document_title: Pregnancy over age 50

question_text: who is having a baby at 54 years old

question_tokens: who is having a baby at 54 years old

text: Pregnancy over age 50

text: Medical considerations[edit]

text: The risk of pregnancy complications increases as the mother's age increases. Risks associated with childbearing over the age of 50 include an increased incidence of gestational diabetes, hypertension, delivery by caesarean section, miscarriage, preeclampsia, and placenta previa.[8][13][unreliable medical source?]  In comparison to mothers between 20 and 29 years of age, mothers over 50 are at almost three times the risk of low birth weight, premature birth, and extremely premature birth; their risk of extremely low birth weight, small size for gestational age, and fetal mortality was almost double.[14]

text: Cases of pregnancy over age 50[edit]

text: This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (March 2017)

text: Facts about the conception of pregnancies in this age group can be difficult to determine, but they are nearly always due to the use of IVF with donor eggs.

text:
Age of mother

Date

Mother

Father

Nature of conception

Country

Notes

 50 years

 1899

Georgia Bitzis Pooley

Her husband

Natural conception

United States

Georgia Bitzis Pooley, the first known Greek woman to immigrate to Chicago, Illinois, gave birth to her last child in 1899 at the age of 50, having conceived naturally.[15]

 50 years

 1960

Mrs. L.

Her husband

Natural conception

USSR

The 'Book of Records of Ukraine. Man and Society. In the world of science and technology' by Matsenko G.O., reports, at page 18, the case of Mrs. L., a resident of Pidvolochysk, Ternopil oblast, south-east of the country, happy to have had a baby at age 50.[16]

 50 years

 July 1996

Judy Bershak

David Cook, her 31-year-old husband, General Attorney Assistant of California

IVF with oocytes donation

United States

Judy Bershak of Los Angeles, California, gave birth to her first child, daughter Sarah, in 1996 at the age of 50. Bershak got married at the age of 44, and after failing in conceiving naturally and adopting, she went through IVF treatment with oocyte donation and became pregnant after first attempt.[17]

 50 years

 February 1997

Cheryl Fillippini

Robert Fillippini, her 49-year-old husband

IVF

United States

Cheryl Fillippini of Lompoc, California, gave birth to quadruplets, three girls, Rebecca, Amanda, and Sydney, and a boy, Robert, on February 20, 1997, by Caesarean section, in Santa Barbara, at the age of 50, after IVF treatment. Fillippini and her husband had 10 children altogether from their previous marriages, but wanted to have a child together.[18]

 50 years

 April 2001

Tsuye Otake

Hisatoshi Shiraishi, her husband

Natural conception

United States

Tsuye Otake gave birth to a daughter, Ashima Shiraishi, who would become a world class rock climber.[19]

 50 years

 May 2010

Heather Elizabeth Parisi

Umberto Maria Unzollin, her 42-year-old third husband, contractor

Natural conception

Italy

Heather Elizabeth Parisi,  Italian-American singer and actress, already mother of two daughters of her previous unions, Rebecca Jewel Manenti, 16, and Jacqueline Lune di Giacomo, 10, gave birth on May 22, 2010, in Vicenza, Italy, to twin girls, Elizabeth Jaden and Dylan Maria, naturally conceived with her 42-year-old third husband contractor, Umberto Maria Unzollin.[20]

 50 years

 June 2010

Svetlana Krupenik

Her 62-year-old husband

IVF

Ukraine

Svetlana Krupenik gave birth to a girl in Kiev, Ukraine, in June 2010, at the age of 50, after IVF treatment. She and her 62-year-old husband were trying to conceive for 30 years.[21]

 50 years

 January 2011

Seiko Noda

Her partner

IVF

Japan

Japanese politician Seiko Noda gave birth to a boy in Tokyo conceived through in vitro fertilization. After years of unsuccessful fertility treatments and several miscarriages, Noda decided to receive assistance from an American egg donor.[22]

 50 years

 June 2011

Anthea Nicholas

Peter Byrnes, her 54-year-old husband

Natural conception

Australia

Anthea Nicholas, from Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, is believed to be the oldest primigravida having naturally conceived in Australia. Anthea and her husband Peter were told in 2006 that they could not have children. As a result of a medical concern, in 2010, Peter researched and developed a personal diet and health regime which enabled him to return to perfect health and subsequently corrected a sperm imperfection, which, within months of his recovery, resulted in the completely unexpected pregnancy of Anthea, while she presented then clinical signs of menopause. Anthea gave birth to her son, Nicholas Jay, on June 15, 2011.[23][24][25]

 50 years

 August 2010

Aggie Ezekiel

Wilson Brown, her son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

Post-menopausal IVF

Canada

Aggie Ezekiel of Edmonton, Alberta, already a mother of three adult daughters with her husband Johnny Ezekiel, gave birth in August 2010 to her own granddaughter Clare At the age of 50 years and 9 months. She chose to act as a surrogate mother for her daughter, Tinna (age 28), who happened to be born without a uterus and had one of her ovaries removed at the age of 21. Aggie had been premenopausal for two years and could not produce the child herself, so she had to undergo fertilization hormone to boost her menstrual cycles so that the matrix can accommodate two to seven eggs retrieved by her daughter and fertilized in vitro with the sperm from her daughter's partner, Wilson Brown. One of the two implanted embryos happened to appear in a lateral position in Aggie's uterus as a result of which she conceived her granddaughter through caesarean section. The girl weighed 8.69 lb (3.94 kg) and did not breath on her own. As a result, she was placed on an oxygen machine for an hour to clear her lungs.[26] Tinna and Wilson separated shortly before the birth of their daughter. The young biological mother decided to bring the child to Fort McMurray, 330 km north-east of Edmonton with her husband, Sean Noseworthy.

 50 years

 January 2017

Janet Jackson

Wissam Al Mana, her husband

Natural conception

United States

[27]

 50 years

 2018

Rachael Harris

Christian Hebel, her husband

Natural conception

United States

 51 years

 1988

Irina

Her husband

Natural conception

Russia

Irina had an accident at the age of 25 and was told by the doctors that she was unable to have children. Later she married, and after many years of marriage eventually became pregnant and gave birth to her only son at the age of 51 in 1988.[28]

 51 years

 March 1997

Adrienne Barbeau

Billy Van Zandt, her husband

Natural conception

United States

American actress Adrienne Barbeau gave birth to twin sons, Walker Steven and William Dalton, on March 17, 1997, at the age of 51. After marrying Billy Van Zandt in 1992 she started trying to have a child, tried in vitro fertilization unsuccessfully, but later became pregnant naturally.[29]

 51 years

 2000

Elizabeth Edwards

John Edwards, her husband, former U.S. Senator  and Vice Presential nominee

IVF with oocytes donation supposed

United States

Elizabeth Edwards, wife of the former U.S. Senator and Vice Presidential nominee John Edwards, gave birth to son Jack in 2000 at the age of 51. The couple decided to have more children after one of their two children—a 16-year-old son—was killed in a car accident in 1996. Mrs. Edwards had also had a daughter, Emma Claire, at the age of 49. Some fertility experts believe she used donor's oocytes; Elizabeth Edwards remained silent on this question.[30]

 51 years

 July 2001

Unidentified

Her second husband

IVF with oocytes donation

Ukraine

51-year-old woman gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, in Kiev, Ukraine in July 2001, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation. She decided to have children at such a late age after getting married for the second time.[31]

 51 years

 August 2001

Morgan Zantua

Georges Zantua, her 57-year-old second husband

Natural conception

United States

Morgan Zantua, of Tacoma, Washington, gave birth to her first child, daughter Auriel, on August 1, 2001, in Los Angeles, at the age of 51. She was married a second time at age 44, had a miscarriage and decided not to try to have children, and then unexpectedly found out she was pregnant at age 51.[17]

 51 years

 December 2006

Sarajean Grainson

David Grainson, her second husband, former priest

IVF with oocytes donation

United States

Sarajean Grainson of Long Island, New York, gave birth to a son, Luke, in December 2006 at the age of 51, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation. Grainson and her second husband David, former priest, had twins, Matthew and David, in June 2008. Sarajean Grainson also had three adult children from her first marriage.[32]

 51 years

 September 2007

Rosinete Palmeira Serrão

Her son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

IVF with her daughter's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

Brazil

Rosinete Palmeira Serrão gave birth to her own twin grandsons, Antonio Bento and Vitor Gabriel, at a hospital in Recife, Brazil, on September 28, 2007 at the age of 51, after choosing to act as a gestational surrogate for her 27-year-old daughter, Claudia Michelle Serrão Pereira, who had tried to become pregnant for four years. Under Brazilian law, a surrogate mother is required to be one's close relative, so Serrao volunteered because Claudia had no sisters. The children were conceived through artificial insemination using Claudia's eggs and her husband's sperm.[33][34][35]

 51 years

 December 2009

Anita Makhtur

Her husband, Indian origin as her

IVF with her own unfrozen oocytes

India

Anita Makhtur, previously childless Indian woman, gave birth to twin boys in December 2009, at the age of 51, after IVF treatment. She was unable to get pregnant for 23 years because of fibroma uteri and had two unsuccessful IVF tries. She is probably the oldest woman who had IVF using her own unfrozen oocytes.[36]

 51 years

 2013

Rashmi Verma

Her husband, Mr. A. K. Verma

IVF

India

Mrs (Dr.) Rashmi Verma gave birth to a daughter (Lalli) in Delhi India in 2013 at the age of 51. Mrs. Rashmi Verma and her husband decided to go through fertility treatment after accidental death of their only child Amritanshu Verma [37]

 51 years

 2015

Sebastiana Maria da Conceicao

Her husband

Natural conception

Brazil

Sebastiana Maria da Conceicao, gave birth to her 21st child in the city of Aracaju, Brazil in May 2015, at the age of 51. The little boy joined the family of 10 brothers and 10 sisters, of whom 18 were alive. "I had my first son when I was 13, I was still a child, I didn’t know much. But after, at an older age, I started to have one after the other," Sebastiana said.[38]

 52 years

 October 2001

Annie Leibovitz

Anonymous sperm donor

Natural conception

United States

American portrait photographer Annie Leibovitz was 52 when she gave birth to her daughter Sarah in October 2001.[39]

 52 years

 August 2003

Lyudmila Belyavskaya

Alexander Belyavsky, her husband, Russian actor

Natural conception

Russia

Lyudmila Belyavskaya, second wife of Russian actor Aleksandr Borisovich Belyavskiy (known as Alexander Belyavsky), gave birth to her first child, daughter Alexandra, in Moscow, Russia, on August 28, 2003, at the age of 52, after a natural conception.[40][41]

 52 years

 May 2007

Unidentified

Her son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

IVF with oocytes donation (gestational surrogate)

Greece

52-year-old woman gave birth to her own twin grandchildren in Greece in May 2007, after choosing to act as a gestational surrogate, by IVF with oocytes donation, for her infertile daughter. Under the laws of Greece, a surrogate mother is required to be under 50, but in this case an exception was made.[42]

 52 years

 June 2008

Karen Johnston

Roger Johnston, her 53-year-old husband

IVF

United Kingdom

Karen Johnston of Bicester, England, gave birth to a girl, Willow, in June 2008, at the age of 52, after undergoing IVF treatment in Czech Republic. She was already a mother of 7, always alternating boy and girl also —Daniel (♂) 33, Jemma (♀) 28, Scott (♂) 27, Amy (♀) 26, Aiden (♂) 17, Bethany (♀) 14, Joseph (♂) 13—, and had two twins —Imogen (♀) & Asa (♂)— in July 2010 also after IVF treatment in the same Czech clinic.[43]

 52 years

 January 2011

Catherine Colonges

Alain Colonges, her 51-year-old husband

Natural conception

France

Catherine Colonges, French woman from Togo, of Limogne-en-Quercy, Lot, France, gave birth to triplets, a girl Léonore, and two boys, Elian and Alexis, in Toulouse, France, at the age of 52, after conceiving naturally with her husband Alain. Mrs Colonges already has a 30-year-old and a 27-year-old son, a 15-year-old daughter and three grandchildren.[44]

 52 years, 4 months

 June 1757

Julienne Despeignes Blouin

Pierre Blouin, her 61-year-old husband

Natural conception

France

Julienne Despeignes wife Blouin, French woman from Ercé-en-Lamée, in Brittany, 35 km south Rennes, France, born on February 13, 1705, gave birth to her last daughter, Magdelaine, on June 11, 1757, at the age of 52 years and almost 4 months, after conceiving naturally with her husband Pierre. Mrs Blouin born Despeignes had already had 12 children, of which, at 44 years, in February 1749, before having two others, at 45 and 49 years, two twins of opposite sex, as she herself had a twin brother.[45]

 53 years

 November 1992

Mary Shearing

Don Shearing, her 32-year-old second husband

IVF with oocytes donation

United States

Mary Shearing, a 53-year-old Californian woman, former amateur body builder, became pregnant with the help of medical technology in New York, New York, after married 7 years earlier Don Shearing, a 21 years younger man, gave birth on November 10, 1992 to about 12 weeks premature twin girls, at Martin Luther Hospital.  The first baby, Amy Leigh, born naturally, was 2 pounds, 2 ounces.  Her sister, Kelly Ann, born by Caesarean section, weighed 2 pounds, 12.5 ounces.[46]

 53 years

 December 1992

Geraldine Wesolowski

Her son (gestational surrogate)

IVF with her daughter-in-law's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

United States

Geraldine Wesolowski of New York, New York, gave birth to her own grandson Matthew on December 28, 1992 at the age of 53, after IVF treatment in Christian Fertility Institute in Easton, Pennsylvania, in order to act as a gestational surrogate for her 31-year-old son Mark Wesolowski and his 32-year-old wife, Susan Cooper Wesolowski, who underwent hysterectomy at age 21 after the birth of her first son died at 2, and was not able to have children. It was believed that Geraldine Wesolowski, who was postmenopausal, was then the oldest woman in the United States to give birth through in vitro fertilization. That led to appearances on the Oprah Winfrey and Montel Williams television shows, according to Dr. Ida M. Campagna, the Amherst-based obstetrician who delivered Matthew.[47] Matthew died in 2010 due to injuries sustained in a car accident.[48]

 53 years

 September 2005

Annie Casserley

Her son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

IVF with her daughter's genetically selected oocytes (gestational surrogate)

United Kingdom

Annie Casserley gave birth to her own granddaughter Annie Trinity Hattersley in United Kingdom in September 2005, at the age of 53, after choosing to act as a gestational surrogate for her 35-year-old daughter, Emma Hattersley, who has a rare cancer-like condition, Histiocytosis X, making her unable to withstand pregnancy.[49]

 53 years

 June 2008

Sarajean Grainson

David Grainson, her second husband, former priest

IVF with oocytes donation

United States

Sarajean Grainson of Long Island, New York, gave birth to twin sons, Matthew and David, in June 2008 at the age of 53, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation. Grainson and her second husband David, former priest, already had a son Luke in December 2006. Sarajean Grainson also had three adult children from her first marriage.[32]

 53 years

 December 2008

Adele Dramis

Her husband

IVF with oocytes donation

Italy

Adele Dramis, an Italian woman of Greek origin, gave birth to twins, a boy, Vicenzo, and a girl, Rosa, in Naples, Italy, in late December 2008, at the age of 53. She had been trying to get pregnant since she got married at age 45, and after years of trying she decided to receive IVF treatment.[50]

 53 years

 June 2011

Anna Fehér

Her husband

IVF

Hungary

Hungarian actress Anna Fehér gave birth to her first child, a son, László Barnabás, on June 4, 2011, at the age of 53. She has been trying to conceive for ten years.[51]

 54 years

 2000

Galina Shevchenko

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Russia

Galina Shevchenko gave birth to twin sons in Russia in 2000 at the age of 54. Shevchenko and her husband decided to go through fertility treatment after accidental death of their only son. It was the first case of successful case of IVF treatment of a postmenopausal woman in Russia.[52]

 54 years

 January 2007

Unidentified

Her husband

IVF with oocytes donation

Czech Republic

54-year-old woman gave birth to a daughter in Prague in "U Apolináře" clinic in January 2007, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation.[53]

 54 years

 November 2009

Unidentified

Her 71-year-old husband, previously childless

IVF with oocytes donation supposed

Israel

54-year-old woman gave birth to twins, boy and girl, in Bnei Brak, Israel, in November 2009. Her 71-year old husband became a first time father, while she had adult children from a previous marriage.[54]

 54 years

 July 2010

Karen Johnston

Roger Johnston, her 55-year-old husband

IVF

United Kingdom

Karen Johnston of Bicester, England, gave birth to twins, a boy, Asa, and a girl, Imogen, in July 2010, at the age of 54, after undergoing IVF treatment in Czech Republic. She was already a mother of 8, always alternating boy and girl also —Daniel (♂) 33, Jemma (♀) 28, Scott (♂) 27, Amy (♀) 26, Aiden (♂) 17, Bethany (♀) 14, Joseph (♂) 13, Willow (♀) 2—. Her eighth child was born in June 2008 also after IVF treatment in the same Czech clinic.[43]

 54 years

 August 2011

Solange Couto dos Santos

Jamerson de Andrade, her second husband

Natural conception

Brazil

Brazilian actress Solange Couto dos Santos, already mother of a son, Márcio Felipe, and a daughter, Morena Mariah, of her previous marriage, gave birth to her third child, a son, named Benjamin, on August 15, 2011, at the age of 54, after a natural conception.[55]

 54 years

 June 22, 2018

Brigitte Nielsen

Denmark

[56][57][58]

 54 years, 1 month

 February 1916

Elizabeth Pearce

Her husband

Natural conception

United Kingdom

Mrs Elizabeth Pearce of Biterne, Southampton, England, gave birth to her youngest child on February 10, 1916, when she was 54 years and 40 days old.[59][60]

 54 years, 10 months

 January 2000

Aracelia Garcia

Her husband

Natural conception

United States

Aracelia Garcia of Sunnyside, Washington, astounded doctors when she naturally conceived (without hormonal treatment) all-female triplets in 1999 at the age of 54.  She delivered by Caesarean section in early January 2000 three healthy girls, named Arianna, Brianna and Cecelia, to play on initials A, B, C.[61][62][63]

 54 years, 11 months

 April 1847

Barbara Christman

her husband

Natural conception

United States

Barbara "Barbary" Christman (née Klientop) of Pennsylvania, gave birth 3 days shy of her 55th birthday, to William Christman on April 30, 1847. Her husband, Daniel Christman of Chestnut Hill, PA, was 62. William was the seventh of Daniel and Barbara's seven children. Their other children were Adam, Elizabeth, Michael, Barbara, Nelson, and Reuben Christman.[64]

 55 years

 1998

Unidentified

Anonymous sperm donor

IVF with ICSI

India

55-year-old Bodo woman, from states of the far north-eastern India, bordering Tibet and Bhutan, gave birth after IVF treatment with intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).[65]

 55 years

 April 1998

Merryl Fudel

Anonymous sperm single donor

IVF

United States

Merryl Fudel, a five-time divorcee from San Diego, gave birth to quadruplets, three girls and a boy, on April 18, 1998, at the age of 55, after IVF treatment. She is probably the oldest woman who gave birth to quadruplets. Three girls and one boy were born at 27 weeks, the smallest of them weighted only 10 oz at birth.[66] One of the girls died 8 days later. Fudel surrendered two other girls for adoption, so only the boy remained with mother.[67]

 55 years

 February 2000

Marilyn McReavy Nolen

Randy Nolen, her 48-year-old husband

IVF with oocytes donation

United States

Marilyn Nolen (born McReavy), former Olympic athlete and volleyball coach at St. Louis University, gave birth to twin sons, Travis and Ryan, on February 22, 2000, at the age of 55. She married her husband Randy Nolen in 1988, and since that were trying to have a child, and after 10 years with no success they decided in 1998 to go through IVF.[68]

 55 years

 December 2004

Tina Cade

Jason Hammond, her 29-year-old son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

IVF with her daughter's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

United States

Tina Cade, from Virginia, gave birth to her own triplet grandchildren, two boys, Aaron and Kai, and a girl, Simone, in December 2004, at the age of 55, acting as a surrogate mother for her 29-year-old daughter Camille Hammond and her husband Jason. Camille suffers from endometriosis and had tried six attempts of IVF, but had been unsuccessful each time, and then Ms Cade has offered her help.[69]

 55 years

 July 2007

Veronica Mensah

Atsu Dikenou, a fellow Ghanaian

IVF

United States

Veronica Mensah of Lithonia, Georgia, gave birth to twins, boy and girl, Daniel Atsu and Diana Atsupui, in July 2007, at the age of 55. The children are named Dikenou after their genitor. She was trying to have children since she was 25, and after 30 years she decided to through IVF, which was done in her native Ghana.[70]

 55 years

 August 2007

"Brinda"

"Alagappan", her 57-year-old husband

IVF with oocytes donation and ICSI

India

Indian woman named "Brinda" from Bhadravathi, Karnataka, gave birth to twin sons, Akash and Rishikesh, on August 27, 2007, in Chennai, at the age of 55. She and her husband "Alagappan" were childless for 28 years due to lack of sufficient number of his sperms (oligospermia), so they decided to go through in vitro fertilization (IVF) with oocytes donation and intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).[65]

 55 years

 2008

Unidentified

Unknown

IVF

South Korea

A 55-year-old Korean gave birth at Seoul, South Korea, in 2008 (date not sure), with the help of the team of Dr. Kim Ahm who followed, after, "Park", the 57-year-old woman become a mother at Seoul in late September 2012.[71]

 55 years

 November 2008

Unidentified

Anonymous sperm single donor

IVF

Austria

55-year-old single woman gave birth to twin girls in Graz, Austria on November 21, 2008, by Caesarian section. She became pregnant after IVF abroad. The father is anonymous.[72]

 55 years, 3 days

 1936

Winifred Wilson

Her husband

Natural conception

United Kingdom

Winifred Wilson, from Eccles, west of Manchester, England, who gave birth to her 10th child at the age of 55 years and 3 days in 1936, was the oldest British mother until September 1987, when Kathleen Campbell, from Nottingham, England, gave birth at 55 years and 141 days.[73][74]

 55 years, 2 months, 10 days

 March 1931

Mary Higgins

Her husband

Natural conception

Ireland

Mrs Mary Higgins of Cork City, Ireland, born on January 7, 1876, gave birth to her first child when she was 55 years and 69 days old, on March 17, 1931, St-Patrick Day, Irish National Day. The case was reported on July 5, 1932.[60][75]

 55 years, 4 months, 19 days

 September 1987

Kathleen Campbell

Sydney Campbell, her 65-year-old husband

Natural conception

United Kingdom

Kathleen Campbell of Kimberley, Nottinghamshire, England, born on April 21, 1932, and already grandmother by one of her six elder children ages 16 to 22, gave birth by Caesarean section to her 7th child, a 6 lb 7 oz (2.920 kg) son named Isaac Joby, on September 9, 1987, at the age of 55 years and 141 days, having conceived naturally.[73][74]

 55 years, 11 months (also 51 years)

 March 1999

Pauline Lyon

David Lyon, her 54-year-old second husband

IVF

United Kingdom

Pauline Lyon, born in late March 1943, gave birth to a son, Brodie, at Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England, on March 22, 1999, at the age of 55 years and 11 months, after IVF treatment. She had also given birth to a girl at age 51 after the same treatment, and Lyon and her second husband wanted their daughter to have a sibling. Lyon also had an adult daughter from her first marriage.[76]

 56 years

 May 2001

Lynn Bezant

Derek Bezant, her husband

IVF with oocytes donation

United Kingdom

Lynn Bezant of Croughton, Northamptonshire gave birth to twins, girl and boy, Susan and David, by Caesarean section, on May 24, 2001, at the age of 56, after receiving fertility treatment. Bezant, who already had three adult children with her husband Derek, received donor eggs which had been fertilised with her husband's sperm. The couple had always wanted a larger family but had failed after Bezant gave birth to stillborn twins and then suffered a miscarriage.[77]

 56 years

 2006

Unidentified

Unknown

IVF with oocytes donation

Australia

A 56-year-old woman, from Queensland, Australia, gave birth to a baby, in 2006, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation.[78]

 56 years

 January 2008

Raisa Akhmadeeva

Rachid Akhmadeev, her husband

Natural conception supposed

Russia

Raisa Akhmadeeva gave birth to her first child, a boy, in Ulyanovsk, Russia on January 10, 2008, at the age of 56. Her husband Rachid has already three children from his previous marriage, but they always wanted to have a child together.[79]

 56 years

 October 2008

Jacilyn Dalenberg

Joe Coseno, her son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

IVF with her daughter's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

United States

Jacilyn Dalenberg (former Wooster) of Mansfield, Ashland, Ohio, gave birth to her own triplet granddaughters, Elisabeth Jacilyn, and twins Carmina Ann and Gabriella Claire, on October 11, 2008, at the age of 56, acting as a surrogate mother for her daughter Kim Wooster Coseno and her husband Joe Coseno. Already mother of two children, a girl, Brittni (Wilkinson) and a boy, Colin (Anderson), of her two previous companions, Kim Wooster became sterile after giving birth to her son.[80]

 56 years

 May 2010

Gabriella De Ambrosis

Luigi De Ambrosis, her 69-year-old husband

IVF with oocytes donation

Italy

Gabriella De Ambrosis gave birth to her first child, daughter Viola, on May 26, 2010 in Italy, at the age of 56, after IVF treatment abroad. Gabriella married her husband Luigi in 1990 and were trying many years to conceive naturally and also had two requests for adoption turned down. In September 2011 an Italian court has ordered their daughter to be taken into care after ruling that librarian Gabriella, 57, and her retired husband, 70, were too old.[81]

 56 years

 November 2010

Gianna Nannini

Her partner

Natural conception, on hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Italy

On November 26, 2010, 56 year old Italian singer Gianna Nannini gave birth to her first child, a girl named Penelope, having conceived naturally following fertility treatments.[82]

 56 years

 November 2014

"Tessa"

Anonymous sperm donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Canada

"Tessa", a 56-year-old Toronto lawyer, gave birth to a baby boy on November 25, 2014, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation. She was single and had three adult children from her provious marriage.[83]

 56 years

 December 2014

Lisa Swinton McLaughlin

Michael McLaughlin, her husband

IVF

United States

Lisa Swinton McLaughlin, the medical director for the American Red Cross in Baltimore, gave birth to premature twin boys on December 27, 2014, at the age of 56, after more than 10 years of fertility treatment attempts. She was discharged from hospital on December 31, but was still suffering from the stomach pain, and died at home of a bowel obstruction on January 4, 2015, while her sons were still in the hospital.[84]

 56 years, 11 months, 27 days

 November 2004

Aleta St. James

Two anonymous sperm donors

IVF with oocytes donation

United States

Aleta St. James, born on November 12, 1947, gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, Francesca and Gian, at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, New York on November 9, 2004, just three days before her 57th birthday, after having undergone IVF treatment using donor eggs.[13]

 57 years

 March 1996

Natalya Surkova

Her second husband

Natural conception, on hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Russia

Natalya Surkova became the oldest mother in Russia after giving birth to her daughter Sasha on March 14, 1996, at the age of 57. She became pregnant after 1.5 years of hormonal treatment, having been established in premenopausal. Surkova, a divorced mother of two adult children, decided to have one more child because her new partner was childless.[85]

 57 years

 December 1998

Judith Cates

Carl M. Cates Jr, her 48-year-old husband

IVF

United States

Judith Cates of Evansville, Indiana gave birth to twin girls, Margaret Jan Marie (Maggi) and Carli Sue Morgan (Carli), on December 12, 1998, at the age of 57. She got pregnant after IVF treatment, and she has said that she and her husband, Carl, are often mistaken for grandparents.[86]

 57 years

 April 2005

Rosie Swain

Jay Swain, her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Rosie Swain naturally gave birth to twins, girl and boy, Diana and Christian, in USA on April 20, 2005, at the age of 57. Swain and her husband Jay, who already were six times grandparents and four times great-grandparents, by her six eldests, decided to go through IVF in order to give their last child, 6-year-old son Jimmy, a sibling close in age.[87]

 57 years

 March 2008

Susan Tollefsen

Nick Mayer, her 46-year-old partner

IVF with oocytes donation

United Kingdom

Susan Tollefsen, English woman Norway native, of Laindon, Essex, England, gave birth to her first child, daughter Freya, on March 28, 2008, at the age of 57, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation. She was refused to be treated in Britain due to her age, so she went to Russia and Poland to receive IVF.[88] Two years later she was willing to have one more child, this time she was accepted at London Women's Clinic, and became the oldest woman in Britain who was offered this kind of treatment,[89] but later she decided not to risk her health.[90]

 57 years

 July 2008

"Vera"

Her husband

Natural conception

Ukraine

57-year-old woman gave birth to a son, Andrei, in Kiev, Ukraine by Caesarean section on June 13, 2008 at the age of 57. Her first son died at age 20, later she gave birth to twin boys, but they died after 10 days, so she and her husband decided to try once again.[91]

 57 years

 2010

Unidentified

Unknown

IVF with oocytes donation

Australia

A 57-year-old woman gave birth to a baby in 2010, in Perth, Western Australia, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation.[78]

 57 years

 November 2010

Unidentified

Anonymous Indian sperm donor

IVF

Australia

57-year-old Indian woman gave birth to a girl in Melbourne, Australia, in November 2010, after IVF with sperm donated from India, setting a record to become the oldest mother in Australia.[92]

 57 years

 September 2011

Silvana Sofia

Her 70-year-old husband

IVF with oocytes donation

Italy

Silvana Sofia, 57-year-old woman doctor, gave birth to female twins, Karola Pia and Adriana Cristina, in Salerno, Italy in September 2011. Her husband was 70 years old at that time.[93]

 57 years

 September 2012

"Park"

Her 60-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

South Korea

A 57-year-old Korean (born in 1955), nicknamed "Park", gave birth by caesarean section performed at 36 weeks, to two girls, fraternal twins, weighing, respectively, 2.230 kg and 2.630 kg, on September 26, 2012, at the Obstetric Asan Medical Center, at Seoul, South Korea. After 27 years to try unsuccessfully to conceive naturally with her husband, because of the obstruction of her fallopian tubes, the menopause had occurred when she was 45 years old, twelve years before. She therefore had to resort to IVF with donated oocytes, fertilized by the sperm of her 60-year-old husband.[71]

 57 years, 4 months (also 52 and 55 years)

 November 1972

Anna Martin

Raymond Martin, her 55-year-old husband

Natural conception

United States

Anna Martin, of Broken Arrow, near Tulsa, Oklahoma, already mother of six children, the eldest, Louis, was then 25, gave birth by Caesarean section to a daughter, Mary-Jane, on November 24, 1972, at the age of 57 years and 4 months. She already had her previous children, a daughter, in summer 1967, at the age of 52, then a son, Donnie-Ray, in summer 1970, at the age of 55.[94]

 57 years, 4 months, 7 days

 October 1956

Ruth Alice Kistler

Her husband

Natural conception, on hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

United States

Ruth Alice Kistler of Portland, Oregon, gave birth to a daughter, Susan, in Los Angeles, California, on October 18, 1956, at the age of 57 years and 129 days. The birth predated the advent of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) making Kistler one of the oldest women known to have conceived naturally.[95][96] Born in June 1899, she died in 1982, at the age of 82 or 83, while her daughter was 25 or 26.

 58 years

 December 1818

Mrs George Saunders

Her husband

Natural conception

United Kingdom

The Royal Cornwall Gazette of January 2, 1819, reporting the birth of twins, on previous Christmas Eve (December 24, 1818), to Mrs George Saunders, wife of a London shoemaker, in the 59th year of her age. Her last previous child had been born 35 years before that.[60]

 58 years

 1995

Emilia Bacco

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Emilia Bacco, 58-year-old Italian woman from Salerno, Italy, gave birth to twin boys in 1995, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation fertilized by her husband's sperm.[97]

 58 years

 June 2001

"Pragna"

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

"Pragna", 58-year-old Indian woman, from Mumbai, Maharashtra, gave birth to a son, by Caesarean section, in June 2001.[98]

 58 years

 September 2002

Janet Bosher

Donated embryos' genitor

Postmenopausal IVF with embryos donation

United Kingdom

Janet Bosher gave birth to her twins children Sarah and James in London in September 2002, at the age of 58, after IVF treatment with donated embryos, her partner Martin Maslin, also apparently sterile, at the Professor Ian Craft's private clinic. In January 2003, Martin Maslin died from a heart attack at age 64, five months after the twins' birth. After his death the wisdom of a couple close to retirement age having fertility treatment was debated.[99]

 58 years

 March 2003

Samira Ellis

Her companion

Postmenopausal IVF with oocytes donation

Sweden

Samira Ellis, an Israeli native, gave birth to twins, boy, Elias, and girl, Solva, in Sweden on March 8, 2003, at the age of 58.[100]

 58 years

 December 2006

Ann Stopler

Ayal Chomsky, her son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

Postmenopausal IVF with her daughter's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

United States

Ann Stolper, of Delray Beach, Florida, gave birth to her own twin granddaughters, Itai & Maya, in USA on December 1, 2006, at the age of 58, acting as a surrogate mother for her daughter Caryn Stopler Chomsky and her husband Ayal Chomsky. Caryn Chomsky had had a hysterectomy at age 25 as she had been diagnosed with cervical cancer, and was not able to have children the traditional way.[101]

 58 years

 May 2010

"Cicly"

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

An Indian woman named Cicly of Muvattupuzha, Ernakulam district gave birth to a boy in St George Hospital on May 31, 2010, at the age of 58, after IVF treamment, with her own eggs supposedly. Cicly's first son had died many years ago at the age of three and her second son died at the age of 16 in an accident in 2008. She and her husband then decided to try to have one more child.[102]

 58 years

 May 2010

Unidentified

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Italy

58-year-old woman of Turin, Italy, gave birth to a daughter in May 2010, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation.[103]

 58 years

 September 2011

Unidentified

Her 65 or 72-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Italy

A 58-year-old woman gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, in Milan, Italy, in September 2011, after IVF treatment abroad with donor eggs. The woman and her 65-year-old (72 yo according another source) husband, mechanic, were trying to conceive naturally for 27 years.[93]

 58 years

 May 2012

Maria Addolorata Montuori

Salvatore Manzo, her 59-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Italy

Maria Addolorata Montuori, a 58-year-old woman from Boscoreale, near Naples, Campania, Italia, gave birth to triplets, one girl, Giovanna, and two boys, Alessandro and Adriano, on May 9, 2012, at the General Hospital of aples, after postmenopausal IVF treatment, with oocytes donation fertilized by sperm of her husband, Salvatore Manzo, 59 years.[104]

 58 years, 4 months

 December 2004

Lauren Cohen

Frank Garcia, her 39-year-old second husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United States

Lauren Cohen of Paramus, New Jersey, born on August 11, 1946, already mother of a 26-year-old daughter, Renee, of her first marriage, gave birth to a daughter, Raquel, in New York, New York, in December 2004, at the age of 58 years and 4 months. Lauren Cohen and her husband, Frank Garcia, will still have twins together through IVF in May 2006, using the husband's sperm and oocytes from a donor. The couple, faced with either giving away the embryos left over from the first IVF treatment or letting them be destroyed, decided to try again. As to why she chose to have children at such a late age, with a husband approximately 20 years her junior, Lauren Cohen stated, "I just thought it would be unfair to Frank for him to marry me and never have the opportunity to have a child. He never asked me to have a child, but I knew it would make him happy".[105]

 58 years, 5 months

 December 2007

Türkan Katicelik

Selim Katicelik, her 64-year-old husband

IVF with anonymous 25-year-old donor's ovocytes

Germany

Türkan Katicelik, a Turkish woman living in Aschaffenburg, Germany gave birth to a daughter, Karya, in December 2007. The child weighed 2.1 kg, was 46 cm tall and was delivered by caesarean section. She had had several miscarriages before she gave birth to her first child. She used IVF with an anonymous 25 year old donor's oocytes. In 2008, she announced she was a bit younger than had previously been reported, due to a mistake in the official registration. She would be 60 in July, 2009, meaning she had been about 58 ½ at the birth.[106][107]

 58 years, 6 months

 1998

Lin Fu-mei

Her husband[citation needed]

Natural conception, on hormone replacement therapy (HRT)[citation needed]

Republic Of China

Lin Fu-mei, of Republic of China (Taiwan), whose age was reported between 58 and 59, gave birth to twin daughters in 1998.[108]

 59 years

 December 1993

Jennifer F.

Her 45-year-old husband

IVF with oocytes donation

United Kingdom

Jennifer F. (not released name), millionnaire British businesswoman, gave birth to twin boys in a London hospital on December 25, 1993, at the age of 59, after undergoing IVF treatment in Rome, Italy, with the help of Dr. Severino Antinori. The oocytes from an Italian 22-year-old donor and the sperm of Jennifer's 45-year-old husband were used. This case produced much ethical debate in UK.[109]

 59 years

 August 1997

Dawn Brooke

Raymond Brooke, her 64-year-old husband

Natural conception, on hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

United Kingdom

Dawn Brooke of Guernsey, Channel Islands, gave birth to a son by Caesarian section on August 20, 1997, at the age of 59. She became pregnant unexpectedly, initially mistaking the symptoms she experienced for cancer, and is the oldest mother currently known to have conceived naturally. It has been speculated that the hormone replacement therapy which she had may have contributed to her ability to ovulate past menopause.[110][111]

 59 years

 December 2002

Janise Wulf

Scott Wulf, her 45-year-old second husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United States

Janise Wulf of Redding, California, gave birth to a boy, Ian, her 11th child, in late 2002, at the age of 59. The baby was delivered by Caesarean section, and was conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Her doctor stated that, for women over 35, giving birth can have risks, but he agreed to oversee the procedure because Wulf was in good health. She and her second husband, Scott, said that they decided to have children together because Scott had not had any children in his previous marriage. Of the 10 children Wulf had previously, the oldest was 37 at the time of the birth, and the youngest was 21. Janise Wulf also has 15 grandchildren and 1 great-grandchild.[112][113]

 59 years

 2005

Svetlana Glazyrina

Ilgizar Glazyrin, her 50-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Russia

Svetlana Glazyrina, of Sochi, Russia, gave birth to her first child, a boy, Camille Rinat, weighing 3.8 kg and 54 cm tall, on September 13, 2005, at the age of 59. She had been trying to have children since her marriage at age 44. After seven unsuccessful pregnancies she decided to go through IVF treatment.[114]

 59 years

 2008

Unidentified

Her 71-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United Kingdom

59-year-old British Indian woman gave birth in the English Midlands to twin girls conceived by IVF in India. The woman's husband was 72 years old at the moment of birth.[115]

 59 years, 9 months, 11 days

 May 2006

Lauren Cohen

Frank Garcia, her 40-year-old second husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United States

Lauren Cohen of Paramus, New Jersey, born on August 11, 1946, already mother of a 27-year-old daughter, Renee, of her first marriage, gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, Giselle & Gregory, in New York, New York, on May 22, 2006, at the age of 59 years, 9 months, and 11 days. Lauren Cohen and her husband, Frank Garcia, had previously had a daughter, Raquel, together through IVF in December 2004, using the husband's sperm and an egg from a donor. The couple, faced with either giving away the embryos left over from the first IVF treatment or letting them be destroyed, decided to try again. As to why she chose to have children at such a late age, with a husband approximately 20 years her junior, Lauren Cohen stated, "I just thought it would be unfair to Frank for him to marry me and never have the opportunity to have a child. He never asked me to have a child, but I knew it would make him happy".[105]

 60 years

 November 1997

Elizabeth Ann "Liz" Jeffrey Buttle

Her boyfriend

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United Kingdom

Elizabeth Ann Jeffrey "Liz" Buttle, of Wales, already mother of a 41-year-old daughter, Belinda, she had at the age of 19, gave birth to a son, Joe, in November 1997, at the age of 60, after she had informed doctors that she was 49, although she was 59 actually, in order to be eligible for IVF.[citation needed] Buttle's husband died of a heart attack several years earlier; she started a new relationship and was desperate to have another child.[116] Her only previous child, daughter Belinda, was born in 1956, when Liz was 19, so she is probably the woman with the longest interval between two births.[117] As of September 2006, Buttle was still alive.[116]

 60 years

 July 2001

Unidentified

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Japan

60-year-old Japanese woman became the oldest mother in Tokyo, Japan when gave birth to her first child in July 2001, after IVF treatment received in the US using her husband's sperm and oocytes donated by an Asian woman.[118]

 60 years

 August 2001

"Aruna"

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

"Aruna", a 60-year-old Indian woman, from Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, gave birth to a son in August 2001, conceived by IVF treatment with oocytes donation. She and her husband married 29 years earlier, remained childless, after 3 abortions of previa pregnancies.[98]

 60 years

 May 2007

Frieda Birnbaum

Ken Birnbaum, her 63-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United States

Dr Frieda Birnbaum of Saddle River, New Jersey, gave birth to twin sons, Jake and Jared, on May 22, 2007, at the age of 60. The babies weighed 4 lb 11 oz (2.12 kg) each and were delivered by Caesarean section. Frieda Birnbaum underwent IVF at a South African fertility clinic specializing in older women. She and her husband, who have a 6-year-old son and two adult children, a 33-year-old son and a 29-year-old daughter, said that they wanted their younger son to have siblings close in age. Hospital officials believe Dr Frieda Birnbaum may be the oldest woman to give birth to twins in the United States.[119]

 60 years

 February 2009

Ranjit Hayer

Jagir Hayer, her 60-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Canada

Ranjit Hayer of Calgary, Alberta, gave birth to twin boys, in February 2009, at the age of 60, became pregnant through fertility treatments and IVF practiced in India, after several miscarriages in several years.[120]

 60 years

 May 2010

Wu Cheng

Wu Jingzhou, her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

China

Wu Cheng, 60-year-old Chinese woman, gave birth to twin girls prematurely via Caesarean section in Hefei on May 25, 2010. The woman and her husband decided to go through IVF treatment after the death of their 28-year-old daughter Tingting and son-in-law. The woman has said: "The girls give me and my husband the courage to live on. Despite the fact that we are old, we have the confidence to bring them up."[121]

 60 years

 September 2010

Unidentified

Her son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with her daughter's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

Brazil

60-year-old Brazilian woman from Rio de Janeiro gave birth to her own granddaughter Alice on September 28, 2010, after choosing to act as a gestational surrogate for her 32-year-old daughter, who is infertile. Under Brazilian law, a surrogate mother is required to be one's close relative.[122]

 60 years

 January 2012

Raju Ben

Hawa Singh, her 68-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

Raju Ben of gave birth to a son in Jaipur in January 2012, at the age of 60.[123] Married for 40 years, she suffered with four miscarriages in the past and had multiple surgeries on her tubes & uterus because of tuberculosis, ovarian cysts, etc., thus making her impossible to conceive, so she and her husband decided to try IVF.[123]

 60 years

 May 2015

Punjiben Patel

Ranchhod Patel, her 65-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

Punjiben Patel of Vond village of Bhachau in Kutch district, Gujarat, gave birth to a son in May 2015, at the age of 60. Married in 1982, she and her husband failed to conceive naturally. Patel became pregnant after the first attempt of IVF.[124]

 60 years

 June 2017

Atifa Nokić

Her 68-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Serbia

Atifa Nokić of Novi Pazar, Serbia, gave birth on 20 June 2017, at the age of 60. Nokić and her 68-year-old husband Šerif became fifth time parents with the help of IVF treatment.[125]

 60 years, 10 months, 19 days

 January 2010

Lia Georgia Triff

Prince Paul-Philippe von Hohenzollern al Romania, her 62-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with allegedly one of her frozen oocytes

Romania

Princess Lia Georgia Triff, wife of Prince Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern of Romania, gave birth in Romania to the Prince Carol Ferdinand Hohenzollern on January 11, 2010 ; born on February 23, 1949, she was then 60 years, 10 months, and 19 days. She previously had a daughter born in 1973 from her first union. Later, Lia Triff alleged that she used her own frozen eggs.[126]

 61 years

 January 1988

Cecilia Tuaileva

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Australia

Cecilia Tuaileva, Australian woman, gave birth to a son on January 16, 1988, at the age of 61. She has used IVF with oocytes donation fertilized by her husband's sperm.[127]

 61 years

 July 1992

Liliana Cantadori

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Italy

Liliana Cantadori gave birth to a son in Modena, Italy on July 27, 1992, at the age of 61. She used IVF with oocytes donation fertilized by her husband's sperm.[128]

 61 years

 December 2002

Unidentified

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Austria

An unnamed Austrian woman gave birth to her second child, a daughter weighing 6 lb (2.72 kg), on December 15, 2002 at the age of 61 in Graz. She will still give birth to another child, a boy, in early March 2007 at the age of 66. Her oldest child, a daughter, is then 25. Both pregnancies over 60 were made possible by IVF. The second will overseen by Severino Antinori. This may be the only known case in the world of two pregnancies and births at over age 60.[129][130]

 61 years

 February 2007

Unidentified

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Denmark

61-year-old woman, from Vanlose, Copenhague, Denmark, gave birth to a daughter on February 19, 2007, in Copenhague, conceived by IVF treatment practiced in England, with oocytes donation.[131]

 61 years

 2007

Unidentified

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Switzerland

61-year-old woman became first-time mother in Switzerland in 2007, after becoming pregnant abroad by IVF treatment with oocytes donation, a procedure which is banned in the Helvetic Confederation. Another woman gave birth the same year in the country to twin boys at the age of 61 years.[132]

 61 years

 February 2009

Unidentified

Her son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with her daughter's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

Japan

61-year-old woman gave birth to her own grandson in Nagano, northwestern Tokyo, Japan, on February 10, 2009, after choosing to act as a gestational surrogate for her daughter, who has no uterus and could not become pregnant herself. She would be the oldest surrogate mother recorded in Japan.[133]

 61 years

 February 2011

Kristine Casey

Her 42-year-old son-in-law (gestational surrogate)

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with her daughter's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

United States

Kristine Casey gave birth to her own grandson Finnean Lee on February 13, 2011, at Prentice Women's Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, at the age of 61. She chose to act as a surrogate for her 36-year-old daughter Sara Connell, who is infertile. Kidney complications affecting the surrogate mother shortly after birth were quickly resolved.[134]

 61 years

 October 2012

Antônia Letícia Asti

Her 55-year-old husband, José César Asti

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with her own frozen oocytes

Brazil

Antônia Letícia Asti, a Brazilian woman from Santos, 40 km south-east São Paulo, State of São Paulo, gave birth, two months before term, to twins, Sofia and Roberto, weighing 900 g (less than 2 lb) each, on October 26, 2012, one week after her a 61st birthday, after a postmenopausal IVF treatment using her own frozen oocytes fertilized by her husband (age 55 at the twins birth) remaining after their three previous unsuccessful attempts since 1992.[135]

 61 years, 9 months

 2007

Unidentified

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Switzerland

Swiss woman became first-time mother in 2007, giving birth to twins, at the age of 61 years and 9 months. She became pregnant abroad at the age of 61 after IVF treatment with oocytes donation, a procedure which is banned in Switzerland. A fellow woman, became pregnant by the same means at 60, still abroad, gave birth to a son at 61 the same year.[132]

 62 years

 August 1992

Concetta Ditessa

her 53-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocyte donation

Italy

Concetta Ditessa, a housewife from a Calabrian village in southern Italy, was due to give birth to a boy in August 1992. She was impregnated with an egg from a 30-year-old woman that was fertilized with sperm from Ditessa's husband, who is 53. There is no trace of an article about her childbirth, but her pregnancy referred to around 6 months of gestation, she probably has not had a miscarriage at this stage.[136]

 62 years

 May 2001

Jeanine Salomone

Robert Salomone, her 52-year-old brother

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocyte donation

France

Jeanine Salomone, French retired teacher, gave birth to a son, Benoît-David, on May 14, 2001, in Fréjus, Var, France, at the age of 62. It is against the law in France for post-menopausal women to receive IVF so she went to the USA for treatment. The case caused some ethical debate because the two eggs donated to Jeanine by a Californian woman were inseminated with sperm from Jeanine's brother, Robert: one was brought to term by Jeanine, the other by the donor as surogate, who will give birth the week after, on May 22, 2001, to Marie-Cécile, her biological daughter promised to Jeanine. Their doctor was not informed that Jeanine and Robert were sister and brother; he thought that they were a married couple. The infants were reportedly born into a fraught family atmosphere in which Jeanine and Robert hate each other and are wrangling over a family inheritance.[137] Jeanine Salomone died on June 18, 2015, aged 75.[138]

 62 years

 April 2004

Amma Bhavani

Anonymous sperm donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

Amma Bhavani, of Thiruvananthapuram, southern India, gave birth to a son by Caesarean section on April 12, 2004, at the age of 62, after an IVF treatment with oocytes donation fertilized by sperm taken from the sperm bank.[139] The boy named Kannan drowned in a bucket in 2006, and in 2008 Bhavani, aged 66, was preparing for the second IVF attempt.[140]

 62 years

 February 2006

Janise Wulf

Scott Wulf, her 48-year-old second husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United States

Janise Wulf of Redding, California, gave birth to a boy, Adam Charles, her 12th child, on February 19, 2006, at the age of 62. The baby was delivered by Caesarean section, weighing 6 lb 10 oz (3.00 kg), and was conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Her doctor stated that, for women over 35, giving birth can have risks, but he agreed to oversee the procedure because Janise Wulf was in good health. She and her second husband, Scott, said that they decided to have children together because Scott had not had any children in his previous marriage, and because they did not want their other son, Ian, born late 2002, also conceived through IVF, to grow up an only child. Of the 10 children Janise Wulf had previously, before Ian, the oldest was 40 at the time of the birth, and the youngest was 24. Janise Wulf also has 20 grandchildren and 3 great-grandchildren.[112]

 62 years

 July 2006

Patricia "Patti" Rashbrook Farrant

John Farrant, her 60-year-old husband, until then childless

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United Kingdom

Patricia Rashbrook, already mother of 3 adults children, ages 26, 22, and 18, from her first union, gave birth to a son, Jude, in Brighton, England on July 5, 2006, at the age of 62. She and her husband, John Farrant, received, in Russia, IVF treatment from the same Italian fertility expert who the Della Cortes had consulted, Severino Antinori. The birth of the baby, which was born by Caesarean section and weighed 6 lb 10.5 oz (3.02 kg), sparked debate over the ethics of late motherhood in the U.K.[141][142]

 62 years

 July 2007

Mileva Radulovic

Sreten Radulovic, her 69-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Montenegro

Mileva Radulovic of Danilovgrad, northwest of Podgorica, Montenegro, gave birth in July 2007, at the age of 62. Radulovic and her 69-year-old husband Sreten became first time parent after 35 years of marriage with the help of IVF treatment.[143] As of March 2015, Mileva was a widow and her son, Savo, was a schoolboy.[144]

 62 years

 May 2010

Krasimira Dimitrova

Anonymous sperm donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Bulgaria

Bulgarian psychiatrist Krasimira Dimitrova, from Ruse, Bulgaria, gave birth on May 5, 2010 to female twins, Mary and Jacqueline, weighing only 0.5 and 0.9 kg, after IVF treatment, at the age of 62. She decided to become pregnant after she was refused the option of adoption because of her age. Jacqueline died on June 13, 2010.[145] Dimitrova was initially impregnated with triplets, but later doctors decided to remove one of the foetuses. She is only the second known woman aged over 60 that has given birth to twins.[146] As of September 2016 Dimitrova was still alive and Mary started learning at school.[147]

 62 years

 February 2015

Galina Shubenina

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Russia

Galina Shubenina of Moscow gave birth to a daughter in February 2015, at the age of 62. She wanted to have a child after the death of her son from previous marriage.[148]

 62 years, 6 months

 1887

Unidentified

Her husband

Natural conception

England

The Lancet Medical Journal reported in 1887 the case of an English woman who had given birth, at the age of 62 years and 6 months, to three boys, real triplets, her 11th, 12th, and 13th children with her husband.[149]

 62 years, 9 months

 July 1994

Rosanna Della Corte

Mauro Della Corte, her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Italy

Rosanna Della Corte of Canino, Italy gave birth to a son, Riccardo, on July 18, 1994, at the age of 62.  After their first son was killed when a car crashed into his motorcycle in 1991, Rosanna Della Corte and her husband, Mauro, decided to attempt to have a second child. The couple tried to adopt, but were unable to, as under Italian law an adoptive parent could be no more than 40 years older than their potential child. Mauro read in the newspaper about an Italian doctor, Severino Antinori, who had helped a woman in her late 50s have a child. With Dr. Antinori's help, the Della Cortes conceived through IVF with oocytes donation and Mauro's sperm. Rosanna, 60, became pregnant on the first attempt, but miscarried after 40 days, and it took 6 more attempts before there was success. She was then just 62.[150]

 63 years

 April 1997

Unidentified

Her 60-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United States

An anonymous menopausal 63-year-old woman, remained childless, who had claimed to doctors to be only 55 to be eligible for the program of artificial insemination, gave birth to a 6 lb 4 oz baby girl, on April 23, 1997, at the Hospital of the University of Southern California's School of Medicine, in Los Angeles, after IVF with a young anonymous donor's oocyte fertilized by her 60-year-old husband's sperm, and frozen embryo transfer.[151][152]

 63 years

 March 2011

Tineke Geessink

Anonymous sperm donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Netherlands

Tineke Geessink of Harlingen, Netherlands, gave birth to daughter Meagan on March 22, 2011, at the age of 63. Single mother Tineke Geessink, currently the oldest woman in the Netherlands to ever give birth, explained to press that she had always longed for a child and chose to do so "whatever way she could". She was treated by the famous Italian doctor Severino Antinori, who implanted a donated oocyte fertilized with donated sperm; the Dutch limit for such treatments is at age 45.[153] The announcement of Geessink's pregnancy sparked a debate about the ethics of late motherhood in the Netherlands.

 63 years

 August 2016

Unidentified

Unidentified Donor

IVF

Australia

A woman in Australia successfully gave birth at 63 in Melbourne, Victoria, according to newspapers and current affairs. The woman and the father formally requested to remain unidentifiable. She received an embryo implantation overseas. She is Australia's oldest first mother. Father is an unidentified 78-year old. The child was born prematurely, at 34 weeks gestation, both mother and child are healthy. She is a Tasmanian.

 63 years, 9 months

 November 1996

Arceli Keh

Isagani Keh, her 57-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

United States

Arceli Keh of Highland, California, gave birth to a daughter, Cynthia, on November 7, 1996, at the age of 63 years and 9 months. She and her husband, Isagani, had been married for 16 years when they decided to try to have a child. In order to gain admission to a fertility program that had an upper age limit of 55, Kehs told doctors that she was 50, although she was in fact 10 years older at the time. Five IVF transfer cycles were required before Arceli Keh successfully became pregnant. The ovum came from a donor and was fertilized with sperm from Arceli's husband.[13][154]

 64 years

 February 2004

Papathiammal Subramaniam

Her 74-year-old husband, without son

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with her 30-year-old cousin's oocyte, and selected her husband's Y sperm

India

Papathiammal Subramaniam gave birth to a son in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India on February 23, 2004, at the age of 64. The baby was delivered by Caesarean section and weighed 1.75 kg (3.8 lb). He was conceived through IVF, with an ovum donated by a 30-year-old Papathiammal's cousin and the sperm of Papathiammal's husband, a 74-year-old farmer until then remained without son.[155]

 64 years

 June 2004

Unidentified

Anonymous sperm donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Israel

64-year-old Israeli woman gave birth to a son in June 2004 in Tel Aviv after receiving a postmenopausal IVF with oocytes and sperm donations.[156][157]

 64 years

 October 2006

Memnune Tiryaki

Omer Tiryaki, her 62-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Turkey

Memnune Tiryaki gave birth to her first child, son Yasin, in Istanbul, Turkey, on October 9, 2006, at the age of 64, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation, practiced in Turkish occupied section of Cyprus. Tiryaki and her 62-year-old husband were trying to have children for 35 years.[158]

 64 years

 July 2010

Dominique C.

Daniel C., her 60-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Switzerland

64-year-old Swiss woman, from Oberlunkhofen, Canton of Argovie, western Zurich, Switzerland, whose husband was 60, gave birth to their first child, daughter Katerina, in July 2010, after IVF treatment with oocyte(s) donation. She went to Russia for IVF using donor eggs, after a miscarriage at the age of 61, because egg donation is illegal in Switzerland.[159]

 65 years

 April 2003

Satyabhama Mahapatra

Her husband Krishnachandra's niece's husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment using her husband's niece Veenarani's oocyte

India

Satyabhama Mahapatra of Nayagarh, Odisha, India gave birth to a son on April 9, 2003, in Raipur, at the age of 65. The baby, weighing 6 lb 8 oz (2.95 kg) was born by Caesarean section. Mahapatra became pregnant through the help of IVF using an ovum donated by 26-year-old niece Veenarani Mahapatra (of her husband Krishnachandra Mahapatra) and spermatozoons from the husband of the latter. Krishnachandra could not fertilize his niece's oocyte himself. This was their first child after 50 years of marriage. Doctors had attempted to persuade the couple not have IVF. Satyabhama Mahapatra was also hospitalized for the last trimester of her pregnancy.[160]

 65 years

 May 2015

Haya Shahar

Shmuel, her 67-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Israel

Haya Shahar, of Bnei Brak, Israel, who was unable to have a baby during her 46-year marriage with Shmuel, gave birth to a son in May 2015 at Meir Medical Center in Kfar Saba. She became the oldest woman in Israel to give birth. The IVF was performed abroad since it is illegal in Israel to perform IVF on a woman over 54.[161]

 65 years

 May 2015

Annegret Raunigk

Unknown sperm donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Germany

Annegret Raunigk, a Berliner, age 55 years and 9 months, professor of English and Russian, already the mother of 12 children (5 girls and 7 boys) ages 34 to 13 years – Antje (♀) 34, Ellen (♀) 31, Bjarne (♂) 30, Torben (♂) 27, Lieven (♂) 25, Tjard (♂) 24, Inken (♀) 23, Svea (♀) 20, Lennart (♂) 19, Velten (♂) 18, Ingvar (♂) 17, and Auda (♀) 13, all with Nordic names to be distinct from those of her students, born of five different fathers, and grandmother of six grandchildren ages 16 years to 6 months, gave birth, in late October 2005, in Berlin, Germany, to a daughter, Lelia, her 13th child, conceived naturally. Shortly before this last delivery, she had to flee with her six cadets children still living at home, in Hungary, where is born her last grandson.[162][163] In May 2015, Raunigk gave birth to quadruplets at age 65 after IVF with donated eggs.[164]

 66 years

 April 1999

Harriet Stole

Ross Stoll, her son

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with her daughter-in-law's oocytes (gestational surrogate)

United Kingdom

Harriet Stole of Southgate, North London gave birth to a son, Henry Thomas, in April 1999 at age 66 after agreeing to be a surrogate mother for her infertile daughter in-law (Lucy Handerson Stole). Lucy and her husband- Harriet's son (Ross Stole) had an egg fertilized and later implanted into the womb of Harriet. The child was born prematurely at 8 months, weighing 4 pounds 5 oz, but survived and is healthy.[165]

 66 years

 March 2007

Unidentified

Her husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Austria

An unnamed Austrian woman gave birth to her third child in early March 2007 at the age of 66 in Graz. She had previously given birth to another child, a girl weighing 6 lb (2.72 kg), in the middle of December 2002 at the age of 61. Her oldest child- a daughter, is 30. Both pregnancies over 60 were made possible by IVF with oocytes donation. The second was overseen by Severino Antinori. This may be the only known case in the world of two pregnancies and births at over age 60.[129]

 66 years

 February 2011

Valentyna Pidverbna

Anonymous sperm donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Ukraine

Valentyna Pidverbna, unmarried woman, aged 66, gave birth to her first child, a girl weighing 3.3 kg and being 54 cm height in Chernihiv, Ukraine in February 2011. She underwent three cycles of IVF treatment to achieve positive results.[166]

 66 years

 March 2012

Unidentified

Anonymous Ukrainian sperm single donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Switzerland

66-year-old Swiss Protestant pastor living in Grüsh, near Coire, in the eastern canton of Graubuenden gave birth to two boys, Michael & Joshua by Caesarean section on March 3, 2012 after receiving IVF treatment with eggs and sperm donor in Ukraine.[167]

 66 years

 June 2010

Bhateri Devi Singh

Deva Singh, her 64-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

Bhateri Devi, previously childless Indian woman, gave birth to triplets, two boys and a girl, in Alewa, Haryana, North of Delhi, at the age of 66, after IVF treatment with oocytes donation. One of the triplets died some days after the birth.[168] As of October 2014, Devi was still alive.[169]

 66 years, 7 months, 16 days

 January 2005

Adriana Iliescu

Anonymous sperm single donor

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Romania

Adriana Iliescu, born on May 31, 1938, gave birth to a daughter Eliza Maria at a hospital in Bucharest, Romania by Caesarean section on January 16, 2005 at the age of 66 years, 7 months and 16 days. After undergoing IVF using donated eggs, Iliescu initially became pregnant with triplets, but one of the fetuses died in utero. The other two were delivered by caesarean section, but one of them was stillborn. New York Daily News said that she was the oldest recorded woman to deliver a child until 2008 when Omkari Panwar gave birth to twins.[170]

 66 years, 11 months, 24 days

 December 2006

Maria del Carmen Bousada de Lara

Two sperm donors selected from a catalog

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

Spain

Maria del Carmen Bousada de Lara called Carmela Bousada (b. January 5, 1940, d. July 11, 2009, age 69), from Cadix, Spain, gave birth to twin sons, Pau and Christian, at Sant Pau Hospital in Barcelona, Spain, on December 29, 2006, at the age of 66 years, 11 months, and 24 days — one week before her 67th birthday. The babies were delivered prematurely by Caesarean section and weighed 3.5 lb (1.6 kg) each. M.C. Bousada became pregnant after receiving IVF treatment with oocytes donation and two sperm donors selected from a catalog from a fertility clinic in Los Angeles, California, which claims that Bousada informed them that she was 55 (their maximum age for IVF treatment). Her family was unaware that she had gone to the United States to undergo fertility treatment prior to the births, and thought she was joking when she told them she was pregnant. Manuel Bousada de Lara, Maria del Carmen's older brother, criticized her decision, expressing concern over whether she would be able to raise children at her age. In response to such concerns, Bousada stated, "My mum lived to be 101 and there's no reason I couldn't do the same".[171]
Maria died on July 11, 2009 from stomach cancer, which she developed soon after giving birth to her twins; her sons were only 2 ½ years old then.[172]

 70 years

 June 2008

Omkari Panwar

Charan Singh Panwar, her 77-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

Omkari Panwar gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl, in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, via emergency Caesarean section, on June 27, 2008, at the age of 70. The babies weighed 2 pounds each. Omkari became pregnant through IVF treatment with a single oocytes donor, process which she and her husband pursued in order to produce a male heir. Omkari has two adult daughters and five grandchildren. However, Omkari does not have a birth certificate, her age has been estimated by her claim that she was 9 years old when the British Raj left India in 1947. In response to hearing that she had possibly broken the record for world's oldest mother, Omkari stated, "If I am the world's oldest mother it means nothing to me. I just want to see my new babies and care for them while I am still able."[170]

 70 years

 November 2008

Rajo Devi Lohan

Baba Ral "Ballo" Lohan, her 71-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

Rajo Devi Lohan gave birth to a daughter, Naveen, at the age of 70.[173][174] Lohan's health soon deteriorated and nearly died due to complications following childbirth. As of October 2014, Ballo Lohan was still alive.[169]

 72 years

 April 2016

Daljinder Kaur

Mohinder Singh Gill, her 79-year-old husband

Postmenopausal IVF treatment with oocytes donation

India

Daljinder Kaur gave birth to a son, Arman, on April 19, 2016, after nearly five decades of marriage and two unsuccessful IVF tries. Kaur stated her age as 70 at the time of birth, but the clinic where she had IVF treatments stated she was 72.[175]

text: Debate[edit]

text: Pregnancies among older women have been a subject of controversy and debate. Some argue against motherhood late in life on the basis of the health risks involved, or out of concern that an older mother might not be able to give proper care for a child as she ages, while others contend that having a child is a fundamental right and that it is commitment to a child's wellbeing, not the parents' ages, that matters.[176][177][178]

text: A survey of attitudes towards pregnancy over age 50 among Australians found that 54.6% believed it was acceptable for a postmenopausal woman to have her own eggs transferred and that 37.9% believed it was acceptable for a postmenopausal women to receive donated ova or embryos.[179]

text: Governments have sometimes taken actions to regulate or restrict later-in-life childbearing. In the 1990s, France approved a bill which prohibited postmenopausal pregnancy, which the French Minister of Health at the time, Philippe Douste-Blazy, said was "...immoral as well as dangerous to the health of mother and child". In Italy, the Association of Medical Practitioners and Dentists prevented its members from providing women aged 50 and over with fertility treatment. Britain's then-Secretary of State for Health, Virginia Bottomley, stated, "Women do not have the right to have a child; the child has a right to a suitable home".[178] However, in 2005, age restrictions on IVF in the United Kingdom were officially withdrawn.[180]

text: Legal restrictions are only one of the barriers confronting women seeking IVF, as many fertility clinics and hospitals set age limits of their own.[171]


document_title: United States Bullion Depository

question_text: how much gold does the us federal reserve have

root

text: United States Bullion Depository

text: History[edit]

text: In 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, which outlawed the private ownership of gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates by American citizens, forcing them to sell these to the Federal Reserve. As a result, the value of the gold held by the Federal Reserve increased from $4 billion to $12 billion between 1933 and 1937.[3] This left the federal government with a large gold reserve and no place to store it. In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, on land transferred from the military. The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 for US $560,000. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, in recognition of its significance in the economic history of the United States and its status as a well-known landmark.[4] It is constructed of granite quarried at the North Carolina Granite Corporation Quarry Complex.[5]

tag: p

text: The first gold shipments were made from January to July 1937. The majority of the United States' gold reserves were gradually shipped to the site, including old bullion and newly made bars made from melted gold coins. Some intact coins were stored. The transfer used 500 rail cars and was sent by registered mail, protected by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, and the U.S. Treasury Department agents.[citation needed] In 1974, a Washington attorney named Peter David Beter circulated a theory that the gold in the Depository had been secretly removed by elites, and that the vaults were empty. A group of reporters was allowed inside in order to refute the theory, which had gained traction thanks to coverage in tabloid newspapers and on the radio. Other than this 1974 event, no member of the public has been allowed inside.[6]

text: During World War II, the depository held the original U.S. Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution. It held the reserves of European countries and key documents from Western history. For example, it held the Crown of St. Stephen, part of the Hungarian crown jewels, given to American soldiers to prevent them from falling into Soviet hands. The repository held one of four copies (exemplifications) of Magna Carta, which had been sent for display at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and when war broke out, was kept in the US for the duration.

text: During World War II and into the Cold War, until the invention of different types of synthetic painkillers, a supply of processed morphine and opium was kept in the Depository as a hedge against the US being isolated from the sources of raw opium.[7]

text: Construction and security[edit]

text: Below the fortress-like structure lies the gold vault lined with granite walls and protected by a blast-proof door weighing 20 tons. Members of the Depository staff must dial separate combinations known only to them.[8] Beyond the main vault door, smaller compartments provide further protection.[9] According to a Mosler Safe Company brochure:

text: The most famous, if not the largest, vault door order came from the Federal government in 1935 for the newly constructed gold depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Both the vault door and emergency door were 21-inches thick and made of the latest torch- and drill-resistant material. The main vault door weighed 20 tons and the vault casing was 25-inches thick.[10]

text: The facility is ringed with fences and is guarded by the United States Mint Police. The Depository premises are within the site of Fort Knox, a US Army post, allowing the Army to provide additional protection. The Depository is protected by layers of physical security, alarms, video cameras, microphones, mine fields, barbed razor wire, electric fences, heavily armed guards, and the Army units based at Fort Knox, including unmarked Apache helicopter gunships of 8/229 Aviation based at Godman Army Airfield, the 19th Engineer Battalion, formerly training battalions of the United States Army Armor School, and the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Infantry Division, totaling 30,000 soldiers, with associated tanks, armored personnel carriers, attack helicopters, and artillery.

text: There is an escape tunnel from the lower level of the vault to be used by someone who has been accidentally locked in.[6]

text: For security reasons, no visitors are allowed inside the depository grounds. This policy has been enforced ever since the vault opened, with only two exceptions. The first was an inspection by members of the United States Congress and the news media on September 23, 1974 led by then Director of the United States Mint, Mary Brooks.[6] The second was a similar inspection made by the congress members on August 21, 2017, led by Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin.[11]

text: Gold[edit]

text: As of April 2016[update], Fort Knox holdings are 4,582 metric tons (147.3 million oz. troy).[12] At the rate of $1,226.60 an ounce[13] it is worth about $180 billion.

text: The depository also holds monetary gold coins.[citation needed] The 1933 Double Eagle was also a temporary resident after transfer from 7 World Trade Center in July 2001, until its sale in July 2002 for $7.59 million. Sometime in 2004, ten additional allegedly stolen 1933 Double Eagles were transported to Fort Knox for safekeeping.[citation needed]

text: Not all the gold bars held in the depository are of exactly the same composition. The mint gold bars are nearly pure gold. Bars made from melted gold coins, called "coin bars", are the same composition as the original coins, which is 90% gold. Unlike many .999 fine gold bullion coins minted in modern times for holding-purposes today, the coin alloy for pre-1933 US coins, which were intended for circulation, was a tougher and wear-resistant .900 fine alloy (balance copper) used for all US gold coins since 1837. (See crown gold for further gold coin alloy history.)

text: The US holds more gold than any other country, with about 8,133 metric tons in total (not just at Fort Knox), or about 2.4 times that of the next leading country, Germany (which in 2014 owned 3,387.1 metric tons).[14]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Samsung Knox, an enterprise mobile security solution developed by Samsung Group is named after Fort Knox.[15]

text: The Depository figures prominently as the focus of the villain's plot in the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger. Auric Goldfinger's goal is to break into the Depository and plant an atomic device. When it explodes, the entire US gold supply will be irradiated for decades to come and the worth of Goldfinger's own personal gold supply will skyrocket, making Goldfinger richer.

text: The depository is also featured in the finale of the 1952 Bugs Bunny cartoon "14 Carrot Rabbit".


document_title: Udaykumar

question_text: the first kannada movie to celebrate silver jubilee was

text: Udaykumar

text: Film career[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as it is written in a worshipful, promotional tone and in a highly idiosyncratic English. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (April 2016)

tag: table

text: Udayakumar debuted as an actor in the 1956 film Bhagyodaya.He acted many films in 60's.

text: “KALAKESARI”, “NATASAMRAT”,'PAVANASUTHA” UDAYKUMAR - a popular South Indian Film Artist of yester years. “Gandugali” Udaykumar has acted in 193 feature films which includes 171 in Kannada, 15 in Telugu, 6 in Tamil and one in Hindi. He has won many Regional and National awards for his best performances especially in Kannada Films.

text: Udayakumar was a person with multiple skills. He is admired by his fans as a Play writer, a Lyricist, a Novelist, a Music Composer, a Producer and a Director besides being a great Actor.

text: A True patriot, who led the team of volunteers to serve his fellow people, when he was a teenager (The only artist to take part in INDIA's FREEDOM MOVEMENT at his young age). A Strong leader and a Powerful orator, who has fought for the purpose of 'Kanndigas unity'. Participated actively and took the frontline along with leaders like Ma.Ramamurthy Kannada flag , Aa.Na.KruA. N. Krishna Rao ,Thirumale ShriRanga Tatacharya ( of the Karnataka Navodaya movement), Ta.Su.Shama Rao, Dr.Ha.Ma. Nayak, Ta.Ra.Su and with many more had fought for the well-being of the language Kannada and the people of Karnataka, through his travels, Write-ups, public speeches throughout the state.

text: A highly talented stage Artist who carried the social messages by his stageplays to the common people through “UDAYA KALANIKETHANA”, a Training school of Theatrical arts and Film acting, found by him.

text: Despite his busy shooting schedules, right from the year 1960, to support the downtrodden professional theatrical groups, Kalakesari UdayKumar used to cater at least a week every month with the drama troupes by acting in plays all over the state of Karnataka.

text: The 'Icon' and the 'Legend' Kalakesari Udaykumar(1933-1985) 'was' and 'is' an inspiration to promote several social and cultural activities.

text: “PAVANASUTHA KESARI KALAA SHAALA” a Registered Charitable Trust came into existence in the fond memory of KALAKESARI UDAYKUMAR in the year 2005 on his 73rd Birth Day. The TRUST was inaugurated in a cultural event “Udaya-73 ONDU SAVINENAPU”(Udaya-73 a fond memory) arranged at his birthplace Anekal, Bangalore. The Trust is led by Mr. Vikram Udaykumar, the Founder President and supported by Smt. Kamalamma Udaykumar, the Chief Trustee, a team of Executive Trustees and an Advisory committee consisting of experts from several walks of life like Doctors, Chartered Accountants, Journalists, Advocates and Seniors.

text: The Trust is aiming at the social and the cultural services and has promoted a Formal Educational Institution in the name “P.S.M.SCHOOL” at Anekal and “KALAASHAALA”, a Cultural School is active in providing opportunity to learn Classical Music and the Performing arts such as Bharathanatyam.

text: The dreams of the Trust are several. Formal Education, educating and encouraging the rural talents in the Performing Arts, arranging Drama Competitions at state level, felicitation of Achievers from different fields, arranging Health camps & Blood Donation camps, so on and so forth.

text: For more details visit : http://www.kalakesariudaykumar.com/

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Director
Notes

1956
Bhagyodaya
P. V. Babu
Kannada

Daiva Sankalpa
M. B. Ganesh
Kannada

Panchrathna
K. Vembu
Kannada

1957
Varadakshine
Chandramohan
Kannada

Bettada Kalla
S. M. Sreeramulu Naidu
Kannada

Rathnagiri Rahasya
B. R. Panthulu
Kannada

Thangamalai Rahasyam (தங்கமலை இரகசியம்)
B. R. Panthulu
Tamil

Premada Puthri
R. Nagendra Rao
Kannada

1958
Badi Pantulu
B. R. Panthulu
Telugu

1958
Bhakta Prahlada
H. S. Krishnaswamy
Kannada

1958
Mane Thumbida Hennu
B. Vittalacharya
Kannada

1958
School Master
B. R. Panthulu
First Film to celebrate Silver Jubilee

1958
Sengottai Singam
M. A. Thirumugam
Tamil

1959
Mahishasura Mardini
B. S. Ranga
First Film with Rajkumar

1959
Veer Bhaskaradu
Kadaru Nagabhushanam
Telugu

1960
Yanai Pagan (யானைப் பாகன்)
M. A. Thirumugham
Tamil

1960
Dashavtara
P. G. Mohan
With Rajkumar

1960
Ivan Avanethan (இவன் அவனே தான்)
T. G. Raj
Tamil

1960
Ranadheera Kanteerava
N.C. Rajan
With Rajkumar,Narasimharaju

1960
Bhakta Kanakadasa
Y. R. Swamy
With Rajkumar

1960
Shivalinga Sakshi
Chandramohan

1961
Mahavat
M. A. Thirumugham

1961
Vijayanagarada Veeraputhra
R. Nagendra Rao

1961
Mahout
M. A. Thirumugham

1961
Raja Satya Vrata
D. Shankar Singh

1961
Sri Sitarama Kalyanam
N T RAMA RAO
as Kumba Karna,Telugu with NTR

1962
Ratnamanjari
Hunsur Krishnamurthy

1962
Vidhi Vilasa
S. V. Mahesh

1962
Thayi Karulu
G. V. Iyer

1962
Bhoodaana
G. V. Iyer
With Rajkumar, Kalyan Kumar

1962
Nanda Deepa
M. R. Vittal
With Harini, Leelavathi(Super Hit)

1963
Sant Tukaram
Sundarao Nadkarni
As Shivaji Maharaj

1963
Amarashilpi Jakanachari
B. S. Ranga

1963
Chandrakumara
N. S. Varma

1963
Veera Kesari
B. Vittalacharya

1963
Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha
M. S. Nayak

1963
Bevu Bella
Jambulingam

1963
Mana Mecchida Madadi
K. R. Seetarama Sastry

1963
Malli Maduve
G. R. Nathan

1964
Chandavalliya Thota
T. V. Singh Thakur
with Rajkumar

1964
Kalavati
T. V. Singh Thakur

1964
Naandi
N. Lakshminarayan

1965
Miss Leelavathi
M. R. Vittal

1965
Veera Vikrama
S. R. Rajan

1965
Chandrahasa
B. S. Ranga

1965
Kavaleradu Kulavondu
T. V. Singh Thakur

1965
Ide Mahasudina
B. C. Srinivas

1965
Madhuve Madi Nodu
Hunsur Krishnamurthy

1965
Bettada Huli
A. V. Sheshgiri Rao

1965
Sati Savitri
P. R. Kaundinya

1965
Satya Harishchandra
Hunsur Krishnamurthy

1965
Pativrata
P. S. Murthy

1965
Vatsalya
Y. R. Swamy

1966
Deva Manava
Jambu

1966
Madhu Malathi
S. K. Ananthachari

1966
Sandhyaraaga
A. C. Narasimhamurthy

1966
Kathari Veera
Y. R. Swamy
With Honnappa Bhagavatar

1966
Mohini Bhasmasura
N. S. Varma

1966
Badukuva Daari
K. S. Prakash Rao

1966
Mane Katti Nodu
Shri Sadguru

1966
Mantralaya Mahatme
T. V. Singh Thakur
with Rajkumar

1966
Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam
N.T.Rama Rao
Telugu movie with NTR

1967
Rajadurgada Rahasya
A. C. Narasimhamurthy

1967
Padavidhara
C. V. Shivashankar

1967
Immadi Pulakesi
N. C. Rajan
with Rajkumar

1967
Parvathi Kalyana
B. S. Ranga

1967
Bangarada Hoovu
Arasukumar
with Rajkumar

1967
Sati Sukanya
Y. R. Swamy

1967
Rajashekhara
G. V. Iyer

1967
Chakra Teertha
Pekati Shivram
with Rajkumar

1968
Hoovu Mullu
A. V. Seshagiri Rao

1968
Arunodhayam
C. Srinivasan

1968
Simha Swapna
W. R. Subba Rao

1968
Anna Thamma
Ravi

1968
Dhoomketu
R. N. Jayagopal
with Rajkumar

1968
Mysore Tonga
G. V. Iyer

1968
Maneye Maha Mandira
B. C. Srinivas

1968
Namma Ooru
C. V. Shivashankar

1968
Jedara Bale
Dorairaj-Bhagavan
with Rajkumar

1968
Mahasati Arundhati
Aruru Pattabhi

1968
Naane Bhagyavathi
G. V. Iyer

1969
Chaduranga
N. C. Rajan

1969
Bhale Basava
B. S. Ranga
With Rajesh

1969
Madhuve! Madhuve!! Madhuve!!!
Geethapriya

1969
Ade Hridaya Ade Mamathe
M. N. Prasad

1969
Mathru Bhoomi
M. S. Gopinath

1969
Madhura Milana
S. K. Ananthachari

1969
Kalpa Vruksha
K. R. Seetarama Sastry

1969
Mukunda Chandra
S. K. Ananthachari

1969
Odahuttidavaru
B. N. Haridas

1969
Shiva Bhakta
K. V. Srinivas

1969
Makkale Manege Manikya
A. V. Sheshgiri Rao

1969
Bhagirathi
T. V. Singh Thakur

1970
Takka! Bitre Sikka!!
A. M. Samiulla

1970
Kallara Kala
M. P. Shankar

1970
Hasiru Thorana
T. V. Singh Thakur

1970
Aaru Mooru Ombattu
Ravi

1970
Mrityu Panjaradalli Goodarachari 555
Sunand

1970
Sedige Sedu
A. V. Sheshgiri Rao

1970
Mukti
N. Lakshminarayan

1970
Rangamahal Rahasya
Vijay

1970
Pratikara
M. S. Gopinath

1970
Modala Rathri
Vijay

1971
Sidila Mari
B. S. Ranga

1971
Bhale Rani
Vijaya Satyam

1971
Jaatakarathna Gunda Joisa
B. Padmanabham

1971
Bhale Bhaskar
R. Ramamurthy

1971
Samshaya Phala
A. M. Samiulla

1971
Kasidre Kailasa
Janakiram
Last Film with Rajkumar

1971
Purnima
R. Dayanandsagar

1971
Signal Man Siddappa
Tekkatte Nagaraj

1971
Mahadimane
C. V. Shivashankar

1972
Kulla Agent 000
Ravi

1972
Kaanch Aur Heera
Charandas Shokh

1972
Nari Munidare Mari
Geethapriya

1973
Bettada Bhairava
M. N. Srinivas

1973
Mannina Magalu
B. S. Ranga

1973
Cowboy Kulla
Vijay Reddy

1973
Bharathada Rathna
T. V. Singh Thakur

1973
Triveni
M. N. Prasad

1973
Prema Paasha
Aruru Pattabhi

1974
Chamundeshwari Mahime
Addala Narayana Rao

1974
Nanu Baalabeku
K. S. Satyanara

1975
Sarpa Kavalu
S. N. Singh

1975
Ashirwada
Kunigal Nagabhushan

1975
Bili Hendthi
S. R. Puttana Kanagal

1975
Jagruthi
C. V. Sridhar

1975
Mantra Shakti
Hunsur Krishnamurthy

1976
Sutrada Bombe
Pekati Shivaram

1976
Rajanarthakiya Rahasya
B. Harinarayana

1977
Banashankari
K. S. L. Swamy

1977
Shani Prabhava
Ratnakar-Madhu

1977
Hemavathi
Siddalingaiah

1977
Shri Renukadavi Mahatme
C. S. Rao

1977
Srimanthana Magalu
A. V. Sheshgiri Rao

1978
Mathu Tappada Maga
Pekati Shivram

1978
Madhura Sangama
T. P. Venugopal

1978
Parashuraman
C. S. Rao

1978
Bhale Huduga
T. R. Ramanna

1978
Devadasi
C. V. Raju

1979
Putani Agents 1-2-3
Geethapriya

1979
Seetharamu
Abbayi Naidu
with Shankarnag

1980
Vajrada Jalapata
Bhandaru Giribabu

1980
Maria My Darling
Durai

1980
Moogana Sedu
B. Subba Rao
with Shankarnag

1980
Kaalinga
V Somashekhar
with Vishnuvardhan

1981
Kula Puthra
T. R. Ramanna

1981
Garjanai
C. V. Rajendran

1981
Thayiya Madilalli
B. Subba Rao

1982
Sahasa Simha
Joe Simon
with Vishnuvardhan

1982
Mava Sose Saval
Amrutham

1982
Kempu Hori
B. M. Madhavaiah

1983
Nodi Swamy Navirodu Hige
Shankar Nag
With Shankar Nag

1983
Maga Maharaju(TELUGU)
Vijaya Bapineedu

1983
Bhayankara Bhasmasura
C. S. Rao

1983
Devara Teerpu
B. S. Badrinath

1983
Kallu Veene Nudiyitu
Tiptur Raghu
last film with Vishnuvardhan

1984
Ganda Berunda
Rajendra Singh Babu

1984
Agni Gundam
Kranthi Kumar

1984
Bharyamani
Vijaya Bapineedu

1984
Maryade Mahalu
A. V. Sheshgiri Rao

1985
Pithamaha
Ravi
With Rajesh

1985
Vish Kanya
Vijaya Bapineedu

1985
Lakshmi Kataksha

Last film

text: Awards[edit]

text: He has won several National Awards and State awards for his best performances.

text: Karnataka State Film Awards

text:
1967-68 - Best Supporting Actor
1977-78 - Best Supporting Actor

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