document_title: Grand Slam (tennis)

question_text: first tennis player to win four grand slam titles in a single year

question_tokens: first tennis player to win four grand slam titles in a single year

text: Grand Slam (tennis)

text: Origin of the term "Grand Slam"[edit]

text: The term slam for winning all of the tricks in the whist family card games (see also whist terms) is attested from early in the 17th century. Grand slam for all of the tricks, in contrast to small slam or little slam for all but one, dates from early in the 19th century.[7] This use was inherited by contract bridge, a modern development of whist defined in 1925 that became very popular in Britain and America by 1930.

text: Grand slam has been used in golf since 1930, when Bobby Jones won the four major championships, two British and two American tournaments. Although John F. Kieran of The New York Times is widely credited with first applying the term "grand slam" to tennis to describe the winning of all four major tennis tournaments in a calendar year,[8] sports columnist Alan Gould had used the term in that connection almost two months before Kieran.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: The possibility of being the reigning champion of all the current four Majors did not exist until 1924–25, when the International Lawn Tennis Federation designated the Australasian, French (before 1925 only open to members of French tennis clubs), British and American championship tournaments as the four Majors. Before that time only three events: Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships (held in Paris & once in Brussels) and the World Covered Court Championships (held in various locations) were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF.[10][11] Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those earlier majors in one year: 1913. It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925. It was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon, the Australian and French opens due to the Second World War, the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles, and 1986 when there was no Australian Open at all.

text: Phil Dent has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments—especially the Australian Open—was not unusual then, before counting major titles became the norm.[12] Thus, many players had never played the Austral(as)ian amateur or open championships: the Doherty brothers, William Larned, Maurice McLoughlin, Beals Wright, Bill Johnston, Bill Tilden, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Pancho Gonzales, Budge Patty, Manuel Santana, Jan Kodeš and others, while Brookes, Ellsworth Vines, Jaroslav Drobný, Manuel Orantes, Ilie Năstase (at 35 years old) and Björn Borg came just once. Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals, who at that point were prohibited from playing the traditional circuit.[13] Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money. In 1970, George MacCall's National Tennis League, which employed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe.[14]

text: In terms of the current four majors, the first to win all four in a single year was Don Budge, who completed the feat in 1938. To date, 17 players have completed a Grand Slam, though only six in the most prestigious singles titles. Of these players, three have won multiple Grand Slams: Rod Laver accomplished the feat twice in men's singles; Margaret Court accomplished the feat three times, in two different disciplines – once in women's singles and twice in mixed doubles; and Esther Vergeer completed a grand slam twice in Women's wheelchair doubles.

text: The four Junior disciplines, boys' and girls' singles and doubles, provide limited opportunities to achieve a Grand Slam. Players are only eligible from age 13 to 18, with 18-year-olds likely to hold a physical advantage. Only Stefan Edberg has completed the Grand Slam in a Junior discipline.

text: Tournament details[edit]

text:
Event
Dates
Venue
Current champion(s)

Men's Singles
Women's Singles
Men's Doubles
Women's Doubles
Mixed Doubles

Australian Open
mid/late January
Melbourne Park, Melbourne
 Roger Federer
 Caroline Wozniacki
 Oliver Marach
 Mate Pavić
 Tímea Babos
 Kristina Mladenovic
 Mate Pavić
 Gabriela Dabrowski

French Open
late May/early June
Stade Roland Garros, Paris
 Rafael Nadal
 Jeļena Ostapenko
 Ryan Harrison
 Michael Venus
 Bethanie Mattek-Sands
 Lucie Šafářová
 Gabriela Dabrowski
 Rohan Bopanna

Wimbledon
late June/early July
All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, London
 Roger Federer
 Garbiñe Muguruza
 Marcelo Melo
 Łukasz Kubot
 Ekaterina Makarova
 Elena Vesnina
 Martina Hingis
 Jamie Murray

US Open
late August/early September
USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, New York City
 Rafael Nadal
 Sloane Stephens
 Jean-Julien Rojer
 Horia Tecău
 Chan Yung-jan
 Martina Hingis
 Martina Hingis
 Jamie Murray

text: Winners[edit]

text: Grand Slam champions[edit]

text:
Per discipline (all-time)

List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions

List of Grand Slam boys' singles champions
List of Grand Slam boys' doubles champions
List of Grand Slam girls' singles champions
List of Grand Slam girls' doubles champions
List of wheelchair tennis champions

Per tournament (Open Era only)

List of Australian Open champions
List of French Open champions
List of Wimbledon Open Era champions
List of US Open (tennis) champions

text: Players who completed the Grand Slam[edit]

text: Chronological[edit]

text:
#
Year
Player
Discipline
Notes

1
1938
 Don Budge
Men's singles
Part of a total of 6 consecutive titles

2
1951
 Ken McGregor
 Frank Sedgman
Men's doubles
Part of a total of 7 consecutive titles (8 consecutive for Sedgman)

3
1953
 Maureen Connolly
Women's singles
Part of 6 consecutive titles

4
1960
 Maria Bueno
Women's doubles
With  Christine Truman and  Darlene Hard

5
1962
 Rod Laver
Men's singles

6
1963
 Margaret Court
 Ken Fletcher
Mixed doubles
Part of consecutive titles (Court 7, Fletcher 6)

7
1965
 Margaret Court
Mixed doubles
With  John Newcombe,  Ken Fletcher and  Fred Stolle – part of 5 consecutive titles

8
1967
 Owen Davidson
Mixed doubles
With  Lesley Turner and  Billie Jean King

9
1969
 Rod Laver
Men's singles
Only player to complete the singles' Grand Slam twice

10
1970
 Margaret Court
Women's singles
Six consecutive titles

11
1983
 Stefan Edberg (in junior tennis)
Boys' singles
Only Junior to complete a Grand Slam

12
1984
 Martina Navratilova
 Pam Shriver
Women's doubles
Eight consecutive titles

13
1988
 Steffi Graf
Women's singles
Five consecutive titles

14
1998
 Martina Hingis
Women's doubles
With  Mirjana Lučić and  Jana Novotná

15
2009
 Esther Vergeer
 Korie Homan
Women's wheelchair doubles
Part of 14 consecutive titles for Vergeer

16
2011
 Esther Vergeer
 Sharon Walraven
Women's wheelchair doubles
Part of consecutive titles (Vergeer 8, Walraven 7)

17
2013
 Aniek van Koot
 Jiske Griffioen
Women's wheelchair doubles

18
2014
 Stéphane Houdet
Men's wheelchair doubles
With  Joachim Gérard and  Shingo Kunieda

19
2014
 Yui Kamiji
 Jordanne Whiley
Women's wheelchair doubles
Part of 5 consecutive titles

text: Per player[edit]

text:
Player
Grand Slams

Singles
Doubles
Mixed
Total

 Margaret Court

1

2

3

 Rod Laver

2

2

 Esther Vergeer (wheelchair tennis)

2

 Don Budge

1

1

 Ken McGregor

1

 Frank Sedgman

1

 Maureen Connolly

1

 Maria Bueno

1

 Ken Fletcher

1

 Owen Davidson

1

 Stefan Edberg (junior tennis)

1

 Martina Navratilova

1

 Pam Shriver

1

 Steffi Graf

1

 Martina Hingis

1

 Korie Homan (wheelchair tennis)

1

 Sharon Walraven (wheelchair tennis)

1

 Aniek van Koot (wheelchair tennis)

1

 Jiske Griffioen (wheelchair tennis)

1

 Stéphane Houdet (wheelchair tennis)

1

 Yui Kamiji (wheelchair tennis)

1

 Jordanne Whiley (wheelchair tennis)

1

text: Non-calendar year Grand Slam[edit]

text: Controversy over terminology[edit]

text: In 1982, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) began offering a $1 million bonus to any singles player to win four consecutive major titles, no matter the time of completion. Although groups variously identified as the Men's International Professional Tennis Council, "abetted primarily by some British tennis writers",[15] and "European tennis journalists"[16] had advocated for the ITF to change the definition of "Grand Slam", ITF General Secretary David Gray made it clear that this was not going to happen. In a 1983 letter to tennis journalist Paul Fein, Gray clarified:

text: There seems to be some confusion. The ITF's only initiative in this matter has been the organisation of the offer of a bonus of $1m. to any player who holds all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously [...] In spite of all that we have read on this matter, it has never been my Committee of Management's intention to alter the basis of the classic Grand Slam i.e., the capture of all four titles in a year.

text: The ITF's plan was to offer the cash bonus for three years, apparently to encourage players to compete in all four major tournaments as much as to reward success at them.[17]

text: Even before the ITF had announced their bonus, the Grand Slam controversy had taken on a life of its own. Writing in 1982, Neil Amdur claimed, "Now the sport spins nervously under the influence of big dollars and even bigger egos, and tradition has almost gone the way of white balls and long flannels [...] If the four major tournaments want to offer a $1 million incentive for any player in the future who can sweep their titles—and such talks have been rumored—that bonus would be a welcome addition. But changing what the Grand Slam is all about is like a baseball player believing that he 'hit for the cycle' after slugging a single, double and triple in the first game of a doubleheader and a home run in his first time at bat in the second game."[18] Despite seeming clarity from the ITF, some journalists suggested that the sport's organizing body had turned its back on history and changed the "rules" of tennis by redefining a Grand Slam. Such confusion continued for years. For instance, when Steffi Graf completed the Grand Slam in 1988, George Vecsey wrote, "Even the International Tennis Federation, which should have more respect for history, ruled in 1982 that winning any four straight majors constituted a Grand Slam—and offered a $1 million bonus for it [...] But many tennis people, and most writers, and probably most fans, too, did not accept the new rules, and the I.T.F. has dropped the gimmick."[19] Vecsey was only half right: the ITF dropped the "gimmick" of the cash bonus, but it had never changed any rules.

text: However, the ambiguous way the ITF described the Grand Slam in their Constitution led to journalists continuing to make the same assumption as Vecsey over two decades later. For instance, when Rafael Nadal was on the verge of completing a non-calendar year Grand Slam at the 2011 Australian Open, one writer observed, "Most traditionalists insist that the 'Grand Slam' should refer only to winning all four titles in a calendar year, although the constitution of the International Tennis Federation, the sports governing body, spells out that 'players who hold all four of these titles at the same time achieve the Grand Slam'."[20] This was true until later in 2011, when the ITF edited the description to eliminate all confusion. As it now stands, "The Grand Slam titles are the championships of Australia, France, the United States of America and Wimbledon. Players who hold all four of these titles in one calendar year achieve the 'Grand Slam'."[21]

text: When Martina Navratilova won the 1984 French Open and became the reigning champion of all four women's singles events, she was the first player to receive the bonus prize in recognition of her achievement. Some media outlets did, indeed, say that she had won a Grand Slam.[22] Others simply noted the ongoing controversy: "Whether the Slam was Grand or Bland or a commercial sham tainted with an asterisk the size of a tennis ball, Martina Navratilova finally did it."[23] Although the ITF recognizes what is now unofficially known as the "non-calendar year Grand Slam" on its Roll of Honour, no subsequent player to win four or more majors in a row—Steffi Graf, Serena Williams, or Novak Djokovic—has received bonus prize money.

text: Combining the Grand Slam and non-calendar year Grand Slam, the total number of times that players achieved the feat (of being the reigning champion in all four majors) expands to 18.

text: Achievements and near misses[edit]

text: Three women have won four or more consecutive major titles since 1970, with Navratilova taking six in a row in 1983–1984. On the men's side, Novak Djokovic was the first singles player since Rod Laver to hold all four major titles at once, which he accomplished between Wimbledon 2015 and the 2016 French Open. Prior to the Open Era, Don Budge received the same accolades in winning the French Championships in 1938, but then completed the more prestigious Grand Slam at the 1938 US Championships, giving him six majors in a row, the only male to ever win more than four consecutive major tournaments.

text: The Bryan brothers (Bob and Mike) were the last to achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam in men's doubles. Several players and teams came up one title short. Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde, known collectively as The Woodies, reached the final of the 1997 French Open while holding all the other three titles, but lost to Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Daniel Vacek. In singles, Pete Sampras lost the 1994 French Open quarterfinal to fellow countryman Jim Courier, having won the previous three majors. Roger Federer in 2006 and 2007 and Novak Djokovic in 2012 repeated this, both ultimately losing the French Open final to Rafael Nadal. Nadal himself was prevented from achieving this feat by his countryman David Ferrer, who defeated him in the quarterfinal of the 2011 Australian Open, which Nadal entered holding the other three major titles. In women's singles, Monica Seles lost the 1992 Wimbledon final to Steffi Graf, having won the previous three majors. Martina Hingis in the 1998 French Open semifinal, losing to Seles. In women's doubles, Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suárez had won three Majors from US Open 2003 to the 2004 French Open, lost at the semifinals to Cara Black and Rennae Stubbs in the 2004 Wimbledon. Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza had also won three Majors from Wimbledon 2015 to the 2016 Australian Open, but lost in the third round of the 2016 French Open to Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková. In 2017, Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová had the chance to win four consecutive titles at Wimbledon, but withdrew from their scheduled second round match following an acute knee injury suffered by Mattek-Sands in the second round of the Ladies' Singles competition.

text: This list is for those players who achieved a non-calendar Grand Slam, but who failed to win the Grand Slam during the same streak.

text:
Men's singles:

 Novak Djokovic (2015–16)

Four consecutive major titles from 2015 Wimbledon to 2016 French Open

Women's singles:

 Martina Navratilova (1983–1984)

Six consecutive major titles from 1983 Wimbledon to US Open 19841

 Steffi Graf (1993–94)

Four consecutive major titles from 1993 French Open to the 1994 Australian Open

 Serena Williams (2002–03, 2014–15)

Four consecutive major titles from 2002 French Open to the 2003 Australian Open
Four consecutive major titles from 2014 US Open to 2015 Wimbledon

Men's doubles:

 Bob Bryan and  Mike Bryan (2012–13)

Four consecutive major titles from 2012 US Open to 2013 Wimbledon

Women's doubles:

 Louise Brough (1949–50)

Four consecutive major titles from the 1949 French Championships to 1950 Australian Championships (three times with  Margaret Osborne duPont and the 1950 Australian Championships won with  Doris Hart)

 Pam Shriver and  Martina Navratilova (1986–87)

Four consecutive major titles from 1986 Wimbledon to the 1987 French Open
Navratilova also won the 1986 French Open with  Andrea Temesvári, totaling 5 consecutive major titles for her[relevant? – discuss]

 Gigi Fernández and  Natasha Zvereva (1992–1993)

Six consecutive major titles from the 1992 French Open to 1993 Wimbledon

 Natasha Zvereva (1996–97)

Four consecutive major titles from the 1996 US Open to 1997 Wimbledon (three times with  Gigi Fernández and the 1997 Australian Open won with  Martina Hingis)

 Serena Williams and  Venus Williams (2009–10)

Four consecutive titles from 2009 Wimbledon to the 2010 French Open

Mixed doubles:

 Billie Jean King (1967–68)

Four consecutive major titles from 1967 French Championships to the 1968 Australian Championships (three times with  Owen Davidson and the 1968 Australian Championships won with  Dick Crealy).

Men's wheelchair doubles:

 Stéphane Houdet (2009–10)

Five consecutive titles from the 2009 French Open to 2010 French Open (the first two with  Michaël Jeremiasz, the 2009 US Open won with  Stefan Olsson and the last two with  Shingo Kunieda)

 Shingo Kunieda (2014–15)

Four consecutive titles from the 2014 Wimbledon to 2015 French Open (the first three with  Stéphane Houdet and the 2015 French Open with  Gordon Reid)

text: ^ From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year.

tag: ol

text: Career Grand Slam[edit]

text: The career achievement of all four major championships in one format is termed a Career Grand Slam in that format. Dozens of players have accomplished that (column two) and 17 have doubled it: won a second championship in each of the four majors in one format (column three). Two or more career championships in all four majors is sometimes called a "Multiple Slam Set". Three players have Multiple Slam Sets in two formats, one in three formats, so 22 players are counted in the table (column three). Their achievements are tabulated below.

text:
Career Grand Slams by format

Format
Numbers of players

Completed the Career GS
Completed at least 2

Men's singles
8 players (2 Golden, 1 Super)
2 players

Women's singles
10 players (2 Golden, 2 Super)
5 players

Men's doubles
21 players (14 as teams)
5 players (2 as a team)

Women's doubles
21 players (10 as teams)
8 players (6 as teams)

Mixed doubles
17 players (7 as teams)
4 players (2 as teams)

text: Eight men and ten women have won Career Grand Slams in singles play (rows one and two); among them two men and five women have at least two Career Grand Slams in singles (column three). Since the beginning of the open era, five men (Rod Laver, Andre Agassi, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic) and six women (Margaret Court, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf, Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova) have achieved this.

text: Several singles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam, grouped by the missing Grand Slam tournament:

text:
Australian Open: René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Helen Wills, Althea Gibson, Tony Trabert, Margaret Osborne duPont, and Manuel Santana
French Open: Frank Sedgman, Ashley Cooper, Louise Brough Clapp, Virginia Wade, Arthur Ashe, Pete Sampras, John Newcombe, Jimmy Connors, Boris Becker, Stefan Edberg, Martina Hingis, and Lindsay Davenport
Wimbledon: Ken Rosewall, Hana Mandlíková, Ivan Lendl, Monica Seles, Guillermo Vilas, Mats Wilander, Justine Henin, and Stan Wawrinka
US Open: Jean Borotra, Jack Crawford, Lew Hoad, Angela Mortimer, and Evonne Goolagong Cawley

text: Several doubles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam:

text:
Australian Open: John Van Ryn, Helen Wills, Elizabeth Ryan, Margaret Osborne duPont, Darlene Hard, Billie Jean King, Betty Stöve, Robert Seguso, Mahesh Bhupathi, Lindsay Davenport, Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina.
French Open: John Bromwich, Nancy Richey, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Cara Black, and Sania Mirza
Wimbledon: Vic Seixas, Ashley Cooper, Virginia Wade, Virginia Ruano Pascual, Paola Suárez, Bethanie Mattek-Sands, and Lucie Šafářová
US Open: Jean Borotra, Jacques Brugnon, Jack Crawford, Althea Gibson, and Rod Laver

text: Only six players have completed a Career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles: one male (Roy Emerson) and five female (Margaret Court, Doris Hart, Shirley Fry Irvin, Martina Navratilova, and Serena Williams). Court, Hart and Navratilova are the only three players to have completed a "Career Boxed Set", winning all four titles in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles; this has never been done by a male player.

text: The remainder of this section is a complete list, by format, of all players who have won the Career Grand Slam. Players are ordered chronologically by their completion of the Slam.

text: Men's singles[edit]

text: Eight men have won all four grand slam tournaments. Two of the eight men achieved a double career Slam. Originally, the grand slams were held on grass (Australian, Wimbledon, and US Open) and clay (French) and the first four players achieved their grand slams on two surfaces. The US Open changed its surface from grass to clay in 1975 and then to hard court in 1978. The Australian Open changed from grass to hard court in 1988. The last four players (Agassi, Federer, Nadal, Djokovic) achieved their grand slam on three different surfaces: hard court, clay, and grass.

text:
#
Player
Age
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Fred Perry
26
1934
1935
1934
1933

2
 Don Budge
23
1938
1938
1937
1937

3
 Rod Laver
24
1960
1962
1961
1962

4
 Roy Emerson
27
1961
1963
1964
1961

5
 Andre Agassi
29
1995
1999
1992
1994

6
 Roger Federer
27
2004
2009
2003
2004

7
 Rafael Nadal
24
2009
2005
2008
2010

8
 Novak Djokovic
29
2008
2016
2011
2011

text: Women's singles[edit]

text: Each woman's "first wins" in the four Majors are listed chronologically and their ages upon completion of the Slam are given in brackets. Five of the ten women achieved at least two career Slams, two of the ten have achieved three careers slams and Steffi Graf is the only player to achieve four career Slams.

text:
#
Player
Age
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Maureen Connolly
18
1953
1953
1952
1951

2
 Doris Hart
28
1949
1950
1951
1954

3
 Shirley Fry Irvin
29
1957
1951
1956
1956

4
 Margaret Court
20
1960
1962
1963
1962

5
 Billie Jean King
28
1968
1972
1966
1967

6
 Chris Evert
27
1982
1974
1974
1975

7
 Martina Navratilova
26
1981
1982
1978
1983

8
 Steffi Graf
19
1988
1987
1988
1988

9
 Serena Williams
21
2003
2002
2002
1999

10
 Maria Sharapova
25
2008
2012
2004
2006

text: Men's doubles[edit]

text: At Men's Doubles, 21 players have won the career Slam, including fourteen who achieved the Slam with a unique partner. The latter are listed first, as seven teams, ignoring any major wins with other partners. Five of the 21 men achieved at least a double career Slam at Men's Doubles, led by Roy Emerson and John Newcombe with triple Slams.

text:
#
Player
Age
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Adrian Quist
26
1936
1935
1935
1939

2
 Frank Sedgman
24
1951
1951
1948
1950

3
 Ken McGregor
23
1951
1951
1951
1951

4
 Lew Hoad
21
1953
1953
1953
1956

 Ken Rosewall
22
1953
1953
1956
1956

6
 Neale Fraser
25
1957
1958
1959
1957

7
 Roy Emerson
25
1962
1960
1959
1959

8
 John Newcombe
23
1965
1967
1965
1967

 Tony Roche
24
1965
1967
1965
1967

10
 Bob Hewitt
37
1963
1972
1962
1977

11
 John Fitzgerald
28
1982
1986
1989
1984

 Anders Järryd
29
1987
1983
1989
1987

13
 Jacco Eltingh
28
1994
1995
1998
1994

 Paul Haarhuis
32
1994
1995
1998
1994

15
 Todd Woodbridge
29
1992
2000
1993
1995

 Mark Woodforde
34
1992
2000
1993
1989

17
 Jonas Björkman
32
1998
2005
2002
2003

18
 Bob Bryan
28
2006
2003
2006
2005

 Mike Bryan
28
2006
2003
2006
2005

20
 Daniel Nestor
35
2002
2007
2008
2004

21
 Leander Paes
38
2012
1999
1999
2006

text: Women's doubles[edit]

text: At Women's Doubles, 21 players have won the career Slam, including ten who achieved the Slam with a unique partner. Eight of the 22 achieved at least a double career Slam at Women's Doubles, led by Martina Navratilova with seven or more titles in each Major.

text:
#
Player
Age
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Louise Brough Clapp
27
1950
1946
1946
1942

2
 Doris Hart
26
1949
1951
1951
1951

3
 Shirley Fry Irvin
30
1957
1950
1951
1951

4
 Maria Bueno
20
1960
1960
1958
1960

5
 Margaret Court
22
1961
1964
1964
1963

 Lesley Turner Bowrey
21
1964
1964
1964
1961

7
 Judy Tegart Dalton
32
1964
1966
1969
1970

8
/ Martina Navratilova
23
1980
1975
1976
1977

9
 Kathy Jordan
21
1981
1980
1980
1981

 Anne Smith
21
1981
1980
1980
1981

11
 Pam Shriver
21
1982
1984
1981
1983

12
 Helena Suková
25
1990
1990
1987
1985

13
 Gigi Fernández
28
1993
1991
1992
1988

/ Natasha Zvereva
21
1993
1989
1991
1991

15
/ Jana Novotná
25
1990
1990
1989
1994

16
 Martina Hingis
17
1997
1998
1996
1998

17
 Serena Williams
19
2001
1999
2000
1999

 Venus Williams
20
2001
1999
2000
1999

19
 Lisa Raymond
33
2000
2006
2001
2001

20
 Sara Errani
27
2013
2012
2014
2012

 Roberta Vinci
31
2013
2012
2014
2012

text: Mixed doubles[edit]

text: At Mixed Doubles, a total of 17 players have won the career Slam, including seven who won all four events with the same partner — an odd number because Margaret Court accomplished a career Grand Slam separately with Ken Fletcher and Marty Riessen. The two other teams which won all four events are Doris Hart with Frank Sedgman, and Martina Hingis with Leander Paes. Four of the 17 players have accomplished multiple career Grand Slams in mixed doubles, led by Margaret Court's quadruple Slam.

text:
#
Player
Age
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Jean Borotra
29
1928
1927
1925
1926

2
 Doris Hart
26
1949
1951
1951
1951

 Frank Sedgman
21
1949
1951
1951
1951

4
 Margaret Court
20
1963
1963
1963
1961

5
 Ken Fletcher
23
1963
1963
1963
1963

6
 Owen Davidson
23
1965
1967
1967
1966

7
 Billie Jean King
24
1968
1967
1967
1967

8
 Marty Riessen
33
1969
1969
1975
1969

9
 Bob Hewitt
39
1961
1970
1977
1979

10
 Todd Woodbridge
24
1993
1992
1994
1990

11
 Mark Woodforde
27
1992
1995
1993
1992

12
/ Martina Navratilova
46
2003
1974
1985
1985

13
 Daniela Hantuchová
22
2002
2005
2001
2005

14
 Mahesh Bhupathi
29
2006
1997
2002
1999

15
 Cara Black
30
2010
2002
2004
2008

16
 Leander Paes
42
2003
2016
1999
2008

 Martina Hingis
35
2006
2016
2015
2015

text: Boys' singles[edit]

text: Stefan Edberg (1983)

text: Boys' doubles[edit]

text: Mark Kratzmann (1983 French Open, Wimbledon & US Open; 1984 Australian Open)

text: Men's wheelchair doubles[edit]

text:
#
Player
Age
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Kunieda, ShingoShingo Kunieda (JPN)
24
2007
2008
2006
2007

2
 Houdet, StéphaneStéphane Houdet (FRA)
40
2010
2007
2009
2009

3
 Scheffers, MaikelMaikel Scheffers (NED)
28
2011
2008
2011
2010

4
 Jeremiasz, MichaelMichael Jeremiasz (FRA)
32
2013
2009
2009
2005

5
 Peifer, NicolasNicolas Peifer (FRA)
25
2016
2011
2015
2011

6
 Reid, GordonGordon Reid (GBR)
25
2017
2015
2016
2015

text: Women's wheelchair doubles[edit]

text:
#
Player
Age
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Vergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer (NED)
27
2004
2007
2009
2005

 Homan, KorieKorie Homan (NED)
29
2009
2009
2009
2005

3
 Walraven, SharonSharon Walraven (NED)
40
2011
2010
2010
2010

4
 Griffioen, JiskeJiske Griffioen (NED)
27
2006
2008
2012
2006

5
 van Koot, AniekAniek van Koot (NED)
23
2010
2013
2012
2013

6
 Kamiji, YuiYui Kamiji (JPN)
20
2014
2014
2014
2014

 Whiley, JordanneJordanne Whiley (GRB)
22
2014
2014
2014
2014

text: Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text: 6: Don Budge (from the 1937 Wimbledon to the 1938 U.S. Championships).

text: Women's singles[edit]

text:
6: Maureen Connolly (from the 1952 Wimbledon to the 1953 U.S. Championships).
6: Margaret Court (from the 1969 US Open to the 1971 Australian Open).
6: Martina Navratilova (from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1984 US Open).

text: Men's doubles[edit]

text: Team:

text: 7: Ken McGregor and Frank Sedgman (from the 1951 Australian Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon)

text: Player:

text: 8: Frank Sedgman (from the 1950 U.S. Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon)

text: Women's doubles[edit]

text: Team and Player:

text: 8: Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver (from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1985 French Open)

text: Mixed doubles[edit]

text: Team:

text: 6: Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher (from the 1963 Australian Championships to the 1964 French Championships)

text: Player:

text: 7: Margaret Court (from the 1962 US Championships to the 1964 French Championships)

text: Men's wheelchair singles[edit]

text: 13: Shingo Kunieda (from the 2007 Australian Open to the 2011 French Open)

text: Women's wheelchair singles[edit]

text:
13: Esther Vergeer (from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open)
7: Esther Vergeer (from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 Wimbledon)

text: Men's wheelchair doubles[edit]

text: Player:

text:
5: Stéphane Houdet (from the 2009 French Open to the 2010 French Open)
5: Stéphane Houdet (from the 2014 Australian Open to the 2015 Australian Open)

text: Women's wheelchair doubles[edit]

text: Team:

text: 7: Esther Vergeer and Sharon Walraven (from the 2010 Wimbledon to 2012 Australian Open)

text: Player:

text:
14: Esther Vergeer (from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open)
8: Esther Vergeer (from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 French Open)

text: Most consecutive Grand Slam singles finals[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Cons.
finals
From
To

1
 Roger Federer
10
2005 Wimbledon Championships
2007 US Open

2
 Roger Federer
8
2008 French Open
2010 Australian Open

3
 Jack Crawford
7
1933 Australian Championships
1934 Wimbledon Championships

4
 Don Budge
6
1937 Wimbledon Championships
1938 U.S. Championships

=
 Rod Laver
6
1961 Wimbledon Championships
1962 U.S. Championships

=
 Novak Djokovic
6
2015 Australian Open
2016 French Open

7
 Fred Perry
5
1934 Wimbledon Championships
1935 Wimbledon Championships

=
 Frank Sedgman
5
1951 U.S. Championships
1952 U.S. Championships

=
 Fred Stolle
5
1964 Wimbledon Championships
1965 Wimbledon Championships

=
 Rafael Nadal
5
2011 French Open
2012 French Open

11
 Lew Hoad
4
1956 Australian Championships
1956 U.S. Championships

=
 Rod Laver
4
1969 Australian Open
1969 US Open

=
 Ivan Lendl
4
1985 US Open
1986 US Open

=
 Andre Agassi
4
1999 French Open
2000 Australian Open

=
 Novak Djokovic
4
2011 Wimbledon Championships
2012 French Open

text: Women[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Cons.
finals
From
To

1
 Steffi Graf
13
1987 French Open
1990 French Open

2
 Martina Navratilova
11
1985 French Open
1987 US Open

3
 Maureen Connolly
6
1952 Wimbledon Championships
1953 US Championships

=
 Margaret Court
6
1969 US Open
1971 Australian Open

=
 Martina Navratilova
6
1983 Wimbledon Championships
1984 US Open

=
 Chris Evert
6
1984 French Open
1985 Wimbledon Championships

=
/ Monica Seles
6
1991 US Open
1993 Australian Open

8
 Margaret Court
5
1963 Wimbledon Championships
1964 Wimbledon Championships

=
 Margaret Court
5
1965 Australian Championships
1966 Australian Championships

=
 Steffi Graf
5
1993 Australian Open
1994 Australian Open

=
 Martina Hingis
5
1997 Australian Open
1998 Australian Open

12
 Molla Bjurstedt Mallory
4
1915 U.S. Championships
1918 U.S. Championships

=
 Pauline Betz Addie
4
1941 U.S. Championships
1944 U.S. Championships

=
 Maria Bueno
4
1964 French Championships
1965 Australian Championships

=
 Hana Mandlíková
4
1980 US Open
1981 Wimbledon Championships

=
 Martina Navratilova
4
1981 US Open
1982 Wimbledon Championships

=
 Chris Evert
4
1982 Wimbledon Championships
1983 French Open

=
 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
4
1994 US Open
1995 Wimbledon Championships

=
 Serena Williams
4
2002 French Open
2003 Australian Open

=
 Venus Williams
4
2002 French Open
2003 Australian Open

=
 Justine Henin
4
2006 Australian Open
2006 US Open

=
 Serena Williams
4
2014 US Open
2015 Wimbledon Championships

text: Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss[edit]

text: Helen Wills Moody won all 16 of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she played beginning with the 1924 U.S. Championships and extending to the 1933 Wimbledon Championships (not counting her defaults in the 1926 French and Wimbledon Championships). During this period, she won 6 Wimbledons, 4 French Championships, and 6 U.S. Championships. She also won the 1924 Summer Olympics during this period. Moody never entered the Australian Championships.

text: Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss[edit]

text: Doris Hart won all 13 of the Grand Slam mixed doubles tournaments she played beginning with the 1951 French Championships and extending to the 1955 U.S. Championships. During this period, she won 5 Wimbledons, 3 French Championships, and 5 U.S. Championships.

text: Golden Slam[edit]

text: Tennis was an Olympic sport from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics through the 1924 Games, then was dropped for the next 64 years (except as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984) before returning in 1988. As there were only three Major championships designated by the International Lawn Tennis Federation before 1925, none of the tennis players who participated in the Olympics between 1896 and 1924 had a chance to complete a Golden Grand Slam. However, there was a possibility to complete a Career Golden Grand Slam by winning the 1920 Olympics or 1924 Olympics plus each of the four grand slams, all of which were present from 1925 onwards. The term Golden Slam (initially "Golden Grand Slam") was coined in 1988.[24]

text: Only one player has completed the Golden Slam:[25][26]

text: Non-calendar year Golden Slam[edit]

text: Winning four consecutive Grand Slam tournaments and Olympic event in the period of twelve months, although not in the same year, is called a "Non-calendar year Golden Slam".[27] Only Bob and Mike Bryan have achieved this by winning the 2012 Olympics, 2012 US Open, 2013 Australian Open, 2013 French Open and 2013 Wimbledon Championships. After they won the final at Wimbledon, this was coined the "Golden Bryan Slam".[28]

text: Career Golden Slam[edit]

text: A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic gold medal during his or her career is said to have achieved a Career Golden Slam.

text:
#
Player
Discipline
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
Olympics

1
 Pam Shriver
Women's doubles
1982
1984
1981
1983
1988

2
 Steffi Graf
Women's singles
1988
1987
1988
1988
1988

3
 Gigi Fernández
Women's doubles
1993
1991
1992
1988
1992

4
 Andre Agassi
Men's singles
1995
1999
1992
1994
1996

5
 Todd Woodbridge
Men's doubles
1992
2000
1993
1992
1996

 Mark Woodforde
Men's doubles
1992
2000
1993
1992
1996

7
 Serena Williams
Women's doubles
2001
1999
2000
1999
2000

 Venus Williams
Women's doubles
2001
1999
2000
1999
2000

9
 Shingo Kunieda
Men's wheelchair doubles
2009
2008
2006
2007
2004

10
 Korie Homan
Women's wheelchair doubles
2009
2009
2009
2005
2008

 Esther Vergeer
Women's wheelchair doubles
2004
2007
2009
2005
2000

12
 Daniel Nestor
Men's doubles
2002
2007
2009
2004
2000

13
 Stéphane Houdet
Men's wheelchair doubles
2010
2007
2009
2009
2008

14
 Rafael Nadal
Men's singles
2009
2005
2008
2010
2008

15
 Sharon Walraven
Women's wheelchair doubles
2011
2011
2010
2010
2008

16
 Bob Bryan
Men's doubles
2006
2003
2006
2005
2012

 Mike Bryan
Men's doubles
2006
2003
2006
2005
2012

18
 Serena Williams
Women's singles
2003
2002
2002
1999
2012

19
 Michaël Jeremiasz
Men's wheelchair doubles
2013
2009
2009
2005
2008

20
 Aniek van Koot
Women's wheelchair doubles
2010
2013
2012
2013
2016

 Jiske Griffioen
Women's wheelchair doubles
2006
2008
2012
2006
2016

22
 Nicolas Peifer
Men's wheelchair doubles
2016
2011
2015
2011
2016

text: Super Slam[edit]

text: Soon after the Open Era began in 1968, the new professional tours each held a year-end championship (YEC), which are elite tournaments involving only the top performers of the given season. The subsequent return of tennis to the Olympics in 1988 gave rise to the notion of a Super Slam as a combination of Golden Slam and YEC title.[29][30][31] Eligible YECs are currently called the ATP Finals for men, WTA Finals for women, and the Wheelchair Tennis Masters.

text: No player has ever completed the Super Slam in a single season.

text: Non-calendar year Super Slam[edit]

text: Only one player has completed the Super Slam in a period of twelve months:

text: Career Super Slam[edit]

text:
#
Player
Discipline
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
Olympics
Year-end

1
 Pam Shriver
Women's doubles
1982
1984
1981
1983
1988
1981

2
 Steffi Graf
Women's singles
1988
1987
1988
1988
1988
1987

3
 Gigi Fernández
Women's doubles
1993
1991
1992
1988
1992
1993

4
 Andre Agassi
Men's singles
1995
1999
1992
1994
1996
1990

5
 Todd Woodbridge
Men's doubles
1992
2000
1993
1992
1996
1992

 Mark Woodforde
Men's doubles
1992
2000
1993
1992
1996
1992

7
 Esther Vergeer
Women's wheelchair doubles
2004
2007
2009
2005
2000
2001

 Korie Homan
Women's wheelchair doubles
2009
2009
2009
2005
2008
2004

9
 Daniel Nestor
Men's doubles
2002
2007
2009
2004
2000
2007

10
 Stéphane Houdet
Men's wheelchair doubles
2010
2007
2009
2009
2008
2006

11
 Sharon Walraven
Women's wheelchair doubles
2011
2011
2010
2010
2008
2010

12
 Bob Bryan
Men's doubles
2006
2003
2006
2005
2012
2003

 Mike Bryan
Men's doubles
2006
2003
2006
2005
2012
2003

14
 Serena Williams
Women's singles
2003
2002
2002
1999
2012
2001

15
 Shingo Kunieda
Men's wheelchair doubles
2009
2008
2006
2007
2004
2012

16
 Michaël Jeremiasz
Men's wheelchair doubles
2013
2009
2009
2005
2008
2008

17
 Aniek van Koot
Women's wheelchair doubles
2010
2013
2012
2013
2016
2012

 Jiske Griffioen
Women's wheelchair doubles
2006
2008
2012
2006
2016
2004

19
 Nicolas Peifer
Men's wheelchair doubles
2016
2011
2015
2011
2016
2016

text: Three Major tournament titles in a year[edit]

text: Players who have won three of the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year. Jack Crawford, Lew Hoad, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams won the first three events, but lost the last grand slam tournament.[b] Crawford, an asthmatic, won two of the first three sets of the 1933 U.S. Championships final against Fred Perry, then tired in the heat and lost the last two sets and the match.[32]

text:
Key

W
 F
SF
QF
#R
RR
Q#
A
NH

text:
Men's singles

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Jack Crawford
1933
W
W
W
F

2
 Fred Perry
1934
W
QF
W
W

3
 Tony Trabert
1955
SF
W
W
W

4
 Lew Hoad
1956
W
W
W
F

5
 Ashley Cooper
1958
W
SF
W
W

6
 Roy Emerson
1964
W
QF
W
W

7
 Jimmy Connors
1974
W
A[33]
W
W

8
 Mats Wilander
1988
W
W
QF
W

9
 Roger Federer
2004
W
3R
W
W

10
 Roger Federer (2)
2006
W
F
W
W

11
 Roger Federer (3)
2007
W
F
W
W

12
 Rafael Nadal
2010
QF
W
W
W

13
 Novak Djokovic
2011
W
SF
W
W

14
 Novak Djokovic (2)
2015
W
F
W
W

Women's singles

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Helen Wills
1928
A
W
W
W

2
 Helen Wills (2)
1929
A
W
W
W

3
 Margaret Court
1962
W
W
2R
W

4
 Margaret Court (2)
1965
W
F
W
W

5
 Margaret Court (3)
1969
W
W
SF
W

6
 Billie Jean King
1972
A
W
W
W

7
 Margaret Court (4)
1973
W
W
SF
W

8
 Martina Navratilova
1983
W
4R
W
W

9
 Martina Navratilova (2)
1984
SF
W
W
W

10
 Steffi Graf
1989
W
F
W
W

11
 Monica Seles
1991
W
W
A
W

12
/ Monica Seles (2)
1992
W
W
F
W

13
 Steffi Graf (2)
1993
F
W
W
W

14
 Steffi Graf (3)
1995
A
W
W
W

15
 Steffi Graf (4)
1996
A
W
W
W

16
 Martina Hingis
1997
W
F
W
W

17
 Serena Williams
2002
A
W
W
W

18
 Serena Williams (2)
2015
W
W
W
SF

text:
Men's doubles

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Jacques Brugnon
1928
W
W
W
SF

2
 John Van Ryn
1933
SF
W
W
W

3
 Jack Crawford
1935
W
W
W
UR

4
 John Bromwich
1950
W
SF
W
W

5
 Ken McGregor
1952
W
W
W
F

 Frank Sedgman
1952
W
W
W
F

7
 Ken Rosewall
1953
W
W
W
UR

 Lew Hoad
1953
W
W
W
UR

9
 Ken Rosewall (2)
1956
W
A
W
W

 Lew Hoad (2)
1956
W
F
W
W

11
 Tony Roche
1967
W
W
QF
W

 John Newcombe
1967
W
W
QF
W

13
 John Newcombe (2)
1973
W
W
A
W

14
 Anders Järryd
1987
W
W
SF
W

15
 Anders Järryd (2)
1991
3R
W
W
W

 John Fitzgerald
1991
3R
W
W
W

17
 Jacco Eltingh
1998
W
W
W
A

18
 Bob Bryan
2013
W
W
W
SF

 Mike Bryan
2013
W
W
W
SF

note: UR=Unknown Result. Please help us find this information.

Women's doubles

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Margaret Osborne duPont
1946
A
W
W
W

 Louise Brough
1946
A
W
W
W

3
 Margaret Osborne duPont (2)
1949
A
W
W
W

 Louise Brough (2)
1949
A
W
W
W

5
 Louise Brough (3)
1950
W
F
W
W

6
 Doris Hart
1951
A
W
W
W

 Shirley Fry Irvin
1951
A
W
W
W

8
 Doris Hart (2)
1952
A
W
W
W

 Shirley Fry Irvin (2)
1952
A
W
W
W

10
 Doris Hart (3)
1953
A
W
W
W

 Shirley Fry Irvin (3)
1953
A
W
W
W

12
 Darlene Hard
1960
A
W
W
W

13
 Lesley Turner Bowrey
1964
W
W
W
F

14
 Nancy Richey
1966
W
2R
W
W

15
 Betty Stöve
1972
A
W
W
W

16
 Margaret Court
1973
W
W
QF
W

 Virginia Wade
1973
W
W
QF
W

18
 Martina Navratilova
1982
W
W
W
SF

19
 Martina Navratilova (2)
1983
W
A
W
W

 Pam Shriver
1983
W
A
W
W

21
 Martina Navratilova (2)
1986
NH
W
W
W

22
 Martina Navratilova (3)
1987
W
W
QF
W

 Pam Shriver (2)
1987
W
W
QF
W

24
 Helena Suková
1990
W
W
W
F

 Jana Novotná
1990
W
W
W
F

26
 Gigi Fernández
1992
QF
W
W
W

 Natasha Zvereva
1992
SF
W
W
W

28
 Gigi Fernández (2)
1993
W
W
W
SF

 Natasha Zvereva (2)
1993
W
W
W
SF

30
 Gigi Fernández (3)
1994
W
W
W
SF

 Natasha Zvereva (3)
1994
W
W
W
SF

32
 Natasha Zvereva (4)
1997
W
W
W
F

33
 Jana Novotná (2)
1998
A
W
W
W

34
 Virginia Ruano Pascual
2004
W
W
SF
W

 Paola Suárez
2004
W
W
SF
W

36
 Serena Williams
2009
W
3R
W
W

 Venus Williams
2009
W
3R
W
W

text:
#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Eric Sturgess
1949
A
W
W
W

2
 Frank Sedgman
1951
A
W
W
W

 Doris Hart
1951
A
W
W
W

4
 Frank Sedgman (2)
1952
A
W
W
W

 Doris Hart (2)
1952
A
W
W
W

6
 Vic Seixas
1953
A
W
W
W

 Doris Hart (3)
1953
A
W
W
W

8
 Margaret Court
1964
W
W
F
W

9
 Billie Jean King
1967
A
W
W
W

10
 Marty Riessen
1969
W
W
QF
W

 Margaret Court (2)
1969
W
W
SF
W

12
 Bob Hewitt
1979
NH
W
W
W

13
 Martina Navratilova
1985
NH
W
W
W

14
 Mark Woodforde
1992
W
W
3R
W

15
 Martina Hingis
2015
W
2R
W
W

 Leander Paes
2015
W
2R
W
W

text:
Boys' singles

 Mark Kratzmann

1984: Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Nicolás Pereira

1988: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Gaël Monfils

2004: Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon

Girls' singles

 Natalia Zvereva

1987: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Magdalena Maleeva

1990: Australian Open, French Open, US Open

text:
Boys' doubles

 Mark Kratzmann

1983: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Simon Youl

1983: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Jason Stoltenberg

1988: Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon

 Todd Woodbridge

1988: Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon

 Ben Ellwood

1994: Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Brendan Evans

2004: Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Scott Oudsema

2004: Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open

Girls' doubles

 Beth Herr

1982: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Corina Morariu

1995: Australian Open, French Open, US Open

 Ludmilla Varmuzova

1995: Australian Open, French Open, US Open

 Victoria Azarenka

2005: Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon

 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

2006: Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon

 Urszula Radwańska

2007: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Tímea Babos

2010: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Sloane Stephens

2010: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Taylor Townsend

2012: Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Barbora Krejčíková

2013: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

 Kateřina Siniaková

2013: French Open, Wimbledon, US Open

text:
Men's wheelchair singles[34][c][d]

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Shingo Kunieda
2007
W
W
NH
W

2
 Shingo Kunieda (2)
2009
W
W
NH
W

3
 Shingo Kunieda (3)
2010
W
W
NH
W

4
 Shingo Kunieda (4)
2014
W
W
NH
W

5
 Shingo Kunieda (5)
2015
W
W
NH
W

Women's wheelchair singles[d][c]

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Esther Vergeer
2007
W
W
NH
W

2
 Esther Vergeer (2)
2009
W
W
NH
W

3
 Esther Vergeer (3)
2011
W
W
NH
W

4
 Yui Kamiji
2017
W
W
SF
W

text:
Men's wheelchair doubles

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Stéphane Houdet
2009
SF
W
W
W

2
 Shingo Kunieda
2013
W
W
W
SF

3
 Shingo Kunieda (2)
2014
W
SF
W
W

4
 Gordon Reid
2017
W
F
W
W

Women's wheelchair doubles

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Esther Vergeer
2007
W
W
NH
W

2
 Yui Kamiji
2016
W
W
W
NH

text: Note: From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year.

text: Four Major tournament finals in a year[edit]

text: Players who have played all the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year.

text:
Key

W
 F
SF
QF
#R
RR
Q#
A
NH

text:
Men's singles

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Jack Crawford
1933
W
W
W
F

2
 Don Budge
1938
W
W
W
W

3
 Lew Hoad
1956
W
W
W
F

4
 Rod Laver
1962
W
W
W
W

5
 Rod Laver (2)
1969
W
W
W
W

6
 Roger Federer
2006
W
F
W
W

7
 Roger Federer (2)
2007
W
F
W
W

8
 Roger Federer (3)
2009
F
W
W
F

9
 Novak Djokovic
2015
W
F
W
W

Women's singles

#
Player
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

1
 Maureen Connolly
1953
W
W
W
W

2
 Margaret Court
1964
W
F
W
W

3
 Margaret Court (2)
1970
W
W
W
W

4
 Chris Evert
1984
W
F
F
F

5
 Martina Navratilova
1985
W
F
W
F

6
 Martina Navratilova (2)
1987
F
F
W
W

7
 Steffi Graf
1988
W
W
W
W

8
 Steffi Graf (2)
1989
W
F
W
W

9
 Monica Seles
1992
W
W
F
W

10
 Steffi Graf (3)
1993
F
W
W
W

11
 Martina Hingis
1997
W
F
W
W

12
 Justine Henin
2006
F
W
F
F

text: Triple Crown[edit]

text: Winning singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles at one Grand Slam event is called a Triple Crown.[35][36][37] It has become a rare accomplishment in tennis. This is partly because the final match in all three disciplines often takes place concurrently in the same day if not in consecutive days. Doris Hart for example attained her first Triple Crown after playing three Wimbledon final matches held in one single day.

text: Notes:

text:
This list excludes the 1909 triple crown of Jeanne Matthey and the 1920, 1921, 1922 and 1923 triple crown wins of Suzanne Lenglen. The French Championship tennis tournament at the time was a domestic competition not recognized as an international major. At the time the major clay court event (actual precursor of the French Open in its current international format) was the World Hard Court Championships, where Suzanne Lenglen also attained triple championship in 1921 and 1922).
Also the 1941 triple championship of Alice Weiwers is not listed due to its disputed official status: French championships held in Vichy France from 1941 to 1945 are currently not recognized by Fédération Française de Tennis.

text:
Men

Total
Player
Year
Triple champion of

3 times

 Don Budge
1937
Wimbledon

1938
Wimbledon

1938
US Championships

2 times

 Bill Tilden
1922
US Championships

1923
US Championships

 Frank Sedgman
1951
US Championships

1952
Wimbledon

 Neale Fraser
1959
US Championships

1960
US Championships

1 time

 Jack Hawkes
1926
Australian Championships

 Jean Borotra
1928
Australian Championships

 Jack Crawford
1932
Australian Championships

 Bobby Riggs
1939
Wimbledon

 Vic Seixas
1954
US Championships

 Ken Rosewall
1956
US Championships

Women

Total
Player
Year
Triple champion of

5 times

 Suzanne Lenglen
1920
Wimbledon

1922
Wimbledon

1925
French Championships

1925
Wimbledon

1926
French Championships

 Margaret Court
1963
Australian Championships

1964
French Championships

1965
Australian Championships

1969
Australian Open

1970
US Open

4 times

 Alice Marble
1938
US Championships

1939
Wimbledon

1939
US Championships

1940
US Championships

 Doris Hart
1951
Wimbledon

1952
French Championships

1952
Wimbledon

1954
US Championships

3 times

 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
1909
US Championships

1910
US Championships

1911
US Championships

 Mary Browne
1912
US Championships

1913
US Championships

1914
US Championships

 Daphne Akhurst Cozens
1925
Australian Championships

1928
Australian Championships

1929
Australian Championships

 Nancye Wynne Bolton
1940
Australian Championships

1947
Australian Championships

1948
Australian Championships

 Louise Brough Clapp
1947
US Championships

1948
Wimbledon

1950
Wimbledon

 Billie Jean King
1967
Wimbledon

1967
US Championships

1973
Wimbledon

2 times

 Mabel Cahill
1891
US Championships

1892
US Championships

 Helen Wills Moody
1924
US Championships

1928
US Championships

1 time

 Juliette Atkinson
1895
US Championships

 Molla Bjurstedt Mallory
1917
US Championships

 Helen Jacobs
1934
US Championships

 Simonne Mathieu
1938
French Championships

 Sarah Palfrey Cooke
1941
US Championships

 Margaret Osborne duPont
1950
US Championships

 Thelma Coyne Long
1952
Australian Championships

 Maureen Connolly
1954
French Championships

 Martina Navratilova
1987
US Open

text: Boxed Set[edit]

text: Another Grand Slam-related accomplishment is winning a "boxed set" of Grand Slam titles – which is at least one of every possible type of Major championship available to a player: the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year. This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years.

text: Career Boxed Set[edit]

text: The Career Boxed Set refers to winning one of every possible grand slam title (singles, doubles, mixed) over the course of an entire career. No male player has completed this, although Frank Sedgman only missed out on the French Open singles title. Men who participate in top/elite level singles have played comparatively few doubles, and very few mixed doubles. So far, only three women have completed the boxed set during their careers:

text:
Boxed Sets
Player
Age
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

2

 Margaret Court
22
(Pre-Open Era)
1960 (WS)
1961 (WD)
1963 (XD)
1962 (WS)
1964 (WD)
1963 (XD)
1963 (WS)
1964 (WD)
1963 (XD)
1962 (WS)
1963 (WD)
1961 (XD)

31
(Open Era)
1969 (WS)
1969 (WD)
1969 (XD)
1969 (WS)
1973 (WD)
1969 (XD)
1970 (WS)
1969 (WD)
1968 (XD)
1969 (WS)
1968 (WD)
1969 (XD)

1

 Doris Hart
29
1949 (WS)
1950 (WD)
1949 (XD)
1950 (WS)
1948 (WD)
1951 (XD)
1951 (WS)
1947 (WD)
1951 (XD)
1954 (WS)
1951 (WD)
1951 (XD)

1

 Martina Navratilova
46
1981 (WS)
1980 (WD)
2003 (XD)
1982 (WS)
1975 (WD)
1974 (XD)
1978 (WS)
1976 (WD)
1985 (XD)
1983 (WS)
1977 (WD)
1985 (XD)

text: Court is not only unique in having two boxed sets, but is also unique in the timing of her accomplishments. Her first boxed set was completed before the start of the open era, and she has a boxed set achieved solely within the open era.

text: Martina Hingis was the most recent player to be one title away from joining this elite group. She only needed the French Open singles, having reached the final in 1997 and 1999.[38] Prior to Hingis, it was Billie Jean King who came close at completing a career boxed set. She only needed the Australian Open women's doubles title, having reached the final in 1965 and 1969.

text: Multiple Career Grand Slams[edit]

text: Of the many players who have managed to win a full set of four majors, there is a small number who have gone on to win all four majors a second or more times. The completion of "Multiple Career Grand Slams" or sometimes called "multiple slam sets" (MSS) has been achieved by only 22 unique players up to the end of the 2015 Wimbledon. MSS players can be found in each of the five tennis disciplines: men's or women's singles, men's or women's doubles, mixed doubles. It can also be found in women's wheelchair doubles. Of these, five players have completed MSS in more than one discipline: Roy Emerson, Martina Navratilova, Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams have MSS in two disciplines, Margaret Court has MSS in three disciplines.

text: This table shows each multiple occurrence of a complete MSS for each of the players who have accomplished multiple slams in a particular tennis discipline. The year shown for each of the four majors is the year that particular major win was repeated as part of that player's achievement of their second (all 22 players) and third (8 players) and fourth (4 players) and fifth through seventh (Martina Navratilova, in women's doubles) complete slam set of Major wins.[clarification needed]

text: For example, the fourth row shows that Margaret Court completed her third career slam set in Women's Singles—winning each of the four majors three times—during the 1970 Wimbledon Championships (bold). More specific, she won: Australian open 11 times, the third in 1962; French Open five times, the third in 1969; Wimbledon three times (determines the maximum of sets), the third in 1970 and finally US Open five times, the third in 1969. Grey background shades lesser achievements by the same player in the same discipline (e.g., Court in the eighth row); yellow highlights the greatest achievement in the discipline (e.g., Graf in the third row).

text:
Slam Sets completed, second and subsequent sets
(chronological sequence in column one)

Name
Country
Discipline
MSS
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open

09
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Men's Singles
2
1963
1967
1965
1964

13
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Men's Singles
2
1962
1969
1962
1969

34
Graf, SteffiSteffi Graf
 GER
Women's Singles
4
1994
1995
1992
1995

15
Court, MargaretMargaret Court
 AUS
Women's Singles
3
1962
1969
1970
1969

49
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
 USA
Women's Singles
3
2007
2015
2009
2008

21
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
 USA
Women's Singles
2
1983
1984
1979
1984

22
Evert, ChrisChris Evert
 USA
Women's Singles
2
1984
1975
1976
1976

06
Court, MargaretMargaret Court
 AUS
Women's Singles
2
1961
1964
1965
1965

30
Graf, SteffiSteffi Graf
 FRG
Women's Singles
2
1989
1988
1989
1989

31
Graf, SteffiSteffi Graf
 GER
Women's Singles
3
1990
1993
1991
1993

42
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
 USA
Women's Singles
2
2005
2013
2003
2002

16
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Men's Doubles
3
1969
1962
1971
1965

18
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 AUS
Men's Doubles
3
1971
1973
1968
1973

01
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 AUS
Men's Doubles
2
1952
1952
1951
1951

04
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
 AUS
Men's Doubles
2
1958
1960
1961
1960

10
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
 AUS
Men's Doubles
2
1964
1968
1964
1966

14
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
 AUS
Men's Doubles
2
1956
1968
1956
1969

43
Bryan, BobBob Bryan
 USA
Men's Doubles
2
2007
2013
2011
2008

44
Bryan, MikeMike Bryan
 USA
Men's Doubles
2
2007
2013
2011
2008

07
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Men's Doubles
2
1966
1961
1961
1960

17
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 AUS
Men's Doubles
2
1967
1969
1966
1971

28
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
 USA
Women's Doubles
7
1988
1988
1986
1987

29
Shriver, PamPam Shriver
 USA
Women's Doubles
4
1985
1988
1984
1987

35
Zvereva, NatashaNatasha Zvereva
 BLR
Women's Doubles
3
1997
1993
1993
1995

12
Court, MargaretMargaret Court
 AUS
Women's Doubles
2
1962
1965
1969
1968

32
Fernández, GigiGigi Fernández
 USA
Women's Doubles
2
1994
1992
1993
1990

36
Novotná, JanaJana Novotná
 CZE
Women's Doubles
2
1995
1991
1990
1997

37
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
 USA
Women's Doubles
2
2003
2010
2002
2009

38
Williams, VenusVenus Williams
 USA
Women's Doubles
2
2003
2010
2002
2009

50
Hingis, MartinaMartina Hingis
  SUI
Women's Doubles
2
1998
2000
1998
2015

19
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
 USA
Women's Doubles
2
1982
1982
1979
1978

20
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
 USA
Women's Doubles
3
1983
1984
1981
1980

23
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
 USA
Women's Doubles
4
1984
1985
1982
1983

25
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
 USA
Women's Doubles
5
1985
1986
1983
1984

26
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
 USA
Women's Doubles
6
1987
1987
1984
1986

24
Shriver, PamPam Shriver
 USA
Women's Doubles
2
1983
1985
1982
1984

27
Shriver, PamPam Shriver
 USA
Women's Doubles
3
1984
1987
1983
1986

33
Zvereva, NatashaNatasha Zvereva
 BLR
Women's Doubles
2
1994
1992
1992
1992

11
Court, MargaretMargaret Court
 AUS
Mixed Doubles
4
1969
1969
1968
1964

02
Hart, DorisDoris Hart
 USA
Mixed Doubles
2
1950
1952
1952
1952

03
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 AUS
Mixed Doubles
2
1950
1952
1952
1952

40
Bhupathi, MaheshMahesh Bhupathi
 IND
Mixed Doubles
2
2009
2012
2005
2005

05
Court, MargaretMargaret Court
 AUS
Mixed Doubles
2
1964
1964
1965
1962

08
Court, MargaretMargaret Court
 AUS
Mixed Doubles
3
1965
1965
1966
1963

41
Vergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer
 NED
Women's wheelchair doubles
3
2007
2009
2011
2007

45
Griffioen, JiskeJiske Griffioen
 NED
Women's wheelchair doubles
2
2007
2013
2013
2007

51
van Koot, AniekAniek van Koot
 NED
Women's wheelchair doubles
2
2013
2013
2013
2015

39
Vergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer
 NED
Women's wheelchair doubles
2
2006
2008
2010
2006

48
Houdet, StéphaneStéphane Houdet
 FRA
Men's wheelchair doubles
3
2015
2010
2014
2014

47
Kunieda, ShingoShingo Kunieda
 JPN
Men's wheelchair doubles
2
2008
2010
2013
2014

46
Houdet, StéphaneStéphane Houdet
 FRA
Men's wheelchair doubles
2
2014
2009
2013
2011

text: By discipline (numbers of players and table entries)

text:
Men's Singles (2 people; 2 entries)
Women's Singles (5 people; 9 entries)
Men's Doubles (8 people; 10 entries)
Women's Doubles (9 people; 17 entries)
Mixed Doubles (4 people, 6 entries)
Men's Wheelchair Doubles (2 people; 3 entries)[d]
Women's Wheelchair Doubles (3 people; 4 entries)[d]

text: Pro Slam[edit]

text: Before the Open Era began in 1968, only amateur players were allowed to compete in the four majors. Many male top players "went pro" in order to win prize money legally, competing on a professional world tour comprising completely different events.[39] From 1927 through 1967, the three oldest pro events were considered "majors" of the pro tour: the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, French Pro Championship and Wembley Championships.[40][41] A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered to achieve a "Professional Grand Slam", or "Pro Slam".[40][41] The feat was accomplished twice:

text: Three other players won those three major trophies during their pro careers: Ellsworth Vines, Hans Nüsslein and Don Budge. The pro slams did not have a women's draw.[citation needed]


document_title: Igneous rock

question_text: what rock is found 10 kilometers beneath the earth's surface

question_tokens: what rock is found 10 kilometers beneath the earth 's surface

root

text: Igneous rock

text: Geological significance

text: Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90–95% of the top 16 km of the Earth's crust by volume.[1] Igneous rocks form about 15% of the Earth's current land surface.[note 1] Most of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of igneous rock.

tag: p

text: Igneous rocks are also geologically important because:

text:
their minerals and global chemistry give information about the composition of the mantle, from which some igneous rocks are extracted, and the temperature and pressure conditions that allowed this extraction, and/or of other pre-existing rock that melted;
their absolute ages can be obtained from various forms of radiometric dating and thus can be compared to adjacent geological strata, allowing a time sequence of events;
their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment, allowing tectonic reconstitutions (see plate tectonics);
in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits (ores): for example, tungsten, tin, and uranium are commonly associated with granites and diorites, whereas ores of chromium and platinum are commonly associated with gabbros.

tag: ul

text: Geological setting

text: In terms of modes of occurrence, igneous rocks can be either intrusive (plutonic and hypabyssal) or extrusive (volcanic).

text: Intrusive

text: Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of a planet, surrounded by pre-existing rock (called country rock); the magma cools slowly and, as a result, these rocks are coarse-grained. The mineral grains in such rocks can generally be identified with the naked eye. Intrusive rocks can also be classified according to the shape and size of the intrusive body and its relation to the other formations into which it intrudes. Typical intrusive formations are batholiths, stocks, laccoliths, sills and dikes. When the magma solidifies within the earth's crust, it cools slowly forming coarse textured rocks, such as granite, gabbro, or diorite.

text: The central cores of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive igneous rocks, usually granite. When exposed by erosion, these cores (called batholiths) may occupy huge areas of the Earth's surface.

text: Intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the crust are termed plutonic (or abyssal) rocks and are usually coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks that form near the surface are termed subvolcanic or hypabyssal rocks and they are usually medium-grained. Hypabyssal rocks are less common than plutonic or volcanic rocks and often form dikes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, or phacoliths.

text: Extrusive

text: Extrusive igneous rocks, also known as volcanic rocks, are formed at the crust's surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust. Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks. They are formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth's surface. The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or volcanic eruptions, solidifies at a faster rate. Hence such rocks are smooth, crystalline and fine-grained. Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock and forms lava flows, lava sheets and lava plateaus. Some kinds of basalt solidify to form long polygonal columns. The Giant's Causeway in Antrim, Northern Ireland is an example.

text: The molten rock, with or without suspended crystals and gas bubbles, is called magma. It rises because it is less dense than the rock from which it was created. When magma reaches the surface from beneath water or air, it is called lava. Eruptions of volcanoes into air are termed subaerial, whereas those occurring underneath the ocean are termed submarine. Black smokers and mid-ocean ridge basalt are examples of submarine volcanic activity.

text: The volume of extrusive rock erupted annually by volcanoes varies with plate tectonic setting. Extrusive rock is produced in the following proportions:[3]

text:
divergent boundary: 73%
convergent boundary (subduction zone): 15%
hotspot: 12%.

text: Magma that erupts from a volcano behaves according to its viscosity, determined by temperature, composition, crystal content and the amount of silica. High-temperature magma, most of which is basaltic in composition, behaves in a manner similar to thick oil and, as it cools, treacle. Long, thin basalt flows with pahoehoe surfaces are common. Intermediate composition magma, such as andesite, tends to form cinder cones of intermingled ash, tuff and lava, and may have a viscosity similar to thick, cold molasses or even rubber when erupted. Felsic magma, such as rhyolite, is usually erupted at low temperature and is up to 10,000 times as viscous as basalt. Volcanoes with rhyolitic magma commonly erupt explosively, and rhyolitic lava flows are typically of limited extent and have steep margins, because the magma is so viscous.

text: Felsic and intermediate magmas that erupt often do so violently, with explosions driven by the release of dissolved gases—typically water vapour, but also carbon dioxide. Explosively erupted pyroclastic material is called tephra and includes tuff, agglomerate and ignimbrite. Fine volcanic ash is also erupted and forms ash tuff deposits, which can often cover vast areas.

text: Because lava usually cools and crystallizes rapidly, it is usually fine-grained. If the cooling has been so rapid as to prevent the formation of even small crystals after extrusion, the resulting rock may be mostly glass (such as the rock obsidian). If the cooling of the lava happened more slowly, the rock would be coarse-grained.

text: Because the minerals are mostly fine-grained, it is much more difficult to distinguish between the different types of extrusive igneous rocks than between different types of intrusive igneous rocks. Generally, the mineral constituents of fine-grained extrusive igneous rocks can only be determined by examination of thin sections of the rock under a microscope, so only an approximate classification can usually be made in the field.

text: Classification

text: Igneous rocks are classified according to mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, chemical composition, and the geometry of the igneous body.

text: The classification of the many types of different igneous rocks can provide us with important information about the conditions under which they formed. Two important variables used for the classification of igneous rocks are particle size, which largely depends on the cooling history, and the mineral composition of the rock. Feldspars, quartz or feldspathoids, olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, and micas are all important minerals in the formation of almost all igneous rocks, and they are basic to the classification of these rocks. All other minerals present are regarded as nonessential in almost all igneous rocks and are called accessory minerals. Types of igneous rocks with other essential minerals are very rare, and these rare rocks include those with essential carbonates.

text: In a simplified classification, igneous rock types are separated on the basis of the type of feldspar present, the presence or absence of quartz, and in rocks with no feldspar or quartz, the type of iron or magnesium minerals present. Rocks containing quartz (silica in composition) are silica-oversaturated. Rocks with feldspathoids are silica-undersaturated, because feldspathoids cannot coexist in a stable association with quartz.

text: Igneous rocks that have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called phaneritic; those with crystals too small to be seen are called aphanitic. Generally speaking, phaneritic implies an intrusive origin; aphanitic an extrusive one.

text: An igneous rock with larger, clearly discernible crystals embedded in a finer-grained matrix is termed porphyry. Porphyritic texture develops when some of the crystals grow to considerable size before the main mass of the magma crystallizes as finer-grained, uniform material.

text: Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of texture and composition. Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of the mineral grains or crystals of which the rock is composed.

text: Texture

text: Texture is an important criterion for the naming of volcanic rocks. The texture of volcanic rocks, including the size, shape, orientation, and distribution of mineral grains and the intergrain relationships, will determine whether the rock is termed a tuff, a pyroclastic lava or a simple lava.

text: However, the texture is only a subordinate part of classifying volcanic rocks, as most often there needs to be chemical information gleaned from rocks with extremely fine-grained groundmass or from airfall tuffs, which may be formed from volcanic ash.

text: Textural criteria are less critical in classifying intrusive rocks where the majority of minerals will be visible to the naked eye or at least using a hand lens, magnifying glass or microscope. Plutonic rocks also tend to be less texturally varied and less prone to gaining structural fabrics. Textural terms can be used to differentiate different intrusive phases of large plutons, for instance porphyritic margins to large intrusive bodies, porphyry stocks and subvolcanic dikes (apophyses). Mineralogical classification is most often used to classify plutonic rocks. Chemical classifications are preferred to classify volcanic rocks, with phenocryst species used as a prefix, e.g. "olivine-bearing picrite" or "orthoclase-phyric rhyolite".

text: see also List of rock textures and Igneous textures

text: Chemical classification and petrology

text: Igneous rocks can be classified according to chemical or mineralogical parameters.

text: Chemical: total alkali-silica content (TAS diagram) for volcanic rock classification used when modal or mineralogic data is unavailable:

text:
felsic igneous rocks containing a high silica content, greater than 63% SiO2 (examples granite and rhyolite),
intermediate igneous rocks containing between 52–63% SiO2 (example andesite and dacite),
mafic igneous rocks have low silica 45–52% and typically high iron – magnesium content (example gabbro and basalt),
ultramafic rock igneous rocks with less than 45% silica (examples picrite, komatiite and peridotite),
alkalic igneous rocks with 5–15% alkali (K2O + Na2O) content or with a molar ratio of alkali to silica greater than 1:6 (examples phonolite and trachyte).

text: Chemical classification also extends to differentiating rocks that are chemically similar according to the TAS diagram, for instance:

text:
Ultrapotassic – rocks containing molar K2O/Na2O >3.
Peralkaline – rocks containing molar (K2O + Na2O)/Al2O3 >1.
Peraluminous – rocks containing molar (K2O + Na2O)/Al2O3 <1.

text: An idealized mineralogy (the normative mineralogy) can be calculated from the chemical composition, and the calculation is useful for rocks too fine-grained or too altered for identification of minerals that crystallized from the melt. For instance, normative quartz classifies a rock as silica-oversaturated; an example is rhyolite. In an older terminology, silica oversaturated rocks were called silicic or acidic where the SiO2 was greater than 66% and the family term quartzolite was applied to the most silicic. A normative feldspathoid classifies a rock as silica-undersaturated; an example is nephelinite.

text: History of classification

text: In 1902, a group of American petrographers proposed that all existing classifications of igneous rocks should be discarded and replaced by a "quantitative" classification based on chemical analysis. They showed how vague, and often unscientific, much of the existing terminology was and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous rock was its most fundamental characteristic, it should be elevated to prime position.

text: Geological occurrence, structure, mineralogical constitution—the hitherto accepted criteria for the discrimination of rock species—were relegated to the background. The completed rock analysis is first to be interpreted in terms of the rock-forming minerals which might be expected to be formed when the magma crystallizes, e.g., quartz feldspars, olivine, akermannite, Feldspathoids, magnetite, corundum, and so on, and the rocks are divided into groups strictly according to the relative proportion of these minerals to one another.[5][6]

text: Mineralogical classification

text: For volcanic rocks, mineralogy is important in classifying and naming lavas. The most important criterion is the phenocryst species, followed by the groundmass mineralogy. Often, where the groundmass is aphanitic, chemical classification must be used to properly identify a volcanic rock.

text: Mineralogic contents – felsic versus mafic

text:
felsic rock, highest content of silicon, with predominance of quartz, alkali feldspar and/or feldspathoids: the felsic minerals; these rocks (e.g., granite, rhyolite) are usually light coloured, and have low density.
mafic rock, lesser content of silicon relative to felsic rocks, with predominance of mafic minerals pyroxenes, olivines and calcic plagioclase; these rocks (example, basalt, gabbro) are usually dark coloured, and have a higher density than felsic rocks.
ultramafic rock, lowest content of silicon, with more than 90% of mafic minerals (e.g., dunite).

text: For intrusive, plutonic and usually phaneritic igneous rocks (where all minerals are visible at least via microscope), the mineralogy is used to classify the rock. This usually occurs on ternary diagrams, where the relative proportions of three minerals are used to classify the rock.

text: The following table is a simple subdivision of igneous rocks according to both their composition and mode of occurrence.

text:
Composition

Mode of occurrence
Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic
Ultramafic

Intrusive
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Peridotite

Extrusive
Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
Komatiite

tag: table

text: For a more detailed classification see QAPF diagram.

text: Example of classification

text: Granite is an igneous intrusive rock (crystallized at depth), with felsic composition (rich in silica and predominately quartz plus potassium-rich feldspar plus sodium-rich plagioclase) and phaneritic, subeuhedral texture (minerals are visible to the unaided eye and commonly some of them retain original crystallographic shapes).

text: Magma origination

text: The Earth's crust averages about 35 kilometers thick under the continents, but averages only some 7–10 kilometers beneath the oceans. The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks resting on a crystalline basement formed of a great variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks, including granulite and granite. Oceanic crust is composed primarily of basalt and gabbro. Both continental and oceanic crust rest on peridotite of the mantle.

text: Rocks may melt in response to a decrease in pressure, to a change in composition (such as an addition of water), to an increase in temperature, or to a combination of these processes.

text: Other mechanisms, such as melting from a meteorite impact, are less important today, but impacts during the accretion of the Earth led to extensive melting, and the outer several hundred kilometers of our early Earth was probably an ocean of magma. Impacts of large meteorites in the last few hundred million years have been proposed as one mechanism responsible for the extensive basalt magmatism of several large igneous provinces.

text: Decompression

text: Decompression melting occurs because of a decrease in pressure.[7]

text: The solidus temperatures of most rocks (the temperatures below which they are completely solid) increase with increasing pressure in the absence of water. Peridotite at depth in the Earth's mantle may be hotter than its solidus temperature at some shallower level. If such rock rises during the convection of solid mantle, it will cool slightly as it expands in an adiabatic process, but the cooling is only about 0.3 °C per kilometer. Experimental studies of appropriate peridotite samples document that the solidus temperatures increase by 3 °C to 4 °C per kilometer. If the rock rises far enough, it will begin to melt. Melt droplets can coalesce into larger volumes and be intruded upwards. This process of melting from the upward movement of solid mantle is critical in the evolution of the Earth.

text: Decompression melting creates the ocean crust at mid-ocean ridges. It also causes volcanism in intraplate regions, such as Europe, Africa and the Pacific sea floor. There, it is variously attributed either to the rise of mantle plumes (the "Plume hypothesis") or to intraplate extension (the "Plate hypothesis").[8]

text: Effects of water and carbon dioxide

text: The change of rock composition most responsible for the creation of magma is the addition of water. Water lowers the solidus temperature of rocks at a given pressure. For example, at a depth of about 100 kilometers, peridotite begins to melt near 800 °C in the presence of excess water, but near or above about 1,500 °C in the absence of water.[9] Water is driven out of the oceanic lithosphere in subduction zones, and it causes melting in the overlying mantle. Hydrous magmas composed of basalt and andesite are produced directly and indirectly as results of dehydration during the subduction process. Such magmas, and those derived from them, build up island arcs such as those in the Pacific Ring of Fire. These magmas form rocks of the calc-alkaline series, an important part of the continental crust.

text: The addition of carbon dioxide is relatively a much less important cause of magma formation than the addition of water, but genesis of some silica-undersaturated magmas has been attributed to the dominance of carbon dioxide over water in their mantle source regions. In the presence of carbon dioxide, experiments document that the peridotite solidus temperature decreases by about 200 °C in a narrow pressure interval at pressures corresponding to a depth of about 70 km. At greater depths, carbon dioxide can have more effect: at depths to about 200 km, the temperatures of initial melting of a carbonated peridotite composition were determined to be 450 °C to 600 °C lower than for the same composition with no carbon dioxide.[10] Magmas of rock types such as nephelinite, carbonatite, and kimberlite are among those that may be generated following an influx of carbon dioxide into mantle at depths greater than about 70 km.

text: Temperature increase

text: Increase in temperature is the most typical mechanism for formation of magma within continental crust. Such temperature increases can occur because of the upward intrusion of magma from the mantle. Temperatures can also exceed the solidus of a crustal rock in continental crust thickened by compression at a plate boundary. The plate boundary between the Indian and Asian continental masses provides a well-studied example, as the Tibetan Plateau just north of the boundary has crust about 80 kilometers thick, roughly twice the thickness of normal continental crust. Studies of electrical resistivity deduced from magnetotelluric data have detected a layer that appears to contain silicate melt and that stretches for at least 1,000 kilometers within the middle crust along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.[11] Granite and rhyolite are types of igneous rock commonly interpreted as products of the melting of continental crust because of increases in temperature. Temperature increases also may contribute to the melting of lithosphere dragged down in a subduction zone.

text: Magma evolution

text: Most magmas only entirely melt for small parts of their histories. More typically, they are mixes of melt and crystals, and sometimes also of gas bubbles. Melt, crystals, and bubbles usually have different densities, and so they can separate as magmas evolve.

text: As magma cools, minerals typically crystallize from the melt at different temperatures (fractional crystallization). As minerals crystallize, the composition of the residual melt typically changes. If crystals separate from the melt, then the residual melt will differ in composition from the parent magma. For instance, a magma of gabbroic composition can produce a residual melt of granitic composition if early formed crystals are separated from the magma. Gabbro may have a liquidus temperature near 1,200 °C, and the derivative granite-composition melt may have a liquidus temperature as low as about 700 °C. Incompatible elements are concentrated in the last residues of magma during fractional crystallization and in the first melts produced during partial melting: either process can form the magma that crystallizes to pegmatite, a rock type commonly enriched in incompatible elements. Bowen's reaction series is important for understanding the idealised sequence of fractional crystallisation of a magma.

text: Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them. Magmas of different compositions can mix with one another. In rare cases, melts can separate into two immiscible melts of contrasting compositions.

text: There are relatively few minerals that are important in the formation of common igneous rocks, because the magma from which the minerals crystallize is rich in only certain elements: silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium. These are the elements that combine to form the silicate minerals, which account for over ninety percent of all igneous rocks. The chemistry of igneous rocks is expressed differently for major and minor elements and for trace elements. Contents of major and minor elements are conventionally expressed as weight percent oxides (e.g., 51% SiO2, and 1.50% TiO2). Abundances of trace elements are conventionally expressed as parts per million by weight (e.g., 420 ppm Ni, and 5.1 ppm Sm). The term "trace element" is typically used for elements present in most rocks at abundances less than 100 ppm or so, but some trace elements may be present in some rocks at abundances exceeding 1,000 ppm. The diversity of rock compositions has been defined by a huge mass of analytical data—over 230,000 rock analyses can be accessed on the web through a site sponsored by the U. S. National Science Foundation (see the External Link to EarthChem).

text: Etymology

text: The word "igneous" is derived from the Latin ignis, meaning "of fire". Volcanic rocks are named after Vulcan, the Roman name for the god of fire. Intrusive rocks are also called "plutonic" rocks, named after Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld.


document_title: Green goddess dressing

question_text: what is in the green goddess dressing at saladworks

text: Green goddess dressing

text:
Green goddess dressing

Green goddess dressing served as a vegetable dip

Type
Salad dressing or dip

Main ingredients
Mayonnaise, sour cream, chervil, chives, anchovy, tarragon, lemon juice, pepper

 Cookbook: Green goddess dressing   Media: Green goddess dressing

text: Green goddess is a salad dressing, typically containing mayonnaise, sour cream, chervil, chives, anchovy, tarragon, lemon juice, and pepper.

text: History[edit]

text: The dressing is named for its tint. The most accepted theory regarding its origins points to the Palace Hotel in San Francisco in 1923, when the hotel's executive chef Philip Roemer wanted something to pay tribute to actor George Arliss and his hit play, The Green Goddess.[1][2] He then concocted this dressing, which, like the play, became a hit. This dressing, which contained anchovies, scallions, parsley, tarragon, mayonnaise, tarragon vinegar, and chives,[3] is a variation of a dressing originated in France by a chef to Louis XIII who made a sauce au vert (green sauce) which was traditionally served with "green eel".[4]

text: In 1948, the New York Times published a recipe for the dressing that included Worcestershire sauce.[5] Later recipes have included variations such as the addition of avocado or basil.[6]

text: In the early 1970s, salad dressing maker Seven Seas produced a bottled version of this dressing. It is still made in limited quantities, although the company has since been purchased by Kraft Foods.[6]

text: Current[edit]

text: Trader Joe's makes a version called simply Goddess Dressing, which is made with tahini and is beige rather than green. Annie's Homegrown makes two similar versions, an ovo-lacto-vegetarian variant called Organic Green Goddess Dressing, as well as a vegan version similar to the original called Goddess Dressing. Like the Trader Joe's product, the Annie's Naturals Goddess Dressing is also made with tahini. Panera Bread offers a version of Green Goddess dressing made with mayonnaise, parsley, watercress, tarragon, chives, garlic, lemon juice, oil, and vinegar.[7]


document_title: List of Armalite rifles

question_text: what does ar stand for in a rifle

question_tokens: what does ar stand for in a rifle

text: List of Armalite rifles

text: An Armalite rifle is one of a series of rifles made by the ArmaLite company, or more generally a rifle based on one of their designs, such as the M16 rifle. Eugene Stoner, Jacques Michault, Melvin Johnson, Robert Fremont and Jim Sullivan are some of the designers credited with their development.[1] In the United States, these rifles are generally known by their model numbers. The AR before the model number stands for "ArmaLite Rifle".[2]

text:
Model number
Model name
Cartridges
Manufacturers
Notes

AR-5
Aircrew survival weapon
.22 Hornet
ArmaLite

AR-7
Explorer
.22 Long Rifle
ArmaLite, Charter Arms, Henry Repeating Arms

AR-10

7.62×51mm NATO, .308 Winchester
Fairchild ArmaLite, Artillerie Inrichtingen (AI)

AR-15
Parasniper, Predator, Sporter
.223 Remington, 5.56 NATO
ArmaLite, Colt, Bushmaster, Rock River Arms, Stag Arms, DPMS Panther Arms, Olympic Arms, and others
semi-automatic, civilian-market version of the M16; also known as "The Black Rifle" or "Bushmaster"

AR-16

7.62×51mm NATO
ArmaLite

M16

5.56×45mm NATO
Colt Defense, Daewoo Precision Industries, FN Herstal, H & R Firearms, General Motors Hydramatic Division, Elisco, U.S. Ordnance

AR-18

5.56×45mm NATO
ArmaLite, Howa Machinery Company, Sterling Armaments Company
known as "The Widowmaker" in Northern Ireland

AR-180

5.56×45mm NATO
Howa Machinery Company, Sterling Armaments Company
semi-automatic, civilian-market version of the AR-18

text: ArmaLite also manufactures other firearms, such as the AR-50 bolt-action rifle, and markets the Turkish made AR-24 pistol in the U.S.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
the Armalite and ballot box strategy was proposed by a faction of the Irish Republican Army. This meant continuing the armed struggle while participating in elections.[3]
My little Armalite is an Irish Republican song associated with the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
Armalite Rifle is a song by the Gang of Four from their first single and subsequent Yellow EP.