document_title: History of newspaper publishing

question_text: who started the first news paper in india

question_tokens: who started the first news paper in india

text: History of newspaper publishing

text: 16th century to 1800[edit]

text: Avvisi, or Gazzettes (not gazettes), were a mid-16th-century Venice phenomenon. They were issued on single sheets, folded to form four pages, and issued on a weekly schedule. These publications reached a larger audience than handwritten news had in early Rome. Their format and appearance at regular intervals were two major influences on the newspaper as we know it today. The idea of a weekly, handwritten newssheet went from Italy to Germany and then to Holland.[1]

text: First newspapers[edit]

text: The term newspaper became common in the 17th century. However, in Germany, publications that we would today consider to be newspaper publications, were appearing as early as the 16th century. They were discernibly newspapers for the following reasons: they were printed, dated, appeared at regular and frequent publication intervals, and included a variety of news items (unlike single item news mentioned above).  The emergence of the new media branch was based on the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name. Historian Johannes Weber says, "At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born. The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, was the first newspaper.[2]

text: Other early papers include the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. of 1618 which was the first to appear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country.[3][4]

text: The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys. was published in England by an "N.B." (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer.[5]

text: The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally published as Gazette de France).[6]

text: The first newspaper in Portugal, A Gazeta da Restauração, was published in 1641 in Lisbon.  The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid, was published in 1661.

text: Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.[7]

text: Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem, the Netherlands, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad appears with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656 and considers itself to be the oldest newspaper still publishing.

text: Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny was published in Kraków, Poland in 1661.

text: The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735. The first editor, for 10 days in March 1702, was Elizabeth Mallet, who for years had operated her late husband's printing business.[8][9][10]

text: News was highly selective and often propagandistic. Readers were eager for sensationalism, such as accounts of magic, public executions and disasters; this material did not pose a threat to the state, because it did not pose criticism of the state.

text: Dutch Republic[edit]

text: Newspaper publications, under the name of corantos, came to the Dutch Republic in the 17th century, first to Amsterdam, which was a center of trade and travelers, an obvious locale for news publication. The term coranto was adopted by other countries for a time as well. The coranto differed from previous German newspapers before it in format. The coranto dropped the highly illustrated German title page, instead including a title on the upper first page of the publication – the masthead common in today's periodicals. Corantos also adopted a two-column format, unlike the previous single-column format, and were issued on halfsheets.[11]

text: British newspapers[edit]

text: On 7 November 1665, The London Gazette (at first called The Oxford Gazette) began publication.[12] It decisively changed the look of English news printing, echoing the coranto format of two columns, a clear title, and a clear date. It was published twice a week.[13] Other English papers started to publish three times a week, and later the first daily papers emerged.[14]

text: The newspapers typically  included short articles, ephemeral topics, some illustrations and service articles (classifieds). They were often written by multiple authors, although the authors' identities were often obscured. They began to contain some advertisements, and they did not yet include sections. Mass market papers emerged, including Sunday papers for workers to read in their leisure time The Times adopted new technologies and set the standards for other newspapers. This newspaper covered major wars, among other major events.

text: North America[edit]

text: In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the colonial officials, possibly due to censorship and control issues. It followed the two-column format and was a single sheet, printed on both sides.

text: In 1704, the governor allowed The Boston News-Letter, a weekly, to be published, and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began publishing in New York and Philadelphia. The second English-language newspaper in the Americas was the Weekly Jamaica Courant.[15] These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor's interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily.

text: In 1751, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper.

text: German states[edit]

text: Germany invented printing, and produced the first newspapers. However, Germany was divided into so many competing  states that before unification in 1871, no newspaper played a dominant role. One example of this type of merchant was the 16th-century German financialist, Fugger. He not only received business news from  his correspondents, but also sensationalist and gossip news as well. It is evident in the correspondence of Fugger with his network that fiction and fact were both significant parts of early news publications.  16th century Germany also saw subscription-based, handwritten news. Those who subscribed to these publications were generally low-level government officials and also merchants. They could not afford other types of news publications, but had enough money to pay for a subscription, which was still expensive for the time.[16]

text: In the 16th and 17th century, there appeared  numerous printed news sheets summarizing accounts of battles, treaties, king, epidemics, and special events. In 1609 Johann Carolus published the first regular newspaper in Strassburg, comprising brief news bulletins. By the 1620s, numerous major cities had newspapers of 4 to 8 pages appearing at irregular intervals; all were strictly censored. The first daily newspaper appeared in 1660 in Leipzig. Prussia increasingly became the largest and most dominant of the German states, but it had weak newspapers that were kept under very tight control. Advertising was forbidden, and budgets were very small.[17]

text: India[edit]

text:
In 1766, a Dutch adventurer, William Bolts, proposed starting a newspaper for the English audience in
Calcutta. He was deported by the East India Company, before his plans could come to fruition.

text: In January 1780, James Augustus Hicky published Hicky's Bengal Gazette, the first newspaper in India. The size of that four-page newspaper was 12"x8". Hicky accused the members of the East India Company, including Governor General Warren Hastings of corruption. In retailiation Hastings prohibited the post office from carrying Hicky's Bengal Gazette, and later sued Hicky for libel. In November 1780, the India Gazette appeared; it supported the Company government.

text: Modern newspapers since 1800[edit]

text: Technology[edit]

text: In 1814, The Times of London acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour.[18] It was soon adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript.[19] Penny press papers cost about one-sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience.[20]  Newspaper editors exchanged copies and freely reprinted material. By the late 1840s telegraph networks linked major and minor cities and permitted overnight news reporting.[21] The invention of wood pulp papermaking in the 1840s significantly reduced the cost of newsprint, having previously been made from rags.  Increasing literacy in the 19th century also increased the size of newspapers' audiences.[22]

text: News agencies[edit]

text: Only a few large newspapers could afford bureaus outside their home city.  They relied instead on news agencies, founded around 1859, especially Havas in France and the Associated Press in the U.S. Agenzia Stefani covered Italy.  Former Havas employees founded Reuters in Britain and Wolff in Germany.  Havas is now Agence France-Presse (AFP).[23]  For international news, the agencies pooled their resources, so that Havas, for example, covered the French Empire, South America and the Balkans and shared the news with the other national agencies.  In France the typical contract with Havas provided a provincial newspaper with 1800 lines of telegraphed text daily, for an annual subscription rate of 10,000 francs.  Other agencies provided features and fiction for their subscribers.[24] The major news agencies have always operated on a basic philosophy of providing a single objective news feed to all subscribers. For example, they do not provide separate feeds for conservative or liberal newspapers.  Fenby explains the philosophy:

text: Britain[edit]

text: With literacy rising sharply, the rapidly growing  demand for news, led to changes in the physical size, visual appeal, heavy use of war reporting, brisk writing style, and an omnipresent emphasis on speedy reporting thanks to the telegraph. London set the pace before 1870 but by the 1880s critics noted how London was echoing the emerging New York style of journalism.[26] The new news writing style first spread to the provincial press through the Midland Daily Telegraph around 1900.[27]

text: By the early 19th century, there were 52 London papers and over 100 other titles. In 1802 and 1815 the tax on newspapers was increased to three pence and then four pence. Unable or unwilling to pay this fee, between 1831 and 1835 hundreds of untaxed newspapers made their appearance. The political tone of most of them was fiercely revolutionary. Their publishers were prosecuted but this failed to get rid of them. It was chiefly Milner Gibson and Richard Cobden who advocated the case in parliament to first reduce in 1836 and in 1855 totally repeal of the tax on newspapers. After the reduction of the stamp tax in 1836 from four pence to one penny, the circulation of English newspapers rose from 39,000,000 to 122,000,000 by 1854; a trend further exacerbated by technological improvements in rail transportation and telegraphic communication combined with growing literacy.

text: The Times[edit]

text: The paper began in 1785 and in 1788 was renamed The Times. In 1817, Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor; he was a political radical, a sharp critic of parliamentary hypocrisy and a champion of freedom of the press. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. It spoke for reform.[28] Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.") The paper was the first in the world to reach mass circulation due to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. It was also the first properly national newspaper, as it was distributed via the new steam railways to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations across the country. This helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.[29]

text: The Times was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover wars. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War of the mid-1850s, wrote immensely influential dispatches; for the first time the public could read about the reality of warfare. In particular, on September 20, 1854, Russell wrote a missive about one battle that highlighted the surgeons' "humane barbarity" and the lack of ambulance care for wounded troops. Shocked and outraged, the public's backlash led to major reforms.[30]  The Times became famous for its influential leaders (editorials). For example,  Robert Lowe wrote them between 1851 and 1868 on a wide range of economic topics such as free trade (which he favored).[31]

text: Allan Nevins, the historian of journalism, in 1959 analyzed the importance of The Times in shaping London's elite views of events:

text: Other main papers[edit]

text:
The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by a group of non-conformist businessmen. Its most famous editor, Charles Prestwich Scott, made the Guardian into a world-famous newspaper in the 1890s.[33]
The Daily Telegraph was first published on June 29, 1855 and was purchased by Joseph Moses Levy the following year. Levy produced it as the first penny newspaper in London. His son, Edward Lawson soon became editor, a post he held until 1885. The Daily Telegraph became the organ of the middle class and could claim the largest circulation in the world in 1890. It held a consistent Liberal Party allegiance until opposing Gladstone's foreign policy in 1878 when it turned Unionist.[34]

text: New Journalism of 1890s[edit]

text: The New Journalism reached out not to the elite but to a popular audience.[35] Especially influential was William Thomas Stead, a controversial journalist and editor who pioneered the art of investigative journalism. Stead's 'new journalism' paved the way for the modern tabloid. He was influential in demonstrating how the press could be used to influence public opinion and government policy, and advocated "government by journalism". He was also well known for his reportage on child welfare, social legislation and reformation of England's criminal codes.[36]

text: Stead became assistant editor of the Liberal Pall Mall Gazette in 1880 where he set about revolutionizing a traditionally conservative newspaper "written by gentlemen for gentlemen." Over the next seven years Stead would develop what Matthew Arnold dubbed 'The New Journalism'. His innovations as editor of the Gazette included incorporating maps and diagrams into a newspaper for the first time, breaking up longer articles with eye-catching subheadings and blending his own opinions with those of the people he interviewed. He made a feature of the Pall Mall extras, and his enterprise and originality exercised a potent influence on contemporary journalism and politics. Stead introduced the interview, creating a new dimension in British journalism when he interviewed General Gordon in 1884. He originated the modern journalistic technique of creating a news event rather than just reporting it, with his most famous 'investigation', the Eliza Armstrong case.[37]

text: Matthew Arnold, the leading critic of the day, declared in 1887 that the New Journalism, "is full of ability, novelty, variety, sensation, sympathy, generous instincts." However, he added, its "one great fault is that it is feather-brained."[38]

text: Northcliffe's revolution[edit]

text: The turn of the century saw the rise of popular journalism aimed at the lower middle class and tending to deemphasise hard news, which remain the focus of the party-oriented newspapers. Instead they reached vastly larger audiences by emphasis on sports, crime, sensationalism, gossip about famous personalities.  Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe  (1865–1922)was the chief innovator.  He used his Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror to transform the media along the American model of "Yellow Journalism."  Lord Beaverbrook said he was "the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street."[39]  P. P. Catterall and Colin Seymour-Ure conclude that:

text: More than anyone [he] ... shaped the modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control.[40]

text: Interwar Britain[edit]

text: After the war, the major newspapers engaged in a large-scale circulation race. The political parties, which long had sponsored their own papers, could not keep up, and one after another their outlets were sold or closed down.[41]  Sales in the millions depended on popular stories, with a strong human interesting theme, as well as detailed sports reports with the latest scores. Serious news was a niche market and added very little to the circulation base.  The niche was dominated by The Times and, to a lesser extent, The Daily Telegraph.  Consolidation was rampant, as local dailies were bought up and added to chains based in London.   James Curran and Jean Seaton report:

text: The Times of London was long the most influential prestige newspaper, although far from having the largest circulation. It gave far more attention to serious political and cultural news.[43] In 1922, John Jacob Astor (1886-1971), son of the 1st Viscount Astor (1849-1919), bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate. The paper advocated appeasement of Hitler's demands.  Its editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with Prime Minister  Neville Chamberlain, and pushed hard for the Munich Agreement in 1938.  Candid news reports by  Norman Ebbut from Berlin that warned of warmongering were rewritten in London to support the appeasement policy.  In March 1939, however, it reversed course and called for urgent war preparations.[44][45]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Danish news media date back to the 1540s, when handwritten fly sheets reported on the news. In 1666, Anders Bording, the father of Danish journalism, began a state paper. The royal privilege to bring out a newspaper was issued to Joachim Wielandt in 1720. University officials handled the censorship, but in 1770 Denmark became one of the first nations of the world to provide for press freedom; it ended in 1799. In 1834, the first liberal newspaper appeared, one that gave much more emphasis to actual news content rather than opinions. The newspapers championed the Revolution of 1848 in Denmark. The new constitution of 1849 liberated the Danish press.

text: Newspapers flourished in the second half of the 19th century, usually tied to one or another political party or labor union. Modernization, bringing in new features and mechanical techniques, appeared after 1900. The total circulation was 500,000 daily in 1901, more than doubling to 1.2 million in 1925. The German occupation brought informal censorship; some offending newspaper buildings were simply blown up by the Nazis. During the war, the underground produced 550 newspapers—small, surreptitiously printed sheets that encouraged sabotage and resistance.[46]

text: Today Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media JP/Politikens Hus and Berlingske Media, between them, control the largest newspapers Politiken, Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands-Posten and major tabloids B.T. and Ekstra Bladet.

text: In the early 21st century, the 32 daily newspapers had a combined circulation of over 1 million. The largest was Jyllands-Posten (JP) with a circulation of 120,000. It gained international attention in 2005 by publishing cartoons critical of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Militant Muslims protested around the world, burning Denmark's embassies in Beirut and Damascus. There have been threats and attempted terrorist plots against the newspaper and its employees ever since.[47]

text: France[edit]

text: In the Old regime there were a small number of heavily censored newspapers that needed a royal license to operate.  The first newspaper was the Gazette de France, was established in 1632 by the king's physician Theophrastus Renaudot (1586-1653), with the patronage of Louis XIII.[48] All newspapers were subject to prepublication censorship, and served as instruments of propaganda for the monarchy.  Dissidents used satire and hidden meanings to spread their political criticism.[49][50]

text:
Newspapers and pamphlets played role in The Enlightenment
in France and they played a central role in stimulating and defining the Revolution.  The meetings of the Estates-General in 1789 created an enormous demand for news, and over 130 newspapers appeared by the end of the year.  The next decade saw 2000 newspapers founded, with 500 in Paris alone.  Most lasted only a matter of weeks.  Together they became the main communication medium, combined with the very large pamphlet literature.[51]  Newspapers were read aloud in taverns and clubs, and circulated hand to hand.  The press saw its lofty role to be the advancement of civic republicanism based on public service, and downplayed the liberal, individualistic goal of making a profit.[52][53][54][55]  In the Revolution the radicals were most active but the royalists flooded the country with their press the "Ami du Roi" (Friends of the King) until they were suppressed.[56] Napoleon only allowed one newspaper in each department and four in Paris, all under tight control.

text: In the revolutionary days of 1848 former Saint-Simoniennes founded a Club for the Emancipation of Women; in 1848 it changed its name to La Société de la Voix des Femmes (Society for Women's Voice) in line with its new newspaper, La Voix des Femmes. It was France's first feminist daily and proclaimed itself "a socialist and political journal, the organ of the interests of all women." It lasted for only a few weeks as did two other feminist newspapers; women occasionally contributed articles to the magazines, often under a pseudonym.[57]

text: The democratic political structure of France, 1870-1914, was supported by the proliferation of newspapers. The circulation of the daily press in Paris went from 1 million in 1870 to 5 million in 1910; it then leveled off and reached 6 million in 1939.  Advertising grew rapidly, providing a steady financial basis.  A new liberal press law of 1881 abandoned the restrictive practices that had been typical for a century.  High-speed rotary Hoe presses, introduced in the 1860s, facilitated quick turnaround time and cheaper publication.  New types of popular newspapers, especially Le Petit Journal reached an audience more interested in diverse entertainment and gossip rather than hard news.  It captured a quarter of the Parisian market, and forced the rest to lower their prices.  The main dailies employed their own journalists who competed for news flashes. All newspapers relied upon the Agence Havas (now Agence France-Presse), a telegraphic news service with a network of reporters and contracts with Reuters to provide world service.  The staid old papers retained their loyal clientele because of their concentration on serious political issues.[58]

text: The Roman Catholic Assumptionist order revolutionized pressure group media by its national newspaper La Croix.  It vigorously advocated for traditional Catholicism while at the same time innovating with the most modern technology and distribution systems, with regional editions tailored to local taste.  Secularists and Republicans recognize the newspaper as their greatest enemy, especially when it took the lead in attacking Dreyfus as a traitor and stirred up anti-Semitism.  When Dreyfus was pardoned, the Radical government in 1900 closed down the entire Assumptionist order and its newspaper.[59]

text: Corruption[edit]

text: Businesses and banks secretly paid certain newspapers to promote particular financial interests, and hide or cover up possible misbehavior.  Publishers took payments for favorable notices in news articles of commercial products. Sometimes, a newspaper would blackmail a business by threatening to publish unfavorable information unless the business immediately started advertising in the paper. Foreign governments, especially Russia and Turkey, secretly paid the press hundreds of thousands of francs a year to guarantee favorable coverage of the bonds it was selling in Paris. When the real news was bad about Russia, as during its 1905 Revolution or during its war with Japan, it raised the bribes it paid to millions of francs.  Each ministry in Paris had a group of journalists whom it secretly paid and fed stories.[60]  During the World War, newspapers became more of a propaganda agency on behalf of the war effort; there was little critical commentary.  The press seldom reported the achievements of the Allies; instead they credited all the good news to the French army.  In a word, the newspapers were not independent champions of the truth, but secretly paid advertisements for special interests and foreign governments.[61]

text: First World War[edit]

text: The World War ended a golden era for the press. Their younger staff members were drafted and male replacements could not be found (women were not considered) available.) Rail transportation was rationed and less paper and ink came in, and fewer copies could be shipped out. Inflation raised the price of newsprint, which was always in short supply. The cover price went up, circulation fell and many of the 242 dailies published outside Paris closed down. The government set up the Interministerial Press Commission to closely supervise the press.  A separate agency imposed tight censorship that led to blank spaces where news reports or editorials were disallowed. The dailies sometimes were limited to only two pages instead of the usual four, leading one satirical paper to try to report the war news in the same spirit:

text: Postwar stagnation[edit]

text: The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after 1914.   The major postwar success story was Paris Soir; which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige.  By 1939 its circulation was over 1.7 million, double that of its nearest rival the tabloid Le Petit Parisien.   In addition to its daily paper Paris Soir sponsored a highly successful women's magazine Marie-Claire. Another magazine Match was modeled after the photojournalism of the American magazine Life.[63]

text: France was a democratic society in the 1930s, but the people were kept in the dark about critical issues of foreign policy. The government tightly controlled all of the media to promulgate propaganda to support the government's foreign policy of appeasement to the aggressions of Italy and especially Nazi Germany. There were 253 daily newspapers, all owned separately.  The five major national papers based in Paris were all under the control of special interests, especially right-wing political and business interests that supported appeasement. They were all venal, taking large secret subsidies to promote the policies of various special interests. Many leading journalists were secretly on the government payroll. The regional and local newspapers were heavily dependent on government advertising and published news and editorials to suit Paris. Most of the international news was distributed through the Havas agency, which was largely controlled by the government.  The goal was to tranquilize public opinion, to give it little or nothing to work with, so as not to interfere with the policies of the national government. When serious crises emerged such as the Munich crisis of 1938, people were puzzled and mystified by what was going on. When war came in 1939, Frenchman had little understanding of the issues, and little correct information. They suspiciously distrusted the government, with the result that French morale in the face of the war with Germany was badly prepared.[64]

text: In 1942, the occupying German forces took control of all of the Parisian newspapers and operated them with collaborators. In 1944, the Free French liberated Paris, and seized control of all of the collaborationist newspapers. They turned the presses and operations over to new teams of editors and publishers, and provided financial support. Thus for example The previously high-prestige Le Temps was replaced by the new daily Le Monde.[65][66]

text: In the early 21st century, the best-selling daily was the regional Ouest-France in 47 local editions,  followed by Le Progres of Lyon, La Voix du Nord in Lille, and Provençal in Marseille. In Paris the Communists published l'Humanite while Le Monde Figaro had local rivals in Le Parisien and the leftist Libération.

text: Germany[edit]

text: The Germans read more newspapers than anyone else.[67]  The most dramatic advance in quality came in 1780, with the Neue Zürcher Zeitung in Zürich Switzerland. It set a new standard in objective, in-depth treatment of serious news stories, combined with high-level editorials, and in-depth coverage of music in the theater, as well as an advertising section. Its standards were emulated by the  Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (1861-1945) and the Frankfurter Zeitung (1856-1943), among others.[68]

text: Napoleon shut down existing German newspapers when he marched through, replacing them with his own, which echoed the official Parisian press. The upsurge of German nationalism after 1809 stimulated underground newspapers, calling for resistance to Napoleon.  Johann Palm took the lead in Augsburg, but he was caught and executed. With the downfall of Napoleon, reactionaries came to power across Germany who had no tolerance for a free press. A repressive police system guaranteed that newspapers would not be criticizing the government.

text: The revolution of 1848 saw the overnight emergence of a liberal press demanding new freedoms, new constitutions and a free press. Multiple parties formed, and each had its own newspaper network.  Neue Rheinische Zeitung was the first socialist newspaper; it appeared in 1848-49, with Karl Marx as editor. The Revolution of 1848 failed in Germany, the reactionaries returned to power, and many liberal and radical journalists fled the country.[69] The Neue Preussische Zeitung (or Kreuz-Zeitung) became the organ of the Junker East Elbian landowners, the Lutheran clergy, and influential civil and military officials who upheld the King of Prussia. It became the leading Prussian conservative newspaper. Its slogan was "With God for king and fatherland."[70]

text: Berlin, the capital of Prussia, had the reputation of being "the newspaper city" ("Zeitungstadt"); it published 32 dailies in 1862, along with 58 weekly newspapers.  The main emphasis was not on news are reporting, but among commentary and political analysis.  None of the newspapers however, and none of their editors or journalists was especially influential. However some were using their newspaper experience as a stepping stone to a political career.  The audience was limited to about five percent of the adult men, chiefly from the upper and middle classes, who followed politics. Liberal papers outnumbered conservative ones by a wide margin.[71][72]

text: Bismarck's leadership in Prussia in the 1860s, and after 1871 in the German Empire, was highly controversial. His position on domestic policies was conservative or reactionary, and newspapers were mostly liberal; they attacked his defiance of the elected assembly. However, his success in wars against Denmark, Austria, and France made him highly popular, and his establishment of the German Empire was a dream come true for German nationalists.  Bismarck kept a tight rein on the press. Bismarck never listened to public opinion, but he did try to shape it. He secretly subsidized newspapers, and the government gave financial help to small local papers, guaranteeing an overall favorable view. The press law of 1874 guaranteed press freedom, of a sort, but allowed for suppression if an issue contained "provocation to treason, incitement to violence, offense to the sovereign, or encouraged assistance of the government." Bismarck often used the code to threaten editors.[73] The press law of  1878 suspended any newspaper advocating socialism – a club Bismarck used to suppress the rapidly growing socialist political movement. He also set up several official propaganda bureaus that distributed foreign and national news to local newspapers.[74]

text: The newspapers primarily featured lengthy discussions and editorials regarding political conditions. They also included a  "Unter dem Strich" ("Below the line") section that featured short stories, poetry, critical reviews of new books, evaluations of art exhibits, and reports on musical concerts and new plays.  An especially popular feature was a novel, serialized with a new chapter every week.[75] in many ways more influential than the newspapers, were the magazines, which proliferated after 1870.  Eminent intellectuals favored this medium.  By 1890 Berlin published  over 600  weeklies, biweeklies, monthlies, and quarterlies, including scholarly journals that were essential reading for scientists everywhere.[76]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: When high-speed rotary presses became available, together with typesetting machinery, it became possible to have press runs in the hundreds of thousands, with frequent updates throughout the day. By 1912 there were 4000 newspapers, printing 5 to 6,000,000,000 copies of the year. New technology made illustrations more feasible, and photographs began appearing. Advertising was now an important feature. Nevertheless, all newspapers focused on their own city, and there was no national newspaper of the sort that flourished in Britain, nor chains owned by one company such as those becoming common in the United States. All the political parties relied heavily on their  own newspapers to inform and rally their supporters. For example, there were 870 papers in 1912 pitched to conservative readers, 580 aimed at liberal elements, 480 aimed at the  Roman Catholics of the Centre party, and 90 affiliated with the Socialist party.[77][78]

text: The first German newspaper aimed at a mass audience was the Berliner Morgenpost, Founded in 1898 by publisher Hermann Ullstein.  It focused on local news, with very thorough coverage of its home city, ranging from the palaces to the tenements, along with lists of sporting events, streetcar schedules and shopping tips. By 1900 it reached 200,000 subscribers. A rival appeared in 1904, the BZ am Mittag, with a flair for the spectacular and sensational in city life, especially fires, crime and criminals.[79]

text: During the First World War (1914-1918), Germany published several newspapers and magazines for the enemy areas it occupied.  The 'Gazette des Ardennes,' was designed for French readers in Belgium and France, Francophone prisoners of war, and generally as a propaganda vehicle in neutral and even enemy countries.  Editor Fritz H. Schnitzer had a relatively free hand, and he tried to enhance his credibility by factual information. He realized until the closing days of the war that it was necessary to produce an increasingly optimistic report to hide the weakening position of the Central Powers in the summer and fall of 1918.[80]

text: The Nazis, 1933-1945 exercised total control over the press under the direction of Joseph Goebbels. He took control of the wire services and shut down 1000 of the 3000 newspapers, including all those operated by the socialist, communist, and Roman Catholic movements. The survivors received about two dozen press directives every week, which typically were followed very closely.[81][82]

text: In 1945 the occupying powers took over all newspapers in Germany and purged them of Nazi influence. Each of the four zones had one newspaper; Die Welt in Hamburg the British zone; Die Neue Zeitung in Munich in the American zone; and Tägliche Rundschau (1945–55) in East Berlin in the Soviet zone. By 1949 there were 170 licensed newspapers, but newsprint was strictly rationed, and circulation remains small. The American occupation headquarters,  the Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS) began its own newspaper based in Munich, Die Neue Zeitung.  It was edited by German and Jewish émigrés who fled to the United States before the war, and reached a circulation of 1.6 million in 1946. Its mission was to encourage democracy by exposing Germans to how American culture operated. The paper was filled with details on American sports, politics, business, Hollywood, and fashions, as well as international affairs.[83][84]

text: In the early 21st century, 78 percent of the population regularly read one of Germany's 1200 newspapers,  most of which are now online.  The heavily illustrated tabloid  Bild had the largest circulation in Europe, at 2.5 million copies a day. It is published by Axel Springer AG, which has a chain of newspapers.  Today, the conservative leaning Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) has the highest reputation; its main competitors are the left-wing Süddeutsche Zeitung (Munich) and liberal-conservative Die Welt.  Influential weekly opinion papers include Die Zeit, and until it closed in 2010, Rheinischer Merkur.[85]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Between oppressive rulers, and a low rate of literacy, Italy had little in the way of a serious newspaper press for the 1840s. Gazzetta del Popolo (1848-1983) based in turn was the leading voice for an Italian unification.  La Stampa (1867–present) in Turin, competes with Corriere della Sera of Milan for primacy in Italian journalism, in terms of circulation numbers and depth of coverage. It was a strong supporter of Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who was denounced daily by Corriere della Sera.

text: The major newspapers were served by  Agenzia Stefani (1853-1945). It was a News agency that collected news and feature items, and distributed them to subscribing newspapers by telegraph or by mail. It had exchange agreements with Reuters in London and Havas in Paris, and provided a steady flow of domestic and international news and features.[86][87]

text: The series of crises and confrontations between the papacy, and the kingdom of Italy in the 1870s focused especially on the question of who would control Rome, and what place the pope would have in the new Kingdom. A network of pro-papal newspapers in Italy vigorously supported papal rights and help mobilize the Catholic element.[88]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In 1901 Alberto Bergamini, editor of Rome's Il Giornale d'Italia created the "la Terza Pagina" ("Third Page"), featuring essays in literature, philosophy, criticism, the arts, and politics.  It was quickly emulated by the upscale press.[89]  The most important newspaper was the liberal Corriere della Sera, founded in Milan in 1876. It reached a circulation of over 1 million under editor and co-owner Luigi Albertini, 1900-1925. Albertini deliberately modeled his paper after the Times of London, where he had worked briefly. He commissioned leading liberal intellectuals to write essays.Albertini was a strong opponent of Socialism, of clericalism, and of Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti who was willing to compromise with those forces and corrupt Italian politics.  Albertini's opposition to the Fascist regime forced the other co-owners to oust him in 1925.[90][91]

text: Mussolini was a  former editor; his Fascist regime (1922–43) took full control of the media in 1925. Opposition Journalists were physically maltreated; Two thirds of the dailies were shut down. An underground press was developed, using smuggled material.[92]  All the major papers had been mouthpieces for a political party; now all parties save one were abolished, and the newspapers all became its mouthpiece. In 1924 the fascists took control of Agenzia Stefani, and enlarged its scope and mission to make it their tool to control the news content in all of Italy's newspapers. By 1939 it operated 32 bureaus inside Italy and 16 abroad, with 261 correspondents in Italy and 65 abroad. Every day they processed over 1200 dispatches, from which Italian newspapers made up their news pages.[93][94][95]

text: Latin America[edit]

text: British influence extended globally through its colonies and its informal business relationships with merchants in major cities. They needed up-to-date market and political information. El Seminario Republicano was the first non-official newspaper; it appeared in Chile in 1813.  El Mercurio was founded in Valparaiso, Chile, in 1827. The most influential newspaper in Peru, El Comercio, first appeared in 1839. The Jornal do Commercio was established in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1827. Much later Argentina founded its newspapers in Buenos Aires: La Prensa in 1869 and La Nación in 1870.[96]

text: United States[edit]

text: Asia[edit]

text: China[edit]

text: In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, were commonly used among court officials during the late Han dynasty (2nd and 3rd centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 privately published news sheets appeared in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty;[97]

text:
From the late 19th century until 1949 the international community at Shanghai and Hong Kong sponsored a lively foreign language press that covered business and political news. Leaders included  North China Daily News, Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury,  and for Germans, Der Ostasiatischer Lloyd, and  Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung.
Before 1872 government gazettes printed occasional announcements by officials.  In Shanghai English businessman Ernest Major (1841–1908) established the first Chinese language newspaper in 1872.[98]  His Shen Bao employed Chinese editors and journalists and purchased stories by Chinese writers; it also published letters from readers. Serialized novels were popular with readers and kept them loyal; to the paper.[99] Shanghai's large and powerful International Settlement stimulated the growth of a public sphere of Chinese men of affairs who paid close attention to political and economic developments.  Shanghai became China's media capital. Shen Bao was the most important Chinese-language newspaper until 1905 and was still important until the communists came to power 1949.[100]

text:
Shen bao and other major newspapers saw public opinion as the driving force of historical change, of the sort that would bring progress reason and modernity to China.  The editors portrayed public opinion as the final arbiter of justice for government officials.  Thereby they broadened the public sphere to include the readership.  The encouragement of the formation of public opinion stimulated activism and form the basis for popular support for the 1911 revolution.[101]
Chinese newspaper journalism was modernized in the 1920s according to international standards, thanks to the influence of the New Culture Movement. The roles of journalist and editor were professionalized and became prestigious careers. The business side gained importance and with a greater emphasis on advertising and commercial news, the main papers, especially in Shanghai,  moved away from the advocacy journalism that characterized the 1911 revolutionary period.[102]  Outside the main centers the nationalism promoted in metropolitan dailies was not as distinctive as localism and  culturalism.[103]

text: Today China had two news agencies, the Xinhua News Agency and the China News Service (Zhongguo Xinwenshe). Xinhua was the major source of news and photographs for central and local newspapers. In 2002 there were 2100 newspapers, compared to only 400 in 1980. The party's newspapers People's Daily and Guangming Daily, along with the Army's PLA Daily had the largest circulation.  Local papers focused on local news are popular.  In 1981 the English-language China Daily began publication. It printed international news and sports from the major foreign wire services as well as interesting domestic news and feature articles.[104]

text: India[edit]

text: Robert Knight (1825–90), founded two English language daily papers, The Statesman in Calcutta, and The Times of India in Bombay. In 1860, he bought out the Indian shareholders, merged with rival Bombay Standard, and started India's first news agency. It wired news dispatches to papers across India and became the Indian agent for Reuters news service. In 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay Times and Standard to The Times of India. Knight fought for a press free of prior restraint or intimidation, frequently resisting the attempts by governments, business interests, and cultural spokesmen and led the paper to national prominence. Knight's papers promoted Indian self-rule and often criticized the policies of the British Raj. By 1890 the company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and the British Empire.[105][106][107] In the 19th century, this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and Europe.

text: Japan[edit]

text: Japanese newspapers began in the 17th century as yomiuri (読売、literally "to read and sell") or kawaraban (瓦版, literally "tile-block printing" referring to the use of clay printing blocks), which were printed handbills sold in major cities to commemorate major social gatherings or events.

text: The first modern newspaper was the Japan Herald published  bi-weekly in Yokohama by the Englishman A. W. Hansard from 1861. In 1862, the Tokugawa shogunate began publishing the Kampan batabiya shinbun, a translated edition of a widely distributed Dutch newspaper.  These two papers were published for foreigners, and contained only foreign news.

text: The first Japanese daily newspaper that covered foreign and domestic news was the Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun (横浜市毎日新聞), first published in 1871.  The papers became organs of the political parties.  The early readers of these newspapers mostly came from the ranks of the samurai class.

text: Koshinbun were more plebeian, popular newspapers that contained local news, human interest stories, and light fiction.  Examples of koshinbun were the Tokyo nichinichi shinbun, the predecessor of the present day Mainichi shinbun, which began in 1872; the Yomiuri shinbun, which began in 1874; and the Asahi shinbun, which began in 1879. They soonh became the dominant form.

text: In the democratic era of the 1910s to the 1920s, the government tried to suppress newspapers such as the Asahi shinbun for their critical stance against government bureaucracy that favored protecting citizens' rights and constitutional democracy.  In the period of growing militarism in the 1930s to 1945, newspapers faced intense government censorship and control. After Japan's defeat, strict censorship of the press continued as the American occupiers used government control in order to inculcate democratic and anti-communist values.  In 1951, the American occupiers finally returned freedom of the press to Japan, which is the situation today.[108]


document_title: List of United States Senators from Alabama

question_text: when was the last time alabama had a democrat as a senator

root

text: List of Senators[edit]

text:
Class 2
Class 2 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that were first elected for two United States Congresses in the election of 1819, and then the seat was contested again for the 18th, 21st, and every three Congresses (six years) thereafter. Those seats in recent years have been contested in 2002, 2008, 2014, and the next election will be in 2020.

C
o
n
g
r
e
s
s

Class 3
Class 3 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that were first elected for three U.S. Congresses in the election of 1819, and then the seat was contested again for the 19th, 22nd, and every three Congresses (six years) thereafter. Those seats in recent years have been contested in 1998, 2004, 2010, and 2016. The next election will be in 2022.

#
Senator
Party
Years in office
Electoral history
T
e
r
m
T
e
r
m
Electoral history
Years in office
Party
Senator
#

1

William R. King
Democratic-
Republican
December 14, 1819 –
April 15, 1844
Elected in 1819.
1
16th
1
Elected in 1819.

Resigned.
December 14, 1819 –
December 12, 1822
Democratic-
Republican

John Williams Walker
1

17th

Elected to finish Walker's term.

Retired.
December 12, 1822 –
March 3, 1825
Democratic-
Republican
William Kelly
2

Jackson
Democratic-
Republican
Re-elected in 1822.
2
18th
Jackson
Democratic-
Republican

Jacksonian
19th
2
Elected in 1824 or 1825.

Died.
March 4, 1825 –
January 24, 1826
Jacksonian

Henry H. Chambers
3

January 24, 1826 –
February 17, 1826
Vacant

Appointed to continue Chambers's term.

Successor elected.
February 17, 1826 –
November 27, 1826
Jacksonian

Israel Pickens
4

Elected to finish Chambers's term.

Lost re-election.
November 27, 1826 –
March 3, 1831
Jacksonian

John McKinley
5

20th

Re-elected in 1828.
3
21st

22nd
3
Elected in 1831.

Lost re-election.
March 4, 1831 –
March 3, 1837
Jacksonian

Gabriel Moore
6

23rd
Anti-Jacksonian

Re-elected in 1834.
4
24th

Democratic
25th
4
Elected in 1837.

Resigned to become U.S. Supreme Court justice.
March 4, 1837 –
April 22, 1837
Democratic

John McKinley
7

April 22, 1837 –
June 19, 1837
Vacant

Elected to finish McKinley's term.

Resigned.
June 19, 1837 –
November 15, 1841
Democratic

Clement Comer Clay
8

26th

Re-elected in 1840.

Resigned to become U.S. Minister to France.
5
27th

November 15, 1841 –
November 24, 1841
Vacant

Elected to finish Clay's term.
November 24, 1841 –
June 16, 1848
Democratic

Arthur P. Bagby
9

28th
5
Re-elected in 1842.

Resigned to become U.S. Minister to Russia.

Vacant
April 15, 1844 –
April 22, 1844

2

Dixon Hall Lewis
Democratic
April 22, 1844 –
October 24, 1848
Appointed to finish King's term.

29th

Elected in 1847.

Died.
6
30th

June 16, 1848 –
July 1, 1848
Vacant

Appointed to continue Bagby's term.

Elected to finish Bagby's term.
July 1, 1848 –
December 20, 1852
Democratic

William R. King
10

Vacant
October 24, 1848 –
November 25, 1848

3

Benjamin Fitzpatrick
Democratic
November 25, 1848 –
November 30, 1849
Appointed to continue Lewis's term.

Successor elected.

31st
6
Re-elected in 1848 or 1849
[Data unknown/missing.].

Resigned due to poor health.

4

Jeremiah Clemens
Democratic
November 30, 1849 –
March 3, 1853
Elected to finish Lewis's term.

Retired.

32nd

December 20, 1852 –
January 14, 1853
Vacant

Appointed to continue King's term.

Elected December 12, 1853,[1]</ref> to finish King's term.
January 14, 1853 –
March 3, 1855
Democratic

Benjamin Fitzpatrick
11

Vacant
March 4, 1853 –
November 29, 1853
Legislature failed to elect.
7
33rd

5

Clement Claiborne Clay
Democratic
November 29, 1853 –
January 21, 1861
Elected late in 1853.

34th
7
Legislature failed to elect.
March 4, 1855 –
November 26, 1855
Vacant

Elected late.

Withdrew.[2]
November 26, 1855 –
January 21, 1861
Democratic

Benjamin Fitzpatrick

35th

Re-elected in 1858.

Withdrew.[2]
8
36th

Vacant
January 21, 1861 –
July 13, 1868
Civil War and Reconstruction
Civil War and Reconstruction
January 21, 1861 –
July 13, 1868
Vacant

37th
8

38th

9
39th

40th
9

6

Willard Warner
Republican
July 13, 1868 –
March 3, 1871
Elected in 1868 to finish vacant term.

Lost re-election.
Elected in 1868 to finish vacant term.
July 13, 1868 –
March 3, 1879
Republican

George E. Spencer
12

41st

7

George Goldthwaite
Democratic
March 4, 1871 –
March 3, 1877
Elected in 1870.

Retired.
10
42nd

43rd
10
Re-elected in 1872.

Retired.

44th

8

John Tyler Morgan
Democratic
March 4, 1877 –
June 11, 1907
Elected in 1876.
11
45th

46th
11
Elected in 1878.

Died.
March 4, 1879 –
December 31, 1879
Democratic

George S. Houston
13

December 31, 1879 –
January 7, 1880
Vacant

Appointed to continue Houston's term.

Successor qualified.
January 7, 1880 –
November 23, 1880
Democratic

Luke Pryor
14

Elected to finish Houston's term.
November 24, 1880 –
March 3, 1897
Democratic

James L. Pugh
15

47th

Re-elected in 1882.
12
48th

49th
12
Re-elected in 1884.

50th

Re-elected in 1888.
13
51st

52nd
13
Re-elected in 1890.

Lost renomination.[3]

53rd

Re-elected in 1894.
14
54th

55th
14
Elected in 1897.[4]
March 4, 1897 –
July 27, 1907
Democratic

Edmund Pettus
16

56th

Re-elected in 1900.
15
57th

58th
15
Re-elected January 26, 1903.

Re-elected early in 1907,[5][6] but died.

59th

Re-elected January 22, 1907.[5][6]

Died.
16
60th

Vacant
June 11, 1907 –
June 18, 1907

9

John H. Bankhead
Democratic
June 18, 1907 –
March 1, 1920
Appointed to continue Morgan's term.

Elected July 16, 1907, to finish Morgan's term.

July 27, 1907 –
August 6, 1907
Vacant

Elected to finish Pettus's term.
August 6, 1907 –
August 8, 1913
Democratic

Joseph F. Johnston
17

61st
16
Elected August 6, 1907, to next term.

Died.

62nd

Re-elected early January 17, 1911.
17
63rd

Henry D. Clayton (D) was appointed August 12, 1913, to continue the term, but his appointment was challenged and withdrawn.
Franklin P. Glass (D) was appointed November 17, 1913, to continue the term, but the Senate refused to seat him.[7]
August 8, 1913 –
May 11, 1914
Vacant

Elected to finish Johnston's term.

Retired.
May 11, 1914 –
March 3, 1915
Democratic

Francis S. White
18

64th
17
Elected in 1914.
March 4, 1915 –
March 3, 1927
Democratic

Oscar Underwood
19

65th

Re-elected in 1918.

Died.
18
66th

Vacant
March 1, 1920 –
March 5, 1920

10

B. B. Comer
Democratic
March 5, 1920 –
November 2, 1920
Appointed to continue Bankhead's term.

Successor elected.

11

James Thomas Heflin
Democratic
November 3, 1920 –
March 3, 1931
First elected to finish Bankhead's term.

67th
18
Re-elected in 1920.

Retired.

68th

Re-elected in 1924.

Disqualified.
19
69th

70th
19
Elected in 1926.
March 4, 1927 –
August 19, 1937
Democratic

Hugo Black
20

71st

12

John H. Bankhead II
Democratic
March 4, 1931 –
June 12, 1946
Elected in 1930.
20
72nd

73rd
20
Re-elected in 1932.

Resigned to become U.S. Supreme Court justice.

74th

Re-elected in 1936.
21
75th

Appointed (by her husband, the Governor) to finish Black's term.

Resigned.
August 20, 1937 –
January 10, 1938
Democratic

Dixie Bibb Graves
21

Appointed to continue Graves's term.

Elected April 26, 1938, to finish Graves's term.
January 11, 1938 –
January 3, 1969
Democratic

J. Lister Hill
22

76th
21
Re-elected in 1938.

77th

Re-elected in 1942.

Died.
22
78th

Vacant
June 12, 1946 –
June 15, 1946

13

George R. Swift
Democratic
June 15, 1946 –
November 5, 1946
Appointed to continue Bankhead's term.

Successor elected.

14

John Sparkman
Democratic
November 6, 1946 –
January 3, 1979
Elected to finish Bankhead's term.
78th

79th
22
Re-elected in 1944.

80th

Re-elected in 1948.
23
81st

82nd
23
Re-elected in 1950.

83rd

Re-elected in 1954.
24
84th

85th
24
Re-elected in 1956.

86th

Re-elected in 1960.
25
87th

88th
25
Re-elected in 1962.

Retired.

89th

Re-elected in 1966.
26
90th

91st
26
Elected in 1968.
January 3, 1969 –
June 1, 1978
Democratic

James Allen
23

92nd

Re-elected in 1972.

Retired.
27
93rd

94th
27
Re-elected in 1974.

Died.

95th

Appointed to continue her husband's term.

Lost nomination to finish her husband's term.
June 8, 1978 –
November 7, 1978
Democratic

Maryon Pittman Allen
24

Elected to finish James Allen's term.

Lost renomination; resigned one day early to give successor advantageous seniority.
November 7, 1978 –
January 2, 1981
Democratic

Donald W. Stewart
25

15

Howell Heflin
Democratic
January 3, 1979 –
January 3, 1997
Elected in 1978.
28
96th

Appointed to finish Stewart's term, having already been elected to the next term.
January 2, 1981 –
January 3, 1987
Republican

Jeremiah Denton
26

97th
28
Elected in 1980.

Lost re-election.

98th

Re-elected in 1984.
29
99th

100th
29
Elected in 1986.
January 3, 1987 –
November 9, 1994
Democratic

Richard Shelby
27

101st

Re-elected in 1990.

Retired.
30
102nd

103rd
30
Re-elected in 1992. Changed party in 1994 with the Republican Revolution.

November 9, 1994 –
Present
Republican

104th

16

Jeff Sessions
Republican
January 3, 1997 –
February 8, 2017
Elected in 1996.
31
105th

106th
31
Re-elected in 1998.

107th

Re-elected in 2002.
32
108th

109th
32
Re-elected in 2004.

110th

Re-elected in 2008.
33
111th

112th
33
Re-elected in 2010.

113th

Re-elected in 2014.

Resigned to become U.S. Attorney General.
34
114th

115th
34
Re-elected in 2016.

17

Luther Strange
Republican
February 9, 2017 –
January 3, 2018
Appointed to continue Sessions's term.

Lost nomination to finish Sessions's term.

18

Doug Jones
Democratic
January 3, 2018 –
Present
Elected December 12, 2017 to finish Sessions's term.

116th

To be determined in the 2020 election.
35
117th

118th
35
To be determined in the 2022 election.

#
Senator
Party
Years in office
Electoral history
T
e
r
m

T
e
r
m
Electoral history
Years in office
Party
Senator
#

Class 2
Class 3

tag: table

text: Living former U.S. Senators from Alabama[edit]

text: As of January 2018[update], there are four living former U.S. Senators from Alabama. The most recent senator to die was Jeremiah Denton on March 28, 2014, who is also the most recently serving senator to die.

tag: p

text:
Senator
Term of office
Date of birth (and age)

Maryon P. Allen
June 8, 1978 – November 7, 1978
(1925-11-30) November 30, 1925 (age 92)

Donald W. Stewart
November 7, 1978 – January 2, 1981
(1940-02-04) February 4, 1940 (age 78)

Jeff Sessions
January 3, 1997 – February 8, 2017
(1946-12-24) December 24, 1946 (age 71)

Luther Strange
February 9, 2017 – January 3, 2018
(1953-03-01) March 1, 1953 (age 64)


document_title: Ghana Bar Association

question_text: who was the first ghanaian to become a lawyer

text: Ghana Bar Association

text:
Ghana Bar Association
Formation
1876Type
Professional associationPurpose
To promote legal professionalismLocation
Accra, GhanaOfficial language
EnglishNational President
Nene AmegatcherWebsite
www.ghanabar.org

text:
The Ghana Bar Association (GBA) is a professional association of lawyers in Ghana, including what used to be called solicitors and barristers but are now called legal practitioners, as well as magistrates.
By convention all lawyers admitted to practice in Ghana become automatic members of the association.[1] The first president of the Ghanaian Bar was Sierra Leonean lawyer Frans Dove.[2]

text: History and membership[edit]

text:
The British parliament established the Supreme Court of Judicature for the Gold Coast Colony in 1876, with a Chief Justice and no more than four Puisne Justices.[3]
John Mensah Sarbah was the first native of Ghana to be called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1887.
The legal system was based on that of England, in which solicitors provide legal advice and prepare legal documents while barristers act as advocates in court. However, this division was not observed in practice in Ghana, and in 1960 an act abolished the distinction.[4]
Until the Ghana School of Law was established in 1958, all lawyers were trained abroad, almost always at the Inns of Court in England.
As of 2011 there are about 2,500 practicing lawyers, although not all have registered as members of the Bar Association.[5]

text: Nene Amegatcher was elected as president of the GBA on 20 September 2012, with Peter Zwennes as his vice.[6][7]

text: The current national president of the GBA is Benson Nutsupkui.[8]

text: Some past presidents of the GBA include:

text:
J. B. Danquah
Joe Appiah[9][10]
Quashie Idun
W.A.N Adumoah-Bossman (?-1982-?) [11]
E. D. Kom
O. K. Agyemang
Peter Ala Adjetey (1985–89)
Anthony K Mmieh
Nutifafa Kuenyehia(1992–95),[12]
Sam Okudzeto(1995–98)[13]
Joseph Ebow Quashie (1998-2001) [14]
Paul Adu-Gyamfi (2001-?)[15]
Solomon Kwame Tetteh[16]
Nii Osa Mills (2007–08)[17][18]
Frank Beecham (2009–12)[19]

tag: ul

text: The Ghana Bar Association is a member of the International Bar Association.[20]

text: Controversy[edit]

text:
In October 2010 then GBA Vice President, Mr. Justice Kusi-Minkah Premo, called on the Chief Justice and the Council to eliminate inconsistency, corruption and misconduct by judges.[21]
In April 2011 then National President Frank W. K. Beecham spoke in defence of Mr Justice E. K. Ayebi, a judge who had come under attack after acquitting 14 defendants in a murder trial.[22]

text:
In July 2011 four lawyers made allegations of widespread corruption among judges. The GBA condemned the four for making unsubstantiated claims, and asked them to name the judges. Another lawyer openly confessed to having bribed a judge.
The GBA said it would take legal steps to prosecute him.[23]
The four lawyers were blacklisted by the Association of Magistrates and Judges.
They and others stated that they were considering forming an alternative Association.[24]
The Ghana Bar Association held its annual general meeting in Cape Coast in September 2011, soon after two magistrates had been sacked for demanding bribes. Then GBA President Frank Beecham said the association would fight corruption in all its forms.
The GBA would establish a complaints unit to take complaints about corruption and ensure that offenders were prosecuted.[25]


document_title: Fatal Extraction

question_text: who played beverly in only fools and horses

text: Fatal Extraction

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: With Christmas coming to Peckham, which is suffering from recent riots, Del Boy has been drinking every night at the Nag's Head as well as pick up a sore tooth. Raquel is not pleased about it, since she hardly sees him now. Meanwhile, Rodney and Cassandra have decided to try to have a baby. At Sid's café, Del talks about the time he first met a woman at a betting shop in Lewisham Grove when he was younger.

text: Rodney catches Del gambling at the One-Eleven Club one night, and Del explains that he is striking a deal with the club's owner Ronnie Nelson to get hold of some Russian Army camcorders to flog for Christmas. Rodney pleads with Del to spare a thought for Raquel, however the brothers eventually gamble all the way through the night until 8:00am the next morning, only to be told Ronnie was not in that night.

text: At the market, Del and Rodney are selling ski gear, until Cassandra calls Rodney back to their flat. Rodney is surprised when he finds Raquel and Damien in his flat. Raquel explains that she has left Del, and Rodney and Cassandra let her and Damien stay at their flat until Del apologises. Later, at The Nag's Head, Boycie, Del, Denzil, Mike and Trigger discuss their problems with women. Boycie then tells them about how he met a woman in the same betting shop when he was also younger, and it turns out to be Marlene. Albert then enters to inform Del that Raquel has left him. That afternoon, Rodney forces a reluctant Del to go to the dentist. The dentist is able to remove the bad tooth from Del's mouth. Del then arranges a date with an attractive receptionist named Beverly.

text: That night at Nelson Mandela House, the Russian camcorders have arrived, but Rodney points out two problems; they're too heavy, and they take videotapes that don't fit in UK VCRs. Del, dressed in his Gordon Gekko outfit, tells Rodney and Albert about his date with Beverly. They believe that Del is making a big mistake, and successfully talk him out of his date. Del cancels the date by leaving a message on Beverly's answering machine.

text: Later, back at his flat, Rodney tells Cassandra about the time Del had a violent fight with his father over Del selling Tom Jones LP's instead of attending his O-level school exams, which got him eight grade A's (which stood for Absent).

text: The next evening at the Nag's Head, after Albert tells another one of his boring war stories, Del enters, and Rodney berates him for ignoring Raquel. Del finally phones Raquel, apologises to her, and promises that he will stop gambling from now on, and they can still go to the Nag's Head on weekends. After he promises to pick up both her and Damien tomorrow night, Del celebrates with a big bottle of champagne.

text: Later that night, Del walks home drunk from too much champagne, and decides to sing the song "One Voice", which starts a riot between some of the neighbours. Albert phones Rodney to tell him that Del is singing, and Rodney heads over to Nelson Mandela House. Del later goes down to the riot to sell some of the ski gear. The next morning at the market, while getting the Russian VCRs, Del spots Beverly (who was in the Nag's Head the previous night), and becomes frightened she may be stalking him.

text: That night, Del picks up Raquel and Damien in the Capri Ghia, and they return home to see the riot. Del beeps his horn, and the rioters and the police clear the way for him. He passes through, stopping to inform the occasional person about something they are buying off him, and when out of the way promptly sounds his horn, to which the riot resumes.

text: The following day, Del comes home from work, only to see Beverly in his flat, because she wants Damien's high chair for her grandson, who is also named Damien. Del rushes over to the Nag's Head to tell Rodney that Beverly is stalking him, because she is an ex-psychiatric hospital patient. Rodney does not believe him, but Del tells him to deliver the high chair to Beverly. At the dentist, Del finally decides to confront Beverly and tell her to leave him and his family alone. But Beverly tells Del that she thought he was stalking her, as well as mention that the date they arranged to go on was a big mistake. Beverly then explains to Del that she works at the psychiatric hospital - as a receptionist. No longer frightened, Del promises to leave Beverly alone.

text: Back at Nelson Mandela House, the Trotter Family are having fun at their Christmas Day party. As Del puts Damien to bed, Raquel plugs in Del's new answering machine (which she acquired from Beverly in return for the high chair) only to hear Del's message about his canceled date to Beverly. Del returns to the lounge, only to get hit by ornaments thrown by Raquel and the entire family end up in a huge argument. Meanwhile, outside by the new Christmas tree, a group of carol singers sing "Silent Night", and Beverly looks up at the Trotters' flat with a smile, implying that Del was right and she was out for revenge all along for canceling their date.

text: Episode cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

David Jason
Del Boy

Nicholas Lyndhurst
Rodney

Buster Merryfield
Uncle Albert

Tessa Peake-Jones
Raquel

Gwyneth Strong
Cassandra

Roger Lloyd-Pack
Trigger

John Challis
Boycie

Kenneth MacDonald
Mike

Paul Barber
Denzil

Roy Heather
Sid

Patrick Murray
Mickey Pearce

Jamie Smith
Damien

Mel Martin
Beverly

Andrew Charleson
Dentist

Kitty Scopes
Lady on bus

Derek Martin
Arthur (neighbour)

Nick Maloney
Mick (neighbour)

Lyn Langridge
Vi (neighbour)

Linford Brown
Policeman

Bryan Brittain
Texo (rioter)

Lorraine Parslow
Casino waitress

Ronald Murray
Miguel (barman)

text: Music[edit]

text:
Right Said Fred: Hands Up
Elton John: Step Into Christmas
Paul Young: Hope In A Hopeless World
Barry Manilow: One Voice (sung by Del Boy)
Mica Paris: Whisper a Prayer
East 17: It's Alright
Carl Orff: O Fortuna from Carmina Burana
Chaka Demus and Pliers: Twist and Shout
Take That: Babe
U2: Stay (Faraway, So Close!)
Gustav Holst: Mars, the Bringer of War
Wizzard: I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday

text: Note: In the VHS/DVD versions, Carl Orff's "O Fortuna" is replaced by a similar-sounding piece of music.


document_title: List of This Is Us characters

question_text: who plays dr. k in this is us

question_tokens: who plays dr. k in this is us

text: List of This Is Us characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Family tree[edit]

text: The characters in green have regular roles on the show. Dotted lines indicate a parental relationship through adoption, and dashed lines indicate either divorced, or widowed (or similarly separated), characters.

text:
Jack PearsonRebecca PearsonMiguel RivasWilliam HillLaurel

SophieKevin PearsonKate PearsonToby DamonRandall PearsonBeth Pearson

Tess PearsonAnnie PearsonDéjà

text: Jack Pearson[edit]

text: Jack Pearson (August 31, 1944 – January 26, 1998),[2][3] portrayed by Milo Ventimiglia, is Rebecca's first husband (until he dies), and the father of Kevin, Kate, and Randall.[4] Jack had a brother named Nick.[5]

text: Jack had a rough childhood because of his abusive, alcoholic father Stanley Pearson, causing them to have a strained relationship. Stanley does not know that Jack has married, so when Jack finds out that he and Rebecca are expecting triplets, he goes to his father asking for money, citing gambling debts, rather than telling him that he intends to buy a house for his family.[6] When Stanley is in the nursing home dying, he meets Rebecca and his granddaughter Kate for the first time. Jack is camping with Kevin and Randall when Rebecca contacts him about his father dying, but Jack refuses to see him.[5]

text: Jack was drafted into the Army at age 25; he served in the Vietnam War as a mechanic.[7][8] He served along with his brother Nick, who died in the war.[5][9] (After Jack takes Randall to Washington, D.C. on a college tour to Howard University, he takes Randall to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and tells him about being drafted and how the war affected him; this may be the first time that Jack has shared about his Vietnam  experiences to a member of the Pearson family—including Rebecca.)[8][10]

text: After serving in the war, and working as a manual laborer, Jack becomes a construction foreman. When he wants to buy the house for his family, he approaches his boss and gets a raise to $17,000 a year (equivalent to more than $49,000 in 2016), making him the highest paid foreman at the company.[6] He dreams of opening his own firm, "Big Three Homes", but puts his dreams on hold in order to provide a steady income for his children by getting a desk job.[11] However, he later decides to start the business, though the Big Three are about to start college.[12]

text: Two of the triplets (the third triplet was stillborn) and Randall (who had been left at a fire station) are all born on Jack's 36th birthday.[4] Jack always wanted to find out who Randall's biological father was, and never knew that Rebecca had found him.[13]

text: Jack struggles with alcoholism while the children are young, but he stops drinking to focus more on his family.[14] (Sometimes he vents his anger on a punching bag to avoid drinking after a tough day.)[15] However, he relapses into alcoholism when he has a drink after a disagreement and argument with his wife, who wants to go on tour with a band with a member she'd once dated.[16] His drinking continues for some time until he decides to deal with the problem by attending AA meetings.[15] His sobriety and AA work continue for at least 6 months.[8]

text: Jack dies when his children are 17,[2] and Kate keeps his ashes with her.[17][18] On the night of the Super Bowl, Jack, Rebecca, Kate, and Randall go to bed for the night (Kevin is at a party with his girlfriend Sophie). [19] Previously, a smoke alarm was shown to be missing batteries, and thus be inoperable.[12] An old slow cooker given years previous by a neighbor is shown to have a faulty switch, which sparks and flames, setting a towel and the house ablaze.

text: Jack saves Kate and Randall from the fire by guiding them to his and Rebecca's bedroom. He then hoists them down from the first story roof. Kate is worried about her dog, so Jack goes back inside and gets the dog and family pictures. Jack is hospitalized for smoke inhalation, which causes stress on his heart and eventually causes fatal cardiac arrest.[20]

text: Rebecca Pearson[edit]

text: Rebecca Pearson née Malone (born 1950 or 1951), portrayed by Mandy Moore, is Jack's widow, Miguel Rivas' second wife (after Jack died), and the mother of Kevin, Kate, and Randall.[4]

text: She strives to be a better mother to her children,[21] and has issues with Jack's alcoholism.[14] She has always known that William is Randall's father, but keeps them apart as she was afraid that he would try to take Randall back.[13]

text: Rebecca always wanted to be a singer, but gives up on her dreams in order to focus on her family.[22] In the mid 1990s, she has a chance to become a singer again by joining a band with her ex-boyfriend. Jack is upset after finding out about their history, which causes a rift between Rebecca and Jack.[16]

text: When the house catches fire and Jack suffers smoke inhalation, at the hospital, since Jack appears to be fine, Rebecca is making reservations for hotel rooms—unaware that Jack is coding and staff are rushing to him. After making reservations, Rebecca gets a candy bar for her and Jack. Rebecca turns around and the doctor explains the cause of Jack's cardiac arrest. In shock, Rebecca takes a bite of the candy bar, refusing to believe Jack is dead. She goes to his room to tell him what the doctor said, only to see him lifeless. She immediately shuts down upon seeing him dead. She then drives to Miguel's and tells him the news, then goes in to talk to Kate and Randall. [3]

text: Since she was out of Jack's room when he died, Rebecca gets the Pearsons to the funeral early, because she wants to be present when the urn with Jack's ashes are brought out. After Jack's funeral, Dr. K lets Rebecca know that she has always been strong. This encouragement gives her the strength to let Kevin and Randall know that neither of them need to be "the man of the house", since they are teenagers and should be dating, and tells Kate not to blame herself for Jack's death because Jack made his own decisions. She also gets the courage to drive across a bridge she has feared, while taking the "Big Three" to a Bruce Springsteen concert that Jack had previously obtained tickets for the night of the funeral.[9]

text: At least 10 years after Jack's death, Rebecca posts pictures of Tess, her first grandchild, on Facebook, then gets a message from Jack's best friend, Miguel Rivas.[23] Rebecca later marries Miguel.[14]

text: Kevin Pearson[edit]

text: Kevin Pearson (born August 31, 1980), portrayed by Justin Hartley (current day), Logan Shroyer (age 15—17), and Parker Bates (ages 8—10), is Jack and Rebecca's son, and Kate and Randall's brother.[4] He is "Number One" of the "Big Three", being the first of the surviving triplets to be born.[4]

text: Shortly before his tenth birthday, Kevin becomes attracted to Kate's best friend, Sophie, whom he marries when they are older. Kevin and Sophie decide that she will stay in New York and he will move to California to pursue acting, believing that their marriage can handle the distance. Kevin and Sophie later divorce, 12 years prior to season 1, due to the distance and Kevin cheating on her.[18][24]

text: Kevin has always struggled with worrying about what people think of him, which causes him to have a strained relationship with Randall as they grow up.[14] Kevin is visibly envious of Randall, who has always excelled in everything and receives more attention from their parents, but he doesn't realize that Randall has longed for the same attention from him. In high school he plays football, as a quarterback, wearing number twelve one year and number one the next.[22][25] (His number one jersey is on display with Kevin's trophies when he visits the high school at age 37, for an alumni celebration.)[25] His goal of a football career ends when his knee is injured from a tackle during a game.[25]

text: When the series starts, Kevin is an actor in Los Angeles, starring as the lead on a long-running sitcom called The Manny, a sitcom in the tradition of Who's the Boss and The Nanny. He abruptly quits that show on his 36th birthday, criticizing the script quality, the producer's reluctance to add nuance to the show, and the audience.[4] After quitting his job, Kevin decides to move to New York to pursue a career as a serious stage actor on Broadway.[26] Upon arriving in New York, he gets hired as the lead role, David, in Back of an Egg, opposite a cynical actress named Olivia Maine (who thinks Kevin does not have the ability, but that he was hired because his being "The Manny" will sell tickets).[26]

text: When Kevin has trouble connecting with the emotions needed for his role, he begins spending time with Olivia, who tries to get him to connect with his feelings.[11] Kevin and Olivia briefly date, but break up after she brings her ex-boyfriend to the Pearson family cabin.[13] After his breakup with Olivia, Kevin begins dating the writer of the play, Sloane Sandburg, attending Hanukkah with her family and inviting her to the Christmas Eve party at Randall's house.[27]

text: Sloane takes over as the lead of the play when Olivia disappears and the play is at risk. Kevin decides to self-fund the performance, in order to save it.[6] After Kevin and Sloane break up, he reconnects with Sophie and begins a relationship with her again.[18][28]

text: Director Ron Howard sees Kevin's play and casts him in a war movie.[28] Kevin has trouble with his lines when he can not focus after Kate (visiting the set) talks with costar Sylvester Stallone about her dad, and then Stallone talks to Kevin about his dad. Kevin also re-injures his knee (an old football injury) during an explosion scene on the movie set.[29]

text: As a result of the injury, Kevin becomes addicted to pain medication and alcohol, and allows his relationship with Sophie to deteriorate by telling her that he saw a future with her as a nightmare, although he fails to specify that this was due to his alcoholism and drug addition.[30] One day after a brief visit with Randall, Kevin is speeding down a road, unaware that Tess is hiding in the back seat; Kevin is pulled over and charged with DUI, and Randall and Beth become angry with Kevin for endangering Tess.[8] The judge orders Kevin to go to rehab.[2]

text: As part of Kevin's ongoing efforts to rehabilitate, he is determined to make amends with everyone. He settles things with his mom (who was hurt during the rehab family session, tearfully revealing that Kevin was the first to leave after Jack's death.)[6] Kevin finds out from Miguel that the thought of his being in love with Rebecca never crossed his mind while Jack was alive, and Miguel reassures him that he loves Rebecca now and is not going anywhere.[12] When Kevin attempts to make things right with Sophie, she tells him to not say anything and to just leave her with the memories of how he was at 10, or 17, or when their marriage was good.[31] Kevin reconciles with Randall by helping him fix up the apartment building William lived in, and the two share with each other how odd it feels that they could outlive their dad.[31] On Super Bowl Sunday, about 20 years after Jack's death, Kevin visits the memorial tree with some of his dad's ashes, to talk with him, vowing to make him proud.[3] (Kevin was at a party with Sophie when the house caught fire.)[31][3]

text: Kate Pearson[edit]

text: Kate Emily Pearson, nicknamed "Bug" by her mother (born August 31, 1980), portrayed by Chrissy Metz (current day), Hannah Zeile (age 15—17), and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8—10), is Jack and Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin and Randall's sister.[4] She is "Number Two" of the "Big Three", being the second and last of the surviving triplets to be born.[4]

text: Kate is obese and has struggled with issues of self-esteem her entire life, which she greatly attributes to her strained relationship with her mother and the death of her father.[4][28] Her relationship with her mother leads to depression, for which she later takes Prozac. She discontinues taking this drug due to the side effect of weight gain.[27]

text: Kate lives in Los Angeles and is initially her brother, Kevin's, personal assistant.[32] When Kevin decides to move to New York, he fires her in order to allow her to build her own life, apart from him.[26] She is an ardent Pittsburgh Steelers fan and has a routine where she watches the games with her dad's ashes.[17] At nine years old, she has her appendix removed on Christmas Eve.[27]

text: Kate decides to join a weight-loss support group, where she meets Toby. Despite saying that she is not going to get involved with a fat person, she falls for Toby.[4] When Toby decides to not continue with his diet, Kate breaks up with him and decides to go to Randall's for Thanksgiving. During a turbulent plane ride to New Jersey, Kate has an epiphany and decides to have gastric bypass surgery.[33] After consulting with a doctor, she instead decides to enter a fat camp to attempt to lose the weight without surgery.[18] When Toby surprises Kate by showing up at Randall's house for Christmas, he tells her that he can live without pizza and junk food, but that he cannot live without her.[27] Toby collapses from a heart attack, and is taken to the hospital.

text: After Toby's heart surgery, Kate and Toby decide to get engaged.[6] Kate later finds out she is pregnant.[34] Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin, and plan to get married at city hall, but then consider a big wedding.[30] But Kate loses the baby in a miscarriage.[35] Despite some struggle in their relationship after the miscarriage, Toby eventually comes through for Kate.[35] Kate struggles with eating junk food after the miscarriage, which Toby notices when a trash bag broke.[2]

text: Kate had said that her father's death was her fault,[28] and has a fear of caring for dogs.[31] (Jack went back inside their burning house to save her dog, causing smoke inhalation which led to his death in the hospital. Afterwards, Kate wanted to give away the dog.)[3] She blames herself even though Rebecca told Kate after Jack's funeral not to blame herself, because Jack made his own decisions.[9] Every year on Super Bowl Sunday, Kate watches the videotape Jack made of her singing for a Berklee College of Music audition.[3]

text: Randall Pearson[edit]

text: Randall Kenneth Pearson (born August 31, 1980), portrayed by Sterling K. Brown (current day), Niles Fitch (ages 15—17), and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8—10), is Jack and Rebecca's (adopted) son, and Kate and Kevin's brother.[4] He is "Number Three" of the "Big Three", being adopted after Kevin and Kate were born.[4] On his 36th birthday, he finds his biological father, William, and invites him to his northern New Jersey home.[4]

text: Randall initially works at selling commodity futures based on weather patterns, and is shown to be successful and affluent.[11] However, after a nervous breakdown and some time off, he feels that his firm does not appreciate or respect him, and quits.[16][28]

text: On the day that Randall is born, he is dropped off in front of a firehouse by his biological father, William, and then taken to the hospital, where he is adopted by Jack and Rebecca.[4] Jack and Rebecca originally name him Kyle (the name they had intended for their third child, who was stillborn). Taking William's advice, Rebecca decides to give him his own name, naming him after William's favorite poet, Dudley Randall, although she refuses to let William see Randall.[4][32] This allows them to honor both their stillborn son's memory and Randall, rather than essentially replacing one son with the other.

text: At age nine, Randall’s teacher informs Jack and Rebecca that Randall is a gifted child who is not being challenged enough at his current school. They decide to remove him from public school and send him to Hanes Academy.[11] In high school Randall plays football, wearing number 36.[22]

text: Randall and Kevin have an estranged relationship and don't reconnect until they are 36 years old. At some points, Kevin openly despises Randall.[14] At a high school football game, where they play on opposing teams, they get in a fight.[22] However, there are also some moments when they act like brothers.[5] When they are teenagers, Kevin is there with Kate to comfort Randall when a woman claims to be his birth mother as a scam to get money.[29] When they are 36, they get in a fight on the street in New York, but Kevin tells onlookers they are brothers.[22] When Randall has his nervous breakdown, Kevin leaves the theater—when opening day is about to start—to comfort Randall.[16]

text: As an adult, Kevin is hurt that Randall doesn't seem to care about his acting career.[22] They begin to reconnect when Kevin needs Randall's advice, but Randall coldly tells him he shouldn't care what he thinks. Eventually, Kevin moves to Randall's house in New Jersey, but they still have some work to do on building their relationship.[26] He loves Thanksgiving and has his family recreate a specific childhood Thanksgiving every year, including a 3.4 mile hike, watching Police Academy 3: Back in Training, and imitating a hotel owner known as "Pilgrim Rick".[33]

text: In season 2, Randall wants to adopt a baby (to honor his father's legacy), but decides (with Beth's input) to foster an older child who may need help.[7][19] They foster a 12-year old girl named Deja, whose mother Shauna is incarcerated. She shows signs of physical abuse, but Randall and Beth start to win her trust and get her to open up.[29][34][5] When the charges against Shauna are dropped, Deja goes back home with her (over Randall's initial objections). Randall and Beth plan to try fostering again after some time.[8]

text: Beth Pearson[edit]

text: Beth Pearson, portrayed by Susan Kelechi Watson, is Randall's wife, whom he met in college and later married, circa 1999. The couple have two daughters, Annie and Tess.[14] Their marriage is based on honesty where they make an effort not to have secrets from one another. William reveals to Beth that he has met and communicated with Rebecca. This causes Beth to give Rebecca an ultimatum: to either tell Randall or she will. Growing up, Beth lived in a three-bedroom house with 14 other people.[22]

text: After Randall quits his job, Beth takes a job so Randall ccan be a stay-at-home dad.[19] But after a while, Beth thinks Randall is in "outer space", and Beth thinks working again would be good for Randall.[12]

text: When Annie's pet lizard "Mr. McGiggles" goes missing during a Super Bowl Party, she accidentally steps on him, killing him.[3]

text: Toby Damon[edit]

text: Toby Damon, portrayed by Chris Sullivan is Kate's fiancé.[6] Toby was born in Palm Springs, California.[6] Toby begins dating Kate after they meet at a weight-loss support group.[4] Toby is confident with his own body although obese, and encourages Kate to have better self-esteem. He was previously married to a woman whom Kate views as beautiful and successful, but who treated him badly. Toby gained 90 pounds in the first year after his divorce.[26]

text: Refusing to take Kate's hesitance about the relationship lightly, Toby continually comes up with sweet gestures to win her over.[32] In the beginning, he feels that he has to compete with Kevin for Kate's attention.[32] Despite breaking his weight-loss goals, Toby decides dieting is not for him and goes off his diet, resulting in Kate breaking up with him.[13] He surprises Kate by showing up at Randall's house for Christmas Eve, stating that he can live without pizza and junk food, but that he can not live without her.[27] On Christmas Eve, Toby collapses and ends up in the hospital with an arrhythmia.[27]

text: After Toby's heart surgery, he and Kate decide to get engaged.[6] Kate becomes pregnant with Toby's child, but she miscarries; afterwards, despite an initial struggle in their relationship, Toby comes through for her.[34][35] Kate, around the 20th anniversary of Jack's death, tells Toby he strengthens her and Jack would have loved him.[3]

text: William Hill[edit]

text: William H. "Shakespeare" Hill (died 2017), portrayed by Ron Cephas Jones (recent days) and Jermel Nakia (as a young adult), is Randall's biological father.[32]

text: William is a recovering drug addict who is suffering from terminal stage-four stomach cancer in the present.[26] He grew up in Memphis,[18] and after his mother moved to Pittsburgh he stayed in Memphis to play in his cousin Ricky's band, where he played piano, wrote, and sang.[36] William left the band, with the intention of returning, to care for his dying mother. However, after meeting Randall's mother and becoming a drug addict, he never returned.[36] He got clean after he thought he saw a monkey on the streets, realizing that nothing good comes from a person being on the street at 3:30 am. (He also stayed clean for years after being told by a judge, who offered to help him after his first conviction, to picture the judge's face when he was tempted to do the wrong thing.)[30] William returns to Philadelphia to attend a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, hoping to find and reconnect with his former lover—a man named Jessie.[27]

text: William, who is bisexual, and Jesse never officially break up. Jessie assumes William had died when he vanishes one night—the night William moves in with Randall's family.[27]

text: After leaving Randall at the firehouse, he waits outside the hospital to see him being taken home by Jack and Rebecca. Rebecca realizes that William is Randall's father, after seeing him getting onto the bus as she leaves the hospital. She eventually tracks him down,[14] a secret she keeps from everyone, including Randall and Jack.[13]

text: William always wanted to have a relationship with his child,[13] but promises Rebecca he will stay away for Randall's benefit.[32] He accidentally reveals this secret to Beth one night when they get high together,[22] and Randall accidentally finds out himself, when he finds a letter and photo in William's apartment, from Rebecca, while looking for cassette tapes.[33] (William also tells Randall about the second time William saw Rebecca; he took a cab to follow her home, hoping he could be in Randall's life, but when he was outside the house, he thought better of it.)[8]

text: William eventually succumbs to his cancer during a road trip back to Memphis with Randall.[36] Prior to his death he leaves a letter to Randall's girls, asking them to plan a fun memorial for him. He also sends Beth a postcard from Memphis, saying goodbye and calling her the daughter he never had.[28]

text: Miguel Rivas[edit]

text: Miguel Rivas, portrayed by Jon Huertas, was Jack's best friend and is Rebecca's second husband. Miguel was originally married to Shelly, before they divorced.[24] While it originally seems that his marriage to Rebecca happened shortly after Jack's death, in season 2 it is clarified that the two did not get together until at least ten years after Jack's passing.[23][2] Miguel is initially disliked by Kevin, until Miguel tells Kevin how much he is like his father.[16]

text: Miguel tells Beth and Toby one day, when Kevin is in rehab meeting with "immediate family", that he feels like a real outsider compared to them and the Pearson family.[2] When Kevin gets out of rehab and stays with Rebecca, Miguel is protective of her after she is hurt by Kevin's arrest, and by Kevin criticizing her in his rehab session with the family.[12] Kevin asks Miguel if he was in love with Rebecca when Jack was alive; Miguel says that idea never occurred to him because everyone saw Jack and Rebecca as one entity rather than two separate individuals. But he states that he loves Rebecca now, and is not going anywhere.[12]

text: Sophie[edit]

text: Sophie, portrayed by Alexandra Breckenridge (modern day), Amanda Leighton (ages 15-17), and Sophia Coto (age 10), is Kate's childhood best friend and Kevin's childhood love and his ex-wife. Kevin moves to New York and reconciles with her, after his relationships with Olivia and Sloane end.[18][28] Their relationship initially survives the distance when Kevin is in his movie in L.A., but Kevin breaks up with Sophie, admitting that he can't be the man that he wants to be for her.[30] When Kevin gets sober, he tries making amends to Sophie; she just wants to remember Kevin when they were younger.[3]

text: Tess Pearson[edit]

text: Tess Pearson, portrayed by Eris Baker, is Randall and Beth's older daughter. She was promoted to series regular in season two.[37] She is named after the Tessana ceiling fan Randall was going to purchase when hearing about Beth going into labor.[23] Although not noticed acting out previously, she hides in her uncle Kevin's car (claiming she hates it at her house), when he is pulled over for speeding and charged with DUI;[8] she later claims she was just unhappy that Deja, the foster child, had to go home.[2] Tess admits one day (on the 20th anniversary of Jack's death) she has tried to prevent social workers from calling, worried that recent changes mean Randall wanted a "new life"; Randall reassures her that he will always be devoted to her.[3] Tess is shown in the future as an adult, working as a social worker, with an older Randall meeting her for dinner like they have done while Tess was younger.[3]

text: Annie Pearson[edit]

text: Annie Pearson, portrayed by Faithe Herman, is Randall and Beth's younger daughter. She was also promoted to series regular in season two.[37] On William's first night at Randall's family's house, when William wants to step out, Annie convinces William that he might be happy if he stayed. [29]

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Introduced in season one[edit]

text: Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski (aka "Dr. K"): The obstetrician who delivered Kate and Kevin.

text: Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine: a theatre actress, Kevin's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend.

text: Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg: Kevin's stage partner and ex-girlfriend.

text: Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette: A family friend of the Pearsons.

text: Denis O'Hare as Jessie: William's friend and former lover.[27][6]

text: Adam Bartley as Duke: The stable worker at the weight-loss camp Kate attended.

text: Jill Johnson as Laurie: A member of Toby and Kate's weight-loss support group.[4]

text: Peter Onorati as Stanley Pearson: Jack's father.

text: Hari Dhillon as Sanjay Jahiri: Randall's newer former coworker.

text: Caitlin Thompson as Madison: Member of Toby and Kate's support group.

text: Introduced in season two[edit]

text: Lyric Ross as Deja: Randall and Beth's foster child while her mother was incarcerated.[39]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: The following is a supplementary list of guest stars, some recurring, who appear in lesser roles. The characters are listed, in alphabetical order by actor, by the season in which they first appeared.

text: Introduced in season one[edit]

text:
Susan Blakely as Anne: Dr. K, a widower, dates and marries Anne.[38][9]
Katie Couric as herself: Kevin had a recurring dream about an interview by Katie Couric going badly.[16]
Wynn Everett as Shelly: Shelly was Miguel's first wife until their divorce.[24]
Brad Garrett as Wes Manning: Wes was the television network president tasked with negotiating Kevin's exit from The Manny.[14]
Jami Gertz as Marin Rosenthal: Marin hired Kate to be an event coordinator.[11]
Ron Howard as himself: After Howard saw Kevin's play, he called Kevin to praise his performance and offered to send him a script for a new movie he was producing.[28]
Mario Lopez as himself: Lopez was hosting a talk show discussing Kevin's on-set meltdown.[4]
Seth Meyers as himself: Meyers saw Kevin and Randall fighting on a New York City sidewalk and approached the pair, recognizing Kevin as a showbiz colleague.[22]
Elizabeth Perkins as Janet Malone: Rebecca's overbearing mother.
Katey Sagal as Lanie Schulz: Kevin's Hollywood agent.[14]
Jimmi Simpson as Andy Fannan: Andy was a co-worker whom Randall talked out of committing suicide on Christmas Eve.[27]
Alan Thicke as himself: Thicke was guest-starring on The Manny when Kevin had his on-set meltdown.[4]

text: Introduced in season two[edit]

text:
Donnie Masihi as Nicky Pearson: Jack Pearson's younger brother who was killed in action while serving in the Vietnam War alongside his brother.
Kate Burton as Barbara: Psychologist at Kevin's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family.[40]
Garrett Morris as Lloyd: A resident living in William's old apartment building.[41]
Debra Jo Rupp as Linda: A social worker who worked with Randall and Beth Pearson when they fostered Deja.[42]
Sylvester Stallone as himself: Actor in a movie Kevin was cast in.[43]
Brian Grazer as himself: The producer of Kevin's movie.