document_title: Blue Mountain State

question_text: who plays sammy's sister on blue mountain state

question_tokens: who plays sammy 's sister on blue mountain state

text: Blue Mountain State

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Name
Portrayed by
Position
Seasons

1
2
3

Main Cast

Alex Moran
Darin Brooks
Quarterback
Second String
Starter; Acting Capt. (1–3)

Kevin "Thad" Devlin Castle
Alan Ritchson
Linebacker
Starter; Capt.
Starter; Capt. (4–13)

Craig Shilo
Sam Jones III
Running Back
Starter

Radon Randell
Page Kennedy
Quarterback

Starter

Sampson "Sammy" Cacciatore
Chris Romano
Team Mascot
Billy, The Mountain Goat

Mary Jo Cacciatore
Frankie Shaw
Cheerleader

Cheerleader

Denise Roy
Gabrielle Dennis
Craig Shilo's girlfriend
Student

Debra Simon
Denise Richards
Daniels' Ex-wife

Team supporter

Martin "Marty" Daniels
Ed Marinaro
Head Coach
Head Coach

Recurring Cast

Larry Summers
Omari Newton
Defensive Back
Starter

Jonathan "Jon Jon" Hendricks
Kwasi Songui
Assistant Coach
Assistant Coach

Donald "Donnie" Schrab
Rob Ramsay
Center
Starter

Harmon Tedesco
James Cade
Placekicker
Starting Kicker

Travis McKenna
Stephen Amell
Quarterback
Starter

Kate
Meghan Heffern
Cheerleader
Cheerleader

Marcus Gilday
Anthony Lemke
Offensive Coordinator

Offensive Coordinator

tag: table

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alex Moran (Brooks): A Junior starting quarterback, acting Captain, from Cheyenne, Wyoming.
Sammy Cacciatore (Romano): The team mascot (Billy, The Mountain Goat Mascot) from Cheyenne, Wyoming and Alex's roommate, childhood friend and Mary Jo's half brother.
Kevin "Thad" Castle (Ritchson): A Senior linebacker/team captain from Connecticut.
Martin "Marty" Daniels (Mariano): Marty is the coach for Blue Mountain State, and former NFL player.
Radon Randell (Kennedy) (Starring Season 2) : Radon was the new freshman starting quarterback from Detroit.
Craig Shilo (Jones) (Starring Season 1) : A running back from Columbus, Ohio. National High School Player of the Year, Craig Shilo was the team's star freshman player.
Denise Roy (Dennis) (Starring Season 1) : Denise is Craig Shilo's high school girlfriend.
Mary Jo Cacciatore (Shaw) (Starring Season 2, Recurring Season 3) : Mary Jo is Sammy's younger sister.
Debra Simon (Richards) (Recurring Season 2; Starring Season 3): Debra is Marty's ex-wife and current girlfriend.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Harmon Tedesco (Cade): Harmon Tedesco is the drug-abusing kicker for the football team. Harmon exploits in anything to get him high, from smoking weed to sticking ice rods up his rectum. Harmon lives at the Goat House with Thad, Alex, and Sammy.
Donald "Donnie" Schrab (Ramsay): Donnie Schrab is the center for the Blue Mountain State football team. He is somewhat childish and very easygoing. Donnie lives in the Goat House. It was revealed in Blue Mountain State: The Rise of Thadland that Donnie is gay.
Larry Summers (Newton): Larry lives in the Goat House, is Thad's best friend, and is often seen following him around. He has shown to do anything to help his team, even diving his finger up Thad's butt on Coach Daniels's orders.
Jon Jon Hendrix (Sangui): Coach Jon Jon is Coach Daniels's best friend and second-in-command. He is extremely loyal to his boss
Pauline (Chantal Quesnelle) (Seasons 1-2): Pauline is the resident cougar at the Blue Mountain State Goat house. She loves it when people pee on her, which is what made her become attracted to Sammy since he peed on her while she was drunk. She's had sex with all the football players and Sammy. In Season 2, she becomes pregnant and leaves a message at the Goat House. She ultimately decides to raise the baby on her own, until it is announced that Coach Daniels is the father.
Kate (Heffern): Kate is Captain of the cheerleading squad. She has shown great disdains towards both Sammy and Mary Jo. In Season 2, it is revealed that she is Thad's personal cheerleader after she sprains her ankle, and makes Mary Jo fill in for her.
Warren Simon (Ted Atherton) (Season 2): Warren is the dean of Blue Mountain State. He was a nerd in his youth and resents Coach Daniels. He tried to humiliate Alex by holding a banquet in his honor and giving a speech on a paper he knows Alex didn't write, and he convinces the nerds to turn on the jocks. His plans were ruined by a prank led by Sammy. Warren was dating Debra, Daniels' ex-wife, but she and Daniels eventually got back together.

text: Special cameo appearance[edit]

text:
Bill Romanowski as Himself
Bill Parcells as Himself
Brian Bosworth as Himself
Boomer Esiason as Himself
Craig Carton as Himself
Chuck Liddell as Himself
Chad Ochocinco as Himself
Clay Travis as Himself
Dan Patrick as Himself
Stacy Keibler as Herself

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
DVD release date

Sneak preview
Season premiere
Season finale
Region 1
Region 2

1
13
N/A
January 11, 2010
March 30, 2010
October 5, 2010
August 22, 2011

2
13
October 16, 2010
October 20, 2010
January 19, 2011
September 13, 2011
N/A

3
13
September 17, 2011
September 21, 2011
November 30, 2011
February 4, 2013
N/A

text: Reception[edit]

text: Metacritic gave the series 38 out of 100, from the four reviews it collected.[2] Brian Lowry of Variety found that "Blue Mountain embraces that (crude comedy) aspect of Spike's mandate over all else – putting the bodily function/semi-nudity cart before the sitcom horse."[3] Lowry also stated: "[Spike] has simply made this too-blue "Mountain" into a comedic molehill."[3] Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the series a favorable review saying, "Blue is also frequently funny in a raunchy American Pie way. It's a college comedy in which the guys want to get wasted and laid, in whatever order." Joe Walljasper of the Columbia Daily Tribune describes the series as appealing to those who viewed the film Porky's and "felt that the jokes were a little too high-brow.".[4]

text: In its first season, the show averaged 949,000 viewers in its first six episodes while improving on the time slot by 165% among men 18–24.[5] In its second season, its premiere drew a 1.34 rating in Men 18–34, up 34% compared to the first season average and was ranked No. 2 in its timeslot. Over the season it showed significant ratings growth compared to season 1, delivering a +33% increase in Men 18–34, +50% in Men 18–24, and +14% in Men 18–49.[6] Season 3 of Blue Mountain State started airing on September 21, 2011 on Spike.[7]

text: The show has gathered a small cult following after it was released on Netflix.[8][9] Fans of the show often start petitions and Facebook pages to make Spike bring the show back for a fourth season. Many members of the cast, especially Page Kennedy, hinted at a reunion project in the month leading up the announcement of the film. Kennedy made Vines and tweeted with show stars Darin Brooks, Alan Ritchson, Frankie Shaw, Chris Romano and Sam Jones III.

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Olympic Stadium, Montreal, Quebec
John Abbott College, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec (Practice field) (Fraternity House Ext.)
McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec (Dorm, Class Room)
Lower Canada College (Chamandy Ice Rink), Montreal, Quebec (Ice Rink)
Cunninghams Pub, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec (Bar)
Mel's studios (Fraternity House Interiors)

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series premiered on Spike on January 11, 2010 in the United States.[10] In Australia and New Zealand, the series airs on MTV Australia and MTV New Zealand, respectively, beginning April 22, 2010.[citation needed] The series began airing in the United Kingdom April 18, 2010 on MTV.[citation needed] MTV Germany and Viva (TV station) also broadcast the series with great success in Germany and The Netherlands. MTV Brasil began airing the series August 3, 2010.[11] The show also began airing on The Score in Canada in October 2011.

text: Season 3 began airing September 21, 2011 on Spike at 11 pm.[12]

text: Feature film[edit]

text: In March 2013, Ed Marinaro stated in an interview with Class Act Sports that he was working on a Blue Mountain State film. He continued to hint on Twitter at some 'behind-the-scenes' work being done on said movie.[13] In early March 2014, Page Kennedy started hinting at Blue Mountain State reunion project on Instagram, Vine and Twitter along with Darin Brooks, Kelly Kruger, Alan Ritchson, Sam Jones III, Frankie Shaw and Romanski.

text: On April 8, 2014, Blue Mountain State: The Movie was officially announced. To help make the announcement, Alan Ritchson, in character as Thad Castle, made a fake video featuring Jimmy Kimmel (the Kimmel footage was from a 2013 interview with Kanye West).

text: On April 15, the production launched a Kickstarter campaign, much like the hugely successful 2013 campaign by Veronica Mars to get the cancelled show made into a feature film. The project's goal was to raise $1.5 million by May 15 in order to fund the film. There were rewards for donating to campaign, such as personalized tweets from the cast (for donating $10), shot and pint glasses with the BMS logo ($20), and a speaking role in the film (for a $10,000 donation).

text: On May 11, 2014, the Kickstarter goal of $1.5 million was reached. On May 15, 2014 the Kickstarter campaign ended, with the final funds raised being $1,911,827 from 23,999 backers.[14]

text: In May 2014, it was announced Jay Chandrasekhar would be the director of the film.[15] However, on September 28, 2014, Lev L. Spiro was announced as the new director of BMS: The Movie.[16] The crew started filming in late 2014 on location in Wilmington, North Carolina.[17][18] Filming was reportedly complete by December 14, 2014.

text: The film, titled Blue Mountain State: The Rise of Thadland, was officially released on February 2, 2016.[19]


document_title: Timeline of Star Trek

question_text: when does star trek deep space nine take place

root

text: Timeline of Star Trek

text: Series, books and movie settings[edit]

text: This table shows each TV series and movie, its year of release or broadcast, the year it was set in according to the prevailing Okuda chronology (see below) and the stardate range for that year. The designation Enterprise-based series are the series that featured the various incarnations of the starship USS Enterprise. In universe timeline chronological order Star Trek Enterprise (ENT), Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS), Star Trek: The Animated Series (TAS), Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) and all 13 of the Star Trek feature films including the three newest J.J. Abrams alternate reality films, or "Kelvin Timeline" based on the original series.

tag: p

text:
Year
Stardates
Enterprise
Novels and Comics
Deep Space Nine
Voyager
Kelvin Timeline

Birth of the Universe

"Death Wish" (1996)

3.5 billion years ago

"All Good Things..." (1994)/primordial Earth

~2840 BC

"All Our Yesterdays" [primary plotline] (1969)

1893

"Time's Arrow" [primary plotline] (1992)

1930

"The City on the Edge of Forever" [primary plotline] (1967)

1944

"Storm Front" [primary plotline] (2004)

1947

"Little Green Men" [primary plotline] (1995)

1957

"Carbon Creek" [primary plotline] (2002)

1968

"Assignment: Earth" [primary plotline] (1968)

1969

"Tomorrow Is Yesterday" [primary plotline] (1967) ("late 1960s" in dialogue, but a radio broadcast states that Apollo 11 will be launched on "Wednesday")

1986

The Voyage Home [primary plotline] (1986)

1992–1996

"Eugenics Wars"
Khan Comics [secondary plotline]

"Future's End" [primary plotline]

2000

"11:59" [primary plotline]

2004

"Carpenter Street" [primary plotline] (2003)

2024

"Past Tense" [primary plotline] (1995)

2032

"One Small Step" [primary plotline] (1999)

2049–2053

World War III

2054–2079

Post-atomic horror

2063

First Contact [primary plotline] (1996)

2112

Jonathan Archer born in Upstate New York

2151–2152

Enterprise season 1 (2001–2002)

2152–2153

Enterprise season 2 (2002–2003)

2153–2154

Enterprise season 3 (2003–2004)

2154–2155

Enterprise season 41 (2004–2005)

2156–2160

Earth–Romulan War

2161

Enterprise series finale: "These are the voyages..." holodeck simulation of the events2 (2005)
Founding of the United Federation of Planets

2164
2164 (Reboot Stardate)

USS Franklin goes missing: Star Trek Beyond (2016)

2233 (Reboot Stardate)
Star Trek (2009)3

2233–2258
2233–2258 (Reboot Stardates)

Nero Comics

2245–2250

The Constitution-class USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched under the command of Captain Robert April and begins its first 5 year mission.

2254

"The Cage" (1964)

2258–2259
2258–2259 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek (2009)

2259
2259.246 (Reboot Stardate)

Khan Comics [primary plotline]

2259–2260
2259–2260 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek Into Darkness (2013)

2263
2263.2 (Reboot Stardate)

Star Trek Beyond (2016)

2265
1000–1499
"Where No Man Has Gone Before" (1965)

2266–2267
1500–3299
Star Trek season 1 (1966–1967)

2267–2268
3300–4799
Star Trek season 2 (1967–1968)

"Trials and Tribble-ations" [primary plotline — taking place within TOS' "The Trouble With Tribbles"] (1996)

2268–2269
4800–5999
Star Trek season 3 (1968–1969)

2269
4800–5999
Star Trek: The Animated Series season 1 (1973–1974)
Killing Time Novel

2270
6000–7409
Star Trek: The Animated Series season 2 (1974)

2273
7410–7599
The Motion Picture (1979)

2275

Spock's World Novel

2278
7818.1
USS Bozeman launched: "Cause and Effect" (1992)

2285
8100–8299
The Wrath of Khan (1982)
The Search for Spock (1984)

2286
8300–8399
The Voyage Home (1986)

2287
8400–8499
The Final Frontier (1989)

2293
9500–9999
The Undiscovered Country (1991)
Generations (Prologue) (1994)

"Flashback" [flashback taking place within The Undiscovered Country] (1996)

2298–2364

The Lost Era Novels

2333–2355
10000-32999

Stargazer Novels

2354–2381
31000-58999

New Frontier Novels

2364
41000–41999
The Next Generation season 1 (1987–1988)

2365
42000–42999
The Next Generation season 2 (1988–1989)

2366
43000–43999
The Next Generation season 3 (1989–1990)

2367
44000–44999
The Next Generation season 4 (1990–1991)

"Emissary" [flashback to the Battle of Wolf 359] (1993)

2368
45000–45999
The Next Generation season 5 (1991–1992)

2369
46000–46999
The Next Generation season 6 (1992–1993)

Deep Space Nine season 1 (1993)

2370
47000–47999
The Next Generation season 7 (1993–1994)
Enterprise series finale4 (2005)
Q-Squared Novel
Deep Space Nine season 2 (1993–1994)

2371
48000–48999
Generations (1994)

Deep Space Nine season 3 (1994–1995)
Voyager season 1 (1995)

2372
49000–49999

Deep Space Nine season 4 (1995–1996)
Voyager season 2 (1995–1996)

2373
50000–50999
First Contact (1996)

Deep Space Nine season 5 (1996–1997)
Voyager season 3 (1996–1997)

2374
51000–51999

Deep Space Nine season 6 (1997–1998)
Voyager season 4 (1997–1998)

2375
52000–52999
Insurrection (1998)

Deep Space Nine season 7 (1998–1999)
Voyager season 5 (1998–1999)

2376
53000–53999

A Stitch in Time Novel

Voyager season 6 (1999–2000)

2377–2378
54000–55599

Voyager season 7 (2000–2001)

2378–2379
55600-56399

A Time to... Novels

2379
56400–56899
Nemesis (2002)

2379–2386
56900-63999

Titan Novels

2387
64000-64999
Star Trek (film) (2009) flashback, also in the Star Trek Comic: Star Trek: Countdown

2395
72000-72999
The Next Generation series finale: "All Good Things..." (1994)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This timeline is based on the Star Trek Chronology model described below, supplemented by data from startrek.com.[1]

text: Note: Many of these dates are rounded-off approximations, as the dialog from which they are derived often includes qualifiers such as "over," "more than," or "less than."

text: Before the Common Era[edit]

text:
The Big Bang

Quinn hides in the big bang to avoid discovery by Q.[2]

c. 6 billion years ago

The Guardian of Forever is formed.[3]

c. 4 billion years ago

A humanoid civilization seeds the oceans of many planets with genetic material, which would lead to the development of humanoids on many planets.[4]

c. 65 to 100 million years ago

The dinosaurs (the Voth civilization) from the episode "Distant Origin" are most likely descendants of Hadrosaurids who lived in the Cretaceous period of Earth's history.

c. 1 million years ago

Sargon's people explore the galaxy and colonize various planets, possibly including Vulcan.[5]

c. 600,000 years ago

The Tkon Empire, an interstellar state consisting of dozens of star systems in the Alpha Quadrant, becomes extinct.

c. 200,000 years ago

The Iconian civilization is destroyed.

c. 8,000 BC

The Dominion may have been founded in the Gamma Quadrant by the shapeshifting race known as the Changelings around this time, possibly in a different form than is known in the modern timeline.[6]

c. 2700 BC

A group of extraterrestrial beings landed on Earth and was eventually known as the Greek gods established in the episode "Who Mourns for Adonais?".

tag: ul

text: 1st millennium[edit]

text:
c. 4th century

The Vulcan Time of Awakening. In the midst of horrific wars on Vulcan, the philosopher Surak leads his people, teaching them to embrace logic and suppress all emotion.[7]
The Dominion may have been founded in the Gamma Quadrant by the shapeshifting race known as the Changelings around this time.[8]

c. 9th century

Kahless the Unforgettable unites the Klingons by defeating the tyrant Molor in battle, and provides his people with teachings based on a philosophy of honor.[9]

text: Pre-20th century[edit]

text:
c. 1570

The ancient Bajorans use solar sail ships to explore their star system, and at least one reaches Cardassia.[10]

18th century

The Suliban homeworld becomes uninhabitable. ("Detained" (ENT))
The Preservers transport various Native Americans to a far-away planet.[11]

c. 1864

The Skagarans abduct humans for use as slaves in their colony world. (as referred to in Enterprise Season 3: North Star)

c. 1871

The Cardassian Union is established.[12]

1888

August 31 – Jack the Ripper's first victim is found murdered and mutilated in East London. (as referred to in Star Trek: The Original Series Season 2: "Wolf in the Fold")

c. 1893

"Time's Arrow" (TNG)

text: 20th century[edit]

text:
1930

"The City on the Edge of Forever" (TOS)
February 18 – Pluto discovered by Clyde Tombaugh.

1937

Several hundred humans are secretly abducted by aliens and brought to the Delta Quadrant. Eight are cryogenically frozen, including long-lost pilot Amelia Earhart. "The 37's" (VOY)

1944

"Storm Front" (ENT)

1947

Three Ferengi (Quark, Rom, and Nog) crash land in the New Mexico desert, and are held by the U.S. government at a secret base for scientific study. "Little Green Men" (DS9)

1957

A Vulcan scout ship visits Earth, according to a story told by T'Pol (presumably a true story as T'Pol examines a purse which was portrayed as used by her great-great-grandmother during the story; see episode entry). "Carbon Creek" (ENT)

1967

Captain Braxton's 29th century Federation timeship Aeon crashlands on Earth. "Future's End" (Voyager)
January 27 – A launch pad fire during Apollo program tests at Cape Canaveral, Florida, kills astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Edward H. White II, and Roger B. Chafee.

1968

"Assignment: Earth" (TOS)
October 11 – Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, is launched with astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr.; Donn F. Eisele; and Walter Cunningham aboard.

1969

"Tomorrow Is Yesterday" (TOS)

1970

April 17 – Apollo 13 returns to Earth.

1971

January 31 – Apollo 14 departs for the moon.

1974

March 29 – The unmanned U.S. space probe Mariner 10 becomes the first spacecraft to visit the planet Mercury, sending back close-up images of a celestial body usually obscured because of its proximity to the sun.

1976

July 20 – the Viking 1 lander, an unmanned U.S. planetary probe, becomes the first spacecraft to successfully land on the surface of Mars.

1980

September 22 – Midtown Stabber kills his first victim in Buffalo, New York, United States. (as referred to in Star Trek: The Original Series Season 2: "Wolf in the Fold")

1986 –

Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
December 23 – The experimental aircraft Voyager lands at Edwards Air Force Base in California, completing the first nonstop flight around the globe on one load of fuel.
January 28 – The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes during launch of STS-51-L, killing all 7 on board, including school teacher Christa McAuliffe.

1992

The Eugenics Wars (WWIII) begin.[13] (WWIII is retconned to be in 2050s by TNG's Encounter at Farpoint and Star Trek First Contact; DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" retcons the Eugenics Wars as being in the 22nd century)

1995

June 29 – The American space shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian space station Mir to form the largest man-made satellite ever to orbit the Earth.

1996

The Eugenics Wars end.[13] (WWIII is retconned to be in 2050s by TNG's Encounter at Farpoint and Star Trek First Contact; DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" retcons the Eugenics Wars as being in the 22nd century)
"Future's End" (VOY)

1999

Voyager 6 is launched[14]

text: 21st century[edit]

text:
2000

The past events of "11:59" (VOY).

2002

The interstellar probe Nomad is launched.[1][15]

2003

February 1 – The space shuttle Columbia breaks up while entering the atmosphere over Texas killing all seven crew members.

2004

The past events of "Carpenter Street" (ENT).

2009

The first successful Earth-Saturn probe takes place.[1][16]

2011

July 21 – NASA's space shuttle program completes its final mission when the shuttle Atlantis lands at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

2012

The world's first self-sustaining civic environment, Millennium Gate, which became the model for the first habitat on Mars, completed in Portage Creek, Indiana. ("11:59", Voyager)

2018

Sleeper ships are made obsolete.[17]

2024

A united Ireland is achieved by republican terrorists (TNG "The High Ground")
The past events of "Past Tense" (DS9). Namely the "Bell Riots".

2032

Ares IV, a manned mission to Mars is launched.[18]
Zefram Cochrane is born

2037

The spaceship Charybdis makes an attempt to leave the solar system.[19]

2053

World War III ends and Earth is left devastated, mostly because of nuclear warfare. Scientific advancement continues, however.[20] (In TOS WWIII took place in the 1990s[13] while in DS9's "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" had the Eugenics Wars in the 22nd century)

2063

The past events of Star Trek: First Contact. Zefram Cochrane makes the first human warp flight with the Phoenix. This attracts the Vulcans and they make first contact with humans.

c. 2065

The SS Valiant is launched.[1][21]

2067

The unmanned interstellar warp probe Friendship 1 is launched[22]

2069

The colony ship SS Conestoga is launched. It would found the Terra Nova colony.[23]

2079

Earth begins to recover from its nuclear war.[24] The recovery is aided and partially organized by a newly established political entity called the European Hegemony.[1]

2088

T'Pol is born

text: 22nd century[edit]

text:
2103

Earth colonizes Mars

2111

Jonathan Archer is born in upstate New York on Earth.[25]

2119

Zefram Cochrane, who now is residing on Alpha Centauri, sets off for parts unknown and disappears. Some thought he was testing a new engine. After an exhaustive search, it is believed that Cochrane has died. He becomes one of the most famous missing people in history.[26]

2129

Hoshi Sato is born.[25]

2142

Warp 2 Barrier broken by Commander Robinson in NX Alpha and Warp 2.5 achieved by Commander Archer in NX Beta

2145

Warp 3 Broken by Commander Duvall in NX Delta

2150

Keel laid for Enterprise (NX-01)

2151–2155

The events of Star Trek: Enterprise take place.[27]

2156–2160

The Earth-Romulan War is fought between United Earth and its allies, and the Romulan Star Empire. The war ends in a stalemate though the Romulans are defeated at the Battle of Cheron. The Romulan Neutral Zone is established.[1]

2161

The United Federation of Planets is founded by Earth, Tellar, Andoria, and Vulcan.[28][29]

2165

Sarek, Federation diplomat and father of Spock, is born on Vulcan.[30]

2160s to 2196

The Daedalus class starship is active.[31]

text: 23rd century[edit]

text:
2222

Montgomery Scott is born in Scotland.[32]

2227

Leonard McCoy is born in Georgia, North America on Earth.[33]

2230

Spock, the son of Sarek and the human Amanda Grayson, is born on Vulcan.[34]
Hikaru Sulu is born in San Francisco, North America on Earth.[35]

2233

James T. Kirk is born in Riverside, Iowa on Earth.[36]

2233 (alternate timeline)

James T. Kirk is born aboard a shuttlecraft from the USS Kelvin.
James T. Kirk's father, George Kirk, is killed.
Nyota Uhura is born in the United States of Africa.[37] This fits with the alternate timeline, unlike her alternate birth date of 2239, for the latter would suggest her only being nineteen in the film.

2241 (New Timeline)

Pavel Chekov born in Russia on Earth

2245–2250

The USS Enterprise, a Constitution class vessel is launched under the command of Robert April, on a five-year mission of exploration.[1] In the alternate timeline created by Nero's attack on the USS Kelvin, the Enterprise is still under construction in 2255 and is not launched on her maiden voyage until 2258.

2245

Pavel Chekov is born to Russian parents.[38] In the alternate timeline created by Nero's attack on the USS Kelvin, Chekov is only eight years younger than James T. Kirk, implying a birthdate of 2241.[39]

2250

After a refit, the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched on a second five-year mission under Captain Christopher Pike.[1]

2254

The events of "The Cage".[40]
Supposedly, The Events of Star Trek: Discovery Will Take Place

2258 (alternate timeline)

The events of Star Trek take place. Nero destroys the planet Vulcan – killing billions, including Spock's mother – as well as 38–40 Federation starships. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched on her maiden voyage under Captain Christopher Pike. James T. Kirk becomes the ship's new captain shortly afterward. Henceforth, a different timeline is required.

2259 (alternate timeline)

The events of Star Trek Into Darkness take place.

2260 (alternate timeline)

Enterprise is launched on a historic five-year mission.

2263 (alternate timeline)

The events of Star Trek Beyond take place. The USS Enterprise is destroyed – The USS Enterprise-A is commissioned at Starbase Yorktown as its replacement.

2261–2264

The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) undergoes a major refit, increasing its crew complement from 203 to 430.[1]

2263

Boothby, groundskeeper and counselor at Starfleet Academy, is born.

2265–2270

James T. Kirk is captain of the starship Enterprise on a historic five-year mission.[1]

2265

The events of "Where No Man Has Gone Before".

2266–2269

The events of Star Trek: The Original Series take place.

2269–2270

The events of Star Trek: The Animated Series take place.

2270

The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) returns from its five-year mission under the command of Captain James T. Kirk and enters major refit while Kirk is promoted to Admiral at Starfleet Command.

2273–2278

The events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture.
The upgraded USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) embarks on a five-year mission under the command of Admiral James T. Kirk.[1]

2279

Around this time the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is retired from active duty and assigned as a training vessel in orbit of Earth.[1]

2285

The events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.
The events of Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is destroyed to prevent it from falling into Klingon hands.

2286

The events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home.
The newly refit USS Yorktown (NCC-1704) is renamed the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A) and is launched on its maiden voyage.

2287

The events of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier. (Note that this film apparently takes place soon after the events of the fourth film, as evidenced by Scotty's complaints about repairing the ship after its shakedown cruise, which was depicted at the end of Star Trek IV. Star Trek V would then take place in early 2287, with the events of Star Trek IV spanning most of 2286, with several months passing after Kirk's return to the future to account for the preparation of the Enterprise-A and Gillian's training for her space assignment.)

2293

The events of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. The Enterprise-A is slated to be decommissioned shortly afterwards.
The opening events of Star Trek Generations. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-B) is launched under the command of John Harriman. James Kirk is presumed killed.

text: 24th century[edit]

text:
2305

Jean-Luc Picard is born in LaBarre, France on Earth.[41]

2311** The Tomed Incident.[1][42]
2324

Beverly Howard (Crusher) is born in Copernicus City, Luna.[41]

2332

Benjamin L. Sisko is born in New Orleans, Louisiana on Earth.[1]

2333

Jean-Luc Picard becomes captain of the USS Stargazer.[1]

2335

Geordi La Forge is born in the African Federation, Earth[41]
William T. Riker is born in Valdez, Alaska on Earth.[1]

2336

Deanna Troi is born on Betazed.[41]
Kathryn Janeway is born in Bloomington, Indiana on Earth.[citation needed]

2337

Tasha Yar is born in a failed Federation colony on Turkana IV.[1]

2340

Worf, son of Mogh, is born on the Klingon homeworld, Qo'noS.[1][43]

2341

Julian Bashir is born.[44]

2343

The Galaxy class development project is officially given the greenlight by Starfleet Command.[45]

2344

The Enterprise-C, under the command of Captain Rachel Garrett, is destroyed defending a Klingon settlement on Narendra III under attack from Romulans.[1][46]
Due to the Enterprise-C's sacrifice, a new era of more open communication begins between the Federation and the Klingon Empire, leading to a formalized alliance.

2345

Sela (half-romulan/half-human), daughter of Natasha Yar (alternate reality from "Yesterday's Enterprise") is born.

2346

Worf's parents are killed by Romulans in the Khitomer massacre. Worf (age 6) is adopted by human parents.[1][47]

2349

Annika Hansen is born in Tendara Colony, to Magnus and Erin Hansen.

2355

Magnus, Erin, and Annika Hansen are assimilated by the Borg while on a research mission in the Delta quadrant.

2357

Worf is the first Klingon to enter Starfleet Academy.[1]
USS Galaxy (NX-70637), the prototype Galaxy class is launched.[45]

2363

USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D), the third Galaxy class starship (Following the Galaxy and Yamato) is launched from the Utopia Planitia shipyards in Mars orbit (under the command of Jean-Luc Picard), and becomes the Federation's new flagship.

2364–2370

The events of Star Trek: The Next Generation.

2367

The Borg assimilate Captain Jean-Luc Picard – the Battle of Wolf 359 is fought 7.7 light years from Earth in Sector 001. The battle results in the loss of 39 Starfleet vessels and over 11,000 lives. Benjamin Sisko aboard the USS Saratoga was a participant in the battle and was one of the few survivors alongside his son Jake Sisko. With the task force lost, the Borg continue to Earth. Picard is rescued and the Borg cube is destroyed via the actions of the crew of the Enterprise-D.

2369–2375

The events of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

2371

The events of Star Trek Generations. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) is destroyed – the stardrive section by a warp core breach; the saucer section containing the crew makes a forced landing on Veridian III. The ship is subsequently declared a total loss. James T. Kirk reappears from the temporal continuum in which he had been since his disappearance in 2293; Kirk is killed on Veridian III (Kirk is resurrected a month later in a subsequent story).

2371–2378

The events of Star Trek: Voyager.
"Caretaker": the USS Voyager is stranded in the Delta Quadrant.

2372

Sovereign-class USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) launched under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard

2373

The events of Star Trek: First Contact. The Battle of Sector 001 occurs with a Starfleet Task Force engaging in a running battle with a Borg cube en-route to Earth. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) follows a Borg sphere through a temporal rift and events shift at that point to 2063.

2373–2375

The Dominion War is fought. After devastating losses on both sides, The Federation, alongside the Romulan and Klingon Empires in 2375 make a final push against the Dominion resulting in the Battle of Cardassia. The Dominion subsequently surrenders to the Federation. With the Klingon military in ruins, and the Cardassian Union shattered, The Federation and Romulan Empire emerge from the conflict as the only major powers with the influence to affect Alpha Quadrant politics.

2375

The events of Star Trek: Insurrection.[48] Dialogue in this film and in the DS9 finale "What You Leave Behind" place the chronology of this film as during that episode, after the final battle of the war but before the treaty signing ceremony. Most notable in the film is Worf's ability to leave the station to join the Enterprise, as well as a line about Federation diplomats being involved in Dominion negotiations, and the Federation's willingness to work with the Son'a, who are established as a Dominion ally during the war.

2378

With the help of a future Admiral Janeway, the USS Voyager returns to the Alpha Quadrant. ("Endgame")

2379

The events of Star Trek: Nemesis, resulting in the death of Lieutenant Commander Data.[49]
Discovery of previously unknown Android named "B-4", a prototype android similar in design to Lt. Commander Data but has a notably less advanced Positronic Network.

2387

A star in the Romulan Empire goes Supernova. Ambassador Spock attempts to counter the resulting shockwave using Red Matter, but is unable to save the planet Romulus from destruction. Spock and a Romulan ship commanded by Nero are dragged into a black hole created by the Red Matter detonation and arrive in the past. Nero's arrival in 2233 and subsequent attack on the USS Kelvin creates the Kelvin Timeline.

2395

The "Future" in the Star Trek: The Next Generation series finale ("All Good Things...")

text: 26th century[edit]

text:
c. 2540–2550

The Starship Enterprise-J (presumably NCC 1701-J) is commissioned and takes part in the Battle of Procyon V against the Spherebuilders as shown in Enterprise episode "Azati Prime".

text: 27th century[edit]

text: Temporal Cold War (With agents from the 31st century) – First established in the pilot episode of Star Trek: Enterprise and recurring until the series' fourth season premiere, it is a struggle between those who would alter history to suit their own ends and those who would preserve the integrity of the original timeline.

text: 29th century[edit]

text: The Aeon-type timeship is in active service during this century, ("Future's End") as is the Wells-class timeship Relativity. ("Relativity")

text: 31st century[edit]

text:
Episodes with time traveler Daniels from Enterprise

"Cold Front", "Shockwave", "Azati Prime"

text: History of the chronology[edit]

text: There have been several efforts to develop a chronology[50] for the events depicted by the Star Trek television series and its spin-offs. This matter has been complicated by the continued additions to the Star Trek canon, and the scarcity of Gregorian calendar dates given in the show (stardates instead being used).

text: Original series[edit]

text: There are few references setting the original series in an exact time frame, and those that exist are largely contradictory. In the episode, "Tomorrow Is Yesterday", a 1960s military officer says that he's going to lock Captain Kirk up "for two hundred years", to which a bemused Kirk says, "That ought to be just about right". Likewise, in the episode "Space Seed", it is said that the 1996 warlord Khan Noonian Singh is from "two centuries" ago. Both these references place the show in the 22nd century. However, in the episode "Miri", it is said that 1960 was around 300 years ago, pushing the show into the 23rd century. Finally, the episode "The Squire of Gothos" implied that the light cone of 19th century Earth has expanded to 900 light years, which seems to set the show in the 28th century, since light would take nine centuries to traverse that distance.

text: According to notes in The Making of Star Trek, the show is set in the 23rd century, and the Enterprise was supposed to be around 40 years old. Roddenberry says in this book that the stardate system was invented to avoid pinning down the show precisely in time frame.[51] Roddenberry's original pitch for the series dated it "'somewhere in the future. It could be 1995, or maybe even 2995".[52]

text: Early chronologies[edit]

text: The Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology and FASA, a publisher of the first licensed Star Trek role-playing game, chose to take the "Space Seed figure", adding a few years to make sure the events of the Original Series were in the 23rd century. This dating system is followed by other spin-off works in the 1980s, including Mr. Scott's Guide to the Enterprise. This timeline system gives the following dates[53][54]

text:
The sub-warp ship the UNSS Icarus makes first contact with Alpha Centauri in 2048, and there meets Zefrem Cochran [sic], who has invented warp drive.[53]
The first Earth warp ship, the Bonaventure makes its first voyage, to Tau Ceti, in 2059.[53]
The first contact with Vulcans is in 2065.[53]
The Federation is formed in 2087.[53]
The Romulan War occurs in the 2100s.[53]
First contact with the Klingon Empire in 2151.[53]
The first Constitution-class starship is launched in 2188.[53]
The USS Enterprise's five-year mission under Captain Kirk lasts from 2207 to 2212.[54]
The events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture occur in 2217.[54]
The events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan occur around 2222 (dialogue in the film says it is set "fifteen years" after the Season One episode "Space Seed").
The events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home occur on September 21, 2222.[54]

text: The Star Fleet Battles game was published in 1979, with a license only covering the original series. It has since diverged into an entirely separate fictional universe, new additions to which continue to be published. It does not tie into the Gregorian calendar, instead using a "Year 1" of the invention of Warp on earth. Its version of the original series backstory is

text:
Y1 – Warp drive is developed on Earth.
Y4 – Federation is formed by Earth, Vulcan, Andoria, Alpha Centauri.
Y40-Y46 – Romulan War.
Y71 – Starfleet is formed.
Y126 – The Constitution-class is launched (an upgrade from the Republic-class).
Y154–159 – The events of the Original Series.

text: See Star Fleet Universe timeline.

text: TNG era and Okuda[edit]

text: Press materials for The Next Generation suggested it was set in the 24th century, seventy-eight years after the existing Star Trek, although the exact time frame had not yet been set in stone. The pilot had dialogue stating Data was part of the Starfleet "class of '78".[55] The pilot episode, "Encounter at Farpoint", also has a cameo appearance by Leonard "Bones" McCoy, who is said to be 137.

text: In the last episode of the first season, the year is firmly established by Data, as 2364.[55] This marked the first time an explicit future calendar date had been attached to a Star Trek storyline, and allowed fans and writers to extrapolate further dates. For example, the established date implies McCoy was born around 2227, ruling out the Spaceflight Chronology-derived dating of the original series to the early 23rd century (though the dating had already been effectively overruled by Star Trek IV, which primarily takes place in 1986, where Kirk tells Gillian Taylor that he is from the late 23rd Century, though he does not give an exact date).

text: A Star Trek Chronology was published in 1993, written by production staff members Denise Okuda and Michael Okuda.[56] A second edition was issued in 1996.[1] Okuda originally drew up a timeline for internal use by writers, based on his own research and assumptions provided by Richard Arnold. The dates in the Chronology are consistent with the earlier Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual.[45]

text: It gives the following dates:

text:
Zephram Cochrane invents warp drive around 2061 (so that the SS Valiant can be constructed and go missing two hundred years before "Where No Man Has Gone Before", dated to 2265; the first edition gives 2061, the second edition moves this to 2063 per Star Trek: First Contact)
the Romulan War takes place in the 2150s (about a hundred years before "Balance of Terror")
the Federation is formed in 2161, after the Romulan War, on the basis that "Balance of Terror" says that it was an Earth-Romulan war, not a Federation-Romulan War
the first Constitution class starship is launched in 2244, followed by the Enterprise in 2245
Kirk's five-year mission lasts from 2264 to 2269, based on the assumption that the original series is set exactly 300 years after its original broadcast.

aired live-action Star Trek episodes are dated from 2266 to 2269. The chronology does not include the events of Star Trek: The Animated Series. This is in keeping also with Gene Roddenberry's concept (discussed in The Making of Star Trek by Roddenberry and Stephen Whitfield) that Star Trek's first season takes place after the mission has been under way for some time.
An episode of Voyager—"Q2"—, aired after the Chronology was published, established that Kirk's five-year mission actually ended in 2270.

the events of Star Trek: The Motion Picture take place in 2271 (Kirk has been Chief of Starfleet Operations for two-and-a-half years, according to dialog from Kirk and Decker)

The "Q2" dating for Kirk's five-year mission, moves the first film to c. 2273.

Numerous sources, including the Chronology, postulate a second five-year mission under now-Admiral Kirk's command began soon after the events of the first movie; in part this is to take into account the unproduced revival series Star Trek: Phase II.
the events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock take place in 2285

The Wrath of Khan is a sequel to the episode "Space Seed", which Okuda dates to 2267. In Okuda's timeline there is a gap of eighteen years rather than the fifteen years established in dialog. The film was released in 1982, fifteen years after the episode's broadcast in 1967. The film begins on Kirk's birthday, which is semi-canonically established as March 22, the same as William Shatner.

the events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home take place in 2286

This places Star Trek III in late 2285, as Kirk states in his log that the Enterprise crew has been on Vulcan for "three months" since bringing Spock home

the events of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier take place in 2287
the events Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country take place in 2293, based on McCoy's statement that he had served on the Enterprise for 27 years, and his absence in "Where No Man Has Gone Before"
The Kirk-era part of Star Trek Generations is set 78 years before 2371 (established by way of an on-screen caption), thus is set in 2293 and soon after Star Trek VI

text: The gap between 1986's Star Trek IV: the Voyage Home (2286) and the 1987 first season of The Next Generation (2364) is 78 years by this timeline, matching early press materials.

text: There was a gap of 10 years between the broadcast of the last episode of Star Trek: The Original Series and the release of The Motion Picture. The film skirted round the fact the actors had aged, supposing that only two and a half years had passed since the events of the TV show. For Star Trek II, it was decided to acknowledge the reality of the ageing actors, both by setting the film some 15 years after "Space Seed", and by having Kirk worry about getting old.[57]

text: Within The Next Generation era, episodes and films are easier to date. Stardates correspond exactly with seasons, with the first two digits of the stardate representing the season number. Okuda assumes the start of a season is January 1 and the end of the season is December 31.[1] The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager television series and movies have roughly followed "real time", and are set around 377 years after their release.

text: Since the Chronology was published, it has been generally adhered to by the producers of the show. The film Star Trek: First Contact and prequel series Star Trek: Enterprise both revisit the early era. In First Contact, Zephram Cochrane is confirmed as having invented warp drive on Earth, but the date is moved forward slightly to 2063, and it is revealed that Earth's official first contact with an alien species, the Vulcans, took place immediately afterwards as a result of this.

text: The dating of the final season of Star Trek: Voyager has presented controversy. The standard assumption about stardates, as well as the regular correspondence between seasons and in-universe years, would place the entire season in the year 2377—the season begins with stardate 54014.4 and ends with 54973.4. However, the episode "Homestead" features a celebration of the 315th anniversary of Zefram Cochrane's first contact with the Vulcans, which would set the episode on April 5, 2378. The fansite Memory Alpha thus places the final eight episodes of the season ("Human Error" through "Endgame") in 2378, with other sources following suit.

text: Enterprise is set in the 2150s, and ties into the Cochrane backstory. The show uses the Gregorian calendar instead of Stardates, making tracking the dating easier. Its pilot, "Broken Bow", depicts first contact with the Klingons occurring much earlier than the Okuda chronology anticipated (it suggested a date of 2218, based on a line in "Day of the Dove", noting that dialog in "First Contact" makes this problematic – though the actual line in the episode referred to hostilities between the two, and in Enterprise Human-Klingon relations, while by no means friendly, clearly do not rise to the de facto state of war shown in TOS). It shows the opening of the Romulan war and the start of a coalition between Earth, Vulcan, Andor and Tellar in the 2150s. The date of the founding year of the Federation, 2161, was revealed in the fifth-season TNG episode "The Outcast," based on an early draft of the Okuda timeline. The final episode of Enterprise, "These Are the Voyages...", is consistent with the establishment of 2161 as the founding year for the Federation.

text: No version of the Chronology or the Encyclopedia has been published since 1999. A 2006 book by Jeff Ayers contains a timeline which attempts to date all of the many Star Trek novels.[58] This timeline has The Motion Picture in 2273, to account for the two-and-a-half-year gap between the end-date of 2270 established in "Q2" and the events of the movie. The official website, StarTrek.com, still gives the date of that movie as 2271.[59]

text: Eugenics Wars and World War III[edit]

text: When the original series of Star Trek was produced, the 1990s were considered the distant future, and so various elements of the backstory to Star Trek are set in that era, particularly the Eugenics Wars. The references to the Eugenics Wars and to a nuclear war in the 21st century are somewhat contradictory.

text: The episode "Space Seed" establishes the Eugenics Wars, and has them lasting from 1992 to 1996. The Eugenics Wars are described as a global conflict in which the progeny of a human genetic engineering project, most notably Khan Noonien Singh, established themselves as supermen and attempted world domination. Spock calls them "your last so-called World War," and McCoy identifies this with the Eugenics Wars.

text: In the episode "Bread and Circuses" Spock gives a death toll for World War III of 37 million. The episode "The Savage Curtain" features a Colonel Green, who led a genocidal war in the 21st century. The TNG episode "Encounter at Farpoint" further establishes a "post-atomic horror" on Earth in 2079. However, the movie Star Trek: First Contact put the contact between Vulcans and humans at April 5, 2063.

text: The Star Trek Concordance identifies the "Bread and Circuses" figure as the death toll for a nuclear World War III, in the mid-21st century. Star Trek: First Contact firmly establishes World War III ended, after a nuclear exchange, in 2053, but with a body count of 600 million. The figure of Colonel Green is elaborated on in Star Trek: Enterprise. First Contact also deliberately describes the warring parties in World War III as "factions," not nations per se.

text: The Voyager episode "Future's End" saw the Voyager crew time-travel to Los Angeles in 1996, which, as the Encyclopedia notes, seems entirely unaffected by the Eugenics Wars, which ended that year. The episode acknowledges the issue only by featuring a model of Khan's DY-100-class ship on a 1996 desk.[60] Khan's spaceship is another anomaly for the timeline, which has a variety of long-lost spaceships being launched between 1980 and 2100, with inconsistent levels of technology (caused by the increasing real lifetime and also decreased optimism about the pace of space exploration).

text: A reference in the Deep Space Nine episode "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?" suggests that the Eugenic Wars instead took place in the 22nd century. According to writer Ronald D. Moore, this was not an attempt at a retcon, but a mistake – when writing the episode, he recalled the already questionable "two centuries ago" line from "Space Seed" and forgot that DS9 takes place over 100 years later.[61]

text: Season 4 of Star Trek: Enterprise involves a trilogy of episodes ("Borderland" "Cold Station 12", and "The Augments") related to scientist Doctor Arik Soong, ancestor of Doctor Noonien Soong, and his genetic augmentations of Humans. Numerous historical details of the devastating Eugenics Wars are discussed: the death of 35–37 million people; how Earth's governments could not decide on the fate of the 1,800 genetically enhanced embryos; and how Soong had infiltrated the complex and stolen and raised 19 embryos himself. Soong maintained that he himself and humanity in general had learned the lessons of the Eugenics Wars and should not continue to hide behind those events when there was progress to be made now that the technology had matured and was much more practicable. (The actions of his "children" convince him otherwise, and at the end of "The Augments" Soong declares his interest in cybernetics, beginning the work which would one day bring about Data.)

text: Greg Cox's two-book series The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh develops the idea of the Eugenics Wars in the context of real-life history by representing it as a secret history, and that the truth behind the various civil wars and conflicts in the 1990s was not generally known; ironically, Los Angeles, whose appearance in "Future's End" helped bring the war's existence into question, is portrayed as an EW "battlefront", the Rodney King riots being one such calamity.

text: Cochrane[edit]

text: In the episode "Metamorphosis", it is stated that Zefram Cochrane of Alpha Centauri, the discoverer of the space warp, disappeared 150 years ago, at the age of 87. Given Okuda's date of 2267 for that episode, this puts Cochrane's disappearance in 2117 and birth in 2030. 1980s spin-off material such as the Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology posit that Cochrane was from Alpha Centauri originally, and that a sub-warp ship the UNSS Icarus arrived at Alpha Centauri in 2048 to find he had discovered the theory behind warp drive. The Icarus then relayed its findings back to Earth, the first prototype warp ship was launched in 2055.

text: The Star Trek Chronology does not hold with this theory, and asserts that Cochrane was an Earth native, who moved to Alpha Centauri later in life (even in "Metamorphosis", before Cochrane identifying himself to the landing party, Dr. McCoy had taken a tricorder scan and determined him to be human). The first edition Chronology notes that Cochrane's invention of warp drive must have been at least 200 years before "Where No Man Has Gone Before", and suggests a date of 2061, noting that Cochrane would be 31 that year.

text: The film Star Trek: First Contact prominently features Cochrane's first successful warp flight. The film is set in 2063, two years after the Chronology suggestions, and therefore by the timeline Cochrane is 33. The actor who played Cochrane in that movie, James Cromwell, was 56 at the time of the film's release. The Encyclopedia notes the age issue, and claims that the Cromwell Cochrane had suffered from radiation poisoning, causing his aged appearance. Enterprise pins down Cochrane's disappearance to 2119, making Cochrane instead 31 at the time of First Contact.


document_title: Greg Abbott

question_text: how did governor of texas get in a wheelchair

text: Greg Abbott

text: Early life, education, and early law career[edit]

text: Abbott was born on November 13, 1957, in Wichita Falls, of English descent. His mother, Doris Lechristia Jacks Abbott, was a homemaker, and his father, Calvin Roger Abbott, was a stockbroker and insurance agent.[1][2] When he was six years old, they moved to Longview and the family lived in the East Texas city for six years.[1]

text: At the beginning of junior high school, Abbott's family moved to Duncanville. In his sophomore year in high school, his father died of a heart attack, and his mother went to work in a real estate office.[1] He graduated from Duncanville High School.[3] He was on the track team in high school and won every meet he entered his senior year.[4] He was in the National Honor Society and was voted "Most Likely to Succeed".[4]

text: In 1981, he earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in finance from the University of Texas at Austin, where he was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and the Young Republicans’ Club. He met his wife, Cecilia Phelan, while attending UT Austin.[1] In 1984, he earned his J.D. degree from the Vanderbilt University Law School in Nashville, Tennessee.[1]

text: Abbott went into private practice, working for Butler and Binion, LLC between 1984 and 1992. Abbott’s political career began in Houston, where he served as a state trial judge in the 129th District Court for three years.[5]

text: On July 14, 1984, at age 26, Abbott was paralyzed below waist-level when an oak tree fell on him while he was jogging following a storm.[5][6] He had two steel rods implanted in his spine, underwent extensive rehabilitation at TIRR Memorial Hermann in Houston, and has used a wheelchair ever since.[7][8] He sued the homeowner and negotiated an insurance settlement worth more than US$10 million, resulting in payouts of US$14,000 a month.[9]

text: Judicial career[edit]

text: Then-Governor George W. Bush appointed Abbott to the Texas Supreme Court, and he was then twice elected to the state's highest civil court—in 1996 (two-year term) and 1998 (six-year term). In 1996, Abbott had no Democratic opponent but was challenged by Libertarian John B. Hawley of Dallas. Abbott defeated Hawley 84–16%.[10] In 1998, Abbott defeated Democrat David Van Os 60–40%.[11]

text: In 2001, after resigning from the Supreme Court, Abbott went back to private practice and worked for Bracewell & Giuliani LLC.[12] He was also an adjunct professor at University of Texas School of Law.[13]

text: Attorney General of Texas[edit]

text: 2002 election[edit]

text: Abbott resigned from the Texas Supreme Court in 2001 to seek the position of Lieutenant Governor of Texas.[1] His campaign for Lieutenant Governor had been running for several months when the previous attorney general, John Cornyn, vacated the post to run for the U.S. Senate.[1] He then switched his campaign to the open attorney general's position in 2002. Abbott defeated the Democratic nominee, former Austin Mayor and current State Senator Kirk Watson, 57–41%.[14] Abbott was sworn in on December 2, 2002, following fellow Republican Cornyn's election to the Senate.

text: Tenure[edit]

text: Abbott expanded the Attorney General's office’s law enforcement division from about thirty people to more than one hundred.[1] He also created a new division called the Fugitive Unit to track down convicted sex offenders in violation of their paroles or probations.[1]

text: Abbott filed 31 lawsuits against the Obama administration.[15] Abbott has spoken out against concerns such as voter fraud, the right to bear arms, and President Barack Obama's health care reform. When asked what his job entails, Abbott says: "I go into the office in the morning, I sue Barack Obama, and then I go home."[16] Abbott has filed suit against various U.S. agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Health and Human Services (including challenges to Obamacare), and the Department of Education, among many others.[1]

text: In 2014, Abbott argued against a lawsuit brought by the National Rifle Association to allow more people access to concealed carry of firearms, as Abbott felt this would disrupt public safety.[17]

text: Environment[edit]

text: Abbott was "part of a mostly Republican coalition of attorneys general that frequently sued President Barack Obama's EPA."[18] The Dallas Morning News compared Abbott to Scott Pruitt, noting that both Attorneys General had repeatedly sued the federal government's environmental regulations.[18] The Houston Chronicle said that Abbott "lead the charge against Obama-era climate regulations."[19] In 2010 Abbott filed eight legal actions against the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), including several challenges to greenhouse gas regulation.[20] Among Abbott's lawsuits against the Obama administration were challenges to the EPA's Cross-State Air Pollution Rule and The Endangerment Finding regarding the threat from greenhouse gasses.[15][21] Abbott said “the E.P.A. violated the U.S. Constitution and the federal Clean Air Act when it concocted greenhouse gas regulations out of whole cloth.”[22]

text: Abbott rolled back a right to know rule that made it easier for the public and first responders to know about hazardous materials at industrial sites. Abbott said that the state must not release Tier II Chemical Inventory Reports for security reasons. Abbott said “You know where they are if you drive around. You can ask every facility whether or not they have chemicals or not."[23][24] Koch Industries has denied that their contributions to Abbott's campaign had anything to do with his ruling against releasing the safety information.[25]

text: Lawsuit against Sony BMG[edit]

text: On November 21, 2005, Abbott sued Sony BMG.[26][27] Texas was the first state in the nation to bring legal action against Sony BMG for illegal spyware.[26][27] The suit is also the first filed under the state’s spyware law of 2005.[26][27] It alleges the company surreptitiously installed the spyware on millions of compact music discs (CDs) that consumers inserted into their computers when they play the CDs, which can compromise the systems.[27][28] On December 21, 2005, Abbott added new allegations to his lawsuit against Sony-BMG. Abbott says the MediaMax copy protection technology violates the state's spyware and deceptive trade practices laws.[26][29] He says Sony-BMG offered consumers a licensing agreement when they bought CDs and played them on their computers.[26][29] But, Abbott alleges in the lawsuit that even if consumers reject that agreement, spyware is secretly installed on their computers, posing security risks for music buyers.[26][29] Abbott said "We keep discovering additional methods Sony used to deceive Texas consumers who thought they were simply buying music", and "Thousands of Texans are now potential victims of this deceptive game Sony played with consumers for its own purposes."[26][29] In addition to violations of the Consumer Protection Against Computer Spyware Act of 2005, which allows for civil penalties of 100,000 for each violation of the law, the alleged violations added in the updated lawsuit, on December 21, 2005, carry maximum penalties of 20,000 per violation.[29][30]

text: Van Orden v. Perry[edit]

text: On March 2, 2005, Abbott appeared before the United States Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., where he defended a Ten Commandments monument on the Texas State Capitol. Dozens of similar monuments were donated to cities and towns across the nation throughout the 1960s by the Fraternal Order of Eagles, who were inspired by the 1956 epic The Ten Commandments; in doing so, they gained the support of the film's director Cecil B. DeMille.[31] The Supreme Court held in a 5–4 decision that the Texas display did not violate the First Amendment's Establishment Clause and was constitutional.

text: After Abbott's oral arguments in Van Orden v. Perry, Justice John Paul Stevens commented upon Abbott's performance while in a wheelchair, "I want to thank you … for demonstrating that it’s not necessary to stand at the lectern in order to do a fine job".[4]

text: 2006 election[edit]

text: In the November 7 general election, Abbott was challenged by civil rights attorney David Van Os, who had been his Democratic opponent in the 1998 election for state Supreme Court. He won re-election to a second term 60–37%.[32]

text: 2010 election[edit]

text: Abbott ran for a third term, and campaigned for other Republican candidates in 2010 including Jim Landtroop, the Plainview insurance agent. While on his Plainview stop, Abbott cited his and Landtroop's mutual opposition to the health care plan signed into law in March 2010 by President Barack Obama.[33] He defeated the Democratic attorney Barbara Ann Radnofsky of Houston and the Libertarian Jon Roland once again. Radnofsky was also the unsuccessful Democratic candidate opposing U. S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison in the 2006 general election. Abbott defeated Radnofsky 64–34%.[34] He was the longest-serving Texas attorney general in Texas history.[35]

text: In July 2013, the Houston Chronicle alleged improper ties and oversight between many of Abbott's largest donors and the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, of which he was a director.[36]

text: Governor of Texas[edit]

text: 2014 election[edit]

text: On July 8, 2013, Governor Rick Perry announced that he would not seek a fourth full term.[37]

text: On July 14, 2013, speaking near the Alamo on the 29th anniversary of the accident that left him a paraplegic, Abbott formally announced his intention to run for Governor of Texas in the 2014 Texas gubernatorial election.[38] In the first six months of 2011, he raised more funds for his campaign than any other Texas politician, reaching $1.6 million. The next highest fundraiser among state officeholders was Texas Comptroller Susan Combs with $611,700.[39]

text: In February 2014, while speaking on the dangers of corruption in law enforcement, Abbott compared the South Texas area to a Third World country[40] that "erodes the social fabric of our communities and destroys Texans' trust and confidence in government."[41] Abbott further said that he does not consider corruption "limited to one region of Texas […] My plan is to add more resources to eliminate corruption so people can have confidence in their government."[41]

text: Abbott criticized Ted Nugent's infamous "subhuman mongrel" comment directed at President Barack Obama by saying "This is not the kind of language I would use or endorse in any way. It's time to move beyond this, and I will continue to focus on the issues that matter to Texans."[42]

text: Abbott won the Republican primary on March 4, 2014, with 1,219,903, or 91.5 percent of the ballots cast. The remaining approximately 103,000 votes were divided among three minor candidates. He faced state Senator Wendy Davis of Fort Worth, who polled 432,065 votes (79.1 percent) in her Democratic primary contest against a lone opponent.[43]

text: Abbott promised to "tie outcomes to funding" for pre-K programs if elected governor,[44] but he said he would not require government standardized testing for 4-year olds, as Davis has accused him of advancing.[45] When defending his education plan, Abbott cited Charles Murray: "Family background has the most decisive effect on student achievement, contributing to a large performance gap between children from economically disadvantaged families and those from middle class homes."[46] A spokesman for Abbott's campaign pointed out that the biggest difference in spending is that Davis has proposed universal pre-K education while Abbott wants to limit state funding to only programs that meet certain standards.[46] Davis' plan could reach 750 million in costs and Abbott has said that Davis' plan is a "budget buster" whereas Abbott's education plan would cost no more than 118 million.[46]

text: Overall, Abbott said the reforms that he envisions would "level the playing field for all students [and] target schools which don't have access to the best resources." He has called for increased accessibility to technology in the classroom and mathematics instruction for kindergarten pupils.[41]

text: Abbott received 1.4 million in campaign contributions from recipients of the Texas Enterprise Fund, some of whose members submitted the proper paperwork for grants.[47] Elliot Nagin of the Union of Concerned Scientists observed that Abbott was the recipient of large support from the fossil fuels industries, such as NuStar Energy, Koch Industries, Valero Energy, ExxonMobil, Chevron, and ConocoPhillips.[48]

text: Abbott received the endorsement of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram,[49] Dallas Morning News,[50] the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal[51] and the Tyler Morning Telegraph.[52]

text: 2018 election[edit]

text: In January 2017, Abbott was reportedly raising funds for a 2018 re-election bid as governor; as of December 2016, he had $34.4 million on hand for his campaign, of which he raised $9 million during the second half of 2016.[53][54] Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick had been mentioned as a potential challenger for governor but confirmed he would run for a second term as lieutenant governor.[54] During the weekend of January 21, 2017, Abbott stated he was intending on running for re-election.[55] He confirmed this on March 28, 2017.[56]

text: Abbott formally announced his re-election campaign on July 14, 2017.[57] He chose the Amtrak depot at historic Sunset Station in San Antonio for his formal announcement of candidacy: "I've proven that I'm willing to take on the liberals, I'm willing to take on Washington, D.C., and I'm counting on you to have my back." Several protesters were led out of the hall before Abbott began speaking.[58] The formal announcement came four days before the beginning of a special legislative session that could split the Republican Party into factions favoring Abbott and Lieutenant Governor Patrick, on one hand, and House Speaker Joe Straus, a Moderate Republican who opposes much of the Abbott-Patrick conservative agenda.

text: Tenure[edit]

text: Abbott was sworn in as the governor of Texas on January 20, 2015.[59][60]

text: Abbott declared February 2, 2015, as "Chris Kyle Day" in honor of the United States Navy SEAL who was the most lethal sniper in U.S. military history portrayed in the successful film American Sniper.[61][62][63] This came exactly two years after Kyle was shot and killed.[61] Abbott held his first meeting as governor with a foreign prime minister when he met with the Irish Taoiseach Enda Kenny on March 15, 2015 to discuss trade and economic relations.[64]

text: Abbott on April 28, 2015 asked the State Guard to monitor the training exercise, Jade Helm 15, amid Internet-fueled suspicions that the war simulation is really a hostile military takeover.[65][66][67][68]

text: During the 2015 legislative session, initiated by officials at the Texas Health and Human Services Commission, the Texas Legislature placed a rider in the Texas budget to cut $150 million from its budget by ending payments and coverage for various developmental therapies for children on Medicaid. A lawsuit has been filed against the state on behalf of affected families and therapy providers, claiming it can cause irreparable damage to the affected children's development.[69] The litigation obtained a temporary injunction order on September 25, 2015, barring THHSC from implementing therapy rate cuts.[70]

text: Unlike his two immediate predecessors Bush and Perry, Abbott has said he has no intention of running for U.S. President.[71]

text: His 2016 book, Broken But Unbowed is a reflection on his personal story and views on politics.[72]

text: As of June 2016, from Abbott's tenure as Attorney General through his first term as Governor, Texas sued the Obama administration at least 44 times, more than any other state over the same period; court challenges included carbon-emission standards, health-care reform, transgender rights and others.[73]

text: On June 6, 2017, Abbott called for a special legislative session in order to pass several legislative priorities for Abbott,[74][75] something supported by Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick.[76] Abbott vetoed 50 bills in the regular 2017 session, the most vetoed in a session since 2007.[77][78]

text: Abortion[edit]

text: In late November 2016, the State of Texas, at Abbott's request, approved new rules that require facilities that perform abortions either to bury or cremate the aborted, rather than dispose of the remains in a sanitary landfill.[79][80] The rules were intended to go into effect on December 19,[79] but on December 15 a federal judge blocked the rules from going into effect for at least one month after the Center for Reproductive Rights and other advocacy groups filed a lawsuit.[81] On January 27, 2017, a federal judge ruled against the law, but the State of Texas vowed to appeal the ruling.[82]

text: On June 6, 2017, Abbott signed a bill into law banning dismemberment and partial-birth abortions and requiring either the cremation or burial of the aborted.[83][84][85]

text: Convention of States proposal[edit]

text: On January 8, 2016, Abbott called for a national constitutional convention to address what he sees as abuses by justices of the United States Supreme Court in "abandoning the Constitution."[86] Abbott proposed passing nine new amendments to the Constitution, intended to limit the power of the federal government and expand states rights.[87] Speaking to the Texas Public Policy Foundation, Abbott said, "We the people have to take the lead to restore the rule of law in the United States."[88]

text: In 2016 Abbott spoke to the Texas Public Policy Foundation, calling for a Convention of States to amend the U.S. Constitution. In his speech, he released a plan which includes 9 proposed amendments to "unravel the federal government's decades-long power grab “to impose fiscal restraints on the federal government and limit the federal government’s power and jurisdiction.”[89] Abbott elaborated on his proposal in a public seminar at the Hoover Institute on May 17, 2016.[90]

text: Gun laws[edit]

text: On June 13, 2015, Abbott signed the campus carry (SB 11) and the open carry (HB 910) bills into law.[91] The campus carry law went into effect on August 1, 2015 and allows the licensed carrying of a concealed handgun on public college campuses, with private colleges being able to opt out.[91][92] The open carry bill went into effect on January 1, 2016 and allows the licensed carrying of handguns openly in all locations that allow concealed carry.[91][92][93] Texas is the 45th state to have open carry.[94]

text: On May 26, 2017, Abbott signed a bill into law lowering handgun carry license fees.[95]

text: Pastor Protection Act and related laws[edit]

text: On June 11, 2015, Abbott signed the "Pastor Protection Act" which allows pastors to refuse to marry couples if they feel doing so violates their beliefs.[96]

text: On May 21, 2017, Abbott signed Senate Bill 24 into law, preventing state or local governments from subpoenaing pastors' sermons.[97][98] This bill was inspired by an anti-discrimination ordinance in Houston, where five sermons were subpoenaed.[97]

text: On June 15, 2017, Abbott signed House Bill 3859 which allows faith-based groups working with the Texas child welfare system to deny services "under circumstances that conflict with the provider's sincerely held religious beliefs." Democrats and civil rights advocates said the adoption bill could allow such groups to discriminate against those who practice a different religion or who are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, and LGBT rights groups said they would challenge the bill in court.[99][100] In response, California added Texas to a list of states in which it banned official government travel.[101]

text: Sanctuary cities[edit]

text: On February 1, 2017, Abbott blocked funding to Travis County, Texas due to its recently implemented sanctuary city policy.[102][103] On May 7, 2017, Abbott signed a bill (SB 4) into law targeting sanctuary cities by charging county or city officials who refuse to work with federal officials and by allowing police officers to check the immigration status of those they detain if they choose.[104][105]

text: Climate change[edit]

text: Abbott believes that Earth's climate is changing, but he thinks that further study is necessary to determine human role in such changes.[106][107][108]

text: In early 2014 Abbott participated in strategy sessions held at the headquarters of the United States Chamber of Commerce in Washington, D. C. devising a legal strategy for dismantling climate change regulations.[109]

text: In 2014 the editorial board of the San Antonio Express-News wrote that Abbott "acknowledges the debate about climate change but casts doubt on the legitimacy...We would have preferred...far less doubt by Abbott."[108] Abbott has been described as a "climate change denier" by Organizing for America, citing Abbott's comments to the Express-News.[110] Abbott was one of 15 governors that reject "that climate change is real and caused by human activities," according to the Center for American Progress Action Fund in 2015.[111] In 2015 Abbott said "The E.P.A.'s latest attempt at imposing burdensome regulations represents an unprecedented meddling with Texas in order to push the Obama administration's liberal climate change agenda."[112]

text: In 2016 Abbott supported the appointment of Scott Pruitt to head the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), noting "He and I teamed up on many lawsuits against the EPA."[113]

text: Other issues[edit]

text: In a letter dated May 27, 2017, the CEOs of 14 large companies, including Facebook, Apple, Microsoft and Amazon, urged Abbott not to pass discriminatory legislation.[114] At issue was the so-called "bathroom bill", which would require transgender people to use the bathroom of the sex listed on their birth certificate, not the one of their choice. The bill was revived by Abbott and supported by Republican lieutenant governor Dan Patrick.[115]

text: On June 6, 2017, Abbott signed a bill into law enacting a statewide ban on texting while driving.[116]

text: Election history[edit]

text: On November 4, 2014, Abbott defeated Wendy Davis by 21 points. According to exit polls he received 44 percent of the Hispanic vote and 50 percent of Hispanic men, a majority (54 percent) of women voters, and 62 percent of the votes of married women (75% of women in Texas are married).[117][118][119]

text: A week after his election, Abbott announced that Carlos Cascos, of Brownsville, the county judge since 2007 of Cameron County in far South Texas, will become the Secretary of State of Texas. In the same election in which Abbott defeated Wendy Davis, Cascos, a Republican, won a third term as county judge but resigned in January 2015 upon confirmation by the Texas Senate, to become secretary of state.[120]

text:
Greg Abbott electoral history

2014

Texas gubernatorial election, 2014: Governor[121]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Greg Abbott
2,790,227
59.3

Democratic
Wendy Davis
1,832,254
38.9

Libertarian
Kathie Glass
66,413
1.1

Green
Brandon Parmer
18,494
0.4

Independent
Sarah M. Pavitt
1,168
<0.1

Republican hold

2010

Texas general election, 2010: Texas Attorney General[122]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Greg Abbott
3,151,064
64.1

Democratic
Barbara Ann Radnofsky
1,655,859
33.7

Libertarian
Jon Roland
112,118
2.3

Republican hold

2006

Texas general election, 2006: Texas Attorney General[122]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Greg Abbott
2,556,063
59.5

Democratic
David Van Os
1,599,069
37.2

Libertarian
Jon Roland
139,668
3.3

Republican hold

2002

Texas general election, 2002: Texas Attorney General[122]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Greg Abbott
2,542,184
56.7

Democratic
Kirk Watson
1,841,359
41.1

Libertarian
Jon Roland
56,880
1.3

Green
David Keith Cobb
41,560
0.9

Republican hold

1998

Texas general election, 1998: Texas Supreme Court, Place 3[122]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Greg Abbott
2,104,828
60.1

Democratic
David Van Os
1,396,924
39.9

Republican hold

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Abbott, a Roman Catholic, is married to Mexican-American Cecilia Phalen Abbott, the granddaughter of Mexican immigrants.[123][124][125] His election as governor of Texas makes her the first Latina to be the First Lady of Texas since Texas joined the union.[124][126] They have one adopted daughter, Audrey.[12][123][124] They were married in San Antonio in 1981.[1] Cecilia is a former school teacher and principal.[5] He is the first elected governor of a U.S. state to use a wheelchair since George Wallace of Alabama, 1983–87.[127]

text: Abbott knows some Spanish but is not fluent in the language, although he is currently learning.[128][129]

text: Abbott suffered second and third degree burns on his legs after coming in contact with scalding water while on vacation in Wyoming in July 2016, which caused him to miss the Republican National Convention.[130][131]