document_title: Grand slam (baseball)

question_text: who hit the first grand slam in baseball history

root

text: Grand slam (baseball)

text: Notable highlights[edit]

text: Roger Connor is believed to have been the first major league player to hit a grand slam, on September 10, 1881, for the Troy Trojans. Although Charlie Gould hit one for the Boston Red Stockings (now the Atlanta Braves) in the National Association (NA) on September 5, 1871,[1] the NA is not recognized by MLB as a major league.

tag: p

text: Alex Rodriguez has 25 career grand slams, the most by any player in Major League Baseball history, passing Lou Gehrig's 23 on September 20, 2013. Don Mattingly set the one-season record with six grand slams in 1987 – remarkably, the only grand slams of his major league career. Travis Hafner tied Mattingly's Major League record in 2006, while in 2009, Albert Pujols tied the one-season National League record of five grand slams set by Ernie Banks in 1955.[2]

text: Several grand slams, the first being Connor's in 1881, consisted of a player hitting a walk-off grand slam for a one-run victory; some baseball observers call this an "ultimate grand slam".[3] Steve Pearce was the most recent to do so in an 11-10 victory by the Toronto Blue Jays over the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on July 30, 2017. Roberto Clemente is the only player to have hit a walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in a one-run victory;[citation needed] the Pittsburgh Pirates defeated the Chicago Cubs 9–8 on July 25, 1956 at Forbes Field, a park known for its spacious outfield.

text: On April 10, 1980 – on Opening Day, the Milwaukee Brewers' Sixto Lezcano hit a walk-off Grand Slam, reportedly the first such feat on an Opening Day. (Lezcano also has the distinction of hitting a Grand Slam the previous year, also on Opening Day.)

text: During the 2005 major league season, grand slams accounted for 132 of the 5017 home runs hit (2.6%). On June 13–14, 2006, the Minnesota Twins hit grand slams in consecutive games against the Boston Red Sox, including a walk-off grand slam by Jason Kubel in the 12th inning on June 13.

text: In 2006, the Chicago White Sox hit grand slams in three consecutive games against the Houston Astros (June 23–25). Scott Podsednik hit the only grand slam of his career in the series opener. Joe Crede followed up with a slam of his own on Saturday, and Tadahito Iguchi hit a game tying grand slam in the bottom of the ninth with two outs in the series finale. (This followed a three run blast by Iguchi in the bottom of the eighth.) The White Sox became the first team to accomplish this since the Detroit Tigers in 1993. On the other hand, the 2007 Kansas City Royals surrendered grand slams in three straight games; two against the Baltimore Orioles (April 13–14) and one against the Tigers (April 16).

text: Also in 2006, Travis Hafner of the Cleveland Indians set a major league record by hitting five grand slams prior to the All-Star break, on his way to tying Mattingly for one season (his sixth was on August 13.) On July 16, Carlos Beltrán and Cliff Floyd of the New York Mets hit grand slams during an 11-run sixth inning against the Chicago Cubs, marking the eighth time two grand slams were hit in a team's at-bat (the fourth time in National League history).

text: Four players hit a grand slam in their first Major League at-bat: Bill Duggleby (1898), Jeremy Hermida (2005), Kevin Kouzmanoff (2006), and Daniel Nava (2011). Kouzmanoff, Nava, and Duggleby hit theirs on the first pitch; Hermida's grand slam was in a pinch-hit at bat.

text: Tony Cloninger is the only pitcher to hit two grand slams in one game, for the Atlanta Braves in a 1966 contest against the San Francisco Giants.

text: Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners became the first American League pitcher since the designated hitter rule went into effect in 1973 to hit a grand slam when he did so on June 23, 2008, off New York Mets ace Johan Santana in an interleague game.[4]

text: The only major leaguer to hit two grand slams in one inning is Fernando Tatís of the St. Louis Cardinals, on April 23, 1999 at Dodger Stadium, with both grand slams coming off Los Angeles' Chan Ho Park in the third inning. Tatis was only the second National League player to hit two grand slams in one game, joining Cloninger. Park was only the second pitcher in major league history to give up two grand slams in one inning; Bill Phillips of the Pittsburgh Pirates did it on August 16, 1890, one to Tom Burns and one to Malachi Kittridge, but Park was the first to give up both to the same batter. Tatis had never hit a grand slam before in his career. Bill Mueller is the only player to hit grand slams from both sides of the plate in the same game, when he hit 2 on July 29, 2003 for the Boston Red Sox vs. the Texas Rangers. Robin Ventura is the only player to hit a grand slam in both games of a doubleheader, when he did so on May 20, 1999 for the New York Mets against the Milwaukee Brewers.

text: In Japan's professional league, the feat of multiple grand slams in a single inning by a team has been accomplished three times; most recently on April 1, 2007 by José Fernández and Takeshi Yamasaki of the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. The Daiei Hawks accomplished the feat in 1999.[5]

text: On August 25, 2011, the New York Yankees, hosting the Oakland A's, became the first team in MLB history to hit three grand slams in one game. Robinson Canó, Russell Martin and Curtis Granderson took pitchers Rich Harden, Fautino de los Santos, and Bruce Billings deep, with each grand slam being hit in a different inning. Coming back from a 7−1 deficit, the second grand slam gave the Yankees their first lead of the game; they went on to win 22–9.[6][7][8]

text: On July 13, 2014, Buster Posey and batterymate Madison Bumgarner of the San Francisco Giants hit grand slams against the Arizona Diamondbacks. It marked the first time in Major League Baseball history that batterymates hit grand slams in the same game.[9]

text: On June 3, 2017, a record-breaking seven grand slams were hit by teams in the MLB: one for the Los Angeles Dodgers, one for the Milwaukee Brewers, one for the Atlanta Braves, one for the Colorado Rockies, one for the Chicago Cubs, one for the Seattle Mariners, and most notably, by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, as Albert Pujols hit his 600th career home run.

text: Notable calls[edit]

text: "Get out the rye bread and mustard, Grandma, it is grand salami time!"- used by longtime Seattle Mariners lead commentator Dave Niehaus from the 1995 season until his death in November 2010.[10] Currently used by Niehaus' longtime partner Rick Rizzs.

text: However, archives have surfaced showing Milwaukee Brewers longtime announcer Bob Uecker using the term "Grand Salami" back in 1982, when the offense-tending team were dubbed "Harvey's Wallbangers" (a reference to manager Harvey Kuenn, and a takeoff of the cocktail Harvey Wallbanger).

text: World Series[edit]

text:
Year
Game
Batter
Site
Pitcher
Inning
Score after HR
Final score
Series standing
Notes

1920
Game 5, October 10
Elmer Smith, Cleveland
League Park
Burleigh Grimes, Brooklyn
1st
4–0
8–1, W
3–2 CLE
The first slam in Series history, hit with none out in the 1st, is overshadowed when, in the 5th inning, Bill Wambsganss turns the only unassisted triple play ever in the Series.

1936
Game 2, October 2
Tony Lazzeri, New York (AL)
Polo Grounds
Dick Coffman, New York (NL)
3rd
9–1
18–4, W
1–1
With President Roosevelt in attendance, Lazzeri hits a 2–2 pitch with one out to give the Yankees a sizable lead.

1951
Game 5, October 9
Gil McDougald, New York (AL)
Polo Grounds
Larry Jansen, New York (NL)
3rd
5–1
13–1, W
3–2 NYY
McDougald puts the Yankees up with 2 out in the 3rd. McDougald became the first rookie to get a postseason grand slam.

1953
Game 5, October 4
Mickey Mantle, New York
Ebbets Field
Russ Meyer, Brooklyn
3rd
6–1
11–7, W
3–2 NYY
After a two-out error by Gil Hodges, a hit batter and a walk, Mantle hits reliever Meyer's first pitch out of the park.

1956
Game 2, October 5
Yogi Berra, New York
Ebbets Field
Don Newcombe, Brooklyn
2nd
6–0
13–8, L
2–0 BKN
Berra's blast with 2 out is not enough to hold off the Dodgers in what becomes, at 3 hours 26 minutes, the longest 9-inning game in Series history until 1993.

1956
Game 7, October 10
Moose Skowron, New York
Ebbets Field
Roger Craig, Brooklyn
7th
9–0
9–0, W
4–3 NYY
The Yankees score all their runs on 4 HRs to seal the Series, with Skowron's wallop on the first pitch with none out ending the scoring.

1960
Game 3, October 8
Bobby Richardson, New York
Yankee Stadium
Clem Labine, Pittsburgh
1st
6–0
10–0, W
2–1 NYY
Richardson's HR with 1 out in the 1st starts him toward a Series-record 6 RBI.

1962
Game 4, October 8
Chuck Hiller, San Francisco
Yankee Stadium
Marshall Bridges, New York
7th
6–2
7–3, W
2–2
With 2 out, Hiller hits the first grand slam by a National Leaguer in the Series.

1964
Game 4, October 11
Ken Boyer, St. Louis
Yankee Stadium
Al Downing, New York
6th
4–3
4–3, W
2–2
With men on 1st and 2nd, Bobby Richardson's error with 1 out while seeking a double play opens the gate for Boyer to hit his pivotal blast.

1964
Game 6, October 14
Joe Pepitone, New York
Sportsman's Park
Gordie Richardson, St. Louis
8th
8–1
8–3, W
3–3
With 2 out, Pepitone hits one onto the roof of the right field pavilion to help force Game 7.

1968
Game 6, October 9
Jim Northrup, Detroit
Busch Stadium
Larry Jaster, St. Louis
3rd
8–0
13–1, W
3–3
Northrup's HR with none out is the highlight of a 10-run inning which puts the Tigers ahead 12–0.

1970
Game 3, October 13
Dave McNally, Baltimore
Memorial Stadium
Wayne Granger, Cincinnati
6th
8–1
9–3, W
3–0
Besides his 2-out HR, McNally also pitches a complete game to put Baltimore within one win of the title.

1987
Game 1, October 17
Dan Gladden, Minnesota
Metrodome
Bob Forsch, St. Louis
4th
7–1
10–1, W
1–0 MIN
Gladden's HR with none out caps a 7-run inning which ends the Cardinals' 25-inning shutout streak.

1987
Game 6, October 24
Kent Hrbek, Minnesota
Metrodome
Ken Dayley, St. Louis
6th
10–5
11–5, W
3–3
With 2 out, Hrbek hits reliever Dayley's first pitch out of the park.

1988
Game 1, October 15
José Canseco, Oakland
Dodger Stadium
Tim Belcher, Los Angeles
2nd
4–2
5–4, L
1–0 LAD
With 2 out, Canseco hits his first major league grand slam on a 1–0 pitch; but Kirk Gibson's walk-off home run wins it for the Dodgers.

1992
Game 5, October 22
Lonnie Smith, Atlanta
SkyDome
Jack Morris, Toronto
5th
7–2
7–2, W
3–2 TOR
With 2 out, Smith's HR helps keep the Braves alive in the Series.

1998
Game 1, October 17
Tino Martinez, New York
Yankee Stadium
Mark Langston, San Diego
7th
9–5
9–6, W
1–0 NYY
Martinez' 2-out HR follows Chuck Knoblauch's 3-run game-tying shot earlier in the inning.

2005
Game 2, October 23
Paul Konerko, Chicago
U.S. Cellular Field
Chad Qualls, Houston
7th
6–4
7–6, W
2–0 CHW
Konerko's 2-out shot to left on reliever Qualls' first pitch gives the White Sox a 6–4 lead, but Scott Podsednik later wins it with a walk-off home run, after Houston tied it at 6 with two outs in the top of the 9th.

2016
Game 6, November 1
Addison Russell, Chicago
Progressive Field
Dan Otero, Cleveland
3rd
7–0
9–3, W
3–3
With the grand slam Russell tied the MLB record of 6 RBI in a World Series game, as well the most on a team facing elimination from the World Series. This is the first MLB grand slam to happen in November.[11]

tag: table

text: Other major league postseason grand slams[edit]

text:
Series
Game
Batter
Site
Pitcher
Inning
Score after HR
Final score
Series standing
Notes

1970 ALCS
Game 1, October 3
Mike Cuellar, Baltimore
Metropolitan Stadium
Jim Perry, Minnesota
4th
7–2
10–6, W
1–0 BAL
In the first grand slam in the history of the LCS, Cuellar, who batted only .089 in the regular season, pulls the ball down the right field line with one out; clearly foul when passing first base, the 29 mph wind carries it fair. Cuellar himself does not last through the fifth inning.

1977 NLCS
Game 1, October 4
Ron Cey, Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium
Steve Carlton, Philadelphia
7th
5–5
7–5, L
1–0 PHI
With two out, Cey fouls off three full-count pitches before tying the game, but three singles and a balk in the 9th give the Phillies the win.

1977 NLCS
Game 2, October 5
Dusty Baker, Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium
Jim Lonborg, Philadelphia
4th
5–1
7–1, W
1–1
After Steve Garvey is walked intentionally with one out, Baker gives the Dodgers their second grand slam in as many nights.

1982 ALCS
Game 4, October 9
Don Baylor, California
Milwaukee County Stadium
Moose Haas, Milwaukee
8th
5–7
9–5, L
2–2
After Haas takes a no-hitter into the 6th in a game delayed twice by rain, Baylor brings the Angels within two runs with one out in the 8th.

1989 NLCS
Game 1, October 4
Will Clark, San Francisco
Wrigley Field
Greg Maddux, Chicago
4th
8–3
11–3, W
1–0 SF
With two out, Clark hits the first pitch for his second HR of the game; he also singles, doubles and walks, picking up an NLCS-record 6 RBI.

1992 NLCS
Game 2, October 7
Ron Gant, Atlanta
Fulton County Stadium
Bob Walk, Pittsburgh
5th
8–0
13–5, W
2–0 ATL
With two out, Gant hits his first career grand slam to double the Braves' lead.

1995 NLDS
Game 3, October 6
Mark Lewis, Cincinnati
Riverfront Stadium
Mark Guthrie, Los Angeles
6th
7–1
10–1, W
3–0 CIN
After Guthrie enters the game with none out, Lewis hits the first pinch-hit grand slam in postseason history, propelling the Reds to their eighth straight playoff victory and their eighth NLCS.

1995 ALDS
Game 4, October 7
Edgar Martínez, Seattle
Kingdome
John Wetteland, New York
8th
10–6
11–8, W
2–2
After hitting a 3-run HR in the 3rd to cut NY's lead to two runs, Martinez hits another to center field to take the lead for good, finishing with a postseason-record 7 RBI. A walk, bunt single and hit batter had loaded the bases with none out.

1996 ALDS
Game 1, October 1
Bobby Bonilla, Baltimore
Camden Yards
Paul Shuey, Cleveland
6th
9–3
10–4, W
1–0 BAL
After two walks, a single, a sacrifice fly and a hit batter, Shuey enters the game and is greeted by Bonilla's blast with two out.

1996 ALDS
Game 3, October 4
Albert Belle, Cleveland
Jacobs Field
Armando Benítez, Baltimore
7th
8–4
9–4, W
2–1 BAL
After Orioles starter Mike Mussina is controversially pulled after six innings, Jesse Orosco walks the bases loaded and is replaced; Belle crushes an 0–2 pitch with none out to keep the Indians alive in the series. It would be Belle's final hit as an Indian.

1996 NLCS
Game 2, October 10
Gary Gaetti, St. Louis
Fulton County Stadium
Greg Maddux, Atlanta
7th
8–3
8–3, W
1–1
In an inning featuring two walks, an error and a wild pitch, Gaetti wallops the first pitch with two out. Maddux surrenders his second grand slam in 34.2 NLCS innings after allowing only one in 2365.2 regular season innings.

1997 NLDS
Game 3, October 3
Devon White, Florida
3Com Park
Wilson Álvarez, San Francisco
6th
4–1
6–2, W
3–0 FLA
With two out, Florida gets a pair of singles and a walk before White hits Alvarez' 113th pitch to left field. The Marlins advance to their first NLCS, in their fifth year of play.

1997 ALDS
Game 3, October 4
Paul O'Neill, New York
Jacobs Field
Chad Ogea, Cleveland
4th
6–1
6–1, W
2–1 NYY
After starter Charles Nagy walks the bases loaded, O'Neill greets Ogea with a blast to center field with two out as rain begins to fall.

1998 NLDS
Game 1, September 30
Ryan Klesko, Atlanta
Turner Field
Matt Karchner, Chicago
7th
7–0
7–1, W
1–0 ATL
Klesko's homer with two out, following three walks, secures the win for the Braves.

1998 NLDS
Game 3, October 3
Eddie Pérez, Atlanta
Wrigley Field
Rod Beck, Chicago
8th
6–0
6–2, W
3–0 ATL
After Andruw Jones is walked intentionally, Pérez hits a homer with one out to wrap up the series for the Braves, sending the Cubs to their sixth straight playoff loss.

1998 NLCS
Game 4, October 11
Andrés Galarraga, Atlanta
Qualcomm Stadium
Dan Miceli, San Diego
7th
8–3
8–3, W
3–1 SD
After Miceli enters the game, Galarraga caps a 6-run inning with a 459-foot blast to left-center with two out, helping to force a Game 5.

1998 ALCS
Game 6, October 13
Jim Thome, Cleveland
Yankee Stadium
David Cone, New York
5th
5–6
9–5, L
4–2 NYY
Thome's shot into the third deck with one out pulls the Indians within a run, but it isn't enough for the defending AL champions as the Yankees advance to the World Series.

1999 NLDS
Game 1, October 5
Edgardo Alfonzo, New York
Bank One Ballpark
Bobby Chouinard, Arizona
9th
8–4
8–4, W
1–0 NYM
Alfonzo hits his second HR of the game inside the left field foul pole with two out, after Robin Ventura was forced out at the plate one play earlier.

1999 ALDS
Game 2, October 7
Jim Thome, Cleveland
Jacobs Field
John Wasdin, Boston
4th
11–1
11–1, W
2–0 CLE
After a 6-run 3rd inning highlighted by Harold Baines' 3-run HR, Thome makes it a blowout, ending a 5-run inning with a two-out shot and becoming the first player to hit two postseason grand slams.

1999 ALDS
Game 5, October 11
Troy O'Leary, Boston
Jacobs Field
Charles Nagy, Cleveland
3rd
7–5
12–8, W
3–2 BOS
O'Leary homers with one out to give Boston the lead, and later hits a 3-run HR in the 7th to break an 8–8 tie and send the Red Sox to the ALCS; both homers come after intentional walks to Nomar Garciaparra.

1999 ALCS
Game 4, October 17
Ricky Ledée, New York
Fenway Park
Rod Beck, Boston
9th
9–2
9–2, W
3–1 NYY
Ledee hits a pinch-hit HR with one out to wrap up a 6-run inning and the victory. Ledee became the second rookie to hit a postseason grand slam.

1999 NLCS
Game 5, October 17
Robin Ventura, New York
Shea Stadium
Kevin McGlinchy, Atlanta
15th
4–3
4–3, W
3–2 ATL
The Mets tie the score at 3–3 with a bases-loaded walk with one out, bringing up Ventura, who with 13 career grand slams is tied for the lead among active players with Harold Baines and Mark McGwire. He comes through with the first walk-off grand slam – and the first grand slam in extra innings – in postseason history, clearing the right-center field wall, but is officially credited with only a 1-run single after being mobbed by teammates upon passing first base.

2003 NLCS
Game 4, October 11
Aramis Ramírez, Chicago
Pro Player Stadium
Dontrelle Willis, Florida
1st
4–0
8–3, W
3–1 CHC
After Willis walks the bases loaded with one out, Ramírez gets the Cubs off to an early lead by hitting a 2–2 pitch into the left field seats. This was the first time in Cubs history, that a player hit a grand slam in the postseason

2004 ALDS
Game 3, October 8
Vladimir Guerrero, Anaheim
Fenway Park
Mike Timlin, Boston
7th
6–6
8–6, L
3–0 BOS
Guerrero ties the score with a two-out HR to right on a 0–1 pitch, but the Red Sox score two in the 10th to advance to the ALCS.

2004 ALCS
Game 7, October 20
Johnny Damon, Boston
Yankee Stadium
Javier Vázquez, New York
2nd
6–0
10–3, W
4–3 BOS
Damon homers to right on reliever Vázquez' first pitch with one out, staking Boston to an early lead; he homers again in the 4th for an 8–1 lead as the Red Sox complete their comeback after being down 3 games to 0.

2005 NLDS
Game 1, October 4
Reggie Sanders, St. Louis
Busch Stadium
Jake Peavy, San Diego
5th
8–0
8–5, W
1–0 STL
With one out, Sanders homers on a 3–0 fastball from Peavy, who was unknowingly pitching with a fractured rib.

2005 NLDS
Game 4, October 9
Adam LaRoche, Atlanta
Minute Maid Park
Brandon Backe, Houston
3rd
4–0
7–6, L
3–1 HOU
LaRoche, battling stomach flu, homers with two out, after two walks and a hit batter, to give the Braves an early lead, but the Astros tie the game 6–6 in the 9th and win in 18 innings to advance to the NLCS.

2005 NLDS
Game 4, October 9
Lance Berkman, Houston
Minute Maid Park
Kyle Farnsworth, Atlanta
8th
5–6
7–6, W
3–1 HOU
With one out, Berkman hits an opposite-field homer to left on a 2–1 pitch to bring the Astros within a run; it is the first time that two grand slams are hit in the same postseason game. After tying the game in the 9th, the Astros win the series on Chris Burke's walk-off homer in the 18th, making it the second longest game in postseason history.

2007 NLDS
Game 2, October 4
Kaz Matsui, Colorado Rockies
Citizens Bank Park
Kyle Lohse, Philadelphia Phillies
4th
6–3
10–5, W
2–0 COL
Matsui's slam gives the Rockies a 6–3 lead on the way to winning the game 10–5 and giving Colorado a 2–0 series lead.

2007 ALCS
Game 6, October 20
J. D. Drew, Boston Red Sox
Fenway Park
Fausto Carmona, Cleveland Indians
1st
4–0
12–2 W
3–3
Drew gave the Red Sox an early lead in the must-win game as the Red Sox tied the series.

2008 NLDS
Game 1, October 1
James Loney, Los Angeles Dodgers
Wrigley Field
Ryan Dempster, Chicago Cubs
5th
4–2
7–2, W
1–0 LAD
After Dempster walked the bases loaded, Loney hits it to center to give the Dodgers a 4–2 lead.

2008 NLDS
Game 2, October 2
Shane Victorino, Philadelphia Phillies
Citizens Bank Park
CC Sabathia, Milwaukee Brewers
2nd
5–1
5–2, W
2–0 PHI
Victorino's slam, the first in Phillies postseason history, broke a 1–1 tie after pitcher Brett Myers drew a two-out walk in a nine-pitch at-bat.

2011 ALDS
Game 1, October 1
Robinson Canó, New York Yankees
Yankee Stadium
Al Alburquerque, Detroit Tigers
6th
8–1
9–3, W
1–0 NYY
Gardner singled, Jeter stole second, Granderson walked. After a pitching change, Robinson Canó hit a 375-foot blast to give the Yankees an 8–1 lead over the Tigers. Cano hit six RBIs this game, barely missing another homer in the previous inning. He tied the Yankees post-season single game record. This was the first home run hit off of Alburquerque this season.

2011 NLDS
Game 3, October 4
Paul Goldschmidt, Arizona Diamondbacks
Chase Field
Shaun Marcum, Milwaukee Brewers
5th
7–1
8–1, W
2–1 MIL
Back-to-back singles to Josh Collmenter and Willie Bloomquist. Two outs later, with first base open, Marcum intentionally walked Miguel Montero, who had two RBIs to that point in the game, to get to Goldschmidt. Marcum jumped ahead of Goldschmidt, 1–2, before leaving a fastball out over the plate. Goldschmidt drove the ball the opposite way and over the wall in right to give Arizona a 7–1 lead. Goldschmidt became the third rookie to hit a postseason grand slam.

2011 NLDS
Game 4, October 5
Ryan Roberts, Arizona Diamondbacks
Chase Field
Randy Wolf, Milwaukee Brewers
1st
4–1
10–6, W
2–2
Bloomquist singled out in centerfield. Aaron Hill fouled out to first base. Justin Upton walked, while Montero singled out in the right field. Goldschmidt, who hit a grand slam a day earlier, struck out looking. Wolf jumped behind of Roberts, 2–1, before leaving a 79 mph changeup out over the plate. Roberts drove the ball to opposite and over the wall in left to give Arizona a 4–1 lead. Moments later, Chris Young hit a home run out to centerfield.

2011 ALCS
Game 2, October 10
Nelson Cruz, Texas Rangers
Rangers Ballpark in Arlington
Ryan Perry, Detroit Tigers
11th
7–3
7–3, W
2–0 TEX
In the 11th, after Perry came in to replace Valverde, Michael Young singles on a sharp ground ball to left fielder Ryan Raburn. Adrián Beltré singles on a line drive to center fielder Austin Jackson. Michael Young to 2nd.
Coaching visit to mound. Mike Napoli singles on a fly ball to center fielder Austin Jackson, loading the bases. Nelson Cruz hits a grand slam (3) to left field. Young, Beltre, and Napoli score on the home run. First official (see Grand Slam Single) walk-off grand slam in post season history. "[12]

2012 NLDS
Game 5, October 11
Buster Posey, San Francisco Giants
Great American Ball Park
Mat Latos, Cincinnati Reds
5th
6–0
6–4, W
3–2 SF
After the Giants scored two runs in the inning, the bases were loaded for Posey. He hit a home run off the upper deck, giving the Giants a 6–0 lead they did not relinquish. The runs proved to be critical, as the Reds rallied to make the game close, but the Giants held on to win 6–4. The win completed the Giants' comeback from being down 2 games to 0 in the series, the first time that happened in NL Divisional play. The Giants won all three on the road, as the series became the second five-game series to not have a single win by a home team (after the 2010 ALDS between the Rangers and Rays).

2013 ALCS
Game 2, October 13
David Ortiz, Boston Red Sox
Fenway Park
Joaquín Benoit, Detroit Tigers
8th
5–5
6–5, W
1–1
With the Red Sox trailing 5−1 in the bottom of the eighth, David Ortiz came up with the bases loaded and two out. Ortiz lined Benoit's first pitch into the right field bullpen sending outfielder Torii Hunter flying over the wall, tying the game at 5. The Red Sox would go on to win the game 6−5 in the bottom of the ninth on a walk off single by Jarrod Saltalamacchia.

2013 ALCS
Game 6, October 19
Shane Victorino, Boston Red Sox
Fenway Park
José Veras, Detroit Tigers
7th
5–2
5–2, W
4–2 BOS
In the bottom of the seventh inning, with the Tigers ahead 2−1 and Victorino down in the count 0–2 on well placed curve balls, he sent the third pitch (also a curve ball, but up in the zone) over the Green Monster. Victorino ended a 2 for 23 slump with this blast becoming only the second player ever, alongside Jim Thome, to have hit two post-season grand slams.

2014 NLWCG
n/a
October 1

Brandon Crawford, San Francisco Giants
PNC Park
Edinson Vólquez, Pittsburgh Pirates
4th
4–0
8-0, W
n/a
After singles by Pablo Sandoval and Hunter Pence and a walk to Brandon Belt, Crawford unloaded the bases with a 362-foot grand slam to right field, opening the game's scoring. His grand slam was the first to be hit by a shortstop in postseason history.

2016 NLCS
Game 1, October 15
Miguel Montero, Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field
Joe Blanton, Los Angeles Dodgers
8th
7–3
8-4, W
1-0 CHC
After the Dodgers tied it in the top of the eighth, Montero's pinch hit grand slam breaks the tie.

2017 ALDS
Game 2, October 6
Francisco Lindor, Cleveland Indians
Progressive Field
Chad Green, New York Yankees
6th
7–8
9-8, W
2-0 CLE
With two outs in the 6th, Lonnie Chisenhall was grazed by a 2-strike pitch that appeared to have possibly struck the knob of his bat before landing in the catcher's mitt for an inning-ending foul-tip strikeout. The Yankees chose not to challenge the umpire's call that Chisenhall was hit by the pitch to load the bases. Lindor then blasted a towering fly ball high off the right field foul pole to cut the Yankees' 5-run lead down to 1. The Indians later finished their comeback with a walk-off single by Yan Gomes in the 13th inning.

2017 NLDS
Game 4, October 11
Michael A. Taylor, Washington Nationals
Wrigley Field
Wade Davis, Chicago Cubs
8th
5–0
5-0, W
2-2
After inheriting Daniel Murphy on first base from Jon Lester, Carl Edwards Jr. issued back-to-back 2-out walks to Anthony Rendon and Matt Wieters to load the bases. Davis was then brought in to face Taylor with the hope of holding the Nationals' lead at 1-0. Taylor hit a 1-1 fastball from Davis into the chain link net at the top of the right center field wall to clear the bases and expand the lead to 5-0.

2017 NLCS
Game 5, October 19
Kiké Hernández, Los Angeles Dodgers
Wrigley Field
Hector Rondon, Chicago Cubs
3rd
7-0
11-1, W
4-1 LAD
Hernández's grand slam on a fly ball to right field was the second of his three home runs on the night, which made Hernández the 10th player ever to hit 3 homers in a postseason game. In this close-out game, Hernández drove in 7 runs to tie the Major League record for RBI in a postseason game and help send the Dodgers to the World Series for the first time since 1988.

text: All-star game[edit]

text:
Year
Batter
Date and Site
Pitcher
Inning
Score after HR
Final score
Notes

1983
Fred Lynn, AL (California)
July 6, Comiskey Park
Atlee Hammaker, NL (San Francisco)
3rd
9–1
13–3, W
In the 50th anniversary game, Lynn hits the first grand slam in All-Star history to right field on a 2–2 pitch with two out, capping a 7-run inning and virtually ensuring the AL's first victory since 1971 and second since 1962. Just before the pitch, NBC put on-screen a graphic indicating that there had never been a grand slam hit in All-Star history.

text: Career grand slam leaders[edit]

text:
Alex Rodriguez currently holds the record for most career grand slams with 25.

With 23 grand slams, Lou Gehrig held the all-time record until 2013.[13]

text: Players in bold are currently active (as of September 22, 2017).[14]

text:
* Alex Rodriguez
25

* Lou Gehrig
23

* Manny Ramírez
21

* Eddie Murray
19

* Willie McCovey
18 [1]

* Robin Ventura
18

* Carlos Lee
17

* Jimmie Foxx
17

* Ted Williams
17

* Hank Aaron
16

* Dave Kingman
16

* Babe Ruth
16

*Ryan Howard
15

* Ken Griffey, Jr.
15

* Richie Sexson
15

* Jason Giambi
14

* Gil Hodges
14

* Mark McGwire
14

* Mike Piazza
14

text: 1 – National League record

text: Single-season grand slam leaders[edit]

text: [citation needed]

text:
* Don Mattingly
6
  1987 (a)

* Travis Hafner
6
  2006 (a)

* Ernie Banks
5
  1955 (n)

* Jim Gentile
5
  1961 (a)

* Jim Northrup
5
  1968 (a)

* Albert Pujols
5
  2009 (n)

* Richie Sexson
5
  2006 (a)

* Albert Belle
4
  1997 (a)

* Ray Boone
4
  1953 (a)

* Robinson Canó
4
  2011 (a)

* Vince DiMaggio
4
  1945 (n)

* Lou Gehrig
4
  1934 (a)

* Scooter Gennett
4
  2017 (n)

* Jason Giambi
4
  2000 (a)

* Sid Gordon
4
  1950 (n)

* Tommy Henrich
4
  1948 (a)

* Ralph Kiner
4
  1949 (n)

* Edgar Martínez
4
  2000 (a)

* Phil Nevin
4
  2001 (n)

* Mike Piazza
4
  1998 (n)

* Alexei Ramírez
4
  2008 (a)

* Al Rosen
4
  1951 (a)

* Babe Ruth
4
  1919 (a)

* Wildfire Schulte
4
  1911 (n)

* Rudy York
4
  1938 (a)

text:
a – American League
n – National League


document_title: Development of the New Testament canon

question_text: who wrote the first letter we know of containing the full 27 books

question_tokens: who wrote the first letter we know of containing the full 27 books

text: Development of the New Testament canon

text: The Early Collections[edit]

text: Writings attributed to the Apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities. The Pauline epistles were circulating, perhaps in collected forms, by the end of the 1st century AD.[a] Justin Martyr, in the mid 2nd century, mentions "memoirs of the apostles" as being read on "the day called that of the sun" (Sunday) alongside the "writings of the prophets." [5] A defined set of four gospels (the Tetramorph) was asserted by Irenaeus, c. 180, who refers to it directly.[6][7]

text: By the early 3rd century, Origen may have been using the same twenty-seven books as in the present New Testament canon, though there were still disputes over the acceptance of the Letter to the Hebrews, James, II Peter, II John, III John, Jude and Revelation,[8] known as the Antilegomena. Likewise, the Muratorian fragment is evidence that, perhaps as early as 200, there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to the twenty-seven-book NT canon, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them.[9] Thus, while there was a good measure of debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon, the major writings are claimed to have been accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the 3rd century.[10]

text: In his Easter letter of 367, Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of the books that would become the twenty-seven-book NT canon,[11] and he used the word "canonized" (Greek: κανονιζόμενα kanonizomena) in regards to them.[12][page needed] The first council that accepted the present canon of the New Testament may have been the Synod of Hippo Regius in North Africa (393). A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the Councils of Carthage in 397 and 419.[13] These councils were under the authority of St. Augustine, who regarded the canon as already closed.[14][15][16] Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above,[11] or, if not, the list is at least a 6th-century compilation.[17] Likewise, Damasus' commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, c. 383, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West.[18] In c. 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse. Christian scholars assert that, when these bishops and councils spoke on the matter, however, they were not defining something new but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church."[14][19][20]

text: Thus, some claim that, from the 4th century, there existed unanimity in the West concerning the New Testament canon,[21] and that, by the 5th century, the Eastern Church, with a few exceptions, had come to accept the Book of Revelation and thus had come into harmony on the matter of the canon.[3][22] Nonetheless, full dogmatic articulations of the canon were not made until the Canon of Trent of 1546 for Roman Catholicism,[3] the Gallic Confession of Faith of 1559 for Calvinism, the Thirty-Nine Articles of 1563 for the Church of England, and the Synod of Jerusalem of 1672 for the Greek Orthodox.

text: Early Christianity (c. 30–325)[edit]

text: In the one-hundred-year period extending roughly from 50 to 150, a number of documents began to circulate among the churches, including epistles, gospels, memoirs, apocalypses, homilies, and collections of teachings. While some of these documents were apostolic in origin, others drew upon the tradition the apostles and ministers of the word had utilized in their individual missions. Still others represented a summation of the teaching entrusted to a particular church center. Several of these writings sought to extend, interpret, and apply apostolic teaching to meet the needs of Christians in a given locality.

text: Clement of Rome[edit]

text: By the end of the 1st century, some letters of Paul were known to Clement of Rome (fl. 96), together with some form of the "words of Jesus"; but while Clement valued these highly, he did not regard them as "Scripture" ("graphe"), a term he reserved for the Septuagint. Metzger 1987 draws the following conclusion about Clement:

text: Clement... makes occasional reference to certain words of Jesus; though they are authoritative for him, he does not appear to enquire how their authenticity is ensured. In two of the three instances that he speaks of remembering 'the words' of Christ or of the Lord Jesus, it seems that he has a written record in mind, but he does not call it a 'gospel'. He knows several of Paul's epistles, and values them highly for their content; the same can be said of the Epistle to the Hebrews, with which he is well acquainted. Although these writings obviously possess for Clement considerable significance, he never refers to them as authoritative 'Scripture'.

text: 2 Peter[edit]

text: Within the New Testament itself, there is reference to at least some of the works of Paul as Scripture. 2 Peter 3:16 says:

text: He [Paul] writes the same way in all his letters, speaking in them of these matters. His letters contain some things that are hard to understand, which ignorant and unstable people distort, as they do the other Scriptures, to their own destruction.[23]

text: The reference to, presumably the Septuagint, as the "other" Scripture denotes that the author of 2 Peter regarded, at least, the works of Paul that had been written by his time as Scripture. It is difficult to determine the date of composition; commentaries and reference books have placed 2 Peter in almost every decade from AD 60 to 160.[24]

text: Marcion of Sinope[edit]

text: Marcion of Sinope, a bishop of Asia Minor who went to Rome and was later excommunicated for his views, was the first of record to propose a definitive, exclusive, unique list of Christian scriptures, compiled sometime between 130–140 AD.[25] (Though Ignatius did address Christian scripture,[26] before Marcion, against the perceived heresies of the Judaizers and Docetists, he did not define a list of scriptures.) In his book Origin of the New Testament[27] Adolf von Harnack argued that Marcion viewed the church at this time as largely an Old Testament church (one that "follows the Testament of the Creator-God") without a firmly established New Testament canon, and that the church gradually formulated its New Testament canon in response to the challenge posed by Marcion.

text: Marcion rejected the theology of the Old Testament entirely and regarded the God depicted there as an inferior Being. In the Antithesis, he claimed that the theology of the Old Testament was incompatible with the teaching of Jesus regarding God and morality. Marcion believed that Jesus had come to liberate mankind from the authority of the God of the Old Testament and to reveal the superior God of goodness and mercy whom he called the Father. Paul and Luke were the only Christian authors to find favour with Marcion, though his versions of these differed from those later accepted by mainstream Christianity (also termed Proto-orthodox Christianity).

text: Marcion created a definite group of books which he regarded as fully authoritative, displacing all others. These comprised ten of the Pauline epistles (without the Pastorals) and Luke's Gospel. It is uncertain whether he edited these books, purging them of what did not accord with his views, or that his versions represented a separate textual tradition.[b]

text: Marcion's gospel, called simply the Gospel of the Lord, differed from the Gospel of Luke by lacking any passages that connected Jesus with the Old Testament. He believed that the god of Israel, who gave the Torah to the Israelites, was an entirely different god from the Supreme God who sent Jesus and inspired the New Testament. Marcion termed his collection of Pauline epistles the Apostolikon. These also differed from the versions accepted by later Christian Orthodoxy.

text: Marcion's list and theology were rejected as heretical by the early church; however, he forced other Christians to consider which texts were canonical and why. He spread his beliefs widely; they became known as Marcionism. In the introduction to his book "Early Christian Writings", Henry Wace stated:

text: A modern divine... could not refuse to discuss the question raised by Marcion, whether there is such opposition between different parts of what he regards as the word of God, that all cannot come from the same author.[31]

text: Ferguson 2002 quotes Tertullian's De praescriptione haereticorum 30:

text: Since Marcion separated the New Testament from the Old, he is necessarily subsequent to that which he separated, inasmuch as it was only in his power to separate what was previously united. Having been united previous to its separation, the fact of its subsequent separation proves the subsequence also of the man who effected the separation.

text: Note 61 of page 308 adds:

text: [Wolfram] Kinzig suggests that it was Marcion who usually called his Bible testamentum [Latin for testament].

text: Other scholars propose that it was Melito of Sardis who originally coined the phrase Old Testament,[32] which is associated with Supersessionism.

text: Robert M. Price argues that the evidence that the early church fathers, such as Clement, Ignatius, and Polycarp, knew of the Pauline epistles is unclear, and concludes that Marcion was the first person to collect Paul's writings to various churches and to treat ten Pauline letters, some of them Marcion's own compositions, together with an earlier version of Luke (not the Gospel of Luke as now known):

text: But the first collector of the Pauline Epistles had been Marcion. No one else we know of would be a good candidate, certainly not the essentially fictive Luke, Timothy, and Onesimus. And Marcion, as Burkitt and Bauer show, fills the bill perfectly.[33]

text: Justin Martyr[edit]

text: In the mid-2nd century, Justin Martyr (whose writings span the period from c. 145 to 163) mentions the "memoirs of the apostles", which Christians called "gospels" and which were regarded as on par with the Old Testament.[5][34][35] Scholars are divided on whether there is any evidence that Justin included the Gospel of John among the "memoirs of the apostles", or whether, on the contrary, he based his doctrine of the Logos on it.[36][37] Justin quotes the letters of Paul, 1 Peter, and Acts in his writings.[38]

text: In Justin's works, distinct references are found to Romans, 1 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Colossians, and 2 Thessalonians, and possible ones to Philippians, Titus, and 1 Timothy. In addition, he refers to an account from an unnamed source of the baptism of Jesus which differs from that provided by the synoptic gospels:

text: When Jesus went down in the water, fire was kindled in the Jordan; and when he came up from the water, the Holy Spirit came upon him. The apostles of our Christ wrote this.[39]

text: Tatian[edit]

text: Tatian was converted to Christianity by Justin Martyr on a visit to Rome around 150 and, after much instruction, returned to Syria in 172 to reform the church there. At some point (it is suggested c. 160) he composed a single harmonized "Gospel" by weaving the contents of the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John together along with events present in none of these texts. The narrative mainly follows the chronology of John. This is called the Diatessaron ("(Harmony) Through Four") and it became the official Gospel text of the Syraic church, centered in Edessa.

text: Irenaeus[edit]

text: Irenaeus of Lyons referred directly to a defined set of four gospels (the Tetramorph), c. 180.[6][40] In his central work, Adversus Haereses Irenaeus denounced various early Christian groups that used only one gospel, such as Marcionism which used only Marcion's version of Luke, or the Ebionites which seem to have used an Aramaic version of Matthew, as well as groups that used more than four gospels, such as the Valentinians (A.H. 1.11). Irenaeus declared that the four he espoused were the four "Pillars of the Church": "it is not possible that there can be either more or fewer than four" he stated, presenting as logic the analogy of the four corners of the earth and the four winds (3.11.8). His image, taken from Ezekiel 1, or Revelation 4:6–10, of God's throne borne by four creatures with four faces—"the four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side: and the four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an eagle"—equivalent to the "four-formed" gospel, is the origin of the conventional symbols of the Evangelists: lion (Mark), ox (Luke), eagle (John), man (Matthew). Irenaeus was ultimately successful in declaring that the four gospels collectively, and exclusively these four, contained the truth. By reading each gospel in light of the others, Irenaeus made of John a lens through which to read Matthew, Mark and Luke.

text: Based on the arguments Irenaeus made in support of only four authentic gospels, some interpreters deduce that the fourfold Gospel must have still been a novelty in Irenaeus's time.[41] Against Heresies 3.11.7 acknowledges that many heterodox Christians use only one gospel while 3.11.9 acknowledges that some use more than four.[42] The success of Tatian's Diatessaron in about the same time period is "...a powerful indication that the fourfold Gospel contemporaneously sponsored by Irenaeus was not broadly, let alone universally, recognized."[42]

text: Irenaeus apparently quotes from 21 of the New Testament books and names the author he thought wrote the text.[43] He mentions the four gospels, Acts, the Pauline epistles with the exception of Hebrews and Philemon, as well as the first epistle of Peter, and the first and second epistles of John, and the book of Revelation.[c] Irenaeus argued that it was illogical to reject Acts of the Apostles but accept the Gospel of Luke, as both were from the same author;[44] in Against Heresies 3.12.12[45] he ridiculed those who think they are wiser than the Apostles because the Apostles were still under Jewish influence. He may also refer to Hebrews (Book 2, Chapter 30) and James (Book 4, Chapter 16) and maybe even 2 Peter (Book 5, Chapter 28) but does not cite Philemon, 3 John or Jude.[46][47]

text: He does think that the letter to the Corinthians, known now as 1 Clement, was of great worth but does not seem to believe that Clement of Rome was the one author (Book 3, Chapter 3, Verse 3) and seems to have the same lower status as Polycarp's Epistle (Book 3, Chapter 3, Verse 3). He does refer to a passage in the Shepherd of Hermas as scripture (Mandate 1 or First Commandment), but this has some consistency problems on his part. Hermas taught that Jesus was not himself a divine being, but a virtuous man who was subsequently filled with the Holy Spirit and adopted as the Son[48][49] (a doctrine called adoptionism). But Irenaeus's own work, including his citing of the Gospel of John (Jn. 1:1), indicates that he himself believed that Jesus was always God.

text: Early proto-Orthodox definition attempts[edit]

text: In the late 4th century Epiphanius of Salamis (died 402) Panarion 29 says the Nazarenes had rejected the Pauline epistles and Irenaeus Against Heresies 26.2 says the Ebionites rejected him. Acts 21:21 records a rumor that Paul aimed to subvert the Old Testament (against this rumor see Romans 3:8, 3:31). 2 Peter 3:16 says his letters have been abused by heretics who twist them around "as they do with the other scriptures." In the 2nd and 3rd centuries Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History 6.38 says the Elchasai "made use of texts from every part of the Old Testament and the Gospels; it rejects the Apostle (Paul) entirely"; 4.29.5 says Tatian the Assyrian rejected Paul's Letters and Acts of the Apostles; 6.25 says Origen accepted 22 canonical books of the Hebrews plus Maccabees plus the four Gospels but Paul "did not so much as write to all the churches that he taught; and even to those to which he wrote he sent but a few lines."[50]

text: Between 140 and 220, both internal and external forces caused Proto-orthodox Christianity to begin to systematize both its doctrines and its view of revelation. Much of the systemization came about as a defense against the diverse Early Christian viewpoints that competed with emerging Proto-Orthodoxy. The early years of this period witnessed the rise of several strong movements of faith later deemed heretical by the church in Rome: Marcionism, Gnosticism and Montanism.

text: Marcion may have been the first to have a clearly defined list of New Testament books, though this question of who came first is still debated.[51] The compilation of this list could have been a challenge and incentive to emerging Proto-orthodoxy; if they wished to deny that Marcion's list was the true one, it was incumbent on them to define what the true one was. The expansion phase of the New Testament canon thus could have begun in response to Marcion's proposed limited canon.

text: Muratorian fragment[edit]

text: The Muratorian fragment[52] is the earliest known example of a defined list of mostly New Testament books.[53] It survives, damaged and thus incomplete, as a bad Latin translation of an original, no longer extant, Greek text that is usually dated in the late 2nd century,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] although a few scholars have preferred a 4th-century date.[62][63][64] This is an excerpt from Metzger's translation:[65]

text: The third book of the Gospel is that according to Luke... The fourth... is that of John... the acts of all the apostles... As for the Epistles of Paul... To the Corinthians first, to the Ephesians second, to the Philippians third, to the Colossians fourth, to the Galatians fifth, to the Thessalonians sixth, to the Romans seventh... once more to the Corinthians and to the Thessalonians... one to Philemon, one to Titus, and two to Timothy... to the Laodiceans, [and] another to the Alexandrians, [both] forged in Paul's name to [further] the heresy of Marcion... the epistle of Jude and two of the above-mentioned (or, bearing the name of) John... and [the book of] Wisdom... We receive only the apocalypses of John and Peter, though some of us are not willing that the latter be read in church. But Hermas wrote the Shepherd very recently... And therefore it ought indeed to be read; but it cannot be read publicly to the people in church.

text: This is evidence that, perhaps as early as 200, there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the 27-book NT, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them.[9]

text: Clement of Alexandria[edit]

text: Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215) made use of an open canon. He seemed "practically unconcerned about canonicity. To him, inspiration is what mattered."[66] In addition to books that did not make it into the final 27-book NT but which had local acceptance (Barnabas, Didache, I Clement, Revelation of Peter, the Shepherd, the Gospel according to the Hebrews), he also used the Gospel of the Egyptians, Preaching of Peter, Traditions of Matthias, Sibylline Oracles, and the Oral Gospel. He did, however, prefer the four church gospels to all others, although he supplemented them freely with apocryphal gospels. He was the first[citation needed] to treat non-Pauline letters of the apostles (other than II Peter) as scripture-he accepted I Peter, I and II John, and Jude as scripture.

text: Alogi[edit]

text: There were those who rejected the Gospel of John (and possibly also Revelation and the Epistles of John) as either not apostolic or as written by the Gnostic Cerinthus or as not compatible with the Synoptic Gospels. Epiphanius of Salamis called these people the Alogi, because they rejected the Logos doctrine of John and because he claimed they were illogical. There may have also been a dispute over the doctrine of the Paraclete.[67][68] Gaius or Caius, presbyter of Rome (early 3rd century), was apparently associated with this movement.[69]

text: Period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787)[edit]

text: Eusebius[edit]

text: Eusebius, in his Church History (c. 330), mentioned the books of New Testament according to him:[70][71]

text: 1. […] it is proper to sum up the writings of the New Testament which have been already mentioned. First then must be put the holy quaternion of the Gospels; following them the Acts of the Apostles... the epistles of Paul... the epistle of John... the epistle of Peter... After them is to be placed, if it really seem proper, the Apocalypse of John, concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time. These then belong among the accepted writings [Homologoumena].

text: 3. Among the disputed writings [Antilegomena], which are nevertheless recognized by many, are extant the so-called epistle of James and that of Jude, also the second epistle of Peter, and those that are called the second and third of John, whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name.

text: 4. Among the rejected [Kirsopp. Lake translation: "not genuine"] writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul, and the so-called Shepherd, and the Apocalypse of Peter, and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas, and the so-called Teachings of the Apostles; and besides, as I said, the Apocalypse of John, if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books.

text: 5. And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews... And all these may be reckoned among the disputed books... such books as the Gospels of Peter, of Thomas, of Matthias, or of any others besides them, and the Acts of Andrew and John and the other apostles ... they clearly show themselves to be the fictions of heretics. Wherefore they are not to be placed even among the rejected writings, but are all of them to be cast aside as absurd and impious.

text: The Apocalypse of John, also called Revelation, is counted as both accepted (Kirsopp. Lake translation: "Recognized") and disputed, which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so. The disputation perhaps attributed to Origen[72] (see also Pamphili & c. 330, 3.24.17–18).[73] Pamphili & c. 330, 3.3.5 adds further detail on Paul: "Paul's fourteen epistles are well known and undisputed. It is not indeed right to overlook the fact that some have rejected the Epistle to the Hebrews, saying that it is disputed by the Church of Rome, on the ground that it was not written by Paul." Pamphili & c. 330, 4.29.6 mentions the Diatessaron: "But their original founder, Tatian, formed a certain combination and collection of the Gospels, I know not how, to which he gave the title Diatessaron, and which is still in the hands of some. But they say that he ventured to paraphrase certain words of the apostle [Paul], in order to improve their style."

text: Codex Claromontanus[edit]

text: The Codex Claromontanus ,[74] c. 303–67,[75] a page found inserted into a 6th-century copy of the Epistles of Paul and Hebrews, has the Old Testament, including Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, 1–2,4 Maccabees, and the New Testament, plus Acts of Paul, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, and Hermas, but missing Philippians, 1–2 Thessalonians, and Hebrews.

text: Zahn and Harnack were of the opinion that the list had been drawn up originally in Greek at Alexandria or its neighborhood ~300 AD. According to Jülicher the list belongs to the 4th century and is probably of western origin.[citation needed]

text: Constantine the Great[edit]

text: In 331, Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. Athanasius (Apol. Const. 4) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus may be examples of these Bibles. Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.[76]

text: Cyril of Jerusalem[edit]

text: McDonald & Sanders 2002, Appendix D-2, notes the following list of New Testament books from Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 350) from his Catechetical Lectures 4.36:

text: Gospels (4), Acts, James, 1–2 Peter, 1–3 John, Jude,[77] Paul's epistles (14), and Gospel of Thomas listed as pseudepigrapha.

text: Council of Laodicea[edit]

text: The Council of Laodicea, c. 363, was one of the first councils that set out to judge which books were to be read aloud in churches. The decrees issued by the thirty or so clerics attending were called canons. Canon 59 decreed that only canonical books should be read, but no list was appended in the Latin and Syriac manuscripts recording the decrees. The list of canonical books, Canon 60, sometimes attributed to the Council of Laodicea is a later addition according to most scholars and has a 22-book OT and 26-book NT (excludes Revelation).[78][79]

text: Athanasius[edit]

text: In his Easter letter of 367,[80] Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of exactly the same books as what would become the 27-book NT canon,[11] and he used the word "canonized" (kanonizomena) in regards to them.[81]

text: Cheltenham/Mommsen List[edit]

text: The Cheltenham List,[82][83] c. 365–90, is a Latin list discovered by the German classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (published 1886) in a 10th-century manuscript (chiefly patristic) belonging to the library of Thomas Phillips at Cheltenham, England. The list probably originated in North Africa soon after the middle of the 4th century.

text: It has a 24-book Old Testament[84] and 24-book New Testament which provides syllable and line counts but omits Jude and James, and perhaps Hebrews, and seems to question the epistles of John and Peter beyond the first.

text: Epiphanius[edit]

text: McDonald & Sanders 2002, Appendix D-2, writes the following list for Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 374–77), from his Panarion 76.5:

text: Gospels (4), Paul's epistles (13), Acts, James, Peter, 1–3 John, Jude, Rev, Wisdom, Sirach

text: Apostolic Canon #85[edit]

text: In c. 380, the redactor of the Apostolic Constitutions attributed a canon to the Twelve Apostles themselves as the 85th of his list of such apostolic decrees:[85][86]

text: Canon 85. Let the following books be esteemed venerable and holy by all of you, both clergy and laity. [A list of books of the Old Testament ...] And our sacred books, that is, of the New Testament, are the four Gospels, of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John; the fourteen Epistles of Paul; two Epistles of Peter; three of John; one of James; one of Jude; two Epistles of Clement; and the Constitutions dedicated to you, the bishops, by me, Clement, in eight books, which is not appropriate to make public before all, because of the mysteries contained in them; and the Acts of us, the Apostles.—(From the Latin version.)

text: It is said that the Coptic translation and some Arabic version include Revelation.[85]

text: Amphilochius of Iconium[edit]

text: Bishop Amphilochius of Iconium, in his poem Iambics for Seleucus[87] written some time after 394, discusses debate over the inclusion of a number of books that should be received, and seems uncertain about the later Epistles of Peter and John, Jude, and Revelation.[88]

text: Pope Damasus I[edit]

text: Pope Damasus's commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible to Jerome,[3] c. 383, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West.[18] Pope Damasus I is often considered to be the father of the Catholic canon, since what is thought as his list corresponds to the current Catholic canon.[3] Purporting to date from a "Council of Rome" under Pope Damasus I in 382, the so-called "Damasian list" which some attributed to the Decretum Gelasianum[89] gives a list identical to what would be the Canon of Trent,[11] and, though the text may in fact not be Damasian, it is at least a valuable 6th century compilation.[90][91]

text: This list, given below, was purportedly endorsed by Pope Damasus I:

text: [A list of books of the Old Testament ...], and in the New Testament: 4 books of Gospels, 1 book of Acts of the Apostles, 13 letters of the Apostle Paul, 1 of him to the Hebrews, 2 of Peter, 3 of John, 1 of James, 1 of Jude, and the Apocalypse of John.

text: The so-called Decretum Gelasianum de libris recipiendis et non recipiendis, is traditionally attributed to Pope Gelasius I, bishop of Rome 492–496 AD. However, upon the whole it is probably of South Gallic origin (6th century), but several parts can be traced back to Pope Damasus and reflect Roman tradition. The 2nd part is a canon catalogue, and the 5th part is a catalogue of apocryphal writings which are to be rejected. The canon catalogue gives all 27 books of the Catholic New Testament.

text: Jerome[edit]

text: McDonald & Sanders 2002, Appendix D-2, lists the following New Testament books according to Jerome, (c. 394), from his Epistle 53:

text: "Lord's Four": Matt, Mark, Luke, John, Paul's Epistles (14), 1–2 Peter, 1–3 John, Jude, James, Acts, Rev.

text: Augustine and the North African councils[edit]

text: Augustine of Hippo declared that one is to "prefer those that are received by all Catholic Churches to those which some of them do not receive. Among those, again, which are not received by all, he will prefer such as have the sanction of the greater number and those of greater authority, to such as are held by the smaller number and those of less authority." (On Christian Doctrines 2.12, chapter 8).[92]

text: Augustine effectively forced his opinion on the Church by commanding three synods on canonicity: the Synod of Hippo in 393, the Synod of Carthage (397), and another in Carthage in 419 AD (M 237-8). Each of these reiterated the same Church law: "nothing shall be read in church under the name of the divine scriptures" except the Old Testament (including the Deuterocanonicals) and the 27 canonical books of the New Testament. It seems these decrees also declared by fiat that Epistle to the Hebrews was written by Paul, for a time ending all debate on the subject.

text: The first council that accepted the present canon of the books of the New Testament may have been the Synod of Hippo in North Africa (393). A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the Synod of Carthage (397) and Council of Carthage (419).[13] These councils were convened under the authority of St. Augustine, who regarded the canon as already closed.[14][15][16] This North African canon reaffirmed at the Council of Trent of 1546.[3][4]

text: Pope Innocent I[edit]

text: In c. 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse,[93] identical with that of Trent.[94][95][96] It states "fourteen" Epistles of Paul, but F.F. Bruce prefers "thirteen" excluding the Hebrews.[93] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, by the turn of the 5th century, the Western Church under Pope Innocent I recognized a biblical canon including the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which was previously established at a number of regional Synods, namely the Council of Rome (382), the Synod of Hippo (393), and two Councils of Carthage (397 and 419).[3]

text: Eastern canons[edit]

text: The Eastern Churches had, in general, a weaker feeling than those in the West for the necessity of making a sharp delineation with regard to the canon. They were more conscious of the gradation of spiritual quality among the books that they accepted (e.g. the classification of Eusebius, see also Antilegomena) and were less often disposed to assert that the books which they rejected possessed no spiritual quality at all.[citation needed] Similarly, the New Testament canons of the Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Egyptian Coptic and Ethiopian Churches all have minor differences.[97][page needed] The Revelation of John is one of the most uncertain books; in the East, chiliasm and Montanism brought it under suspicion;[98] it was not translated into Georgian until the 10th century, and it has never been included in the official lectionary of the Eastern Orthodox Church, whether in Byzantine or modern times. However, its canonical status is recognized.[99]

text: Outside the Empire[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Syriac Canon[edit]

text: In the 4th century, the Doctrine of Addai lists a 17-book NT canon using the Diatessaron and Acts and 15 Pauline epistles (including 3rd Corinthians). The Syriac Doctrine of Addai (c. 400) claims to record the oldest traditions of the Syrian church, and among these is the establishment of a canon: members of the church are to read only the Gospel (meaning the Diatessaron of Tatian), the Epistles of Paul (which are said to have been sent by Peter, from Rome), and the Book of Acts (which is said to have been sent by John the son of Zebedee, from Ephesus), and nothing else.

text: For centuries the Diatessaron, along with Acts and the Pauline Epistles (except Philemon), comprised the only accepted books in the Syrian churches, meaning that Tatian's stricter views, resulting in the rejection in 1 Timothy, did not win out. Moreover, after the pronouncements of the 4th century on the proper content of the Bible, Tatian was declared a heretic and in the early 4th century Bishop Theodoretus of Cyrrhus and Bishop Rabbula of Edessa (both in Syria) rooted out all copies they could find of the Diatessaron and replaced them with the four canonical Gospels (M 215). As a result, no early copies of the Diatessaron survive—although a very early fragment suggests it would have been crucial evidence for the true state of the early Gospels (see IX).

text: By the 5th century, the Syrian Bible, called the Peshitta, was formalized, accepting Philemon, along with James, 1 Peter and 1 John, but excluding 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude and Revelation. After the Council of Ephesus, the Church of the East became separated, and retained this canon of only 22-books (the Peshitta) up to the present day. The Syriac Orthodox Church uses this text as well (known in the West Syriac dialect as the Peshitto), but with the addition of the other books normally present in the New Testament canon.

text: The late-5th or early-6th century Peshitta of the Syrian Orthodox Church[100] includes a 22-book NT, excluding II Peter, II John, III John, Jude, and Revelation. The Lee Peshitta of 1823 follows the Protestant canon.

text: McDonald & Sanders 2002, lists the following Syrian catalogue of St. Catherine's, c. 400:

text: Gospels (4): Matt, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Gal, Rom, Heb, Col, Eph, Phil, 1–2 Thess, 1–2 Tim, Titus, Phlm.

text: The Syriac Peshitta, used by all the various Syrian Churches, originally did not include 2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John, Jude and Revelation (and this canon of 22-books is the one cited by John Chrysostom (~347–407) and Theodoret (393–466) from the School of Antioch). It also includes Psalm 151 and Psalm 152–155 and 2 Baruch. Western Syrians have added the remaining 5 books to their NT canons in modern times (such as the Lee Peshitta of 1823). Today, the official lectionaries followed by the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church, with headquarters at Kottayam (India), and the Chaldean Syrian Church, also known as the Church of the East (Nestorian), with headquarters at Trichur (India), still present lessons from only the 22-books of the original Peshitta.[100][better source needed]

text: Armenian canon[edit]

text: The Armenian Bible introduces one addition: a third letter to the Corinthians, also found in the Acts of Paul, which became canonized in the Armenian Church, but is not part of the Armenian Bible today. Revelation, however, was not accepted into the Armenian Bible until c. 1200, when Archbishop Nerses arranged an Armenian Synod at Constantinople to introduce the text.[101] Still, there were unsuccessful attempts even as late as 1290 to include in the Armenian canon several apocryphal books: Advice of the Mother of God to the Apostles, the Books of Criapos, and the ever-popular Epistle of Barnabas.

text: The Armenian Apostolic church at times has included the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs in its Old Testament and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians, but does not always list it with the other 27 canonical New Testament books.

text: Coptic and Ethiopian canons[edit]

text: The Coptic Bible (adopted by the Egyptian Church) includes the two Epistles of Clement, and the Ethiopic Bible includes books nowhere else found: the Sinodos (a collection of prayers and instructions supposedly written by Clement of Rome), the Octateuch (a book supposedly written by Peter to Clement of Rome), the Book of the Covenant (in two parts, the first details rules of church order, the second relates instructions from Jesus to the disciples given between the resurrection and the ascension), and the Didascalia (with more rules of church order, similar to the Apostolic Constitutions).

text: The New Testament of the Coptic Bible, adopted by the Egyptian Church, includes the two Epistles of Clement.[101] The canon of the Tewahedo Churches is somewhat looser than for other traditional Christian groups, and the order, naming, and chapter/verse division of some of the books is also slightly different.

text: The "broader" Ethiopian New Testament canon includes four books of "Sinodos" (church practices), two "Books of Covenant", "Ethiopic Clement", and "Ethiopic Didascalia" (Apostolic Church-Ordinances). However, these books have never been printed or widely studied. This "broader" canon is also sometimes said to include, with the Old Testament, an eight-part history of the Jews based on the writings of Flavius Josephus, and known as "Pseudo-Josephus" or "Joseph ben Gurion" (Yosēf walda Koryon).[102][103]

text: Protestant developments (from c. 1517)[edit]

text: The Encyclopedia of Theology says that the 27 books which make up the New Testament canon of Scripture are not based on a Scriptural list that authenticates them to be inspired, thus their legitimacy is considered impossible to be distinguished with certainty without appealing to another infallible source, such as the Magisterium of the Catholic Church which first assembled and authenticated this list at the Council of Rome.[104] Catholicism considers the Magisterium, i.e. the teaching authority, has equal position and linked together with Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture, each acts in its own way for the goodness of the Church.[105] Rejecting these, Protestant reformers focused on the doctrine of sola scriptura, i.e. the supreme authority of Scripture alone. Sola scriptura is one of the five solas, considered by some Protestant groups to be the theological pillars of the Protestant Reformation.[106]

text: Martin Luther[edit]

text: Martin Luther was troubled by four books, referred to as Luther's Antilegomena: Jude, James, Hebrews, and Revelation; and though he placed them in a secondary position relative to the rest, he did not exclude them. He did propose removing them from the canon,[107][108] echoing the consensus of several Catholics such as Cardinal Cajetan and Erasmus, and partially because they were perceived to go against certain Protestant doctrines such as sola gratia and sola fide, but this was not generally accepted among his followers. However, these books are ordered last in the German-language Luther Bible to this day.[109][110]

text: Protestant confessions[edit]

text: Among confessions of faith drawn up by Protestants, several identify by name the 27-books of the New Testament canon, including the French Confession of Faith (1559), the Belgic Confession (1561), and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647) during the English Civil War. The Thirty-Nine Articles, issued by the Church of England in 1563, names the books of the Old Testament, but not the New Testament. None of the Confessional statements issued by any Lutheran church includes an explicit list of canonical books.

text: Evangelical canons[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many Evangelical Christian groups (which have their origin in c. 1730 England) do not accept the theory that the Christian Bible was not known until various local and Ecumenical Councils, which they deem to be "Roman-dominated", made their official declarations.

text: These groups believe that the New Testament supports that Paul (2 Timothy 4:11–13), Peter (2 Peter 3:15–16), and ultimately John (Revelation 22:18–19) finalized the canon of the New Testament. Some note that Peter, John, and Paul wrote 20 (or 21) of the 27-books of the NT and personally knew all the other NT writers. (Books not attributed to these three are: Matthew, Mark, Luke, Acts, James, and Jude. The authorship of Hebrews has long been disputed.)

text: Many modern Protestants point to four "Criteria for Canonicity" to justify the books that have been included in the Old and New Testament, which are judged to have satisfied the following:

text:
Apostolic Origin – attributed to and based on the preaching/teaching of the first-generation apostles (or their close companions).
Universal Acceptance – acknowledged by all major Christian communities in the ancient world (by the end of the 4th century).
Liturgical Use – read publicly when early Christian communities gathered for the Lord's Supper (their weekly worship services).
Consistent Message – containing a theological outlook similar or complementary to other accepted Christian writings.

tag: ol

text: The basic factor for recognizing a book's canonicity for the New Testament was divine inspiration, and the chief test for this was apostolicity. The term apostolic as used for the test of canonicity does not necessarily mean apostolic authorship or derivation, but rather apostolic authority. Apostolic authority is never detached from the authority of the Lord. See Apostolic succession.

text: It is sometimes difficult to apply these criteria to all books in the accepted canon, however, and some point to books that Protestants hold as apocryphal which would fulfill these requirements. In practice, Protestants hold to the Jewish canon for the Old Testament and the Catholic canon for the New Testament.

text: Catholic developments (from c. 1546)[edit]

text: Council of Trent[edit]

text: The Council of Trent on April 8, 1546, approved the enforcement of the present Roman Catholic Bible Canon including the Deuterocanonical Books as an article of faith (the contents of the canon itself having already been reaffirmed unanimously), and the decision was confirmed by an anathema by vote (24 yea, 15 nay, 16 abstain).[111] This is said to be the same list as produced at the Council of Florence (Session 11, 4 February 1442),[112] Augustine's 397-419 Councils of Carthage,[4] and probably Damasus' 382 Council of Rome.[11][113] Because of its placement, the list was not considered binding for the Catholic Church, and in light of Martin Luther's demands, the Catholic Church examined the question of the Canon again at the Council of Trent, which reaffirmed the canon of previous councils and added the anathema against attempts to change the contents of the canon.

text: Later developments[edit]

text: Vatican I on April 24, 1870 approved the additions to Mark (v. 16:9–20), Luke (22:19b–20, 43–44), and John (7:53–8:11), which are not present in early manuscripts but are contained in the Vulgate edition.[114]

text: Pope Pius XI on June 2, 1927 decreed the Comma Johanneum was open to dispute.

text: Pope Pius XII on 3 September 1943 issued the encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu, which allowed translations based on texts other than the Latin Vulgate.

text: Orthodox developments (from c. 1672)[edit]

text: Synod of Jerusalem[edit]

text: The Synod of Jerusalem in 1672 decreed the Greek Orthodox Canon which is similar as the one decided by the Council of Trent. They "call[ed] Sacred Scripture all those [books] which Cyril collected from the Synod of Laodicea, and enumerated, adding to Scripture those which he foolishly and ignorantly, or rather maliciously, called Apocrypha; specifically, [List of deuterocanonical books...]."

text: But it is to be noted that this was simply an affirmation of tradition, not a new canonization. As the Confession goes on to state, "ancient custom, or rather the Catholic Church, which has delivered to us as genuine the Sacred Gospels and the other Books of Scripture, has undoubtedly delivered these [deuterocanonical books] also as parts of Scripture.... And if, perhaps, it seems that not always have all of these been considered on the same level as the others, yet nevertheless these also have been counted and reckoned with the rest of Scripture, both by Synods and by many of the most ancient and eminent Theologians of the Catholic Church. All of these we also judge to be Canonical Books, and confess them to be Sacred Scripture..."[115]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Three forms are postulated, from Gamble, Harry Y, "18", The Canon Debate, p. 300, note 21, (1) Marcion's collection that begins with Galatians and ends with Philemon; (2) Papyrus 46, dated about 200, that follows the order that became established except for reversing Ephesians and Galatians; and (3) the letters to seven churches, treating those to the same church as one letter and basing the order on length, so that Corinthians is first and Colossians (perhaps including Philemon) is last.
Jump up ^ John Knox[28] (the modern writer, not to be confused with John Knox the Protestant Reformer) was the first to propose that Marcion's Gospel may have preceded Luke's Gospel and Acts,[29] although still maintaining that Marcion edited the sources available to him.[30]
Jump up ^ * Matthew (Book 3, Chapter 16):

Mark (Book 3, Chapter 10)
Luke (Book 3, Chapter 14)
John (Book 3, Chapter 11)
Acts of the Apostles (Book 3, Chapter 14)
Romans (Book 3, Chapter 16)
1 Corinthians (Book 1, Chapter 3)
2 Corinthians (Book 3, Chapter 7)
Galatians (Book 3, Chapter 22)
Ephesians (Book 5, Chapter 2)
Philippians (Book 4, Chapter 18)
Colossians (Book 1, Chapter 3)
1 Thessalonians (Book 5, Chapter 6)
2 Thessalonians (Book 5, Chapter 25)
1 Timothy (Book 1, Preface)
2 Timothy (Book 3, Chapter 14)
Titus (Book 3, Chapter 3)
1 Peter (Book 4, Chapter 9)
1 John(Book 3, Chapter 16)
2 John (Book 1, Chapter 16)
Revelation to John (Book 4, Chapter 20)


document_title: 1991 Minnesota Twins season

question_text: who was the centerfielder for the 1991 championship-winning twins

text: 1991 Minnesota Twins season

text: Offseason[edit]

text:
December 2, 1990: Roy Smith was released by the Twins.[8]
January 14, 1991: Tom Edens was signed by the Twins as a free agent.[9]
January 25, 1991: Mike Pagliarulo was signed as a free agent by the Twins.[10]
January 29, 1991: Chili Davis was signed as a free agent by the Twins.[11]
February 5, 1991: Jack Morris was signed as a free agent by the Twins.[12]

tag: ul

text: The club moved spring training operations from Orlando's Tinker Field, where the franchise had trained since 1936, to the Lee County Sports Complex in Ft. Myers.

text: Regular season[edit]

text: For the second time in his career, Kirby Puckett had a six-hit game on May 23.  This was an eleven-inning game; the previous time in 1987 was in nine innings.

text: The highest paid player on the team was Jack Morris at $3,700,000; followed by Kirby Puckett at $3,166,667.

text: Offense[edit]

text:
Team Leaders

Statistic
Player
Quantity

HR
Chili Davis
29

RBI
Chili Davis
93

BA
Kirby Puckett
.319

Runs
Kirby Puckett
92

text: Pitching[edit]

text: Jack Morris, Kevin Tapani, and Scott Erickson were a solid, 1-2-3 punch in the team's rotation.  The fourth and fifth spots were less certain, with Allan Anderson, David West, and Mark Guthrie starting over 10 games.  Rick Aguilera was a solid closer, earning 42 saves.

text:
Team Leaders

Statistic
Player
Quantity

ERA
Kevin Tapani
2.99

Wins
Scott Erickson
20*

Saves
Rick Aguilera
42

Strikeouts
Jack Morris
163

text: Defense[edit]

text: The regular lineup included Kent Hrbek at first base, rookie Chuck Knoblauch at second, Greg Gagne at shortstop, Brian Harper at catcher, and Kirby Puckett, Shane Mack, and Dan Gladden in the outfield.  Mike Pagliarulo and Scott Leius platooned at third.  Junior Ortiz was the backup catcher, and Al Newman was a reliable utility infielder.

text: Season standings[edit]

text:
vteAL West

W

L

Pct.

GB

Home

Road

Minnesota Twins

95
67

0.586

—

51–30

44–37

Chicago White Sox

87
75

0.537

8

46–35

41–40

Texas Rangers

85
77

0.525

10

46–35

39–42

Oakland Athletics

84
78

0.519

11

47–34

37–44

Seattle Mariners

83
79

0.512

12

45–36

38–43

Kansas City Royals

82
80

0.506

13

40–41

42–39

California Angels

81
81

0.500

14

40–41

41–40

text: Record vs. opponents[edit]

text:
1991 American League RecordsvteSources: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Team

BAL

BOS

CAL

CWS

CLE

DET

KC

MIL

MIN

NYY

OAK

SEA

TEX

TOR

Baltimore

—
8–5
6–6
4–8
7–6
5–8
4–8
3–10
4–8
5–8
3–9
4–8
9–3
5–8

Boston

5–8
—
4–8
7–5
9–4
5–8
7–5
7–6
3–9
6–7
8–4
9–3
5–7
9–4

California

6–6
8–4
—
8–5
7–5
5–7
9–4
6–6
8–5
6–6
1–12
6–7
5–8
6–6

Chicago

8–4
5–7
5–8
—
6–6
4–8
7–6
7–5
8–5
8–4
7–6
7–6
8–5
7–5

Cleveland

6–7
4–9
5–7
6–6
—
7–6
4–8
5–8
2–10
6–7
5–7
2–10
4–8
1–12

Detroit

8–5
8–5
7–5
8–4
6–7
—
8–4
4–9
4–8
8–5
4–8
8–4
6–6
5–8

Kansas City

8–4
5–7
4–9
6–7
8–4
4–8
—
9–3
6–7
7–5
6–7
7–6
7–6
5–7

Milwaukee

10–3
6–7
6–6
5–7
8–5
9–4
3–9
—
6–6
6–7
8–4
3–9
7–5
6–7

Minnesota

8–4
9–3
5–8
5–8
10–2
8–4
7–6
6–6
—
10–2
8–5
9–4
6–7
4–8

New York

8–5
7–6
6–6
4–8
7–6
5–8
5–7
7–6
2–10
—
6–6
3–9
5–7
6–7

Oakland

9–3
4–8
12–1
6–7
7–5
8–4
7–6
4–8
5–8
6–6
—
6–7
4–9
6–6

Seattle

8–4
3–9
7–6
6–7
10–2
4–8
6–7
9–3
4–9
9–3
7–6
—
5–8
5–7

Texas

3–9
7–5
8–5
5–8
8–4
6–6
6–7
5–7
7–6
7–5
9–4
8–5
—
6–6

Toronto

8–5
4–9
6–6
5–7
12–1
8–5
7–5
7–6
8–4
7–6
6–6
7–5
6–6
—

text: Roster[edit]

text:
1991 Minnesota Twins

Roster

Pitchers
37 Paul Abbott
49 Allan Anderson
38 Rick Aguilera
23 Willie Banks
40 Steve Bedrosian
14 Larry Casian
59 Tom Edens
19 Scott Erickson
53 Mark Guthrie
30 Terry Leach
47 Jack Morris
36 Kevin Tapani
48 Gary Wayne
39 David West
51 Carl Willis
58 Denny Neagle

Catchers
12 Brian Harper
 0 Junior Ortiz
15 Lenny Webster
Infielders

14 Kent Hrbek
 7 Greg Gagne
11 Chuck Knoblauch
31 Scott Leius
26 Al Newman
13 Mike Pagliarulo
18 Paul Sorrento

Outfielders
 1 Jarvis Brown
25 Randy Bush
22 Carmen Castillo
44 Chili Davis
32 Dan Gladden
 9 Gene Larkin
24 Shane Mack
 5 Pedro Muñoz
34 Kirby Puckett

Manager
10 Tom Kelly
Coaches

46 Terry Crowley (hitting)
35 Ron Gardenhire (third base)
 6 Tony Oliva (bench)
43 Rick Stelmaszek (bullpen)
42 Dick Such (pitching)
45 Wayne Terwilliger (first base)

text: Notable transactions[edit]

text:
April 2, 1991: Nelson Liriano was released by the Twins.[13]
May 10, 1991: Carmelo Castillo was released by the Minnesota Twins.[14]
June 3, 1991: 1991 Major League Baseball draft
David McCarty was drafted by the Twins in the 1st round (3rd pick).[15]
Scott Stahoviak was drafted by the Twins in the 1st round (27th pick).[16]
LaTroy Hawkins was drafted by the Twins in the 7th round.[17]
Brad Radke was drafted by the Twins in the 8th round.[18]
Matt Lawton was drafted by the Twins in the 13th round.[19]
December 19, 1991: Brian Harper was signed as a Free Agent with the Minnesota Twins.[20]

text: Player stats[edit]

text: Batting[edit]

text: Starters by position[edit]

text: Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

text:
Pos

Player

G

AB

H

Avg.

HR

RBI

C
Brian Harper
123
441
137
.311
10
69

1B
Kent Hrbek
132
462
131
.284
20
89

2B
Chuck Knoblauch
151
565
159
.281
1
50

3B
Mike Pagliarulo
121
365
102
.279
6
36

SS
Greg Gagne
139
408
108
.265
8
42

LF
Dan Gladden
126
461
114
.247
6
52

CF
Kirby Puckett
152
611
195
.319
15
89

RF
Shane Mack
143
442
137
.310
18
74

DH
Chili Davis
153
534
148
.277
29
93

text: Other batters[edit]

text: Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

text:
Player

G

AB

H

Avg.

HR

RBI

Gene Larkin
98
255
73
.286
2
19

Al Newman
118
246
47
.191
0
19

Scott Leius
109
199
57
.286
5
20

Randy Bush
93
165
50
.303
6
23

Pedro Munoz
51
138
39
.283
7
26

Junior Ortiz
61
134
28
.209
0
11

Paul Sorrento
26
47
12
.255
4
13

Lenny Webster
18
34
10
.294
3
8

Jarvis Brown
38
37
8
.216
0
0

Carmelo Castillo
9
12
2
.167
0
0

text: Pitching[edit]

text: Starting pitchers[edit]

text:
Player

G

IP

W

L

ERA

SO

Jack Morris
34
246.2
18
12
3.43
163

Kevin Tapani
35
244
16
9
2.99
135

Scott Erickson
32
204
20
8
3.18
108

Allan Anderson
29
134.1
5
11
4.96
51

David West
15
71.1
4
4
4.54
52

text: Other pitchers[edit]

text:
Player

G

IP

W

L

ERA

SO

Paul Abbott
15
47.1
3
1
4.75
43

Tom Edens
8
33
2
2
4.09
19

Denny Neagle
7
20
0
1
4.05
14

Larry Casian
15
18.1
0
0
7.36
6

Willie Banks
5
17.1
1
1
5.71
16

Gary Wayne
8
12.1
1
0
5.11
7

text: Relief pitchers[edit]

text:
Player

G

W

L

SV

ERA

SO

Rick Aguilera
63
4
5
42
2.35
61

Mark Guthrie
41
7
5
2
4.32
72

Carl Willis
40
8
3
2
2.63
53

Steve Bedrosian
56
5
3
6
4.42
44

Terry Leach
50
1
2
0
3.61
32

text: Postseason[edit]

text: See 1991 American League Championship Series and 1991 World Series.

text: Seven players and five of the coaching staff from the 1987 World Champions repeated as 1991 World Champions.

text: Only one man has been a part of each of the three Minnesota Twins World Series teams: Tony Oliva.  An outfielder in 1965, he was the hitting coach on the 1987 team and bench coach in 1991.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Kent Hrbek, Lou Gehrig Award
Jack Morris, Babe Ruth Award
Jack Morris, World Series Most Valuable Player
Kirby Puckett, ALCS Most Valuable Player
Chuck Knoblauch, 1991 AL Rookie of the Year

text: All-Star Game

text: The Twins had three All-Stars in the 1991 All-Star Game: Closer Rick Aguilera, Pitcher Jack Morris, and Center Fielder Kirby Puckett.  Scott Erickson would have started the all-star game had he not been injured in a start at home against the Chicago White Sox in June.

text: Other post-season awards[edit]

text:
Calvin R. Griffith Award (Most Valuable Twin) – Jack Morris
Joseph W. Haynes Award (Twins Pitcher of the Year) – Jack Morris
Bill Boni Award (Twins Outstanding Rookie) – Chuck Knoblauch
Charles O. Johnson Award (Most Improved Twin) – Shane Mack
Dick Siebert Award (Upper Midwest Player of the Year) – Jack Morris
The above awards are voted on by the Twin Cities chapter of the BBWAA
Sherry Robertson Award (Twins Outstanding Farm System Player) – Pat Mahomes

text: Farm system[edit]

text:
Level

Team

League

Manager

AAA

Portland Beavers

Pacific Coast League

Russ Nixon

AA

Orlando Sun Rays

Southern League

Scott Ullger

A

Visalia Oaks

California League

Steve Liddle

A

Kenosha Twins

Midwest League

Joel Lepel

Rookie

Elizabethton Twins

Appalachian League

Ray Smith

Rookie

GCL Twins

Gulf Coast League

Dan Rohn

text: LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Orlando[21]


document_title: Deep ocean water

question_text: is ocean water saltier at the top or bottom

text: Deep ocean water

text: Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters;[1] in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh.[2] Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around 0-3 °C, and a salinity of about 3.5% or as oceanographers state as 35 ppt (parts per thousand).[3]

text: In specialized locations such as the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii NELHA ocean water is pumped to the surface from approximately 900 metres (3000 feet) deep for applications in research, commercial and pre-commercial activities. DOW is typically used to describe ocean water at sub-thermal depths sufficient to provide a measurable difference in water temperature.

text: When deep ocean water is brought to the surface, it can be used for a variety of things. Its most useful property is its temperature. At the surface of the Earth, most water and air is well above 3 °C. The difference in temperature is indicative of a difference in energy. Where there is an energy gradient, skillful application of engineering can harness that energy for productive use by humans. Assuming the source of deep ocean water is environmentally friendly and replenished by natural mechanisms, it forms a more innovative basis for cleaner energy than current fossil-fuel-derived energy.

text: The simplest use of cold water is for air conditioning: using the cold water itself to cool air saves the energy that would be used by the compressors for traditional refrigeration. Another use could be to replace expensive desalination plants. When cold water passes through a pipe surrounded by humid air, condensation results. The condensate is pure water, suitable for humans to drink or for crop irrigation. Via a technology called Ocean thermal energy conversion, the temperature difference can be turned into electricity.

text: Cold-bed agriculture[edit]

text: During condensation or Ocean thermal energy conservation operations, the water does not reach ambient temperature, because a certain temperature gradient is required to make these processes viable. The water leaving those operations is therefore still colder than the surroundings, and a further benefit can be extracted by passing this water through underground pipes, thereby cooling agricultural soil. This reduces evaporation, and even causes water to condense from the atmosphere.[4] This allows agricultural production where crops would normally not be able to grow. This technique is sometimes referred to as "cold agriculture"[5] or "cold-bed agriculture".[6]