document_title: All-time Olympic Games medal table

question_text: who gets the most medals in the winter olympics

text: All-time Olympic Games medal table

text: NOCs with medals[edit]

text: The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee, but can be displayed as sorted by any other column, such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals. To sort by gold, silver, and then bronze, sort first by the bronze column, then the silver, and then the gold. The table does not include revoked medals (e.g. due to doping).

text: Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, and all changes in medal standings due to doping cases up to and including 25 February 2018 are taken into account.

text:
Summer Games
Winter Games
Combined Total

Team (IOC code)

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

 Afghanistan (AFG)
14
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
2
2

 Algeria (ALG)
13
5
4
8
17
3
0
0
0
0
16
5
4
8
17

 Argentina (ARG)
24
21
25
28
74
19
0
0
0
0
43
21
25
28
74

 Armenia (ARM)
6
2
6
6
14
7
0
0
0
0
13
2
6
6
14

 Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ]
2
3
4
5
12
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
4
5
12

 Australia (AUS) [AUS] [Z]
26
147
163
187
497
19
5
5
5
15
45
152
168
192
512

 Austria (AUT)
27
18
33
36
87
23
64
81
87
232
50
82
114
123
319

 Azerbaijan (AZE)
6
7
11
25
43
6
0
0
0
0
12
7
11
25
43

 Bahamas (BAH)
16
6
2
6
14
0
0
0
0
0
16
6
2
6
14

 Bahrain (BRN)
9
2
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
9
2
1
0
3

 Barbados (BAR) [BAR]
12
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
1
1

 Belarus (BLR)
6
12
27
39
78
7
8
5
5
18
13
20
32
44
96

 Belgium (BEL)
26
40
53
55
148
21
1
2
3
6
47
41
55
58
154

 Bermuda (BER)
18
0
0
1
1
8
0
0
0
0
26
0
0
1
1

 Bohemia (BOH) [BOH] [Z]
3
0
1
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
3
4

 Botswana (BOT)
10
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
1
0
1

 Brazil (BRA)
22
30
36
62
128
8
0
0
0
0
30
30
36
62
128

 British West Indies (BWI) [BWI]
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2

 Bulgaria (BUL) [H]
20
51
87
80
218
20
1
2
3
6
40
52
89
83
224

 Burundi (BDI)
6
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
1
1
0
2

 Cameroon (CMR)
14
3
1
2
6
1
0
0
0
0
15
3
1
2
6

 Canada (CAN)
26
64
102
136
302
23
73
64
62
199
49
137
166
198
501

 Chile (CHI) [I]
23
2
7
4
13
17
0
0
0
0
40
2
7
4
13

 China (CHN) [CHN]
10
224
167
155
546
11
13
28
21
62
21
237
195
176
608

 Colombia (COL)
19
5
9
14
28
2
0
0
0
0
21
5
9
14
28

 Costa Rica (CRC)
15
1
1
2
4
6
0
0
0
0
21
1
1
2
4

 Ivory Coast (CIV) [CIV]
13
1
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
13
1
1
1
3

 Croatia (CRO)
7
11
10
12
33
8
4
6
1
11
15
15
16
13
44

 Cuba (CUB) [Z]
20
78
68
79
225
0
0
0
0
0
20
78
68
79
225

 Cyprus (CYP)
10
0
1
0
1
11
0
0
0
0
21
0
1
0
1

 Czech Republic (CZE) [CZE]
6
15
17
24
56
7
9
11
11
31
13
24
28
35
87

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) [TCH]
16
49
49
45
143
16
2
8
15
25
32
51
57
60
168

 Denmark (DEN) [Z]
27
45
74
75
194
14
0
1
0
1
41
45
75
75
195

 Djibouti (DJI) [B]
8
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
1
1

 Dominican Republic (DOM)
14
3
2
2
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
3
2
2
7

 Ecuador (ECU)
14
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
15
1
1
0
2

 Egypt (EGY) [EGY] [Z]
22
7
10
15
32
1
0
0
0
0
23
7
10
15
32

 Eritrea (ERI)
5
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
1
1

 Estonia (EST)
12
9
9
16
34
10
4
2
1
7
22
13
11
17
41

 Ethiopia (ETH)
13
22
11
20
53
2
0
0
0
0
15
22
11
20
53

 Fiji (FIJ)
14
1
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
17
1
0
0
1

 Finland (FIN)
25
101
85
117
303
23
43
63
61
167
48
144
148
178
470

 France (FRA) [O] [P] [Z]
28
212
241
263
716
23
36
35
53
124
51
248
276
316
840

 Gabon (GAB)
10
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
1
0
1

 Georgia (GEO)
6
8
8
17
33
7
0
0
0
0
13
8
8
17
33

 Germany (GER) [GER] [Z]
16
191
194
230
615
12
92
88
60
240
28
283
282
290
855

 United Team of Germany (EUA) [EUA]
3
28
54
36
118
3
8
6
5
19
6
36
60
41
137

 East Germany (GDR) [GDR]
5
153
129
127
409
6
39
36
35
110
11
192
165
162
519

 West Germany (FRG) [FRG]
5
56
67
81
204
6
11
15
13
39
11
67
82
94
243

 Ghana (GHA) [GHA]
14
0
1
3
4
2
0
0
0
0
16
0
1
3
4

 Great Britain (GBR) [GBR] [Z]
28
263
295
291
849
23
11
4
16
31
51
274
299
307
880

 Greece (GRE) [Z]
28
33
43
40
116
19
0
0
0
0
47
33
43
40
116

 Grenada (GRN)
9
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
1
0
2

 Guatemala (GUA)
14
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
15
0
1
0
1

 Guyana (GUY) [GUY]
17
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
0
1
1

 Haiti (HAI) [J]
15
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
1
1
2

 Hong Kong (HKG) [HKG]
16
1
1
1
3
5
0
0
0
0
21
1
1
1
3

 Hungary (HUN)
26
175
147
169
491
23
1
2
4
7
49
176
149
173
498

 Iceland (ISL)
20
0
2
2
4
18
0
0
0
0
38
0
2
2
4

 India (IND) [F]
24
9
7
12
28
10
0
0
0
0
34
9
7
12
28

 Indonesia (INA)
15
7
13
12
32
0
0
0
0
0
15
7
13
12
32

 Iran (IRI) [K]
16
19
22
28
69
11
0
0
0
0
27
19
22
28
69

 Iraq (IRQ)
14
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
1
1

 Ireland (IRL)
21
9
10
12
31
7
0
0
0
0
28
9
10
12
31

 Israel (ISR)
16
1
1
7
9
7
0
0
0
0
23
1
1
7
9

 Italy (ITA) [M] [S]
27
206
178
193
577
23
40
36
48
124
50
246
214
241
701

 Jamaica (JAM) [JAM]
17
22
35
20
77
8
0
0
0
0
25
22
35
20
77

 Japan (JPN)
22
142
135
162
439
21
14
22
22
58
43
156
157
184
497

 Jordan (JOR)
10
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
10
1
0
0
1

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
6
15
20
27
62
7
1
3
4
8
13
16
23
31
70

 Kenya (KEN)
14
31
38
33
102
4
0
0
0
0
18
31
38
33
102

 Kosovo (KOS)
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
1

 North Korea (PRK)
10
16
16
22
54
9
0
1
1
2
19
16
17
23
56

 South Korea (KOR)
17
90
87
90
267
18
31
25
14
70
35
121
112
104
337

 Kuwait (KUW)
12
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
2
2

 Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)
6
0
1
3
4
7
0
0
0
0
13
0
1
3
4

 Latvia (LAT)
11
3
11
5
19
11
0
4
4
8
22
3
15
9
27

 Lebanon (LIB)
17
0
2
2
4
17
0
0
0
0
34
0
2
2
4

 Liechtenstein (LIE)
17
0
0
0
0
19
2
2
6
10
36
2
2
6
10

 Lithuania (LTU)
9
6
7
12
25
9
0
0
0
0
18
6
7
12
25

 Luxembourg (LUX) [O]
23
1
1
0
2
9
0
2
0
2
32
1
3
0
4

 Macedonia (MKD)
6
0
0
1
1
6
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
1
1

 Malaysia (MAS) [MAS]
13
0
7
4
11
1
0
0
0
0
14
0
7
4
11

 Mauritius (MRI)
9
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
1
1

 Mexico (MEX)
23
13
24
32
69
9
0
0
0
0
32
13
24
32
69

 Moldova (MDA)
6
0
2
3
5
7
0
0
0
0
13
0
2
3
5

 Mongolia (MGL)
13
2
10
14
26
14
0
0
0
0
27
2
10
14
26

 Montenegro (MNE)
3
0
1
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
1

 Morocco (MAR)
14
6
5
12
23
7
0
0
0
0
21
6
5
12
23

 Mozambique (MOZ)
10
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
10
1
0
1
2

 Namibia (NAM)
7
0
4
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
4
0
4

 Netherlands (NED) [Z]
26
85
92
108
285
21
45
44
41
130
47
130
136
149
415

 Netherlands Antilles (AHO) [AHO] [I]
13
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
15
0
1
0
1

 New Zealand (NZL) [NZL]
23
46
27
44
117
16
0
1
2
3
39
46
28
46
120

 Niger (NIG)
12
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
1
1
2

 Nigeria (NGR)
16
3
10
12
25
1
0
0
0
0
17
3
10
12
25

 Norway (NOR) [Q]
25
56
49
47
152
23
132
125
111
368
48
188
174
158
520

 Pakistan (PAK)
17
3
3
4
10
3
0
0
0
0
20
3
3
4
10

 Panama (PAN)
17
1
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
17
1
0
2
3

 Paraguay (PAR)
12
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
13
0
1
0
1

 Peru (PER) [L]
18
1
3
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
20
1
3
0
4

 Philippines (PHI)
21
0
3
7
10
5
0
0
0
0
26
0
3
7
10

 Poland (POL)
21
68
83
133
284
23
7
7
8
22
44
75
90
141
306

 Portugal (POR)
24
4
8
12
24
8
0
0
0
0
32
4
8
12
24

 Puerto Rico (PUR)
18
1
2
6
9
7
0
0
0
0
25
1
2
6
9

 Qatar (QAT)
9
0
1
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
1
4
5

 Romania (ROU)
21
89
95
122
306
21
0
0
1
1
42
89
95
123
307

 Russia (RUS) [RUS]
6
149
124
153
426
6
47
38
35
120
12
196
162
188
546

 Russian Empire (RU1) [RU1]
3
1
4
3
8
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
4
3
8

 Soviet Union (URS) [URS]
9
395
319
296
1,010
9
78
57
59
194
18
473
376
355
1,204

 Unified Team (EUN) [EUN]
1
45
38
29
112
1
9
6
8
23
2
54
44
37
135

 Saudi Arabia (KSA)
11
0
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
1
2
3

 Samoa (SAM)
9
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
1
0
1

 Senegal (SEN)
14
0
1
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
19
0
1
0
1

 Serbia (SRB) [SRB]
4
3
6
6
15
3
0
0
0
0
7
3
6
6
15

 Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) [SCG]
1
0
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
2

 Singapore (SIN)
16
1
2
2
5
1
0
0
0
0
17
1
2
2
5

 Slovakia (SVK) [SVK]
6
9
12
7
28
7
3
4
1
8
13
12
16
8
36

 Slovenia (SLO)
7
5
8
10
23
8
2
5
10
17
15
7
13
20
40

 South Africa (RSA)
19
26
31
29
86
7
0
0
0
0
26
26
31
29
86

 Spain (ESP) [Z]
23
45
64
41
150
20
1
0
3
4
43
46
64
44
154

 Sri Lanka (SRI) [SRI]
17
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
2
0
2

 Sudan (SUD)
12
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
1
0
1

 Suriname (SUR) [E]
12
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
12
1
0
1
2

 Sweden (SWE) [Z]
27
145
170
179
494
23
57
46
55
158
50
202
216
234
652

 Switzerland (SUI)
28
50
75
67
192
23
55
46
52
153
51
105
121
119
345

 Syria (SYR)
13
1
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
13
1
1
1
3

 Chinese Taipei (TPE) [TPE] [TPE2]
14
5
7
12
24
12
0
0
0
0
26
5
7
12
24

 Tajikistan (TJK)
6
1
1
2
4
4
0
0
0
0
10
1
1
2
4

 Tanzania (TAN) [TAN]
13
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
2
0
2

 Thailand (THA)
16
9
8
16
33
4
0
0
0
0
20
9
8
16
33

 Togo (TOG)
10
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
1
1

 Tonga (TGA)
9
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
11
0
1
0
1

 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) [TRI]
17
2
6
11
19
3
0
0
0
0
20
2
6
11
19

 Tunisia (TUN)
14
4
2
7
13
0
0
0
0
0
14
4
2
7
13

 Turkey (TUR)
22
39
24
28
91
17
0
0
0
0
39
39
24
28
91

 Uganda (UGA)
15
2
3
2
7
0
0
0
0
0
15
2
3
2
7

 Ukraine (UKR)
6
35
30
56
121
7
3
1
4
8
13
38
31
60
129

 United Arab Emirates (UAE)
9
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
1
2

 United States (USA) [P] [Q] [R] [Z]
27
1,022
795
705
2,522
23
105
110
90
305
50
1,127
905
795
2,827

 Uruguay (URU)
21
2
2
6
10
1
0
0
0
0
22
2
2
6
10

 Uzbekistan (UZB)
6
8
6
17
31
7
1
0
0
1
13
9
6
17
32

 Venezuela (VEN)
18
2
3
10
15
4
0
0
0
0
22
2
3
10
15

 Vietnam (VIE)
15
1
3
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
15
1
3
0
4

 Virgin Islands (ISV)
12
0
1
0
1
7
0
0
0
0
19
0
1
0
1

 Yugoslavia (YUG) [YUG]
18
28
31
31
90
16
0
3
1
4
34
28
34
32
94

 Zambia (ZAM) [ZAM]
13
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
1
1
2

 Zimbabwe (ZIM) [ZIM]
13
3
4
1
8
1
0
0
0
0
14
3
4
1
8

 Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) [IOA]
3
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
1
2

 Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) [IOP]
1
0
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
3

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
6
9
17
1
2
6
9
17

 Mixed team (ZZX) [ZZX]
3
8
5
4
17
0
0
0
0
0
3
8
5
4
17

Totals
28
5,115
5,080
5,482
15,677
23
1,060
1,058
1,050
3,168
51
6,175
6,138
6,532
18,845

text: The sum total of gold, silver and bronze medals are not equal for the following reasons:

text:
Some sports (such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) award or have previously awarded two bronze medals per competition.
Some tied performances have resulted in multiple medals of the same colour being awarded for an event. If this tie is for gold or silver, there will be a consequent absence of a silver or bronze medal for that event.
Not all medals which have been revoked have been re-awarded.
Some early events, such as cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics had only two entrants.
Retroactively awarding gold, silver and bronze medals for the 1896 and 1900 games results in some anomalies, such as the 100 metre freestyle swimming event in 1896 where no surviving records distinguish the places of those who finished between 3rd and 10th position.

text: NOCs without medals[edit]

text: After the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, 71 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees have yet to win an Olympic medal. Seven historic National Olympic Committees and the Refugee Olympic Team are also included in this list.

text:
Team (IOC code)
№ Summer
№ Winter
№ Games

 Albania (ALB)
8
4
12

 American Samoa (ASA)
8
1
9

 Andorra (AND)
11
12
23

 Angola (ANG)
9
0
9

 Antigua and Barbuda (ANT)
10
0
10

 Aruba (ARU)
8
0
8

 Bangladesh (BAN)
9
0
9

 Belize (BIZ) [BIZ]
12
0
12

 Benin (BEN) [BEN]
11
0
11

 Bhutan (BHU)
9
0
9

 Bolivia (BOL)
14
6
20

 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH)
7
7
14

 British Virgin Islands (IVB)
9
2
11

 Brunei (BRU) [A]
5
0
5

 Burkina Faso (BUR) [BUR]
9
0
9

 Cambodia (CAM)
9
0
9

 Cape Verde (CPV)
6
0
6

 Cayman Islands (CAY)
10
2
12

 Central African Republic (CAF)
10
0
10

 Chad (CHA)
12
0
12

 Comoros (COM)
6
0
6

 Congo (CGO)
12
0
12

 Democratic Republic of the Congo (COD) [COD]
10
0
10

 Cook Islands (COK)
8
0
8

 Dominica (DMA)
6
1
7

 El Salvador (ESA)
11
0
11

 Equatorial Guinea (GEQ)
9
0
9

 The Gambia (GAM)
9
0
9

 Guam (GUM)
8
1
9

 Guinea (GUI)
11
0
11

 Guinea-Bissau (GBS)
6
0
6

 Honduras (HON)
11
1
12

 Kiribati (KIR)
4
0
4

 Korea (COR)
0
1
1

 Laos (LAO)
9
0
9

 Lesotho (LES)
11
0
11

 Liberia (LBR) [C]
12
0
12

 Libya (LBA) [D]
10
0
10

 Madagascar (MAD)
12
2
14

 Malawi (MAW)
10
0
10

 Maldives (MDV)
8
0
8

 Mali (MLI)
13
0
13

 Malta (MLT)
16
2
18

 Marshall Islands (MHL)
3
0
3

 Mauritania (MTN)
9
0
9

 Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)
5
0
5

 Monaco (MON) [N]
20
10
30

 Myanmar (MYA) [MYA]
17
0
17

 Nauru (NRU)
6
0
6

 Nepal (NEP)
13
4
17

 Nicaragua (NCA)
12
0
12

 Oman (OMA)
9
0
9

 Palau (PLW)
5
0
5

 Palestine (PLE)
6
0
6

 Papua New Guinea (PNG)
10
0
10

 Rwanda (RWA)
9
0
9

 Saint Kitts and Nevis (SKN)
6
0
6

 Saint Lucia (LCA)
6
0
6

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (VIN)
8
0
8

 San Marino (SMR)
14
10
24

 São Tomé and Príncipe (STP)
6
0
6

 Seychelles (SEY)
9
0
9

 Sierra Leone (SLE)
11
0
11

 Solomon Islands (SOL)
9
0
9

 Somalia (SOM)
9
0
9

 South Sudan (SSD)
1
0
1

 Swaziland (SWZ)
10
1
11

 East Timor (TLS) [I]
4
2
6

 Turkmenistan (TKM)
6
0
6

 Tuvalu (TUV)
3
0
3

 Vanuatu (VAN)
8
0
8

 Yemen (YEM) [YEM]
7
0
7

 North Borneo (NBO) [NBO]
1
0
1

 Malaya (MAL) [MAL]
2
0
2

 Republic of China (ROC) [ROC]
3
0
3

 Saar (SAA) [SAA]
1
0
1

 North Yemen (YAR) [YAR]
2
0
2

 South Yemen (YMD) [YMD]
1
0
1

 Refugee Olympic Team (ROT) [ROT]
1
0
1

text: Variations[edit]

text: The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee. Various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently.

text: Early Olympics[edit]

text: For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC. Only one of these cases concerns a medal. A gold medal that is officially added to France's total is given to Luxembourg.[2]

text: Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics. France is credited with a silver medal[3] and Norway with two gold medals.[4] In the table above these medals are listed under the United States. Furthermore, Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics, and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals.[5]

text: Other differences from the official table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic. This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics. In addition, some sources include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables.[6]

text: Germany[edit]

text: Germany has competed under five different designations, including as two separate teams at several Games. Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams. The table below shows sourced combinations of these teams, when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table.

text:
Summer Games
Winter Games
Combined Total

Team (IOC code)

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

 Germany (GER)[7]
16
191
192
232
615
12
92
88
60
240
28
283
280
292
855

 Germany (GER) (EUA)[8]
19
219
246
268
733
15
100
94
65
259
34
319
340
333
992

 Germany (GER) (EUA) (FRG)[9]
24
275
313
349
937
21
111
109
78
298
45
386
422
427
1235

 Germany (GER) (EUA) (FRG) (GDR)[10]
25[11]
428
442
476
1346
21
150
145
113
408
46[11]
578
587
589
1754

text: Russia and the Soviet Union[edit]

text: The Russian Federation and the Russian Empire are often combined outside of IOC sources. The Soviet Union is sometimes combined with the post-union team that competed in 1992. Few sources combine the Soviet Union and Russia as many republics which subsequently gained independence (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan) contributed to the medal tally of the USSR.

text:
Summer Games
Winter Games
Combined Total

Team (IOC code)

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

№

01 !

02 !

03 !

Total

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
6
9
17
1
2
6
9
17

 Russia (RUS)[12]
6
149
124
153
426
6
47
38
35
120
12
196
162
188
546

 Russia (RUS) (RU1)[13]
9
150
128
156
434
6
47
38
35
120
15
197
166
191
554

 Soviet Union (URS)[9]
9
395
319
296
1010
9
78
57
59
194
18
473
376
355
1204

 Soviet Union (URS) (EUN)[10]
10
440
357
325
1122
10
87
63
67
217
20
527
420
392
1339

 Russia (RUS) (RU1, OAR)  Soviet Union (URS) (EUN)[14]
19
590
485
481
1556
17
136
107
111
354
36
726
592
592
1910

text: Notes[edit]

text: Obsolete nations notes[edit]

text:
ANZ → AUS , NZL Australasia (ANZ) was a combined team of athletes from Australia (AUS) and New Zealand (NZL). They competed together during the 1908 and 1912 Games.
BOH → TCH → CZE , SVK Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia (TCH) after World War I, athletes from Bohemia (BOH) (now part of the present-day Czech Republic) competed in 1900, 1908, and 1912 Games. Czechoslovakia competed in 1920–1992, from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK).
BWI → BAR , JAM , TRI Athletes from Barbados (BAR), Jamaica (JAM), and Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) competed as the British West Indies (BWI) at the 1960 Games. The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958–1962, so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964.
SAA , EUA , GDR , FRG → GER Germany (GER) competed 1896–1952 and from 1992. Due to the partition of Germany after World War II, Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games — Germany (GER) and the Saar (SAA). The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957, and Saar athletes then competed for Germany. East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team, as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted "provisional" recognition by the IOC in 1955. For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a United Team of Germany (EUA), representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany. Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team. After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG) competed as two independent teams from the 1968 to the 1988 Games.
MAL , NBO → MAS Athletes from Malaya (MAL) and North Borneo (NBO) competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games, prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia (MAS) in 1963.
AHO The Netherlands Antilles (AHO), an autonomous country within the Netherlands (NED), competed 1952–2008. The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 because of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.
RU1 → URS → EUN → RUS Russian Empire (RU1) participated at the 1900, 1908 and 1912 Games prior to the World War I. Soviet Union (URS) competed from 1952 to 1988. Unified Team (EUN) is the generic name used for a combined team of six post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and a combined team of twelve post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Russian Federation (RUS) and the other fourteen post-Soviet republics started competing independently since 1992 (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), 1994 or 1996.

SRB , YUG → IOP , SCG Serbia (SRB, 1912, 2006-current) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912. Yugoslavia (YUG, 1920-1992 Winter) competed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) in five Games (1920–1936) before the Second World War. They later competed as Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the Games (1948–1992 Winter). This ended with the Breakup of Yugoslavia. Some ex-Yugoslavian nations (Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina) have competed as independent teams since 1992. Individual athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) competed as Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) at the 1992 Summer Games because of sanctions placed by the United Nations. Athletes representing Macedonia likewise competed as independent olympic participants because their NOC had not yet been formed. Since 1996 Macedonia has competed as independent team. The combined team Serbia and Montenegro (SCG, 2004-2006) consisted of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro. They competed as Yugoslavia from (YUG, 1996–2002) and then changed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2004–2006). After 96 years Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Games. Montenegro first participated as an independent team in 2008.
YAR , YMD → YEM Prior to Yemeni unification in 1990, North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) in 1984 and 1988, and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic (YMD) at the 1988 Games. After forming united republic Yemen (YEM) has participated since 1992.
ROC → CHN , TPE The Republic of China was designated as China at the 1932, 1936, and 1948 Games and was representing all of China (including Taiwan). After the Chinese Civil War, the People's Republic of China (CHN) and Chinese Taipei (TPE) have participated as separate teams.
ZZX Special code used by the IOC to refer to medals won by athletes of multiple nations competing together, which was common in early Games (1896–1904). These medals are not included in the respective totals for each nation represented by individual mixed team athletes.
IOA Special code used by the IOC for athletes whose NOC is not recognized by IOC. At the 2000 Summer Olympics four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes (IOA). At the 2012 Summer Olympics three athletes from former Netherlands Antilles and one athlete from South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA). At the 2016 Summer Olympics nine athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA). Kuwait Olympic Committee had been suspended by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for the second time in five years due to governmental interference.

text: Name changes notes[edit]

text:
BIZ Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras (HBR) in 1968 and 1972.
BEN Benin was known as Dahomey (DAH) in 1972.
BUR Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta (VOL) in 1972.
TPE2 After the Chinese Civil War, Chinese Taipei (TPE) participated using the name of the Republic of China at the 1956, 1960, 1972 and 1976 (winter) Games and using Taiwan designation at the 1964 and 1968 Games. In 1979, the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to the NOC, a compromise that was acceptable for the People's Republic of China (CHN) that led to the start of its participation in the Olympic Games. The name Chinese Taipei was first used in 1984. Participation of the Republic of China, representing all of China (including Taiwan), in 1932, 1936 and 1948 Games are not counted in Taiwan's total participation count.
COD The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire (ZAI) between 1984 and 1996.
CIV Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964 and 1988.
EGY Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic (UAR) between 1960 and 1968.
GBR Includes medals won by athletes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1896–1920) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1924–present), both of which used the name "Great Britain" and the country code GBR.

GHA Prior to Ghana's independence in 1957, Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games.
GUY Prior to Guyana's independence in 1966, British Guiana participated from 1948 to 1964.
HKG Totals of Hong Kong (HKG) includes all medals won by athletes representing the Hong Kong National Olympic Committee, designated as "Hong Kong" from 1952–1996 and "Hong Kong, China" since 2000.
MYA Myanmar was known as Burma (BIR) between 1948 and 1988.
SAM Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984 and 1996.
SRI Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon (CEY) between 1948 and 1972.
TAN Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964, the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games.
ZAM Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games, but had participated as Northern Rhodesia (NRH) during those Games.
ZIM Prior to Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia (RHO) in 1928, 1960, and 1964 Games.

text: Participation notes[edit]

text:
A Brunei's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official, but no competing athletes. This participation is not counted in Brunei's participation total.
B Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony, but neither athlete competed, so this participation is not counted in Djibouti's participation total.
C Liberia's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the Opening Ceremony and took part in the boycott. This participation is not counted in Liberia's participation total.
D Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games, but then withdrew from competition. This participation is not counted in Libya's participation total.
E Suriname at the 1960 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony, but its lone athlete withdrew from Games due to a scheduling error. Participation of Suriname at the 1960 Games not recognized by IOC, so this participation is not counted in Suriname's participation total.

F India's athletes originally competed at the 2014 Games as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association's suspension. On February 11, 2014, the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward.
Ia Ib Does not include the participation of Timor-Leste's and Netherlands Antilles's athletes as Individual Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Za Zb Zc Zd Ze Zf Zg Zh Zi Zj Zk Zl Zm Does not include medals won as part of mixed teams with athletes from other nations (1896–1904).

text: Disputed participation notes[edit]

text:
H The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud, a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia, competed for the nation in 1896. Bulgarian participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC.
I The Chilean Olympic Committee claims that Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz, a Chilean diplomat and athlete, competed for the nation in 1896. Chilean participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC.
J Some sources consider Léon Thiércelin, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Haitian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Haiti. Participation of Haiti at the 1900 Games not recognized by the IOC, so this participation is not counted in Haiti's participation total.
K Some sources consider Freydoun Malkom, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran. Participation of Iran at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC, so this participation is not counted in Iran's participation total.
L Some sources consider Carlos de Candamo, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Peruvian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Peru. Participation of Peru at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC, so this participation is not counted in Peru's participation total.
M Enrico Brusoni's gold medal in the Cycling Men's Points Race at the 1900 Summer Olympics[15] is recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee, but this race is not recognized by the IOC as a 1900 Summer Olympics event.[16]

N Monaco earned a bronze in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics.[17] However, medals in art competitions are no longer recognized by the IOC.[18]
Oa Ob Michel Théato, a French athlete who won the gold medal in marathon at the 1900 Games, was born in Luxembourg.[2] The IOC does not recognize Luxembourg participation at the 1900 Games and attributes his medal to France.

The nationalities of many medalists at the 1904 Olympics are disputed as many competitors were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship.

Pa Pb Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey's participation in 1904. Although the Games report refers to Corey as a "Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association", the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France, and in contradiction, the medal in the four mile team race (that was won by a team of three Americans and Corey) to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States.
Qa Qb The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian-American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States; each won a gold medal. In 2012, Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22, 1905, and that Hansen, who was registered as an "alien" as late as 1925, probably never received American citizenship. The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians.[19][20] In May 2013 it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC's medal database.[21]
R Bob Fowler, an American marathon runner who competed at the 1904 Games, was a native Newfoundlander, Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics, and would be listed as an historical NOC without medals.[5] Participation of Newfoundland at the 1904 Games is not recognized by the IOC.
S In 2009, historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni formerly thought to be an American athlete was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904 being granted US citizenship in 1917.[22][23]


document_title: List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations

question_text: who served as the ambassador of india in un

root

text: United Nations member states[edit]

text:
#
Country
Name
Date of presentation of credentials
(as of 21 August 2017)[1]
Former Permanent Representatives

1.
 Afghanistan
Mahmoud Saikal
000000002015-10-27-000027 October 2015

2.
 Albania
Besiana Kadare
000000002016-06-30-000030 June 2016
Permanent Representative of Albania to the United Nations

3.
 Algeria
Sabri Boukadoum
000000002014-03-14-000014 March 2014

4.
 Andorra
Elisenda Vives Balmaña
000000002015-11-03-00003 November 2015

5.
 Angola
Ismael Abraão Gaspar Martins
000000002001-05-23-000023 May 2001

6.
 Antigua and Barbuda
Walton Alfonso Webson
000000002014-12-17-000017 December 2014

7.
 Argentina
María Cristina Perceval
000000002012-11-23-000023 November 2012

8.
 Armenia
Zohrab Mnatsakanian
000000002014-06-10-000010 June 2014

9.
 Australia
Gillian Bird
000000002015-02-17-000017 February 2015
Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations

10.
 Austria
Jan Kickert
000000002015-09-08-00008 September 2015

11.
 Azerbaijan
Yashar T. Aliyev
000000002014-06-10-000010 June 2014

12.
 Bahamas
Elliston Rahming
000000002013-09-13-000013 September 2013

13.
 Bahrain
Jamal Fares Alrowaiei
000000002011-09-14-000014 September 2011

14.
 Bangladesh
Masud Bin Momen
000000002015-09-24-000024 September 2015

15.
 Barbados
Keith Hamilton Lewellyn Marshall
000000002015-04-22-000022 April 2015
Permanent Representative of Barbados to the United Nations

16.
 Belarus
Andrei Dapkiunas
000000002012-01-04-00004 January 2012

17.
 Belgium
Marc Pecsteen de Buytswerve
000000002016-08-22-000022 August 2016
List of Belgian Permanent Representatives to the United Nations

18.
 Belize
Lois Michele Young
000000002012-09-19-000019 September 2012

19.
 Benin
Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou
000000002010-01-07-00007 January 2010

20.
 Bhutan
Kunzang Choden Namgyel
000000002014-02-25-000025 February 2014[2]

21.
 Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Sacha Sergio Llorentty Solíz
000000002012-09-19-000019 September 2012

22.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Miloš Vukašinović
000000002015-08-13-000013 August 2015

23.
 Botswana
Charles Thembani Ntwaagae
000000002008-07-31-000031 July 2008

24.
 Brazil
Mauro Luiz Iecker Vieira
000000002016-11-11-000011 November 2016

25.
 Brunei Darussalam
Dato Abdul Ghafar Ismail
000000002013-03-28-000028 March 2013

26.
 Bulgaria
Georgi Velikov Panayotov
000000002016-09-09-00009 September 2016

27.
 Burkina Faso
Yemdaogo Eric Tiare
000000002015-12-21-000021 December 2015

28.
 Burundi
Albert Shingiro
000000002014-09-04-00004 September 2014

29.
 Cabo Verde
José Luis Fialho Rocha
000000002016-12-05-00005 December 2016

30.
 Cambodia
Ry Tuy
000000002014-02-28-000028 February 2014

31.
 Cameroon
Michel Tommo Monthé
000000002008-09-08-00008 September 2008

32.
 Canada
Marc-André Blanchard
000000002016-04-12-000012 April 2016
Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations

33.
 Central African Republic
Ambroisine Kpongo
000000002014-09-19-000019 September 2014

34.
 Chad
Ali Alefei Moustapha
000000002017-01-09-00009 January 2017

35.
 Chile
Cristián Barros Melet
000000002014-04-16-000016 April 2014
Permanent Representative of Chile to the United Nations

36.
 China
Liu Jieyi
000000002013-09-03-00003 September 2013
Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations

37.
 Colombia
María Emma Mejía Vélez
000000002014-02-25-000025 February 2014
Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations

38.
 Comoros
Mohamed Soilihi Soilih
000000002014-11-05-00005 November 2014

39.
 Congo
Raymond-Serge Balé
000000002008-11-11-000011 November 2008

40.
 Costa Rica
Juan Carlos Mendoza García
000000002014-09-04-00004 September 2014

41.
 Côte d'Ivoire
Claude Stanislas Bouah-Kamon
000000002015-05-11-000011 May 2015

42.
 Croatia
Vladimir Drobnjak
000000002013-08-05-00005 August 2013
Permanent Representative of Croatia to the United Nations

43.
 Cuba
Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo
000000002017-01-23-000023 January 2017

44.
 Cyprus
Kornelios Korneliou
000000002017-02-22-000022 February 2017

45.
 Czech Republic
Marie Chatardová
000000002016-08-02-00002 August 2016

46.
 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Ja Song Nam
000000002014-02-28-000028 February 2014

47.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ignace Gata Mavita wa Lufuta
000000002012-09-05-00005 September 2012

48.
 Denmark
Ib Petersen
000000002013-08-05-00005 August 2013

49.
 Djibouti
Mohamed Siad Doualeh
000000002015-11-24-000024 November 2015

50.
 Dominica
Loreen Ruth Bannis-Roberts
000000002016-08-22-000022 August 2016

51.
 Dominican Republic
Francisco Antonio Cortorreal
000000002014-04-16-000016 April 2014

52.
 Ecuador
Horacio Sevilla Borja
000000002016-06-09-00009 June 2016

53.
 Egypt
Amr Abdellatif Aboulatta
000000002014-09-14-000014 September 2014

54.
 El Salvador
Rubén Ignacio Zamora Rivas
000000002014-08-13-000013 August 2014

55.
 Equatorial Guinea
Anatolio Ndong Mba
000000002010-01-07-00007 January 2010

56.
 Eritrea
Amanuel Giorgio
chargé d’affaires ad interim

57.
 Estonia
Sven Jürgenson
000000002015-08-13-000013 August 2015

58.
 Ethiopia
Tekeda Alemu
000000002011-01-24-000024 January 2011

59.
 Fiji
Luke Daunivalu
chargé d’affaires ad interim

60.
 Finland
Kai Jürgen Mikael Sauer
000000002014-08-19-000019 August 2014
Permanent Representative of Finland to the United Nations

61.
 France
François Delattre
000000002009-09-10-000010 September 2009
Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations

62.
 Gabon
Michel Xavier Biang
000000002017-08-18-000018 August 2017

63.
 Gambia
Mamadou Tangara
000000002017-05-03-00003 May 2017

64.
 Georgia
Kaha Imnadze[3]
000000002013-07-23-000023 July 2013

65.
 Germany
Christoph Heusgen
000000002017-07-26-000026 July 2017
Permanent Representative of Germany to the United Nations

66.
 Ghana
Martha Ama Akyaa Pobee
000000002015-07-31-000031 July 2015

67.
 Greece
Catherine Boura
000000002015-03-10-000010 March 2015

68.
 Grenada
Kesha A. McGuire
000000002016-04-12-000012 April 2016
Grenadian Permanent Representative to the United Nations

69.
 Guatemala
Jorge Skinner-Klée
000000002016-09-09-00009 September 2016

70.
 Guinea
Mamadi Touré
000000002011-09-14-000014 September 2011

71.
 Guinea-Bissau
João Soares Da Gama
000000002010-08-13-000013 August 2010

72.
 Guyana
Rudolp Michael Ten-Pow
000000002016-08-22-000022 August 2016
Permanent Representative of Guyana to the United Nations

73.
 Haiti
Denis Regis
000000002013-07-23-000023 July 2013

74.
 Honduras
Mary Elizabeth Flores
000000002010-04-29-000029 April 2010
Permanent Representative of Honduras to the United Nations

75.
 Hungary
Katalin Annamária Bogyay
000000002015-01-20-000020 January 2015

76.
 Iceland
Einar Gunnarsson
000000002015-01-20-000020 January 2015

77.
 India
Syed Akbaruddin
000000002015-09-24-000024 September 2015
Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations

78.
 Indonesia
Dian Triansyah Djani
000000002016-04-12-000012 April 2016
Permanent Representative of Indonesia to the United Nations

79.
 Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Gholamali Khoshroo
000000002015-02-17-000017 February 2015
Permanent Representative of Iran to the United Nations

80.
 Iraq
Mohamed Ali Alhakim
000000002013-05-03-00003 May 2013
Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations

81.
 Ireland
Geraldine Byrne Nason
000000002017-08-18-000018 August 2017

82.
 Israel
Danny Danon
000000002015-08-14-000014 August 2015
Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations

83.
 Italy
Sebastiano Cardi
000000002013-09-20-000020 September 2013
Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations

84.
 Jamaica
Courtenay Rattray
000000002013-06-25-000025 June 2013

85.
 Japan
Koro Bessho
000000002016-06-10-000010 June 2016

86.
 Jordan
Sima Sami Bahous
000000002016-08-22-000022 August 2016

87.
 Kazakhstan
Kairat Umarov
000000002017-01-09-00009 January 2017

88.
 Kenya
Macharia Kamau
000000002010-12-16-000016 December 2010

89.
 Kiribati
Makurita Baaro
000000002013-08-19-000019 August 2013

90.
 Kuwait
Mansour Ayyad SH A Alotaibi
000000002010-03-04-00004 March 2010

91.
 Kyrgyzstan
Mirgul Moldoisaeva
000000002016-04-12-000012 April 2016

92.
 Lao People's Democratic Republic
Khiane Phansourivong
000000002014-04-16-000016 April 2014

93.
 Latvia
Jānis Mažeiks
000000002013-09-03-00003 September 2013

94.
 Lebanon
Nawaf Salam
000000002007-07-13-000013 July 2007

95.
 Lesotho
Kelebone Maope
000000002013-06-25-000025 June 2013

96.
 Liberia
Marjon V. Kamara[4]
000000002009-10-08-00008 October 2009
Permanent Representative of Liberia to the United Nations

97.
 Libya
Elmahdi S. Elmajerbi
chargé d’affaires ad interim

98.
 Liechtenstein
Christian Wenaweser
000000002002-10-01-00001 October 2002

99.
 Lithuania
Audra Plepytė
000000002017-08-18-000018 August 2017
Permanent Representative of Lithuania to the United Nations

100.
 Luxembourg
Christian Braun
000000002016-09-09-00009 September 2016
Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the United Nations

101.
 Madagascar
Zina Andrianarivelo-Razafy
000000002002-09-09-00009 September 2002

102.
 Malawi
Necton D. Mhura
000000002016-09-09-00009 September 2016

103.
 Malaysia
Muhammad Shahrul Ikram bin Yaakob
000000002017-02-22-000022 February 2017

104.
 Maldives
Ali Naseer Mohamed
000000002017-07-26-000026 July 2017

105.
 Mali
Issa Konfourou
000000002016-09-09-00009 September 2016

106.
 Malta
Carmelo Inguanez
000000002016-07-05-00005 July 2016

107.
 Marshall Islands
Amatlain Elizabeth Kabua
000000002016-07-05-00005 July 2016

108.
 Mauritania
Ousmane Ba
000000002017-07-05-00005 July 2017

109.
 Mauritius
Jagdish Dharamchand Koonjul
000000002015-11-24-000024 November 2015

110.
 Mexico
Juan José Gomez Camacho
000000002016-02-16-000016 February 2016

111.
 Federated States of Micronesia
Jane J. Chigiyal
000000002011-12-02-00002 December 2011

112.
 Monaco
Isabelle F. Picco
000000002009-09-11-000011 September 2009

113.
 Mongolia
Sukhee Sukhbold
000000002015-07-31-000031 July 2015

114.
 Montenegro
Željko Perović
000000002015-05-11-000011 May 2015

115.
 Morocco
Omar Hilale
000000002014-04-23-000023 April 2014
Permanent Representative of Morocco to the United Nations

116.
 Mozambique
António Gumende
000000002011-10-20-000020 October 2011

117.
 Myanmar
Hau Do Suan
000000002016-07-05-00005 July 2016

118.
 Namibia
Neville Melvin Gertze
000000002017-01-09-00009 January 2017

119.
 Nauru
Marlene Moses
000000002005-03-30-000030 March 2005

120.
   Nepal
Durga Prasad Bhattarai
000000002013-08-19-000019 August 2013

121.
 Netherlands
Karel van Oosterom
000000002013-08-05-00005 August 2013

122.
 New Zealand
Craig John Hawke
000000002017-08-18-000018 August 2017
List of Permanent Representatives of New Zealand to the United Nations in New York

123.
 Nicaragua
María Rubiales de Chamorro
000000002007-07-13-000013 July 2007

124.
 Niger
Abdallah Wafy
000000002015-09-08-00008 September 2015

125.
 Nigeria
Tijjani Muhammad Bande
000000002017-05-03-00003 May 2017

126.
 Norway
Geir O. Pedersen
000000002012-09-05-00005 September 2012

127.
 Oman
Khalifa Ali Issa Al Harthy
000000002016-09-09-00009 September 2016

128.
 Pakistan
Maleeha Lodhi
000000002015-03-10-000010 March 2015
Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations

129.
 Palau
Ngedikes Olai Uludong
000000002017-03-21-000021 March 2017

130.
 Panama
Laura Elena Flores Herrera
000000002014-09-04-00004 September 2014
Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations

131.
 Papua New Guinea
Max Hufanen Rai
000000002016-06-09-00009 June 2016

132.
 Paraguay
Julio César Arriola Ramirez
000000002017-03-21-000021 March 2017

133.
 Peru
Gustavo Adolfo Meza-Cuadra Velásquez
000000002013-10-24-000024 October 2013

134.
 Philippines
Teodoro Lopez Locsin
000000002017-04-19-000019 April 2017
Permanent Representative of the Philippines to the United Nations

135.
 Poland
Boguslaw Winid
000000002014-09-04-00004 September 2014

136.
 Portugal
Alvaro José Costa de Mendonça e Moura
000000002013-04-16-000016 April 2013

137.
 Qatar
Alya bint Ahmed Al Thani
000000002013-10-24-000024 October 2013

138.
 Republic of Korea
Cho Tae-yul
000000002016-12-05-00005 December 2016

139.
 Republic of Moldova
Victor Moraru
000000002017-07-05-00005 July 2017
Permanent Representative of Moldova to the United Nations

140.
 Romania
Ion Jinga
000000002015-08-13-000013 August 2015

141.
 Russian Federation
Vasily Nebenzya
000000002017-07-28-000028 July 2017
Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations

142.
 Rwanda
Valentine Rugwabiza
000000002016-11-11-000011 November 2016

143.
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Sam Terrance Condor
000000002015-10-27-000027 October 2015

144.
 Saint Lucia
Cosmos Richardson
000000002017-02-22-000022 February 2017

145.
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Inga Rhonda King
000000002013-09-13-000013 September 2013

146.
 Samoa
Ali'ioaiga Feturi Elisaia
000000002003-09-18-000018 September 2003

147.
 San Marino
Damiano Beleffi
000000002016-08-22-000022 August 2016

148.
 São Tomé and Príncipe
Alcinio Cravid e Silva
chargé d’affaires ad interim

149.
 Saudi Arabia
Abdallah Yahya A. Al-Mouallimi
000000002011-06-23-000023 June 2011

150.
 Senegal
Fodé Seck
000000002014-09-19-000019 September 2014

151.
 Serbia
Milan Milanović
000000002013-08-19-000019 August 2013

152.
 Seychelles
Ronald Jean Jumeau
000000002017-05-03-00003 May 2017

153.
 Sierra Leone
Adikalie Foday Sumah
000000002016-09-09-00009 September 2016

154.
 Singapore
Burhanudeen Gafoor
000000002016-08-22-000022 August 2016

155.
 Slovakia
Michal Mlynár
000000002017-08-18-000018 August 2017

156.
 Slovenia
Darja Bavdaž Kuret
000000002017-08-18-000018 August 2017

157.
 Solomon Islands
Robert Sisilo
000000002017-01-23-000023 January 2017

158.
 Somalia
Abukar Dahir Osman
000000002017-07-26-000026 July 2017

159.
 South Africa
Jeremiah Nyamane Kingsley Mamabolo[5]
000000002013-03-13-000013 March 2013

160.
 South Sudan
Akuei Bona Malwal
000000002016-07-05-00005 July 2016

161.
 Spain
Román Oyarzun Marchesi
000000002014-01-09-00009 January 2014

162.
 Sri Lanka
Amrith Rohan Perera
000000002015-04-22-000022 April 2015
Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the United Nations

163.
 Sudan
Omar Dahab Fadi Mohamed
000000002015-09-08-00008 September 2015

164.
 Suriname
Henry Leonard Mac-Donald
000000002016-10-21-000021 October 2016

165.
 Swaziland
Melusi Martin Masuku
000000002017-07-05-00005 July 2017

166.
 Sweden
Olof Skoog
000000002015-03-10-000010 March 2015
Permanent Representative of Sweden to the United Nations

167.
  Switzerland
Jürg Lauber
000000002015-09-08-00008 September 2015

168.
 Syrian Arab Republic
Bashar Jaafari
000000002006-07-31-000031 July 2006
Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations

169.
 Tajikistan
Mahmadamin Mahmadaminov
000000002014-02-25-000025 February 2014

170.
 Thailand
Virachai Plasai
000000002015-03-10-000010 March 2015

171.
 Republic of Macedonia[6]
Vasile Andonovski
000000002014-03-14-000014 March 2014

172.
 Timor-Leste
Milena Pires
000000002016-04-12-000012 April 2016

173.
 Togo
Kokou Kpayedo
000000002016-06-30-000030 June 2016

174.
 Tonga
Mahe 'Uli'uli Sandhurst Tupouniua
000000002013-08-19-000019 August 2013

175.
 Trinidad and Tobago
Pennelope Althea Beckles
000000002016-08-22-000022 August 2016

176.
 Tunisia
Mohamed Khaled Khiari
000000002012-11-23-000023 November 2012

177.
 Turkey
Feridun Hadi Sinirlioglu
000000002016-10-21-000021 October 2016

178.
 Turkmenistan
Aksoltan Toreevna Ataeva
000000001995-02-23-000023 February 1995

179.
 Tuvalu
Samuelu Laloniu
000000002017-07-26-000026 July 2017

180.
 Uganda
Adonia Ayebare
000000002017-05-03-00003 May 2017

181.
 Ukraine
Volodymyr Yelchenko
000000002015-12-09-00009 December 2015
Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations

182.
 United Arab Emirates
Lana Zaki Nusseibeh
000000002013-09-18-000018 September 2013

183.
 United Kingdom
Matthew Rycroft
000000002015-04-25-000025 April 2015
Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations

184.
 United Republic of Tanzania
Modest Jonathan Mero
000000002017-03-21-000021 March 2017
Permanent Representative of Tanzania to the United Nations

185.
 United States of America
Nikki Haley
000000002017-01-27-000027 January 2017
United States Ambassador to the United Nations

186.
 Uruguay
Elbio Roselli
000000002015-12-21-000021 December 2015

187.
 Uzbekistan
Bakhtiyor Ibragimov
000000002017-05-23-000023 May 2017

188.
 Vanuatu
Odo Tevi
000000002014-08-13-000013 August 2014

189.
 Venezuela
Rafael Darío Ramírez Carreño
000000002015-01-16-000016 January 2015

190.
 Vietnam
Nguyen Phuong Nga
000000002014-11-05-00005 November 2014

191.
 Yemen
Khaled Hussein Mohamed Alyemany
000000002015-01-20-000020 January 2015

192.
 Zambia
Lazarous Kapambwe
000000002017-07-05-00005 July 2017

193.
 Zimbabwe
Frederick Musiiwa Makamure Shava
000000002014-09-19-000019 September 2014

tag: table

text: United Nations General Assembly observers[edit]

text: Non-member observer states[edit]

text: (as of 1 February 2017)

tag: p

text:
State
Name
Date of presentation
of credentials [1]
Former Permanent Observers

 Holy See
Bernardito Auza
000000002014-09-19-000019 September 2014
Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations

 Palestine
Riyad Mansour
000000002005-09-12-000012 September 2005[7]
Palestinian Ambassador to the United Nations

text: Intergovernmental organizations[edit]

text:
Entity
Name
Date of presentation
of credentials

African Union
Téte António[8]
000000002009-11-09-00009 November 2009

Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization
Roy S. Lee[9]
000000002009-11-09-00009 November 2009

Caribbean Community
Missouri Sherman-Peter[10]
000000002014-11-05-00005 November 2014

Central American Integration System
Carlos Campos
000000002015-10-16-000016 October 2015

Commonwealth
vacant
999999999999-99-99-0000

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Alammar[11]
000000002014-08-19-000019 August 2014

Economic Community of Western African States
Tanou Koné[12]
000000002015-02-17-000017 February 2015

European Union
Joao Vale de Almeida[13]
000000002015-11-03-00003 November 2015

International Chamber of Commerce
Louise Kantrow
000000002017-04-19-000019 April 2017

International Criminal Police Organization
Emmanuel Roux
000000002015-10-16-000016 October 2015

International Development Law Organization
Patrizio M. Civili
000000002015-10-16-000016 October 2015

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
Massimo Tommasoli
000000002015-10-16-000016 October 2015

International Organization for Migration
Ashraf Elnour Mustafa Mohamed Nour
000000002015-05-11-000011 May 2015

International Organization of la Francophonie
vacant
999999999999-99-99-0000

International Renewable Energy Agency
vacant
999999999999-99-99-0000

International Union for Conservation of Nature
David Chadwick O'Connor[14]
000000002015-11-24-000024 November 2015

League of Arab States
vacant
999999999999-99-99-0000

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Marcos Andre Bonturi[15]
000000002016-08-02-00002 August 2016

Organization of American States
Gonzalo Koncke[16]
000000002016-01-25-000025 January 2016

Organization of Islamic Cooperation
Agshin Mehdiyev[17]
000000002016-06-30-000030 June 2016

Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean
Qazi Shaukat Fareed[18]
000000002015-07-31-000031 July 2015

Partners in Population and Development
Mohammad Nurul Alam[19]
000000002012-07-06-00006 July 2012

South Centre
Manuel F. Montes
000000002017-07-05-00005 July 2017

University for Peace
Narinder Kakar[20]
000000002009-03-16-000016 March 2009

text: Other entities[edit]

text: Listed below are representatives from organizations, not sovereign states, described by the United Nations as "Other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and maintaining permanent offices at Headquarters." (as of 1 February 2017)

text:
Entity
Name
Date of presentation
of credentials

International Committee of the Red Cross
Philip Spoerri[21]
000000002014-12-17-000017 December 2014

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Alasan Senghore[22]
000000002016-06-09-00009 June 2016

International Olympic Committee
Mario Pescante[23]
000000002010-03-15-000015 March 2010

Inter-Parliamentary Union
Paddy Torsney[24]
000000002014-04-16-000016 April 2014

Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Oscar R. de Rojas[25]
000000002015-11-03-00003 November 2015


document_title: Arctic Ocean

question_text: what is the size of the artic ocean

question_tokens: what is the size of the artic ocean

text: Arctic Ocean

text: History[edit]

text: For much of European history, the north polar regions remained largely unexplored and their geography conjectural. Pytheas of Massilia recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 BC, to a land he called "Eschate Thule", where the Sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance "on which one can neither walk nor sail". He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as "growlers" or "bergy bits"; his "Thule" was probably Norway, though the Faroe Islands or Shetland have also been suggested.[5]

text: Early cartographers were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land (as in Johannes Ruysch's map of 1507, or Gerardus Mercator's map of 1595) or water (as with Martin Waldseemüller's world map of 1507). The fervent desire of European merchants for a northern passage, the Northern Sea Route or the Northwest Passage, to "Cathay" (China) caused water to win out, and by 1723 mapmakers such as Johann Homann featured an extensive "Oceanus Septentrionalis" at the northern edge of their charts.

text: The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the Arctic Circle in this era added only small islands, such as Novaya Zemlya (11th century) and Spitzbergen (1596), though since these were often surrounded by pack-ice, their northern limits were not so clear. The makers of navigational charts, more conservative than some of the more fanciful cartographers, tended to leave the region blank, with only fragments of known coastline sketched in.

text: This lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures. In England and other European nations, the myth of an "Open Polar Sea" was persistent. John Barrow, longtime Second Secretary of the British Admiralty, promoted exploration of the region from 1818 to 1845 in search of this.

text: In the United States in the 1850s and 1860s, the explorers Elisha Kane and Isaac Israel Hayes both claimed to have seen part of this elusive body of water. Even quite late in the century, the eminent authority Matthew Fontaine Maury included a description of the Open Polar Sea in his textbook The Physical Geography of the Sea (1883). Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.

text: Fridtjof Nansen was the first to make a nautical crossing of the Arctic Ocean, in 1896. The first surface crossing of the ocean was led by Wally Herbert in 1969, in a dog sled expedition from Alaska to Svalbard, with air support.[6] The first nautical transit of the north pole was made in 1958 by the submarine USS Nautilus, and the first surface nautical transit occurred in 1977 by the icebreaker NS Arktika.

text: Since 1937, Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations have extensively monitored the Arctic Ocean. Scientific settlements were established on the drift ice and carried thousands of kilometres by ice floes.[7]

text: In World War II, the European region of the Arctic Ocean was heavily contested: the Allied commitment to resupply the Soviet Union via its northern ports was opposed by German naval and air forces.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km2 (5,427,000 sq mi), almost the size of Antarctica.[8][9] The coastline is 45,390 km (28,200 mi) long.[8][10] It is surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia, North America, Greenland, and by several islands.

text: It is generally taken to include Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, White Sea and other tributary bodies of water. It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea.[1]

text: Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean are: Russia, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada and the United States.

text: Extent and major ports[edit]

text: There are several ports and harbours around the Arctic Ocean[11]

text: United States[edit]

text: In Alaska, the main ports are Barrow (71°17′44″N 156°45′59″W / 71.29556°N 156.76639°W / 71.29556; -156.76639 (Barrow)) and Prudhoe Bay (70°19′32″N 148°42′41″W / 70.32556°N 148.71139°W / 70.32556; -148.71139 (Prudhoe)).

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, ships may anchor at Churchill (Port of Churchill) (58°46′28″N 094°11′37″W / 58.77444°N 94.19361°W / 58.77444; -94.19361 (Port of Churchill)) in Manitoba, Nanisivik (Nanisivik Naval Facility) (73°04′08″N 084°32′57″W / 73.06889°N 84.54917°W / 73.06889; -84.54917 (Nanisivik Naval Facility)) in Nunavut,[12] Tuktoyaktuk (69°26′34″N 133°01′52″W / 69.44278°N 133.03111°W / 69.44278; -133.03111 (Tuktoyaktuk)) or Inuvik (68°21′42″N 133°43′50″W / 68.36167°N 133.73056°W / 68.36167; -133.73056 (Inuvik)) in the Northwest territories.

text: Greenland[edit]

text: In Greenland, the main port is at Nuuk (Nuuk Port and Harbour) (64°10′15″N 051°43′15″W / 64.17083°N 51.72083°W / 64.17083; -51.72083 (Nuuk Port and Harbour)).

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, Kirkenes (69°43′37″N 030°02′44″E / 69.72694°N 30.04556°E / 69.72694; 30.04556 (Kirkenes)) and Vardø (70°22′14″N 031°06′27″E / 70.37056°N 31.10750°E / 70.37056; 31.10750 (Vardø)) are ports on the mainland. Also, there is Longyearbyen (78°13′12″N 15°39′00″E / 78.22000°N 15.65000°E / 78.22000; 15.65000 (Longyearbyen)) on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago, next to Fram Strait.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia, major ports sorted by the different sea areas are:

text:
Murmansk (68°58′N 033°05′E / 68.967°N 33.083°E / 68.967; 33.083 (Murmansk)) in the Barents Sea
Arkhangelsk (64°32′N 040°32′E / 64.533°N 40.533°E / 64.533; 40.533 (Arkhangelsk)) in the White Sea
Labytnangi (66°39′26″N 066°25′06″E / 66.65722°N 66.41833°E / 66.65722; 66.41833 (Labytnangi)) Salekhard (66°32′N 066°36′E / 66.533°N 66.600°E / 66.533; 66.600 (Salekhard)), Dudinka (69°24′N 086°11′E / 69.400°N 86.183°E / 69.400; 86.183 (Dudinka)), Igarka (67°28′N 86°35′E / 67.467°N 86.583°E / 67.467; 86.583 (Igarka)) and Dikson (73°30′N 080°31′E / 73.500°N 80.517°E / 73.500; 80.517 (Dikson)) in the Kara Sea
Tiksi (71°38′N 128°52′E / 71.633°N 128.867°E / 71.633; 128.867 (Tiksi)) in the Laptev Sea
Pevek (69°42′N 170°17′E / 69.700°N 170.283°E / 69.700; 170.283 (Pevek)) in the East Siberian Sea

tag: ul

text: Arctic shelves[edit]

text: The ocean's Arctic shelf comprises a number of continental shelves, including the Canadian Arctic shelf, underlying the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the Russian continental shelf, which is sometimes simply called the "Arctic Shelf" because it is greater in extent. The Russian continental shelf consists of three separate, smaller shelves, the Barents Shelf, Chukchi Sea Shelf and Siberian Shelf. Of these three, the Siberian Shelf is the largest such shelf in the world. The Siberian Shelf holds large oil and gas reserves, and the Chukchi shelf forms the border between Russian and the United States as stated in the USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement. The whole area is subject to international territorial claims.

text: Underwater features[edit]

text: An underwater ridge, the Lomonosov Ridge, divides the deep sea North Polar Basin into two oceanic basins: the Eurasian Basin, which is between 4,000 and 4,500 m (13,100 and 14,800 ft) deep, and the Amerasian Basin (sometimes called the North American, or Hyperborean Basin), which is about 4,000 m (13,000 ft) deep. The bathymetry of the ocean bottom is marked by fault block ridges, abyssal plains, ocean deeps, and basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 m (3,406 ft).[13] The deepest point is Litke Deep in the Eurasian Basin, at 5,450 m (17,880 ft).

text: The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).

text: Oceanography[edit]

text: Water flow[edit]

text: In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about 50 m (160 ft)) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. It remains relatively stable, because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect. It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so-called halocline, in which both salinity and temperature are rising with increasing depth.

text: Because of its relative isolation from other oceans, the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow. It is classified as a mediterranean sea, which as “a part of the world ocean which has only limited communication with the major ocean basins (these being the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans) and where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing”.[14] The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07×106 km3, equal to about 1.3% of the World Ocean. Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin.[15]

text: Water enters from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and can be divided into three unique water masses. The deepest water mass is called Arctic Bottom Water and begins around 900 metres (3,000 feet) depth.[14] It is composed of the densest water in the World Ocean and has two main sources: Arctic shelf water and Greenland Sea Deep Water. Water in the shelf region that begins as inflow from the Pacific passes through the narrow Bering Strait at an average rate of 0.8 Sverdrups and reaches the Chukchi Sea.[16] During the winter, cold Alaskan winds blow over the Chukchi Sea, freezing the surface water and pushing this newly formed ice out to the Pacific. The speed of the ice drift is roughly 1–4 cm/s.[15] This process leaves dense, salty waters in the sea that sink over the continental shelf into the western Arctic Ocean and create a halocline.[17]

text: This water is met by Greenland Sea Deep Water, which forms during the passage of winter storms. As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below.[14] Arctic Bottom Water is critically important because of its outflow, which contributes to the formation of Atlantic Deep Water. The overturning of this water plays a key role in global circulation and the moderation of climate.

text: In the depth range of 150–900 metres (490–2,950 feet) is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the North Atlantic Current enters through the Fram Strait, cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the Arctic Basin counter-clockwise. This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current.[16] It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s.[14] Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.[14] When water reaches the basin it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the Beaufort Gyre. Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers.[17]

text: The final defined water mass in the Arctic Ocean is called Arctic Surface Water and is found from 150–200 metres (490–660 feet). The most important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer. It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through canyons and is subjected to intense mixing on the Siberian Shelf.[14] As it is entrained, it cools and acts a heat shield for the surface layer. This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice. Additionally, this water forms the swiftest currents of the Arctic, with speed of around 0.3-0.6 m/s.[14] Complementing the water from the canyons, some Pacific water that does not sink to the shelf region after passing through the Bering Strait also contributes to this water mass.

text: Waters originating in the Pacific and Atlantic both exit through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard Island, which is about 2,700 metres (8,900 feet) deep and 350 kilometres (220 miles) wide. This outflow is about 9 Sv.[16] The width of the Fram Strait is what allows for both inflow and outflow on the Atlantic side of the Arctic Ocean. Because of this, it is influenced by the Coriolis force, which concentrates outflow to the East Greenland Current on the western side and inflow to the Norwegian Current on the eastern side.[14] Pacific water also exits along the west coast of Greenland and the Hudson Strait (1-2 Sv), providing nutrients to the Canadian Archipelago.[16]

text: As noted, the process of ice formation and movement is a key driver in Arctic Ocean circulation and the formation of water masses. With this dependence, the Arctic Ocean experiences variations due to seasonal changes in sea ice cover. Sea ice movement is the result of wind forcing, which is related to a number of meteorological conditions that the Arctic experiences throughout the year. For example, the Beaufort High—an extension of the Siberian High system—is a pressure system that drives the anticyclonic motion of the Beaufort Gyre.[15] During the summer, this area of high pressure is pushed out closer to its Siberian and Canadian sides. In addition, there is a sea level pressure (SLP) ridge over Greenland that drives strong northerly winds through the Fram Strait, facilitating ice export. In the summer, the SLP contrast is smaller, producing weaker winds. A final example of seasonal pressure system movement is the low pressure system that exists over the Nordic and Barents Seas. It is an extension of the Icelandic Low, which creates cyclonic ocean circulation in this area. The low shifts to centre over the North Pole in the summer. These variations in the Arctic all contribute to ice drift reaching its weakest point during the summer months. There is also evidence that the drift is associated with the phase of the Arctic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.[15]

text: Sea ice[edit]

text: Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade. The seasonal variations are about 7,000,000 km2 (2,702,700 sq mi) with the maximum in April and minimum in September. The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents, which can move and rotate very large areas of ice. Zones of compression also arise, where the ice piles up to form pack ice.[19][20][21]

text: Icebergs occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island, and icebergs are formed from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada. These icebergs pose a hazard to ships, of which the Titanic is one of the most famous. Permafrost is found on most islands. The ocean is virtually icelocked from October to June, and the superstructure of ships are subject to icing from October to May.[11] Before the advent of modern icebreakers, ships sailing the Arctic Ocean risked being trapped or crushed by sea ice (although the Baychimo drifted through the Arctic Ocean untended for decades despite these hazards).

text: Climate[edit]

text: Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. Winters are characterized by the polar night, extreme cold, frequent low-level temperature inversions, and stable weather conditions.[22] Cyclones are only common on the Atlantic side.[23] Summers are characterized by continuous daylight (midnight sun), and temperatures can rise above the melting point (0 °C (32 °F). Cyclones are more frequent in summer and may bring rain or snow.[23] It is cloudy year-round, with mean cloud cover ranging from 60% in winter to over 80% in summer.[24]

text: The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater. Because the Arctic Ocean consists of saltwater, the temperature must reach −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) before freezing occurs.

text: The density of sea water, in contrast to fresh water, increases as it nears the freezing point and thus it tends to sink. It is generally necessary that the upper 100–150 m (330–490 ft) of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form.[25] In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice. This is one reason why the Arctic does not experience the extreme temperatures seen on the Antarctic continent.

text: There is considerable seasonal variation in how much pack ice of the Arctic ice pack covers the Arctic Ocean. Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. The maximum snow cover is in March or April — about 20 to 50 cm (7.9 to 19.7 in) over the frozen ocean.

text: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past. As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).[26] The surface waters of the northernmost[27] Arctic Ocean warmed, seasonally at least, enough to support tropical lifeforms[28] requiring surface temperatures of over 22 °C (72 °F).[29]

text: Animal and plant life[edit]

text: Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include walruses and whales. The area has a fragile ecosystem which is slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage.[11] Lion's mane jellyfish are abundant in the waters of the Arctic, and the banded gunnel is the only species of gunnel that lives in the ocean.

text: The Arctic Ocean has relatively little plant life except for phytoplankton.[30] Phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean and there are massive amounts of them in the Arctic, where they feed on nutrients from rivers and the currents of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[31] During summer, the sun is out day and night, thus enabling the phytoplankton to photosynthesize for long periods of time and reproduce quickly. However, the reverse is true in winter when they struggle to get enough light to survive.[31]

text: Natural resources[edit]

text: Petroleum and natural gas fields, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, fish, seals and whales can all be found in abundance in the region.[11][21]

text: The political dead zone near the centre of the sea is also the focus of a mounting dispute between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark.[32] It is significant for the global energy market because it may hold 25% or more of the world's undiscovered oil and gas resources.[33]

text: Environmental concerns[edit]

text: Arctic ice melting[edit]

text: The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and in many years there is also a seasonal hole in the ozone layer.[34] Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.[21][35] Research shows that the Arctic may become ice free for the first time in human history within a few years or by 2040.[36][37] Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as few as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.[38]

text: Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns. Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.[35]

text: As the extent of sea ice diminishes and sea level rises, the effect of storms such as the Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 on open water increases, as does possible salt-water damage to vegetation on shore at locations such as the Mackenzie's river delta as stronger storm surges become more likely.[39]

text: Clathrate breakdown[edit]

text: Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilise methane deposits on and near the shoreline,[40] preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming. Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and; marine genus and species to become extinct.[40][41]

text: Other concerns[edit]

text: Other environmental concerns relate to the radioactive contamination of the Arctic Ocean from, for example, Russian radioactive waste dump sites in the Kara Sea[42] and Cold War nuclear test sites such as Novaya Zemlya.[43] In addition, Shell planned to drill exploratory wells in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas during the summer of 2012, which environmental groups filed a lawsuit about in an attempt to protect native communities, endangered wildlife, and the Arctic Ocean in the event of a major oil spill.[44]

text: On July 16, 2015, five nations (United States of America, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark/Greenland) signed a declaration committing to keep their fishing vessels out of a 1.1 million square mile zone in the central Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. The agreement calls for those nations to refrain from fishing there until there is better scientific knowledge about the marine resources and until a regulatory system is in place to protect those resources.[45][46]


document_title: United States twenty-dollar bill

question_text: who appeared on twenty dollar bill in 1875

text: United States twenty-dollar bill

text: Pre–Federal Reserve history[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.
1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.
1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.
1865: A national bank note with "The Battle of Lexington" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.
1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.
1875: As above, except with a different reverse.
1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.
1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.
1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.
1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.
1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.
1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.
1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.

text: Federal Reserve history[edit]

text: Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928. Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson's election as president, it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson. (Cleveland's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year). According to the U.S. Treasury, "Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence."[4]

text: The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony; as president, he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank.[5][6] In his farewell address to the nation, he cautioned the public about paper money.[7]

text:
1914: Began as a large-sized note, a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face, and, on the back, a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left, and a steamship approaching from the right.
1918: A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front, and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note.
1928: Switched to a small-sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse. The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver (at the bearer's discretion) at any Federal Reserve Bank.
1933: With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard, the bill is no longer redeemable in gold, but rather in "lawful money", meaning silver.
1942: A special emergency series, with brown serial numbers and "HAWAII" overprinted on both the front and the back, is issued. These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion.
1948: The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself, including the addition of the Truman Balcony, as well as the passage of time. Most notably, the trees are larger.
1950: Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly, presumably for aesthetic reasons.
1963: "Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand" is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait, and the legal tender designation is shortened to "This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private" (eliminating "and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury, or at any Federal Reserve Bank.") Also, "In God We Trust" is added above the White House on the reverse. These two acts (one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing, and the other authorizing the national motto) are coincidental, even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign. Also, several design elements are rearranged, less perceptibly than the change in 1950, mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations.
1969: The new treasury seal appears on all denominations, including the $20.
1977: A new type of serial-number press results in a slightly different font. The old presses are gradually retired, and old-style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination.
1992: Anti-counterfeiting features are added: microprinting around the portrait, and a plastic strip embedded in the paper. Even though the bills read Series 1990, the first bills were printed in April 1992.[8]
September 24, 1998: Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view. A larger, off-center portrait of Jackson was used on the front, and several anti-counterfeiting features were added, including color-shifting ink, microprinting, and a watermark. The plastic strip now reads "USA 20" and glows green under a black light.[9] The bills were first printed in June 1998.[10]
October 9, 2003:[11] The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow, and no oval around Andrew Jackson's portrait (background images of eagles, etc. were also added to the front); the back is the same view of the White House, but without the oval around it. Ninety faint "20"s are scattered on the back in yellow as a "EURion constellation" to prevent photocopying. The first issue's series date is 2004 with Marin-Snow signatures. The bills were first printed in April 2003.[12]

text: Proposal for a woman's portrait[edit]

text: In a campaign called "Women on 20s", selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill. The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020, the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote.[13] Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman, Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, and Wilma Mankiller, the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation.[14][15][16]

text: On May 12, 2015, Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that "grassroots" poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman, followed by Roosevelt, Parks and Mankiller.[17]

text: On June 17, 2015, then-Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020, replacing Alexander Hamilton.[18] However, that decision was reversed, at least in part due to Hamilton's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton.[19]

text: On April 20, 2016, Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill, while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill, with Jackson appearing on the reverse.[20][21][22] Lew simultaneously announced that the five- and ten-dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade.[20][22] Steven Mnuchin, the current U.S. Treasury Secretary, said that he will not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill, explaining "People have been on the bills for a long period of time. This is something we’ll consider; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on."[23]