document_title: Treaty of Paris (1763)

question_text: who acquired spanish florida in the 1763 treaty of paris

text: Treaty of Paris (1763)

text: Exchange of territories[edit]

text: During the war, Great Britain had conquered the French colonies of Canada, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago, the French "factories" (trading posts) in India, the slave-trading station at Gorée, the Sénégal River and its settlements, and the Spanish colonies of Manila (in the Philippines) and Havana (in Cuba). France had captured Minorca and British trading posts in Sumatra, while Spain had captured the border fortress of Almeida in Portugal, and Colonia del Sacramento in South America.

text: In the treaty, most of these territories were restored to their original owners, but not all: Britain made considerable gains.[3] France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal. Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain, and Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian factories to France.[4] In return, France recognized the sovereignty of Britain over Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago.[5] France also ceded the eastern half of French Louisiana to Britain; that is, the area from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains.[6]

text: Spain ceded Florida to Britain.[4] France had already secretly given Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). In addition, while France regained its factories in India, France recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian native states, and pledged not to send troops to Bengal. Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in British Honduras (now Belize), but retained a logwood-cutting colony there. Britain confirmed the right of its new subjects to practise Catholicism.[7]

text: France lost all of its territory in mainland North America, but had retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, where its fishermen could dry their catch. In turn France gained the return of its sugar colony, Guadeloupe, which it considered more valuable than Canada.[8] Voltaire had notoriously dismissed Canada as "Quelques arpents de neige", "A few acres of snow".[9]

text: Louisiana question[edit]

text: The Treaty of Paris is frequently noted as the point at which France gave Louisiana to Spain.[10][11] The transfer, however, occurred with the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) but was not publicly announced until 1764. The Treaty of Paris was to give Britain the east side of the Mississippi (including Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which was to be part of the British territory of West Florida). New Orleans on the east side remained in French hands (albeit temporarily). The Mississippi River corridor in what is modern day Louisiana was to be reunited following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1819.

text: The 1763 treaty states in Article VII:

text: VII. French territories on the continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile, and everything which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole breadth and length, from its source to the sea, and expressly that part which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth: It is farther stipulated, that the vessels belonging to the subjects of either nation shall not be stopped, visited, or subjected to the payment of any duty whatsoever. The stipulations inserted in the IVth article, in favour of the inhabitants of Canada shall also take place with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article.

text: Canada question[edit]

text: British perspective[edit]

text: While the war was fought all over the world, the British began the war over French possessions in North America.[12] After a long debate of the relative merits of Guadeloupe, which produced £6 million a year in sugar, versus Canada which was expensive to keep, Great Britain decided to keep Canada for strategic reasons and return Guadeloupe to France.[13] While the war had weakened France, it was still a European power. British Prime Minister Lord Bute wanted a peace that would not aggravate France towards a second war.[14] This explains why Great Britain agreed to return so much while being in such a strong position.

text: Although the Protestant British worried about having so Roman Catholic subjects, Great Britain did not want to antagonize France through expulsion or forced conversion. Also, it did not want French settlers to leave Canada to strengthen other French settlements in North America.[15] This explains Great Britain's willingness to protect Roman Catholics living in Canada.

text: French perspective[edit]

text: Unlike Lord Bute, the French Foreign Minister the Duke of Choiseul expected a return to war. However, France needed peace to rebuild.[16] French diplomats believed that without France to keep the Americans in check, the colonists might attempt to revolt.[citation needed]  In Canada, France wanted open emigration for those, such as nobility, who would not swear allegiance to the British Crown.[17] Lastly, France required protection for Roman Catholics in North America considering Britain's previous treatment of Roman Catholics under its jurisdiction.

text: Canada in the Treaty of Paris[edit]

text: The article states:

text: IV. His Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or might have formed to Nova Scotia or Acadia in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain: Moreover, his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants, so that the Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King, and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guaranty under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned. His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty, and bring away their effects as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal prosecutions: The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty.

text: Dunkirk question[edit]

text: During the negotiations that led to the treaty, a major issue of dispute between Britain and France had been over the status of the fortifications of the French coastal settlement of Dunkirk. The British had long feared that it would be used as a staging post to launch a French invasion of Britain. Under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 they had forced France to concede extreme limits on the fortifications there. The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle had allowed more generous terms,[18] and France had constructed greater defences for the town.

text: By the Treaty Britain forced France to accept the earlier 1713 conditions and demolish the fortifications they had constructed since then.[19] This would be a continuing source of resentment to France, who would eventually have this clause overturned in the 1783 Treaty of Paris which brought an end to the American Revolutionary War.

text: Reaction[edit]

text: When Lord Bute became Prime Minister in 1762, he pushed for a resolution to the war with France and Spain, fearing that Great Britain could not govern all of its newly acquired territories. In what Winston Churchill would later term a policy of "appeasement," Bute returned some colonies to Spain and France in the negotiations.[20] Despite a desire for peace, many in the British parliament opposed the return of any gains made during the war. Notable among the opposition was former Prime Minister William Pitt, the Elder, who warned that the terms of the treaty would only lead to further conflicts once France and Spain had time to rebuild. "The peace was insecure," he would later say, "because it restored the enemy to her former greatness. The peace was inadequate, because the places gained were no equivalent for the places surrendered."[21] The treaty passed 319 votes to 65 opposed.[22]

text: The Treaty of Paris took no consideration of Great Britain's battered continental ally, Frederick II of Prussia. Frederick would have to negotiate peace terms separately in the Treaty of Hubertusburg. For decades following the Seven Years' War, Frederick II would consider the Treaty of Paris as a British betrayal.

text: The American colonists were disappointed by the protection of Roman Catholicism in the Treaty of Paris because of their own strong Protestant faith.[23] Some have pointed to this as one reason for the breakdown of American–British relations.[23]

text: Effects on French Canada[edit]

text: The article provided for unrestrained emigration for 18 months from Canada. However, passage on British ships was expensive.[17] A total of 1,600 people left New France through the Treaty clause, but only 270 French Canadians.[17] Some have claimed that this was part of British policy to limit emigration.[17]

text:
Article IV of the treaty allowed Roman Catholicism to be practised in Canada.[24]
George III agreed to allow Catholicism within the laws of Great Britain. In this period, British laws included various Test Acts to prevent governmental, judicial, and bureaucratic appointments from going to Roman Catholics. Roman Catholics were believed to be agents of the Jacobite Pretenders to the throne, who normally resided in France supported by the French regime.[25] This was relaxed in Quebec to some degree, but top positions like governorships were still held by Anglicans.[24]

text: Article IV has also been cited as the basis for Quebec often having its unique set of laws that are different from the rest of Canada. There was a general constitutional principle in the United Kingdom to allow colonies taken through conquest to continue their own laws.[26] This was limited by royal prerogative, and the monarch could still choose to change the accepted laws in a conquered colony.[26] However, the treaty eliminated this power because by a different constitutional principle, terms of a treaty were considered paramount.[26] In practice, Roman Catholics could become jurors in inferior courts in Quebec and argue based on principles of French law.[27] However, the judge was British and his opinion on French law could be limited or hostile.[27] If the case was appealed to a superior court, neither French law nor Roman Catholic jurors were allowed.[28]

text: Many French residents of what are now Canada's Maritime provinces, called Acadians, were deported during the Great Expulsion (1755–63). After the signing of the peace treaty guaranteed some rights to Roman Catholics, some Acadians returned to Canada. However, they were no longer welcome in English Nova Scotia.[29] They were forced into New Brunswick, which is a bilingual province today as a result of that relocation.[30]

text: Much land previously owned by France was now owned by Britain, and the French people of Quebec felt great betrayal at the French concession. Commander-in-Chief of the British Jeffrey Amherst noted that, "Many of the Canadians consider their Colony to be of utmost consequence to France & cannot be convinced … that their Country has been conceded to Great Britain".[31]


document_title: History of Walmart

question_text: when did the first walmart open in california

root

text: History of Walmart

text: 1960s and 1970s[edit]

text: At some point[when?] Sam Walton made the decision to achieve higher sales volumes by keeping sales prices lower than his competitors by reducing his profit margin. Inspired by the successes of other discount department store chains, Walton opened the second store in Harrison, Arkansas that year. Responsible for the purchase and maintenance of signage, Walton's assistant, Bob Bogle, came up with the name "Wal-Mart" for the new chain.[2] By 1967, the company grew to 24 stores across the state of Arkansas, and had reached $12.6 million in sales, and by 1968, the company opened its first stores outside of Arkansas in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma.[3]

tag: p

text: The company's first stock split occurred in May 1972 at a market price of $47. By this time, Walmart was operating in five states: Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri and Oklahoma, and expanded into Tennessee in 1973, and Kentucky and Mississippi in 1974. As the company expanded into Texas in 1975, there were 125 stores with 7,500 associates, and total sales of $340.3 million.

text: By 1977, Wal-Mart expanded into Illinois and made its first corporate acquisition, assuming ownership and operation of the Mohr-Value stores, which operated in Missouri and Illinois.[4] This was followed by the acquisition of the Hutcheson Shoe Company in 1978. In the same year Walmart also branched out into several new markets, launching its pharmacy, auto service center, and jewelry divisions.

text: 1980s and 1990s[edit]

text: In 1981, Wal-Mart expanded into the southeastern US market, opening stores in Georgia and South Carolina, and acquiring 92 Kuhn's Big K stores. They expanded into Florida and Nebraska in 1982.

text: In April 1983, the company opened its first Sam's Club store, a membership-based discount warehouse club, in Midwest City, Oklahoma. They also expanded into Indiana, Iowa, New Mexico, and North Carolina and implemented "people greeters" in all of their stores. The first stores opened in Virginia in 1984.

text: In 1985, with 882 stores with sales of $8.4 billion and 104,000 associates, the company expanded into Wisconsin and Colorado, and the first stores opened in Minnesota in 1986.

text: By the company's 25th anniversary in 1987, there were offices to track inventory, sales, and send instant communication to their stores.[5] Continuing their technological upgrades, they had equipped 90% of their stores with barcode readers by 1988, to further assist in keeping track of their large inventory.

text: In February 1988, company founder Sam Walton stepped down as Chief Executive Officer, and David Glass was named to succeed him.[6] Walton remained on as Chairman of the Corporate Board of Directors, and the company also restructured their senior management positions, elevating a cadre of executives to positions of greater responsibility.

text: Also in 1988, the first Wal-Mart Supercenter was opened in Washington, Missouri. The supercenter concept features everything contained in an average Walmart discount store, in addition to a tire and oil change shop, optical center, one-hour photo processing lab, portrait studio, and numerous alcove shops such as banks, cellular telephone stores, hair and nail salons, video rental stores, and fast food outlets.

text: By 1988, Wal-Mart was the most profitable retailer in the United States,[7] though it did not outsell K-Mart and Sears in terms of value of items purchased until late 1990 or early 1991.

text: By 1988, Walmart was operating in 27 states, having expanded into Arizona, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, New Jersey, and Wyoming. By 1990, they expanded into California (which marked Walmart officially becoming a fully nationwide retailer), Nevada, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Utah. The Walmart Visitor's Center also opened this year on the site of Sam Walton's original store.

text: The 1990s saw an era of furious growth on an unprecedented scale and the incorporation of several new ideas and technology into the business.

text: In 1990, US sales had quadrupled to $32 billion over the previous five years [4] and Walmart acquired The McLane Company, a food service distributor,[8] which was later sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 2003.[9]

text: In 1991, the company expanded into Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York. Walmart expanded worldwide this year, with the opening of their first store outside the United States in Mexico City. They also acquired Western Merchandisers, Inc. of Amarillo, Texas. 1991 also saw the launch of the Sam's American Choice brand of products.

text: On March 17, 1992 US President George H. W. Bush presented Sam Walton with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Walton died on April 5, 1992. His eldest son, S. Robson Walton, succeeded him as Chairman of the corporate board of directors, on April 7, 1992. This year, Walmart had a presence in 45 states which by this time expanded into Idaho, Montana, and Oregon, as well as Puerto Rico.

text: In 1993, the Walmart International Division was formed with Bobby Martin as its president. The company also expanded into Alaska, Hawaii, Rhode Island and Washington. Their stores also achieve the billion-dollar sales mark in one week in December 1993.

text: In 1994, the National Advertising Review Board challenged the Walmart slogan, "Always the low price. Always," contending that it implied that Walmart's prices were always the lowest and could mislead some shoppers. In response, Walmart adopted a new slogan, "Always low prices. Always."[10]

text: Also in 1994, the Code Adam program was instituted in Walmart stores. That same year, Walmart acquired 91 PACE Membership Warehouse clubs from Kmart and 122 Woolco stores in Canada in 1994. In addition, it opened 3 value clubs in Hong Kong, and had 96 stores in Mexico.

text: By 1995, Walmart had 1,995 discount stores, 239 Supercenters, 433 SAM'S CLUBS and 276 international stores with sales at $93.6 billion (including US sales of $78 billion) and 675,000 associates. Walmart expanded into its final state (Vermont), and also expanded into South America, with three new units in Argentina and five in Brazil.

text:
The company entered the Chinese market in 1996 through a joint-venture agreement.
In 1996 WalMart opened in Fairbanks Alaska, soon after the Sam's Club of Fairbanks opened.
In 1997, Walmart replaced Woolworth on the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company had its first $100 billion sales year, with sales totaling $118.1 billion. Also this year, they acquired 21 Wertkauf stores in Germany, and introduced their OneSource nutrition centers.

text: In 1998, Walmart introduced the Neighborhood Market concept at three stores in Arkansas. Neighborhood Market stores are predominantly grocery stores, and are intended to attract customers with easier parking, less crowded aisles, and quicker checkout compared to an average grocery store. Internationally Walmart enters South Korea by acquiring 4 stores operated by Korea Makro.

text: Also in 1998, Walmart launched its Wal-Mart Television Network, a vast, in-store advertising network showing commercials for products sold in the stores, concert clips and music videos for a recording artist's media, trailers for upcoming movie releases, and news.

text: The Asda chain in the United Kingdom became a subsidiary in 1999, and is the second largest chain in the UK after Tesco.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: In 2000, Lee Scott was named president and CEO and US sales had doubled to $156 billion since 1995. That same year, Walmart was ranked fifth by Fortune magazine on its Global Most Admired All-Stars list and in 2003 and 2004, it was named as the most admired company in America.

text: In 2002, Walmart entered the Japanese market by acquiring a minor stake in Seiyu Group, who would become a wholly owned subsidiary of Walmart by 2008.

text: In 2005, Walmart had $312.4 billion in sales, more than 6,200 facilities around the world, including 3,800 stores in the United States and 3,800 international units, and more than 1.6 million associates employed worldwide. Their US presence had grown so rapidly that there were only small pockets of the country that remained further than 60 miles away from the nearest Walmart.[11]  Approximately 138 million customers visited Walmart stores each week all over the world. Their corporate philanthropy efforts also assisted the US hurricane relief efforts with $18 million in cash donations. Through a purchase of stock in Central American Retail Holding Company (CARHCO), Walmart also entered the countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

text: On 22 May 2006, Walmart announced the sale of its 16 stores in South Korea to Shinsegae Co, which rebranded the stores to E-Mart. Then on 26 July 2006 Walmart announced a complete pull-out from the German market; all existing 85 stores were sold to the Metro Group, which rebranded most of them to Real (hypermarket).

text: On September 12, 2007, for the first time in 13 years, Walmart introduced new advertising with the slogan, "Save Money Live Better," instead of  "Always Low Prices, Always." It commissioned Global Insight for the ads and the report  stated that as of 2006, the retailer saves American families $2,500 yearly (up 7.3% from $2,329, 2004). The new research found that the reduction in price levels due to Walmart resulted to savings for consumers of $287 billion in 2006, equivalent to $957 per person and $2,500 per household.

text: On June 30, 2008, Walmart unveiled the company's new logo, which stylized the name as "Walmart". A spark, a symbol chosen to represent Walmart associates, replaces the star. In early 2009, Walmart entered Chile by acquiring Distribucion y Servicio D&S SA. In May 2009 Walmart entered into a 50/50 partnership with Bharti to gain access to the Indian market.

text: On February 22, 2010, the company confirmed it was acquiring the video streaming company Vudu, Inc. for an estimated $100 million.[12]

text: In June 2011, Walmart acquired 51% of Massmart Holdings. This acquisition gives the company access to the African countries of: South Africa, Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.

text: The Massmart acquisition received final governmental approval in early 2012. The single store Mauritius was closed in January 2012.

text: In June 2014, Walmart employees went on strike in several major cities in the United States.[13]

text: In March 2018 a video of a young boy, Mason Ramsey, yodeling in a Walmart was posted and went viral,[14] later garnering Ramsey a record deal.

text: New ventures[edit]

text: In late 2005, Walmart designed two experimental stores, one in McKinney, Texas and the other in Aurora, Colorado, which featured wind turbines, photovoltaic solar panels, biofuel-capable boilers, water-cooled refrigerators, and xeriscape gardens.[15]

text: In March 2006, Walmart sought to appeal to a more affluent demographic, with the opening of a new supercenter in Plano, Texas at the corner of Park Blvd. and the Dallas North Tollway which was intended to compete against stores that some viewed as more upscale and appealing.[16] The new store features wooden floors, wider aisles, a sushi bar, a coffee/sandwich shop (with free Wi-Fi Internet access), a Subway, and higher-end items such as microbrew beer, expensive wines, and high-end electronics. The exterior sports the less-common hunter green background behind the Walmart letters instead of the trademark blue.

text: In response to the popularity of organic food supermarkets, such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats, Walmart announced plans in May 2006, to increase the amount of organic food available in its stores.[17] They announced that both conventionally grown and organic versions of certain products would be available, and the price of organic versions would not be more than 10% over the price of conventionally grown products.[17] Since Walmart is one of the nation's largest grocery retailers, there was some concern expressed that their push to lower prices would not be sustainable for inexpensive organic food.[18]

text: Legal trouble[edit]

text: Over the last decade or so Walmart has become involved in numerous lawsuits for a variety of reasons.  The majority of the suits are class action lawsuits in which employees are suing for unpaid wages.[19]  They have also run into numerous discrimination cases in which employees are suing for being profiled out of money or out of jobs.  For example, there were two separate cases, one in 2004 and one in 2005, in which black employees were suing two different Walmarts for denying them jobs based on race.[20] These became so popular that the reverend Jesse Jackson intervened and spoke during both of the proceedings.  There are also many lawsuits in which women are suing Wal-Mart for discriminating against them.  In one article written in 2004 USA today mentioned 32 different lawsuits that involved women suing Walmart. But still Walmart has prevailed.[21] All of this has not had any effects on Walmart financially however, according to Fortune 500, Walmart still had $351 billion in revenue ($11 billion in profit) in 2007, a new high for the corporation.[22]

text:
On December 3, 2008, the family of Walmart service worker Jdimytai Damour, who was killed by a stampede of shoppers frantically entering a Walmart store in Valley Stream, New York on Black Friday (November 28),[23] filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the corporation; Damour's family alleged Walmart of encouraging a mass number of customers to come to the store simultaneously.[24][25] In addition, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited Walmart for "...inadequate crowd management following the Nov. 28, 2008, death of an employee at its Valley Stream, New York, store. The worker died of asphyxiation after being knocked to the ground and trampled by a crowd of about 2,000 shoppers who surged into the store for its annual 'Blitz Friday' pre-holiday sales event."
[26]  The company went on to spend an estimated $2 million in legal fees fighting OSHA's $7,000 fine, because it apparently wished to prevent OSHA from establishing a precedent that would enable OSHA to influence Walmart's crowd control measures in the future.[27]

text: Countries of operation[edit]

text: As of October 2009, Walmart stores operate in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[28]


document_title: Labor Day

question_text: when did labor day became a federal holiday

text: Labor Day

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor. In the United States, a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the early 1880s. Alternate stories of the event's origination exist.[citation needed]

text: According to one early history of Labor Day, the event originated in connection with a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882.[4] In connection with this clandestine Knights assembly, a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York.[4] Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration.[5]

text: An alternative thesis is maintained that the idea of Labor Day was the brainchild of Peter J. McGuire, a vice president of the American Federation of Labor, who put forward the initial proposal in the spring of 1882.[1] According to McGuire, on May 8, 1882, he made a proposition to the fledgling Central Labor Union in New York City that a day be set aside for a "general holiday for the laboring classes".[6] According to McGuire he further recommended that the event should begin with a street parade as a public demonstration of organized labor's solidarity and strength, with the march followed by a picnic, to which participating local unions could sell tickets as a fundraiser.[6] According to McGuire he suggested the first Monday in September as an ideal date for such a public celebration, owing to optimum weather and the date's place on the calendar, sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays.[6]

text: Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders.[citation needed]

text: In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as "Labor Sunday", to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.[5] This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture.

text: Legal recognition[edit]

text: In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day.[1] All U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the United States territories have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday.

text: Labor Day vs. May Day[edit]

text: The date of May 1 (an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day) emerged in 1886 as an alternative holiday for the celebration of labor, later becoming known as International Workers' Day. The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor, which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the eight-hour day effective May 1, 1886.[7] While negotiation was envisioned for achievement of the shortened work day, use of the strike to enforce this demand was recognized, with May 1 advocated as a date for coordinated strike action.[7] The proximity of the date to the bloody Haymarket affair of May 4, 1886, further accentuated May First's radical reputation.

text: There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be, with some advocating for continued emphasis of the September march-and-picnic date while others sought the designation of the more politically-charged date of May 1. Conservative Democratic President Grover Cleveland was one of those concerned that a labor holiday on May 1 would tend to become a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that backed the May 1 commemoration around the globe.[8] In 1887, he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday as a less inflammatory alternative.[9] The date was formally adopted as a United States federal holiday in 1894.

text: Unofficial end of summer[edit]

text: Labor Day is called the "unofficial end of summer"[10] because it marks the end of the cultural summer season.  Many take their two-week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend.[11]  Many fall activities, such as school and sports begin about this time.

text: In the United States, many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend (see First day of school). Many begin the week before, making Labor Day weekend the first three-day weekend of the school calendar, while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day, allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins. Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day.[12]

text: In the U.S. state of Virginia, the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day, in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state. The relevant statute has been nicknamed the "Kings Dominion law" after one such park.[13]

text: In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day.  Under state law public schools normally do not begin until after the holiday.  Allowing time for school children to show 4-H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing.[14]

text: In U.S. sports, Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports.  National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League (NFL) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day. The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in  Darlington, South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015. At Indianapolis Raceway Park, the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend. Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows, New York.

text: In fashion, Labor Day is (or was) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white[15] or seersucker.[16][17]

text: In big cities, people try to go outside and enjoy beaches and barbecues over the Labor Day Weekend. There are also numerous events and activities organized in the cities. For example, New York offers Labor Day Carnival, fireworks over Coney Island, happy hours in restaurants, 12-hour dance parties, and many other activities[18]. In Washington, one popular event is the Labor Day Concert at the U.S. Capitol featuring the National Symphony Orchestra with free attendance[19].

text: Labor Day sales[edit]

text: To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop, Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States, especially for back-to-school sales. Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year, second only to the Christmas season's Black Friday.[20]


document_title: Pac-12 Conference

question_text: when did the pac 8 become pac 10

question_tokens: when did the pac 8 become pac 10

text: Pac-12 Conference

text: Member schools[edit]

text: Full members[edit]

text: The Pac-12 has twelve full member institutions. Football is the only sport where the conference is split into two divisions, the North Division and the South Division.

text: The Pac-12's members are spread evenly between 3 regions, with 4 schools each in California, the Pacific Northwest, and the Four Corners region.

text: Endowment figures per NACUBO's 2017 figures and from the University of California Endowment Report.[4][5]

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Type
Enrollment
Endowment
Nickname
Colors

University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona

1885

1978

Public

43,625 [6]

7008843529000000000♠$843,529,000

Wildcats

Arizona State University

Tempe, Arizona

1885

1978

71,946 [7]

7008661046000000000♠$661,046,000

Sun Devils

University of California

Berkeley, California

1868

1915

41,910 [8]

7009429758100000000♠$4,297,581,000

Golden Bears

UCLA

Los Angeles, California

1919

1928

45,428 [9]

7009206257300000000♠$2,062,573,000

Bruins

University of Colorado Boulder

Boulder, Colorado

1876

2011

33,246 [10]

7009122020400000000♠$1,220,204,000 †

Buffaloes

University of Oregon

Eugene, Oregon

1876

1915

22,980 [11]

7008828459000000000♠$828,459,000

Ducks

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon

1868

1915

31,904 [12]

7008549448000000000♠$549,448,000

Beavers

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, California

1880

1922

Private

45,500 [13]

7009512845900000000♠$5,128,459,000

Trojans

Stanford University

Stanford, California

1891

1918

16,336 [14]

7010247849430000000♠$24,784,943,000

Cardinal

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah

1850

2011

Public

32,780 [15]

7009112768600000000♠$1,127,686,000

Utes

University of Washington

Seattle, Washington

1861

1915

56,819 [16]

7009336100000000000♠$3,361,000,000

Huskies

Washington State University

Pullman, Washington

1890

1917

30,614 [17]

7008974029000000000♠$974,029,000

Cougars

tag: table

text: Affiliate members[edit]

text: The Pac-12 has three affiliate member institutions in California.

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Colors
Primary Conference
Pac-12 Sports

California Polytechnic State University

San Luis Obispo, California

1901

1986–87

Public

19,777

Mustangs

Big West

Wrestling

California State University, Bakersfield

Bakersfield, California

1965

1987–88

Public

8,002

Roadrunners

WAC

Wrestling

San Diego State University

San Diego

1897

2005–06

Public

34,500

Aztecs

Mountain West

Men's soccer

text: Cal State Bakersfield initially announced it would become a men's soccer affiliate starting in 2013,[18] but never went through with those plans, accepting an invitation to become an all-sports member of the Western Athletic Conference, which sponsors men's soccer, also in 2013. The school will maintain its Pac-12 affiliation in wrestling, which the WAC does not sponsor.[19]

text: Former members[edit]

text: No school has left the Pac-12 since its founding as the AAWU in 1959. Two members of the PCC were not invited to join the AAWU or its successors.

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Left
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Colors
Current Conference

University of Idaho

Moscow, Idaho

1889

1922

1959

Public

11,957

Vandals

Big Sky

University of Montana

Missoula, Montana

1893

1924

1950

Public

14,921

Grizzlies

text: Former affiliate members[edit]

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Primary Conference
Pac-12 Sports
Joined
Left

Boise State University

Boise, Idaho

1932

Public

19,667

Broncos

Mountain West

Wrestling[a]

1987–88

2016–17

University of California, Davis

Davis, California

1905

Public

34,155

Aggies

Big West

Wrestling

1992–93

2009–10

University of California, Santa Barbara

Santa Barbara, California

1909

Public

20,559

Gauchos

Big West

Men's swimming & diving[b]

2010–11

2014–15

California Polytechnic State University

San Luis Obispo, California

1901

Public

19,777

Mustangs

Big West

Men's swimming & diving[b]

2010–11

2014–15

California State University, Fresno

Fresno, California

1911

Public

23,060

Bulldogs

Mountain West

Wrestling[c]

1986–87

1990–91

California State University, Fullerton

Fullerton, California

1957

Public

38,325

Titans

Big West

Wrestling

1986–87

2010–11

Eastern Washington University

Cheney, Washington

1882

Public

13,453

Eagles

Big Sky

Baseball

1982–83

1989–90

Gonzaga University

Spokane, Washington

1887

Private

7,229

Bulldogs

WCC

Baseball

1982–83

1994–95

Portland State University

Portland, Oregon

1946

Public

29,452

Vikings

Big Sky

Baseball

1982–83

1997–98

Wrestling

1998–99

2008–09

University of Portland

Portland, Oregon

1901

Private

3,200

Pilots

WCC

Baseball

1982–83

1994–95

San Jose State University

San Jose, California

1857

Public

31,278

Spartans

Mountain West

Wrestling

1986–87

1987–88

Utah State University

Logan, Utah

1888

Public

28,796

Aggies

Mountain West

Wrestling

1986–87

1988–89

text:
Jump up ^ Boise State dropped wrestling after the 2016–17 season.

^ Jump up to: a b This team now competes in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.

Jump up ^ Fresno State eventually dropped wrestling after the 2005–06 season. The program was revived in 2017 and now competes in the Big 12 Conference.

tag: ol

text: Facilities[edit]

text:
School

Football stadium

Capacity

Basketball arena

Capacity

Baseball stadium

Capacity

Arizona

Arizona Stadium

56,037[20]

McKale Center

14,655[21]

Hi Corbett Field

9,500[22]

Arizona State

Sun Devil Stadium

56,232[23]

Wells Fargo Arena

10,754[24]

Phoenix Municipal Stadium

8,775[25]

California

California Memorial Stadium

62,467[26]

Haas Pavilion

11,877[27]

Evans Diamond

2,500[28]

Colorado

Folsom Field

53,613[29]

Coors Events Center

11,064[30]

No team, dropped in 1980

Oregon

Autzen Stadium

54,000[31]

Matthew Knight Arena

12,346[32]

PK Park

3,600[33]

Oregon State

Reser Stadium

43,363[34]

Gill Coliseum

9,604[35]

Goss Stadium at Coleman Field

3,248[36]

Stanford

Stanford Stadium

50,424[37]

Maples Pavilion

7,233[38]

Klein Field at Sunken Diamond

4,000[39]

UCLA

Rose Bowl

91,936[40]

Pauley Pavilion

13,800[41][42]

Jackie Robinson Stadium

1,820[43]

USC

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

77,500[44]

Galen Center

10,258[45]

Dedeaux Field

2,500[46]

Utah

Rice-Eccles Stadium

45,807[47]

Jon M. Huntsman Center

15,000[48]

Smith's Ballpark

15,411[49]

Washington

Husky Stadium

70,138[50]

Hec Edmundson Pavilion

10,000[51]

Husky Ballpark

2,212[52]

Washington State

Martin Stadium

32,740[53]

Beasley Coliseum

11,671[54]

Bailey-Brayton Field

3,500[55]

text: Key personnel[edit]

text:
School
Athletic director
Football coach
Men's basketball coach
Women's basketball coach
Baseball coach

Arizona
Dave Heeke
Kevin Sumlin
Sean Miller
Adia Barnes
Jay Johnson

Arizona State
Ray Anderson
Herm Edwards
Bobby Hurley
Charli Turner Thorne
Tracy Smith

California
H. Michael Williams
Justin Wilcox
Wyking Jones
Lindsay Gottlieb
Mike Neu (baseball)

Colorado
Rick George
Mike MacIntyre
Tad Boyle
JR Payne
No team

Oregon
Rob Mullens
Mario Cristobal
Dana Altman
Kelly Graves
George Horton

Oregon State
Scott Barnes
Jonathan Smith
Wayne Tinkle
Scott Rueck
Pat Casey

Stanford
Bernard Muir
David Shaw
Jerod Haase
Tara VanDerveer
David Esquer

UCLA
Dan Guerrero
Chip Kelly
Steve Alford
Cori Close
John Savage

USC
Lynn Swann
Clay Helton
Andy Enfield
Mark Trakh
Dan Hubbs

Utah
Mark Harlan
Kyle Whittingham
Larry Krystkowiak
Lynne Roberts
Bill Kinneberg

Washington
Jennifer Cohen
Chris Petersen
Mike Hopkins
Jody Wynn
Lindsay Meggs

Washington State
Pat Chun
Mike Leach
Ernie Kent
June Daugherty
Marty Lees

text: Academics[edit]

text: Eight of the twelve member schools are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU), including all four California-based schools.[56] The only FBS conference with more AAU members is the Big Ten with 13 out of 14 member institutions having AAU membership.

text:
University of Arizona
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Los Angeles
University of Colorado Boulder
University of Oregon
University of Southern California
Stanford University
University of Washington

tag: ul

text: Additionally, these member schools are also highly ranked nationally and globally by various groups, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and Times Higher Education World University Rankings (Times). As of 2014, four Pac-12 institutions are ranked in the top 20 universities in the world, the most out of all conferences outside the Ivy League with Stanford ranked 2nd, UC Berkeley ranked 4th (the highest ranking of any public university), UCLA ranked 12th, and the University of Washington ranked at 15th. In 2014, of the twelve member schools, nine were ranked in the top 100 universities in the world.[57]

text: Athletic department revenue by school[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Total revenue includes ticket sales, contributions and donations, rights and licensing, student fees, school funds and all other sources including TV income, camp income, concessions, and novelties. Total expenses includes coach and staff salaries, scholarships, buildings and grounds, maintenance, utilities and rental fees, recruiting, team travel, equipment and uniforms, conference dues, and insurance.

text: The following table is updated to show institutional reporting to the Department of Education as shown on the DOE Equity in Athletics website for the 2013–14 academic year. The national ranking of revenue is based on 2075 institutions reporting to the Department of Education that year. Source: http://ope.ed.gov/athletics.

text:
Confrank(2013–14)

Nationalrank(2013–14)

Institution

2013–14Total revenuefrom athletics

2013–14Total expenseson athletics

1

12

Stanford University

$110,240,490

$110,240,490

2

13

University of Southern California

$106,528,649

$106,528,649

3

19

University of Washington

$100,275,186

$86,097,136

4

22

University of Arizona

$97,630,769

$93,273,995

5

27

University of California, Berkeley

$90,262,140

$76,446,272

6

33

University of California, Los Angeles

$86,426,780

$86,426,780

7

35

University of Oregon

$81,546,443

$79,961,755

8

45

Arizona State University

$72,775,808

$72,599,644

9

55

Oregon State University

$67,033,751

$67,033,751

10

60

University of Colorado

$64,303,098

$64,303,098

11

62

Washington State University

$60,727,273

$60,727,273

12

65

University of Utah

$59,005,590

$57,819,434

text: History[edit]

text: Pacific Coast Conference[edit]

text: The roots of the Pac-12 Conference go back to December 2, 1915, when the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) was founded at a meeting at the Imperial Hotel in Portland, Oregon.[58] Charter members were the University of California (now University of California, Berkeley), University of Washington, University of Oregon, and Oregon Agricultural College (now Oregon State University). The PCC began play in 1916.

text: One year later, Washington State College (now Washington State University) joined the league, followed by Stanford University in 1918.

text: In 1922, the PCC expanded to eight teams with the admission of USC and Idaho. Montana joined the Conference in 1924, and in 1928, the PCC grew to 10 members with the addition of UCLA.

text: For many years, the conference split into two divisions for basketball and baseball – a Southern Division comprising the four California schools and a Northern Division comprising the six schools in the Pacific Northwest.

text: In 1950, Montana departed to join the Mountain States Conference. The PCC continued as a nine-team league through June 1959.

text: AAWU (Big Five and Big Six)[edit]

text: Following "pay-for-play" scandals at California, USC, UCLA, and Washington, the PCC disbanded in June 1959. Ten months earlier in  August 1958, these four schools agreed to form a new conference that would take effect the following summer.[59][60] When the four schools and Stanford began discussions for a new conference in 1959, retired Admiral Thomas J. Hamilton interceded and suggested the schools consider creating a national "power conference" (Hamilton had been a key player, head coach, and athletic director at Navy, and was the current athletic director at Pittsburgh). Nicknamed the "Airplane Conference,"[61][62][63] the five former PCC schools would have played with other major academically-oriented schools, including Army, Navy, Air Force, Notre Dame, Penn, Penn State, Duke, and Georgia Tech among others.[61][64] The effort fell through when a Pentagon official vetoed the idea and the service academies backed out.[65]

text: On July 1, 1959, the new Athletic Association of Western Universities was launched, with California, UCLA, USC, and Washington as the four charter members.[66] Stanford joined during the first month.[60][67]  Hamilton left Pittsburgh to become the first commissioner of the AAWU,[66][68] and remained for twelve years.[69] The conference also was popularly known as the Big Five from 1960 to 1962.[70] When Washington State joined in 1962,[71] the conference became informally known as the Big Six.[70][72]

text: Oregon and Oregon State joined in the summer of 1964.[73][74] With the addition of the two Oregon schools, the conference was known unofficially as the Pacific Athletic Conference,[75][76][77][78][79] and then the Pacific-8 (as there already was a major conference called the Big Eight). In 1968, the AAWU formally renamed itself the Pacific-8 Conference, or Pac-8 for short. The Pac-8 did not allow a second bowl team from the conference until the 1975 season.[80]

text: Idaho was never invited to join the AAWU[citation needed]; the Vandals were independent for four years until the formation of the Big Sky Conference in 1963, and were independent in football until 1965.

text: In 1978, the conference added Arizona and Arizona State from the Western Athletic Conference, becoming the Pacific-10 Conference or Pac-10. The invitations to the schools were extended in December 1976,[81] and the expansion formally announced in May 1977.[82]

text: In 1986, the Pac-10 began sponsoring women's athletics. Prior to this time members' women's teams competed with other large universities on the Pacific coast in either the Northern Pacific Conference or the Western Collegiate Athletic Association.

text: In the mid-1990s the conference expressed interest in admitting the University of Colorado and the University of Texas after the collapse of the Southwest Conference. Texas expressed an interest in joining a strong academic conference, but joined three fellow Southwest Conference schools (Texas A&M, Texas Tech, and Baylor) to merge with the Big Eight Conference to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996. Colorado elected to remain in the newly formed Big 12.[83]

text: Before the addition of Colorado and Utah in 2011, only the Ivy League had maintained its membership for a longer time than the Pac-10 among Division I conferences. Commissioner Larry Scott said on February 9, 2010, that the window for expansion was open for the next year as the conference began negotiations for a new television deal. Speaking on a conference call to introduce former Big 12 commissioner Kevin Weiberg as his new deputy, Scott talked about possibly adding new teams to the conference and launching a new television network.[84] Scott, the former head of the Women's Tennis Association, took over the conference in July 2009. In his first eight months on the job, he saw growing interest from the membership over the possibility of adding teams for the first time since Arizona and Arizona State joined the conference in 1978.

text: In early June 2010, there were reports that the Pac-10 was considering adding up to six teams to the conference: the University of Texas, Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University, the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the University of Colorado.[85]

text: On June 10, 2010, the University of Colorado Boulder officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac-10 Conference, effective starting with the 2012–2013 academic year.[86][87] The school later announced it would join the conference a year earlier than previously announced, in the 2011–2012 academic year.

text: On June 15, 2010, a deal was reached between Texas and the Big 12 Conference to keep Texas, Texas A&M, Texas Tech, Oklahoma, and Oklahoma State in the Big 12. Following Texas' decision, the other Big 12 schools that had been rumored candidates to join the Pac-10 announced they would remain in the Big 12. This deal effectively ended the Pac-10's ambition to potentially become a sixteen-team conference.[88]

text: On June 17, 2010, the University of Utah officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac-10 Conference, effective starting July 2011.[86] Utah was a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) with Arizona and Arizona State before those two left for the Pac-10 in 1978. The Utes left an expanded WAC with seven other schools in 1999 to form the new Mountain West Conference. Utah became the first "BCS Buster" to join a BCS conference, having played in (and won) two BCS games beforehand.

text: On July 27, 2010, the conference unveiled a new logo and announced that the Pac-10 would be renamed the Pac-12 when Utah and Colorado formally joined in July 2011. On October 21, the Pac-12 announced that its football competition would be split into two divisions—a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools, and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Southern California schools. On July 1, 2011, the Pac-12 assumed its current alignment when both Colorado and Utah officially joined as full members.

text: On August 15, 2012, the conference debuted the Pac-12 Network. It was the third college sports conference to launch a dedicated network, and the first to completely fund and own their own network outright.

text: To this day, the Pac-12 claims the PCC's history as its own. It inherited the PCC's berth in the Rose Bowl, and the eight largest schools in the old PCC all eventually joined the new league.

text: The Pac-12 is one of the founding members of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF), a conference organized to provide competition in non-revenue Olympic sports. All-Pac-12 members participate in at least one MPSF sport (men's and women's indoor track and field both actually have enough participating Pac-12 schools for the conference to sponsor a championship, but the Pac-12 has opted not to do so). For certain sports, the Pac-12 admits certain schools as associate members.

text: Membership timeline[edit]

text: Full members

text: Sponsored sports[edit]

text: The Pac-12 Conference sponsors championship competition in 10 men's and 13 women's NCAA-sanctioned sports, plus one men's sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA. Three schools are associate members in a single men's sport.[89]

text: The newest sport to be sponsored by the Pac-12 is women's lacrosse, which begins play in spring 2018 following the elevation of Arizona State's club team to full varsity status.[90]

text:
Pac-12 teams in conference competition

Sport
Men's
Women's

Baseball
11
–

Basketball
12
12

Beach volleyball ^
–
8

Cross country
9
12

Football
12
–

Golf
12
11

Gymnastics
–
8

Lacrosse
1
6

Rowing †
6
7

Soccer
6
12

Softball
–
9

Swimming & Diving
8
9

Tennis
8
11

Track & Field Outdoor
10
12

Volleyball
–
12

Wrestling
5
–

text:
^ — Beach volleyball is a fully sanctioned NCAA sport which held its first national championship in the spring of 2016.[91] The Pac-12 is the second conference (after the Atlantic Sun Conference) to sponsor a championship in the sport.[92]
† — Rowing (M) is sanctioned by the Intercollegiate Rowing Association, not by the NCAA; Rowing (W) is sanctioned by both.

text: Men's sponsored sports by school[edit]

text: Member-by-member sponsorship of the 11 men's Pac-12 sports.

text:
School
Baseball
Basketball
CrossCountry
Football
Golf
Rowing[a]
Soccer
Swimming& Diving
Tennis
Track& FieldOutdoor
Wrestling
TotalSports

Arizona
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
8

Arizona State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

California
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
10

Colorado
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y[b]
N
N
N
Y
N
6

Oregon
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
7

Oregon State
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
7

Stanford
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

UCLA
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
8

USC
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
7

Utah
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
6

Washington
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
9

Washington State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y[b]
N
N
N
Y
N
6

Totals
11
12
9
12
12
4+2[c]
5+1[d]
6
9
10
3+2[e]
93+3[f]+2[g]

text: Men's sports that are not sponsored by the Pac-12 but are fielded as a varsity sport at Pac-12 schools

text:
School
Fencing
Gymnastics
IceHockey
Lacrosse
Rugby[a]
Sailing[a]
Skiing
Track & FieldIndoor
Volleyball
WaterPolo
TotalSports

Arizona

PAC

MPSF

2

Arizona State

IND

PAC

MPSF

3

California

MPSF

PAC

MPSF

MPSF
4

Colorado

RMISA
MPSF

2

Oregon

MPSF

1

Oregon State

PAC[b]

1

Stanford
IND
MPSF

PCCSC

MPSF
MPSF
MPSF
6

UCLA

PAC

MPSF
MPSF
MPSF
4

USC

MPSF
MPSF
MPSF
3

Utah

[h]
PAC

RMISA

2

Washington

MPSF

1

Washington State

MPSF

1

Totals
1
2
1
0
1 + 5
1
2
10
3
4
25+5

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Not an NCAA-sanctioned sport.

^ Jump up to: a b c Club status team competing against varsity teams.

Jump up ^ 4 full varsity teams and 2 club status teams.

Jump up ^ Affiliate: San Diego State

Jump up ^ Affiliates: Cal Poly, Cal State Bakersfield

Jump up ^ Affiliate members with full varsity status.

Jump up ^ Club teams.

Jump up ^ Utah will elevate its club lacrosse team to full varsity status for the 2019 season (2018–19 school year).[93]

text: Women's sponsored sports by school[edit]

text: Member-by-member sponsorship of the 13 women's Pac-12 sports.

text:
School
Basketball
BeachVolleyball
CrossCountry
Golf
Gymnastics
Lacrosse
Rowing
Soccer
Softball
Swimming& Diving
Tennis
Track& FieldOutdoor
Volleyball
TotalSports

Arizona
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

Arizona State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
12

California
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
13

Colorado
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
8

Oregon
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
10

Oregon State
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
10

Stanford
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
13

UCLA
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
12

USC
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

Utah
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

Washington
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
11

Washington State
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

Totals
12
8
12
11
8
6
7
12
9
9
11
12
12
129

text: Women's sports that are not sponsored by the Pac-12 but are fielded as a varsity sport at Pac-12 schools

text:
School
Acrobatics& Tumbling[w 1]
Fencing
FieldHockey
Sailing[w 1]
Skiing
Squash[w 1]
SynchronizedSwimming[w 1]
Track& FieldIndoor
Triathlon
WaterPolo
TotalSports

Arizona

MPSF

1

Arizona State

MPSF
IND
MPSF
3

California

AmEast

MPSF

MPSF
3

Colorado

RMISA

MPSF

2

Oregon
NCATA

MPSF

2

Oregon State

MPSF

1

Stanford

IND
AmEast
PCCSC

IND
IND
MPSF

MPSF
7

UCLA

MPSF

MPSF
2

USC

MPSF

MPSF
2

Utah

RMISA

MPSF

2

Washington

MPSF

1

Washington State

MPSF

1

Totals
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
12
1
5
27

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d Not an NCAA sanctioned sport.

text: NCAA national titles[edit]

text:
School

Team

Individual

Men

Women

Co-ed†

Total

Men

Women

Co-ed

Total

Arizona

7

12

0

19

83

93

0

176

Arizona State

11

13

0

24

66

46

0

112

California

28

8

0

36

155

86

0

241

UCLA

75

41

0

116

166

103

0

269

Colorado

16

2

8

26

23

15

90

128

Oregon

19

14

0

33

102

42

0

144

Oregon State

4

0

0

4

32

7

0

39

USC

84

20

0

104

319

72

0

391

Stanford

64

53

0

117

265

204

14

483

Utah

2

9

10

21

5

25

72

102

Washington

0

8

0

8

54

17

2

73

Washington State

2

0

0

2

79

6

1

86

Conference total

311

180

18

509

1349

716

179

2244

text:
See also:
List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships,
List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships, and
NCAA Division I FBS Conferences

text: Team titles through Sept. 22, 2017; individual titles through July 1, 2016[94]

text: † Co-ed sports include fencing (since 1990), rifle, and skiing (since 1983). Team fencing championships before 1990 and team skiing championships before 1983 were awarded as men's or women's championships and are counted here as such.

text: These totals do not include football national championships, which the NCAA does not officially award at the FBS level. Various polls, formulas, and other third-party systems have been used to determine national championships, not all of which are universally accepted. These totals also do not include championships prior to the inception of the NCAA.

text: USC claims 11 national football championships,[95] California claims 5,[96][97] Washington and Stanford claim 2,[98][99] and Colorado, Utah, and UCLA claim 1.[100][101][102][102][103][104]

text: Conference champions[edit]

text:
Football
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Baseball
Softball
Gymnastics
Men's soccer
Women's soccer
Women's volleyball

text: Football[edit]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Each of the ten schools that were conference members before 2011 has its own in-state, conference rivalry. One is an intracity rivalry (UCLA-USC), and another is within the same metropolitan area (California-Stanford). Colorado and Utah, who joined in 2011, were historic rivals in the Rocky Mountain region prior to 1962 when they suspended the series. These rivalries (and the name given to the football forms) are:

text:
Oregon–Oregon State (The Civil War; the Platypus Trophy, not officially recognized by the Universities, is awarded to the winning alumni association).
California–Stanford (The Big Game; winner gets the Stanford Axe).
Arizona–Arizona State (The Duel in the Desert; winner gets the Territorial Cup).
Colorado–Utah (Rumble in the Rockies).
Washington–Washington State (the Apple Cup; since 1962 the winner receives the Apple Cup trophy).
UCLA–USC (The winner of the annual game gets the Victory Bell; referred among the students as the Gauntlet or the Crosstown Gauntlet, it has now been rebranded as the SoCal BMW Crosstown Cup and is awarded to the athletic department with the most victories[105]).

text: The most frequently played rivalries in the conference are the Civil War between Oregon and Oregon State (120 meetings through 2016) and the Big Game between Stanford and California (119 meetings). These rivalries are among the ten most played rivalries in Division I FBS football.

text: The two newest members, Colorado and Utah, had a football rivalry that had been dormant since 1962 – both were conference rivals previously in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (now a Division II conference), and later the now-defunct Mountain States Conference (also known as the Skyline Conference). Even after Colorado joined what became the Big 12 in 1948 (the conference was then known popularly as the Big 7 Conference), the two schools continued their football rivalry for over a decade before ending it after the 1962 season. With the two schools being placed in the same division for football starting in 2011, the rivalry was revived with their 58th meeting during the 2011 season.

text: All of the California schools consider each other major rivals, due to the culture clash between Northern and Southern California.[106] California and UCLA have a rivalry rooted in their shared history as the top programs within the University of California system. Stanford and USC have a rivalry rooted in their shared history as the only private schools in the Pac-12. California and USC also have a long history, having played each other every year in football since 1916.

text: Oregon, Oregon State, Washington, and Washington State all consider each other major rivals due to their proximity and long history. The Oregon–Washington rivalry is sometimes referred to as the Border War.[107]

text: Arizona and New Mexico have a recently renewed rivalry game, based upon when they were both members of the WAC and both states were longtime territories before being admitted as states in 1912. They played for the Kit Carson Rifle trophy, which was no longer used starting with their meeting in the 1997 Insight Bowl.[108][109]

text: USC and Notre Dame have an intersectional rivalry (See Notre Dame–USC rivalry). The games in odd-numbered years are played in South Bend in mid-October, while the games in even-numbered years are played in Los Angeles, usually in late November.

text: Stanford and Notre Dame also have an intersectional rivalry (See Notre Dame–Stanford football rivalry). The schedule of the Stanford–Notre Dame rivalry mirrors that of USC–Notre Dame. The games in even-numbered years are played at Notre Dame in mid-October, while the games in odd-numbered years are played at Stanford in late November.

text: The isolated rural campuses of Washington State and Idaho are eight miles (13 km) apart on the Palouse, creating a natural border war known as the Battle of the Palouse. Idaho rejoined FBS in 1996.

text: Utah and BYU have a fierce rivalry nicknamed the Holy War that goes back to 1896.

text: Colorado also has a rivalry with in-state rival Colorado State called the Rocky Mountain Showdown.

text: With the NCAA permanently approving 12-game schedules in college football beginning in 2006, the Pac-10—alone among major conferences in doing so—went to a full nine-game conference schedule. Previously, the schools did not play one non-rival opponent, resulting in an eight-game conference schedule (four home games and four away). In 2010, the last season before the arrival of Colorado and Utah, the only other BCS conference that played a round-robin schedule was the Big East. The schedule consisted of one home and away game against the two schools in each region, plus the game against the primary in-state rival.

text: Divisions[edit]

text: On October 21, 2010 the Pac-10 announced the creation of divisions and a championship game in football, to be used when Colorado and Utah joined the conference effective July 1, 2011. The twelve members were split into two divisions for football only: a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools, and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Los Angeles schools.[110] The four California schools (gray background below) will still play each other every season despite spanning both divisions.

text:
North Division
South Division

Oregon
Arizona

Oregon State
Arizona State

Washington
Colorado

Washington State
Utah

California
UCLA

Stanford
USC

text: A nine-game conference schedule is being maintained, with five games within the assigned division and four games from the opposite division. The four California teams will play each other every season. Consequently, the four non-California teams in each division will only play one of the two California teams from the opposite division each year.

text: The Pac-12 Football Championship Game features the North Division Champion against the South Division Champion. The divisional champions are determined based on record in all conference games (both divisional and cross-divisional). The first three championship games were played at the home stadium of the participant with the better overall conference record.[111] Since 2014, the Championship Game has been hosted at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California.

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: As of the 2017 college football season, the following is the selection order of bowl games with Pac-12 tie-ins. If a Pac-12 team is selected to participate in the College Football Playoff, all other bowl-eligible teams move up one spot in the order.

text:
Pick

Name

Location

Opposingconference

Opposingpick

1

Rose Bowl

Pasadena, California

Big Ten

1

2

Alamo Bowl

San Antonio, Texas

Big 12

2

3

Holiday Bowl

San Diego, California

Big Ten

4

4

Foster Farms Bowl

Santa Clara, California

Big Ten

6

5

Sun Bowl

El Paso, Texas

ACC

4

6

Las Vegas Bowl

Las Vegas, Nevada

MWC

1

7

Cactus Bowl

Tempe, Arizona

Big 12

5

text: Pac-12 All-Century Football Team[edit]

text: In honor of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the conference, an All-Century Team was unveiled on December 2, 2015, voted on by a panel of coaches, players, and the media.[112]

text:
Quarterbacks: John Elway, Stanford; Marcus Mariota, Oregon; Jim Plunkett, Stanford; Andrew Luck, Stanford; Matt Leinart, USC
Running backs: Marcus Allen, USC; OJ Simpson, USC; Charles White, USC; Reggie Bush, USC; Mike Garrett, USC
Wide receivers: Keyshawn Johnson, USC; Lynn Swann, USC; Marqise Lee, USC; JJ Stokes, UCLA; Ken Margerum, Stanford
Tight ends: Tony Gonzalez, California; Charles Young, USC;
Offensive line: Jonathan Ogden, UCLA; Ron Yary, USC; Tony Boselli, USC; Anthony Muñoz, USC; Lincoln Kennedy, Washington; Brad Budde, USC; Randall McDaniel, Arizona State
Defensive ends: Tedy Bruschi, Arizona; Terrell Suggs, Arizona State; Willie McGinest, USC; Andre Carter, California; Jim Jeffcoat, Arizona State
Defensive tackles: Steve Emtman, Washington; Haloti Ngata, Oregon; Rob Waldrop, Arizona; Leonard Williams, USC; Ed White, California
Linebackers Junior Seau, USC; Jerry Robinson, UCLA; Ricky Hunley, Arizona; Richard Wood, USC; Chris Claiborne, USC
Cornerbacks Joey Browner, USC; Mel Renfro, Oregon; Chris McAlister, Arizona; Antoine Cason, Arizona
Safeties: Ronnie Lott, USC ; Kenny Easley, UCLA; Troy Polamalu, USC; Mark Carrier, USC
Kicker: Jason Hanson, Washington State
Punter: Tom Hackett, Utah
Returner: Reggie Bush, USC
Coach: John McKay, USC

text: Note: Bold Italic notes Offensive, Defensive and Coach of the Century selections; The voting panel was made up of 119 former players, coaches and media.[113]


document_title: A Dog's Purpose (film)

question_text: whos the voice of the dog in a dog's purpose

question_tokens: whos the voice of the dog in a dog 's purpose

text: A Dog's Purpose (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1950s, a feral puppy named Toby is whisked away to the dog pound and quickly euthanized, wondering if "fun" truly is life's purpose.

text: His strong spirit is reborn and reincarnated as a newborn Retriever puppy in 1961, Toby leaves his cage at a puppy mill and is found by two garbage men who plan to sell him for their own profit. They leave to drink and Toby is spotted locked inside their pick-up truck by a young boy named Ethan and his mother, who rescue him from the brink of death by heatstroke. After they convince Ethan's father, the dog is allowed to stay and renamed Bailey.

text: Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer when the family visits Ethan's maternal grandparents' farm, and Bailey now believes Ethan alone is his purpose. Years pass and after several attempts at advancing in his job failed, Ethan's father has become a deadbeat alcoholic, though teenage Ethan still tries to respect him - inviting him to a football game now that he has been named starting quarterback.

text: Over the summer, Ethan goes to a fair with Bailey and meets Hannah, who he quickly begins dating, with Bailey referring to her as "part of the pack". Ethan and Hannah spend their summer happy together though their senior years are upcoming, but they plan to go to the same school; popular Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah following him on an academic one. When he goes home one night though, Ethan's father is drunk and shouting at Ethan's mother. He turns on Ethan then and when his mother tries to keep them separated, he shoves her to the ground. Ethan orders his father to leave and never come back, and becomes "the leader of the pack."

text: Later, at a game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full 4-year scholarship to Michigan State, but that night a vindictive classmate named Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house as a prank, which unintentionally results in a house fire. Bailey alerts Ethan, who goes to save his mother. Unable to get out of the door, they head out through his mother's bedroom window upstair. Ethan first lowers her with her sheets to the neighbors below, then Bailey — but when trying to jump himself, Ethan badly fractures his leg, ending his dreams of an athletic scholarship. Bailey attacks Todd, who is apprehended by the police. Instead Ethan must go to an agricultural school where he will learn to take over his grandparents' farm. Falling into depression, self-pity and bitterness, he grudgingly breaks off his romance with Hannah before leaving for college. Sometime afterwards, an aged Bailey slowly expires at the veterinarian's office after sharing an eleventh-hour teary goodbye with Ethan.

text: Bailey reincarnates into another dog life, a female German Shepherd Police dog named Ellie, sometime in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while possessing full memories and experiences of his past lives. Ellie is partnered with a widowed officer named Carlos from the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "showing" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose. The two form a close relationship which ends after Ellie jumps into a rushing river and saves a kidnapped girl from drowning, and is then fatally shot during a struggle with the armed kidnapper who was a moment away from killing an unsuspecting Carlos.

text: Reborn again in the mid-1980s as a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, he forms a bond with an Atlanta college student named Maya who names him Tino. Maya is lonely, which Tino, having bonded closely with the girl, realizes, and makes his purpose to find her some happiness. She starts a relationship with another classmate named Al who she begins seeing after Tino falls for Al's dog, a black and white Landseer named Roxie, and allows her to open up to him. Maya and Al marry and have 3 children who all love the Corgi. In love with Roxie (though she does not seem to reciprocate the romance), Tino is permanently heartbroken when one day she does not return from the vet. As he lies dying of old age in the late 1990s, Tino thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives.

text: Bailey is again reborn and reincarnated, this time, as a St. Bernard-Australian Shepherd mix, sometime during the next decade, only to be taken in by an abusive and neglectful urban couple who name him Waffles. Waffles is eventually dumped in an abandoned lot and reluctantly sets off in search of a new life. Walking past a dog park and remembering how long it had been since he played, Waffles meets a dog and her human who hold a familiar scent to him, though he knows neither of them. He gradually makes his way to the country area where he spent summers as Bailey without even realizing at first where he is headed. He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, who is now somewhere in his 50s, living a lonely life and apparently broken in spirit at his Grandparents' old farm, which he now owns and runs. Ethan, of course, initially has no idea who this wandering dog really is and hands him over to the local animal shelter. But he soon has a change of heart and reclaims him, naming him Buddy. Buddy, sensing that he has finally found the true purpose of life that has long evaded him, finds a way to reunite Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they eventually get married.

text: Buddy finally convinces Ethan that he is his beloved childhood pet by performing some tricks and responding to key phrases that were known only to the two of them all those many, many long years ago. The dog in voiceover tells the viewer that life is about having fun; saving others; not getting caught in the past or regrets; finding someone to be with; and living for today.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Gad as the voice of Toby, Bailey, Ellie, Tino, Waffles and Buddy.
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery (adult)[8]

KJ Apa as teenage Ethan Montgomery[8]
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year old Ethan Montgomery

Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother.[8]
Peggy Lipton as Hannah (adult)[8]

Britt Robertson as young Hannah[8]

John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya
Pooch Hall as Al[9]
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother
Logan Miller as Todd, the vindictive classmate

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel.[10] On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film.[11] On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast.[8] On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film.[9] On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play the dog's inner voice.[12] He was eventually replaced by Josh Gad.[13] Principal photography began on August 17, 2015.[14]

text: Release[edit]

text: In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy.[15] The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017.[16] Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales.

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64.3 million in the United States and Canada and $136.7 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $201 million, against a production budget of $22 million.[3]

text: In North America was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for.[4] It made $466,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.3 million on its first day. It ended up debuting to $18.2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split.[17] The film dropped 40.6% in its second weekend, grossing $10.8 million and finishing third at the box office.[18]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 121 reviews, and an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon."[19] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 43 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[20] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[21]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Studios Home Entertainment.[22][23] The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017.[24]

text: Animal abuse allegations[edit]

text: Initial reaction[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting.[25] After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog.[26] The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident is under further investigation.[27][28] PETA called for a boycott of the film.[29] Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie, was not on set during the making of the film, but stated that he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will".[30] Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere.[31]

text: Director Lasse Hallström stated on Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage.[32]

text: Validity of the video[edit]

text: Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying that "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot", and that "Hercules is happy and healthy".[33]

text: Dennis Quaid also came out against the TMZ video, stating that the video did not tell the whole story, saying:

text: My experience is that the animals were treated great. There was no animal abuse. That video that someone took and sold for money and held on to for a year and a half until right before the film's coming out, does not tell the whole story. First of all, it's been edited and manipulated. And I think it's a scam, to tell you the truth. What they (the viewers of the video) saw was completely out of context. It was edited...and all of the footage I saw, the dog was going into the water happily and had to be restrained, actually, from going into the water many times during that day.

text: Quaid also said that the video was shot towards the end of the day and I would not say, in real context, that the dog was frightened. The dog was acting like a dog who was kind of tired of taking a bath and was ready to get out. And, in fact, that's what happened. They took the dog out.[34]

text: On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public.[5]

text: The film was released with AHAD approval number 06202.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On June 21, 2017, CEO of Amblin Entertainment Michael Wright announced that a sequel was in development.[35]


document_title: Hart Memorial Trophy

question_text: who has won the most nhl mvp awards

question_tokens: who has won the most nhl mvp awards

text: Hart Memorial Trophy

text: History

text: The Hart Memorial Trophy is named in honour of Canadian Dr. David Hart. Dr. Hart, who donated the original trophy to the NHL, was the father of Cecil Hart, a former Coach and General Manager of the Montreal Canadiens. The trophy was first awarded at the conclusion of the 1923–24 NHL season to Frank Nighbor of the Ottawa Senators. The original Hart Trophy was retired to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1960, and the NHL began presenting a new trophy, which was dubbed the Hart Memorial Trophy in its place.[2] With the exceptions of Tommy Anderson, Al Rollins, and José Theodore, every eligible player who won the Hart Trophy (and retired) has been inducted into the Hall of Fame.

text: Wayne Gretzky won the award a record nine times during his career, eight consecutively. He has been named MVP more times than any other player in the history of the other three North American major professional leagues (Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association, and National Football League). Barry Bonds is second, having won the MVP award seven times in the MLB. Gretzky and his Edmonton Oilers teammate Mark Messier are the only players to win the Hart Trophy with more than one team.[3]

text: Players from the Montreal Canadiens have won the award sixteen times; players from Boston Bruins are second with twelve winners, while the Edmonton Oilers have seen players win the award ten times. Joe Thornton became the only Hart Trophy winner to have switched clubs during his winning campaign during the 2005–06 season, having played for both the Bruins and San Jose Sharks that year. The defenseman with the most trophy victories is Eddie Shore, who has four. By contrast, it is rare for a goaltender to win the award, which has happened only eight times in its history by 7 different goaltenders; Buffalo Sabres goaltender Dominik Hasek is the only two-time winner.

text: The voting is conducted at the end of the regular season by members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association, and each individual voter ranks their top five candidates on a 10-7-5-3-1 point(s) system.[4] Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs. The closest the voting for the Hart Trophy has ever come was in the 2001–02 season, when Jose Theodore and Jarome Iginla tied in the total voting. The tiebreaker for choosing the Hart Trophy winner in such a case is number of first-place votes: Theodore claimed it, who had 86 first-place votes to Iginla's 82.[5]

text: In 2008, the NHL's official online shop came under criticism after they placed a T-shirt advertising Alexander Ovechkin as the award winner on sale a week before the results were revealed. A spokesperson for the league said "in an effort to offer our fans the merchandise they want in a timely manner following an event such as the NHL Awards, our licensees prepare product for all possible outcomes. In this situation, the link for one of the possible products became live early through an error by our e-commerce provider."[6] Ovechkin was later confirmed to be the winner.

text: Winners

text:
Positions key

C
Centre

LW
Left Wing

D
Defence

RW
Right Wing

G
Goaltender

text:
Season
Winner
Team
Position
Win #

1923–24
Nighbor, FrankFrank Nighbor
Ottawa Senators
C
1

1924–25
Burch, BillyBilly Burch
Hamilton Tigers
C
1

1925–26
Stewart, NelsNels Stewart
Montreal Maroons
C
1

1926–27
Gardiner, HerbHerb Gardiner
Montreal Canadiens
D
1

1927–28
Morenz, HowieHowie Morenz
Montreal Canadiens
C
1

1928–29
Worters, RoyRoy Worters
New York Americans
G
1

1929–30
Stewart, NelsNels Stewart
Montreal Maroons
C
2

1930–31
Morenz, HowieHowie Morenz
Montreal Canadiens
C
2

1931–32
Morenz, HowieHowie Morenz
Montreal Canadiens
C
3

1932–33
Shore, EddieEddie Shore
Boston Bruins
D
1

1933–34
Joliat, AureleAurele Joliat
Montreal Canadiens
LW
1

1934–35
Shore, EddieEddie Shore
Boston Bruins
D
2

1935–36
Shore, EddieEddie Shore
Boston Bruins
D
3

1936–37
Siebert, BabeBabe Siebert
Montreal Canadiens
D
1

1937–38
Shore, EddieEddie Shore
Boston Bruins
D
4

1938–39
Blake, ToeToe Blake
Montreal Canadiens
LW
1

1939–40
Goodfellow, EbbieEbbie Goodfellow
Detroit Red Wings
D
1

1940–41
Cowley, BillBill Cowley
Boston Bruins
C
1

1941–42
Anderson, TommyTommy Anderson
Brooklyn Americans
D
1

1942–43
Cowley, BillBill Cowley
Boston Bruins
C
2

1943–44
Pratt, BabeBabe Pratt
Toronto Maple Leafs
D
1

1944–45
Lach, ElmerElmer Lach
Montreal Canadiens
C
1

1945–46
Bentley, MaxMax Bentley
Chicago Black Hawks
C
1

1946–47
Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
Montreal Canadiens
RW
1

1947–48
O'Connor, BuddyBuddy O'Connor
New York Rangers
C
1

1948–49
Abel, SidSid Abel
Detroit Red Wings
C
1

1949–50
Rayner, ChuckChuck Rayner
New York Rangers
G
1

1950–51
Schmidt, MiltMilt Schmidt
Boston Bruins
C
1

1951–52
Howe, GordieGordie Howe
Detroit Red Wings
RW
1

1952–53
Howe, GordieGordie Howe
Detroit Red Wings
RW
2

1953–54
Rollins, AlAl Rollins
Chicago Black Hawks
G
1

1954–55
Kennedy, TedTed Kennedy
Toronto Maple Leafs
C
1

1955–56
Beliveau, JeanJean Beliveau
Montreal Canadiens
C
1

1956–57
Howe, GordieGordie Howe
Detroit Red Wings
RW
3

1957–58
Howe, GordieGordie Howe
Detroit Red Wings
RW
4

1958–59
Bathgate, AndyAndy Bathgate
New York Rangers
RW
1

1959–60
Howe, GordieGordie Howe
Detroit Red Wings
RW
5

1960–61
Geoffrion, BernieBernie Geoffrion
Montreal Canadiens
RW
1

1961–62
Plante, JacquesJacques Plante
Montreal Canadiens
G
1

1962–63
Howe, GordieGordie Howe
Detroit Red Wings
RW
6

1963–64
Beliveau, JeanJean Beliveau
Montreal Canadiens
C
2

1964–65
Hull, BobbyBobby Hull
Chicago Black Hawks
LW
1

1965–66
Hull, BobbyBobby Hull
Chicago Black Hawks
LW
2

1966–67
Mikita, StanStan Mikita
Chicago Black Hawks
C
1

1967–68
Mikita, StanStan Mikita
Chicago Black Hawks
C
2

1968–69
Esposito, PhilPhil Esposito
Boston Bruins
C
1

1969–70
Orr, BobbyBobby Orr
Boston Bruins
D
1

1970–71
Orr, BobbyBobby Orr
Boston Bruins
D
2

1971–72
Orr, BobbyBobby Orr
Boston Bruins
D
3

1972–73
Clarke, BobbyBobby Clarke
Philadelphia Flyers
C
1

1973–74
Esposito, PhilPhil Esposito
Boston Bruins
C
2

1974–75
Clarke, BobbyBobby Clarke
Philadelphia Flyers
C
2

1975–76
Clarke, BobbyBobby Clarke
Philadelphia Flyers
C
3

1976–77
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur
Montreal Canadiens
RW
1

1977–78
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur
Montreal Canadiens
RW
2

1978–79
Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
C
1

1979–80
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
C
1

1980–81
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
C
2

1981–82
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
C
3

1982–83
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
C
4

1983–84
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
C
5

1984–85
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
C
6

1985–86
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
C
7

1986–87
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
C
8

1987–88
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
1

1988–89
Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Los Angeles Kings
C
9

1989–90
Messier, MarkMark Messier
Edmonton Oilers
C
1

1990–91
Hull, BrettBrett Hull
St. Louis Blues
RW
1

1991–92
Messier, MarkMark Messier
New York Rangers
C
2

1992–93
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
2

1993–94
Fedorov, SergeiSergei Fedorov
Detroit Red Wings
C
1

1994–95
Lindros, EricEric Lindros
Philadelphia Flyers
C
1

1995–96
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
3

1996–97
Hasek, DominikDominik Hasek
Buffalo Sabres
G
1

1997–98
Hasek, DominikDominik Hasek
Buffalo Sabres
G
2

1998–99
Jagr, JaromirJaromir Jagr
Pittsburgh Penguins
RW
1

1999–2000
Pronger, ChrisChris Pronger
St. Louis Blues
D
1

2000–01
Sakic, JoeJoe Sakic
Colorado Avalanche
C
1

2001–02
Theodore, JoseJose Theodore
Montreal Canadiens
G
1

2002–03
Forsberg, PeterPeter Forsberg
Colorado Avalanche
C
1

2003–04
St. Louis, MartinMartin St. Louis
Tampa Bay Lightning
RW
1

2004–05[a]
&
—

&
—

&
—

&
—

2005–06
Thornton, JoeJoe Thornton
Boston Bruins/San Jose Sharks
C
1

2006–07
Crosby, SidneySidney Crosby
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
1

2007–08
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin
Washington Capitals
LW
1

2008–09
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin
Washington Capitals
LW
2

2009–10
Sedin, HenrikHenrik Sedin
Vancouver Canucks
C
1

2010–11
Perry, CoreyCorey Perry
Anaheim Ducks
RW
1

2011–12
Malkin, EvgeniEvgeni Malkin
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
1

2012–13
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin
Washington Capitals
RW
3

2013–14
Crosby, SidneySidney Crosby
Pittsburgh Penguins
C
2

2014–15
Price, CareyCarey Price
Montreal Canadiens
G
1

2015–16
Kane, PatrickPatrick Kane
Chicago Blackhawks
RW
1

2016–17
McDavid, ConnorConnor McDavid
Edmonton Oilers
C
1

text: Jump up ^ The trophy was not awarded in the 2004–05 season due to the league's lockout.


document_title: Medical terminology

question_text: when is a combining vowel used in medical terminology

text: Medical terminology

text: Discussion[edit]

text: In forming or understanding a word root, one needs a basic comprehension of the terms and the source language. The study of the origin of words is called etymology. For example, if a word was to be formed to indicate a condition of kidneys, there are two primary roots – one from Greek (νεφρός nephr(os)) and one from Latin (ren(es)). Renal failure would be a condition of kidneys, and nephritis is also a condition, or inflammation, of the kidneys. The suffix -itis means inflammation, and the entire word conveys the meaning inflammation of the kidney. To continue using these terms, other combinations will be presented for the purpose of examples: The term 'supra-renal is a combination of the prefix supra- (meaning "above"), and the word root for kidney, and the entire word means "situated above the kidneys". The word "nephrologist" combines the root word for kidney to the suffix -ologist with the resultant meaning of "one who studies the kidneys".

text: In medical terminology, the word root is not usually capable of standing alone as a complete word in a sentence. This is different from most word roots in modern standard English. The medical word root is taken from a different source language, so it will remain meaningless as a stand-alone term in an English sentence. A suffix or prefix must be added to make a usable medical term. For example the term for "concerning the heart" is "cardiacus", from the Greek kardía. If a person is suffering from a heart related illness, the statement, "The patient suffered a kardía event," would not make sense. However, with the addition of a suffix -ac, the statement would be modified to read, "The patient suffered a cardiac event" which is an acceptable use of medical terminology. The process is different in standard English because the word roots are capable of standing alone in a sentence. For example, the word eye is a word root in English that can be used without modification in a sentence.

text: An additional challenge to the student of medical terminology is that the formation of the plural of a word must be done using the rules of forming the proper plural form as used in the source language. This is more difficult than in English, where adding -s or -es is the rule. Greek and Latin each have differing rules to be applied when forming the plural form of the word root. Often such details can be found using a medical dictionary.

text: When more than one body part is used in the formation of a medical term, the individual word roots are joined together by using the combining form using the letter -o- to indicate the joining together of various body parts. For example if there is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, this would be written as gastro- and enter- plus -itis, gastroenteritis. In this example, the -o- signifies the joining together of two body parts.

text: Medical terminology[edit]

text: Medical Terminology often uses words created using prefixes and suffixes in Latin and Ancient Greek. In medicine, their meanings, and their etymology, are informed by the language of origin. Prefixes and suffixes, primarily in Greek—but also in Latin, have a dropable -o-. Medical roots generally go together according to language: Greek prefixes go with Greek suffixes and Latin Prefixes with Latin Suffixes. Although it is technically considered acceptable to create hybrid words, it is strongly preferred not to mix different lingual roots. Examples of well-accepted medical words that do mix lingual roots are neonatology and quadriplegia.

text: Morphology[edit]

text: Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure.

text: In the process of creating medical terminology, certain rules of language apply. These rules are part of language mechanics called linguistics. So, when a term is developed, some logical process is applied. The word root is developed to include a vowel sound following the term to add a smoothing action to the sound of the word when applying a suffix. The result is the formation of a new term with a vowel attached (word root + vowel) called a combining form. In English, the most common vowel used in the formation of the combining form is the letter -o-, added to the word root.

text: Prefixes do not normally require further modification to be added to a word root because the prefix normally ends in a vowel or vowel sound, although in some cases they may assimilate slightly and an in- may change to im- or syn- to sym-.

text: Suffixes are categorized as either (1) needing the combining form, or (2) not needing the combining form since they start with a vowel.

text: Decoding the medical term is an important process, (See: Morphology). Once experience is gained in the process of forming and decoding medical terminology, the process becomes easier. One approach involves breaking down the word by evaluating the meaning of the suffix first, then prefix, and finally the word root. This will generally produce a good result for the experienced health care professional. When in doubt, the result should be verified by a medical terminology dictionary. The process of learning any new language, such as medical terminology, is facilitated by learning basic rules.

text: One quick online reference is a dictionary search engine. This allows one to enter a medical term into a dialogue box and initiate a search. There are also numerous online medical dictionaries to select from. Once a term is located, the response will be subdivided into several basic formats, including General usage, Medicine, Law, Business, and others.

text: The use of a medical dictionary or Internet search engine is most helpful in learning the exact meaning of a medical term. However, if the basic concepts of word building are understood, many words are understandable to the student of medical terminology.