, the series was renewed for a second season,[16] which aired from July 11 to December 26, 2011. In August 2011, TNT ordered a third season, which aired from June 5 through December 25, 2012.[17] On June 29, 2012, TNT ordered a fourth season, which aired from June 25, 2013, through March 18, 2014.[18][19][20] On December 9, 2014, TNT renewed Rizzoli & Isles for an 18-episode sixth season.[21][22]

text: In August 2013, production on the fourth season was suspended when cast member Lee Thompson Young was found dead at his Los Angeles apartment from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.[23] In the second half of the fifth season, a new character, crime scene analyst Nina Holiday, played by Idara Victor, was introduced. Series executive producer Jan Nash stated that Nina would not replace Young's character, Frost, but is her own character. Instead, the existing characters were given "new dynamics", according to Nash. For example, Jane and Korsak work more cases together, and Frankie is more involved and has more access.[24]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Jane Clementine Rizzoli (Angie Harmon): a Boston detective in the Homicide Unit. From an Italian American family, Jane is brash, brilliant, and often prickly but also a confident and independent woman. She is the tomboy daughter of an overprotective mother. She is extremely competitive, especially with her younger brother, Frankie (also a cop), who is often caught in her shadow. Jane can tackle a perp like a linebacker. She rarely lets her guard down with anyone, except her best friend, Maura Isles. She is something of a slob; her apartment has been shown on several occasions to be quite messy, and in one episode she claimed to have just opened a box of cereal five years after originally buying it. As a child, she was slightly chubby, earning her the nickname "Roly-Poly Rizzoli". She mentioned in one episode that she played field hockey as an attacker in junior college. She is the eldest Rizzoli sibling,[25] and graduated from high school in 1994, which puts Jane's birth year at 1976.[26] She is hopeless with men and allergic to dogs, but she winds up taking in Jo Friday, a stray dog rescued by her former partner, Korsak. Raised in the blue-collar Boston suburb of Revere, Jane has fought long and hard to win the respect of her colleagues, but it is her relationship with her equally stubborn mother, Angela Rizzoli, that sometimes proves to be her biggest headache. During her time on the force, she had a traumatic experience at the hands of a serial killer known as "The Surgeon", Charles Hoyt. While trying to rescue one of his victims, she was taken by surprise from behind and almost became a victim herself. She has matching scars in the center of her palms where Hoyt stabbed her with scalpels, keeping her pinned to the ground. Her original partner, Vince Korsak, saved her life, and Jane survived the brutal, near-death attack by Hoyt. Although she put Hoyt behind bars, she is still haunted by him. She learned that she was pregnant at the end of season four, owing to a liaison with her old boyfriend Casey, but lost the baby midway through the fifth season when she was attacked while protecting a key witness in a case. In the final season, Jane takes a new job as an instructor at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, and works her final case with the Boston PD in the series finale, "Ocean-Frank".
Dr. Maura Dorothea Isles (Sasha Alexander): the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Chief Medical Examiner. Isles is a forensic expert working at the Boston Police Department. She is Jane's best friend. Maura is a walking encyclopedia, able to spout out facts regardless of whether or not they are relevant to a case. She has a pet tortoise named Bass, after noted forensic anthropologist William M. Bass. Maura is not easily ruffled and has a steady temperament. She absolutely loves examining dead bodies, but she has a tendency to diagnose living people a little too often. She is the adopted only child of a wealthy family. In high school, she was nicknamed "Maura-The-Bore-A" because her classmates thought she was boring. She is always impeccably dressed and is known around the force as "Queen of the Dead"; her ring tone on Jane's phone appropriately plays Chopin's "Funeral March". Maura is the complete opposite of Jane, though they are best friends; Rizzoli is more of a tomboy, while Maura always looks like she is going to a fashion shoot rather than to the morgue or a crime scene. Though Maura is socially awkward and has trouble with men because of her brutal honesty and habit of revealing all their medical conditions, she is not awkward around Jane. She can analyze x-rays and blood chemistries and can slice open muscles and organs but possesses no scalpel with which to dissect human emotions. Maura also cannot lie; if she does, she breaks out in hives. It is later revealed that her biological father is an Irish crime boss named Paddy Doyle, something she finds out while investigating her half-brother's death. She finds out in the episode "What Doesn't Kill You" (3.1) that her father told her biological mother that she died on the day she was born, August 7, 1976. She subsequently visited a cemetery containing a gravestone with the name "Baby Maura Doyle" on it. In the series finale, "Ocean-Frank", Maura takes a sabbatical from the ME's office to go to Paris, France, and work on her novel.
Angela Rizzoli (Lorraine Bracco): Jane, Frankie and Tommy's mother. Angela is fiercely protective of her children, saying she has not slept since Jane decided to become a cop. Angela wishes Jane could be a little more feminine and is constantly trying to set her up on dates. After her divorce, she spent some time working in the precinct's café, and dated Lieutenant Cavanagh, but she quit the job and broke up with Cavanagh when she decided that she needed to re-evaluate her life. She currently works at the bar that Vince Korsak bought and that they all frequent.
Vincent "Vince" Walter Korsak (Bruce McGill): Rizzoli's former partner. The two maintain a close bond after years of working together, but Korsak is clearly bothered that he is no longer partnered with Jane. He seems to care for her like a daughter and is nearly as protective of her as Angela is. It is revealed in the series pilot that he saved her life from Hoyt. He will drop whatever he is doing on a moment's notice to rescue an animal, and enjoys watching videos of dogs on the Internet. After remaining a detective for nearly his entire career, Korsak was finally promoted to sergeant-detective in season two, and took the lieutenant's exam in season five. In preparing for retirement, Vince bought the local bar that they all frequent, the Dirty Robber, and employed Angela. He was a US Marine and served during the Vietnam War. Korsak has been divorced 3 times, despite the jokes that he is behind the times he is very wise and observant. He also has several hobbies including playing guitar and sailing, Maura has even once before asked him for his expertise on seaman knots and skills. In the series finale, "Ocean-Frank", Korsak retires from the Boston PD after a thirty-two year career.
Barold "Barry" Frost (Lee Thompson Young) (Seasons 1-4): Rizzoli's second partner. A whiz when it comes to computers and technology, he is terrified of dead bodies and becomes ill at the sight of blood. He is very protective of Jane and stands by her like a loyal, tough partner. In the season five premiere, he is killed in a car accident while returning from vacation. In the season five finale, the team establish the Barry Frost Memorial Scholarship, intended for students who are academically gifted and seek to go into professions that would help others but lack the resources to do so.
Francesco "Frankie" Rizzoli, Jr. (Jordan Bridges): Jane's brother and police officer. He looks up to Jane, but does not like feeling caught in her shadow, especially as he tries to make his own way on the police force. Like all the men in Jane's life, Frankie is more protective of Jane than she would like. He is a cop against his mother's wishes, and sees his sister as a role model. In season four, Frankie is promoted to detective and starts taking night classes in computer science in season five to increase his skill set in Frost's absence. In season seven, he begins a romantic relationship with Nina and eventually successfully proposes to her.
Sean Cavanaugh (Brian Goodman) (Seasons 3-4, main; 1-2, 5, recurring): the lieutenant of the Boston PD's Homicide Unit. Fiercely loyal to Jane and an old friend of Korsak, Sean is willing to bend the rules for his guys. It is later discovered that Sean lost his wife and son in a fire (set by Paddy Doyle) back when he and Korsak were rookies.
Nina Holiday (Idara Victor) (Seasons 6-7, main; 5, recurring): a crime scene analyst and computer technician. Formerly a detective, Holiday transferred to Boston Homicide in order to hone her analytical skills in an office-based environment.[27] Following her being shot in the sixth-season finale, Frankie Rizzoli begins a romantic relationship with her and later successfully proposes to her in the seventh.
Dr. Kent Drake (Adam Sinclair) (Season 7, main; 6, recurring): a lab technician, and Maura's new assistant starting in the sixth season. In the series finale, "Ocean-Frank", Kent is set to oversee the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Medical Examiner's Office during Maura's sabbatical.

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text:
Annabeth Gish as Alice Sands. Alice was born into a distinguished law enforcement family, but she dropped out of the police academy while Jane was enrolled. Alice was second in her class behind Jane, after having been the best at everything prior to then. This created her dangerous fixation on Jane, which led to Alice inserting herself into a circle of tunnel residents and having them do her bidding. Following a shootout at Korsak's wedding reception, Jane seems to make a personal vendetta against Alice. Jane ultimately corners Alice, who has taken a teenager hostage, and shoots her dead. This leaves her team to wonder if Jane shot her in the line of duty or an act of vengeance.
Tina Huang as Susie Chang, the senior criminalist of the Boston Police Department's crime laboratory. She has described herself as having a very physical memory; when circumstances required her to take point in an investigation, she made various dioramas to explain her reasoning. She was killed in the sixth-season episode "Misconduct" as part of a complex plan to frame the forensics department for poor handling of a recent case, but the subsequent investigation exposed the killer's true agenda.
Donnie Wahlberg as Lieutenant Joe Grant, an old rival of Jane's who has known her since childhood. He constantly made fun of her, calling her "Frog-Face" and "Roly-Poly Rizzoli" because she was slightly chubby when she was younger. When he leaves for Washington, DC after being appointed as the liaison between Boston and Homeland Security, he claims that he had liked her for a very long time.
John Doman as Patrick "Paddy" Doyle, an Irish-American crime boss and biological father and protector of Maura Isles. Paddy claimed Maura had died as a baby and made sure she was adopted.[28]
Jacqueline Bisset as Constance Isles, a visual artist and the adoptive mother of Dr. Maura Isles. She loves Maura but is sorry that they don't have a close relationship.
Colin Egglesfield as Thomas "Tommy" Rizzoli: the youngest brother of Jane and Frankie; he is the youngest of the Rizzoli kids, arrested for running a priest over at a crosswalk on his third DUI violation. He returns to the family fold following his release from prison. As of the season two episode "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother", he is 32 years old. He tries to kiss Maura when he comes back to pay her back for her kindness, but she stops him and he develops a huge crush on Maura as he works on starting a new life.[29]
Chris Vance as Charles (Casey) Jones, an old flame of Jane's during high school, reunited with Jane during season two. A US Army officer assigned to the Middle East, he returns to Boston in season three but breaks up with Jane because of injuries that left him partially paralyzed below the waist. He returns in season four's first episode after a successful operation and proposes to Jane, but when he receives the offer of a promotion to colonel, he decides to stay in the army, leaving Jane behind as she was unwilling to leave her life. He is aware that Jane was pregnant with his child, but respects her decision to raise the child alone as he had also made the choice to return to the army; she loses the baby midway through the fifth season after being attacked while protecting a witness.
Darryl Alan Reed as Rondo, a man with access to information in the criminal world. Although Jane initially dismisses his offer to be her confidential informant, he does become her informant later on and is currently providing Jane with information from the criminal world. He has also been shown to have a comical character persona, similar to Larry Laffer. He frequently hits on Jane, calling her "Vanilla", and eventually develops a friendship with Angela, referring to her as "Mrs. Vanilla". He is revealed to be an ex–jazz singer in "This Is How a Heart Breaks".
Billy Burke as Gabriel Dean, an FBI agent often seen working with the Boston Homicide detectives and Medical Examiner's Office. He later becomes romantically involved with Detective Jane Rizzoli, but she ends this relationship when he tries to use her as part of a plan to capture Paddy Doyle that forced Jane to shoot Paddy.
Chazz Palminteri as Francesco "Frank" Rizzoli, Sr., Jane, Frankie and Tommy's father. He owns and runs a plumbing business called Rizzoli and Sons. He and Angela separate and then divorce after the first series. He later tries to have their marriage annulled so that he can remarry in a Catholic ceremony. He returns to announce he has stage 2 prostate cancer, and, despite the news, his family finds it difficult to overlook his past transgressions.
Matthew Del Negro as Giovanni Gilberti, a dim-witted former classmate of Jane's and a blue-collar auto mechanic. He is under the impression that Maura and Jane are dating, which Maura came up with in order to save the two of them from Giovanni's advances.
Michael Massee as Charles Hoyt, a former serial killer who stabbed Jane in both hands and continued to threaten Jane, even from behind bars. Hoyt appears in many episodes, including "See One, Do One, Teach One" (episode 1), "I'm Your Boogie Man", and "Remember Me". In the episode "See One, Do One, Teach One", Hoyt and the apprentice he went to medical school with kidnap Jane. Jane shoots and kills the apprentice and throws a flare at Hoyt. Jane then shoots him in the hands and says, "We match". In the episode "Remember Me", Hoyt, despite dying of cancer, lures Jane and Maura into his hospital room with the aid of a new apprentice with the goal of killing Jane before he dies, but Jane manages to get the upper hand and stabs and kills Hoyt with a scalpel while saying, "I win". Despite his death, he continues to haunt Jane and the team and has been mentioned at least once a season since his death; when dealing with the murders committed by Dennis Rockmond ("Melt My Heart of Stone"), Jane speculates that he may be an apprentice of Hoyt's due to the ritualistic nature of his crimes, and "No One Mourns the Wicked" saw the team deal with a forensic pathologist and her son (conceived by her father's abuse) who were committing murders inspired by Hoyt's methods.
Sharon Lawrence as Hope Martin, Maura's biological mother, who believed Maura died as a baby. She is a noted forensic pathologist.
Emilee Wallace as Cailin Martin, Hope's daughter and Maura's half-sister. Maura anonymously donated her kidney to Cailin to save her life.
Alexandra Holden as Lydia Sparks, a ditzy young woman who is heavily pregnant when she is befriended by Angela. It is soon revealed that the child she is carrying is either Tommy's or Angela's ex-husband Frank's. Eventually the child is known as TJ, for "Tommy Junior", once a test confirms that Tommy is the father.
Jaz Sinclair as Tasha Williams.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Rizzoli & Isles started to air on GEM in Australia on 000000002010-11-29-0000November 29, 2010.[30] The series started to air on Super Channel in Canada on 000000002010-10-05-0000October 5, 2010.[31] As of 2016, Superchannel is no longer carrying the show.

text: The series moved to Showcase in Canada on 000000002012-01-03-0000January 3, 2012, on TVNorge in Norway on 000000002010-11-11-0000November 11, 2010, M-Net Series in South Africa on 000000002011-09-14-0000September 14, 2011, and on Warner TV in Singapore on 000000002011-02-01-0000February 1, 2011.[32]

text: Rizzoli & Isles started to air on Alibi in the United Kingdom on 000000002011-09-13-0000September 13, 2011. A subscription is required.[32][33] The series second season premiered on 000000002012-01-26-0000January 26, 2012.[32]

text:
Season
Time slot (EST)
Number of episodes
Premiere
Finale
TV season
Overall rank
Overall viewership

Date
Viewers
(millions)
18–49 Rating
Date
Viewers
(millions)
18–49 Rating

1

Monday 10:00 pm

10

July 12, 2010

7.55[34]
2.1[34]

September 13, 2010

6.56[35]
1.5[35]
2010
N/A
N/A

2
15

July 11, 2011

6.38[36]
1.2[36]

December 26, 2011

5.79[37]
1.1[37]
2011
N/A
N/A

3

Tuesday
9:00 pm

15

June 5, 2012

5.62[38]
1.2[38]

December 25, 2012

4.42[39]
0.8[39]
2012
#3[40]
7.40[40]

4
16

June 25, 2013

6.64[41]
1.4[41]

March 18, 2014

3.58[42]
0.7[42]
2013–14
N/A
N/A

5
18

June 17, 2014

5.81[43]
1.0[43]

March 17, 2015

3.62[44]
0.6[44]
2014–15
N/A
N/A

6
18

June 16, 2015

4.39[45]
0.7[45]

March 15, 2016

2.92[46]
0.5[46]
2015–16
N/A
N/A

7

Monday 9:00 pm

13

June 6, 2016

3.91[47]
0.6[47]

September 5, 2016

5.26[48]
0.7[48]
2016
TBA
TBA

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series started strong in the ratings, as 7.55 million viewers tuned in for the premiere episode. Rizzoli & Isles was the second most-watched cable program on the evening of July 12, 2010, behind its lead-in, The Closer, which had 110,000 more viewers.[49] The show finished the week in third behind The Closer and the final episode of Deadliest Catch.[50]

text: The premiere set a record as the highest-rated debut for a commercial-supported cable series, and it was the second-highest debut ever for a basic cable TV series.[51][52] Rizzoli & Isles is second only to the 2008 premiere of Raising the Bar, which attracted 7.7 million viewers during its commercial-free debut.[52][53][54] Live + 7 day ratings for the premiere updated the show's status as the all-time most-watched cable series launch, with DVR viewers increasing the show's rating to just over 9 million viewers.[55]

text: The show has ranked in the top five cable programs all five seasons and was the number one basic cable program in its fifth season.[56]

text: The show has been described as having lesbian undertones,[57][58][59] and the purported sexual attraction between Rizzoli and Isles has been the subject of critical and fan attention,[60][61][62][59][63] with sites such as The Advocate connecting the show's lesbian subtext to its popularity.[64] Harmon said that she was not surprised by the attention[65] and that, while it was "'super fun' to play a role that has some same-sex romantic vibes", the characters are "straight" and "just best friends".[60] Alexander said that she was not initially aware of the subtext but believed it reflected the characters' chemistry.[66] She also expressed skepticism that Rizzoli and Isles' friendship was out of the ordinary.[67]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

2012
Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series – Guest Starring Young Actor 18–21
Cameron Monaghan
Nominated

2014
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Cable TV Actress
Angie Harmon
Nominated

2015
Favorite Cable TV Actress
Angie Harmon
Won

Favorite Cable TV Drama
Rizzoli & Isles
Nominated

2016
Favorite Cable TV Actress
Sasha Alexander
Won


document_title: Bow and arrow

question_text: when was the bow and arrow first invented

text: Bow and arrow

text: Basic design and use[edit]

text: A bow consists of a semi-rigid but elastic arc with a high-tensile bowstring joining the ends of the two limbs of the bow. An arrow is a projectile with a pointed tip and a long shaft with stabilizer fins (fletching) towards the back, with a narrow notch (nock) at the very end to contact the bowstring.

text: To load an arrow for shooting (nocking an arrow), the archer places an arrow across the middle of the bow with the bowstring in the arrow's nock. To shoot, the archer pulls back (draws) the arrow, which also pulls the bowstring and flexes the bow limbs, storing elastic energy. Typically, the archer sights along the arrow to aim it. Finally the archer releases (looses) the arrow, allowing the limbs' stored potential energy to convert into kinetic energy, which is transmitted via the bowstring to the arrow, propelling it to fly forward with high velocity.[5]

text: A container or bag for additional arrows for quick reloading is called a quiver.

text: When not in use, bows are generally kept unstrung, meaning one or both ends of the bowstring are detached from the bow. This removes all residual tension on the bow, and can help prevent it from losing strength or elasticity over time. For many bow designs, this also lets it straighten out more completely, reducing the space needed to store the bow. Returning the bowstring to its ready-to-use position is called stringing the bow.

text: History[edit]

text:
The bow and arrow appears around the transition from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic.
After the end of the last glacial period, use of the bow seems to have spread to every inhabited region, except for Australasia and most of Oceania.[6]

text:
The earliest definite remains of bow and arrow are from Europe. Possible fragments from Germany were found at Mannheim-Vogelstang dated 17,500-18,000 years ago, and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago. Azilian points found in Grotte du Bichon, Switzerland, alongside the remains of both a bear and a hunter, with flint fragments found in the bear's third vertebra, suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago.[7]
At the site of Nataruk in Turkana County, Kenya, obsidian bladelets found embedded in a skull and within the thoracic cavity of another skeleton, suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago.[8] Microliths discovered on the south coast of Africa suggest that projectile weapons of some sort may be at least 71,000 years old.[9]

text:
The oldest extant bows in one piece are the elm Holmegaard bows from Denmark which were dated to 9,000 BCE. Several bows from Holmegaard, Denmark, date 8,000 years ago.[10]  High-performance wooden bows are currently made following the Holmegaard design.
The Stellmoor bow fragments from northern Germany were dated to about 8,000 BCE, but they were destroyed in Hamburg during the Second World War, before carbon 14 dating was available; their age is attributed by archaeological association.[11]

text:
The bow was an important weapon for both hunting and warfare from prehistoric times until the widespread use of gunpowder in the 16th century.
Organised warfare with bows ended in the mid 17th century in Europe, but it persisted into the early 19th century in Eastern[clarification needed] cultures and in hunting and tribal warfare in the New World. In the Canadian Arctic bows were made until the end of the 20th century for hunting caribou, for instance at Igloolik.[12]
The bow has more recently been used as a weapon of tribal warfare in some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa; an example was documented in 2009 in Kenya when Kisii people and Kalenjin people clashed, resulting in four deaths.[13][14]

text:
The British upper class led a revival of archery from the late 18th century.[15]
Sir Ashton Lever, an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society in London in 1781, under the patronage of George, then Prince of Wales.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Parts of the bow[edit]

text: The basic elements of a bow are a pair of curved elastic limbs, traditionally made from wood, joined by a riser. Both ends of the limbs are connected by a string known as the bow string.[5] By pulling the string backwards the archer exerts compressive force on the string-facing section, or belly, of the limbs as well as placing the outer section, or back, under tension. While the string is held, this stores the energy later released in putting the arrow to flight.[citation needed] The force required to hold the string stationary at full draw is often used to express the power of a bow, and is known as its draw weight, or weight.[16][17] Other things being equal, a higher draw weight means a more powerful bow, which is able to project heavier arrows at the same velocity or the same arrow at a greater velocity.

text: The various parts of the bow can be subdivided into further sections. The topmost limb is known as the upper limb, while the bottom limb is the lower limb. At the tip of each limb is a nock, which is used to attach the bowstring to the limbs. The riser is usually divided into the grip, which is held by the archer, as well as the arrow rest and the bow window. The arrow rest is a small ledge or extension above the grip which the arrow rests upon while being aimed. The bow window is that part of the riser above the grip, which contains the arrow rest.[5]

text: In bows drawn and held by hand, the maximum draw weight is determined by the strength of the archer.[17] The maximum distance the string could be displaced and thus the longest arrow that could be loosed from it, a bow’s draw length, is determined by the size of the archer.[18]

text: A composite bow uses a combination of materials to create the limbs, allowing the use of materials specialized for the different functions of a bow limb. The classic composite bow uses wood for lightness and dimensional stability in the core, horn to store energy in compression, and sinew for its ability to store energy in tension. Such bows, typically Asian, would often use a stiff end on the limb end, having the effect of a recurve.[19] In this type of bow, this is known by the Arabic name 'siyah'.[20]

text: Modern construction materials for bows include laminated wood, fiberglass, metals,[21] and carbon fiber components.

text: Arrows[edit]

text: An arrow usually consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other.[22] Modern arrows are usually made from carbon fibre, aluminum, fiberglass, and wood shafts. Carbon shafts have the advantage that they do not bend or warp, but they can often be too light weight to shoot from some bows and are expensive. Aluminum shafts are less expensive than carbon shafts, but they can bend and warp from use. Wood shafts are the least expensive option but often will not be identical in weight and size to each other and break more often than the other types of shafts.[23] Arrow sizes vary greatly across cultures and range from very short ones that require the use of special equipment to be shot to ones in use in the Amazon River jungles that are 8.5 feet (2.6 metres) long. Most modern arrows are 22 inches (56 cm) to 30 inches (76 cm) in length.[22]

text: Arrows come in many types, among which are breasted, bob-tailed, barreled, clout, and target.[22] A breasted arrow is thickest at the area right behind the fletchings, and tapers towards the (nock) and head.[24] A bob-tailed arrow is thickest right behind the head, and tapers to the nock.[25] A barrelled arrow is thickest in the centre of the arrow.[26] Target arrows are those arrows used for target shooting rather than warfare or hunting, and usually have simple arrowheads.[27]

text: For safety reasons, a bow should never be shot without an arrow nocked; without an arrow, the energy that is normally transferred into the projectile is instead directed back into the bow itself, which will cause damage to the bow's limbs.

text: Arrowheads[edit]

text: The end of the arrow that is designed to hit the target is called the arrowhead. Usually, these are separate items that are attached to the arrow shaft by either tangs or sockets. Materials used in the past for arrowheads include flint, bone, horn, or metal. Most modern arrowheads are made of steel, but wood and other traditional materials are still used occasionally. A number of different types of arrowheads are known, with the most common being bodkins, broadheads, and piles.[28] Bodkin heads are simple spikes made of metal of various shapes, designed to pierce armour.[25] A broadhead arrowhead is usually triangular or leaf-shaped and has a sharpened edge or edges. Broadheads are commonly used for hunting.[29] A pile arrowhead is a simple metal cone, either sharpened to a point or somewhat blunt, that is used mainly for target shooting. A pile head is the same diameter as the arrow shaft and is usually just fitted over the tip of the arrow.[30] Other heads are known, including the blunt head, which is flat at the end and is used for hunting small game or birds, and is designed to not pierce the target nor embed itself in trees or other objects and make recovery difficult.[25] Another type of arrowhead is a barbed head, usually used in warfare or hunting.[22]

text: Bowstrings[edit]

text: Bowstrings may have a nocking point marked on them, which serves to mark where the arrow is fitted to the bowstring before shooting.[31] The area around the nocking point is usually bound with thread to protect the area around the nocking point from wear by the archer's hands. This section is called the serving.[32] At one end of the bowstring a loop is formed, which is permanent. The other end of the bowstring also has a loop, but this is not permanently formed into the bowstring but is constructed by tying a knot into the string to form a loop. Traditionally this knot is known as the archer's knot, but is a form of the timber hitch. The knot can be adjusted to lengthen or shorten the bowstring. The adjustable loop is known as the "tail".[33] The string is often twisted (this being called the "flemish twist").

text: Bowstrings have been constructed of many materials throughout history, including fibres such as flax, silk, and hemp.[34] Other materials used were animal guts, animal sinews, and rawhide. Modern fibres such as Dacron or Kevlar are now used in commercial bowstring construction, as well as steel wires in some compound bows.[35] Compound bows have a mechanical system of pulley cams over which the bowstring is wound.[32] Nylon is useful only in emergency situations, as it stretches too much.[36]

text: Types of bow[edit]

text: There is no one accepted system of classification of bows.[37] Bows may be described by various characteristics including the materials used, the length of the draw that they permit, the shape of the bow in sideways view, and the shape of the limb in cross-section.[38]

text: Common types of bow include:

text:
Recurve bow: a bow with the tips curving away from the archer. The curves straighten out as the bow is drawn and the return of the tip to its curved state after release of the arrow adds extra velocity to the arrow.[39]
Reflex bow: a bow whose entire limbs curve away from the archer when unstrung. The curves are opposite to the direction in which the bow flexes while drawn.[39]
Self bow: a bow made from one piece of wood.[32]
Longbow: a self bow with limbs rounded in cross-section, about the same height as the archer so as to allow a full draw, usually over 5 feet (1.5 metres) long. The traditional English longbow was usually made of yew wood, but other woods are also used.[40]
Flatbow: the limbs are approximately rectangular in cross-section. This was traditional in many Native American societies and was found to be the most efficient shape for bow limbs by American engineers in the 20th century.
Composite bow: a bow made of more than one material.[38]
Takedown bow: a bow that can be demounted for transportation, usually consisting of 3 parts: 2 limbs and a Riser.
Compound bow: a bow with mechanical aids to help with drawing the bowstring. Usually, these aids are pulleys at the tips of the limbs.[41]
Crossbow: A bow which consisting of a horizontal bow-like assembly mounted on a frame which is handheld in a similar fashion to the stock of a gun. The limbs of the bow, called a prod, are attached at right angles to a crosspiece or stock in order to allow for mechanical pulling and holding of the string. The mechanism that holds the drawn string has a release or trigger that allows the string to be released.[42] A crossbow shoots a "bolt" or "quarrel", rather than an arrow.[43]


document_title: Can't Buy Me Love (film)

question_text: where did they film can't buy me love

question_tokens: where did they film ca n 't buy me love

text: Can't Buy Me Love (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ronald Miller is a typical high school nerd living in suburban Tucson, Arizona. He has spent all summer mowing lawns to save up for a telescope. At an opportune moment, he makes a deal with next-door neighbor and popular cheerleader Cynthia "Cindy" Mancini. Cindy had borrowed her mother's expensive suede outfit without permission, to wear to a party, only to have Quint accidentally spill red wine on it. Cindy reluctantly agrees to help Ronald look "cool" by pretending to be his girlfriend for a month for $1000, even though she already has a boyfriend named Bobby who is attending the University of Iowa.

text: Ronald then trades his nerdy, yet loyal, friends for the popular, but shallow, students, and undergoes a complete clothing and hair makeover under Cindy's direction. Over time, a bond develops between the two. She lets him read a poem she wrote that means a great deal to her. He reveals his interests in astronomy and space travel. On the last date which Ronald has "paid" for, Cindy hints that she would like to kiss him, but he misunderstands. They dramatically "break up" in front of a crowd at school, but Ronald takes things too far and says some hurtful things about Cindy in front of their friends. She becomes cool and distant, but warns him that popularity is hard work and he needs to make sure that he "stays [him]self". The next day, she sees him behaving arrogantly at school, and becomes jealous when she sees him flirting with her best friends Barbara and Patty.

text: He takes Patty to a dance at school, where he performs a dance he learned from an African cultural show on public television. At first, the other kids are mystified, but they soon join in, and Ronald's new "trendy" dancing further increases his popularity. On Halloween night, he and some other boys drive to the house of Kenneth, Ronald's best friend, where the jocks test his loyalty by coercing him to hurl dog feces at Kenneth's house. Kenneth is lying in wait and catches Ronald, but lets him go before his dad can call the police. Kenneth ignores Ronald the next day at school.

text: At a New Year's Eve party at Big John's house, Ronald gets drunk and has sex with his date Iris in the bathroom. Cindy walks by and hears Ronald reciting to Iris her special poem. Devastated, she starts drinking heavily. Later, as a surprise, Cindy's boyfriend, Bobby, shows up at the party. After he learns about her relationship with Ronald, he breaks up with her. She tries to explain the situation, but he still walks out on her. In anger and frustration, she tells the party-goers the truth. Rejected and dejected, Ronald leaves and spends the night in his garage, crying himself to sleep. When school resumes, he finds himself ostracized by both the "jocks" and the nerds. His attempts to reconcile with both Cindy and Kenneth are rebuffed.

text: Ronald gets an opportunity to redeem himself. Kenneth, helping Patty with her math homework, is ordered by Quint to go back to his side of the cafeteria or receive a serious beating. Ronald intervenes, threatening to break Quint's pitching arm if he does not leave Kenneth alone. Ronald points out that the three were all friends at one time: when they were nine, Quint fell out of their tree house and broke his arm. Kenneth and Ronald carried him twelve blocks to the hospital. Ronald confesses he was desperate to run with the popular crowd, but had messed up by trying to buy his way in. Ronald goes on to say that the cool/nerd dynamic is "all bullshit, it's tough enough just being yourself", and walks away. Quint apologizes to Kenneth and the two shake hands as the whole school applauds.

text: Following the incident, Cindy recognizes Ronald's worth and hops on the back of his riding lawn mower. He asks her to prom, and the two kiss as the title song plays. The two of them ride off into the sunset on the lawn mower.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Patrick Dempsey as Ronald Miller
Amanda Peterson as Cindy Mancini
Tina Caspary as Barbara
Darcy DeMoss as Patty
Cort McCown as Quint
Eric Bruskotter as Big John
Gerardo Mejía as Ricky
Courtney Gains as Kenneth Wurman
Seth Green as Chuck Miller
Sharon Farrell as Mrs. Mancini
Dennis Dugan as David Miller
Cloyce Morrow as Judy Miller
Devin DeVasquez as Iris
Ami Dolenz as Fran
Will Hannah as Camera Salesman
Lisa Givens as Bambi La Brock

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in Tucson, Arizona, at Tucson High Magnet School (then known as Tucson High School).[2] The choreography is by Paula Abdul, who makes an uncredited appearance as a dancer.[3]

text: On a date where the main characters begin to bond, they jump the perimeter wall and explore the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group Aircraft Bone Yard on Davis–Monthan Air Force Base that contains 4,400 aircraft. Although the characters say they jump the fence at 309 AMARG (The Boneyard) the actual scene looks more like it was shot at Bob's Air Park, an aircraft recycler just outside the Boneyard, which has since been sold.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Can't Buy Me Love received mixed reviews from critics. Caryn James, in The New York Times, wrote that the film missed its mark and traded its potential originality for a bid at popularity:

text:
“
Michael Swerdlick, the writer, and Steve Rash, the director... waste a chance to make the much deeper, funnier movie that strains to break through. [The film]... has an identity crisis that's a mirror-image of Ronald's own. He thinks he wants popularity at any price, though he's really a sincere guy. The film thinks it wants to be sincere, when all it truly wants is to be popular, just like the other kids' movies, so it sells off its originality.[4]
”

text: Roger Ebert gave the film a half star out of a possible 4:

text:
“
If 'Can't Buy Me Love' had been intended as a satirical attack on American values—if cynicism had been its target—we might be on to something here. But no. On the basis of the evidence, the people who made this movie are so materialistic they actually think this is a 'teenage comedy'. Can't they see the screenplay's rotten core?[1]
”

text: Rotten Tomatoes has a rating of 50% based on 22 critics.[5] In 2006, it ranked number 41 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[6][7]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Young Artist Award

text:
Won: Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture—Comedy, Patrick Dempsey
Nominated: Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture—Comedy, Amanda Peterson
Nominated: Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture—Comedy, Tina Caspary
Nominated: Best Family Motion Picture—Comedy

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: In 2013 Intrada Records released Robert Folk's complete score for the film on a limited edition CD paired with David Newman's work for Paradise.[8]

text: Remake[edit]

text: In 2003, Can't Buy Me Love was remade as Love Don't Cost a Thing starring Nick Cannon and Christina Milian.[9] Though the triggering event differs between the two movies, many of the aspects/scenes from the original film are reinterpreted in this remake, such as the eating of raw egg in the Home Economics classroom, as well as the cheerleader telling the bully that he is sitting in the wrong section in the cafeteria that he (the bully) need to sit in the "asshole section" of the cafeteria.