document_title: I Wanna Fall in Love

question_text: who sings oh i wanna fall in love with you

question_tokens: who sings oh i wan na fall in love with you

text: I Wanna Fall in Love

text: For the Chris Isaak song that contains the lyric "I wanna fall in love", see Wicked Game.

text:
"I Wanna Fall in Love"

Single by Lila McCann

from the album Lila

Released
September 1997

Genre
Country

Length
4:19

Label
Asylum

Songwriter(s)
Buddy Brock
Mark Spiro

Producer(s)
Mark Spiro

Lila McCann singles chronology

"Down Came a Blackbird"
(1997)
"I Wanna Fall in Love"
(1997)
"Almost Over You"
(1998)

"Down Came a Blackbird"
(1997)
"I Wanna Fall in Love"
(1997)
"Almost Over You"
(1998)

text: "I Wanna Fall in Love" is a song written by Buddy Brock and Mark Spiro, and recorded by American country music artist Lila McCann. It was released in September 1997 as the second single from her debut album Lila. The song reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in February 1998[1] and number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[2]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1997–1998)
Peak
position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[3]
1

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[4]
3

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1998)
Position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[5]
50

US Country Songs (Billboard)[6]
29

text:
Preceded by
"Walk This Road"
by Bruce Guthro
RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
February 23, 1998
Succeeded by
"What If I Said"
by Anita Cochran with Steve Wariner


document_title: English alphabet

question_text: when did english start using the latin alphabet

root

text: English alphabet

text: History[edit]

text: Old English[edit]

text: The English language was first written in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with the proto-form of the language itself, by Anglo-Saxon settlers. Very few examples of this form of written Old English have survived, these being mostly short inscriptions or fragments

tag: p

text: The Latin script, introduced by Christian missionaries, began to replace the Anglo-Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century, although the two continued in parallel for some time. Futhorc influenced the emerging English alphabet by providing it with the letters thorn (Þ þ) and wynn (Ƿ ƿ). The letter eth (Ð ð) was later devised as a modification of dee (D d), and finally yogh (Ȝ ȝ) was created by Norman scribes from the insular g in Old English and Irish, and used alongside their Carolingian g.

text: The a-e ligature ash (Æ æ) was adopted as a letter in its own right, named after a futhorc rune æsc. In very early Old English the o-e ligature ethel (Œ œ) also appeared as a distinct letter, likewise named after a rune, œðel[citation needed]. Additionally, the v-v or u-u ligature double-u (W w) was in use.

text: In the year 1011, a monk named Byrhtferð recorded the traditional order of the Old English alphabet.[2] He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet first (including ampersand), then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian note ond (⁊), an insular symbol for and:

text: Modern English[edit]

text: In the orthography of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (ȝ), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) are obsolete. Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are not considered to be the same letters[citation needed] but rather ligatures, and in any case are somewhat old-fashioned. Thorn and eth were both replaced by th, though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lowercase form gradually becoming graphically indistinguishable from the minuscule y in most handwriting. Y for th can still be seen in pseudo-archaisms such as "Ye Olde Booke Shoppe". The letters þ and ð are still used in present-day Icelandic while ð is still used in present-day Faroese. Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by uu, which ultimately developed into the modern w. Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by gh.

text: The letters u and j, as distinct from v and i, were introduced in the 16th century, and w assumed the status of an independent letter, so that the English alphabet is now considered to consist of the following 26 letters:

text: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

text: The variant lowercase form long s (ſ) lasted into early modern English, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century.

text: Ligatures in recent usage[edit]

text: Outside of professional papers on specific subjects that traditionally use ligatures in loanwords, ligatures are seldom used in modern English.

text: The ligatures æ and œ were until the 19th century (slightly later in American English)[citation needed] used in formal writing for certain words of Greek or Latin origin, such as encyclopædia and cœlom, although such ligatures were not used in either classical Latin or ancient Greek. These are now usually rendered as "ae" and "oe" in all types of writing,[citation needed] although in American English, a lone e has mostly supplanted both (for example, encyclopedia for encyclopaedia, and maneuver for manoeuvre).

text: Some fonts for typesetting English contain commonly used ligatures, such as for ⟨tt⟩, ⟨fi⟩, ⟨fl⟩, ⟨ffi⟩, and ⟨ffl⟩. These are not independent letters, but rather allographs.

text: Proposed reforms[edit]

text: Alternative scripts have been proposed for written English – mostly extending or replacing the basic English alphabet – such as the Deseret alphabet, the Shavian alphabet, Gregg shorthand, etc.

text: Diacritics[edit]

text: Diacritic marks mainly appear in loanwords such as naïve and façade. As such words become naturalised in English, there is a tendency to drop the diacritics, as has happened with old borrowings such as hôtel, from French. Informal English writing tends to omit diacritics because of their absence from the keyboard, while professional copywriters and typesetters tend to include them.[3] Words that are still perceived as foreign tend to retain them; for example, the only spelling of soupçon found in English dictionaries (the OED and others) uses the diacritic. Diacritics are also more likely to be retained where there would otherwise be confusion with another word (for example, résumé (or resumé) rather than resume), and, rarely, even added (as in maté, from Spanish yerba mate, but following the pattern of café, from French).

text: Occasionally, especially in older writing, diacritics are used to indicate the syllables of a word: cursed (verb) is pronounced with one syllable, while cursèd (adjective) is pronounced with two. È is used widely in poetry, e.g. in Shakespeare's sonnets. J.R.R. Tolkien uses ë, as in O wingëd crown. Similarly, while in chicken coop the letters -oo- represent a single vowel sound (a digraph), in obsolete spellings such as zoölogist and coöperation, they represent two. This use of the diaeresis is rarely seen, but persists into the 2000s in some publications, such as MIT Technology Review and The New Yorker.

text: An acute, grave, or diaeresis may also be placed over an "e" at the end of a word to indicate that it is not silent, as in saké. In general, these devices are often not used even where they would serve to alleviate some degree of confusion.

text: Ampersand[edit]

text: The & has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, as in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011.[2] Historically, the figure is a ligature for the letters Et. In English and many other languages it is used to represent the word and and occasionally the Latin word et, as in the abbreviation &c (et cetera).

text: Apostrophe[edit]

text: The apostrophe, while not considered part of the English alphabet, is used to contract English words. A few pairs of words, such as its (belonging to it) and it's (it is or it has), were (plural of was) and we're (we are), and shed (to get rid of) and she'd (she would or she had) are distinguished in writing only by the presence or absence of an apostrophe. The apostrophe also distinguishes the possessive endings -'s and -s' from the common plural ending -s, a practice introduced in the 18th century; before, all three endings were written -s, which could lead to confusion (as in, the Apostles words).[4]

text: Letter names[edit]

text: The names of the letters are rarely spelled out, except when used in derivations or compound words (for example tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay, aitchless, etc.), derived forms (for example exed out, effing, to eff and blind, etc.), and in the names of objects named after letters (for example em (space) in printing and wye (junction) in railroading). The forms listed below are from the Oxford English Dictionary. Vowels stand for themselves, and consonants usually have the form consonant + ee or e + consonant (e.g. bee and ef). The exceptions are the letters aitch, jay, kay, cue, ar, ess (but es- in compounds ), double u, wye, and zed. Plurals of consonants end in -s (bees, efs, ems) or, in the cases of aitch, ess, and ex, in -es (aitches, esses, exes). Plurals of vowels end in -es (aes, ees, ies, oes, ues); these are rare. All letters may stand for themselves, generally in capitalized form (okay or OK, emcee or MC), and plurals may be based on these (aes or As, cees or Cs, etc.)

text:
Letter
Modern English name
Modern English pronunciation
Latin name
Latin pronunciation
Old French
Middle English

A
a
/eɪ/, /æ/[nb 2]
ā
/aː/
/aː/
/aː/

B
bee
/biː/
bē
/beː/
/beː/
/beː/

C
cee
/siː/
cē
/keː/
/tʃeː/ > /tseː/ > /seː/
/seː/

D
dee
/diː/
dē
/deː/
/deː/
/deː/

E
e
/iː/
ē
/eː/
/eː/
/eː/

F
ef (eff as a verb)
/ɛf/
ef
/ɛf/
/ɛf/
/ɛf/

G
gee
/dʒiː/
gē
/ɡeː/
/dʒeː/
/dʒeː/

jee

H
aitch
/eɪtʃ/
hā
/haː/ > /ˈaha/ > /ˈakːa/
/ˈaːtʃə/
/aːtʃ/

haitch[nb 3]
/heɪtʃ/

I
i
/aɪ/
ī
/iː/
/iː/
/iː/

J
jay
/dʒeɪ/
–
–
–
/ja:/

jy[nb 4]
/dʒaɪ/

K
kay
/keɪ/
kā
/kaː/
/kaː/
/kaː/

L
el or ell
/ɛl/
el
/ɛl/
/ɛl/
/ɛl/

M
em
/ɛm/
em
/ɛm/
/ɛm/
/ɛm/

N
en
/ɛn/
en
/ɛn/
/ɛn/
/ɛn/

O
o
/oʊ/
ō
/oː/
/oː/
/oː/

P
pee
/piː/
pē
/peː/
/peː/
/peː/

Q
cue[nb 5]
/kjuː/
qū
/kuː/
/kyː/
/kiw/

R
ar
/ɑːr/
er
/ɛr/
/ɛr/
/ɛr/ > /ar/

or[nb 6]
/ɔːr/

S
ess (es-)[nb 7]
/ɛs/
es
/ɛs/
/ɛs/
/ɛs/

T
tee
/tiː/
tē
/teː/
/teː/
/teː/

U
u
/juː/
ū
/uː/
/yː/
/iw/

V
vee
/viː/
–
–
–
–

W
double-u
/ˈdʌbəl.juː/[nb 8]
–
–
–
–

X
ex
/ɛks/
ex
/ɛks/
/iks/
/ɛks/

ix
/ɪks/

Y
wy
/waɪ/
hȳ
/hyː/
ui, gui ?
/wiː/ ?

/iː/

ī graeca
/iː ˈɡraɪka/
/iː ɡrɛːk/

Z
zed[nb 9]
/zɛd/
zēta
/ˈzeːta/
/ˈzɛːdə/
/zɛd/

zee[nb 10]
/ziː/

izzard[nb 11]
/ˈɪzərd/
/e(t) ˈzɛːdə/
/ˈɛzɛd/

tag: table

text: Some groups of letters, such as pee and bee, or em and en, are easily confused in speech, especially when heard over the telephone or a radio communications link. Spelling alphabets such as the ICAO spelling alphabet, used by aircraft pilots, police and others, are designed to eliminate this potential confusion by giving each letter a name that sounds quite different from any other.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The names of the letters are for the most part direct descendants, via French, of the Latin (and Etruscan) names. (See Latin alphabet: Origins.)

text: The regular phonological developments (in rough chronological order) are:

text:
palatalization before front vowels of Latin /k/ successively to /tʃ/, /ts/, and finally to Middle French /s/. Affects C.
palatalization before front vowels of Latin /ɡ/ to Proto-Romance and Middle French /dʒ/. Affects G.
fronting of Latin /uː/ to Middle French /yː/, becoming Middle English /iw/ and then Modern English /juː/. Affects Q, U.
the inconsistent lowering of Middle English /ɛr/ to /ar/. Affects R.
the Great Vowel Shift, shifting all Middle English long vowels. Affects A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, O, P, T, and presumably Y.

tag: ul

text: The novel forms are aitch, a regular development of Medieval Latin acca; jay, a new letter presumably vocalized like neighboring kay to avoid confusion with established gee (the other name, jy, was taken from French); vee, a new letter named by analogy with the majority; double-u, a new letter, self-explanatory (the name of Latin V was ū); wye, of obscure origin but with an antecedent in Old French wi; zee, an American leveling of zed by analogy with the majority; and izzard, from the Romance phrase i zed or i zeto "and Z" said when reciting the alphabet.

text: Phonology[edit]

text: The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent vowels; the remaining letters are considered consonant letters, since when not silent they generally represent consonants. However, Y commonly represents vowels as well as a consonant (e.g., "myth"), as very rarely does W (e.g., "cwm"). Conversely, U and I sometimes represent a consonant (e.g., "quiz" and "onion" respectively).

text: W and Y are sometimes referred as semivowels by linguists.

text: Letter numbers and frequencies[edit]

text: The letter most commonly used in English is E. The least used letter is Z.

text: The table below shows the frequency of letter usage in a particular sample of written English,[vague] although the frequencies vary somewhat according to the type of text.[5]

text:
N
Letter
Frequency

1
A
8.17%

2
B
1.49%

3
C
2.78%

4
D
4.25%

5
E
12.70%

6
F
2.23%

7
G
2.02%

8
H
6.09%

9
I
6.97%

10
J
0.15%

11
K
0.77%

12
L
4.03%

13
M
2.41%

14
N
6.75%

15
O
7.51%

16
P
1.93%

17
Q
0.10%

18
R
5.99%

19
S
6.33%

20
T
9.06%

21
U
2.76%

22
V
0.98%

23
W
2.36%

24
X
0.15%

25
Y
1.97%

26
Z
0.07%


document_title: The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory

question_text: where was the alamo 13 days to glory filmed

text: The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (August 2018)

text:
The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory
Print advertisementGenre
ActionAdventureDramaHistoryWarWesternWritten by
Lon Tinkle (book)Clyde WareNorman Morrill (as Norman McLeod Morrill)Directed by
Burt KennedyStarring
James ArnessBrian KeithAlec BaldwinTheme music composer
Peter BernsteinCountry of origin
United StatesOriginal language(s)
EnglishProductionExecutive producer(s)
Stockton BriggleRichard CarrothersDennis HennessyProducer(s)
Bill FinneganPatricia FinneganSheldon PinchukProduction location(s)
Alamo Village - Highway 674, Brackettville, TexasCinematography
John ElsenbachEditor(s)
Michael N. KnueRunning time
170 minutes

 Budget: $7 million

  Box Office: $21 millionProduction company(s)
Briggle, Hennessey, Carrothers & AssociatesThe Finnegan CompanyFries EntertainmentAlamo ProductionsOrionDistributor
NBCReleaseOriginal network
NBCOriginal release
January 26, 1987

text: The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory (1987) is a made-for-TV film about the 1836 Battle of the Alamo written and directed by Burt Kennedy, starring James Arness as James Bowie, Brian Keith as Davy Crockett, Alec Baldwin as William Barrett Travis, Raul Julia as Antonio López de Santa Anna, and featuring a single scene cameo by Lorne Greene as Sam Houston.[1] Unlike most other films about the Alamo — the most prominent other exception being the 1955 film The Last Command (which was released during the cultural frenzy created by Walt Disney's Davy Crockett television miniseries) — it focuses on Bowie as the main character rather than Crockett.

text: The production was shot at Alamo Village, the Alamo replica built by John Wayne for his lavish 1960 film The Alamo.

text: Much of the footage of the final battle scene was recycled from earlier films.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
James Arness as James Bowie
Brian Keith as Davy Crockett
Alec Baldwin as William Barrett Travis
Raul Julia as General Antonio López de Santa Anna
David Ogden Stiers as Colonel Black
Jon Lindstrom as Capt. Almaron Dickinson
Lorne Greene as Sam Houston (in his final film role)
Jim Metzler as Maj. James Bonham
Tom Schanley as Pvt. Danny Cloud
Fernando Allende as Col. Alamonte (Santa Anna's nephew)
Kathleen York as Susannah Dickinson
Isela Vega as Senora Cos
Gene Evans as McGregor
Michael Wren as Juan Seguin
Hinton Battle as Joe (Travis' servant)
David Sheiner as Luis
Noble Willingham as Dr. Pollard
Eloy Casados as Gregorio
Tony Becker as George Taylor
Thomas Callaway as Col. James W. Fannin
Buck Taylor as "Colorado" Smith
Jerry Potter as Jacob Walker (as Jerry Potter)
Grainger Hines as Charles Despelier
Tom Everett as Major Evans
Stan Ivar as Doc Sutherland
Ethan Wayne as Edward Taylor
Jan Tríska as General Wolf
Gary Kasper as Major Wheelwright
John Furlong as Zanco
Jay Baker as Hayes
Dale Swann as Lt. Kimball
Laura Fabian as Lucia
Loyda Ramos as Senora Esparza
Bel Hernandez as Mina (as Bel Sandre)
Laura Harring as Santa Anna's bride (as Laura Martinez Harring)
Nicky Blair as John Jones
Red West as Cockran (uncredited)


document_title: Napoleon Dynamite

question_text: who did haylie duff play in napoleon dynamite

text: Napoleon Dynamite

text: Plot[edit]

text: Napoleon Dynamite is a socially awkward 16-year-old boy from Preston, Idaho, who lives with his grandmother, Carlinda Dynamite, and his older brother, Kipling Ronald "Kip" Dynamite. Kip, 32, is unemployed and boasts of spending hours on Internet chat rooms with his girlfriends and aspiring to be a cage fighter. Napoleon daydreams his way through school, doodling ligers and fantasy creatures and reluctantly deals with the various bullies who torment him, particularly the obnoxious sports jock, Don. Napoleon likes to make up stories about himself and his outlandish "skills" while having a sullen and aloof personality.

text: Napoleon's grandmother breaks her coccyx in a quad-bike accident and asks their Uncle Rico to look after the boys while she recovers. Rico, a middle-aged and flirtatious steak-loving former athlete who lives in a campervan, treats Napoleon like a child. He uses the visiting opportunity to team up with Kip in a get-rich-quick scheme to sell numerous items door-to-door. Kip wants money to visit his Internet girlfriend LaFawnduh while Rico believes riches will help him get over his failed dreams of NFL stardom and his recent breakup with his girlfriend.

text: Napoleon becomes friends with two students at his school: Deb, a shy girl who runs various small businesses to raise money for college; and Pedro, a bold yet calm transfer student from Juarez, Mexico. A friendship soon develops between the three outcasts. During this time, preparations begin for the high school dance. Pedro first asks Summer Wheatley to be his dance partner, a popular and snobby girl but is rebuffed. He then asks Deb, who accepts happily. Pedro encourages an upset Napoleon to find a date for himself, and he picks an attractive classmate called Trisha from the school yearbook. As a gift, he draws a bad picture of her and delivers it to Trisha's mother, who is incidentally a customer of Rico. Rico tells embarrassing stories about Napoleon to evoke sympathy from her. She buys the goods and also forces Trisha to reluctantly accept Napoleon's request.

text: Inspired by an election poster at the dance, Pedro decides to run for class president, putting him against Summer. The two factions put up flyers and give out accessories to the students to attract voters. In an attempt to increase their respect by demonstrating "skills", Napoleon and Pedro enter a Future Farmers of America competition, grading milk and cow udders. They do well and win medals, but this does little for their popularity. Incidentally, Napoleon visits an op-shop and buys a dance instructional VHS called "D-Qwon's Dance Grooves", becoming a skillful dancer.

text: Kip, meanwhile, is head-over-heels in love since LaFawnduh has come to visit him from Detroit. She gives Kip an urban makeover, outfitting him in hip-hop regalia. Seeing that he dances, LaFawnduh also gives Napoleon a mixtape.

text: Rico's ongoing scheme causes friction with Napoleon as he continues to spread embarrassing rumors about him to his prospective customers. Rico later tries to sell Deb a breast-enhancement product, claiming it was Napoleon's suggestion, which causes her to break off their friendship. His scheme ends when he visits the wife of the town's martial arts instructor, Rex, to try and sell her the breast enhancements; Rex walks in and beats him up after witnessing Rico's demonstration.

text: On the day of the class president elections, Summer gives a speech before the student body, and then presents a dance skit with a school club. Pedro and Napoleon then discover that a skit was also required from them, and a despondent Pedro gives an unimpressive speech. In an attempt to save Pedro's campaign, Napoleon gives the sound engineer LaFawnduh's tape, and spontaneously performs an elaborate dance routine to "Canned Heat" by Jamiroquai. Summer and her boyfriend Don are unimpressed, but the routine receives a standing ovation from all the other students, including Deb.

text: The film concludes with Pedro becoming the class president, LaFawnduh leaving with Kip on a bus for Michigan, Rico reuniting with his estranged girlfriend, Grandma returning from the hospital, and Napoleon and Deb making up and playing tetherball.

text: In a post-credits scene, Kip and LaFawnduh are married in an outdoor ceremony in Preston. Napoleon, absent for the vows, arrives riding a horse, claiming that it is a "wild honeymoon stallion" that he has tamed himself. Kip flicks LaFawnduh's garter as a "keepsake" towards Napoleon, Pedro and Rico (who catches it) before he and LaFawnduh ride off across the fields.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jon Heder as Napoleon Dynamite
Efren Ramirez as Pedro Sánchez
Tina Majorino as Deborah "Deb" Bradshaw
Aaron Ruell as Kipling "Kip" Dynamite
Jon Gries as Rico Dynamite
Haylie Duff as Summer Wheatley
Emily Kennard as Trisha Jenner
Shondrella Avery as LaFawnduh Lucas
Sandy Martin as Grandma Carlinda Dynamite
Diedrich Bader as Rex
Trevor Snarr as Don
Ellen Dubin as Aunt Ilene

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Jon Heder and Jared Hess were both students at the film program at Brigham Young University in 2002 and decided to collaborate together on a class project. The duo produced a 9 minute short film shot on black-and-white 16mm film entitled Peluca, about a nerdy high school student named Seth, for a class assignment.[5]

text: We went up to Preston and shot the short film over two days in black and white. We knew that we wanted to do a feature — we'd already started writing a script for what would become Napoleon at that point — but we wanted to do a short film on the character to bring him to life. It was for a class assignment, and we were still trying to figure out the best way to end it.

text: Peluca was shown at the 2003 Slamdance Film Festival[6] and was well received. Jeremy Coon, who was the brother of a good friend of Hess's in film school, convinced Hess to drop out of school and adapt it into a feature-length film, and helped him find investors for the project.[7]

text: Hess sent the short film along with the script to a variety of different casting directors; many of whom thought the film idea was "too weird or they just didn't like the character. They were like, 'The script's funny, but I think you need to recast this guy with somebody else,'" Hess explained.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Hess describes the film as being "so autobiographical."[5] "I grew up in a family of six boys in Preston, Idaho and the character of Napoleon was a hybrid of all the most nerdy and awkward parts of me and my brothers growing up. Jerusha really was like Deb growing up. Her mom made her a dress when she was going to a middle school dance and she said, 'I hadn't really developed yet, so my mom overcompensated and made some very large, fluffy shoulders." Some guy dancing with her patted the sleeves and actually said, 'I like your sleeves…they’re real big,"' Hess said in an interview with Rolling Stone.[5]

text: Hess shot the film on location in Preston, located in Southeastern Idaho, located near the Utah border, in July of 2003. Operating on a tight budget of $400,000, Hess cast many of his friends from school, including Heder and Aaron Ruell, and relied on the generosity of Preston locals who provided housing and food to crew members.[8]

text: "It was very, very hot," Hess recalls. "But it was so much fun being in this rural farm town making a movie. We shot it in 23 days, so we were moving very, very fast; I just didn't have a lot of films to be able to do a lot of takes. It was a bunch of friends getting together to make a movie. It was like, "Are people going to get this? Is it working?"[5]

text: The film is set during the 2004-2005 school year, as shown on Napoleon's student ID card in the title sequence.[9][10] However, the film contains a number of anachronisms indicating that it would be more appropriately set in the 1980s or 1990s. For example, Deb wears a side ponytail and Napoleon wears Moon Boots, both popular fashion trends of the 1980s.[10] One scene is set at a school dance which only plays 1980s music such as Alphaville's "Forever Young," while a later scene features students performing a sign language rendition of "The Rose" sung by Bette Midler.[9] Much of the technology in the film is also archaic; Napoleon uses a VCR and Walkman cassette player, Kip connects to the Internet via a pay-per-minute dial-up connection and Uncle Rico drives a 1975 Dodge Tradesman.[10][11] That said, the song Napoleon Dynamite dances to at the end of the film--Canned Heat by Jamiroquai--came out in 1999.

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The film was originally made without opening titles; audiences at test screenings were confused about when the film was set. Eight months after the film was completed, the title sequence was filmed in the cinematographer's basement.[12] Aaron Ruell, who played Kip, suggested the idea of the title sequence. The sequence shows a pair of hands placing and removing several objects on a table. Objects like plates of food had the credits written in condiments, while other objects like a Lemonheads box or a tube of ChapStick had the credits printed on them. Hess explains:

text: We actually had Jon Heder placing all the objects in and out [of frame], and then showed it to Searchlight who really liked it and thought it was great, but some lady over there was like "There are some hangnails or something — the hands look kinda gross! It's really bothering me, can we re-shoot some of those? We'll send you guys a hand model." We were like "WHAT?!". This, of course, was my first interaction with a studio at all, so they flew out a hand model a couple weeks later, who had great hands but was five or six shades darker than Jon Heder. So we reshot, but they're now intermixed, so if you look there are like three different dudes' hands (our producers are in there too). It all worked out great, though, and was a lot of fun.[12]

text: Origin of the name "Napoleon Dynamite"[edit]

text: Upon the film's release, it was noted that the name "Napoleon Dynamite" had originally been used by musician Elvis Costello, most visibly on his 1986 album Blood & Chocolate,[13][14] although he had used the pseudonym on a single B-side as early as 1982.[15] Filmmaker Jared Hess states that he was not aware of Costello's use of the name until two days before the end of shooting, when he was informed by a teenage extra.[16] He later said, "Had I known that name was used by anybody else prior to shooting the whole film, it definitely would have been changed ... I listen to hip-hop, dude. It's a pretty embarrassing coincidence."[16] Hess claims that "Napoleon Dynamite" was the name of a man he met around 2000 on the streets of Cicero, Illinois, while doing missionary work for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[17][18]

text: Costello believes that Hess got the name from him, whether directly or indirectly. Costello said, "The guy just denies completely that I made the name up ... but I invented it. Maybe somebody told him the name and he truly feels that he came to it by chance. But it's two words that you're never going to hear together."[19]

text: Lawsuit against Fox Searchlight Pictures[edit]

text: On August 30, 2011, Napoleon Pictures filed a lawsuit against Fox Searchlight for $10 million for underreporting royalties and taking improper revenue deductions. In its term sheet, Fox agreed to pay 31.66% of net profits on home video. The lawsuit says that a 2008 audit revealed that Fox was only paying net royalties on home videos at a 9.66% rate, and there were underreported royalties and improper deductions.[20]

text: Napoleon Pictures also alleges that Fox has breached the agreement in multiple other respects, including underreporting pay television license fees, failing to report electronic sell-through revenue, charging residuals on home video sales, as well as overcharging residuals on home video sales, deducting a number of costs and charges Fox has no right to deduct and/or for which there is no supporting documentation.[20]

text: In May 2012, Fox went to trial after failing to win a summary judgment on the case. The trial began on June 19, 2012.[21] On November 28, 2012, a 74-page decision sided with Fox on 9 of the 11 issues. Napoleon Pictures was awarded $150,000 based on Fox accounting irregularities.[22]

text: Release[edit]

text: Napoleon Dynamite premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17, 2004 and was theatrically released on June 11, 2004 in the United States by Fox Searchlight Pictures, Paramount Pictures and MTV Films.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Napoleon Dynamite was released on VHS and DVD on December 21, 2004, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in North America and by Paramount Home Entertainment in all other territories.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response and box office[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 71% of 170 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "A charming, quirky, and often funny comedy."[23] Rolling Stone magazine complimented the film, saying, "Hess and his terrific cast — Heder is geek perfection — make their own kind of deadpan hilarity. You'll laugh till it hurts. Sweet."[24] The Christian Science Monitor called the film "a refreshing new take on the overused teen-comedy genre" and said that the film "may not make you laugh out loud — it's too sly and subtle for that — but it will have you smiling every minute, and often grinning widely at its weirded-out charm."[25]

text: Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice praised the film as "an epic, magisterially observed pastiche on all-American geekhood, flooring the competition with a petulant shove."[26] In a mixed review, The New York Times praised Heder's performance and the "film's most interesting quality, which is its stubborn, confident, altogether weird individuality", while criticizing the film's resolution that comes "too easily."[27] Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film one-and-a-half stars, writing that he felt that "the movie makes no attempt to make [Napoleon] likable" and that it contained "a kind of studied stupidity that sometimes passes as humor".[28] At the time, Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C-.[29] Entertainment Weekly later ranked Napoleon #88 on its 2010 list of The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years, saying, "A high school misfit found a sweet spot, tapping into our inner dork."[30] The film was on several year-end lists. Rolling Stone placed it at number 22 of the 25 Top DVDs of 2004.[31]

text: The term "The Napoleon Dynamite Problem" has been used to describe the phenomenon where "quirky" films such as Napoleon Dynamite, Lost in Translation and I Heart Huckabees prove difficult for researchers to create algorithms that are able to predict whether or not a particular viewer will like the film based on their ratings of previously viewed films.[32] Despite a very limited initial release, Napoleon Dynamite was a commercial success. It was filmed on an estimated budget of a mere $400,000, and less than a year after its release, it had grossed $44,940,956. It also spawned a slew of merchandise, from refrigerator magnets to T-shirts to Halloween costumes.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Best Feature Film at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival the same year. The film's budget was only $400,000. When the film rights were sold to a major distributor, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox supplied additional funds for the post-credits scene.
In 2005, the film — itself an MTV Films production — won three MTV Movie Awards, for Breakthrough Male Performance, Best Musical Performance, and Best Movie. The film is #14 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies".
It won the 2005 Golden Trailer Awards for Best Comedy.
It won the 2005 Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Score (John Swihart).
Four awards at the Teen Choice Awards. Choice Movie: Female Breakout Star for Haylie Duff, Choice Movie: Dance Scene, Choice Movie: Hissy Fit for Jon Heder, and Choice Movie: Comedy.
The 2004 Film Discovery Jury Award for Best Feature
April 2005, the Idaho Legislature approved a resolution commending the filmmakers for producing Napoleon Dynamite, specifically enumerating the benefits the movie has brought to Idaho, as well as for showcasing various aspects of Idaho's culture and economy.[33][34]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Animated series[edit]

text: In April 2010, Fox announced that an animated series was in development. It was also revealed that the entire original cast would return to reprise their roles.[35] The series debuted on Sunday, January 15, 2012. Director Jared Hess, his co-screenwriter wife Jerusha, and Mike Scully are the producers of the show, in association with 20th Century Fox Television.[36] On May 14, 2012, It was announced that Fox had canceled the series after 6 episodes.[37] The complete series was released on DVD on November 4, 2014 by Olive Films.[38]


document_title: Hermit crab

question_text: where do hermit crabs get their shells from

text: Hermit crab

text: Biological description[edit]

text: Most species have long, spirally curved abdomens, which are soft, unlike the hard, calcified abdomens seen in related crustaceans. The vulnerable abdomen is protected from predators by a salvaged empty seashell carried by the hermit crab, into which its whole body can retract.[3] Most frequently, hermit crabs use the shells of sea snails (although the shells of bivalves and scaphopods and even hollow pieces of wood and stone are used by some species).[4] The tip of the hermit crab's abdomen is adapted to clasp strongly onto the columella of the snail shell.[5] Most hermit crabs are nocturnal.

text: Environment[edit]

text: Hermit crabs can be divided into two groups:[6]

text:
The first group is the marine hermit crabs (with a single species, Clibanarius fonticola, in freshwater). These crabs spend most of their life underwater as aquatic animals, live in varying depths of saltwater from shallow reefs and shorelines to deep sea bottoms and rarely leave for land. As pets, several marine species of hermit crabs are common in the marine aquarium trade. They are commonly kept in reef fish tanks. They breathe through gills but they don't have to carry around their water to do so. Most can survive briefly out of water as long as their gills are damp. However, this ability is not as developed as it is in land hermit crabs. A few species do not use a "mobile home" and inhabit immobile structures left by polychaete worms, vermetid gastropods, corals, and sponges.[4]
The second group, the land hermit crabs, spend most of their life on land as terrestrial species in tropical areas, though even they require access to both freshwater and saltwater to keep their gills damp or wet to survive and to reproduce. They belong to the family Coenobitidae. Of the approximately 15 terrestrial species of genus Coenobita in the world, the following are commonly kept as pets: Caribbean hermit crab (Coenobita clypeatus), Australian land hermit crab (Coenobita variabilis), and the Ecuadorian hermit crab (Coenobita compressus). Other species, such as Coenobita brevimanus, Coenobita rugosus, Coenobita perlatus or Coenobita cavipes, are less common but growing in availability and popularity as pets.

text: Shells and shell competition[edit]

text: As hermit crabs grow, they require larger shells. Since suitable intact gastropod shells are sometimes a limited resource, vigorous competition often occurs among hermit crabs for shells. The availability of empty shells at any given place depends on the relative abundance of gastropods and hermit crabs, matched for size. An equally important issue is the population of organisms that prey upon gastropods and leave the shells intact.[7] Hermit crabs kept together may fight or kill a competitor to gain access to the shell they favour. However, if the crabs vary significantly in size, the occurrence of fights over empty shells will decrease or remain nonexistent. [8] Hermit crabs with too-small shells cannot grow as fast as those with well-fitting shells, and are more likely to be eaten if they cannot retract completely into the shell.[9]

text: As the hermit crab grows in size, it must find a larger shell and abandon the previous one. This habit of living in a second-hand shell gives rise to the popular name "hermit crab", by analogy to a hermit who lives alone.[10] Several hermit crab species, both terrestrial and marine, have been observed forming a vacancy chain to exchange shells.[8] When an individual crab finds a new empty shell it will leave its own shell and inspect the vacant shell for size. If the shell is found to be too large, the crab goes back to its own shell and then waits by the vacant shell for anything up to 8 hours. As new crabs arrive they also inspect the shell and, if it is too big, wait with the others, forming a group of up to 20 individuals, holding onto each other in a line from the largest to the smallest crab. As soon as a crab arrives that is the right size for the vacant shell and claims it, leaving its old shell vacant, then all the crabs in the queue swiftly exchange shells in sequence, each one moving up to the next size.[11] Hermit crabs often "gang up" on one of their species with what they perceive to be a better shell, and pry its shell away from it before competing for it until one takes it over.[12]

text: For some larger marine species, supporting one or more sea anemones on the shell can scare away predators. The sea anemone benefits, because it is in position to consume fragments of the hermit crab's meals. Other very close symbiotic relationships are known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs forming bryoliths.[13]

text: Development and reproduction[edit]

text: Hermit crab species range in size and shape, from species with a carapace only a few millimetres long to Coenobita brevimanus, which can live 12–70 years and can approach the size of a coconut. The shell-less hermit crab Birgus latro (coconut crab) is the world's largest terrestrial invertebrate.[14]

text: The young develop in stages, with the first two (the nauplius and protozoea) occurring inside the egg. Most hermit crab larvae hatch at the third stage, the zoea. In this larval stage, the crab has several long spines, a long, narrow abdomen, and large fringed antennae. Several zoeal moults are followed by the final larval stage, the megalopa.[15]

text: Classification[edit]

text: Hermit crabs are more closely related to squat lobsters and porcelain crabs than they are to true crabs (Brachyura). However, the relationship of king crabs to the rest of Paguroidea is a highly contentious topic. Many studies based on physical characteristics, genetic information, and combined data, support the longstanding hypothesis that the king crabs in the family Lithodidae are derived hermit crabs and should be classified as a family within Paguroidea.[16][17][18][19] Other researchers have challenged this, asserting that the Lithodidae (king crabs) should be placed with the Hapalogastridae in a separate superfamily Lithodoidea.[20][21] Six families are formally recognized in the superfamily Paguroidea,[1] containing around 1100 species in total in 120 genera.[2]

text:
Coenobitidae Dana, 1851 – two genera: terrestrial hermit crabs and the coconut crab
Diogenidae Ortmann, 1892 – 20 genera of "left-handed hermit crabs"
Paguridae Latreille, 1802 – 76 genera
Parapaguridae Smith, 1882 – 10 genera
Parapylochelidae Fraaije et al., 2012 – two genera[22]
Pylochelidae Bate, 1888 – 9 genera of "symmetrical hermit crabs"
Pylojacquesidae McLaughlin & Lemaitre, 2001 – two genera

text: Fossil record[edit]

text: The fossil record of in situ hermit crabs using gastropod shells stretches back to the Late Cretaceous. Before that time, at least some hermit crabs used ammonites' shells instead, as shown by a specimen of Palaeopagurus vandenengeli from the Speeton Clay, Yorkshire, UK from the Lower Cretaceous.[23]

text: Hermit crabs are often seen as a "throwaway pet" that would live only a few months, but species such as Coenobita clypeatus have a 23-year lifespan if properly treated,[24] and some have lived longer than 32 years.[25][26]


document_title: Turner & Hooch

question_text: what dog is hooch on turner and hooch

question_tokens: what dog is hooch on turner and hooch

text: Turner & Hooch

text: Plot

text: Scott Turner, is a highly studious and obsessively neat police investigator for the small Northern California town of Cypress Beach. Bored with the lack of serious crime with his current work, Scott is set to transfer to a much better position in Sacramento, leaving fellow investigator David Sutton to replace him. Scott shows David around in the three days left before his transfer, meeting with long time friend Amos Reed for a final time. The two investigators are then called to the discovery of $8,000 found at the local beach - an unusual discovery for such a quiet community. That same evening, Amos is murdered by an affiliate of local seafood magnate Walter Boyett when Amos reveals his suspicions of Boyett's operations. Scott is alerted to the crime the following morning, ultimately resulting in Scott hesitantly taking in Hooch, Amos' pet Dogue de Bordeaux. Scott immediately takes Hooch to the new town veterinarian Emily Carson. Scott pleads with Emily to take in Hooch as he has no experience of handling such an animal before. However, Emily insists that Hooch will be good for Scott, who lives alone.

text: Immediately returning home however, Hooch's noisy, destructive nature clashes intensely with Scott's tightly-tuned routine and lifestyle. Scott leaves Hooch alone one night to buy dog food, only to return to a home that has been completely ransacked by Hooch unintentionally. Furious, Scott kicks Hooch out, only to return later with Emily's female dog, Camille. Seeing an opportunity to get rid of Hooch, Scott drives both Hooch and Camille back to the Veterinary clinic, only to be caught by Emily as he leaves. Emily invites Scott inside, and the two proceed to continue painting the house that Emily earlier abandoned for the night. Scott leaves later on and although he expresses his disinterest in taking things further with Emily, it becomes clear that the two are starting to like each other.

text: Scott takes Hooch to the Police Precinct the next day, where a wedding occurs just across the street. Hooch identifies the wedding photographer as Amos' killer and gives chase, almost taking Scott's desk with him. The murderer is able to escape from his pursuers, but Scott is able to identify the killer as Zack Gregory, a former Marine with several prior arrests and also fits the profile in which Amos was killed (Scott had earlier speculated that Amos' murderer must have had special experience in killing as the stab wound performed on Amos ensured total discretion). Scott also speculates that Amos wasn't murdered in a robbery attempt, but in order for Zack to cover up an illegal operation near to where he lived. This theory matches with Amos' regular complaints to Scott about the noises he heard going on at Boyett Seafood, the company in which Zack is registered as an employee.

text: Celebrating the approval to search Boyett Seafood, Scott treats Hooch but notices his refusal to eat - Scott considering this as a consequence of Amos' death, the long term owner and presumably, only companion to Hooch. Scott and Hooch are seen to establish a closer bond with each other. The next day, the police search Boyett Seafood but find no evidence of any illegal activity. With his transfer pending the following day, Scott is relieved of jurisdiction of the case and is given to David by Police Chief Howard Hyde. Frustrated with reaching a dead end in the case, Scott meets with Emily, leading the two to spend the night together. In a eureka moment, Scott finally realises why the earlier search of Boyett Seafood turned up nothing - instead of searching for imports, Boyett Seafood was actually exporting goods. Armed with this new lead, Scott takes Hooch back to the factory to stake-out. The following morning, David arrives upon Scott's request with the earlier recovered $8,000 from the beach. On a hunch, Scott commands Hooch to trace the scent of the money to anything he can find within the factory, ultimately returning with the exact type of bag the wad was discovered in.

text: Scott travels to the Lazy Acres Motel, the false address that which Zack Gregory was listed as a tenant. Scott interrogates the Motel owner into revealing where Zack is, only to be held up at gunpoint by him moments later. Zack orders Scott into his car to drive away, but Scott crashes the Cadillac into a concrete barrier, propelling Zack through the windshield and pinning him down by the neck, provided assistance of Hooch. Scott interrogates Zack into revealing that he killed Amos, and also revealing that Walter Boyett is in on the illegal money trade going on at his factory, but is not in charge of it, to Scott's surprise. Scott returns with Hooch to the factory, and is unexpectedly joined by Chief Hyde. Already suspicious of Zack's earlier confession, Scott confronts Hyde, believing him to be in charge of the money laundering operation at the docks, using the gigantic ice cubes to cover the wads of cash being sent out of the country. A firefight soon occurs between Scott against Hyde and Boyett, with Hooch being able to ambush Boyett from above, although Boyett is able to shoot Hooch in the process. Confronting Hyde, Scott is initially coerced by the corrupt Police Chief to frame Boyett, who is subsequently killed by Hyde. However, Hyde knows that Scott is an entirely honest Police Officer, and calls his bluff. Hooch manages to struggle to his feet, and briefly distract Hyde long enough for Scott to kill him.

text: Realising Hooch's wound, Scott races to Emily's clinic to save his life. However, Hooch who lost a lot of blood dies on the operating table, with a tearful Scott and Emily in audience. During the aftermath, Turner is made police chief while Sutton is the leading investigator. Turner is also married to Emily, with the couple now caring for Camille and her litter of puppies, one of whom that looks and acts exactly like Hooch.

text: Cast

text:
Tom Hanks as Detective Scott Turner
Beasley the Dog as Hooch
Mare Winningham as Dr. Emily Carson
Craig T. Nelson as Chief Howard Hyde
Reginald VelJohnson as Det. David Sutton
Scott Paulin as Zack Gregory
J. C. Quinn as Walter Boyett
John McIntire as Amos Reed
David Knell as Ernie
Ebbe Roe Smith as Harley McCabe
Kevin Scannell as Jeff Foster
Joel Bailey as Ferraday
Mary McCusker as Katie
Ernie Lively as Motel Clerk
Clyde Kusatsu as Kevin Williams
Elaine Renee Bush as Store Clerk
Eda Reiss Merin as Mrs. Remington

text: Production

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Hooch's real name was Beasley, and he was a Dogue de Bordeaux (French mastiff), a French breed of work dog developed in the 15th century. Beasley was born on a dog kennel in Merrimac, Wisconsin owned by Peter Curley. Beasley was later purchased along with three other dogs for production of the film and were trained by Clint Rowe, who makes a brief appearance in the film as an ASPCA officer. Beasley died in 1992 aged 14. Animal Makers created an exact replica of Hooch for the famous death scene.

text: Henry Winkler was the original director, Winker was fired thirteen days into production by studio executive Jeffrey Katzenberg, according to Winkler on the October 10, 2012 The Howard Stern Show.

text: Many scenes were filmed on location in Monterey, Pacific Grove, and Moss Landing, California. "Cypress Beach" is fictional, using mostly Pacific Grove for shots such as the police department, the wedding foot chase, and the car chase down Ocean View Ave.

text: Reception and legacy

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Turner & Hooch gained a mixed response from critics, with a 52% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews,[4] but it was a box office success.[1] No plans remain for a sequel despite its revived popularity following Hanks' rise to success.

text: NBC did a television pilot based on the film in 1990. It aired in the summer with another dog pilot, "Poochinski" under the banner, "Two Dog Night".

text: Turner & Hooch has been referred to in various films and television shows, including the NBC/ABC medical sitcom Scrubs, in which main characters J.D. and Turk modify shift schedules so that Doctors Turner and Hooch are teamed up as a surgical team in the episode "My Faith in Humanity" (Doctor Turner was played by Jim Hanks, Tom Hanks' brother). They actually make a good team, and are disappointed when they have to disband. Another episode has Turk offended at JD's assumption that Turner and Hooch was an interracial buddy movie, an assumption made based on the aforementioned Hooch. In the second season of Castle, Beckett and Castle compare themselves to Turner and Hooch, with Castle being Hooch. This comparison returned in the Castle season 7 episode Kill Switch.

text: During an appearance on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, O'Brien gave Tom Hanks a preserved dog skeleton, claiming it was his old friend Hooch. As one of O'Brien's first guests on The Tonight Show, Hanks improvised a song from an alleged Turner & Hooch stage musical. During the 2006 Academy Awards, Tom Hanks played in a sketch about acceptance speeches that ran on too long. In his comedic lengthy speech, he thanked Hooch.

text: The 2014 Tamil film Naaigal Jaakirathai is based on this film.[5][6]

text: Lawsuit

text: In April 2015, it was reported that Christine Turner Wagner, widow of producer Raymond Wagner, and Richard Dreyfuss have sued The Walt Disney Company over profits from Turner & Hooch and What About Bob? (1991), another Touchstone release which Dreyfuss starred in. The plaintiffs have claimed that Disney has refused to hire their chosen auditor, Robinson and Co.[7][8][9][10][11][12]


document_title: Brenda Song

question_text: who played cody on the suite life of zack and cody

text: Brenda Song

text: Early life[edit]

text: Brenda Song was born in Carmichael, California, a suburb of Sacramento, to a Hmong family.[7] Her paternal grandparents were from the Xiong clan (熊), but changed their last name to Song when the family immigrated to the United States.[7] Her parents were born in Thailand and met as adults in Sacramento. Her father works as a schoolteacher and her mother is a homemaker. She has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan.[8][9]

text: When she was six years old, Song moved with her mother to Los Angeles, California, to support her acting career; the rest of the family followed two years later. As a young girl, Song wanted to do ballet, while her younger brother wanted to take taekwondo. She said, "My mom only wanted to take us to one place," so they settled on taekwondo. Although Song cried all the way through her first class,[10] she now holds a black belt in taekwondo. Song was named an All-American Scholar in the ninth grade. She was homeschooled and earned a high school diploma at age 16,[8][7] then took courses at a community college and online from the University of California, Berkeley,[8] with a major in psychology[7] and a minor in business.[11]

text: Acting[edit]

text: 1995–2002: early work and career beginnings[edit]

text: Song started in show business as a child fashion model in San Francisco after being spotted in a shopping mall by an agent from a modeling school.[12] She began acting at the age of five or six in a Little Caesars commercial,[8][13] and then a Barbie commercial.[8] Her first film role was in the 1995 Requiem, an AFI student short film by actress Elizabeth Sung. "She came in confident [at the auditions]. She was very focused, and it was very obvious that she loved what she was doing," said Sung.[10] The film is about a waitress/dancer named Fong who remembers her loving brother and their bittersweet childhood in Hong Kong. The seven-year-old Song played a young version of "Fong", who is portrayed as an adult by Tamlyn Tomita. The film won a CINE Golden Eagle award.[14] She appeared in another short film directed by Elizabeth Sung called The White Fox.[7]

text: Song appeared in two episodes of the television program Thunder Alley, and was a regular in the children's television series Fudge, in which she portrayed Jenny. Her theatrical film debut was in Santa with Muscles, a 1996 independent film starring professional wrestler Hulk Hogan. After a small role in Leave It to Beaver (1997), she appeared in the Nickelodeon television series 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd, where she played Sariffa Chung in thirteen episodes. After 100 Deeds, she had a number of small parts in television shows such as 7th Heaven, Judging Amy, ER, Once and Again,  The Brothers García, Popular, Bette, The Bernie Mac Show, The Nightmare Room, For the People and George Lopez.

text: Two of Song's early roles led to recognition in the Young Artist Awards. Her role in the 2000 Disney Channel Original Movie, The Ultimate Christmas Present, won her the award for "Best Performance in a TV Movie Comedy, Supporting Young Actress".[15] The film centers on two teenage girls, Allison Thompson (Hallee Hirsh) and Samantha Kwan (Song), who find a weather machine and make it snow in Los Angeles.

text: Her 2002 appearance on The Bernie Mac Show led to her nomination for "Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series, Guest Starring Young Actress".[16] In the same year, she was in the 20th Century Fox family film Like Mike, which grossed over $60 million.[17] The film stars rapper Bow Wow as an orphan who can suddenly play NBA-level basketball. Song portrays the character Reg Stevens, a thirteen-year-old orphan. Although the film was criticized for its "frightening myths about adoption",[18] it was successful enough to spawn a sequel. Song did not participate in the sequel.

text: 2002–2010: breakthrough with Disney[edit]

text: In 2002, Song signed a contract with Disney[10] and appeared in the Disney Channel movie Get a Clue. After 2002, Song continued to make guest appearances in American situation comedies such as That's So Raven and One on One. She had a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future, appearing in seven episodes of the series in 2004 and 2005.

text: In late 2004, Song starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Stuck in the Suburbs, portraying Natasha Kwon-Schwartz.[19] The television premiere received 3.7 million viewers.[20] The film is about two teenage girls living in suburbia who accidentally exchange cell phones with a famous teen musician. She later said: "When Stuck came out it was crazy 'cause we went to Six Flags and we were there and so many kids recognized us from Stuck in the Suburbs, I'm like wow that movie must have done really well."[21]

text: In 2005, Song began appearing in the role of spoiled heiress London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. The role was named "Paris" in an early script and alludes to Paris Hilton (London spoofing Paris, and Tipton is the name of the hotel her father owns in the show).[8][22][23] She got the role without an audition[24] and was surprised to find her friend Ashley Tisdale working in the show.[19] Song says, "London is my fantasy person, I wish I could be her. I wish I had her closet."[8]

text: The series is about the residents and workers at the fictional Tipton Hotel in Boston and mainly centers around the trouble-making twins, Zack and Cody Martin (Dylan and Cole Sprouse), and London Tipton (Song). The series premiered on the Disney Channel on March 18, 2005, receiving four million viewers, making it the most successful premiere for the Disney Channel in 2005.[25] Critics often praised Song's performance in the Suite Life series. An April 2009 andPOP.com article stated that as London Tipton, "Song is the One to Steal the Spotlight" on the Disney Channel. It said, "if you ever watched an episode of 'The Suite Life with Zack & Cody' you should realize that show is watchable because of one character: London Tipton. Brenda plays the ditzy spoiled hotel heiress London (an allusion to Paris Hilton) and, if I could say so myself, she does quite an excellent job doing so."[26] While commenting on Song, MSN's 2009 cover story on the series stated, "Song is one of the main reasons why the "Suite Life" franchise remains one of the most successful and highly rated series in the Disney stable."[27] In a 2009 People magazine article, the character was described as a "melodramatic high-seas diva."[9]

text: The series eventually earned a 2007 Young Artist Award for "Best Family Television Series (comedy)",[28] Emmy nominations for "Outstanding Children's Program" (twice)[29] and "Outstanding Choreography",[30] and three Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award nominations for "Favorite TV show" in 2007, 2008, and 2009.[31] In 2006 Song earned an Asian Excellence Award nomination for "Outstanding Newcomer" for her part in the series.[32] After her debut on the Suite Life series, Song became a regular on the Disney Channel, and had a voice role in Disney Channel's American Dragon: Jake Long series. In 2006, Song had a voice-over role in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen. She later starred in an online series called London Tipton's Yay Me!.

text: Song's first starring role as the title character was in the 2006 Disney Channel Original Movie Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior,[33] which had over 5.7 million viewers at its premiere.[12][34] Wendy Wu was planned to be a comedy, but the directors of the film were having trouble finding a suitable actor with both the comedic presence and taekwondo ability to play the main character, originally named Kenny Lu. Lydia Cook, one of the films's directors, said, "Brenda was originally brought in to play the [supporting] monk's role. We started training with her in martial arts, and that's when we realized that she should be Kenny Lu. They quickly switched things around and offered Brenda the lead in the movie. She had the perfect combination of wit and martial arts."[10] Song had to break a brick with her hand in a screen test before landing the title role.

text: According to The New York Times, the film became a "star vehicle" for Song.[8] The film was about an average, popular Chinese-American teenager whose life is turned upside down by a visit from a young Chinese monk (Shin Koyamada). The monk claims she is the reincarnation of a powerful female warrior and the only person who can prevent an ancient evil spirit from destroying the world. In a second story line, Wendy and most of her family struggle with keeping their culture and heritage.[35] Song felt she could relate to the message since she knew little about her own people before making the film.[8] She said, "I really identified with Wendy because I don't want to not know where I came from".[36] To promote the film, she posed for the cover of Seventeen, Teen People, Teen, Seventeen Malaysia, and several other magazines,[37] and traveled to Malaysia, Singapore, and Costa Rica.[38] A Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior sequel, starring Song and Koyamada, was announced in the end of 2007.[39]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. UltimateDisney.com called the role "a strong departure from her flaky London Tipton character in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", adding that Song "shows in this movie that she no longer has to restrict herself to playing the dumb one."[33] The site praised the film, stating, "Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior is an enjoyable little telefilm, rife with killer action sequences (for a DCOM), and a great showcase of talent in both acting and martial for Brenda Song. Aside from a few totally cliched characters and situations, it's worth 91 minutes of your time."[33] Allmovie described Song as a "charming and appealing personality, even when playing a shallow airhead".[40]

text: While commending Disney for the strong Asian cast, a BellaOnline review noted that it is rare to see a female martial arts star with a black belt.[41] Song did most of her own stunt work for the film, with guidance from Koichi Sakamoto, executive producer for the Power Rangers series. Song was inspired to endure the stunt training by the way her mother dealt with breast cancer in 2005.[12] Disney Channel executive vice president Gary Marsh called the film "Buffy the Vampire Slayer meets Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon" and said of Song: "She's incredibly talented, she's smart. She adds diversity to our network, and she's a real kid."[35]

text: Song reprised her role as London Tipton in the Suite Life spin-off, The Suite Life on Deck.[42] The show's premiere on the Disney Channel drew 5.7 million viewers,[43] and it became the most-watched series premiere on Canada's Family Channel.[44] The show became the most-watched scripted series among children aged 6 to 11 and among tweens in 2008.[45] In 2009, the show was the most-watched scripted series among children and the second most-watched scripted series among pre-teens.[46] Disney ordered second and third seasons for the series.[47]

text: In May 2009, Disney Channel's executive vice president Gary Marsh issued a press release, which stated: "with this second-season extension, the cast of 'The Suite Life' makes Disney Channel history by becoming the longest running continuous characters on our air – 138 half-hour episodes. We are thrilled for them, and for the brilliant, inspired production team that made this extraordinary run possible."[2] According to the Wall Street Journal, Song's participation in the series led to her becoming highly popular among children between the ages of seven and ten.[48]

text: 2010–present: mainstream television and film work[edit]

text: In 2009, she starred in the telefilm Special Delivery,[49] a film about bonded courier, Maxine (Lisa Edelstein) and troubled teen, Alice (Song). The Daily Record called it a "likeable comedy".[50] The Australian publication Urban CineFilm gave Song a positive review for her performance in the film.[51] Song also appeared in the theatrical film College Road Trip with Raven-Symoné and Martin Lawrence.

text: Song starred as Paige in an animated television special for NBC, "Macy's Presents Little Spirit: Christmas in New York".[52] In late 2008, Song made a special appearance at the grand opening of the RTA HealthLine in Cleveland.[53]

text: In 2010, Song joined the main cast of Columbia Pictures' The Social Network alongside Jesse Eisenberg, Andrew Garfield and Justin Timberlake.[54] Song portrayed Christy Lee, a Harvard University student who dates Eduardo Saverin (Andrew Garfield).

text: In 2012, Song starred in the short film First Kiss along with her Social Network costar Joseph Mazzello. First Kiss was screened at numerous film festivals throughout the US and won the Best Short Film award at the Omaha Film Festival and TriMedia Film Festival.[55][56] In 2012 and 2013, Song had a recurring role as Alissa in the TV show Scandal in the first and second seasons. In 2013, Song had a recurring role as Daisy in New Girl.[57]

text: In August 2013, Song was cast in a leading role in the Fox television series Dads, in which Song portrayed Veronica. The show's pilot episode was criticized by Asian American watchdog groups because Song's character wore a stereotypical "sexy Asian schoolgirl" costume, which was deemed "racist" by watchdog groups.[58][59][60][61][62][63] In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Song defended the show and denied the racism allegations.[64] Fox refused to re-shoot the scenes which were deemed racist by watchdog groups.[59][65] The show premiered September 17, 2013 but in May 2014, Fox canceled the series after only one season.[66][67]

text: In October 2014, Song signed a talent holding deal with Fox and 20th Century Fox Television to star in a television project.[3][68][69][70] In April 2015, Song was cast in a regular role in the NBC comedy pilot Take It From Us.[71] In November 2015, Song was cast in the show Life in Pieces as Bonnie.[72] In February 2016, Song was cast in CBS pilot Bunker Hill.[73] Later renamed Pure Genius, the series was picked up by CBS and is scheduled to begin airing in the 2016-2017 television season.[74]

text: In March 2017, Song was cast as a series regular in the CBS pilot Real Life.[75] She was also cast in Seth Green's directorial debut Changeland. In August 2017, it was announced that Song would be starring in Freeform's first original holiday movie, Angry Angel. The film is part of the network's "Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas" series of programming, which premiered November 18, 2017.[76]

text: In March 2018, it was revealed Song would join the cast of new show Station 19 for a multi-episode arc.[6]

text: Music credits[edit]

text: Song  was part of the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, a group of performers from several different Disney Channel television series. She took part in the recording and music video of a version of "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes". The recording was included on the special edition Cinderella DVD and on the DisneyMania 4 CD. The album CD was released in April 2005 under the Walt Disney Records label.

text: Film clips from Stuck in the Suburbs, which included Song, appeared in music videos for Anneliese van der Pol's song "Over It" and Taran Killam's "More Than Me", "On Top of the World", and "Make a Wish". In the Suite Life High School Musical-themed episode, Song performed "Bop To The Top" and "Really Great". "Really Great" became the theme song for the online series, London Tipton's Yay Me!. She sang "Bling Is My Favourite Thing" on another Suite Life episode. In these episodes, Song purposefully sang poorly to create the impression that her character, London Tipton, is tone-deaf. Ian Scott wrote and produced demo songs for her.[77] The songs are credited to Mark Jackson Productions, which is associated with Warner Bros. Records.[77]

text: Public image[edit]

text: Song said in 2005, "Besides Hollywood grand-openings and award shows, I try to stay away from the parties. It's so easy to be swept away from that whole scene because it's expected of you. I've never drank or smoked in my entire life, but I've seen 15-year-olds drinking and smoking and I just think that's gross."[7] On being a role model to children, Song said: "Oh goodness, I hope I can set a good example. If I can do it, anyone can. I'm living my dream every single day."[10]

text: In 2006, CosmoGirl named Song the "Queen of Disney", citing her major contributions on the Disney Channel.[78] Song ranked ninth in Netscape's 2007 "Top 10 Pretty Petites in Entertainment",[79] was voted one of AOL's "Top 20 Tween (and Teen) TV Stars",[80] and was ranked #3 on Maxim's Asian Hot 100 of 2008 list. Song was also ranked #45 in AIM's "Top 100 Celebs Under 25" list.[81] TV Guide listed her in its 2008 list of "13 Hottest Young Stars to Watch".[82] In 2009, Song was featured in Celebuzz's "Rising Stars" list[83] and was described as one of "young Hollywood's most promising rising stars".[84] In 2009, the blog Angry Asian Man named her one of the most influential Asian Americans under the age of 30.[85]

text: In 2006, Song was hostess for the "A World Of Change" annual charity fashion show to benefit Optimist Youth Homes & Family Services.[86] She also supported the 10th Annual L.A. Cancer Challenge. In 2008, Song was part of the "Power of Youth carnival", a benefit for the St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital.[87] In 2006 and 2007, she participated in the YMCA Healthy Kids Day in Chicago.[88] She began hosting a Disney special daily segment called Pass the Plate in 2007, in which she helps children and their families learn more about nutrition and healthy food.[89] The series is produced in ten countries in association with Disney Channel.[90] Song returned for the second season of the miniseries.

text: In 2005, an article "Maths Spotlight on... Brenda Song" in Scholastic Math included facts about Song and mathematical guidance from her.[91][92] Song appeared alongside Paula Abdul and several other celebrities in a "Our Time to Vote" commercial, which aimed to encourage American citizens to vote during the 2008 presidential election.[93] In 2009, Song participated in the "Diet Pepsi Easter Holiday House" event. She decorated an egg at the event that was sold in an online auction benefiting Feeding America.[94]

text: In April 2008 a picture of Song was used in an ad for an escort agency in the LA Weekly.[95] A rep from Disney told TMZ: "This is an unauthorized use of Brenda Song's image and her personal attorney has issued a cease and desist to the advertiser."[96] Song filed a libel suit seeking $100,000 in damages.[97] Song said: "As a role model to millions of young people, I feel I have to take a stand against this company in regard to its exploitation of my image."[98] The settlement was announced in March 2009.[99]

text: Song was a spokesperson for Disney's environmental campaign, Disney's Friends for Change.[100] She was featured in several commercials on the Disney Channel for the campaign. The charity's aim was to explain how children can help preserve the Earth and invited them to go to the Friends for Change website to register and pledge, offering them the chance to help choose how Disney will invest $1 million in environmental programs.[101] In 2010, she was the celebrity endorser of the Walt Disney Company's Disney Cruise Line.[102] In 2011, she was also the spokesperson of the clothing brand OP.[103]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Song began dating singer Trace Cyrus in 2010. They became engaged in October 2011 before ending their engagement in 2012. They rekindled their relationship in January 2013 before separating again that April.

text: As of October 2017, Song has been in a relationship with her Changeland co-star Macaulay Culkin.[104]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role[citation needed]

Notes

1995

Requiem

Young Fong

1996

Santa with Muscles

Susan

1997

Leave It to Beaver

Susan Acustis

1999

The White Fox

Sandy

Short film

2002

Like Mike

Reg Stevens

2004

Costume Party Capers: The Incredibles

Alex

Voice

2006

Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior

Wendy Wu

Also co-producer

2006

Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen

Treat

Voice

2008

College Road Trip

Nancy

2009

Boogie Town

Natalie

2010

The Social Network

Christy Lee

2010

Little Sister

Storyteller

2011

The Little Engine That Could

Shiny Passenger Train

2011

Pixie Hollow Games[105]

Chloe

Voice

2012

First Kiss

Samantha

Short film

2017

Angry Angel

Allison Pyke

2018

Changeland

Pen

Post-production

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role[citation needed]

Notes

1994–95

Thunder Alley

Kathy

"Speak No Evil" (Season 2, Episode 2)"Buzz Off, Buzzard Boy" (Season 2, Episode 18)

1995

Fudge

Jennie

Main role (Season 1)

1999

Once and Again

Chrissy

"There Be Dragons" (Season 1, Episode 5)

1999

MADtv

Trick-or-Treater

"Halloween Special Edition" (Season 5, Episode 6)

1999

Popular

Mandy Shepherd

"Fall on Your Knees" (Season 1, Episode 10)

2000–02

100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd

Sariffa Chung

Main role

2000

7th Heaven

Cynthia

"Love Stinks: Part 1" (Season 4, Episode 21)"Love Stinks: Part 2" (Season 4, Episode 22)

2000

The Brothers García

Jenny

"Love Me Tender" (Season 1, Episode 2)

2000

The Ultimate Christmas Present

Samantha Kwan

Television film

2001

The Nightmare Room

Tessa

"Dear Diary, I'm Dead" (Season 1, Episode 10)

2001

Bette

Stacey

"The Invisible Mom" (Season 1, Episode 14)

2001

ER

Lynda An

"Fear of Commitment" (Season 7, Episode 20)

2001

Judging Amy

Vanessa Pran

"Darkness for Light" (Season 3, Episode 3)

2002

The Bernie Mac Show

Shannon

"The King and I" (Season 1, Episode 11)

2002

George Lopez

Jennifer

"Token of Unappreciation" (Season 2, Episode 2)

2002

Get a Clue

Jennifer

Television film

2002

For the People

Ellie

"The Double Standard" (Season 1, Episode 7)

2003

That's So Raven

Amber

"A Dog by Any Other Name" (Season 1, Episode 14)

2003

One on One

Asanti

"Keeping It" (Season 3, Episode 8)

2004–05

Phil of the Future

Tia

Recurring role (Season 1)

2004

Stuck in the Suburbs

Natasha Kwon-Schwartz

Television film

2005–08

The Suite Life of Zack & Cody

London Tipton

Main role

2006

American Dragon: Jake Long

Tracey

Voice; "Bring It On" (Season 2, Episode 1)

2006–08

Disney Channel Games

Herself

Television special; 3 editions

2007

The Emperor's New School

Dancing Queen

Voice; "The Emperor's New Tuber/Room for Improvement" (Season 2, Episode 1)

2007–08

Pass the Plate

Herself (host)

Season 1

2008

Macy's Presents Little Spirit: Christmas in New York

Paige

Television film

2008

Special Delivery

Alice Cantwell

Television film

2008–11

The Suite Life on Deck

London Tipton

Main role

2009

Phineas and Ferb

Wendy

Voice; "Unfair Science Fair" (Season 2, Episode 2)

2009

Wizards of Waverly Place

London Tipton

"Cast-Away (to Another Show)" (Season 2, Episode 25)

2011

The Suite Life Movie

London Tipton

Television film

2012

Key & Peele

Purple Falcon

"Power Falcons" (Season 2, Episode 9)

2012–13

Scandal

Alissa

Recurring role (Season 1–2)

2013

New Girl

Daisy

Recurring role (Season 2)

2013–14

Dads

Veronica

Main role

2014, 2018

Robot Chicken

Various Voices

Voice; episodes: "The Hobbit: There and Bennigan's"; "What Can You Tell Me About Butt Rashes?"

2014

The League

Rosette

"The Hot Tub" (Season 6, Episode 5)

2015

Miles from Tomorrowland

Frida

Voice; Recurring role (Season 1)

2015

Life in Pieces

Bonnie

"Bite Flight Wing-Man Bonnie" (Season 1, Episode 12)

2015

Take It from Us

Caitlin

Television pilot

2016–17

Pure Genius[106]

Angie Cheng

Main role[107]

2017

Superstore

Kristen

"Glenn's Kids" (Season 2, Episode 19)"Cheyenne's Wedding" (Season 2, Episode 21)

2017

Real Life

Lauren

Television pilot

2018

Station 19

JJ

Recurring role

text: Web[edit]

text:
Year

Title[citation needed]

Role

Notes

2007–11

London Tipton's Yay Me! Starring London Tipton

London Tipton

Web-show

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Awards

Category

Recipient

Outcome

2001

Young Artist Award

Best Performance in a TV Movie (Comedy), Supporting Young Actress

The Ultimate Christmas Present

Won[15]

2003

Young Artist Award

Best Performance in a Television Comedy Series, Guest Starring Young Actress

The Bernie Mac Show

Nominated[16]

2006

Asian Excellence Award

Newcomers Award

The Suite Life of Zack & Cody

Nominated[32]

2011

Kids' Choice Awards

Funniest TV Sidekick

Nominated[108]