document_title: John Terry

question_text: when did john terry first play for chelsea

text: John Terry

text: Club career

text: Chelsea

text: Early years

text: Born in Barking, London, Terry attended Eastbury Comprehensive School[17] and played for local Sunday league team Senrab, which also featured future Premier League players Sol Campbell, Jermain Defoe, Bobby Zamora, Ledley King and Jlloyd Samuel.[18] As a boy, he initially was part of West Ham United's youth system, joining them as a midfielder in 1991.[19] He moved to Chelsea at 14, playing for the club's youth and reserve teams. It was due to a shortage of central defenders that he was moved to centre-back, the position he plays today. After finishing school, he joined the club on a YTS at age 16 and signed professional terms a year later.[20]

text: Terry made his Chelsea debut on 28 October 1998 as a late substitute in a League Cup tie with Aston Villa; his first start came later that season in an FA Cup third round match, a 2–0 win over Oldham Athletic.[citation needed] He spent a brief period on loan with Nottingham Forest in 2000 to build up his first team experience and was the subject of interest from both Forest manager David Platt and Huddersfield Town manager Steve Bruce.[21][22][23][24]

text: In 2002, Terry was involved in an altercation with a bouncer at a West London nightclub with Chelsea teammate Jody Morris and Wimbledon's Des Byrne, which led to him being charged with assault and affray. In August 2002, Terry was acquitted of the charges in court.[25] During the affair, he was given a temporary ban from the England national team by The Football Association.[26] Previously, along with Chelsea teammates Frank Lampard, Jody Morris, Eiður Guðjohnsen and former teammate Frank Sinclair, in September 2001 Terry was fined two weeks wages by Chelsea after drunkenly harassing grieving American tourists in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[27][28] During his early days at Chelsea, Terry shared a flat with Andrew Crofts.[29][30]

text: First-team breakthrough

text: Terry began to establish himself in the Chelsea first team from the 2000–01 season, making 23 starts, and was voted the club's player of the year.[31] He continued his progress during 2001–02, becoming a regular in the defence alongside club captain and France international Marcel Desailly.[citation needed] On 5 December 2001, he captained Chelsea for the first time, in a League match against Charlton Athletic.[citation needed] Chelsea reached the FA Cup Final, following wins against London rivals West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur in the fourth and six rounds respectively, and Fulham in the semi-final – where Terry scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory.[citation needed] A virus denied Terry a place in the starting line-up for the final, although he came on as a second-half substitute as Chelsea lost 2–0 to Arsenal.[citation needed] In the 2003–04 season, his performances led to him being handed the captain's armband by manager Claudio Ranieri when Desailly was out of the team.[citation needed] He played well in the absence of the French international, forming a strong defensive partnership with William Gallas.[citation needed]

text: Captaincy and successes

text: Following Desailly's retirement, new Chelsea manager José Mourinho chose Terry as his club captain, a choice which was vindicated throughout the 2004–05 season as Chelsea won the Premier League title in record-breaking fashion with the best defensive record in Football League history with the most clean sheets and the most points accrued.[citation needed] He was voted Player of the Year by his fellow professionals in England[10] and scored eight goals, including a late winner against Barcelona, in the UEFA Champions League.[citation needed] He was voted the best defender in the Champions League for the season.[32] In September 2005, he was selected as a member of the World XI at the FIFPro awards. The team was chosen by a vote of professional footballers based in 40 countries.[33]

text: Chelsea defended their Premier League title in 2005–06, earning 91 points, and confirming the title with a 3–0 victory against Manchester United.[citation needed]

text: In a match on 14 October 2006 against Reading, Terry had to take over in goal for Chelsea in the final minutes of the match after goalkeepers Petr Čech and Carlo Cudicini were injured and Chelsea had no substitutes remaining.[citation needed] Terry kept a clean sheet as Chelsea held out to win 1–0, although he did not have a single save to make and his goalkeeping experience was limited to taking a free kick from inside the penalty area.[citation needed] On 5 November 2006, playing against Tottenham Hotspur, Terry was sent off for the first time in his Chelsea career after receiving two yellow cards as the Blues lost at White Hart Lane for the first time since 1987.[citation needed] Terry was charged with misconduct by the FA for questioning the integrity of match referee Graham Poll after the match.[citation needed] On 10 January 2007, Terry was ordered to pay £10,000 for the inappropriate conduct after he changed his mind and pleaded guilty to the FA.[citation needed]

text: In the 2006–07 season, Terry missed matches for Chelsea due to a recurring back problem. On 26 December 2006, José Mourinho stated that his captain might require surgery to fix the problem. In Terry's absence Chelsea drew 2–2 at home to both Reading and Fulham over Christmas, draws that were to prove crucial in the destiny of the Premier League title for that season.[34] On 28 December, Chelsea released a press statement saying Terry had had back surgery: "The operation to remove a sequestrated lumbar intervertebral disc was successful."[35] Although he was expected to return in the match against Wigan Athletic, which Chelsea won 3–2 thanks to a late goal from winger Arjen Robben,[36] Terry was missing once again, due to the recurring back problem.[citation needed] He made his return in Chelsea's 1–0 victory over Charlton Athletic on 3 February 2007 coming on in the 88th minute for Claude Makelele.[citation needed] Chelsea won the match thanks to a goal from Frank Lampard.[citation needed] Terry played his first 90 minutes of football for nearly three months in Chelsea's 3–0 victory over Middlesbrough and received much applause from the Chelsea faithful. Didier Drogba scored two goals for Chelsea in that match, while the other goal came courtesy of an own goal from Abel Xavier of Middlesbrough.[37]

text: Playing in the UEFA Champions League round of 16 away against Porto, he suffered another injury, this time to his ankle, and was set to miss the 2007 League Cup Final against Arsenal, but managed to recover from the injury within days and played in the final. During the second half of the match, at an attacking corner, he threw himself at the ball with a diving header; Arsenal's Abou Diaby, in an attempt to clear the ball, kicked Terry in the face. Terry was unconscious for several minutes, at which point he nearly swallowed his tongue. He was carried off the field on a stretcher and immediately transferred to the University Hospital of Wales. Terry discharged himself the same day and returned to the Millennium Stadium to celebrate his team's 2–1 win. The only recollection he had of the second half is walking out onto the pitch and he did not remember the ten minutes he played prior to his injury.[38] Following the incident, Terry thanked the Arsenal physiologist Gary Lewin for saving his life.[39] Lewin was the first medic that rushed over to assist him after his tongue had blocked his airways.[citation needed] After spending two weeks on the sidelines, he made his return to the Chelsea team against Blackburn Rovers in March.[citation needed] He went on to lead Chelsea to the semi-final of the UEFA Champions League, the third time in four years that Chelsea had made it to the final four of the competition.[citation needed] In May 2007, Terry captained Chelsea to the FA Cup, in the first final at the new Wembley Stadium.[citation needed]

text: Despite failing to agree terms to a new contract immediately following 2006–07, Terry stated on several occasions that he had no intention of leaving Chelsea. In late July, he signed a new five-year contract[40] with a base salary of between £131,000[41] and £135,000[42] per week, making him the highest-paid player in the Premier League at the time.[42] Frank Lampard's contract with Chelsea, signed in August 2008, surpassed Terry's with Lampard earning £151,000 a week to become the highest-paid player in the Premier League.[43]

text: On 16 December 2007, whilst playing against Arsenal, while going to clear a ball Terry's foot was stepped on by Emmanuel Eboué and Terry had suffered 3 broken bones in his foot.[citation needed] He was expected to be out for at least three months but made a speedy recovery and managed to captain Chelsea to the 2008 League Cup Final against Tottenham, which Chelsea lost 2–1.[citation needed] On 11 May 2008, whilst playing in the last league match of the season against Bolton, he collided with goalkeeper Petr Čech and suffered a partially dislocated elbow, which was eventually put back into place en route to the hospital.[citation needed] This injury did not prevent him playing in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final against Manchester United.[citation needed] The match went to penalties, and Terry missed a penalty which would have won Chelsea the match (and the Champions League).[citation needed] His standing leg slipped as he took his kick, and the ball missed the goal.[citation needed] Chelsea lost the shootout 6–5, which Terry reacted to by breaking down in tears.[citation needed] On 28 August 2008, Terry was awarded the Defender of The Year award from UEFA at the Champions League group stage draw in Monaco, together with Frank Lampard and Petr Čech, who received the award for their respective positions.[citation needed]

text: On 13 September 2008, Terry received the first straight red card of his career against Manchester City for rugby-tackling Jô. However, this was later rescinded on appeal.[44] Despite being a defender, he occasionally scores important goals for Chelsea, such as in the Champions League Group A home match against Roma.[45] However, Chelsea went on to lose the away leg 3–1.[46]

text: Double and Champions League

text: In July 2009, Manchester City made a third bid for Terry, but Chelsea coach Carlo Ancelotti insisted Terry would remain at Chelsea.[47] Before the start of the season, Terry was again awarded with UEFA Defender of the Year, his third time winning the award.[citation needed] He made his debut for the new season against Premier League team Hull City, a match Chelsea won.[citation needed] On 8 November 2009, Terry scored the decisive goal in Chelsea's match against Manchester United at Stamford Bridge to preserve their perfect home record for the season.[citation needed]

text: On 9 May 2010, Terry captained Chelsea as they won their fourth Premier League title after an 8–0 win against Wigan Athletic at Stamford Bridge.[48] A week later, on 15 May 2010, Terry captained Chelsea as he won his fourth FA Cup medal, defeating Portsmouth in the final by 1–0 at Wembley Stadium.[49]

text: On 31 December 2011, in a home match against Aston Villa, Terry captained the Chelsea team for the 400th time of his career, a record for the club.[50]

text: Terry was the world's third best passer in 2011 for players with over 1,000 passes, with a 91.6% pass accuracy rate. Only Barcelona player Xavi (93.0%) and Swansea City player Leon Britton (93.3%) were better.[51]

text: On 24 April 2012, Terry was sent off for violent conduct after driving a knee into Barcelona's Alexis Sánchez in an off-the-ball incident in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League semi-final at the Camp Nou. Chelsea's 3–2 aggregate victory over the holders qualified them for the final against Bayern Munich, for which Terry would be suspended. Terry later apologised for letting his teammates and Chelsea fans down.[52] Terry scored his sixth league goal of the season, seventh in all competitions, in the final match of the season, a 2–1 victory over already-relegated Blackburn.[53] The goal meant that it was Terry's most prolific season and he told the Chelsea website, "I am delighted with seven... It's always good to end a league season with a win."[54]

text: Even though Terry was suspended for the Champions League Final, along with teammates Ramires, Branislav Ivanović and Raul Meireles,[55] he took part in celebrations at the final whistle after Chelsea triumphed 4–3 on penalty kicks, with striker Didier Drogba netting the decisive penalty.[56] His celebrations led to a popular internet meme lampooning the fact that Terry wore a full kit despite not playing in the match.[57]

text: Later career

text: Terry was snubbed by Queens Park Rangers defender Anton Ferdinand in the pre-match handshake against QPR.[58] Terry was banned for four matches when he was found guilty of racially abusing Ferdinand.[59]

text: On 11 November 2012, in his first match back from the four-match ban, Terry scored his 50th goal for Chelsea against Liverpool.[60] He went off injured in the 39th minute of the same match and was suspected to have ligament damage on his right knee, but a scan the next day showed that there was "no significant damage."[61] On 7 December 2012, new Chelsea manager Rafael Benítez confirmed Terry would not be back from injury in time to play in the Club World Cup.[62] Terry's knee injury kept him out of action for 16 first-team matches in total, including the Club World Cup defeat.[citation needed] He made a 45-minute comeback for Chelsea's under-21 team on 10 January,[63] before returning to the first team in a 2–2 draw away to Brentford in the FA Cup fourth round on 24 January.[64]

text: On 17 April 2013, Terry scored twice in the derby match against Fulham that ended 3–0.[65] On 13 May 2014, Terry signed a new one-year deal with the Blues.[66]

text: On 18 October 2014, Terry captained Chelsea for the 500th time against Crystal Palace.[67] In the next match, on 21 October, Terry scored in Chelsea's record Champions League win against Slovenian team Maribor.[68] Later, he scored Chelsea's fastest-ever goal in the Champions League by heading in a goal after 90 seconds against Schalke 04.[69]

text: In the League Cup final on 1 March 2015, Terry opened the scoring was named Man of the Match in Chelsea's 2–0 victory over Tottenham.[70] On 26 March, Terry signed one-year extension to his contract.[71] On 26 April, Terry, along with five of his Chelsea teammates, was voted into the PFA Premier League Team of the Year.[72] On 29 April, Terry became the joint highest-scoring defender in the Premier League with 38 goals, having scored the second goal in a 3–1 win over Leicester City.[73] On 10 May, Terry surpassed David Unsworth as the highest-scoring defender in the Premier League after scoring his 39th in the opening five minutes against Liverpool, an eventual 1–1 draw.[74]

text: On 23 August 2015, Terry received his first league red card for over five years, being dismissed for a foul on Salomón Rondón in a 3–2 win at West Bromwich Albion.[75] On 15 January 2016, Terry scored an own goal in the 50th minute as well as his first goal of the season in the 98th minute, earning a 3–3 draw against Everton.[76] On 1 February 2016, Terry announced that he would leave Chelsea in the summer of 2016, saying "It's not going to be a fairytale ending."[77]

text: Although Terry announced in February that there were no talks held to discuss a new contract, on 18 May 2016, Terry signed a new one-year contract to remain at Chelsea until the end of the 2016–17 season.[78] Ten days previously, Terry had been sent off in a 3–2 loss to Sunderland at the Stadium of Light in what was widely believed to have been his final appearance for the club.[79]

text: During Antonio Conte's first press conference as the new Chelsea manager, Conte confirmed that Terry will remain the club captain.[80] On 11 September 2016, during the closing minutes of the match against Swansea City, Terry suffered an ankle injury and required crutches to leave the pitch after the final whistle.[81]

text: On 8 January 2017, making his first start for Chelsea since an EFL Cup defeat to West Ham United in October 2016, Terry was given a straight red card for a foul on Lee Angol as Chelsea beat Peterborough United 4–1 in the FA Cup third round.[82] On 17 April, he announced that he would be leaving Chelsea at the end of the 2016–17 season.[83] After Chelsea celebrated their Premier League victory, Terry played his 717th and final match for Chelsea on 21 May in a 5–1 home win over Sunderland, coming off in the 28th minute (the substitution board went up in the 26th minute, the same as that of his shirt number),[84] and received a guard of honour from his teammates.[85]

text: Aston Villa

text: On 3 July 2017, Terry signed a one-year contract with Championship club Aston Villa on a free transfer.[86] He was appointed as the captain for the 2017–18 season.[87]

text: International career

text: Terry made his England debut in June 2003 against Serbia and Montenegro, and started his first match for England on 20 August 2003 at Portman Road, Ipswich, in a friendly against Croatia. England won 3–1.[citation needed] His main central defensive partner had been Rio Ferdinand.[citation needed] He played for his country at Euro 2004, and England Manager Sven-Göran Eriksson stated that Terry was the first-choice centre back, ahead of Sol Campbell.[citation needed]

text: In a FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Poland, Terry wore England's captain armband, replacing Michael Owen as captain after the latter was substituted.[citation needed]

text: He has cemented his place in the England squad by being selected for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.[citation needed] In a warm-up match for that tournament against Hungary on 30 May 2006, Terry scored his first goal for England, the team's second in a 3–1 victory.[citation needed] Despite an injury scare in a friendly against Jamaica, he recovered to play in England's opening fixture against Paraguay, a 1–0 victory.[citation needed] In the next match against Trinidad and Tobago, Carlos Edwards beat England's Paul Robinson to a cross and as Stern John bundled a header towards the goal, Terry cleared the ball off the line with an overhead kick.[citation needed] In the quarter-final match against Portugal, Terry played the entire match, but England lost on penalties and he was left in tears with his fellow players.[citation needed] Six days later, he was the only English player to be named in the tournament's all-star squad.[88]

text: On 10 August 2006, Steve McClaren named John Terry as the England captain, succeeding David Beckham. McClaren said, "Choosing a captain is one of the most important decisions a coach has to make. I'm certain I've got the right man in John Terry. I'm convinced he will prove to be one of the best captains England has ever had."[89] Terry scored a goal on his debut as the England captain, in a friendly international against Greece.[citation needed] This was the first goal of the match and also the first goal during McClaren's reign as manager.[citation needed] However, with Terry as captain, England did not qualify for UEFA Euro 2008 – their first absence from a tournament finals since the 1994 FIFA World Cup.[citation needed] Midway through the qualification campaign, Terry had accepted that he would "bear full responsibility" should England fail to qualify.[90]

text: On 1 June 2007, Terry became the first player in the senior England team to score an international goal at the new Wembley Stadium when he scored England's goal in a 1–1 draw with Brazil.[citation needed] He scored from a header in the box after a free kick cross by David Beckham.[citation needed] Almost a year later, he scored a similar headed goal once again from a free kick cross by David Beckham to put England 1–0 up against the United States on 28 May 2008.[citation needed]

text: Terry was confirmed as the England captain in August, and captained England in qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[citation needed] During his first match after being reinstated as the permanent England captain he was given a torrid time by Milan Baroš and was turned far too easily when Baros scored the first goal for the Czech Republic.[citation needed] The match ended 2–2 with Joe Cole scoring a fortunate equaliser for England in the 92nd minute of the match.[citation needed] He scored his first competitive England goal against Ukraine in the qualifiers for the World Cup, grabbing a late winner after earlier giving away a free kick which saw Andriy Shevchenko equalise for Ukraine.[citation needed]

text: On 5 February 2010, following allegations regarding Terry's private life, England manager Fabio Capello announced that Terry was removed as the captain of the England team.[91] He was replaced by fellow defender Rio Ferdinand.[92]

text: At the 2010 FIFA World Cup finals, England started with two draws against the United States and Algeria, which received heavy criticism from the English media.[93]

text: Two days after the Algeria match in a media interview, Terry hinted at dissatisfaction with Capello's team selection and stated that the players were bored with little to do in the evenings at their training base; he also said that a clear-the-air team meeting would take place that evening.[94] The next day, Capello responded by saying that Terry had made "a very big mistake" in challenging his authority to the media.[95]

text: On 19 March 2011, Capello reinstated Terry as England captain following a long-term injury to previous captain Rio Ferdinand.[96] On 3 February 2012, with Terry due to stand trial due to allegations that Terry had racially abused QPR's Anton Ferdinand, the FA stripped Terry of the England captaincy for the second time. This led to Capello resigning.[97][98]

text: Terry was named in new manager Roy Hodgson's squad for UEFA Euro 2012 while Rio Ferdinand was left out, leading to heavy speculation that this was to avoid potential conflict due to Terry's upcoming trial for racially abusing Ferdinand's brother Anton.[99] Terry played 90 minutes in all four of England's matches at the Euros.[citation needed]

text: Terry announced on 23 September 2012 he had retired from international football.[100]

text: Sponsorship

text: Terry is the main face alongside Michael Owen for the Umbro sportswear brand often introducing new brand lines and products as well as new England kits. He has also appeared in adverts for Samsung, Nationwide and Swedish betting company Svenska Spel, as well as being in a sponsorship deal with football gaming series Pro Evolution Soccer. On the UK version of Pro Evolution Soccer 6, he appears on the front cover with Brazil international Adriano.[101][102]

text: Family and personal life

text: He and his wife Toni (née Poole)[103] are the parents of twins, Georgie John and Summer Rose, born on 18 May 2006 in Westminster, London. Terry celebrated their birth when scoring for England against Hungary, when he performed a baby-rocking celebration. The couple married at Blenheim Palace on 15 June 2007.[104] In 2009, Terry was named "Dad of the Year" after he came top of a poll of UK adults in a Daddies Sauce survey.[105] Terry has said that his children are fans of Lionel Messi.[106] Terry currently lives in Oxshott, Surrey.[107]

text: Terry's older brother, Paul (born 1979), is a former professional footballer, having notably played for Dagenham & Redbridge and Yeovil Town.

text: Terry was a Manchester United supporter growing up.[20] Terry revealed in a 2005 interview that he has to go through about 50 superstitious rituals before each match.[108]

text: Terry is one of a very small group of footballers to have been paid more than £1 million for their autobiography.[109] His deal with publisher Harper Collins was negotiated in 2004 by Chris Nathaniel of NVA Management.[110]

text: Terry is friends with Australian snooker player Neil Robertson.[111]

text: In 2016, Terry paid the £1,600 funeral costs for an eight-year-old Chelsea fan with leukemia who died from an unsuccessful bone marrow transplantation.[112]

text: Legal issues

text: In September 2001, Terry and three teammates were fined two weeks' wages by Chelsea for an incident involving players and American tourists at a Heathrow airport bar in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[113][114][115][116] In January 2002 Terry, Chelsea teammate Jody Morris and Des Byrne of Wimbledon were charged with assault and affray after a confrontation with a nightclub bouncer. Terry was banned from selection for the England team for the duration of the case, though he was ultimately cleared of all charges.[117][118][119][120] In the same month, Terry was fined £60 for parking his Bentley in a disabled bay.[121] In 2009, Terry was investigated by Chelsea and the FA for allegedly taking money from an undercover reporter for a private tour of Chelsea's training ground.[122][123] The club responded that it was "confident that at no time did Terry ask for or accept money in relation to visits to the training ground."[124]

text: Extramarital affair allegations

text: In January 2010, a super-injunction was imposed by a High Court judge preventing the media from reporting allegations that Terry had had a four-month affair in late 2009 with Vanessa Perroncel, the former girlfriend of Wayne Bridge, his former Chelsea and England teammate.[125] The injunction was lifted a week later,[126][127][128] and the British media – especially the tabloid press – covered the rumours in great detail in the days following.[129] The News of the World and the Mail on Sunday subsequently printed apologies to Perroncel for breaching her privacy and stated that the story was "untrue in any case".[130] Perroncel maintains that the alleged affair never took place.[131] The allegations led to then-England manager Fabio Capello removing Terry from the captaincy on 5 February 2010, replacing him with Rio Ferdinand.[91][92][132] Terry was reinstated as captain the following year.[133]

text: Racial abuse allegations

text: On 2 November 2011, Terry was placed under police investigation following an allegation of racist abuse made at Anton Ferdinand during a match versus Queens Park Rangers.[134][135] Video footage circulated on the internet led to accusations that Terry called Ferdinand a "fucking black cunt." In response to the video footage, Terry claimed that he was actually asking Ferdinand, "Oi, Anton, do you think I called you a black cunt?"[136][137] On 25 November 2011, Terry was interviewed under caution by the police.[138] On 21 December 2011, he was charged with using racist language by the Crown Prosecution Service.[139] On 3 February 2012, the FA stripped Terry of his England captaincy for the second time, stating that Terry would not captain the national team until the racial abuse allegations against him were resolved.[140]

text: When the trial began in July 2012, Terry entered a not guilty plea and was acquitted of the charge on 13 July 2012. The court established that neither Ferdinand nor anyone else had heard Terry's words, but Terry himself admitted that he had directed the words "fucking black cunt" and "fucking knobhead" at Ferdinand, which was affirmed by two expert lip readers from video evidence. Terry maintained that he used the words as a form of sarcasm and that he was questioning what he thought had been an allegation of racism from Ferdinand; neither lip reader was able to "identify whether the statement was made as a question or in what type of voice it was said." Justice Riddle concluded that while there was no doubt Terry had uttered those words in anger, "it is impossible to be sure exactly what were the words spoken by [Terry] at the relevant time" and that there was a lack of evidence to prove beyond a doubt that Terry had used them as an insult instead of "a challenge to what he believed had been said to him." The court therefore found Terry not guilty.[141][142][143]

text: On 27 July 2012, the FA charged Terry for using "abusive and/or insulting words and/or behaviour" which "included a reference to the ethnic origin and/or colour and/or race of Ferdinand." The FA had delayed the charge until after the conclusion of Terry's criminal trial. Terry denied the charge.[144] On the eve of the FA's hearing, Terry announced his retirement from the English national football team, saying his position had become "untenable" due to the disciplinary charge. On 27 September 2012, the hearing concluded with Terry being found guilty; he was punished with a four-match ban and a £220,000 fine.[145]

text: The FA published a 63-page report[146] regarding the disciplinary proceedings conducted by an Independent Regulatory Commission; it labelled aspects of Terry's defence as "improbable, implausible and contrived," finding it "inherently unlikely that if he had been accused by Mr. Ferdinand of calling him something that ended with the words "black cunt", that Mr. Terry would have added the word "fucking" when he threw the words back, if he was genuinely doing so by way of forceful denial" and "inherently improbable" that he would call Anton Ferdinand a "fucking knobhead" for falsely accusing him of racial abuse. The Commission found it "implausible" that to robustly deny having used the words "black cunt" he "simply repeated" them. His defence in court was not that he had "simply repeated" the words but that he had "sarcastically" repeated them (see above), however, there was no reference to sarcasm in the Regulatory Commission's 63-page written report. The Commission concluded that it was "quite satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that there [was] no credible basis for Mr. Terry's defence that his use of the words 'fucking black cunt' were directed at Ferdinand by way of forceful rejection and/or inquiry. Instead, [the Commission was] quite satisfied, and [found] on the balance of probabilities, that the offending words were said by way of insult."[147][148] The FA commission was also criticised as a "kangaroo court" and the FA for its lack of independence, for failing to disclose all evidence to the police, failing to tape record their interview with key witness Ashley Cole, for lowering the required burden of proof after the incident had taken place,[149] and for punishing Terry for an offence he had already been cleared of in a criminal court,[150][151][152] in contravention of its own rules, which state that verdicts in criminal cases are "presumed to be correct" unless "clear and convincing evidence" to the contrary emerges.[153] Terry's four-match ban was contrasted with Luis Suárez's eight-match ban for racially abusing Patrice Evra (Suárez received a longer ban for using the insults repeatedly)[154] and a 14-year-old schoolboy's five-match ban for telling a referee his name was Santa Claus.[150][151]

text: On 18 October 2012, Terry decided not to appeal against the verdict and his four-match ban. He issued an apology for "the language [he] used in the game" and stated that it was "not acceptable on the football field or indeed in any walk of life." Chelsea announced that they had taken further disciplinary action against Terry while keeping the details confidential.[155] However, Terry and Chelsea still faced media condemnation; Terry was criticised for not directly and personally apologising to Ferdinand, while Chelsea were accused of hypocrisy and double standards by only fining Terry and not stripping him of his captaincy when they have a "zero-tolerance" approach to racism and had previously handed a life ban to a fan who racially abused former Chelsea player Didier Drogba.[156][157] In a radio interview, Chelsea chairman Bruce Buck and chief executive Ron Gourlay called the incident a "lapse of judgement" and "out of character" from Terry and stated that the club had "taken firm disciplinary action appropriate to the circumstances," adding that "we must not forget he was cleared in a court of law."[158]

text: In The Daily Telegraph, Paul Hayward summed up his view of the consequences of the controversial incident, that "the cost has been high. Here, three vile words muttered by Terry at Loftus Road ultimately removed Fabio Capello from the England manager's job; inflicted much distress on the Ferdinand family; brought a £45,000 fine for Rio Ferdinand for his endorsement of a "choc ice" tweet aimed at Chelsea's left-back; removed Terry from the England reckoning and shed yet more light on the fantasy world of Ashley Cole."[149]

text: In popular culture

text: Immediately after Terry's celebration with his Chelsea teammates after their 2012 UEFA Champions League Final victory (in which he did not play due to suspension), a popular internet meme lampooning his behaviour appeared on the internet, becoming one of the most popular online jokes in 2012.[159] Terry has been pictured taking part in great moments in history and fiction. These included the fall of the Berlin Wall, the freeing of Nelson Mandela and the triumph of Rocky Balboa.[57][160][161] Over the summer of 2012 this developed into his celebrating current sporting achievements such as 2012 Olympics medal wins by Team GB.[162] The joke reached its height when in October 2012, a Sligo Rovers fan donned a John Terry mask and full Chelsea kit, invading the pitch at the Showgrounds. The fan was photographed celebrating with his team winning the 2012 League of Ireland.[159][163]

text: Career statistics

text: Club

text:
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition

Club
Season
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other
Total

Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

Chelsea
1998–99[164]
Premier League
2
0
3
0
1
0
1[a]
0
—
7
0

1999–2000[165]
Premier League
4
0
4
1
1
0
0
0
—
9
1

2000–01[166]
Premier League
22
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
26
1

2001–02[167]
Premier League
33
1
5
2
5
0
4[b]
1
—
47
4

2002–03[168]
Premier League
20
3
5
2
3
0
1[b]
1
—
29
6

2003–04[169]
Premier League
33
2
3
1
2
0
13[c]
0
—
51
3

2004–05[170]
Premier League
36
3
1
1
5
0
11[c]
4
—
53
8

2005–06[171]
Premier League
36
4
4
2
1
1
8[c]
0
1[d]
0
50
7

2006–07[172]
Premier League
28
1
4
0
2
0
10[c]
0
1[d]
0
45
1

2007–08[173]
Premier League
23
1
2
0
2
0
10[c]
0
0
0
37
1

2008–09[174]
Premier League
35
1
4
0
1
0
11[c]
2
—
51
3

2009–10[175]
Premier League
37
2
5
1
1
0
8[c]
0
1[d]
0
52
3

2010–11[176]
Premier League
33
3
3
0
1
0
8[c]
1
1[d]
0
46
4

2011–12[177]
Premier League
31
6
4
0
1
0
8[c]
1
—
44
7

2012–13[178]
Premier League
14
4
3
1
1
0
8[e]
1
1[d]
0
27
6

2013–14[179]
Premier League
34
2
0
0
1
0
12[f]
0
—
47
2

2014–15[180]
Premier League
38
5
0
0
4
1
7[c]
2
—
49
8

2015–16[181]
Premier League
24
1
2
0
2
0
4[c]
0
1[d]
0
33
1

2016–17[182]
Premier League
9
1
3
0
2
0
—
—
14
1

Total
492
41
58
11
37
2
124
13
6
0
717
67

Nottingham Forest (loan)
1999–2000[165]
First Division
6
0
—
—
—
—
6
0

Aston Villa
2017–18[183]
Championship
5
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
5
0

Career total
503
41
58
11
37
2
124
13
6
0
728
67

text:
Jump up ^ Appearance in UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
^ Jump up to: a b Appearance(s) in UEFA Cup
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Appearances in UEFA Champions League
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Appearance in FA Community Shield
Jump up ^ Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League
Jump up ^ One appearance UEFA Super Cup, eleven in UEFA Champions League

tag: ol

text: International

text:
Appearances and goals by national team and year

National team
Year
Apps
Goals

England
2003
6
0

2004
9
0

2005
6
0

2006
14
2

2007
7
1

2008
6
2

2009
10
1

2010
7
0

2011
7
0

2012
6
0

Total
78
6

text: International goals

text:
International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition

No.
Date
Venue
Cap
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
Ref

1
30 May 2006
Old Trafford, Manchester, England
23
 Hungary
2–0
3–1
Friendly
[185]

2
16 August 2006
Old Trafford, Manchester, England
30
 Greece
1–0
4–0
Friendly
[186]

3
1 June 2007
Wembley Stadium, London, England
38
 Brazil
1–0
1–1
Friendly
[187]

4
28 May 2008
Wembley Stadium, London, England
44
 United States
1–0
2–0
Friendly
[188]

5
19 November 2008
Olympiastadion, Berlin, Germany
48
 Germany
2–1
2–1
Friendly
[189]

6
1 April 2009
Wembley Stadium, London, England
51
 Ukraine
2–1
2–1
2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
[190]

text: Honours

text: Club

text: Chelsea

text:
Premier League: 2004–05,[1] 2005–06,[1] 2009–10,[1] 2014–15,[191] 2016–17[191]
FA Cup: 1999–2000,[1] 2006–07,[1] 2008–09,[1] 2009–10,[1] 2011–12[191]
Football League Cup: 2004–05,[1] 2006–07,[1] 2014–15[191]
FA Community Shield: 2005,[1] 2009[1]
UEFA Champions League: 2011–12[191]
UEFA Europa League: 2012–13[191]

tag: ul

text: Individual

text:
Chelsea Player of the Year: 2001, 2006[192]
Premier League Player of the Month: January 2005[193]
PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2004–05[194]
PFA Team of the Year (Premier League): 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2014–15[195]
ESM Team of the Year: 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10[196]
FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009[11]
UEFA Club Defender of the Year: 2005, 2008, 2009[197]
UEFA Team of the Year: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009[198]
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2006[88]
UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year (substitute; published 2015)[199]
PFA Team of the Century (1997–2007): 2007[200]


document_title: Louis XIII of France

question_text: who was the king in the three musketeers

root

text: Louis XIII of France

text: Early life, 1601–10[edit]

text: Born at the Château de Fontainebleau, Louis XIII was the oldest child of King Henry IV of France and his second wife Marie de' Medici. As son of the king, he was a Fils de France ("son of France"), and as the eldest son, Dauphin of France. His father Henry IV was the first French king of the House of Bourbon, having succeeded his ninth cousin, Henry III of France (1574–1589), in application of Salic law. Louis XIII's paternal grandparents were Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme, and Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre. His maternal grandparents were Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Eleonora de' Medici, his maternal aunt, was his godmother.[4]  As a child, he was raised under the supervision of the royal governess Françoise de Montglat.

tag: p

text: The ambassador of King James I of England to the court of France, Sir Edward Herbert, who presented his credentials to Louis XIII in 1619, remarked on Louis’s extreme congenital speech impediment and his double teeth:

text: ...I presented to the King [Louis] a letter of credence from the King [James] my master: the King [Louis] assured me of a reciprocal affection to the King [James] my master, and of my particular welcome to his Court: his words were never many, as being so extream  [sic] a stutterer that he would sometimes hold his tongue out of his mouth a good while before he could speak so much as one word; he had besides a double row of teeth, and was observed seldom or never to spit or blow his nose, or to sweat much, 'tho he were very laborious, and almost indefatigable in his exercises of hunting and hawking, to which he was much addicted...[5]

text: Rule of Marie de' Medici, 1610–17[edit]

text: Louis XIII ascended the throne in 1610 upon the assassination of his father, and his mother Marie de' Medici acted as his Regent. Although Louis XIII became of age at thirteen (1614), his mother did not give up her position as Regent until 1617, when he was 16. Marie maintained most of her husband's ministers, with the exception of Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, who was unpopular in the country. She mainly relied on Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy, Noël Brûlart de Sillery, and Pierre Jeannin for political advice. Marie pursued a moderate policy, confirming the Edict of Nantes. She was not, however, able to prevent rebellion by nobles such as Henri, Prince of Condé (1588–1646), second in line to the throne after Marie's second surviving son Gaston, Duke of Orléans. Condé squabbled with Marie in 1614, and briefly raised an army, but he found little support in the country, and Marie was able to raise her own army. Nevertheless, Marie agreed to call an Estates General assembly to address Condé's grievances.

text: The assembly of this Estates General was delayed until Louis XIII formally came of age on his thirteenth birthday. Although his coming-of-age formally ended Marie's Regency, she remained the de facto ruler of France. The Estates General accomplished little, spending its time discussing the relationship of France to the Papacy and the venality of offices, but reaching no resolutions.

text: Beginning in 1615, Marie came to rely increasingly on the Italian Concino Concini, who assumed the role of her favourite. Concini was widely unpopular because he was a foreigner. This further antagonised Condé, who launched another rebellion in 1616. Huguenot leaders supported Condé's rebellion, which led the young Louis XIII to conclude that they would never be loyal subjects. Eventually, Condé and Queen Marie made peace via the Treaty of Loudun, which allowed Condé great power in government but did not remove Concini. With growing dissatisfaction from nobles due to Concini's position, Queen Marie, with Louis's help, imprisoned Condé to protect Concini, leading to renewed revolts against the Queen and Concini.

text: In the meantime, Charles d'Albert, the Grand Falconer of France, convinced Louis XIII that he should break with his mother and support the rebels. Louis staged a palace coup d'état. As a result, Concino Concini was assassinated on 24 April 1617. His widow, Leonora Dori Galigaï, was tried for witchcraft, condemned, beheaded, and burned on 8 July 1617, and Marie was sent into exile in Blois. Later, Louis conferred the title of Duke of Luynes on d'Albert.

text: Ascendancy of Charles de Luynes, 1617–21[edit]

text: Luynes soon became as unpopular as Concini had been. Other nobles resented his monopolisation of the King. Luynes was seen as less competent than Henry IV's ministers, many now elderly or deceased, who had surrounded Marie de' Medici.

text: The Thirty Years' War broke out in 1618. The French court was initially unsure which side to support. On the one hand, France's traditional rivalry with the House of Habsburg argued in favour of intervening on behalf of the Protestant powers (and Louis's father Henry IV of France was once a Huguenot leader). On the other hand, Louis XIII had a strict Catholic upbringing, and his natural inclination was to support the Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburg Ferdinand II.

text: The French nobles were further antagonised against Luynes by the 1618 revocation of the paulette tax and by the sale of offices in 1620. From her exile in Blois, Marie de' Medici became the obvious rallying point for this discontent, and the Bishop of Luçon (who became Cardinal Richelieu in 1622) was allowed to act as her chief adviser, serving as a go-between Marie and the King.

text: French nobles launched a rebellion in 1620, but their forces were easily routed by royal forces at Les Ponts-de-Cé in August 1620. Louis then launched an expedition against the Huguenots of Béarn who had defied a number of royal decisions. This expedition managed to re-establish Catholicism as the official religion of Béarn. However, the Béarn expedition drove Huguenots in other provinces into a rebellion led by Henri, Duke of Rohan.

text: In 1621, Louis XIII, was formally reconciled with his mother. Luynes was appointed Constable of France, after which he and Louis set out to quell the Huguenot rebellion. The siege at the Huguenot stronghold of Montauban had to be abandoned after three months owing to the large number of royal troops who had succumbed to camp fever. One of the victims of camp fever was Luynes, who died in December 1621.

text: Rule by Council, 1622–24[edit]

text: Following the death of Luynes, Louis determined that he would rule by council. His mother returned from exile and, in 1622, entered this council, where Condé recommended violent suppression of the Huguenots. The 1622 campaign, however, followed the pattern of the previous year: royal forces won some early victories, but were unable to complete a siege, this time at the fortress of Montpellier.

text: The rebellion was ended by the Treaty of Montpellier, signed by Louis XIII and the Duke of Rohan in October 1622. The treaty confirmed the tenets of the Edict of Nantes: several Huguenot fortresses were to be razed, but the Huguenots retained control of Montauban and La Rochelle.

text:
Louis ultimately dismissed Noël Brûlart de Sillery and Pierre Brûlart in 1624 because of his displeasure with how they handled the diplomatic situation over the Valtellina with Spain. Valtellina was an area with Catholic inhabitants under the suzerainty of the Protestant Three Leagues. It served as an important route to Italy for France and it provided an easy connection between the Spanish and the Holy Roman empires, especially in helping each other with armies if necessary. Spain was constantly interfering in the Valtellina, which angered Louis, as he wanted to hold possession of this strategically important passageway. (In these years, the French kingdom was literally surrounded by the Habsburg realms as the Habsburgs were the Kings of Spain as well as Holy Roman Emperors. In addition, the Spanish and Holy Roman empires included the territories of today's Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, and Northern Italy.) He therefore found a better servitor in his Superintendent of Finances Charles de La Vieuville, who held similar views of Spain as the king, and who advised Louis to side with the Dutch via the Treaty of Compiègne.[6]
However, La Vieuville was dismissed by the middle of 1624, partly due to his bad behaviour (during his tenure as superintendent he was arrogant and incompetent) and because of a well-organized pamphlet campaign by Cardinal Richelieu against his council rival.[7] Louis needed a new chief advisor; Cardinal Richelieu would be that counsellor.

text: Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu, 1624–42[edit]

text: Cardinal Richelieu played a major role in Louis XIII's reign from 1624, determining France's direction over the course of the next eighteen years. As a result of Richelieu's work, Louis XIII became one of the first examples of an absolute monarch. Under Louis and Richelieu, the crown successfully intervened in the Thirty Years' War against the Habsburgs, managed to keep the French nobility in line, and retracted the political and military privileges granted to the Huguenots by Henry IV (while maintaining their religious freedoms). Louis XIII successfully led the important Siege of La Rochelle. In addition, Louis had the port of Le Havre modernised, and he built a powerful navy.

text: Louis also worked to reverse the trend of promising French artists leaving for Italy to work and study. He commissioned the painters Nicolas Poussin and Philippe de Champaigne to decorate the Louvre Palace. In foreign matters, Louis organised the development and administration of New France, expanding its settlements westward along the Saint Lawrence River from Quebec City to Montreal.

text: Expansion overseas under Louis XIII[edit]

text: Morocco[edit]

text: In order to continue the exploration efforts of his predecessor Henry IV, Louis XIII considered a colonial venture in Morocco, and sent a fleet under Isaac de Razilly in 1619.[8] Razilly was able to explore the coast as far as Mogador. In 1624 he was given charge of an embassy to the pirate harbour of Salé in Morocco, in order to solve the affair of the library of Mulay Zidan.[9]

text: In 1630, Razilly was able to negotiate the purchase of French slaves from the Moroccans. He visited Morocco again in 1631, and helped negotiate the Franco-Moroccan Treaty (1631).[10] The Treaty gave France preferential treatment, known as Capitulations: preferential tariffs, the establishment of a Consulate, and freedom of religion for French subjects.[11]

text: Americas[edit]

text: Unlike other colonial powers, France, under the guidance of Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, encouraged a peaceful coexistence in New France between the Natives and the Colonists. Indians, converted to Catholicism, were considered as "natural Frenchmen" by the Ordonnance of 1627:

text: "The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country [New France], together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it, shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen, and as such may come to live in France when they want, and acquire, donate, and succeed and accept donations and legacies, just as true French subjects, without being required to take letters of declaration of naturalization."[12]

text: Acadia was also developed under Louis XIII. In 1632, Isaac de Razilly became involved, at the request of Cardinal Richelieu, in the colonization of Acadia, by taking possession of the Habitation at Port-Royal (now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia) and developing it into a French colony. The King gave Razilly the official title of lieutenant-general for New France. He took on military tasks such as taking control of Fort Pentagouet at Majabigwaduce on the Penobscot Bay, which had been given to France in an earlier Treaty, and to inform the English they were to vacate all lands North of Pemaquid. This resulted in all the French interests in Acadia being restored.

text: In Brazil, the colony of Equinoctial France was established in 1612, but only lasted 4 years until it was eliminated by the Portuguese.

text: Asia[edit]

text: France-Japan relations started under Louis XIII in 1615 when Hasekura Tsunenaga, a Japanese samurai and ambassador, sent to Rome by Date Masamune, landed at Saint-Tropez for a few days. In 1636, Guillaume Courtet, a French Dominican priest, reciprocated when he set foot in Japan.[13]

text: Also in 1615, Marie de' Medici incorporated the merchants of Dieppe and other harbours to found the Company of the Moluccas. In 1619, an armed expedition composed of three ships (275 crew, 106 cannon) and called the "Fleet of Montmorency" under General Augustin de Beaulieu was sent from Honfleur, to fight the Dutch in the Far East. In 1624, with the Treaty of Compiègne, Cardinal Richelieu obtained an agreement to halt the Dutch–French warfare in the Far East.[14]

text: Duke of Orléans[edit]

text: On two occasions the king's younger brother, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, had to leave France for conspiring against the King's government and for attempting to undermine the influence of both his mother and Cardinal Richelieu. After waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc, he took refuge in Flanders. In 1643, on the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became lieutenant-general of the kingdom and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France.

text: Marriage[edit]

text: On 24 November 1615, Louis XIII married Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III of Spain. This marriage followed a tradition of cementing military and political alliances between the Catholic powers of France and Spain with royal marriages. The tradition went back to the marriage of Philip II of Spain with the French Princess Elisabeth of Valois. The marriage was only briefly happy, and the King's duties often kept them apart. After twenty-three years of marriage and four stillbirths, Anne finally gave birth to a son on 5 September 1638, the future Louis XIV.

text: Many people regarded this birth as a miracle and, in show of gratitude to God for the long-awaited birth of an heir, his parents named him Louis-Dieudonné ("God-given"). As another sign of gratitude, according to several interpretations, seven months before his birth, France was dedicated by Louis XIII to the Virgin Mary, who, many believed, had interceded for the perceived miracle.[15][16][17] However, the text of the dedication does not mention the royal pregnancy and birth as one of its reasons. Also, Louis XIII himself is said to have expressed his scepticism with regard to the miracle after his son's birth.[18] In gratitude for having successfully given birth, the queen founded the Benedictine abbey of the Val-de-Grâce, for which Louis XIV himself laid the cornerstone of its church, an early masterpiece of French Baroque architecture.

text: Issue[edit]

text: The couple had the following children:

text:
Name
Portrait
Lifespan
Notes

stillborn child

Dec 1619

stillborn child

14 Mar 1622

stillborn child

1626

stillborn child

Apr 1631

Louis Dieudonne of France (later King Louis XIV)

5 Sep 1638 – 1 Sep 1715

Married Maria Theresa of Austria (1638–83) in 1660. Had issue.

Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou (later Duke of Orléans)

21 Sep 1640 – 8 Jun 1701

married (1) Princess Henrietta of England (1644–70) in 1661. Had issue. Married (2) Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palainate (1652–1722) in 1671. Had issue.

tag: table

text: Sexuality[edit]

text: There is no evidence that Louis kept mistresses (a distinction that earned him the title "Louis the Chaste"), but persistent rumours insinuated that he may have been homosexual or at least bisexual. His interests as a teenager increasingly focused on his male courtiers, and he quickly developed an intense emotional attachment to his favourite, Charles d'Albert, although there is no clear evidence of a physical sexual relationship.[19] Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux, drawing from rumours told to him by a critic of the King (the Marquise de Rambouillet), explicitly speculated in his Historiettes about what happened in the king's bed.

text: A further liaison with an equerry, François de Baradas, ended when the latter lost favour fighting a duel after duelling had been forbidden by royal decree.[20]

text: Louis was also allegedly captivated by Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, who was later executed for conspiring with the Spanish enemy in time of war. Tallemant described how on a royal journey, the King "sent M. le Grand [de Cinq-Mars] to undress, who returned, adorned like a bride. 'To bed, to bed' he said to him impatiently... and the mignon was not in before the king was already kissing his hands."[21]

text: Death[edit]

text: Louis XIII died in Paris on 14 May 1643, the 33rd anniversary of his father's death. According to his biographer A. Lloyd Moote,

text: "his intestines were inflamed and ulcerated, making digestion virtually impossible; tuberculosis had spread to his lungs, accompanied by habitual cough. Either of these major ailments, or the accumulation of minor problems, may have killed him, not to mention physiological weaknesses that made him prone to disease or his doctors' remedies of enemas and bleedings, which continued right to his death."[22]

text: Composer and lute player[edit]

text: Louis XIII shared his mother's love of the lute, developed in her childhood in Florence. One of his first toys was a lute and his personal doctor, Jean Héroard, reports him playing it for his mother in 1604, at the age of three.[23] In 1635, Louis XIII composed the music, wrote the libretto and designed the costumes for the "Ballet de la Merlaison." The king himself danced in two performances of the ballet the same year at Chantilly and Royaumont.[24]

text: Influence on men's fashion[edit]

text: In the sphere of the men's fashion, Louis helped introduce the wearing of wigs among men in 1624[citation needed] that became fashionable for the first time since antiquity. This would be a dominant style among men in European and European-influenced countries for nearly 200 years until the fashion changes brought about by the French Revolution.[25]

text: In fiction and film[edit]

text:
Louis XIII, his wife Anne, and Cardinal Richelieu became central figures in Alexandre Dumas, père's novel The Three Musketeers and subsequent television and film adaptations. The book depicts Louis as a man willing to have Richelieu as a powerful advisor but aware of his scheming; he is portrayed as a bored and sour man, dwarfed by Richelieu's intellect. Films such as the 1948, the 1973 or the 2011 versions tend to treat Louis XIII as a comical character by depicting him as bumbling and incompetent.
The 2014 BBC TV series, The Musketeers, merging the historical with the fictional, portrayed the King as both incompetent and strong, whose alliance with Spain is ever faltering. He is portrayed by Ryan Gage.
Louis XIII, his wife Anne, his younger brother Gaston, Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Mazarin and members of the Royal family are mentioned throughout the course of the 1632 series of novels and other writings by Eric Flint et al., especially 1636: The Cardinal Virtues.
Louis XIII appears in novels of Robert Merle's Fortune de France series (1977–2003).
Louis XIII was portrayed by Edward Arnold in the 1935 film Cardinal Richelieu, with George Arliss portraying the Cardinal.
Ken Russell directed the 1971 film The Devils, in which Louis XIII is a significant character, albeit one with no resemblance to the real man. Louis XIII is portrayed as an effeminate homosexual who amuses himself by shooting Protestants dressed up as birds. The film was based on Aldous Huxley's book The Devils of Loudun.
Louis XIII appears in the 2002 Doctor Who audio drama The Church and the Crown.

text: Ancestors[edit]

text: showAncestors of Louis XIII of France         16. Francis, Count of Vendôme      8. Charles, Duke of Vendôme         17. Marie of Luxembourg      4. Antoine of Navarre           18. René, Duke of Alençon      9. Françoise of Alençon         19. Margaret of Lorraine      2. Henry IV of France             20. John III of Navarre      10. Henry II of Navarre         21. Catherine of Navarre      5. Jeanne III of Navarre           22. Charles, Count of Angoulême      11. Marguerite of Angoulême         23. Louise of Savoy      1. Louis XIII of France              24. Ludovico di Giovanni de' Medici      12. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany         25. Maria Salviati      6. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany           26. Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Zúñiga      13. Eleanor of Toledo         27. María Osorio y Pimentel      3. Marie de' Medici             28. Philip I of Castile      14. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor         29. Joanna I of Castile      7. Joanna of Austria           30. Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary      15. Anne of Bohemia and Hungary         31. Anne of Foix-Candale


document_title: Fresh water

question_text: where does most of earths freshwater come from

text: Fresh water

text: Systems[edit]

text: Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic, or running-water systems; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.

text: In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.

text: In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.

text: Water distribution[edit]

text: Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.

text: Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[2][3] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[4] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.

text: Numerical definition[edit]

text: Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[5]

text:
Part of a series on

Water salinity

Salinity levels

Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)

Bodies of water

Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity

v
t
e

text: Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[6] or 3000 ppm.[7]

text: Aquatic organisms[edit]

text: Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]

text: Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.

text: Fresh water as a resource[edit]

text: An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[11] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems. Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.

text: Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[12]

text: Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[13]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[14] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[14] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[15]

text: Limited resource[edit]

text: Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.

text: Fresh water withdrawal[edit]

text: Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.

text: Causes of limited fresh water[edit]

text: The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources avialability of clean fresh water The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[16] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.[17]

text: Fresh water in the future[edit]

text: Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability. Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[18]

text: Choices in the use of fresh water[edit]

text: With one in eight people in the world not having access to safe water[19] it is important to use this resource in a prudent manner. Making the best use of water on a local basis probably provides the best solution. Local communities need to plan their use of fresh water and should be made aware of how certain crops and animals use water.

text: As a guide the following tables provide some indicators.

text: Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]

text:
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day

Drinking Water
5
2–5

Sanitation Services
20
20–75

Bathing
15
5–70

Cooking and Kitchen
10
10–50

text: Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]

text:
Animal
Average / day
Range / day

Dairy cow
76 L (20 US gal)
57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)

Cow-calf pair
57 L (15 US gal)
8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)

Yearling cattle
38 L (10 US gal)
23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)

Horse
38 L (10 US gal)
30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)

Sheep
8 L (2 US gal)
8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)

text: Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]

text:
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period

Banana
1200–2200

Barley/Oats/Wheat
450–650

Cabbage
350–500

Citrus
900–1200

Onions
350–550

Pea
350–500

Potato
500–700

Sugar Cane
1500–2500

Tomato
400–800


document_title: List of Super Bowl champions

question_text: when have the bills been in the super bowl

text: List of Super Bowl champions

text: Super Bowl Championship (1966–present)

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows:

text:
Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams' Super Bowl record to date.
Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl.
City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl.

text:
National Football League (NFL, 1967–1970)
American Football League (AFL, 1967–1970)

NFL champion‡
(4, 2–2)
AFL champion^
(4, 2–2)

National Football Conference (NFC, 1971–present)
American Football Conference (AFC, 1971–present)

NFC champion*
(48, 25–23)
AFC champion†
(48, 23–25)

text:
Game
Date
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Venue
City
Attendance
Ref

01 !I
000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967
Green Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡
(1, 1–0)
3510 !35–10
Kansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^
(1, 0–1)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Los Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]
061946 !61,946
[11]

02 !II
000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968
Green Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡
(2, 2–0)
3314 !33–14
Oakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]
075546 !75,546
[12]

03 !III
000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969
New York Jets 01 !New York Jets^
(1, 1–0)
1607 !16–7
Indianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)
Miami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]
075389 !75,389
[13]

04 !IV
000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970
Kansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^
(2, 1–1)
2307 !23–7
Minnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡
(1, 0–1)
Tulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium
New Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana
080562 !80,562
[14]

05 !V
000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971
Indianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†
(2, 1–1)
1613 !16–13
Dallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)
Miami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]
079204 !79,204
[15]

06 !VI
000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972
Dallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*
(2, 1–1)
2403 !24–3
Miami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†
(1, 0–1)
Tulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)
New Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)
081023 !81,023
[16]

07 !VII
000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973
Miami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†
(2, 1–1)
1407 !14–7
Washington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*
(1, 0–1)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)
Los Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]
090182 !90,182
[17]

08 !VIII
000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974
Miami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†
(3, 2–1)
2407 !24–7
Minnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*
(2, 0–2)
Rice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium
Houston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas
071882 !71,882
[18]

09 !IX
000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975
Pittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(1, 1–0)
1606 !16–6
Minnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*
(3, 0–3)
Tulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)
New Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)
080997 !80,997
[19]

10 !X
000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976
Pittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(2, 2–0)
2117 !21–17
Dallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*
(3, 1–2)
Miami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)
Miami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]
080187 !80,187
[20]

11 !XI
000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977
Oakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†
(2, 1–1)
3214 !32–14
Minnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*
(4, 0–4)
Rose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl
Los Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]
103438 !103,438
[21]

12 !XII
000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978
Dallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*
(4, 2–2)
2710 !27–10
Denver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)
076400 !76,400
[22]

13 !XIII
000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979
Pittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(3, 3–0)
3531 !35–31
Dallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*
(5, 2–3)
Miami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)
Miami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]
079484 !79,484
[23]

14 !XIV
000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980
Pittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(4, 4–0)
3119 !31–19
Los Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*
(1, 0–1)
Rose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)
Los Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]
103985 !103,985
[24]

15 !XV
000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981
Oakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†
(3, 2–1)
2710 !27–10
Philadelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)
New Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)
076135 !76,135
[25]

16 !XVI
000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982
San Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*
(1, 1–0)
2621 !26–21
Cincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†
(1, 0–1)
Pontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome
Detroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]
081270 !81,270
[26]

17 !XVII
000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983
Washington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*
(2, 1–1)
2717 !27–17
Miami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†
(4, 2–2)
Rose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)
Los Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]
103667 !103,667
[27]

18 !XVIII
000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984
Oakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†
(4, 3–1)
3809 !38–9
Washington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*
(3, 1–2)
Tampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium
Tampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida
072920 !72,920
[28]

19 !XIX
000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985
San Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*
(2, 2–0)
3816 !38–16
Miami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†
(5, 2–3)
Stanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium
San Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]
084059 !84,059
[29]

20 !XX
000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986
Chicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*
(1, 1–0)
4610 !46–10
New England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)
New Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)
073818 !73,818
[30]

21 !XXI
000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987
New York Giants 01 !New York Giants*
(1, 1–0)
3920 !39–20
Denver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†
(2, 0–2)
Rose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)
Los Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]
101063 !101,063
[31]

22 !XXII
000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988
Washington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*
(4, 2–2)
4210 !42–10
Denver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†
(3, 0–3)
Qualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]
San Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California
073302 !73,302
[32]

23 !XXIII
000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989
San Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*
(3, 3–0)
2016 !20–16
Cincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†
(2, 0–2)
Hard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]
Miami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]
075129 !75,129
[33]

24 !XXIV
000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990
San Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*
(4, 4–0)
5510 !55–10
Denver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†
(4, 0–4)
Louisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)
New Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)
072919 !72,919
[34]

25 !XXV
000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991
New York Giants 02 !New York Giants*
(2, 2–0)
2019 !20–19
Buffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†
(1, 0–1)
Tampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)
Tampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)
073813 !73,813
[35]

26 !XXVI
000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992
Washington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*
(5, 3–2)
3724 !37–24
Buffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†
(2, 0–2)
Metrodome 01 !Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota
063130 !63,130
[36]

27 !XXVII
000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993
Dallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*
(6, 3–3)
5217 !52–17
Buffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†
(3, 0–3)
Rose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)
Los Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]
098374 !98,374
[37]

28 !XXVIII
000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994
Dallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*
(7, 4–3)
3013 !30–13
Buffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†
(4, 0–4)
Georgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia
072817 !72,817
[38]

29 !XXIX
000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995
San Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*
(5, 5–0)
4926 !49–26
San Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†
(1, 0–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]
074107 !74,107
[39]

30 !XXX
000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996
Dallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*
(8, 5–3)
2717 !27–17
Pittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(5, 4–1)
Sun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium
Phoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]
076347 !76,347
[40]

31 !XXXI
000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997
Green Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*
(3, 3–0)
3521 !35–21
New England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†
(2, 0–2)
Louisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)
New Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)
072301 !72,301
[41]

32 !XXXII
000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998
Denver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†
(5, 1–4)
3124 !31–24
Green Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*
(4, 3–1)
Qualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]
San Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)
068912 !68,912
[42]

33 !XXXIII
000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999
Denver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†
(6, 2–4)
3419 !34–19
Atlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*
(1, 0–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]
074803 !74,803
[43]

34 !XXXIV
000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000
Los Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*
(2, 1–1)
2316 !23–16
Tennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†
(1, 0–1)
Georgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)
Atlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)
072625 !72,625
[44]

35 !XXXV
000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001
Baltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†
(1, 1–0)
3407 !34–7
New York Giants 03 !New York Giants*
(3, 2–1)
Raymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium
Tampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)
071921 !71,921
[45]

36 !XXXVI
000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002
New England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†
(3, 1–2)
2017 !20–17
Los Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*
(3, 1–2)
Louisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)
New Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)
072922 !72,922
[46]

37 !XXXVII
000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003
Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*
(1, 1–0)
4821 !48–21
Oakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†
(5, 3–2)
Qualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]
San Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)
067603 !67,603
[47]

38 !XXXVIII
000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004
New England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†
(4, 2–2)
3229 !32–29
Carolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*
(1, 0–1)
NRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]
Houston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)
071525 !71,525
[48]

39 !XXXIX
000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005
New England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†
(5, 3–2)
2421 !24–21
Philadelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(2, 0–2)
ALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium
Jacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida
078125 !78,125
[49]

40 !XL
000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006
Pittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(6, 5–1)
2110 !21–10
Seattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*
(1, 0–1)
Ford Field 01 !Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]
068206 !68,206
[50]

41 !XLI
000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007
Indianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†
(3, 2–1)
2917 !29–17
Chicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*
(2, 1–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]
074512 !74,512
[51]

42 !XLII
000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008
New York Giants 04 !New York Giants*
(4, 3–1)
1714 !17–14
New England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†
(6, 3–3)
University of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium
Phoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]
071101 !71,101
[52]

43 !XLIII
000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009
Pittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(7, 6–1)
2723 !27–23
Arizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*
(1, 0–1)
Raymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)
Tampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)
070774 !70,774
[53]

44 !XLIV
000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010
New Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*
(1, 1–0)
3117 !31–17
Indianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†
(4, 2–2)
Hard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]
074059 !74,059
[54]

45 !XLV
000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011
Green Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*
(5, 4–1)
3125 !31–25
Pittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(8, 6–2)
Cowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium
Arlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas
103219 !103,219
[55]

46 !XLVI
000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012
New York Giants 05 !New York Giants*
(5, 4–1)
2117 !21–17
New England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†
(7, 3–4)
Lucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana
068658 !68,658
[56][57]

47 !XLVII
000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013
Baltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†
(2, 2–0)
3431 !34–31
San Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*
(6, 5–1)
Louisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)
New Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)
071024 !71,024
[56][58]

48 !XLVIII
000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014
Seattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*
(2, 1–1)
4308 !43–8
Denver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†
(7, 2–5)
MetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey
082529 !82,529
[59]

49 !XLIX
000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015
New England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†
(8, 4–4)
2824 !28–24
Seattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*
(3, 1–2)
University of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)
Phoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]
070288 !70,288
[60][61]

50 !50 [note 4]
000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†
(8, 3–5)
2410 !24–10
Carolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*
(2, 0–2)
Levi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium
San Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]
071088 !71,088
[61][62][63]

51 !LI
000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017
New England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†
(9, 5–4)
3428 !34–28 (OT)
Atlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*
(2, 0–2)
NRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]
Houston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)
070807 !70,807
[61][62][63]

52 !LII
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018
Philadelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(3, 1–2)
4133 !41–33
New England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†
(10, 5–5)
U.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium
Minneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)
067612 !67,612
[64][65]

53 !LIII
000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]
X 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*
0019 !—
X 2019 !To be determined (TBD)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Atlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)
TBD
[66][67]

54 !LIV
000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]
X 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†
0020 !—
X 2020 !To be determined
Hard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]
TBD
[66][67]

55 !LV
000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]
X 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*
0021 !—
X 2021 !To be determined
Raymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)
Tampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)
TBD
[66][67]

56 !LVI
000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]
X 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*
0022 !—
X 2022 !To be determined
City of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
Los Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]
TBD
[66][67]

Game
Date
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Venue
City
Attendance
Ref

text: Consecutive winners

text: Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls, one of which (Pittsburgh) has accomplished it twice:

text:
Green Bay Packers (Super Bowls I and II)
Miami Dolphins (VII and VIII)
Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: IX and X as well as XIII and XIV)
San Francisco 49ers (XXIII and XXIV)
Dallas Cowboys (XXVII and XXVIII)
Denver Broncos (XXXII and XXXIII)
New England Patriots (XXXVIII and XXXIX)

text: No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row, although several have come close:

text:
The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.
The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.
The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.
The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.
The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.
The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.

text: Consecutive losers

text: Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls:

text:
Buffalo Bills (4) (Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII) – The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls, let alone lose in all four appearances.
Minnesota Vikings (2) (Super Bowls VIII and IX) – They also lost Super Bowl XI, and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons.
Denver Broncos (2) (Super Bowls XXI and XXII) – They also lost Super Bowl XXIV, but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons.

text: Super Bowl appearances by team

text:
NFL‡/NFC* teams (27 wins)
AFL^/AFC† teams (25 wins)

NFL‡/AFC† team (0-1 as part of the NFL, 2-1 as part of the AFC)[note 6]

text: In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl. In the "Seasons" column, bold years indicate winning seasons, and italic years indicate games not yet completed.

text:
Appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Winning
percentage
Seasons

10A-05W-01YA-02YW !10
New England Patriots†
05W-10A-02YW-01YA !5
05L-10A-01YL-01YA !5
.500
1985 !1985,† 1996,† 2001,† 2003,† 2004,† 2007,† 2011,† 2014,† 2016,† 2017†

08A-06W-08YA-10YW !8
Pittsburgh Steelers†[note 6]
06W-08A-10YW-08YA !6
02L-08A-08YL-08YA !2
.750
1974 !1974,† 1975,† 1978,† 1979,† 1995,† 2005,† 2008,† 2010†

08A-05W-23YA-23YW !8
Dallas Cowboys*
05W-08A-23YW-23YA !5
03L-08A-40YL-23YA !3
.625
1970 !1970,* 1971,* 1975,* 1977,* 1978,* 1992,* 1993,* 1995*

08A-03W-03YA-03YW !8
Denver Broncos†
03W-08A-03YW-03YA !3
05L-08A-05YL-03YA !5
.375
1977 !1977,† 1986,† 1987,† 1989,† 1997,† 1998,† 2013,† 2015†

06A-05W-06YA-24YW !6
San Francisco 49ers*
05W-06A-24YW-06YA !5
01L-06A-06YL-06YA !1
.833
1981 !1981,* 1984,* 1988,* 1989,* 1994*, 2012*

05A-04W-08YA-08YW !5
Green Bay Packers‡*
04W-05A-08YW-08YA !4
01L-05A-21YL-08YA !1
.800
1966 !1966,‡ 1967,‡ 1996,* 1997,* 2010*

05A-04W-07YA-07YW !5
New York Giants*
04W-05A-07YW-07YA !4
01L-05A-18YL-07YA !1
.800
1986 !1986,* 1990,* 2000,* 2007,* 2011*

05A-03W-27YA-27YW !5
Washington Redskins*
03W-05A-27YW-27YA !3
02L-05A-35YL-27YA !2
.600
1972 !1972,* 1982,* 1983,* 1987,* 1991*

05A-03W-16YA-35YW !5
Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders^†
03W-05A-35YW-16YA !3
02L-05A-16YL-16YA !2
.600
1967,^ 1976,† 1980,† 1983,† 2002†

05A-02W-34YA-45YW !5
Miami Dolphins†
02W-05A-45YW-34YA !2
03L-05A-34YL-34YA !3
.400
1971 !1971,† 1972,† 1973,† 1982,† 1984†

04A-02W-09YA-12YW !4
Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts‡†[note 6]
02W-04A-12YW-09YA !2
02L-04A-09YL-09YA !2
.500
1968 !1968,‡ 1970,† 2006,† 2009†

04A-00W-42YA-53YW !4
Minnesota Vikings‡*
00W-04A-53YW-25YA !0
04L-04A-42YL-42YA !4
.000
1969 !1969,‡ 1973,* 1974,* 1976*

04A-00W-25YA-53YW !4
Buffalo Bills†
00W-04A-53YW-25YA !0
04L-04A-25YL-25YA !4
.000
1990 !1990,† 1991,† 1992,† 1993†

03A-01W-17YA-19YW !3
St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams*
01W-03A-19YW-17YA !1
02L-03A-17YL-17YA !2
.333
1979 !1979,* 1999,* 2001*

03A-01W-03YA-04YW !3
Seattle Seahawks*
01W-03A-04YW-03YA !1
02L-03A-03YL-03YA !2
.333
2005 !2005,* 2013,* 2014*

03A-01W-01YA-01YW !3
Philadelphia Eagles*
01W-03A-01YW-01YA !1
02L-03A-14YL-01YA !2
.333
1980 !1980,* 2004,* 2017*

02A-02W-06YA-06YW !2
Baltimore Ravens†[note 7]
02W-02A-06YW-06YA !2
00L-02A-22YL-06YA !0
1.000
2000 !2000,† 2012†

02A-01W-49YA-49YW !2
Kansas City Chiefs^†
01W-02A-49YW-49YA !1
01L-02A-52YL-49YA !1
.500
1966 !1966,^ 1969^

02A-01W-12YA-33YW !2
Chicago Bears*
01W-02A-33YW-12YA !1
01L-02A-12YL-12YA !1
.500
1985 !1985,* 2006*

02A-00W-30YA-53YW !2
Cincinnati Bengals†
00W-02A-53YW-30YA !0
02L-02A-30YL-30YA !2
.000
1981 !1981,† 1988†

02A-00W-03YA-23YW !2
Carolina Panthers*
00W-02A-23YW-03YA !0
02L-02A-03YL-03YA !2
.000
2003 !2003,* 2015*

02A-00W-02YA-53YW !2
Atlanta Falcons*
00W-02A-53YW-02YA !0
02L-02A-02YL-02YA !2
.000
1998 !1998,* 2016*

01A-01W-50YA-50YW !1
New York Jets^†
01W-01A-50YW-50YA !1
00L-01A-53YL-50YA !0
1.000
1968 !1968^

01A-01W-18YA-18YW !1
Tampa Bay Buccaneers*
01W-01A-18YW-18YA !1
00L-01A-44YL-18YA !0
1.000
2002 !2002*

01A-01W-09YA-09YW !1
New Orleans Saints*
01W-01A-09YW-09YA !1
00L-01A-52YL-09YA !0
1.000
2009 !2009*

01A-00W-24YA-53YW !1
San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers†
00W-01A-53YW-24YA !0
01L-01A-24YL-24YA !1
.000
1994 !1994†

01A-00W-19YA-53YW !1
Houston/Tennessee Oilers/Tennessee Titans†
00W-01A-53YW-19YA !0
01L-01A-19YL-19YA !1
.000
1999 !1999†

01A-00W-10YA-53YW !1
St. Louis/Arizona Cardinals*
00W-01A-53YW-10YA !0
01L-01A-10YL-10YA !1
.000
2008 !2008*

00A-00W-53YA-53YW-11CG !0
Cleveland Browns†[note 6][note 7]
00W-00A-53YW-53YA-11CG !0
00L-00A-53YL-53YA-11CG !0
–
none

00A-00W-53YA-53YW-05CG !0
Detroit Lions*
00W-00A-53YW-53YA-05CG !0
00L-00A-53YL-53YA-05CG !0
–
none

00A-00W-23YA-23YW-00CG !0
Jacksonville Jaguars†
00W-00A-23YW-23YA-00CG !0
00L-00A-23YL-23YA-00CG !0
–
none

00A-00W-16YA-16YW-00CG !0
Houston Texans†
00W-00A-16YW-16YA-00CG !0
00L-00A-16YL-16YA-00CG !0
–
none

text: Teams with no Super Bowl appearances

text: Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl. Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season:

text:
Cleveland Browns, NFL champions four times in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1968, and 1969; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986, 1987, and 1989.[68] The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All-America Football Conference, joined the NFL in 1950, suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, and resumed play in 1999.[69] The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996, and have since won two Super Bowls.[70]
Detroit Lions, NFL champions four times in 1935, 1952, 1953, and 1957; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991[71]
Jacksonville Jaguars, 1995 expansion team; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996, 1999, and 2017.[72]
Houston Texans, 2002 expansion team; Divisional Round appearances in 2011, 2012, and 2016 seasons.

text: In addition, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls, making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl.

text: Teams with long Super Bowl droughts

text: Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl, there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL (1995 and 2002, respectively), resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams.

text: Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL–NFL merger in 1970:[73]

text:
New York Jets (most recently appeared in Super Bowl III, 1968 season)
Kansas City Chiefs (Super Bowl IV in 1969 season)

text: However, the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl, both being members of the now-defunct AFL at the time.

text: The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL–NFL merger, but prior to the 1995 regular season:

text:
Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowl XI, 1976 season)
Miami Dolphins (Super Bowl XIX, 1984 season)
Cincinnati Bengals (Super Bowl XXIII, 1988 season)
Washington Redskins (Super Bowl XXVI, 1991 season)
Buffalo Bills (Super Bowl XXVIII, 1993 season)
Los Angeles Chargers (played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX, 1994 season)

text: Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories

text: Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning. In descending order of number of appearances, they are:

text:
Minnesota Vikings (4), appeared in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI. They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969, the last year before the AFL–NFL merger, but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl. An NFL expansion team in 1961, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Buffalo Bills (4), appeared in Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII. Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965, the season before the first Super Bowl.
Cincinnati Bengals (2), appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII. An AFL expansion team in 1968, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Atlanta Falcons (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI. An expansion team in 1966, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Carolina Panthers (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50. A post-merger expansion team, their first season was in 1995.
Arizona Cardinals (1), appeared in Super Bowl XLIII. Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals.
Los Angeles Chargers (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers. Their only AFL championship was in 1963.
Tennessee Titans (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV. They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers.

text: Super Bowl rematches

text: The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl:

text:
Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers (3) – Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh, and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas. See also Cowboys–Steelers rivalry.
Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins (2) – Super Bowl VII was won by Miami, and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington.
Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers (2) – Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco.
Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys (2) – Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII, the only rematch in consecutive seasons, were both won by Dallas.
New England Patriots and New York Giants (2) – Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York.
New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles (2) – Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England, Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia.