document_title: Constitution of India

question_text: who was chairman of drafting committee of indian constitution

root

text: Constitution of India

text: Background

text: The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930.

tag: p

text: Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950.[9]

text: Previous legislation used as sources

text: It is drawn from many sources. Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz. Government of India Act 1858, Indian Councils Act 1861, Indian Councils Act 1892, Indian Councils Act 1909, Government of India Act 1919, Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two, with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it, to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution, for the separate states.[citation needed]

text: Constituent assembly

text: It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[10] The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and eighteen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India, during which, it held eleven sessions over 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution. On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled.[11] Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community.[citation needed] Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members.[citation needed]

text: The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly.[10] The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[10]

text: Drafting

text: B. N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946. He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948.[12] This draft was debated, revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949.[13]

text: On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented.[10] Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor. These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (K M Munshi, Ex- Home Minister, Bombay), Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate General, Madras State), N Gopalaswami Ayengar (Ex-Prime Minister, J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet), B L Mitter (Ex-Advocate General, India), Md. Saadullah (Ex- Chief Minister of Assam, Muslim League member) and D P Khaitan (Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer). The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice, 1950–54). Later B L Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). On D P Khaitan's death, T T Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee. A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947, which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years. Finally on 26 November 1949, the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution. 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete.[14] This day is celebrated as National Law Day[15] or Constitution Day.[16]

text: The assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution, the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. The original Constitution of India is hand-written with beautiful calligraphy, each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose. The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent, ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation, in the Indus Valley, to the present. The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda. It was published in Dehra Dun, and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India. The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India.[17] Rs.1,00,00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly. It has undergone many amendments since its enactment.[18]

text: The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house, New Delhi. There are two original versions of this – one in Hindi and the other in English. The original constitution can be viewed here.[19]

text: Influence of other constitutions

text:
British Constitution

Parliamentary form of government
The idea of single citizenship
The idea of the Rule of law
Institution of Speaker and his role
Lawmaking procedure
Procedure established by Law

United States Constitution

United States Bill of Rights
Federal structure of government
Electoral College
Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government
Judicial review
President as supreme commander of
armed forces
Equal Protection under law

Irish Constitution

Directive principles of state policy

Australian Constitution

Freedom of trade and commerce within
the country and between the states
Power of the national legislature to make
laws for implementing treaties, even on
matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction
Concurrent List[20]
Terminology for the Preamble

French Constitution

Ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity

Canadian Constitution

A quasi-federal form of government —
a federal system with a strong central government
Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments
Residual powers retained by the central government[21][22]

Constitution of the Soviet Union

Fundamental Duties u/a 51-A
A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission
to oversee the development of the economy

Other Constitutions

Emergency Provision u/a 356, Weimar Constitution (Germany)
Amendment of Constitution, South Africa
Due Procedure of Law, Japan

tag: table

text: Structure

text: The Indian constitution is the world's longest.[Note 1] At its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It is made up of approximately 145,000 words, making it the second largest active constitution in the world. [23] In its current form (September 2012), it has a preamble, 25[Note 2] parts with 448 [Note 3] articles, 12[Note 4] schedules, 5 appendices[24] and 101 amendments, the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016.[25]

text: Parts

text: The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts:

text:
Preamble[26]

with the words "socialist" and "secular" added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment .[27][28]

Part I[29] – Union and its Territory
Part II[30] – Citizenship.
Part III – Fundamental Rights
Part IV[31] – Directive Principles of State Policy
Part IVA – Fundamental Duties
Part V[32] – The Union
Part VI[33] – The States
Part VII[34] – States in the B part of the First schedule (repealed)
Part VIII[35] – The Union Territories
Part IX[36] – The Panchayats
Part IXA[37] – The Municipalities
Part IXB – The Co-operative Societies.[38]
Part X – The scheduled and Tribal Areas
Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States

Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Part XIII – Trade and Commerce within the territory of India
Part XIV – Services Under the Union, the States
Part XIVA – Tribunals
Part XV – Elections
Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes
Part XVII – Languages
Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions
Part XIX – Miscellaneous
Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution
Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.

text: Schedules

text: Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.

text:
First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – This lists the states and territories of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change.
Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221) –  This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) – Forms of Oaths – This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges.
Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory.
Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[Note 5] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 6] (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions).
Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities.
Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)—The official languages.
Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.[39]
Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) –  "Anti-defection" provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.
Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government),
Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government).

tag: ul

text: Appendices

text:
Appendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
Appendix II – Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Appendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.
Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.

text: The constitution and the government

text: Institutions of governance – the Parliament, the President, the Judiciary, the Executive, etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it.[40] With the aid of the Constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive, under Articles 52 and 53. The President's duty is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution. Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty. Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75(3).

text: The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit. The common features of a federation such as written Constitution, supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, two government, division of powers, bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution, single citizenship, integrated judiciary, flexible Constitution, a strong Centre, appointment of state governor by the Centre, All-India Services, Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[41]

text: Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government. Analogous to President and Prime Minister, each has a Governor (in case of states) or Lieutenant Governor (in the case of Union territories) and a Chief Minister. Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This power, known as President's rule, was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds, and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre. Post – Bommai judgment,[42][43] such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult, as the courts have asserted their right to review it.[44] Consequently, very few state governments have been disbanded since.

text: The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas. Also, Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

text: The constitution and the legislature

text: Amendment

text: The process of addition, variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers, is called amendment of the constitution.[45] The procedure is laid out in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two-thirds members are present and voted. In addition to this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 (with exception to money bills), there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill. During recess of Parliament, President can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers per Article 123, Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament, are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 (1) by Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India.[45]

text: As of September 2015[update], there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament, out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts.[46] Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world.[47] The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies. As a result, the document is amended roughly twice a year, and three times every two years.

text: In 2000, the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) was set up to look into updating the constitution.[48] Government of India, establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law.

text: Limitations

text: The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify, which means, while amending anything in the Constitution, it cannot tinker with the "basic structure" or its framework, which is immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended, nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution. Yet, this "doctrine of basic features" lays down that, the Constitution when "read as a whole", that what comes to be understood as its basic features cannot be abridged, deleted or abrogated. What these "basic features" are, have not been defined exhaustively anywhere,[40] and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a "basic feature" is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case.[49]

text: The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India:[50]

text:
The Supremacy of the Constitution
Republican and Democratic form of the Government
Secular Character of the Constitution
Maintenance of Separation of powers
The Federal Character of the Constitution[50]

tag: ol

text: This implies that the Parliament, while amending the Constitution, can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters. The Supreme Court/High Court(s) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, by performing Judicial review. This is typical of Parliamentary governments, where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament, which in many respects is supreme.

text: In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.[51] Extent of land ownership and practice of profession, in this case, were held to be a fundamental right.[52] The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.[52]

text: The constitution and the judiciary

text: The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter.[53] It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution, to be its watchdog, by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive, who otherwise, are free to enact or implement these, from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution.[54] It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people, as enshrined in the Constitution, from infringement by any organ of the state. It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states, as assigned to them by the Constitution.

text: While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate, it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. And crucially, independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution,[55][56] and which being inalienable, has come to mean – that which cannot be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive.[57]

text: Judicial review

text: Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States.[58] In the Indian constitution, Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13. Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy. Article 13 states that:

text:
All pre-constitutional laws, if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict. In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force, if it is compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse.[59]
In a similar manner, laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio.
In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India.[60]

text: Due to the adoption of the thirty-eighth amendment, the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies.[61] Later with the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, article 31 C was widened and article 368(4) and 368(5) were added, which stated that any law passed by the parliament can't be challenged in the court on any ground. The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore can't be taken away quashing Article 368(4)&(5) as well as 31 C.

text: The constitution – a living document

text: "The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[Note 7][62]

text: The Constitution's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities, though not in vague terms, instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute, so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time, to apply to new and ever-changing and demanding situations, making the Constitution a living and an organic document.[63] Justice Marshall asserts: “It is the nature of (a) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked”. It is a document intended “to endure for ages” and therefore, it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively, in the existing social and political context.

text: For instance, "right to life" as guaranteed under Article 21,[nb 1] has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights[nb 2]

text: In the conclusion of his Making of India's Constitution, Justice Khanna writes:

text: "If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people."[67]


document_title: Al MacKenzie

question_text: who plays mac's brother on agents of shield

question_tokens: who plays mac 's brother on agents of shield

text: Al MacKenzie

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Al MacKenzie first appeared in Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. #3 (August 1988), and was created by Bob Harras and Paul Neary.

text: The character subsequently appears in Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #1-7 (September 1989-January 1990).

text: Al MacKenzie received an entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Update '89 #4.

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Al MacKenzie was born in Austin, Texas. He was once the C.I.A. liaison to S.H.I.E.L.D.[1] He became romantically involved with Contessa Valentina Allegra di Fontaine after a while, which led to an estrangement between him and Nick Fury.[2] Because of this, he returned to the CIA with the Contessa.[3]

text: MacKenzie later joined the S.H.I.E.L.D. organization full-time, and spent considerable time as the senior liaison officer to the C.I.A.[4] Subsequently, under unknown circumstances, MacKenzie resigned from S.H.I.E.L.D., and wrote a "tell-all" book entitled UnSHIELDed: an Unauthorized Insider's Look Behind the World's Most Powerful Global Spy Network, which purportedly explained some of the history behind the organization from his point of view.[5] Since then, he also acted as an unofficial source to Ben Urich, prodding Urich and Jessica Jones to attempt to expose Fury's unauthorized mission to Latveria.[6]

text: In other media[edit]

text:
Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie appears in the TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Henry Simmons. He is depicted as an African-American mechanic and engineer who is recruited into the newly rebuilt S.H.I.E.L.D. by Phil Coulson after the events of the film Captain America: The Winter Soldier. He is also old friends with Barbara "Bobbi" Morse. In the episode "One of Us," it is revealed that he and Bobbi are secretly associated with "the real S.H.I.E.L.D." led by Robert Gonzales.[7] Later he permanently sides with Coulson.[8] At the time when Inhumans have been emerging in the world, Mack started to develop a relationship with an Inhuman named Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez.[9] The episode "Watchdogs" introduces Mack's brother Ruben Mackenzie (portrayed by Gaius Charles) who later discovers his brother's job as S.H.I.E.L.D. even at the time when the Watchdogs raid Mack's house upon mistaking him for an Inhuman.[10] In season 4 episode "Wake Up", Mack is revealed to be in constant pain due to the loss of his daughter Hope who died as an infant four days after birth due to an unstable and unidentified medical condition.[11] In the episode "Identity and Change," Mack is shown in the Framework to have Hope Mackenzie (portrayed by Jordan Rivera) alive in there.[12] He is forced to leave by Yo-Yo when the Framework begins to fall apart.[13]

Simmons reprises his role in a six part web series titled Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot.[14]


document_title: List of League of Legends leagues and tournaments

question_text: how many leagues are there in league of legends

text: International tournaments[edit]

text:
Name
Tier
Region
Location
Years active
Size
WC
Latest Champion

Mid-Season Invitational
International
Worldwide
various
2015 -
10 (Play-in Stage)
6 (Group stage)

1 slot in WC Group stage for best Wildcard region
SK Telecom T1

World Championship
International
Worldwide
various
2011 -
12 (Play-in stage)
16 (Group stage)
N/A
Samsung Galaxy

Rift Rivals
International
Worldwide
various
2017 -
EU LCS - NA LCS
N/A
Blue Rift: NA LCS

LCK - LMS - LPL
Red Rift: LPL

CBLOL - CLS - LLN
Yellow Rift: CBLol

GPL - LJL - OPL
Purple Rift: LJL

LCL - TCL - VCS
Green Rift: TCL

All-Star
International
Worldwide
various
2013 -
8
N/A

5vs5: LPL
1vs1: LPL Uzi

text: Tier 1[edit]

text: As of 2018, there exist 14 professional leagues around the world. For the League of Legends World Championship, the 5 premier leagues (in Bold) are allocated 3 spots each, with the remaining spots given to the split 2 champions from the 9 remaining play-in regions.

text:
Name
Tier
Region
Location
Years active
Teams
MSI
WC
Latest Champion

Spring split
Summer split

North America League of Legends Championship Series (NA LCS)
1st (professional)
North America[NA]
Los Angeles
2013 -
10
G
2G + 1 P
Team Liquid
Team SoloMid

Europe League of Legends Championship Series (EU LCS)
1st (professional)
Europe[EU]
Berlin
2013 -
10
G
2G + 1 P
Fnatic
G2 Esports

League of Legends Champions Korea (LCK)
1st (professional)
South Korea
Seoul
2012 -
10
G
3G
King-Zone Dragon X
Longzhu Gaming

League of Legends Pro League (LPL)
1st (professional)
China[CHN]
Shanghai, Chongqing,Chengdu, Hangzhou
2013 -
14
G
2G + 1 P
Team WE (eliminated)
Edward Gaming

League of Legends Masters Series (LMS)[LNL]
1st (professional)
TW/HK/MO
Taipei
2014 -
8
P
2G + 1 P
Flash Wolves
Flash Wolves

Campeonato Brasileiro de League of Legends (CBLoL)
1st (professional)
Brazil
São Paulo
2012 -
8
P
1 P
KaBuM! e-Sports
Team oNe Esport

Liga Latinoamérica Norte (LLN)
1st (professional)
Latin America North[LAN]
Mexico City
2014 -
7
P
1 P
Lyon Gaming
(eliminated)

Lyon Gaming

Copa Latinoamérica Sur (CLS)
1st (professional)
Latin America South[LAS]
Santiago
2014 -
8
P
1 P
Kaos Latin Gamers
Kaos Latin Gamers

League of Legends Japan League (LJL)
1st (professional)
Japan
Tokyo
2014 -
6
P
1 P
PENTAGRAM
Rampage

Turkey Champions League (TCL)
1st (professional)
Turkey
Istanbul
2015 -
8
P
1 P
SuperMassive e-Sports
1907 Fenerbahçe e-Sports

League of Legends Continental League (LCL)
1st (professional)
CIS[CIS]
Moscow
2016 -
8
P
1 P
Gambit Esport
Gambit Esport

Oceanic Pro League (OPL)
1st (professional)
Oceania
Sydney
2015 -
8
P
1 P
Dire Wolves
Dire Wolves

Garena Premier League (GPL)
1st (professional)
Southeast Asia[SEA]
various
2013 -
5
P
1 P
Ascension Gaming
GIGABYTE Marines
(eliminated)

Vietnam Championship Series (VCS)
1st (professional)
Vietnam[VN]
Ho Chi Minh City
2018
8
P
1 P
EVOS Esports
TBD

text: Tier 2 and lower[edit]

text:
Name
Tier
Region
Location
Years active
Size
WC
Latest Champion

Spring split
Summer Split

North America Academy League
2nd (professional)
North America
Los Angeles
2018 -
10

FlyQuest Academy
TBD

League of Legends Challengers Korea
2nd (semi-professional)
South Korea
Seoul
2015 -
16

Ever8 Winners
Kongdoo Monster

LoL Secondary Pro League
2nd (professional)
China
Shanghai
2014 -
16

Team King
Vici Gaming

Elite Challenger Series
2nd (semi-professional)
TW/HK/MO
Taipei
2016 -
8

Afro Beast
ahq Fighter

Vietnam Championship Series B
2nd (semi-professional)
Vietnam

2013 -
unknown

Hall of Fame

LJL Challenger Series
2nd (semi-professional)
Japan

2014 -
6

SCARZ Burning Core
SCARZ

SLTV Challenger League
2nd (semi-professional)
CIS
Kiev
2016 -
32

Gambit.CIS

Circuito Desafiante
2nd (professional)
Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
2015 -
6

IDM Gaming
KaBuM e-Sports

Hero of Cities
3rd (amateur cup)[TGA]
China
Taicang
2011 -
31Q[›]

AD Gaming

Demacia Cup/Championship
National Cup
China
Chongqing
2013 -
29

Edward Gaming

LOL KeSPA Cup
National Cup
South Korea
Seoul
2015 -
19

KT Rolster

Thailand Pro League (TPL)
2nd (semi-professional)
Thailand

2014 -
8
GPL Qualification
Ascension Gaming
Ascension Gaming

Singapore Legends Series (SLS)
2nd (semi-professional)
Singapore

2013 -
8
GPL Qualification
Sovereign
Resurgence

LoL Championship Malaysia (LCM)
2nd (semi-professional)
Malaysia

2013 -
8
GPL Qualification
Kuala Lumpur Hunters
Kuala Lumpur Hunters

Pro Gaming Series (PGS)
2nd (semi-professional)
Philippines

2014 -
8
GPL Qualification
Mineski
Manila Eagles

LoL Garuda Series (LGS)
2nd (semi-professional)
Indonesia

2014 -
8
GPL Qualification
Bigetron e-Sports
HeadHunters

(AS) Garena All-Star
2nd (SEA Qualifier)
Southeast Asia
various
2016 -
unknown
Represent for GPL at All-Star
Team Vietnam All-Star

Be cancelled

NA League of Legends Challenger Series
2nd (semi-professional)
North America
Los Angeles
2014 - 2017
6

Gold Coin United

EU League of Legends Challenger Series
2nd (semi-professional)
Europe
Berlin
2014 - 2017
6

Misfits Academy (Later known as the Mysterious Monkeys)

NiceGameTV League of Legends Battle
2nd (mixed[NLB])
South Korea
Seoul
2012 - 2014
16+12[NLB]

SK Telecom T1 K

Garena Talk Talk League
2nd (amateur)
TW/HK/MO
Online
2013
8Q[›]

(4 team promoted)

Vietnam Championship Series A (VCSA)
2nd (professional)
Vietnam[VN]

2013 - 2017
8
GPL Qualification
GIGABYTE Marines

(Mid-Season) International Wildcard Invitational
Qualifier
various[IWC]
various
2015 - 2016
8
MSI Qualification
SuperMassive e-Sports

(WC) International Wildcard tournament/qualifier
Qualifier
various[IWC]
various
2013 - 2016
8
2
Albux NoX Luna, INTZ e-Sports

(AS) International Wildcard All-Star
Qualifier
various[IWC]
various
2015 - 2016
8
Represent for IWC at All-Star
Team GPL All-Star

text: Collegiate leagues[edit]

text:
Current Name
Former Name
Region
Years active
Size
Latest Champion

ULoL Campus Series
College Championship
Division 1
US & Canada
2015-
222
Maryville

CSL Junior Varsity 1
Division 2
US & Canada
2015-
221
British Columbia B Team

CSL Junior Varsity 2
Division 3
US & Canada
2015-
136
Penn State Division 3

text: Campus Series conferences[edit]

text:
Name
Region
Years active
Size
Latest Champion

ULoL Campus Series North
US & Canada
2017-
53
Maryville

ULoL Campus Series South
US
2017-
52
Texas A&M

ULoL Campus Series East
US & Canada
2017-
66
Toronto

ULoL Campus Series West
US & Canada
2017-
51
Simon Fraser

Big Ten
US
2017-
14
Maryland

Peach Belt
US
2018-
12
N/A

text: Other tournaments[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)

text: Years active means the years the tournament hosted a LoL portion, not necessarily the competition itself.[1]

text:
Name
Region
Location
Years active
Size
Latest Champion

World Cyber Games
Worldwide
Rotating final location
2011-2013

CJ Entus Blaze

Major League Gaming
Worldwide competitors
North America
2011-2012

FXOpen eSports


document_title: Double Shot (Of My Baby's Love)

question_text: who wrote double shot of my baby's love

question_tokens: who wrote double shot of my baby 's love

text: Double Shot (Of My Baby's Love)

text: "Double Shot (Of My Baby's Love)" is a popular song written by Don Smith and Cyril Vetter[1] and originally recorded in 1964 by Dick Holler & the Holidays. It was later recorded by The Swingin' Medallions who released it as their second single in 1966. The song became a hit for the group, peaking at #17 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.[2] The song was banned on many radio stations due to the lines referring to drinking and sex, including "worst hangover I ever had" and "she loved me so hard". [3]

text: The song has since been recorded by numerous artists including The Residents on the album Third Reich & Roll, Joe Stampley and The Cockroaches.[4]


document_title: Winchester rifle

question_text: when was the first winchester repeating rifle made

text: Winchester rifle

text: Predecessors[edit]

text: In 1848, Walter Hunt of New York patented his "Volition Repeating Rifle" incorporating a tubular magazine, which was operated by two levers and complex linkages. The Hunt rifle fired what he called the "Rocket Ball", an early form of caseless ammunition in which the powder charge was contained in the bullet's hollow base. Hunt's design was fragile and unworkable, but in 1849 Lewis Jennings purchased the Hunt patents and developed a functioning, if still complex, version which was produced in small numbers by Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont until 1852.[1]

text: Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson of Norwich, Connecticut, acquired the Jennings patent from Robbins & Lawrence, as well as shop foreman Benjamin Tyler Henry. Smith made several improvements to the Jennings design, and in 1855 Smith and Wesson together with several investors formed a corporation, the Volcanic Repeating Arms Company, to manufacture Smith's modification of the Hunt-Jennings, the Volcanic lever-action pistol and rifle. Its largest stockholder was Oliver Winchester.[1]

text: For the Volcanic rifle, Smith added a primer charge to Hunt's "Rocket Ball" and thus created one of the first fixed metallic cartridges which incorporated bullet, primer and powder in one self-contained unit. While still with the company Smith went a step further and added a cylindrical copper case to hold the bullet and powder with the primer in the case rim, thus creating one of the most significant inventions in firearms history, the metallic rimfire cartridge.[fn 1] Smith's cartridge, the .22 Short, would be introduced commercially in 1857 with the landmark Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver and is still manufactured today.

text: The Volcanic rifle had only limited success, which was partially attributable to the design and poor performance of the Hunt-derived Volcanic cartridge: a hollow conical ball filled with black powder and sealed by a cork primer. Although the Volcanic's repeater design far outpaced the rival technology, the unsatisfactory power and reliability of the .25 and .32 caliber "Rocket Balls" were little match for the competitors' larger calibers. Wesson had left Volcanic soon after it was formed and Smith followed eight months later, to create the Smith & Wesson Revolver Company. Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester purchased the bankrupt firm's assets from the remaining stockholders, and reorganized it as the New Haven Arms Company in April 1857.[1]

text: Benjamin Henry continued to work with Smith's cartridge concept, and perfected the much larger, more powerful .44 Henry cartridge. Henry also supervised the redesign of the rifle to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, and used in considerable numbers by certain Union army units in the American Civil War. Confederates called the Henry "that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week!"[2]

text: Development[edit]

text: After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed New Haven Arms the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle: the Model 1866. It retained the .44 Henry cartridge, was likewise built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine and a wooden forearm. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent .44-40 centerfire cartridge. In 1876, in a bid to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the Model 1876 (Centennial Model). While it chambered more powerful cartridges than the 1866 and 1873 models, the toggle link action was not strong enough for the popular high-powered rounds used in Sharps or Remington single-shot rifles.

text: From 1883, John Moses Browning worked in partnership with Winchester, designing a series of rifles and shotguns, most notably the lever-action Winchester Model 1886, Model 1892, Model 1894, and Model 1895 rifles, along with the lever-action Model 1887/1901 shotgun, the pump-action Model 1890 rifle, and the pump-action Model 1893/1897 shotgun.

text: Winchester lever-action repeating rifles[edit]

text: Model 1866[edit]

text: The first Winchester rifle – the Winchester Model 1866 – was originally chambered for the rimfire .44 Henry. Nicknamed the "Yellow Boy" because of its receiver of a bronze/brass alloy called gunmetal, it was famous for its rugged construction and lever-action "repeating rifle" mechanism that allowed the user to fire a number of shots before having to reload. Nelson King's improved patent remedied flaws in the Henry rifle by incorporating a loading gate on the side of the frame and integrating a round, sealed magazine which was partially covered by a forestock.

text: France purchased 6,000 Model 1866 rifles along with 4.5 million .44 Henry cartridges during the Franco-Prussian War. The Ottoman Empire purchased 45,000 Model 1866 rifles and 5,000 carbines in 1870 and 1871. These rifles were used in the 1877 Russo-Turkish War, causing much surprise when outnumbered Turks at the Siege of Plevna inflicted many times more casualties than their opponents armed with single-shot Krnka and Berdan rifles.[3] The Model 1866 compelled Russians to develop a new rifle, the Mosin–Nagant, after the war.

text: The Swiss Army initially selected the Model 1866 to replace their existing single-shot Milbank-Amsler rifles. However, ensuing political pressure to adopt a domestic design resulted in the Vetterli Model 1867, a bolt-action design utilizing a copy of the Winchester's tubular magazine, being adopted instead.

text: Due to public demand, the Model 1866 continued to be manufactured and sold until 1899, mainly because they were less expensive than the later steel-framed centerfire models.

text: Model 1873[edit]

text: The Model 1873 was one of the most successful Winchester rifles of its day, with Winchester marketing it as "The Gun that Won the West". Still an icon in the modern day, it was manufactured between 1873 and 1923. It was originally chambered for the .44-40 cartridge, which was the first centrefire cartridge and which became immensely popular. The 1873 was later produced in .38-40 and .32-20, all of which later became popular handgun cartridges of the day, allowing users to carry just one type of ammunition. The Model 1873 was produced in three variations: a 24-inch barrel rifle, a 20-inch barrel carbine, and a "musket"—which was aimed at military contracts and only made up less than 5% of production. (Musket was a term that, at the time, denoted a full length military-style stock, not to be confused with a true smoothbore musket). The standard rifle-length version was most popular in the 19th century, although Winchester would make rifles to order in any configuration the customer wished, including longer barrels or baby carbines with barrels as short as 12 inches, octagonal-shaped barrels, colour case hardened receivers and fancy engraving.

text: The original Model 1873 was never offered in the military revolver .45 Colt cartridge, as it was a proprietary cartridge owned by Colt, although a number of modern reproductions are chambered for the round.

text: To both celebrate and enhance the Model 1873's prestige, Winchester established a coveted "One of One Thousand" grade in 1875. Barrels producing unusually small groupings during test-firing were fitted to rifles with set triggers and a special finish. Marked "One of One Thousand", they sold for a then pricey $100 (equivalent to $2,200 in 2017).[4] A popular 1950 Western starring Jimmy Stewart, Winchester '73, was based on the coveted gun. Promotions included a search for "One of One Thousand" rifles by Universal Studios, with advertisements in sporting magazines and posters in sporting goods stores.[5]

text: A second grade of Model 1873 barrels producing above average accuracy were fitted to rifles marked "One of One Hundred", and sold for $20 over list. Approximately 136 "One of One Thousand" Model 1873s were sold, and only eight "One of One Hundreds".[5]

text: In all, over 720,000 Model 1873s were produced up until 1923. With a return to popularity due to the Cowboy Action Shooting game, '73 rifles and carbines of a high quality have been made in Italy by Uberti, encouraging a return to production under license from the Olin company in 2013, joining the Model 1892 and the Model 1894 being manufactured in Japan by the Miroku Corporation for FN/Browning. The new ten shot Model 1873 is only available with a 20" round barrel chambered in .357 Magnum/.38 Special.[citation needed] Nearly faithful in design to the original, including the trigger disconnect safety, sliding dustcover, and a crescent-shaped buttplate, it incorporates two safety improvements: a firing pin block preventing it from moving forward unless the trigger is pulled, and a cartridge carrier modification to eject used casings away from the shooter.[6]

text: In 2014, a weathered model 1873 was found leaning against a tree in Great Basin National Park. It became known as the Forgotten Winchester and sparked media interest because of the mystery about who left it there and why they never came back for it.[7]

text: Model 1876[edit]

text: The Winchester Model 1876, or Centennial Model, was a heavier-framed rifle than the Models 1866 and 1873, chambered for full-powered centerfire rifle cartridges suitable for big-game hunting, rather than the handgun-sized rimfire and centerfire rounds of its predecessors.[8] While similar in design to the 1873, the 1876 was actually based on a prototype 1868 lever-action rifle that was never commercially produced by Winchester.[9]

text: Introduced to celebrate the American Centennial Exposition, the Model 1876 earned a reputation as a durable and powerful hunting rifle. Four versions were produced: a 22-inch (56 cm) barrel Carbine, a 26-inch (66 cm) barrel Express Rifle with a half-length magazine, a 28-inch (71 cm) barrel Sporting Rifle, and a 32-inch (81 cm) barrel Musket. Standard rifles had a blued finish while deluxe models were casehardened. Collectors identify a first model with no dust cover, a second model with a dust cover rail fastened by a screw, and a third model with an integral dust cover. Total production was 63,871[8] including 54 One of One Thousand Model 1876s and only seven of the One of One Hundred grade.[5]

text: Originally chambered for the new .45-75 Winchester Centennial cartridge (designed to replicate the .45-70 ballistics in a shorter case), versions in .40-60 Winchester, .45-60 Winchester and .50-95 Express followed; the '76 in the latter chambering is the only repeater known to have been in widespread use by professional buffalo hunters.[10] The Canadian North-West Mounted Police used the '76 in .45-75 as a standard long arm for many years with 750 rifles purchased for the force in 1883;[11] the Mountie-model '76 carbine was also issued to the Texas Rangers. Theodore Roosevelt used an engraved, pistol-gripped half-magazine '76 during his early hunting expeditions in the West and praised it. A '76 was also found in the possession of Apache warrior Geronimo after his surrender in 1886.[12]

text: The Model 1876 toggle-link action receiver was too short to handle popular big-game cartridges, including the .45-70, and production ceased in 1897, as big-game hunters preferred the smoother Model 1886 action chambered for longer and more powerful cartridges.[8]

text: Model 1886[edit]

text: The Model 1886 continued the trend towards chambering heavier rounds, and had an all-new and considerably stronger locking-block action than the toggle-link Model 1876. It was designed by John Moses Browning, who had a long and profitable relationship with Winchester from the 1880s to the early 1900s. William Mason made some improvements to Browning's original design. In many respects the Model 1886 was a true American express rifle, as it could be chambered in the more powerful black powder cartridges of the day, such as the .45-70 Government, long a Winchester goal. The 1886 proved capable of handling not only the .45 Gov't but also .45-90 and the huge .50-110 Express "buffalo" cartridges,[13][14] and in 1903 was chambered for the smokeless high-velocity .33 WCF. In 1935, Winchester introduced a slightly modified M1886 as the Model 71, chambered for the more powerful .348 Winchester cartridge.

text: Model 1892[edit]

text: In order to compete with newer Marlin offerings, Winchester returned to its roots with the Model 1892, which was chambered for the same low-pressure cartridges as the Model 1873. The Model 1892 incorporates a much-stronger Browning action that was a scaled-down version of the Model 1886. It was also a much-lighter rifle than the 1873 model, with which it was sold concurrently for over twenty years, for the same price.

text: A total of 1,004,675 Model 1892 rifles were made by Winchester, and it was exported internationally, becoming very popular in South America and Australasia. Although Winchester stopped manufacture in 1941, today versions are still being made by the Brazilian arms maker Amadeo Rossi, and by Chiappa Firearms, an Italian maker. In its modern form, using updated materials and production techniques, the Model 1892's action is strong enough to chamber high-pressure handgun rounds, such as .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum, and .454 Casull. The Winchester '92 was sometimes used in Hollywood Western movies and TV shows out of its correct period, achieving some fame as a 'cowboy' lever action, although it was historically too late for that.[15]

text: Model 1894[edit]

text: The John Browning–designed Winchester Model 1894 is the most prevalent of the Winchester repeating rifles. The Model 1894 was first chambered for the .32-40 and .38-55 cartridges, and later, a variety of calibers such as .25-35 WCF, .30-30, and .32 Winchester Special. Winchester was the first company to manufacture a civilian rifle chambered for the new smokeless propellants, and although delays prevented the .30-30 cartridge from appearing on the shelves until 1895, it remained the first commercially available smokeless powder round for the North American consumer market. Though initially it was too expensive for most shooters, the Model 1894 went on to become one of the best-selling hunting rifles of all time—it had the distinction of being the first sporting rifle to sell over one million units, ultimately selling over seven million before U.S.-production was discontinued in 2006. The Winchester .30-30 configuration is practically synonymous with "deer rifle" in the United States. In the early 20th century, the rifles designation was abbreviated to "Model 94", as was done with all older Winchester designs still in production (for example, Model 97, Model 12, etc.).

text: Model 1895[edit]

text: The Winchester Model 1895 has the distinction of being the first Winchester lever-action rifle to load from a box magazine instead of a tube under the barrel. This allowed the Model 1895 to be chambered for military cartridges with spitzer (pointed) projectiles, and the rifle was used by the armed forces of a number of nations including the United States, Great Britain, and Imperial Russia. The Russian production models could also be loaded using charger clips, a feature not found on any other lever-action rifle. Calibers included .30-40 Krag (.30 US or .30 Army), .303 British, .30-03 Springfield, .30-06 Springfield, 7.62×54mmR, and .405 Winchester. Theodore Roosevelt used a Model 1895 in .405 on African safaris and called it his "medicine gun" for lions.[16] In 1908 the 1895 Winchester became the first commercially produced sporting rifle chambered in .30-06 (then called ".30 Gov't 06").

text: Model 88[edit]

text: Introduced in 1955, 60 years after Winchester's last all-new lever-action design, the Model 88 was unlike any previous lever-action. A short-throw lever operated a three-lug rotating bolt and rounds were fed vertically from a detachable box magazine: in effect it was a lever-operated bolt action. These features in a lever-action permitted the use of high-powered modern short-case cartridges with spitzer bullets: .243 Winchester, .284 Winchester, .308 Winchester and .358 Winchester. The Model 88 was discontinued in 1973 and is the third best-selling lever-action rifle in Winchester's history, following only the M1894 and M1892. The later Sako Finnwolf and Browning BLR have similar actions.

text: Model 9422[edit]

text: Winchester's Model 9422 was introduced in 1972. It was designed to capture the image of the traditional lever-actions with exposed hammer, straight grip, tube magazine and barrel bands. Unlike older Winchester lever actions it came grooved for scope mounting. It was offered in .22 Long Rifle and .22 WMR, and was priced at the high end of the .22 LR sporting rifle market.

text: The 9422 action design was original and extremely reliable. The feed system handled the cartridge from the magazine to the breech face by its rim, and the slide cammed the rear of the breechblock up into the locking recess. A concealed polymer buffer above the breech gave a firm-feeling lockup and a very positive unlocking motion.

text: The 9422 had worldwide appeal to customers raised on Western fiction and to parents looking for a way to introduce their children to shooting. Over the course of production a higher-finished model called the 9422 XTR, a .17 rimfire model, and several commemorative models were offered. Production ended in 2005.[17]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In 2013 Winchester brought back the Model 1873, manufactured under license from the Olin company by FN/Browning in the Kōchi Prefecture of Japan by the Miroku Corporation. This marks the third of the classic Winchester rifle models to be reintroduced, the previous models being the Model 1892 and the Model 1894. The new 1873 model is available with a 20" round barrel and chambered in .357 Magnum/.38 Special only. It is nearly identical in design to the originals including the trigger disconnect safety, sliding dustcover, and crescent-shaped buttplate, but with two notable exceptions. An additional safety mechanism, a firing pin block that prevents it from moving forward unless the trigger is pulled, was integrated, and the cartridge carrier was changed to eject used casings away from the shooter. The fixed, tubular magazine has a maximum capacity of ten rounds.[18]


document_title: Ivy Dickens

question_text: what is charlie's medication for in gossip girl

question_tokens: what is charlie 's medication for in gossip girl

text: Ivy Dickens

text: Television series[edit]

text: Casting and characterization[edit]

text: Introduced in the fourth season, DeFer was set to join the cast as Carol's daughter and Serena and Eric's cousin, Charlie Rhodes. DeFer's contract with the show also included the possibility of her becoming a series regular for the fifth season.[3] She first auditioned for the role of Raina Thorpe. However, that role went to Tika Sumpter. DeFer was called back for the role of Charlie Rhodes, with the show's writers stating that they were writing something new for her character.[1] DeFer had also previously worked with Gossip Girl executive producers, Stephanie Savage and Joe Lazarov as well as Penn Badgley in The Mountain.[4]

text: Executive producer Joshua Safran later commented on her introduction and the perception that the character brought to the show. "We always like it when we have new people who are witnessing this world for the first time...For Charlie, it’s like trial by fire. From reading Gossip Girl for the first time or going to your first event, all that stuff we get to do over again in a new way."[5]

text: Charlie's integration also made her a voice for the audience and critics of Gossip Girl. TV Fanatic warmly welcomed her character, stating that she "good-naturedly mocked the show and its often convoluted plot lines."[6] DeFer would later reveal details behind her character's involvement in the fourth season finale, "As far as I know I’m just in the next five episodes until the season finale, and then I have no idea. But I really hope we get the opportunity to finish what Charlie started as I think it’s going to be a story-line that people will really want to follow." DeFer also states that Charlie is more relatable in comparison to other characters that have appeared in the show. "She is such a real person, not being from that life and what not..."[4]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: The character is first introduced in the second half of season four as Charlotte "Charlie" Rhodes, the estranged cousin of Serena and Eric van der Woodsen. Under the guise of Charlie Rhodes, she experiences the world of the Upper East Side, becoming particularly close with Dan Humphrey, though Dan puts a stop to the budding relationship because of his history with Serena. However, upon learning that Vanessa Abrams had intentionally sabotaged a meeting Charlie had organized, Dan allows himself to become closer to Charlie while severing his ties with Vanessa.

text: The two then begin an awkward relationship which concludes in the season's penultimate episode when Charlie, dressed like Serena, demands that Dan call her by Serena's name. It is later revealed that Charlie suffers from bi-polar disorder and she has stopped taking her medication. She leaves the Upper East Side and meets up with her mother, Carol. In the season's final moments, "Charlie Rhodes" is revealed to be Ivy Dickens, an aspiring actress that Carol hired to gain access to her daughter's trust fund. In her final scene she puts a napkin with Georgina's number in her bag which hints that the two will team up in the fifth season.

text: With regard to her involvement in the finale, DeFer discussed her character's involvement. "Charlie has a great deal to do with the season finale...but what I am allowed to say is that Charlie does mix it up with every character."[4]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In between the fourth and fifth seasons, after returning to Miami, Ivy moved to Los Angeles with her boyfriend, Max, in order to become an actress. Ivy later runs into Serena at a restaurant that she and her boyfriend both work at and Serena, under the impression that Ivy is Charlie, offers to have Ivy move in with her. Ivy declines, looking for several ways to get out of the situation, but Serena convinces her to move back to New York with her.

text: After she and Serena return to New York, Charlie overhears that Carol is returning to New York and that Lily refuses to deceive her and she tells Serena that she is leaving. Serena, however, has seen this coming and asks her to return her tickets to a fashion show. When Charlie arrives, she discovers that Serena actually had her take her place as a model. After a conversation with Blair, she decides to stay. Her excitement does not last as she runs into Carol with Lily and Rufus, who had no idea that she had returned. After a confrontation with Carol, Ivy states that the family that Carol hates has been kinder to her than her own and that everything in New York 'sparkles' and she refuses to give that up and that the van der Woodsens would have a problem should it ever come out that Carol had hired her to impersonate Charlie in order to gain access to her trust fund. After this conversation, Carol tells Ivy that she is on her own and that Carol will not help Ivy any more should her real identity ever be discovered before returning to Miami.

text: Ivy later panics when she learns that she has left her cell phone at the fashion show, as she believes her true identity will be discovered. She is unaware, however, that her phone, along with several others, had been stolen by Nate Archibald and his shrewd boss Diana. After a conversation with Nate about the phone, she offers to help him find the owner in attempt to retrieve it. After she has accomplished this, however, Diana has discovered the connection between Ivy and Charlie and agrees to keep silent as long as Ivy works for her. Under Diana's control, Ivy is forced to procure gossip for Diana's use. She later finds the files that Bart Bass kept on Serena, Lily, Eric and himself, while Nate convinces her to leave them, she does not and in turn hands them over to Diana.

text: Ivy later competes to become a bridesmaid for Blair in order to get the scoop on her wedding for Diana, where her final task is to secure a kiss from Nate. They later attend the launch party of Diana's revamped 'Spectator' where they use each other to reach their own ends; Ivy to win Blair's bridesmaid spot and Nate to make Diana jealous, unknown to the other. Diana later confronts Ivy and threatens to reveal her secret, while Ivy is adamant that she had no idea that she was the one Nate wanted to make jealous. Diana later reveals to Nate and Ivy that they had been deceiving each other, leaving them angry at one another.

text: Although Ivy has developed feelings for Nate, Diana has threatened her to stay away from him. This changes, however, when she finds out that Ivy's ex-boyfriend, Max, is in town looking for her and sets up an elaborate plot that very nearly causes her secret to be revealed. Max finds Gossip Girl's website, along with a picture of Ivy under 'Charlie Rhodes'. He tracks Ivy down at the Van der Woodsen loft and Ivy is backed into a corner where she tells Lily and Max that her mother made her change her name to Ivy in order to avoid being used for her money. While discussing this later, Ivy offers Max money to leave town and start his restaurant in Portland, Oregon. When he finds out that Ivy is actually impersonating Charlie Rhodes, he blackmails Ivy into giving him more money than she had originally offered before deciding to stay in town. When Carol and CeCe return to town however, Carol tries to help Ivy out of her trouble with Max by getting CeCe to unlock the rest of Charlie's trust fund, which she does. After Ivy convinces Serena to drop her date with Max on Carol's advice, Max shows up to the party and attempts to out Charlie as Ivy to the rest of the Rhodes/Van der Woodsen family. It is Carol, however, that convinces the family that Max is lying, later telling Ivy that if the family found out what has happened to the real Charlie Rhodes, Ivy wouldn't be the only one out. Carol tells Ivy that she may now leave New York and start a new life with the wealth she now possesses. Ivy, however, tells her that she doesn't care about the wealth and luxury of being a part of the family, and that Carol can have the trust fund, since all she really wants is a family to call her own.

text: Max continues to threaten Ivy, taking her story to Nate, who has already been warned by the Van der Woodsens. When this fails, Max takes his story to Nate's cousin Trip who is a congressman, on the eve of Charlie's debut into the Upper East Side society. When Max shows up at her party, Ivy sends a blast to Gossip Girl about Blair and Chuck being there as well, sending the paparazzi into the party as well. When Blair and Chuck get into a life-threatening car accident after being tailed by the paparazzi, Ivy confesses to Rufus that she is a fraud, but before he can respond, Lily arrives with news that Blair is awake and responding, but Chuck is not. Overwhelmed with guilt, Ivy calls Carol and asks her to help her leave the Upper East Side for good.

text: A few weeks later, concerned by Charlie's long absence, Lily hires a private investigator to find her, but the private investigator instead finds the real Charlie Rhodes, who is attending school at Juilliard. When Lily and the "real Charlie" meet, they do not recognize each other and nor do they seem to be aware of each other's existence.

text: Ivy returns briefly, looking for Lily. She finds Rufus instead, but is told where Lily can be found. Georgina discovers that Ivy is back and blackmails her into attending Nate's party. While at Nate's party, Ivy runs into the real Charlie Rhodes, who goes by the alias 'Lola' and it is revealed that they took the same acting class where they grew up in Florida. Ivy attempts to leave again, but is spotted by Nate, still not knowing the truth about either of them. Nate makes a comment to Charlie about Ivy leading Charlie to get suspicious. When Ivy can finally leave, it is revealed that she has been visiting CeCe the whole time she was away.

text: CeCe's condition worsens and Ivy is forced to take her to the hospital, where she has a run in with the Van der Woodsens and Carol. When Charlie arrives, Ivy and Carol finally tell the truth about Carol's scheme and Ivy's role in it. Ivy is turned away by the Van der Woodsens. Following this, Ivy turns to Georgina and the two later crash CeCe's wake, during which, through the reading of CeCe's will, Ivy is left everything under her legal name instead of her alias Charlie Rhodes, revealing that CeCe knew about the fact that Ivy isn't her real granddaughter. After this revelation, Ivy kicks Lily and Rufus out of the apartment as it had been paid for by CeCe and was now hers. Ivy throws a party to commemorate the Celia Rhodes Foundation and to gain acceptance in the Upper East Side. She believes she has found an ally in William van der Woodsen after he agrees to persuade people to attend the party in exchange for money, however, it is later revealed he is working with Lily to gather evidence against Ivy to take her to court and contest CeCe's will.

text: After a courtroom hearing, Ivy loses all of her inheritance after Lily bribes CeCe's nurse to testify against Ivy so she can re-claim Ivy's share of the inheritance. Rufus takes pity on Ivy being without a home and family, and pays for her stay at a hotel. Lily finds this out later on and they fight, and Rufus returns to Brooklyn. Ivy later visits Lily and tries to seek her acceptance, confessing that she really wanted to be part of her family. Lily rejects her but offers her a cheque of 1 million dollars, asking her to leave and never return. Ivy leaves the apartment and tears up the cheque, revealing her confession was genuine. Later, Lily has Carol Rhodes arrested and charged with fraud in order to acquire her share of CeCe's estate for herself. After William van der Woodsen takes pity on Charlie 'Lola' Rhodes, he gives her Carol's share of CeCe's wealth so she can live on.

text: In the final episode of the season, Lola signs over her entire half of Cece's estate to Ivy and asks her to do one favor in return: Take Lily down in revenge for Carol's imprisonment and her manipulation of events. Ivy accepts, more than happy to help after her rejection.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Ivy looks in on Rufus after Lily annuls their marriage and the two soon become lovers. However, Ivy is actually sleeping with Lily's ex-husband William and using Bart in a plot to take down Lily. When Rufus sees the two kissing (although not seeing William's face), he breaks up with Ivy. Ivy helps Blair in her plans to try and take down Chuck's father and when the man dies, she believes it's finally time she and William come out in public as a couple. However, when she meets William, he is with Lily and claims to have never met Ivy before. Ivy tries to tell Lily of their relationship but Lily doesn't believe her. After Lily leaves, William informs Ivy he was using her all along to break up Lily and Rufus so he could finally have Lily to himself. He coldly informs Ivy nobody wants her around and she should just take her money and leave. In the final scene (set five years later) Ivy has written a book about her experiences that's being made into a movie.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The critical reception of the character had been positive until the start of Season 5. During the series fourth season, Charlie became the subject of praise with her successful integration into the Upper East Side. TV Fanatic praised and welcomed her presence on the show.[6] In the episode The Princesses and the Frog, Steve Marsi praised her choice of confronting Vanessa alone, calling her "a natural" at schemes and that "even an outsider can thoroughly outshine an outcast."[7] TV Guide praised the ousting of Vanessa by Charlie, stating that "it didn't take her long to cross over to "the other side"".[8]

text: Beginning in the fifth season, however, her character began to receive less than favorable reviews. NY Mag and The Baltimore Sun referred to the Charlie/Ivy plot as "ridiculous".[9][10] The Wall Street Journal suggested that the storyline was repetitive, baring too much of a resemblance to the Juliet and Vanessa plot in the previous season.[11] Sharon Tharp of Ology wrote that the Charlie/Ivy plot was predictable and earned "too much screentime".[12][13]


document_title: Blood type distribution by country

question_text: percentage of ab positive blood type in india

text: Blood type distribution by country

text: ABO and distribution by country[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Blood type distribution by country. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country (population averages)

Country

Population[1]

O+
A+
B+
AB+
O−
A−
B−
AB−

 Argentina

44,270,440
45.4%
34.26%
8.59%
2.64%
8.4%
0.44%
0.21%
0.06%

 Armenia[2]

2,931,568
29.0%
46.3%
12.0%
5.6%
2.0%
3.7%
1.0%
0.4%

 Australia[3]

24,642,693
40.0%
31.0%
8.0%
2.0%
9.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Austria[4]

8,592,470
30.0%
37.0%
12.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Bahrain

1,418,695
48.48%
19.35%
22.61%
3.67%
3.27%
1.33%
1.04%
0.25%

 Bangladesh

164,833,667
31.18%
21.44%
34.58%
8.85%
1.39%
0.96%
0.96%
0.64%

 Belgium[5]

11,444,053
38.0%
34.0%
8.6%
4.1%
7.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.8%

 Bolivia

11,053,376
51.53%
29.45%
10.11%
1.15%
4.39%
2.73%
0.54%
0.1%

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

3,792,730
31.0%
36.0%
12.0%
6.0%
5.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Brazil[6]

211,248,418
36.0%
34.0%
8.0%
2.5%
9.0%
8.0%
2.0%
0.5%

 Bulgaria

7,045,097
28.0%
37.0%
13.0%
7.0%
5.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Cambodia

16,077,172
46.7%
27.2%
18.5%
4.9%
1.3%
0.8%
0.5%
0.1%

 Cameroon

24,515,533
42.8%
38.8%
12.0%
3.3%
1.4%
1.2%
0.4%
0.1%

 Canada[7]

36,627,140
39.0%
36.0%
7.6%
2.5%
7.0%
6.0%
1.4%
0.5%

 Chile

18,314,060
85.5%
8.7%
3.35%
1.0%
1.2%
0.1%
0.05%
0.1%

 China

1,388,251,023
47.7%
27.8%
18.9%
5.0%
0.28%
0.19%
0.1%
0.03%

 Colombia

49,069,267
61.3%
26.11%
2.28%
1.47%
5.13%
2.7%
0.7%
0.31%

 Côte d'Ivoire

23,869,656
46.5%
22.5%
22.5%
4.3%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.2%

 Croatia

4,207,355
29.0%
36.0%
15.0%
5.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Cuba

11,486,750
45.8%
33.5%
10.2%
2.9%
3.6%
2.8%
1.0%
0.2%

 Cyprus[8]

1,189,395
35.22%
40.35%
11.11%
4.72%
3.85%
3.48%
0.87%
0.40%

 Czech Republic[9]

10,555,152
27.0%
36.0%
15.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Denmark[10]

5,711,902
35.0%
37.0%
8.0%
4.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Dominican Republic

10,766,932
46.2%
26.4%
16.9%
3.1%
3.7%
2.1%
1.4%
0.2%

 Ecuador

16,665,756
75.0%
14.0%
7.1%
0.5%
2.38%
0.7%
0.3%
0.02%

 Egypt

95,220,838
52.0%
24.0%
12.4%
3.8%
5.0%
2.0%
0.6%
0.2%

 El Salvador[11]

6,171,483
62.0%
23.0%
11.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.7%
0.3%

 Estonia[12]

1,305,745
29.5%
30.8%
20.7%
6.3%
4.3%
4.5%
3.0%
0.9%

 Ethiopia

104,352,727
39.0%
28.0%
21.0%
5.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Fiji

912,208
43.0%
33.3%
16.5%
4.8%
1.0%
0.7%
0.5%
0.2%

 Finland[13]

5,541,328
27.0%
38.0%
15.0%
7.0%
4.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 France[14]

64,939,560
36.0%
37.0%
9.0%
3.0%
6.0%
7.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Germany

80,635,980
35.0%
37.0%
9.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Greece

10,892,849
37.4%
32.9%
11.0%
3.7%
7.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Guinea

13,291,741
46.88%
21.64%
22.86%
4.52%
2.0%
0.9%
1.0%
0.2%

 Honduras

9,348,898
57.5%
27.0%
7.8%
2.5%
2.7%
1.7%
0.6%
0.2%

 Hong Kong

7,402,115
41.5%
26.13%
25.34%
6.35%
0.32%
0.17%
0.14%
0.05%

 Hungary

9,787,801
27.0%
33.0%
16.0%
8.0%
5.0%
7.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Iceland[15]

334,311
47.6%
26.4%
9.3%
1.6%
8.4%
4.6%
1.7%
0.4%

 India[16]

1,342,561,902
27.85%
20.8%
38.14%
8.93%
1.43%
0.57%
1.79%
0.49%

 Indonesia

263,519,317
36.82%
25.87%
28.85%
7.96%
0.18%
0.13%
0.15%
0.04%

 Iran

80,982,137
33.5%
27.0%
22.2%
7.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.5%
0.8%

 Iraq

38,657,787
32.1%
25.0%
25.6%
7.4%
3.6%
2.7%
2.7%
0.9%

 Ireland[17]

4,749,263
47.0%
26.0%
9.0%
2.0%
8.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Israel[18]

8,323,659
32.0%
34.0%
17.0%
7.0%
3.0%
4.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Italy

59,797,969
39.0%
36.0%
7.5%
2.5%
7.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.5%

 Jamaica[19]

2,813,316
47.0%
23.0%
20.0%
3.0%
3.5%
2.0%
1.0%
0.5%

 Japan[20]

126,044,340
29.9%
39.8%
19.9%
9.9%
0.15%
0.2%
0.1%
0.05%

 Kenya

48,470,780
45.6%
25.2%
21.28%
4.2%
1.8%
1.0%
0.9%
0.02%

 Latvia

1,944,122
30.6%
31.0%
17.0%
6.0%
5.4%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Lebanon

6,039,438
38.4%
32.3%
9.5%
3.2%
7.7%
6.5%
1.7%
0.7%

 Libya

6,408,990
42.64%
28.86%
11.19%
4.5%
6.26%
4.24%
1.64%
0.67%

 Liechtenstein

38,140
34.0%
37.0%
10.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.5%
1.8%
0.7%

 Lithuania

2,827,573
36.0%
33.0%
11.0%
4.0%
7.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Luxemburg[21]

587,297
35.0%
37.0%
9.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Macao

606,413
41.5%
26.1%
25.4%
6.3%
0.33%
0.17%
0.15%
0.05%

 Macedonia

2,083,690
30.0%
34.0%
15.0%
6.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Malaysia

31,165,480
34.32%
30.35%
27.37%
7.46%
0.17%
0.15%
0.14%
0.04%

 Mauritania

4,266,765
46.3%
26.68%
17.47%
3.85%
2.8%
1.6%
1.1%
0.2%

 Mauritius

1,267,303
38.3%
26.0%
25.0%
6.7%
1.7%
1.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Mexico

130,227,836
55.79%
29.9%
8.0%
1.63%
2.7%
1.5%
0.4%
0.08%

 Mongolia

3,052,044
55.4%
27.7%
10.9%
4.96%
0.6%
0.3%
0.1%
0.04%

 Myanmar

53,507,932
35.7%
23.8%
32.7%
6.95%
0.3%
0.2%
0.3%
0.05%

   Nepal

29,188,100
35.2%
28.3%
27.1%
8.6%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%

 Netherlands[22]

17,033,012
39.5%
35.0%
6.7%
2.5%
7.5%
7.0%
1.3%
0.5%

 New Zealand[23]

4,604,996
38.0%
32.0%
9.0%
3.0%
9.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Nigeria

191,851,411
51.3%
22.4%
20.7%
2.6%
1.6%
0.7%
0.6%
0.1%

 Norway[24]

5,330,986
33.0%
41.5%
6.8%
3.4%
6.0%
7.5%
1.2%
0.6%

 North Korea

25,432,033
27.15%
31.08%
30.15%
11.32%
0.08%
0.1%
0.1%
0.03%

 Pakistan

180,440,005
24.63%
20.6%
34.40%
9.52%
4.17%
2.66%
3.57%
0.45%

 Papua New Guinea

7,952,511
48.0%
37.2%
9.6%
2.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%

 Peru

32,167,717
70.0%
18.4%
7.8%
1.6%
1.4%
0.5%
0.28%
0.02%

 Philippines[25]

103,801,747
36.9%
28.9%
26.9%
6.97%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.03%

 Poland[26]

38,563,480
31.0%
32.0%
15.0%
7.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Portugal[27]

10,264,672
36.3%
40.0%
6.6%
2.9%
6.0%
6.6%
1.1%
0.5%

 Republic of Moldova[28]

4,043,722
28.5%
31.8%
17.6%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.1%

 Romania

19,237,087
28.0%
37.0%
14.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Russia

143,374,801
28.0%
30.0%
20.0%
7.0%
4.9%
5.8%
3.2%
1.1%

 Saudi Arabia[29]

32,744,532
47.8%
23.9%
17.0%
4.0%
4.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Serbia

8,776,827
31.92%
35.28%
12.6%
4.2%
6.08%
6.72%
2.4%
0.8%

 Singapore

5,784,819
43.6%
23.9%
24.4%
6.0%
0.9%
0.7%
0.4%
0.1%

 Slovakia[30]

5,432,265
27.2%
35.7%
15.3%
6.8%
4.8%
6.3%
2.7%
1.2%

 Slovenia

2,071,258
31.0%
33.0%
12.0%
6.0%
7.0%
7.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 South Africa[31]

55,437,815
39.0%
32.0%
12.0%
3.0%
6.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 South Korea

50,748,307
27.9%
33.87%
26.92%
10.98%
0.1%
0.13%
0.08%
0.02%

 Spain[32]

46,070,163
36.0%
34.0%
8.0%
2.5%
9.0%
8.0%
2.0%
0.5%

 Sudan

40,827,975
48.0%
27.7%
15.2%
2.8%
3.5%
1.8%
0.8%
0.2%

 Sweden[33]

9,920,843
32.0%
37.0%
10.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

  Switzerland[34]

8,454,321
35.0%
40.0%
7.0%
3.0%
6.0%
7.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Syria

18,920,698
43.0%
30.0%
14.0%
3.7%
5.0%
3.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Taiwan

23,234,936
43.9%
25.9%
23.9%
6.0%
0.17%
0.1%
0.01%
0.02%

 Thailand

68,298,027
40.8%
16.9%
36.8%
4.97%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.03%

 Turkey[35]

80,420,065
29.8%
37.8%
14.2%
7.2%
3.9%
4.7%
1.6%
0.8%

 Uganda

43,276,492
43.7%
39.0%
10.7%
3.9%
1.3%
1.0%
0.3%
0.1%

 Ukraine

44,404,078
32.0%
34.0%
15.0%
5.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 United Arab Emirates

3,398,017
44.1%
21.9%
20.9%
4.3%
4.3%
2.1%
2.0%
0.4%

 United Kingdom[36]

65,512,375
37.0%
35.0%
8.0%
3.0%
7.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 United States[37]

326,481,533
37.4%
35.7%
8.5%
3.4%
6.6%
6.3%
1.5%
0.6%

 Venezuela[38]

32,011,082
58.5%
28.3%
5.3%
1.8%
3.5%
1.7%
0.7%
0.2%

 Vietnam

95,414,640
41.7%
21.9%
30.8%
4.98%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.02%

 Zimbabwe

16,642,880
63.3%
18.5%
14.6%
0.99%
1.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.01%

World

6,635,281,257
38.67%
27.42%
22.02%
5.88%
2.55%
1.99%
1.11%
0.36%

text:
50.0% and above
  40.0–49.9%
  30.0–39.9%
  20.0–29.9%
  10.0–19.9%
  5.0–9.9%

text:
showEthnic distribution of ABO (without Rh) blood types[39](This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types.)

People group

O (%)

A (%)

B (%)

AB (%)

Aboriginal people

61

39

0

0

Abyssinians

43

27

25

5

Ainu (Japan)

17

32

32

18

Albanians

38

43

13

6

Grand Andamanese

9

60

23

9

Arabs

34

31

29

6

Armenians

31

50

13

6

Asian Americans

40

28

27

5

Austrians

36

44

13

6

Bantus

46

30

19

5

Basques

51

44

4

1

Belgians

47

42

8

3

Bororo (Brazil)

100

0

0

0

Brazilians

47

41

9

3

Bulgarians

32

44

15

8

Burmese

36

24

33

7

Buryats (Siberia)

33

21

38

8

Bushmen

56

34

9

2

Chinese-Canton

46

23

25

6

Chinese-Peking

29

27

32

13

Chuvash

30

29

33

7

Croats

42

34

17

7

Czechs

30

44

18

9

Danes

41

44

11

4

Dutch

45

43

9

3

Egyptians

33

36

24

8

English

47

42

9

3

Inuit (Alaska)

38

44

13

5

Inuit (Greenland)

54

36

23

8

Estonians

34

36

23

8

Fijians

44

34

17

6

Finns

34

41

18

7

French

43

47

7

3

Georgians

46

37

12

4

Germans

41

43

11

5

Greeks

40

42

14

5

Romani people (Hungary)

29

27

35

10

Hawaiians

37

61

2

1

Hindus (Bombay)

29

25

35

11

Hungarians

36

43

16

5

Icelanders

56

32

10

3

Indians (India)

29

21

40

9

Native Americans

79

16

4

1

Irish

52

35

10

3

Italians (Milan)

46

41

11

3

Japanese

30

38

22

10

Jews (Germany)

42

41

12

5

Jews (Poland)

33

41

18

8

Kalmuks

26

23

41

11

Kikuyu (Kenya)

60

19

20

1

Koreans

28

32

31

10

Sami people

29

63

4

4

Latvians

32

37

24

7

Lithuanians

40

34

20

6

Malays

62

18

20

0

Māori

46

54

1

0

Mayans

98

1

1

1

Moros

64

16

20

0

Navajo Indians

73

27

0

0

Nicobarese

74

9

15

1

Norwegians

39

50

8

4

Papuans (New Guinea)

41

27

23

9

Persians

38

33

22

7

Peruvian Indians

100

0

0

0

Filipinos

45

22

27

6

Poles

33

39

20

9

Portuguese

35

53

8

4

Romanians

33

43

16

8

Russians

33

36

23

8

Sardinians

50

26

19

5

Scots

51

34

12

3

Serbians

38

42

16

5

Shompen Nicobarese

100

0

0

0

Slovaks

42

37

16

5

South Africans

45

40

11

4

Spanish

38

47

10

5

Sudanese

62

16

21

0

Swedish

38

47

10

5

Swiss

40

50

7

3

Tatars

28

30

29

13

Thais

37

22

33

8

Turks

43

34

18

6

Ukrainians

37

40

18

6

Black Americans

49

27

20

4

White Americans

45

40

11

4

Vietnamese

42

22

30

5

Mean

43.91

34.80

16.55

5.14

Standard deviation

16.87

13.80

9.97

3.41

text: Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth's population. In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high, especially in Thailand and Indonesia, then in East Asia, Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia, and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west, falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Switzerland.[40][41] It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas.[41][42]

text: Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe, although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana, the US.[43][44]

text: Maps of allele ABO among native populations[edit]

text:
Map of allele Aamong native populations

Map of allele Bamong native populations

Map of allele Oamong native populations