document_title: Cowboys–Packers rivalry

question_text: when was the last time cowboys beat green bay

text: Cowboys–Packers rivalry

text: History[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Cowboys victory

Packers victory

Tie

Postseason meeting

text: All results[3]

tag: p

text: 1960s Packers (6–0)[edit]

text:
Date
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Winner
Competition
Location
Cowboys Starting QB
Packers Starting QB
Series

November 6, 1960
Dallas Cowboys
7–41
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
New City Stadium
Don Meredith
Bart Starr
GB 1–0

November 29, 1964
Green Bay Packers
45–21
Dallas Cowboys
Packers
Regular Season
Cotton Bowl
John Roach
Bart Starr
GB 2–0

October 24, 1965
Dallas Cowboys
3–13
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
Milwaukee County Stadium
Craig Morton
Bart Starr
GB 3–0

January 1, 1967
Green Bay Packers
34–27
Dallas Cowboys
Packers
NFL Championship
Cotton Bowl
Don Meredith
Bart Starr
GB 4–0

December 31, 1967
Dallas Cowboys
17–21
Green Bay Packers
Packers
NFL Championship
Lambeau Field
Don Meredith
Bart Starr
GB 5–0

October 28, 1968
Green Bay Packers
28–17
Dallas Cowboys
Packers
Regular Season
Cotton Bowl
Don Meredith
Bart Starr
GB 6–0

text: 1970s Tie (2–2)[edit]

text:
Date
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Winner
Competition
Location
Cowboys Starting QB
Packers Starting QB
Series

November 26, 1970
Green Bay Packers
3–16
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
Regular Season
Cotton Bowl
Craig Morton
Bart Starr
GB 6–1

October 1, 1972
Dallas Cowboys
13–16
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
Milwaukee County Stadium
Craig Morton
Scott Hunter
GB 7–1

October 19, 1975
Green Bay Packers
19–17
Dallas Cowboys
Packers
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
Roger Staubach
John Hadl
GB 8–1

November 12, 1978
Dallas Cowboys
42–14
Green Bay Packers
Cowboys
Regular Season
Milwaukee County Stadium
Roger Staubach
David Whitehurst
GB 8–2

text: 1980s Cowboys (3–2)[edit]

text:
Date
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Winner
Competition
Location
Cowboys Starting QB
Packers Starting QB
Series

September 28, 1980
Dallas Cowboys
28–7
Green Bay Packers
Cowboys
Regular Season
Milwaukee County Stadium
Danny White
Lynn Dickey
GB 8–3

January 16, 1983
Green Bay Packers
37–26
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
NFC Divisional Round
Texas Stadium
Danny White
Lynn Dickey
GB 8–4

October 19, 1984
Green Bay Packers
6–20
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
George Hogeboom
Lynn Dickey
GB 8-5

November 12, 1989
Dallas Cowboys
13–31
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
Lambeau Field
Steve Walsh
Don Majkowski
GB 9–5

December 24, 1989
Green Bay Packers
20–10
Dallas Cowboys
Packers
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
Troy Aikman
Don Majkowski
GB 10–5

text: 1990s Cowboys (9–1)[edit]

text:
Date
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Winner
Competition
Location
Cowboys Starting QB
Packers Starting QB
Series

October 6, 1991
Dallas Cowboys
20–17
Green Bay Packers
Cowboys
Regular Season
Milwaukee County Stadium
Troy Aikman
Blair Kiel
GB 10–6

October 3, 1993
Green Bay Packers
14–36
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
Troy Aikman
Brett Favre
GB 10–7

January 16, 1994
Green Bay Packers
17–27
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
NFC Divisional Round
Texas Stadium
Troy Aikman
Brett Favre
GB 10–8

November 24, 1994
Green Bay Packers
31–42
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
Jason Garrett
Brett Favre
GB 10–9

January 8, 1995
Green Bay Packers
9–35
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
NFC Divisional Round
Texas Stadium
Troy Aikman
Brett Favre
TIE 10–10

October 8, 1995
Green Bay Packers
24–34
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
Troy Aikman
Brett Favre
DAL 11–10

January 14, 1996
Green Bay Packers
27–38
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
NFC Championship
Texas Stadium
Troy Aikman
Brett Favre
DAL 12–10

November 18, 1996
Green Bay Packers
6–21
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
Troy Aikman
Brett Favre
DAL 13–10

November 23, 1997
Dallas Cowboys
17–45
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
Lambeau Field
Troy Aikman
Brett Favre
DAL 13–11

November 14, 1999
Green Bay Packers
13–27
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
Jason Garrett
Brett Favre
DAL 14–11

text: 2000s Tie (2–2)[edit]

text:
Date
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Winner
Competition
Location
Cowboys Starting QB
Packers Starting QB
Series

October 24, 2004
Dallas Cowboys
20–41
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
Lambeau Field
Vinny Testaverde
Brett Favre
DAL 14–12

November 29, 2007
Green Bay Packers
27–37
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys
Regular Season
Texas Stadium
Tony Romo
Brett Favre
DAL 15–12

September 21, 2008
Dallas Cowboys
27–16
Green Bay Packers
Cowboys
Regular Season
Lambeau Field
Tony Romo
Aaron Rodgers
DAL 16–12

November 15, 2009
Dallas Cowboys
7–17
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
Lambeau Field
Tony Romo
Aaron Rodgers
DAL 16–13

text: 2010s Packers (6-1)[edit]

text:
Date
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Winner
Competition
Location
Cowboys Starting QB
Packers Starting QB
Series

November 6, 2010
Dallas Cowboys
7–45
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
Lambeau Field
Jon Kitna
Aaron Rodgers
DAL 16–14

December 15, 2013
Green Bay Packers
37–36
Dallas Cowboys
Packers
Regular Season
AT&T Stadium
Tony Romo
Matt Flynn
DAL 16–15

January 11, 2015
Dallas Cowboys
21–26
Green Bay Packers
Packers
NFC Divisional Round
Lambeau Field
Tony Romo
Aaron Rodgers
TIE 16–16

December 13, 2015
Dallas Cowboys
7–28
Green Bay Packers
Packers
Regular Season
Lambeau Field
Matt Cassel
Aaron Rodgers
GB 17–16

October 16, 2016
Dallas Cowboys
30–16
Green Bay Packers
Cowboys
Regular Season
Lambeau Field
Dak Prescott
Aaron Rodgers
TIE 17–17

January 15, 2017
Green Bay Packers
34–31
Dallas Cowboys
Packers
NFC Divisional Round
AT&T Stadium
Dak Prescott
Aaron Rodgers
GB 18–17

October 8, 2017
Green Bay Packers
35-31
Dallas Cowboys
Packers
Regular Season
AT&T Stadium
Dak Prescott
Aaron Rodgers
GB 19–17


document_title: Venus flytrap

question_text: where do venus flytraps live in the wild

root

text: Venus flytrap

text: Description

text: In 1760, the North Carolina colonial governor, Arthur Dobbs, penned the first written description of the plant in a letter to English botanist Peter Collinson. It was dated Brunswick, Jan. 24, 1760.[5][6][7]

text: The great wonder of the vegetable kingdom is a very curious unknown species of Sensitive. It is a dwarf plant. The leaves are like a narrow segment of a sphere, consisting of two parts, like the cap of a spring purse, the concave part outwards, each of which falls back with indented edges (like an iron spring fox-trap); upon anything touching the leaves, or falling between them, they instantly close like a spring trap, and confine any insect or anything that falls between them. It bears a white flower. To this surprising plant I have given the name of Fly trap Sensitive.

text: This seems to be the earliest notice of the plant and is before the letters of John Ellis on the subject.[8]

text: The Venus flytrap is a small plant whose structure can be described as a rosette of four to seven leaves, which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb-like object. Each stem reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters, depending on the time of year;[9] longer leaves with robust traps are usually formed after flowering. Flytraps that have more than seven leaves are colonies formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground.

text: The leaf blade is divided into two regions: a flat, heart-shaped photosynthesis-capable petiole, and a pair of terminal lobes hinged at the midrib, forming the trap which is the true leaf. The upper surface of these lobes contains red anthocyanin pigments and its edges secrete mucilage. The lobes exhibit rapid plant movements, snapping shut when stimulated by prey. The trapping mechanism is tripped when prey contacts one of the three hair-like trichomes that are found on the upper surface of each of the lobes. The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops;[10] two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in rapid succession,[10] whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second.[11] The edges of the lobes are fringed by stiff hair-like protrusions or cilia, which mesh together and prevent large prey from escaping. These protrusions, and the trigger hairs (also known as sensitive hairs) are likely homologous with the tentacles found in this plant's close relatives, the sundews. Scientists have concluded that the snap trap evolved from a fly-paper trap similar to that of Drosera.[12]

text: The holes in the meshwork allow small prey to escape, presumably because the benefit that would be obtained from them would be less than the cost of digesting them. If the prey is too small and escapes, the trap will usually reopen within 12 hours. If the prey moves around in the trap, it tightens and digestion begins more quickly.

text: Speed of closing can vary depending on the amount of humidity, light, size of prey, and general growing conditions. The speed with which traps close can be used as an indicator of a plant's general health. Venus flytraps are not as humidity-dependent as are some other carnivorous plants, such as Nepenthes, Cephalotus, most Heliamphora, and some Drosera.

text: The Venus flytrap exhibits variations in petiole shape and length and whether the leaf lies flat on the ground or extends up at an angle of about 40–60 degrees. The four major forms are: 'typica', the most common, with broad decumbent petioles; 'erecta', with leaves at a 45-degree angle; 'linearis', with narrow petioles and leaves at 45 degrees; and 'filiformis', with extremely narrow or linear petioles. Except for 'filiformis', all of these can be stages in leaf production of any plant depending on season (decumbent in summer versus short versus semi-erect in spring), length of photoperiod (long petioles in spring versus short in summer), and intensity of light (wide petioles in low light intensity versus narrow in brighter light).[citation needed]

text: Etymology

text: The plant's common name refers to Venus, the Roman goddess of love. The genus name, Dionaea ("daughter of Dione"), refers to the Greek goddess Aphrodite, while the species name, muscipula, is Latin for "mousetrap".[13]

text: Historically, the plant was also known by the slang term "tipitiwitchet" or "tippity twitchet", possibly an oblique reference to the plant's resemblance to human female genitalia.[13][14]

text: Carnivory

text: Prey selectivity

text: Most carnivorous plants selectively feed on specific prey. This selection is due to the available prey and the type of trap used by the organism. With the Venus flytrap, prey is limited to beetles, spiders and other crawling arthropods. In fact, the Dionaea diet is 33% ants, 30% spiders, 10% beetles, and 10% grasshoppers, with fewer than 5% flying insects.[15] Given that Dionaea evolved from an ancestral form of Drosera (carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear. Drosera consume smaller, aerial insects, whereas Dionaea consume larger terrestrial bugs. Dionaea are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs. This gives Dionaea an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form.[16]

text: Mechanism of trapping

text: The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants capable of rapid movement, such as Mimosa pudica, the Telegraph plant, sundews and bladderworts.

text:
The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction between elasticity, turgor and growth. The trap only shuts when there have been two stimulations of the trigger hairs; this is to avoid inadvertent triggering of the mechanism by dust and other wind-borne debris. In the open, untripped state, the lobes are convex (bent outwards), but in the closed state, the lobes are concave (forming a cavity). It is the rapid flipping of this bistable state that closes the trap,[11] but the mechanism by which this occurs is still poorly understood. When the trigger hairs are stimulated, an action potential (mostly involving calcium ions—see calcium in biology) is generated, which propagates across the lobes and stimulates cells in the lobes and in the midrib between them.[17] It is hypothesized that there is a threshold of ion buildup for the Venus flytrap to react to stimulation.[18] After closing, the flytrap counts additional stimulations of the trigger hairs, to five total, to start the production of digesting enzymes.[19] The acid growth theory states that individual cells in the outer layers of the lobes and midrib rapidly move 1H+ (hydrogen ions) into their cell walls, lowering the pH and loosening the extracellular components, which allows them to swell rapidly by osmosis, thus elongating and changing the shape of the trap lobe. Alternatively, cells in the inner layers of the lobes and midrib may rapidly secrete other ions, allowing water to follow by osmosis, and the cells to collapse. Both of these mechanisms may play a role and have some experimental evidence to support them.[20][21]
Flytraps show a clear example of memory in plants, the plant knows if its hair has been touched, and remembers that for a few seconds. The plant then recalls that accident if a second touch happens during that time frame, and closes.[22]

text: Digestion

text: If the prey is unable to escape, it will continue to stimulate the inner surface of the lobes, and this causes a further growth response that forces the edges of the lobes together, eventually sealing the trap hermetically and forming a "stomach" in which digestion occurs. Release of the digestive enzymes is controlled by the hormone jasmonic acid, the same hormone that triggers the release of toxins as an anti-herbivore defense mechanism in non-carnivorous plants. (See Evolution below)[19][23] Once the digestive glands in the leaf lobes have been activated, digestion is catalysed by hydrolase enzymes secreted by the glands.

text: Oxidative protein modification is likely to be a pre-digestive mechanism used by Dionaea muscipula. Aqueous leaf extracts have been found to contain quinones such as the naphthoquinone plumbagin that couples to different NADH-dependent diaphorases to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide upon autoxidation.[24] Such oxidative modification could rupture animal cell membranes. Plumbagin is known to induce apoptosis, associated with the regulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins.[25] When the Dionaea extracts were pre-incubated with diaphorases and NADH in the presence of serum albumin (SA), subsequent tryptic digestion of SA was facilitated.[24] Since the secretory glands of Droseraceae contain proteases and possibly other degradative enzymes, it may be that the presence of oxygen-activating redox cofactors function as extracellular pre-digestive oxidants to render membrane-bound proteins of the prey (insects) more susceptible to proteolytic attacks.[24]

text: Digestion takes about ten days, after which the prey is reduced to a husk of chitin. The trap then reopens, and is ready for reuse.[26]

text: Evolution

text: Carnivory in plants is a very specialized form of foliar feeding, and is an adaptation found in several plants that grow in nutrient-poor soil. Carnivorous traps were naturally selected to allow these organisms to compensate for the nutrient deficiencies of their harsh environments and compensate for the reduced photosynthetic benefit.[27]

text: The "snap trap" mechanism characteristic of Dionaea is shared with only one other carnivorous plant genus, Aldrovanda. For most of the 20th century, this relationship was thought to be coincidental, more precisely an example of convergent evolution. Some phylogenetic studies even suggested that the closest living relatives of Aldrovanda were the sundews.[28] It was not until 2002 that a molecular evolutionary study, by analyzing combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences, indicated that Dionaea and Aldrovanda were closely related and that the snap trap mechanism evolved only once in a common ancestor of the two genera.[29][30]

text: A 2009 study[28] presented evidence for the evolution of snap traps of Dionaea and Aldrovanda from a flypaper trap like Drosera regia, based on molecular data. The molecular and physiological data imply that Dionaea and Aldrovanda snap traps evolved from the flypaper traps of a common ancestor with Drosera. Pre-adaptations to the evolution of snap traps were identified in several species of Drosera, such as rapid leaf and tentacle movement. The model proposes that plant carnivory by snap trap evolved from the flypaper traps, driven by increasing prey size. Bigger prey provides greater nutritional value, but large insects can easily escape the sticky mucilage of flypaper traps; the evolution of snap traps would therefore prevent escape and kleptoparasitism (theft of prey captured by the plant before it can derive benefit from it), and would also permit a more complete digestion.[28][29]

text: In 2016, a study of the expression of genes in the plant's leaves as they captured and digested prey was published in the journal, Genome Research. The gene activation observed in the leaves of the plants gives support to the hypothesis that the carnivorous mechanisms present in the flytrap are a specially adapted version of mechanisms used by non-carnivorous plants to defend against herbivorous insects.[23][31] In many non-carnivorous plants, jasmonic acid serves as a signaling molecule for the activation of defense mechanisms, such as the production of hydrolases, which can destroy chitin and other molecular components of insect and microbial pests.[32] In the Venus flytrap, this same molecule has been found to be responsible for the activation of the plant's digestive glands. A few hours after the capture of prey, another set of genes is activated inside the glands, the same set of genes that is active in the roots of other plants, allowing them to absorb nutrients. The use of similar biological pathways in the traps as non-carnivorous plants use for other purposes indicates that somewhere in its evolutionary history, the Venus flytrap repurposed these genes for the purpose of carnivory.

text: Proposed evolutionary history

text: Carnivorous plants are generally herbs, and their traps the result of primary growth. They generally do not form readily fossilizable structures such as thick bark or wood. As a result, there is no fossil evidence of the steps that might link Dionaea and Aldrovanda, or either genus with their common ancestor, Drosera. Nevertheless, it is possible to infer an evolutionary history based on phylogenetic studies of both genera. Researchers have proposed a series of steps that would ultimately result in the complex snap-trap mechanism:[28][29]

text:
Larger insects usually walk over the plant, instead of flying to it,[33] and are more likely to break free from sticky glands alone. Therefore, a plant with wider leaves, like Drosera falconeri,[28] must have adapted to move the trap and its stalks in directions that maximized its chance of capturing and retaining such prey—in this particular case, longitudinally. Once adequately "wrapped", escape would be more difficult.[33]
Evolutionary pressure then selected for plants with shorter response time, in a manner similar to Drosera burmannii or Drosera glanduligera. The faster the closing, the less reliant on the flypaper model the plant would be.
As the trap became more and more active, the energy required to "wrap" the prey increased. Plants that could somehow differentiate between actual insects and random detritus/rain droplets would have an advantage, thus explaining the specialization of inner tentacles into trigger hairs.
Ultimately, as the plant relied more on closing around the insect rather than gluing them to the leaf surface, the tentacles so evident in Drosera would lose their original function altogether, becoming the "teeth" and trigger hairs—an example of natural selection utilizing pre-existing structures for new functions.
Completing the transition, the plant eventually developed the depressed digestive glands found inside the trap, rather than using the dews in the stalks, further differentiating it from genus Drosera.

tag: ul

text: Habitat

text: The Venus flytrap is found in nitrogen- and phosphorus-poor environments, such as bogs and wet savannahs. Small in stature and slow-growing, the Venus flytrap tolerates fire well, and depends on periodic burning to suppress its competition.[34] Fire suppression threatens its future in the wild.[35] It survives in wet sandy and peaty soils. Although it has been successfully transplanted and grown in many locales around the world, it is native only to the coastal bogs of North and South Carolina in the United States, specifically within a 100-kilometer (60 mi) radius of Wilmington, North Carolina.[36] One such place is North Carolina's Green Swamp. There also appears to be a naturalized population of Venus flytraps in northern Florida as well as an introduced population in western Washington.[37][38] The nutritional poverty of the soil is the reason that the plant relies on such elaborate traps: insect prey provide the nitrogen for protein formation that the soil cannot. The Venus flytrap is not a tropical plant and can tolerate mild winters. In fact, Venus flytraps that do not go through a period of winter dormancy will weaken and die after a period of time.[39]

text: Cultivation

text: Plants can be propagated by seed, taking around four to five years to reach maturity. More commonly, they are propagated by clonal division in spring or summer. Venus flytraps can also be propagated in vitro using plant tissue culture.[40] Most Venus flytraps found for sale in nurseries garden centers have been produced using this method, as this is the most cost-effective way to propagate them on a large scale. Regardless of the propagation method used, the plants will live for 20 to 30 years if cultivated in the right conditions.[41]

text: Cultivars

text: Venus flytraps are by far the most commonly recognized and cultivated carnivorous plant, and they are frequently sold as houseplants. Various cultivars (cultivated varieties) have come into the market through tissue culture of selected genetic mutations, and these plants are raised in large quantities for commercial markets.

text: Conservation

text: The species is classified as "vulnerable" by the National Wildlife Federation.[42] In 2015, there were estimated to be fewer than 33,000 plants in the wild, all within 75 miles (121 km) of the city of Wilmington, North Carolina, and all on sites owned by The Nature Conservancy, the North Carolina state government, or the US military.[43]

text: In 2014, the state of North Carolina passed Senate Bill 734 which classifies the theft of naturally growing Venus flytraps in the state as a felony. Tougher sanctions and penalties for the theft were also enacted in December 1, 2014 in accordance with legislation.[44]

text: In alternative medicine

text: Venus flytrap extract is available on the market as an herbal remedy, sometimes as the prime ingredient of a patent medicine named "Carnivora". According to the American Cancer Society, these products are promoted in alternative medicine as a treatment for a variety of human ailments including HIV, Crohn's disease and skin cancer, but "available scientific evidence does not support the health claims made for Venus flytrap extract".[45]


document_title: Olympic sports

question_text: what is the newest winter olympic sport added

text: Olympic sports

text: Olympic sports definitions

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The term "sport" in Olympic terminology refers to all the events that are sanctioned by one international sport federation, a definition that may be different from the common meaning of the word sport. One sport, by Olympic definition, may be divided into several disciplines, which are often regarded as separate sports in common language.

text: For example, aquatics is a summer Olympic sport that includes six disciplines: swimming, synchronized swimming, diving, water polo, open water swimming, and high diving (the last of which is a non-Olympic discipline), since all these disciplines are governed at international level by the International Swimming Federation.[1] Skating is a winter Olympic sport represented by the International Skating Union, and includes four disciplines: figure skating, speed skating (on a traditional long track), short track speed skating, and synchronized skating (the latter is a non-Olympic discipline).[1] The sport with the largest number of Olympic disciplines is skiing, with six: alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, nordic combined, snowboarding, and freestyle skiing.

text: Other notable multi-discipline sports are gymnastics (artistic, rhythmic, and trampoline), cycling (road, track, mountain, and BMX), volleyball (indoors and beach), wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), canoeing (flatwater and slalom), and bobsleigh (includes skeleton). The disciplines listed here are only those contested in the Olympics—gymnastics has two non-Olympic disciplines, while cycling and wrestling have three each.

text: It should also be noted that the IOC definition of a "discipline" may differ from that used by an international federation. For example, the IOC considers artistic gymnastics a single discipline, but the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) classifies men's and women's artistic gymnastics as separate disciplines.[7] Similarly, the IOC considers freestyle wrestling to be a single discipline, but United World Wrestling uses "freestyle wrestling" strictly for the men's version, classifying women's freestyle wrestling as the separate discipline of "female wrestling".[8]

text: On some occasions, notably in the case of snowboarding, the IOC agreed to add sports which previously had a separate international federation to the Olympics on condition that they dissolve their governing body and instead affiliate with an existing Olympic sport federation, therefore not increasing the number of Olympic sports.

text: An event, by IOC definition, is a competition that leads to the award of medals. Therefore, the sport of aquatics includes a total of 46 Olympic events, of which 32 are in the discipline of swimming, eight in diving, and two each in synchronized swimming, water polo, and open water swimming. The number of events per sport ranges from a minimum of two (until 2008, there were sports with only one event) to a maximum of 47 in athletics, which despite its large number of events and its diversity is not divided into disciplines.

text: Changes in Olympic sports

text: The list of Olympic sports has changed considerably during the course of Olympic history, and has gradually increased until the early 2000s, when the IOC decided to cap the number of sports in the Summer Olympics at 28.

text: The only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program are athletics, aquatics (the discipline of swimming has been in every Olympics), cycling, fencing, and gymnastics (the discipline of artistic gymnastics has been in every Olympics).

text: The only winter sports that were included in all Winter Olympic Games are skiing (only nordic skiing), skating (figure skating and speed skating), and ice hockey. Figure skating and ice hockey were also included in the Summer Olympics before the Winter Olympics were introduced in 1924.

text: For most of the 20th century, demonstration sports were included in many Olympic Games, usually to promote a non-Olympic sport popular in the host country, or to gauge interest and support for the sport.[6] The competitions and ceremonies in these sports were identical to official Olympic sports, except that the medals were not counted in the official record. Some demonstration sports, like baseball and curling, were later added to the official Olympic program. This changed when the International Olympic Committee decided in 1989 to eliminate demonstration sports from Olympics Games after 1992.[9] An exception was made in 2008, when the Beijing Organizing Committee received permission to organize a wushu tournament.[10][11]

text: A sport or discipline may be included in the Olympic program if the IOC determines that it is widely practiced around the world, that is, the number of countries and continents that regularly compete in a given sport is the indicator of the sport's prevalence. The requirements for winter sports are considerably lower than for summer sports since many fewer nations compete in winter sports. The IOC also has lower requirements for inclusion of sports and disciplines for women for the same reason. Women are still barred from several disciplines; but on the other hand, there are women-only disciplines, such as rhythmic gymnastics and synchronized swimming.

text: Sports that depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, such as motor sports, may not be considered for recognition as Olympic sports, though there were power-boating events in the early days of the Olympics before this rule was enacted by the IOC.[2][12] Part of the story of the founding of aviation sports' international governing body, the FAI, originated from an IOC meeting in Brussels, Belgium on June 10, 1905.[13]

text: These criteria are only a threshold for consideration as Olympic sport. In order to be admitted to the Olympic program, the IOC Session has to approve its inclusion. There are many sports that easily make the required numbers but are not recognized as Olympic sports, mainly because the IOC has decided to put a limit on the number of sports, as well as events and athletes, in the Summer Olympics in order not to increase them from the 28 sports, 300 events, and 10,000 athletes of the 2000 Summer Olympics.

text: No such limits exist in the Winter Olympics and the number of events and athletes continue to increase, but no sport has been added since 1998. The latest winter sport added to the Winter Olympics was curling in 1998.

text: Previous Olympic Games included sports which are no longer present on the current program, like polo and tug of war.[1] In the early days of the modern Olympics, the organizers were able to decide which sports or disciplines were included on the program, until the IOC took control of the program in 1924. As a result, a number of sports were on the Olympic program for relatively brief periods before 1924.[2] These sports, known as discontinued sports, were removed because of lack of interest or absence of an appropriate governing body, or because they became fully professional at the time that the Olympic Games were strictly for amateurs, as in the case of tennis.[2] Several discontinued sports, such as archery and tennis, were later readmitted to the Olympic program (in 1972 and 1984, respectively). Curling, which was an official sport in 1924 and then discontinued, was reinstated as Olympic sport in 1998.

text: The Olympic Charter decrees that Olympic sports for each edition of the Olympic Games should be decided at an IOC Session no later than seven years prior to the Games.

text: Changes since 2000

text: The only sports that have been dropped from the Olympics since 1936 are baseball and softball, which were both voted out by the IOC Session in Singapore on July 11, 2005,[14] a decision that was reaffirmed on February 9, 2006.[15] These sports were last included in 2008, although officially they remain recognized as Olympic sports in the Olympic Charter. Therefore, the number of sports in the 2012 Summer Olympics was dropped from 28 to 26.

text: Following the addition of women's boxing in 2012, and women's ski jumping in 2014, there are only Greco-Roman wrestling and nordic combined, respectively, that are only for men in those games.

text: Two previously discontinued sports, golf and rugby, returned for the 2016 Summer Olympics. On August 13, 2009, the IOC Executive Board proposed that golf and rugby sevens be added to the Olympic program for the 2016 Games.[16] On 9 October 2009, during the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen, the IOC voted to admit both sports as official Olympic sports and to include them in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[17] The IOC voted 81–8 in favor of including rugby sevens and 63–27 in favor of reinstating golf, thus bringing the number of sports back to 28.[17]

text: In February 2013, the IOC considered dropping a sport from the 2020 Summer Olympics to make way for a new sport. Modern pentathlon and taekwondo were thought to be vulnerable, but instead the IOC recommended dismissing wrestling.[18] On September 8, 2013, the IOC added wrestling to the 2020 and 2024 Summer Games.[19]

text: On August 3, 2016, the IOC voted to add baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[20]

text: Summer Olympics

text: At the first Olympic Games, nine sports were contested.[21] Since then, the number of sports contested at the Summer Olympic Games has gradually risen to twenty-eight on the program for 2000–2008. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, however, the number of sports fell back to twenty-six following an IOC decision in 2005 to remove baseball and softball from the Olympic program. These sports retain their status as Olympic sports with the possibility of a return to the Olympic program in future games.[14] At the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen on 9 October 2009, the IOC voted to reinstate both golf and rugby to the Olympic program, meaning that the number of sports to be contested in 2016 was once again 28.[22]

text: In order for a sport or discipline to be considered for inclusion in the list of Summer Olympics sports, it must be widely practiced in at least 75 countries, spread over four continents.

text: Current and discontinued summer program

text: The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current and discontinued Summer Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The discontinued sports were previously part of the Summer Olympic Games program as official sports, but are no longer on the current program. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games; a bullet (•) denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration sport.

text: Eight of the 34 sports consist of multiple disciplines. Disciplines from the same sport are grouped under the same color:

text: Aquatics –      Basketball –      Canoeing/Kayak –      Cycling –      Gymnastics –      Volleyball –      Equestrian –      Wrestling

text:
[hide]Sport (Discipline)
Body
96
00
04
06
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
20

Current summer sports

Diving

FINA

2
1
2
4
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8

Marathon swimming

2
2
2
2

Swimming

4
7
9
4
6
9
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
13
15
18
29
29
26
26
29
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
35

Synchronized swimming

2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

Water polo

1
•

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

3-on-3 basketball

FIBA

2

Basketball

•

•

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Canoe/kayak (sprint)

ICF

•

9
9
9
9
7
7
7
7
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

Canoe/kayak (slalom)

4

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

BMX freestyle

UCI

2

BMX racing

2
2
2
2

Mountain biking

2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Road cycling

1

1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

Track cycling

5
2
7
5
7

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
6
7
8
12
12
10
10
10
12

Artistic

FIG
8
1
11
4
2
4
4
9
8
11
9
9
15
15
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

Rhythmic

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Trampoline

2
2
2
2
2
2

Volleyball (beach)

FIVB

•
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Volleyball (indoor)

•

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Equestrian / Dressage

FEI

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Equestrian / Eventing

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Equestrian / Jumping

3

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Freestyle wrestling

UWW

7

5

5
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
11
11
11
12
12

Greco-Roman wrestling

1

4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
7
7
7
6
6

Archery

WA

6
6

3

10

2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5

Athletics

IAAF
12
23
25
21
26
30
29
27
27
29
29
33
33
33
34
36
36
38
37
38
41
42
43
44
46
46
47
47
47
48

Badminton

BWF

•

•
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

Baseball

WBSC[s 1]

•

•

•
•

•

•
•
1
1
1
1
1

1

Boxing

AIBA

7

5

8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
13
13
13

Fencing

FIE
3
7
5
8
4
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
12

Field hockey

FIH

1

1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Football

FIFA

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Golf

IGF

2
2

2
2

Handball

IHF

1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Judo

IJF

4

6
6
8
8
7
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15

Karate

WKF

8

Modern pentathlon

UIPM

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

Rowing

FISA

4
5
6
4
4
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

Rugby sevens

WR

2
2

Sailing

ISAF

7

4
4
14
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
8
10
10
11
11
11
10
10
10

Shooting

ISSF
5
9

16
15
18
21
10

2
3
4
7
7
6
6
7
8
7
7
11
13
13
15
17
17
15
15
15
15

Skateboarding

FIRS/ISF[s 2]

4

Softball

WBSC[s 1]

1
1
1
1

1

Sport climbing

IFSC

2

Surfing

ISA

2

Table tennis

ITTF

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5

Taekwondo

WT

•
•

8
8
8
8
8
8

Tennis

ITF
2
4
2
4
6
8
5
5

•

•
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5

Triathlon

ITU

2
2
2
2
2
3

Weightlifting

IWF
2

2
2

5
5
5
5
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
14

Discontinued summer sports

Equestrian / Vaulting

FEI

2

Handball / Field Handball

IHF

1

•

Rugby / Rugby union

WR

1

1

1
1

Basque pelota

FIPV

1

•

•

•

Cricket

ICC

1

Croquet

WCF

3

Lacrosse

FIL

1

1

•
•

•

Jeu de paume

•

1

•

Polo

FIP

1

1

1
1

1

Rackets

2

Roque

1

Tug of war

TWIF

1
1
1
1
1
1

Water motorsports

UIM

•

3

Figure skating

ISU

4

3
Rescheduled during winter games

Ice hockey

IIHF

1

Total events
43
85
94
78
110
102
156
126
109
117
129
136
149
151
150
163
172
195
198
203
221
237
257
271
300
301
302
302
306
339

Sport (Discipline)
Body
96
00
04
06
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
20

text:
^ Jump up to: a b The World Baseball Softball Confederation, which currently governs both baseball and softball, was created by a 2013 merger of two former governing bodies—the International Baseball Federation and the International Softball Federation.
Jump up ^ The FIRS and ISF will merge in September 2017 into a body known as World Skate

tag: ol

text: Demonstration summer sports

text: The following sports or disciplines have been demonstrated at the Summer Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the official Olympic program:

text:
American football (1932)
Australian football (1956)
Ballooning (1900)
Bowling (1988)
Boules (1900)
Budō (1964)
Finnish baseball (1952)
Glima (1912)
Gliding (1936)
Kaatsen (1928)
Korfball (1920 and 1928)
La canne (1924)
Surf lifesaving (1900)
Longue paume (1900)
Motorsport (1900)
Roller hockey (1992)
Savate (1924)
Swedish (Ling) gymnastics (1948)
Weight training with dumbbells (1904)
Water skiing (1972)

text: Gliding was promoted from demonstration sport to an official Olympic sport in 1936 in time for the 1940 Summer Olympics, but the Games were cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II.[23][24]

text: Classification of Olympic sports for revenue share

text: Summer Olympic sports are divided into categories based on popularity, gauged by: television viewing figures (40%), Internet popularity (20%), public surveys (15%), ticket requests (10%), press coverage (10%), and number of national federations (5%). The category determines the share the sport's International Federation receives of Olympic revenue.[25][26]

text: The current categories, as of 2013, are as follows, with the pre-2013 categorizations also being available.[27] Category A represents the most popular sports; category E lists either the sports that are the least popular or that are new to the Olympics (golf and rugby).

text:
Category
Individual Sport
Team Sport

A
athletics, aquatics, gymnastics
——

B
cycling, tennis
basketball, football, volleyball

C
archery, badminton, boxing, judo, rowing
shooting, table tennis, weightlifting
——

D
canoe/kayaking, equestrian, fencing,
sailing, taekwondo, triathlon, wrestling
handball, field hockey

E
modern pentathlon, golf
rugby

text: Winter Olympics

text: Before 1924, when the first Winter Olympic Games were celebrated, sports held on ice, like figure skating and ice hockey, were held at the Summer Olympics.[28] These two sports made their debuts at the 1908 and the 1920 Summer Olympics, respectively, but were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics program as of the first edition. The International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed the I Olympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine sports. The number of sports contested at the Winter Olympics has since been decreased to seven, comprising a total of fifteen disciplines.[29]

text: A sport or discipline must be widely practiced in at least 25 countries on three continents in order to be included on the Winter Olympics program.[2]

text: Current winter program

text: The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current Winter Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically, according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport that were contested at the respective Games (the red cells indicate that those sports were held at the Summer Games); a bullet denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration sport. On some occasions, both official medal events and demonstration events were contested in the same sport at the same Games.

text: Three out of the seven sports consist of multiple disciplines. Disciplines from the same sport are grouped under the same color:

text: Skating –      Skiing –      Bobsleigh

text:
[hide]Sport (Discipline)
Body
08
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18

Figure skating

ISU
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5

Speed skating

5
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
14

Short track speed skating

•
4
6
6
8
8
8
8
8

Ice hockey

IIHF

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

Curling

WCF

1

•

•
•

2
2
2
2
2
3

Cross-country skiing

FIS

2
2
2
3
3
4
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12

Alpine skiing

2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11

Ski jumping

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4

Nordic combined

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3

Freestyle skiing

•
2
4
4
4
4
6
10
10

Snowboarding

4
4
6
6
10
10

Biathlon

IBU

1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
6
6
6
8
10
10
11
11

Luge

FIL

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4

Bobsleigh

IBSF

1
1
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3

Skeleton

1

1

2
2
2
2
2

Discontinued winter sports

Biathlon / Military Patrol

IBU

1
•

•
•

Total events
16
14
14
17
22
22
24
27
34
35
35
37
38
39
46
57
61
68
78
84
86
98
102

text: Military patrol was an official skiing event in 1924 but the IOC currently considers it an event of biathlon in those games, and not as a separate sport.

text: Demonstration winter sports

text: The following sports have been demonstrated at the Winter Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the official Olympic program:

text:
Bandy (1952)
Disabled skiing (1984 and 1988)
Ice stock sport (1936, 1964)
Ski ballet (acroski) (1988 and 1992)
Skijoring (1928)
Sled-dog racing (1932)
Speed skiing (1992)
Winter pentathlon (1948)

text: Ice climbing was showcased in 2014, and will be demonstrated at the 2018 Winter Olympics, with a plan to be included official competition sport for the 2022 Winter Olympics.[30] Ski ballet, similarly to Military Patrol, was simply a demonstration event falling under the scope of freestyle skiing. Disabled sports are now part of the Winter Paralympic Games.

text: Recognized international federations

text: Many sports are not recognized as Olympic sports although their governing bodies are recognized by the IOC.[31] Such sports, if eligible under the terms of the Olympic Charter, may apply for inclusion in the program of future Games, through a recommendation by the IOC Olympic Programme Commission, followed by a decision of the IOC Executive Board and a vote of the IOC Session. When Olympic demonstration sports were allowed, a sport usually appeared as such before being officially admitted.[6] An International Sport Federation (IF) is responsible for ensuring that the sport's activities follow the Olympic Charter. When a sport is recognized the IF become an official Olympic sport federation and can assemble with other Olympic IFs in the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF, for summer sports contested in the Olympic Games), Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations (AIOWS, for winter sports contested in the Olympic Games) or Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF, for sports not contested in the Olympic Games).[1] A number of recognized sports are included in the program of the World Games, a multi-sport event run by the International World Games Association, an organization that operates under the patronage of the IOC. Since the start of the World Games in 1981, a number of sports, including badminton, taekwondo, and triathlon have all subsequently been incorporated into the Olympic program.

text: In 2020, the IOC altered the way it plans the Olympic Games from one based around a maximum number of sports, to taking total events into account, opening the schedule up for the inclusion on a Games by Games basis of additional sports to the 25 "core" sports. For the 2020 Summer Olympics, the local organizing committee was thus permitted to add a total of five sports to the programme in addition to the existing 28, taking the total to 33.[32][33]

text: The governing bodies of the following sports, though not contested in the Olympic Games, are recognized by the IOC:[34]

text:
Air sports1,3
 American football[35]
 Auto racing3
 Bandy
 Baseball and Softball1,2,4,5
 Billiard sports1
 Boules1
 Bowling1
 Bridge
 Cheerleading
 Chess
 Cricket2
 Dancesport1
 Floorball
 Karate1,5
 Korfball1
 Lifesaving1
 Motorcycle racing3
 Mountaineering and Climbing1
 Muay Thai1
 Netball
 Orienteering1
 Pelota Vasca
 Polo2
 Powerboating3
 Racquetball1
 Roller sports1
Ski mountaineering
 Sport climbing5
 Squash1
 Sumo1
 Surfing5
 Tug of war1,2
 Underwater sports1
 Ultimate (Flying disc)1 [36]
 Water skiing3
 Wushu

text:
1 Official sport at the World Games
2 Discontinued Olympic sport
3 Ineligible to be included because the Olympic Charter bans sports with motorization elements
4 The governing bodies for baseball and softball merged into a single international federation in 2013.
5 Included at the 2020 Summer Olympics


document_title: Field goal

question_text: what's the nfl record for longest field goal

question_tokens: what 's the nfl record for longest field goal

text: Field goal

text: Strategy[edit]

text: As a field goal is worth only three points, while a touchdown scores at least six (which usually becomes seven with a successful conversion, and potentially 8 with a two-point conversion), teams will generally attempt a field goal only in the following situations:

text:
It is fourth down (third down in Canadian rules), especially if the offense is more than a yard or two from a new first down, and within about 45 yards of the goal posts.
In the first half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play.
In the second half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play, and the team on offense needs three points to win or tie (four points in a few leagues given special circumstances).
The game is in overtime, and a FG is the quickest, easiest, and least risky way to end the match.

text: Except in desperate situations, a team will generally attempt field goals only when keeping a drive alive is unlikely, and its kicker has a significant chance of success, as a missed field goal results in a turnover at the spot of the kick (in the NFL) or at the line of scrimmage (in the NCAA). In American high school rules and Canadian football, where a missed field goal is treated the same as a punt, most teams still opt not to attempt field goals from very long range since field goal formations are not conducive to covering kick returns. Even under ideal conditions, the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently (the NFL record is 64 yards and the CFL record, 62 yards).[2] If a team chooses not to attempt a field goal on their last down, they can punt to the other team. A punt cannot score any points in American football unless the receiving team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it (though it can result in a single in Canadian football), but it may push the other team back toward its own end.

text: The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards, a record set by Matt Prater on December 8, 2013. The previous record was 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam, Sebastian Janikowski, and David Akers. High school, college and most professional football leagues offer only a three-point field goal; however, some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four-point field goals. NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three (much like Australian rules' Super Goal or basketball's three-point line), a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League. Similarly, the sport of arena football sought (unsuccessfully) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points; it failed, since only one kicker (Brian Mitchell) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency. (In six-man football, where there is no offensive line, all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three.)

text: The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3. In comparison, Jan Stenerud, one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame (along with Ray Guy), had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985.[2]

text: How field goals are kicked[edit]

text: When a team decides to attempt a field goal, it will generally line up in a very tight formation, with all but two players lined up along or near the line of scrimmage: the placekicker and the holder. The holder is usually the team's punter or backup quarterback.[citation needed] Instead of the regular center, a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts.

text: The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage, with the kicker a few yards behind him. Upon receiving the snap, the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically, with the stitches away from the kicker. The kicker begins his approach during the snap, so the snapper and holder have little margin for error. A split-second mistake can disrupt the entire attempt.

text: The measurement of a field goal's distance is from the goalpost to the point where the ball was positioned for the kick by the holder. In American football, where the goalpost is located at the back of the end zone (above the end line), the ten yards of the end zone are added to the yard line distance at the spot of the hold.

text: In the early days of the sport, placekickers approached the ball straight on, with the toe making first contact with the ball. The technique of kicking the ball "soccer-style", by approaching the ball at an angle and kicking it with the instep, was introduced by kicker Pete Gogolak in the 1960s.[3] The Hungarian-born Gogolak, reflecting his roots in European soccer, observed that kicking the ball at an angle could cover more distance than kicking straight on; today, the soccer-style kick is now universal; the last straight on kicker in the NFL was Mark Moseley, who last played in 1986.

text: Successful field goals[edit]

text: If there is any time left in the half, the method of resuming play after a successful field goal varies between leagues.

text: Missed field goals[edit]

text: A missed field goal is said to be "no good" if the kicked ball does not cross between the uprights and/or over the crossbar of the goal posts. If it misses to the posts' left it may be called "wide left" and "wide right" if it misses to the posts' right. A field goal attempt may be described as "short" if it does not have sufficient distance to go over the cross bar. Some commentators will only describe a field goal attempt as being short if it appears to have been aimed correctly while others will describe an attempt appearing to lack both accuracy and distance as being both wide and short.

text: If a field goal attempt is missed and does not go out of bounds, a defensive player may catch the ball and return it, like a punt or kickoff. This type of play usually occurs during an extremely long field goal attempt due to the distance the defense must travel to reach the returner. If there is a significant likelihood of a miss and the strategic game situation warrants it, the defense places a player downfield, in or near their end zone, to catch the ball. The risk in this is that the return man may be tackled deep in his own territory, at a considerably worse position than he could have gotten by letting the ball go dead (see below); furthermore, should the returner fumble the ball, the kicking team can recover it and gain a new set of downs (the advantage is that the kicking team is lined up very close together to stop kick blockers, and not spread across the field like a kickoff or punt team, and is therefore in poor position to defend the return). Thus, teams will usually return a kick only towards the end of a half (when the kick will be the final play) or in a particularly desperate situation.

text: If a ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar, but lands in the field of play, the ball is considered dead and cannot be returned. (This is not the case in arena football, where large "rebound nets" surround the goal posts for the explicit purpose of keeping the ball in play.) However, if the ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar and continues into the goal, the score counts.

text: Situations where the defense does not return a missed field goal vary between leagues and levels of play:

text: Blocked field goals[edit]

text: Occasionally, the defense will succeed in blocking a field goal. If a blocked field goal is in or behind the neutral zone, it is treated like a fumble and can be advanced by either team. Beyond the neutral zone, a blocked kick is treated like a punt and can be advanced only by the defense, unless a defensive player fumbles the ball, after which an offensive player can advance it.

text: History[edit]

text: In the early days of football, kicking was highly emphasized. In 1883, the scoring system was devised, with field goals counting for 5 points, and touchdowns and conversions worth 4 apiece. In 1897, the touchdown was raised to 5 points while the conversion was lowered to 1 point. Field goals were devalued to 4 points in 1904, and then to the modern 3 points in 1909. The touchdown was changed to 6 points in 1912 in American football; the Canadian game followed suit in 1956.

text: The spot of the conversion has also changed through the years. In 1924, NCAA rules spotted the conversion at the 3-yard line, before moving it back to the 5-yard line in 1925. In 1929, the spot was moved up to the 2-yard line, which the NFL had done until 2014. In 1968, the NCAA diverged from the NFL rules in moving the spot back to the original 3-yard line. Canadian rules originally spotted the conversion at the 5-yard line, which remains closer than in the American code as the goalposts are at the front of the end zone. In 2015, to make conversion kicks harder, the NFL and CFL moved the spot of the kick to the 15 and 25-yard lines, respectively. In addition, the CFL moved the spot for a two-point conversion up to the 3-yard line to entice more teams to go for 2 points as opposed to one.

text: The goalposts were originally located on the goal line; this led to many injuries and sometimes interfered with play. The NCAA moved the goal posts to the rear of the end zone in 1927. The NFL (still following NCAA rules at the time) followed suit, but moved the posts back to the goal line starting in the 1932 NFL Playoff Game, a change made necessary by the size of the indoor Chicago Stadium and kept when the NFL rules stopped mirroring the NCAA rules in 1933. The NFL kept the post at the goal line until 1974, when they were moved back to the rear of the end zone. This was partly a result of the narrowed hashmark distance made in 1972, which had made for easier field-goal angles. The Canadian game still has posts on the goal line.

text: The width of the goalposts and the hashmarks have also varied throughout the years. In 1959, the NCAA goalposts were widened to 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m), the standard width for high school posts today. In 1991, the college goalposts were reduced in width to 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m), matching the NFL. For the 1991 and 1992 seasons, this meant potentially severe angles for short field goal attempts, since the hashmark width remained at 53 ft 4 in (16.26 m). In 1993, the NCAA narrowed the distance between the hashmarks to 40 ft (12.19 m), matching what was the width of hashmarks in the NFL from 1945 through 1971; the NFL narrowed the hashmarks in 1972 to goalpost width at 18.5 feet (5.64 m). In the CFL, the hashmarks are 51 feet (16 m), but the field is 195 feet (59 m) in width, 35 feet (11 m) wider than the American field.

text: The NFL increased the height of the uprights above the crossbar to 20 feet (6.10 m) in 1966 and 30 feet (9.14 m) in 1974. In 2014, they were raised five feet to 35 feet (10.67 m) after the adoption of a proposal by New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick.[7]

text: The "slingshot" goalpost, with a single post curving to support the crossbar, was invented by Jim Trimble and Joel Rottman in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[8] The first were built by Alcan and displayed at Expo 67,[8][9] the World's fair in Montreal. The NFL had standardized the goalposts in 1966 and adopted the slingshot for the 1967 season;[8] the NCAA later adopted the same rule, but later allowed the use of "offset" goalposts, with two posts rather than one (which were the norm prior to the invention of the "slingshot" goalposts). The CFL was the first league to use the new goalposts; they made their debut in the 2nd game of the CFL's Eastern Conference final in 1966 (which was played at Montreal's Autostade as Landsdowne Park [now TD Place Stadium], the home of Ottawa Rough Riders, was undergoing renovations), and were used in the Grey Cup the next week at Vancouver's Empire Stadium. Three schools in Division I FBS currently use dual-support posts: Florida State, LSU, and Washington State. A special exemption was allowed by the NFL for the New Orleans Saints to use the offset goalposts during the 2005 season, when they used LSU's stadium for home games after Hurricane Katrina.

text: Goalposts at the professional level today are sometimes equipped with a camera mounted to the stanchion immediately behind the center of the crossbar. Since these cameras are both above and slightly behind the crossbar, a field goal attempt will be judged good if it strikes this equipment.

text: In 1989, the NCAA banned the kicking tee for field goals and extra points, requiring kicks from the ground.[10][11]

text: During the 2011 NFL season, a record 90 field goals of 50 yards or longer were made.[12] In 2012, this record was increased to 92 field goals of 50 yards or longer.[12]

text: Longest field goal records[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As recorded in Guinness World Records:

text: The record for a field goal at any level is 69 yards. It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions (now Texas A&M University–Commerce) in Shotwell Stadium, Abilene, Texas.[13]

text: NFL[edit]

text: The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8, 2013.[14] The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28, 2008.[15]

text: In the history of the NFL regular season, only 18 field goals have been made from at least 60 yards:[16]

text:
Distance
Kicker
Team
Result
Opposition
Date
Notes
Location
Elevation
Weather

64 yards
Matt Prater
Denver Broncos
51–28
Tennessee Titans
December 8, 2013
End of 1st half
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
5,280 ft (1,610 m)
13 °F; Sunny; Wind: S at 3 mph; Humidity: 72%

63 yards
Tom Dempsey
New Orleans Saints
19–17
Detroit Lions
November 8, 1970
Born with a stub for a right foot. Game-winning kick as time expired. Detroit kicker Errol Mann had kicked a field goal with :08 remaining to give Lions the lead.
Tulane Stadium
16 ft (4.9 m)

63 yards
Jason Elam
Denver Broncos
37–24
Jacksonville Jaguars
October 25, 1998
First field goal to tie record; soccer-style kicker
Mile High Stadium
5,280 ft (1,610 m)

63 yards
Sebastian Janikowski
Oakland Raiders
23–20
Denver Broncos
September 12, 2011
Left-footed
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
5,280 ft (1,610 m)
Light rain early

63 yards
David Akers
San Francisco 49ers
30–22
Green Bay Packers
September 9, 2012
Left-footed; end of first half; ball bounced off crossbar before crossing the plane
Lambeau Field
640 ft (200 m)
70 °F; Mostly Cloudy; Wind: N at 7 mph; Humidity: 43%

62 yards
Matt Bryant
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
23–21
Philadelphia Eagles
October 22, 2006
Game-winning kick as time expired
Raymond James Stadium
35 ft (11 m)

62 yards
Stephen Gostkowski
New England Patriots
33–8
Oakland Raiders
November 19, 2017
Right-footed; kicked as time expired at the end of the first half
Azteca Stadium
7,280 ft (2,220 m)
63 °F; Mostly Cloudy

61 yards
Sebastian Janikowski
Oakland Raiders
9–23
Cleveland Browns
December 27, 2009
Left-footed
FirstEnergy Stadium
580 ft (180 m)

61 yards
Jay Feely
Arizona Cardinals
16–19 (OT)
Buffalo Bills
October 14, 2012
Right-footed; longest game-tying field goal with 1:09 remaining in the 4th quarter, missed a 38-yard field goal that would have won the game at the end of regulation
University of Phoenix Stadium
1,150 ft (350 m)
Retractable roof closed

61 yards
Justin Tucker
Baltimore Ravens
18–16
Detroit Lions
December 16, 2013
Right-footed; game-winning field goal with 43 seconds remaining; sixth field goal of the game
Ford Field
601 ft (183 m)[17]
Dome

61 yards
Greg Zuerlein
St. Louis Rams
18–21 (OT)
Minnesota Vikings
November 8, 2015
Right-footed
TCF Bank Stadium
869 ft (265 m)
58 °F (14 °C); sunny

61 yards
Jake Elliott
Philadelphia Eagles
27–24
New York Giants
September 24, 2017
Right-footed; game winning kick as time expired. Second game of NFL career. NFL rookie record for longest made field goal.
Lincoln Financial Field
39 ft (12 m)
91 °F (33 °C); sunny

60 yards
Steve Cox
Cleveland Browns
9–12
Cincinnati Bengals
October 21, 1984
Straight-ahead kick; on AstroTurf
Riverfront Stadium
490 ft (150 m)

60 yards
Morten Andersen
New Orleans Saints
17–20
Chicago Bears
October 27, 1991
Left-footed; on AstroTurf; first 60-yard kick done indoors
Louisiana Superdome
Sea level
Dome

60 yards
Rob Bironas
Tennessee Titans
20–17
Indianapolis Colts
December 3, 2006
Right-footed; game winner with six seconds remaining
LP Field
400 ft (120 m)

60 yards
Dan Carpenter
Miami Dolphins
10–13
Cleveland Browns
December 5, 2010
End of 1st half
Sun Life Stadium
5 ft (1.5 m)
77 °F (25 °C), wind SW at 14 mph (23 km/h)

60 yards
Greg Zuerlein
St. Louis Rams
19–13
Seattle Seahawks
September 30, 2012
In his rookie season; longest field goal in third quarter; also kicked a 58-yard field goal in the first quarter
Edward Jones Dome
466 ft (142 m)
Dome

60 yards
Chandler Catanzaro
Arizona Cardinals
18–33
Buffalo Bills
September 25, 2016
Longest field goal in career
New Era Field
600 ft (180 m)

text: Prior to Dempsey's 1970 kick, the longest field goal in NFL history was a 56-yard field goal by Bert Rechichar in 1953. A 55-yard field goal, achieved by a drop kick, was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in 1924, and stood as the unofficial record until that point; some sources indicate a 54-yarder by Glenn Presnell in 1934 as the record, due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll's 55-yarder.

text: In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29, 2002, Ola Kimrin kicked a 65-yard field goal.[18] However, because pre-season games are not counted toward official records, this accomplishment is not the official record.

text: CFL[edit]

text:
62 yards, Paul McCallum, Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Edmonton Eskimos, October 27, 2001[19]
60 yards, Dave Ridgway, Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers, September 6, 1987[19]

text: College football[edit]

text:
69 yards, Ove Johansson, Abilene Christian vs. East Texas State on October 16, 1976. (NAIA)
67 yards, Tom Odle, Fort Hays State vs. Washburn, 1988. (NCAA)
67 yards, Joe Williams, Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois, 1978. (NCAA Division I)
67 yards, Russell Erxleben, Texas vs. Rice, 1977. (NCAA Division I)
67 yards, Steve Little, Arkansas vs. Texas, 1977.[20] (NCAA Division I)
65 yards, J. T. Haxall, Princeton vs. Yale, 1882.

text: All of the above kicks were successful with the use of a kicking tee, which was banned by the NCAA after the 1988 season.

text: 65 yards, Martin Gramatica, Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois, 1998 - without a tee [21]

text: The longest known drop-kicked field goal in college football was a 62-yard kick from Pat O'Dea, an Australian kicker who played on the Wisconsin Badgers football team. O'Dea's kick took place in a blizzard against Northwestern on November 15, 1898.[22]

text: U Sports[edit]

text: The longest field goal in U Sports football history is 59 yards, by Niko Difonte of Calgary Dinos, playing against the UBC Thunderbirds on November 11, 2017. The field goal was the final and winning play of the 81st Hardy Cup.[23][24]

text: High school[edit]

text:
68 yards, Dirk Borgognone, Reno High School vs. Sparks High School (Nevada), September 27, 1985[25][26]
67 yards, Austin Rehkow, Central Valley High School (Spokane Valley, Washington) vs. Shadle Park High School (Spokane, Washington), October 18, 2012, game-tying FG with :02 left in 4th quarter (CV would go on to win 62-55). [27][28] (tied with two others)
62 yards, David Rosenbaum, Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) vs. Spingarn High School, October 3, 2003. While no records are kept, considered to be the longest extra point scored. Penalties due to excessive celebration, unsportsmanlike conduct, and taunting.[29]

text: Independent amateur[edit]

text: 68 yards, Fabrizio Scaccia, Treasure Coast Bobcats (FL), March 29, 2009[30] (world record for a kick without the aid of a tee, which was banned for field goal and extra point attempts in the NCAA in 1989)

text: Independent Women's Football League[edit]

text: 44 yards, Sarah Oliver, California Quake vs. New Mexico Menace, April 26, 2008.[31]

text: Longest missed field goal return records[edit]

text: NFL[edit]

text: Field goal returns are rare in the NFL, since an attempt with sufficient distance that misses the uprights will automatically be dead. Returns are possible when a field goal is short, but in that case returners will usually down the ball so as to scrimmage from the spot of the kick. Normally, a return will only be attempted when there is not enough time left in the half to run a play from scrimmage. Nevertheless, four field goals have been returned for at least 107 yards in the 21st century:

text:
Distance returned
Returner
Team
Opposing kicker
Opposing team
Distance attempted
Date
Location

109 yards[32]
Antonio Cromartie
San Diego Chargers
Ryan Longwell
Minnesota Vikings
58 yards
November 4, 2007
Metrodome

108 yards[33]
Devin Hester
Chicago Bears
Jay Feely
New York Giants
52 yards
November 12, 2006
Giants Stadium

108 yards[34]
Nathan Vasher
Chicago Bears
Joe Nedney
San Francisco 49ers
52 yards
November 13, 2005
Soldier Field

107 yards[35]
Chris McAlister
Baltimore Ravens
Jason Elam
Denver Broncos
57 yards
September 30, 2002
Ravens Stadium

text: CFL[edit]

text: Because the goalposts in Canadian football are on the goal line, and because downing the ball in the end zone results in the kicking team scoring a single point, field goal returns are much more common. The longest missed field goal return in the CFL is 131 total yards. Against the Montreal Alouettes on August 22, 1958, the Toronto Argonauts' Boyd Carter ran 15 yards, then threw a lateral to Dave Mann, who then returned it for the final 116 yards.[36] This return, which started 21 yards behind the goal line, was during the era of 25-yard end zones (which made the maximum theoretical missed field return distance 134 yards in those days) and therefore cannot be met or exceeded on the modern field with 20-yard end zones. Since the shortening of the end zones in the CFL in 1986, a field goal has been returned for the maximum 129 yards on two occasions: by Tristan Jackson of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on July 14, 2012 [37] and by Trent Guy of the Montreal Alouettes on September 23, 2012.[38]

text: NCAA[edit]

text: In NCAA college football, only five missed field goals returns for touchdowns have ever been returned 100 yards or more:[39]

text:
September 17, 1966: Don Guest (California Golden Bears), 108-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47-yard field goal attempt by Washington State.[39]
September 28, 1968: Richie Luzzi (Clemson Tigers), 108-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47-yard field goal attempt by Georgia.[40]
September 7, 2013: Odell Beckham Jr. (LSU Tigers), 109-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 59-yard field goal attempt by UAB.[39]
November 30, 2013: Chris Davis, Jr. (Auburn Tigers), 109-yard return for a touchdown after what would have been a tie-breaking 57-yard field goal attempt by Alabama fell short as time expired, what some writers and fans call the greatest play in college football history.[41][42][43][44]
September 3, 2016: Brandon Wilson (Houston Cougars), 109-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 53-yard field goal attempt by Oklahoma.[45]

text: U Sports[edit]

text: In U Sports football, like in the CFL, the longest possible missed field goal return is 129 yards, and this has occurred three times.[24]

text:
Jeremy Botelho of the Manitoba Bisons playing against the Simon Fraser Clansmen on September 11, 2009
Jedd Gardner of the Guelph Gryphons playing against the McMaster Marauders on October 8, 2010
Tunde Adeleke of the Carleton Ravens playing against the Ottawa Gee-Gees on October 5, 2013


document_title: List of U.S. states by Amish population

question_text: how many amish live in the united states

text: List of U.S. states by Amish population

text: In 2010 there were 28 states of the United States that had a significant Amish population. The 2010 census of Amish population was published in 2012, compiled by Elizabeth Cooksey, professor of sociology, and Cory Anderson, a graduate student in rural sociology, both at The Ohio State University.[1] It was commissioned by the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies for the 2010 U.S. Religion Census (published in 2012).[1][2] Following are populations by state per the results.

text: The data for 1992 are from a book published in 1993 (John A. Hostetler, Amish Society).

text: The data for 2000 are from a book published in 2001 (Donald Kraybill, The Riddle of Amish Culture).[3]

text: The data for 2010 are from "Amish Studies - The Young Center".[4]

text: The data for 2017 are from "Amish Studies - The Young Center".[5]

text: The percentage of the state population is from a 2017 estimate.[6]

text:
Amish population by state and date

State
1992
2000
2010
2017
% of state
population in 2017
% of total US Amish
population in 2017

Pennsylvania
35,200
40,100
59,350
74,250
0.58%
23.3%

Ohio
43,200
49,750
58,590
73,780
0.63%
23.2%

Indiana
25,200
32,650
43,710
53,075
0.80%
16.7%

Wisconsin
7,800
10,250
15,360
20,095
0.35%
6.3%

New York
4,700
5,000
12,015
18,575
0.09%
5.8%

Michigan
6,500
9,300
11,350
15,040
0.15%
4.7%

Missouri
5,200
6,100
9,475
12,320
0.20%
3.9%

Kentucky
1,500
5,150
7,750
12,060
0.27%
3.8%

Iowa
3,700
4,850
7,190
8,985
0.28%
2.8%

Illinois
3,200
4,200
6,860
7,505
0.06%
2.4%

Minnesota
1,500
1,600
3,150
4,090
0.07%
1.3%

Tennessee
800
1,500
2,125
3,035
0.04%
< 1%

Kansas
800
1,100
1,485
1,775
0.06%
<

Maryland
1,000
800
1,350
1,605
0.03%
<

Delaware
1,300
1,100
1,350
1,595
0.16%
<

Virginia
−
500
300
1,040
0.01%
<

Montana
−
550
675
780
0.07%
<

Maine
−
−
225
665
0.05%
<

Oklahoma
300
700
675
645
0.02%
<

Colorado
−
−
810
485
< 0.01%
<

Nebraska
−
−
150
420
0.02%
<

Mississippi
−
−
75
255
< 0.01%
<

West Virginia
−
−
225
245
0.01%
<

Arkansas
−
−
225
235
< 0.01%
<

North Carolina
-
−
75
235
< 0.01%
<

Wyoming
−
−
−
100
< 0.01%
<

Florida*
−
−
75
75
< 0.01%
<

South Dakota
−
−
75
75
< 0.01%
<

Idaho
−
−
−
75
< 0.01%
<

Texas
−
−
75
60
< 0.01%
<

Vermont
−
−
−
40
< 0.01%
<

Total
128,150
166,000
249,500
318,400
0.098%
100%

text: The settlement in Pinecraft (Sarasota), Florida is very atypical and its population varies a lot according to the season.

text: According to Albrecht Powell, the Pennsylvania Amish are not the largest group of U.S. Amish as is commonly thought. The Amish have settled in as many as twenty-four states and Canada, and Central America, though about 65% are located in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. The greatest concentration of Amish is in Holmes and adjoining counties in northeast Ohio, about 78 miles south of Cleveland. Next in size is a group of Amish people in Elkhart and surrounding counties in northeastern Indiana. Then comes the Amish settlement in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The Amish population in the U.S. numbers more than 270,000 and is growing rapidly, due to large family size (seven children on average) and a church-member retention rate of approximately 80%."[7]

text: There was an Amish settlement in Honduras from about 1968 to 1978 but the settlement failed.[8] In 2015 new settlements of New Order Amish were founded in Argentina and Bolivia. In Canada new settlements were founded in New Brunswick in 2015 and on Prince Edward Island in 2016.[9]


document_title: Chip on shoulder

question_text: how to get a chip on your shoulder

question_tokens: how to get a chip on your shoulder

text: Chip on shoulder

text: Look up chip on one's shoulder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: To have a chip on one's shoulder refers to the act of holding a grudge or grievance that readily provokes disputation.

text: It can also mean a person thinking too much of oneself (often without the credentials).[1]

text: History[edit]

text: "A chip on the shoulder" comes from the ancient right of shipwrights within the Royal Navy Dockyards to take home a daily allowance of offcuts of timber, even if good wood was cut up for this purpose. The privilege was instated as a prescriptive right from 1634.[2][3][4] By 1756, this privilege had been abused and was costing taxpayers too much in lost timber for warship repair and construction. The decision was then made by the Navy Board to limit the quantity a shipwright could carry home. A warrant was issued to the Royal Dockyards to reduce the quantity of chips by ordering shipwrights to carry their bundles under their arms instead of on their shoulders, as one could not carry as much timber in this fashion. The specific incident from which the expression derives is as follows:

text:
“
Master Shipwright and his Assistant, Chatham Dockyard, to Navy Board, 17 June 1756.
On Tuesday a petition was brought to the Honourable Thomas Cooper, Esq., Commissioner of this yard, by John Bissenden and Robert Woodriff, shipwrights, in behalf of the whole body of shipwrights, relating to their carrying chips out of the yard on their shoulders. The next day the Commissioner sent for them in the presence of the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant and represented to them the ill consequence of such proceedings, and read to them your Honourable Board's warrant of the 4 May 1753 on which the said two men withdrew the petition and said they would talk to all the people and believe everybody would be satisfied with what had been said to them. And in the afternoon the Master Shipwright sent for all the foremen and quartermen and read the Order to them of the 4th May 1753, and give every quarterman a particular charge to tell all his men separately what the order was relating to their lowering their chips and carrying them under their arm out of the yard.
This day at twelve of the clock some few of the workmen about one hundred and fifty came up first to the gate without any chips, afterwards about twenty more came and lowered their chips agreeable to the Board's warrant. Then came John Miller, shipwright, about thirty feet before the main body of the people, on which the Master Shipwright ordered him to lower his chips. He answered he would not, with that the Master Shipwright took hold of him, and said he should. He, the said Miller replied, 'Are not the chips mine? I will not lower them.' Immediately the main body pushed on with their chips on their shoulders, crowded and forced the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant through the gateway, and when out of the yard give three huzzas.[5]

”

text: This custom[clarification needed] is known in North America since the early 19th century. The New York newspaper Long Island Telegraph reported on 20 May 1830 "when two churlish boys were determined to fight, a chip would be placed on the shoulder of one, and the other demanded to knock it off at his peril". A similar notion is mentioned in the issue of the Onondaga Standard of Syracuse, New York on 8 December 1830: "'He waylay me', said I, 'the mean sneaking fellow—I am only afraid that he will sue me for damages. Oh! if I only could get him to knock a chip off my shoulder, and so get round the law, I would give him one of the soundest thrashings he ever had'." Some time later in 1855, the phrase "chip on his shoulder" appeared in the Weekly Oregonian, stating "Leland, in his last issue, struts out with a chip on his shoulder, and dares Bush to knock it off". In American author Mark Twain's 1898 manuscript of Schoolhouse Hill, character Tom Sawyer states his knowledge of the phrase and custom when he says, "[I]f you want your fuss, and can't wait till recess, which is regular, go at it right and fair; put a chip on your shoulder and dare him to knock it off."[6]

text: In Canada, the custom is well described at St. Peter Claver's Indian Residential School for Ojibway boys in the town of Spanish, Ontario:

text:
“
By custom, the challenger, usually one of the intermediates, anxious to prove his worth or avenge some wrong, would deliberately seek out his foe with a wood chip or flat stone on his shoulder, placed there either by his own hand or by that of somebody else.
”

text: The challenger might further provoke his opponent by issuing a dare for him to knock off the chip. The opponent might then display his bravery and contempt by brushing the cheek of the challenger lightly as he did so. In more formal cases, a second might take the chip and present the chip to his man who would then place it on his own shoulder. The boys would then square off and fistfight like boxers.[7][8]