document_title: Steely Dan

question_text: where does the name steely dan come from

text: Steely Dan

text: History[edit]

text: Formative and early years (1967–1972)[edit]

text: Becker and Fagen met in 1967 at Bard College, in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. As Fagen passed by a café, The Red Balloon, he heard Becker practicing the electric guitar.[16] In an interview, Fagen recounted the experience: "I hear this guy practicing, and it sounded very professional and contemporary. It sounded like, you know, like a black person, really."[16] He introduced himself to Becker and asked, "Do you want to be in a band?"[16] Discovering that they enjoyed similar music, the two began writing songs together.

text: Becker and Fagen began playing in local groups. One such group, known as the Don Fagen Jazz Trio, the Bad Rock Group and later the Leather Canary, included future comedy star Chevy Chase on drums. They played covers of songs by the Rolling Stones ("Dandelion"), Moby Grape ("Hey Grandma"), and Willie Dixon ("Spoonful"), as well as some original compositions.[16] Terence Boylan, another Bard musician, remembered that Fagen took readily to the beatnik life while attending college: "They never came out of their room, they stayed up all night. They looked like ghosts — black turtlenecks and skin so white that it looked like yogurt. Absolutely no activity, chain-smoking Lucky Strikes and dope."[16] Fagen himself would later remember it as "probably the only time in my life that I actually had friends."[17]

text: After Fagen graduated in 1969, the two moved to Brooklyn and tried to peddle their tunes in the Brill Building in midtown Manhattan. Kenny Vance (of Jay and the Americans), who had a production office in the building, took an interest in their music, which led to work on the soundtrack of the low-budget Richard Pryor film You've Got to Walk It Like You Talk It or You'll Lose That Beat. Becker later said bluntly, "We did it for the money."[18] A series of demos from 1968 to 1971 are available in bootleg form.[19] This collection features approximately 25 tracks and is notable for its sparse arrangements (Fagen plays solo piano on many songs) and lo-fi production, a contrast with Steely Dan's later work. Although some of these songs ("Caves of Altamira", "Brooklyn", "Barrytown") were re-recorded for Steely Dan albums, most were never officially released.

text: Becker and Fagen joined the touring band of Jay and the Americans for about a year and a half.[20] They were at first paid $100 per show, but partway through their tenure the band's tour manager cut their salaries in half.[20] The group's lead singer, Jay Black, dubbed Becker and Fagen "the Manson and Starkweather of rock 'n' roll", referring to cult leader Charles Manson and spree killer Charles Starkweather.[20]

text: They had little success after moving to Brooklyn, although Barbra Streisand recorded their song "I Mean To Shine" on her 1971 Barbra Joan Streisand album. Their fortunes changed when one of Vance's associates, Gary Katz, moved to Los Angeles to become a staff producer for ABC Records. He hired Becker and Fagen as staff songwriters; they flew to California. Katz would produce all their 1970s albums in collaboration with engineer Roger Nichols, and Nichols would win six Grammy Awards for his work with the band from the 1970s to 2001.[21]

text: After realizing that their songs were too complex for other ABC artists, at Katz's suggestion Becker and Fagen formed their own band with guitarists Denny Dias and Jeff "Skunk" Baxter, drummer Jim Hodder and singer David Palmer, and Katz signed them to ABC as recording artists. Fans of Beat Generation literature, Fagen and Becker named the band after "Steely Dan III from Yokohama", an oversized, steam-powered strap-on dildo mentioned in the William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch.[22][23] Palmer joined as a second lead vocalist because of Fagen's occasional stage fright, his reluctance to sing in front of an audience, and because the label believed that his voice was not "commercial" enough.

text: In 1972, ABC issued Steely Dan's first single, "Dallas", backed with "Sail the Waterway". Distribution of "stock" copies available to the general public was apparently extremely limited;[24] the single sold so poorly that promotional copies are much more readily available than stock copies in today's collectors market. As of 2015, "Dallas" and "Sail the Waterway" are the only officially released Steely Dan tracks that have not been reissued on cassette or compact disc. In an interview (1995), Becker and Fagen called the songs "stinko."[25] "Dallas" was later covered by Poco on their Head Over Heels album.

text: Can't Buy a Thrill and Countdown to Ecstasy (1972–1973)[edit]

text: Can't Buy a Thrill, Steely Dan's debut album, was released in 1972. Its hit singles "Do It Again" and "Reelin' In the Years" reached No. 6 and No. 11 respectively on the Billboard singles chart. Along with "Dirty Work" (sung by David Palmer), the songs became staples on classic rock radio.

text: Because of Fagen's reluctance to sing live, Palmer handled most of the vocal duties on stage. During the first tour, however, Katz and Becker decided that they preferred Fagen's interpretations of the band's songs, persuading him to take over. Palmer quietly left the group while it recorded its second album. He wrote the No. 2 hit "Jazzman" (1974) with Carole King.

text: Released in 1973, Countdown to Ecstasy was not as commercially successful as Steely Dan's first album. Becker and Fagen were unhappy with some of the performances on the record and believed that it sold poorly because it had been recorded hastily on tour. The album's singles were "Show Biz Kids" and "My Old School", both of which stayed in the lower half of the Billboard charts (though "My Old School" and — to a lesser extent — "Bodhisattva" became minor FM Rock staples in time).

text: Pretzel Logic and Katy Lied (1974–1976)[edit]

text: Pretzel Logic was released in early 1974. A diverse set, it includes the group's most successful single "Rikki Don't Lose That Number" (No. 4) and a note-for-note rendition of Duke Ellington and James "Bubber" Miley's "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo".

text: During the previous album's tour, the band had added vocalist-percussionist Royce Jones, vocalist-keyboardist Michael McDonald, and session drummer Jeff Porcaro (of Sonny & Cher).[26] Porcaro contributed significantly to Pretzel Logic (as he would on future Steely Dan recordings), reflecting Steely Dan's increasing reliance on session musicians (including Dean Parks and Rick Derringer). Drummer Jeff Porcaro and Katy Lied pianist David Paich would go on to form Toto. Striving for perfection, Becker and Fagen sometimes asked musicians to record as many as forty takes of each track.[27]

text: Pretzel Logic was the first Steely Dan album to feature Walter Becker on guitar. "Once I met (session musician) Chuck Rainey", he explained, "I felt there really was no need for me to be bringing my bass guitar to the studio anymore".[27]

text: A rift began growing between Becker-Fagen and Steely Dan's other members (particularly Baxter and Hodder), who wanted to tour. Becker and Fagen disliked constant touring and wanted to concentrate solely on writing and recording. The other members gradually left the band, discouraged by this and by their diminishing roles in the studio. However, Dias remained with the group until 1980's Gaucho and Michael McDonald contributed vocals until the group's twenty-year hiatus after Gaucho. Baxter and McDonald went on to join The Doobie Brothers. Steely Dan's last tour performance was on July 5, 1974, a concert at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in California.[28] A recording of the show's opening track, "Bodhisattva", was released as a B-side, and later appeared on the compilation album Gold.

text: Becker and Fagen recruited a diverse group of session players for Katy Lied (1975), including Porcaro, Paich, and McDonald, as well as guitarist Elliott Randall, jazz saxophonist Phil Woods, saxophonist/bass-guitarist Wilton Felder, percussionist/vibraphonist/keyboardist Victor Feldman, keyboardist (and later producer) Michael Omartian, and guitarist Larry Carlton — Dias, Becker, and Fagen being Steely Dan's only original members. The album went gold on the strength of "Black Friday" and "Bad Sneakers", but Becker and Fagen were so dissatisfied with the album's sound (compromised by a faulty DBX noise reduction system) that they publicly apologized for it (on the album's back cover) and for years refused to listen to it in its final form.[29] Katy Lied also included "Doctor Wu" and "Chain Lightning".

text: The Royal Scam and Aja (1976–1978)[edit]

text: The Royal Scam was released in May 1976. Partly because of Carlton's prominent contributions, it is the band's most guitar-oriented album. It also features performances by session drummer Bernard Purdie. The album sold well in the U.S.A. though without the strength of a hit single. "Haitian Divorce" (Top 20) drove sales in the UK, becoming Steely Dan's first major hit in that country.[30]

text: Steely Dan's sixth album, the jazz-influenced Aja, was released in September 1977. Aja reached the Top Five in the U.S. charts within three weeks, winning the Grammy award for "Engineer – Best Engineered Recording – Non-Classical." It was also one of the first American LPs to be certified 'platinum' for sales of over 1 million albums.[31][32]

text: Featuring Michael McDonald's backing vocals, "Peg" (No. 11) was the album's first single, followed by "Josie" (No. 26) and "Deacon Blues" (No. 19). Aja solidified Becker's and Fagen's reputations as songwriters and studio perfectionists. It features such jazz and fusion luminaries as guitarists Larry Carlton and Lee Ritenour; bassist Chuck Rainey; saxophonists Wayne Shorter, Pete Christlieb, and Tom Scott; drummers Steve Gadd, Rick Marotta and Bernard Purdie; pianist Joe Sample and ex-Miles Davis pianist/vibraphonist Victor Feldman and Grammy award-winning producer/arranger Michael Omartian (piano).

text:
Roger [Nichols] made those records sound like they did. He was extraordinary in his willingness and desire to make records sound better.[33] The records we did could not have been done without Roger. He was just maniacal about making the sound of the records be what we liked... He always thought there was a better way to do it, and he would find a way to do what we needed to in ways that other people hadn't done yet.[34]

~ Steely Dan producer Gary Katz regarding Roger Nichols' role in the band's recording legacy.

tag: div

text: Planning to tour in support of Aja, Steely Dan assembled a live band. Rehearsal ended and the tour was canceled when backing musicians began comparing pay.[35] The album's history was documented in an episode of the TV and DVD series Classic Albums.

text: After Aja's success, Becker and Fagen were asked to write the title track for the movie FM. The movie was a box-office disaster, but the song was a hit, earning Steely Dan another engineering Grammy award. It was a minor hit in the UK and barely missed the Top 20 in the U.S.A.[30]

text: Gaucho and breakup (1978–1981)[edit]

text: Becker and Fagen took a break from songwriting for most of 1978 before starting work on Gaucho. The project would not go smoothly: technical, legal, and personal setbacks delayed the album's release and subsequently led Becker and Fagen to suspend their partnership for over a decade.

text: Misfortune struck early when an assistant engineer accidentally deleted "The Second Arrangement", a favorite track of Katz and Nichols,[36] which was never recovered. More trouble — this time legal — followed. In March 1979, MCA Records bought ABC, and for much of the next two years Steely Dan could not release an album. Becker and Fagen had planned on leaving ABC for Warner Bros. Records, but MCA claimed ownership of their music, preventing them from changing labels.

text: Turmoil in Becker's personal life also interfered. His girlfriend died of a drug overdose in their Upper West Side apartment, and he was sued for $17 million. Becker settled out of court, but he was shocked by the accusations and by the tabloid press coverage that followed. Soon after, Becker was struck by a taxi while crossing a Manhattan street, shattering his right leg in several places and forcing him to use crutches.

text: Still more legal trouble was to come. Jazz composer Keith Jarrett sued Steely Dan for copyright infringement, claiming that they had based Gaucho's title track on one of his compositions, "Long As You Know You're Living Yours". (Fagen later admitted that he'd loved the song and that it had been a strong influence.)[37]

text: Gaucho was finally released in November 1980. Despite its tortured history, it was another major success. The album's first single, "Hey Nineteen", reached No. 10 on the pop chart in early 1981, and "Time Out of Mind" (featuring guitarist Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits) was a moderate hit in the spring. "My Rival" was featured in John Huston's 1980 film Phobia. Roger Nichols won a third engineering Grammy award for his work on the album.

text: Time off (1981–1993)[edit]

text: Steely Dan disbanded in June 1981.[38] Becker and his family moved to Maui, where he became an "avocado rancher and self-styled critic of the contemporary scene."[39] He stopped using drugs, which he had used for most of his career.[40][41][42] Meanwhile, Fagen released a solo album, The Nightfly (1982), which went platinum in both the U.S. and the U.K. and yielded the Top Twenty hit "I.G.Y. (What a Beautiful World)." In 1988 Fagen wrote the score of Bright Lights, Big City and a song for its soundtrack, but otherwise recorded little. He occasionally did production work for other artists, as did Becker. The most prominent of these were two albums Becker produced for the British sophisti-pop group China Crisis, who were strongly influenced by Steely Dan.[43] Becker is listed as an official member of China Crisis on the first of these albums, 1985's Flaunt the Imperfection, and played keyboards on the band's Top 20 UK hit "Black Man Ray". For the second of the two albums, 1989's Diary of a Hollow Horse, Becker is only listed as a producer and not as a band member.

text: In 1986 Becker and Fagen performed on Zazu, an album by former model Rosie Vela produced by Gary Katz.[44] The two rekindled their friendship and held songwriting sessions between 1986 and 1987, leaving the results unfinished.[45] On October 25, 1991, Becker attended a concert by New York Rock and Soul Revue, co-founded by Fagen and producer/singer Libby Titus (who was for many years the partner of Levon Helm of The Band and would later become Fagen's wife), and spontaneously performed with the group.

text: Becker produced Fagen's second solo album, Kamakiriad, in 1993. Fagen conceived the album as a sequel to The Nightfly. He called it the most satisfying recording experience of his career.[citation needed]

text: Reunion, Alive in America (1993–2000)[edit]

text: Becker and Fagen reunited for an American tour to support Kamakiriad, which sold poorly despite a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. With Becker playing lead and rhythm guitar, the pair assembled a band that included a second keyboard player, a second lead guitarist, a bassist, three female backing singers, and a four-piece saxophone section. During this tour, Fagen introduced himself as "Rick Strauss" and Becker as "Frank Poulenc".

text: The next year, MCA released Citizen Steely Dan, a boxed set featuring their entire catalog (except their debut single "Dallas"/"Sail The Waterway") on four CDs, plus four extra tracks: "Here at the Western World" (originally released on 1978's "Greatest Hits"), "FM" (1978 single), a 1971 demo of "Everyone's Gone to the Movies" and "Bodhisattva (live)", the latter recorded on a cassette in 1974 and released as a B-side in 1980. That year Becker released his debut solo album, 11 Tracks of Whack, which Fagen co-produced.

text: Steely Dan toured again in support of the boxed set and Tracks. In 1995 they released a live CD, Alive in America, compiled from recordings of several 1993 and 1994 concerts. The Art Crimes Tour followed, including dates in the United States, Japan, and their first European shows in 22 years. After this activity, Becker and Fagen returned to the studio to begin work on a new album.

text: Two Against Nature and Everything Must Go (2000–2003)[edit]

text: In 2000 Steely Dan released their first studio album in 20 years: Two Against Nature. It won four Grammy Awards: Best Engineered Album – Non-Classical, Best Pop Vocal Album, Best Pop Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal ("Cousin Dupree"), and Album of the Year (despite competition in this category from Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP and Radiohead's Kid A). In the summer of 2000, they began another American tour, followed by an international tour later that year. The tour featured guitarist Jon Herington, who would go on to play with the band over the next two decades. The group released the Plush TV Jazz-Rock Party DVD, documenting a live-in-the-studio concert performance of popular songs from throughout Steely Dan's career. In March 2001, Steely Dan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[11][12]

text: In 2003 Steely Dan released Everything Must Go. In contrast to their earlier work, they had tried to write music that captured a live feel. Becker sang lead vocals on a Steely Dan studio album for the first time ("Slang of Ages" — he had sung lead on his own "Book of Liars" on Alive in America). Fewer session musicians played on Everything Must Go than had become typical of Steely Dan albums: Becker played bass on every track and lead guitar on five tracks; Fagen added piano, electric piano, organ, synthesizers, and percussion on top of his vocals; touring drummer Keith Carlock played on every track.

text: Touring, solo activity (2003–2017)[edit]

text: To complete his Nightfly trilogy, Fagen issued Morph the Cat in 2006. Steely Dan returned to annual touring that year with the Steelyard "Sugartooth" McDan and The Fab-Originees.com Tour.[46] Despite much fluctuation in membership, the live band featured mainstays Herrington, Carlock, bassist Freddie Washington, the horn section of Michael Leonhart, Jim Pugh, Roger Rosenberg, and Walt Weiskopf, and backing vocalists Carolyn Leonhart and Cindy Mizelle. The 2007 Heavy Rollers Tour included dates in North America, Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, making it their most expansive tour.[47]

text: The smaller Think Fast Tour followed in 2008, with keyboardist Jim Beard joining the live band. That year Becker released a second album, Circus Money, produced by Larry Klein and inspired by Jamaican music. In 2009 Steely Dan toured Europe and America extensively in their Left Bank Holiday and Rent Party Tour, alternating between standard one-date concerts at large venues and multi-night theater shows that featured performances of The Royal Scam, Aja, or Gaucho in their entirety on certain nights. The following year, Fagen formed the touring supergroup Dukes of September Rhythm Revue with McDonald, Boz Scaggs, and members of Steely Dan's live band, whose repertoire included songs by all three songwriters. Longtime studio engineer Roger Nichols died of pancreatic cancer on April 10, 2011.[48] Steely Dan's Shuffle Diplomacy Tour that year included an expanded set list and dates in Australia and New Zealand. Fagen released his fourth album, Sunken Condos, in 2012. It was his first solo release unrelated to the Nightfly trilogy.

text: The Mood Swings: 8 Miles to Pancake Day Tour began in July 2013 and featured an eight-night run at the Beacon Theater in New York City.[49] Jamalot Ever After, their 2014 United States tour, ran from July 2 in Portland, Oregon to September 20 in Port Chester, New York.[50] Their Rockabye Gollie Angel Tour the following year included opening act Elvis Costello and the Imposters and dates at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. The Dan Who Knew Too Much tour followed in 2016, with Steve Winwood opening. Steely Dan also performed at The Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles with an accompanying orchestra.

text: The band played its final shows with Becker in 2017. In April, they played the 12-date Reelin' In the Chips residency in Las Vegas and Southern California.[51] Becker's final performance came on May 27 at the Greenwich Town Party in Greenwich, Connecticut.[52] Due to an undisclosed illness, Becker did not play Steely Dan's two Classics East and West concerts at Dodger Stadium and Citi Field in July.[53]

text: After Becker's death (2017–present)[edit]

text: Becker died on September 3, 2017.[54] In a note released to the media, Fagen remembered his longtime friend and band mate, and promised to "keep the music we created together alive as long as I can with the Steely Dan band."[55] After Becker's death, Steely Dan honored commitments to perform a short American tour in October 2017 and three concert dates in the United Kingdom and Ireland for Bluesfest on a double bill with The Doobie Brothers. [56] The band played its first concert following Becker's death in Thackerville, Oklahoma on October 13.[56] In tribute to Becker, the band has performed his solo song "Book of Liars", with Fagen singing the lead vocals, at several concerts on the tour.[57]

text: Musical and lyrical style[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text: Overall sound[edit]

text: Special attention is given to the individual sound of each instrument. Recording is done with the utmost fidelity and attention to sonic detail, and mixed so that all the instruments are heard and none are given undue priority (a deft and accomplished use of the multi-tracking process).[citation needed] For example, in the song "Parker's Band", two drum kits are used,[citation needed] which gives the song an unexpected drive, without overpowering the sound; it is not even immediately apparent that there are two drum kits on the track. Their albums are also notable for the characteristically 'warm' and 'dry' production sound, and the sparing use of echo and reverberation. Long known as perfectionists, they often recorded take after take before selecting the player or performance that made the final cut on their albums.[citation needed]

text: Backing vocals[edit]

text: Becker and Fagen favored a distinctly soul-influenced style of backing vocals, which after the first few albums were almost always performed by a female chorus (although Michael McDonald features prominently on several tracks, including the 1975 song "Black Friday" and the 1977 song "Peg"). Venetta Fields, Sherlie Matthews and Clydie King were the preferred trio for backing vocals on the group's late 1970s albums.[58] Other backing vocalists include Tawatha Agee, Brenda White-King, Carolyn Leonhart, Janice Pendarvis, Catherine Russell, Cynthia Calhoun, Victoria Cave, Cindy Mizelle, and Jeff Young. The band also featured singers like Patti Austin and Valerie Simpson on later projects such as Gaucho.

text: Horns[edit]

text: Horn arrangements have been used on songs from all Steely Dan albums. They are usually jazz-oriented, and typically feature instruments such as trumpets, trombones and saxophones, although they have also used other instruments such as flutes and clarinets. The horn parts occasionally integrate simple synth lines to alter the tone quality of individual horn lines; for example in "Deacon Blues" this was done to "thicken" one of the saxophone lines. On their earlier albums Steely Dan featured guest arrangers and on their later albums the arrangement work is credited to Fagen.

text: Composition and chord use[edit]

text: Steely Dan are famous for their use of chord sequences and harmonies that explore the area of musical tension between traditional pop sounds and jazz. In particular, they are known for their use of the add 2 chord, a type of added tone chord, which they nicknamed the mu major.[59][60][61] Other common chords used by Steely Dan include slash chords for example B/C or E-7/A. This notation shows a chord (shown to the left of the slash) with a note other than the tonic (shown to the right of the slash) as the lowest pitched note.[62]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Steely Dan's lyrical subjects are diverse, but in their basic approach they often create fictional personae that participate in a narrative or situation. The duo have said that in retrospect, most of their albums have a 'feel' of either Los Angeles or New York City, the two main cities where Becker and Fagen lived and worked. Characters appear in their songs that evoke these cities. Steely Dan's lyrics are often puzzling to the listener,[63] with the true meaning of the song "uncoded" through repeated listening, and a richer understanding of the references within the lyrics. For example, in the song "Everyone's Gone to the Movies," the line "I know you're used to 16 or more, sorry we only have eight" refers not to the count of some article, but to eight-millimeter film, which was lower quality than 16 mm or larger formats, underscoring the illicitness of Mr. Lapage's movie parties.

text: Thematically, Steely Dan creates a universe peopled by losers, creeps and failed dreamers, often victims of their own obsessions and delusions. These motifs are introduced in the Dan's first hit song, "Do It Again," which contains a description of a murderous cowboy who beats the gallows, a man taken advantage of by a cheating girlfriend, and an obsessive gambler, all of whom are unable to command their own destinies; similar themes of being trapped in a death spiral of one's own making appear throughout their catalog. Other themes that they explore include prejudice, aging, poverty, and middle-class ennui.

text: Many would argue that Steely Dan never wrote a genuine love song, instead dealing with personal passion in the guise of a destructive obsession.[64] Many of their songs concern love, but typical of Steely Dan songs is an ironic or disturbing twist in the lyrics that reveals a darker reality. For example, expressed "love" is actually about prostitution ("Pearl of the Quarter"), incest ("Cousin Dupree"), pedophilia ("Everyone's Gone to the Movies"), pornography ("Peg") or some other socially unacceptable subject.[65] However, some of their demo-era recordings show Fagen and Becker expressing romance, including "This Seat's Been Taken", "Oh, Wow, It's You" and "Come Back Baby".

text: Steely Dan's lyrics contain subtle and encoded references, unusual (and sometimes original) slang expressions, a wide variety of "word games." The obscure and sometimes teasing lyrics have given rise to considerable efforts by fans to explain the "inner meaning" of certain songs.[66][67] Jazz is a recurring theme, and there are numerous other film, television and literary references and allusions, such as "Home at Last" (from Aja), which was inspired by Homer's Odyssey.

text: Some of their lyrics are notable for their unusual meter patterns; a prime example of this is their 1972 hit "Reelin' In the Years", which crams an unusually large number of words into each line, giving it a highly syncopated quality.

text: "Name dropping" is another Steely Dan lyrical device; references to real places and people abound in their songs. The song "My Old School" is an example, referring to Annandale (Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, is home to Bard College, which both attended and where they met), and the Two Against Nature album (2000) contains numerous references to the duo's original region, the New York metro area, including the district of Gramercy Park, the Strand Bookstore, and the upscale food store Dean & DeLuca. In the song "Glamour Profession" the conclusion of a drug deal is celebrated with dumplings at Mr. Chow, a Chinese restaurant in Beverly Hills. The band even employed self-reference; in the song "Show Biz Kids," the titular subjects are sardonically portrayed as owning "the Steely Dan T-shirt."

text: The band also often name-checks drinks, typically alcoholic, in their songs: rum and cokes ("Daddy Don't Live in That New York City No More"), piña coladas ("Bad Sneakers"), zombies ("Haitian Divorce"), black cows ("Black Cow"), Scotch whisky ("Deacon Blues"), retsina ("Home at Last"), grapefruit wine ("FM"), cherry wine ("Time Out of Mind"), Cuervo Gold ("Hey Nineteen"), kirschwasser ("Babylon Sisters"), Tanqueray ("Lunch with Gina") and Cuban breeze (Fagen's solo track "The Goodbye Look") are all mentioned in Steely Dan lyrics.[68]

text: Members[edit]

text: Current members

text: Donald Fagen – lead vocals, keyboards (1972–1981, 1993–present)

text: Former members

text:
Walter Becker – guitar, bass (1972–1981, 1993–2017; died 2017)
Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – guitar, backing vocals (1972–1974)
Denny Dias – guitar (1972–1974)
Jim Hodder – drums, backing and lead vocals (1972–1974; died 1990)
David Palmer – backing and lead vocals (1972–1973)
Royce Jones – backing and lead vocals, percussion (1973, 1974)
Michael McDonald – keyboards, backing vocals (1974)
Jeff Porcaro – drums (1974; died 1992)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Can't Buy a Thrill (1972)
Countdown to Ecstasy (1973)
Pretzel Logic (1974)
Katy Lied (1975)
The Royal Scam (1976)
Aja (1977)
Gaucho (1980)
Two Against Nature (2000)
Everything Must Go (2003)


document_title: Military history of Italy during World War I

question_text: when did italy enter the first world war

root

text: From neutrality to intervention[edit]

text: Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Despite this, in the years before the war, Italy had enhanced its diplomatic relationships with the United Kingdom and France. This was because the Italian government had grown convinced that support of Austria (the traditional enemy of Italy during the 19th century Risorgimento) would not gain Italy the territories it wanted: Trieste, Istria, Zara and Dalmatia, all Austrian possessions. In fact, a secret agreement signed with France in 1902 sharply conflicted with Italy's membership in the Triple Alliance.

tag: p

text: A few days after the outbreak of the war, on 3 August 1914, the government, led by the conservative Antonio Salandra, declared that Italy would not commit its troops, maintaining that the Triple Alliance had only a defensive stance and Austria-Hungary had been the aggressor. Thereafter Salandra and the minister of Foreign Affairs, Sidney Sonnino, began to probe which side would grant the best reward for Italy's entrance in the war or its neutrality. Although the majority of the cabinet (including former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti) was firmly against intervention, numerous intellectuals, including Socialists such as Ivanoe Bonomi, Leonida Bissolati, and, after 18 October 1914, Benito Mussolini, declared in favour of intervention, which was then mostly supported by the Nationalist and the Liberal parties. Pro-interventionist socialists believed that, once that weapons had been distributed to the people, they could have transformed the war into a revolution.

text: The negotiation with Central Powers to keep Italy neutral failed: after victory Italy was to get Trentino but not the South Tyrol, part of the Austrian Littoral but not Trieste, maybe Tunisia but only after the end of the war while Italy wanted them immediately. The negotiation with the Allies led to the London Pact (26 April 1915), signed by Sonnino without the approval of the Italian Parliament. According to the Pact, after victory Italy was to get Trentino and the South Tyrol up to the Brenner Pass, the entire Austrian Littoral (with Trieste), Gorizia and Gradisca (Eastern Friuli) and Istria (but without Fiume), parts of western Carniola (Idrija and Ilirska Bistrica) and north-western Dalmatia with Zara and most of the islands, but without Split. Other agreements concerned the sovereignty of the port of Valona, the province of Antalya in Turkey and part of the German colonies in Africa.

text: On 3 May 1915 Italy officially revoked the Triple Alliance. In the following days Giolitti and the neutralist majority of the Parliament opposed declaring war, while nationalist crowds demonstrated in public areas for it. (The nationalist poet Gabriele D'Annunzio called this period le radiose giornate di Maggio—"the sunny days of May"). Giolitti had the support of the majority of Italian parliament so on 13 May Salandra offered his resignation to King Victor Emmanuel III, but then Giolitti learned that the London Pact was already signed: fearful of a conflict between the Crown and the Parliament and the consequences on both internal stability and foreign relationships, Giolitti accepted the fait accompli, declined to succeed as prime minister and Salandra's resignation was not accepted. On 23 May, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. This was followed by declarations of war on the Ottoman Empire (21 August 1915[1], following an ultimatum of 3 August), Bulgaria (19 October 1915) and the German Empire (28 August 1916).[2]

text: Italian Front[edit]

text: The front on the Austrian border was 650 km (400 mi) long, stretching from the Stelvio Pass to the Adriatic Sea. Italian forces were numerically superior but this advantage was negated by the difficult terrain. Further, the Italians lacked strategic and tactical leadership. The Italian commander-in-chief was Luigi Cadorna, a staunch proponent of the frontal assault whose tactics cost the lives of hundreds of thousands of Italian soldiers. His plan was to attack on the Isonzo front, with the dream of breaking over the Karst Plateau into the Carniolan Basin, taking Ljubljana and threatening the Austro-Hungarian Empire's capital Vienna. It was a "Napoleonic" plan, which had no realistic chance of success in an age of barbed wire, machine guns, and indirect artillery fire, combined with hilly and mountainous terrain.[citation needed]

text: Opening shots[edit]

text: The first shells were fired in the dawn of 24 May 1915 against the enemy positions of Cervignano del Friuli, which was captured a few hours later. On the same day the Austro-Hungarian fleet bombarded the railway stations of Manfredonia and Ancona. The first Italian casualty was Riccardo Di Giusto.

text: The main effort was to be concentrated in the Isonzo and Vipava valleys and on the Kras plateau, in the direction of Ljubljana. The Italian troops had some initial successes, but as in the Western Front, the campaign soon evolved into trench warfare. The main difference was that the trenches had to be dug in the Alpine rocks and glaciers instead of in the mud, and often up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) of altitude.

text: In the first months of the war Italy launched the following offensives:

text:
First Battle of the Isonzo (23 June – 7 July)
Second Battle of the Isonzo (18 July – 4 August)
Third Battle of the Isonzo (18 October – 4 November)
Fourth Battle of the Isonzo (10 November)

tag: ul

text: In these first four battles, the Italian Army registered 60,000 fatalities and more than 150,000 wounded, equivalent to around one fourth of the mobilized forces. The offensive in the upper Cadore, near the Col di Lana, though secondary, blocked large Austro-Hungarian contingents, since it menaced their main logistic lines in Tyrol.

text: Italian offensives of 1916–17[edit]

text: This stalemate dragged on for the whole of 1916. While the Austro-Hungarians amassed large forces in Trentino, the Italian command launched the Fifth Battle of the Isonzo, lasting for eight days from 11 March 1916. This attempt was also fruitless.

text: In June the Austro-Hungarian counter-offensive (dubbed "Strafexpedition", "Punishment Expedition") broke through in Trentino and occupied the whole Altopiano di Asiago. The Italian Army managed however to contain the offensive and the enemy retreated in order to strengthen its position in the Carso. On 4 August began the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo which, five days later, led to the Italian conquest of Gorizia, at the cost of 20,000 dead and 50,000 wounded. The year ended with three new offensives:

text:
Seventh Battle of the Isonzo (14–16 September)
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo (1 November)
Ninth Battle of the Isonzo (4 November)

text: The price was a further 37,000 dead and 88,000 wounded for the Italians, again for no remarkable conquest. In late 1916, the Italian army advanced for some kilometers in Trentino, while, for the whole winter of 1916–1917, the situation in the Isonzo front remained stationary. In May and June was the Tenth Battle of the Isonzo. The Battle of Mount Ortigara (10–25 June) was Cadorna's attempt to conquer back some territories in Trentino which had remained under Austro-Hungarian control. On 18 August 1917 began the most important Italian offensive, the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo. This time the Italian advance was initially successful as the Bainsizza Plateau southeast of Tolmino was captured, but the Italian army outran its artillery and supply lines, thus preventing the further advance that could have finally succeeded in breaking the Austro-Hungarian army. The Austro-Hungarian line ultimately held and the attack was abandoned on 12 September 1917.

text: Austro-Hungarian offensives of 1917–18[edit]

text: Though the last Italian offensive had proven inconclusive, the Austrians were in strong need of reinforcements. These became available when Russia crumbled and troops from the Eastern front, the Trentino front and Flanders were secretly concentrated to the Isonzo front.

text: On 24 October 1917, the Central Powers troops broke through the Italian lines in the upper Isonzo at Caporetto (the modern Kobarid) and routed the 2nd Italian Army. The Italian army commanders had been informed of a probable enemy attack, but had underestimated it and did not realize the danger posed by the infiltration tactics developed by Germans.

text: From Caporetto the Austro-Hungarians advanced for 150 km (93 mi) south-west, reaching Udine after only four days. The defeat of Caporetto caused the disintegration of the whole Italian front of the Isonzo. The situation was re-established by forming a stop line on the Tagliamento and then on the Piave rivers, but at the price of 700,000 dead, wounded and prisoners.[citation needed] Cadorna, who had tried to attribute the causes of the disasters to low morale and cowardice among the troops, was relieved of duty. On 8 November 1917 he was replaced by Armando Diaz.

text: The Central Powers ended the year 1917 with a general offensive on the Piave, the Altopiano di Asiago, and the Monte Grappa, which failed and the Italian front reverted to attrition trench warfare. The Italian army was forced to call the 1899 levy, while that of 1900 was left for a hypothetical final effort for the year of 1919.

text: The Central Powers stopped their attacks in 1917 because German troops were needed on the western front and Austro-Hungarians troops were exhausted and at the end of much longer logistical lines. The offensive was renewed on 15 June 1918 with Austro-Hungarians troops only in the Battle of Piave. The Italians resisted the assault. The failure of the offensive marked the swan song of Austria-Hungary on the Italian front. The Central Powers proved finally unable to sustain further the war effort, while the multi-ethnic entities of the Austrian Empire were on the verge of rebellion. The Italians rescheduled earlier their planned 1919 counter-offensive to October 1918, in order to benefit from the Austro-Hungarians crisis.

text: Italian victory[edit]

text: The Italian attack, aided by a small contingent of French, British, Czechoslovak and American troops, was started on 24 October from Vittorio Veneto. The Austro-Hungarians fought tenaciously for four days, but then the Italians managed to cross the Piave and establish a bridgehead, Austro-Hungarians began to disintegrate after the troops heard of revolutions and independence proclamations in the lands of the Dual Monarchy. Austria asked for an armistice on 29 October. The armistice was signed on 3 November at Villa Giusti, near Padua. Italian soldiers entered Trento while Bersaglieri landed from the sea in Trieste. The following day the Istrian cities of Rovigno and Parenzo, the Dalmatian island of Lissa, and the Dalmatian cities of Zara and Fiume were occupied: the latter were not included in the territories originally promised secretly by the Allies to Italy in case of victory, but the Italians decided to intervene in reply to a local National Council, formed after the flight of the Hungarians, and which had announced the union to the Kingdom of Italy.

text: The Italian army was also marching towards Ljubljana, but was halted by Serb troops. In the meantime the Regia Marina occupied Pola and Sebenico, which became the capital of the Military Government of Dalmatia.It occupied also all Tyrol by the III Corps of the First Army with 20-22000 soldiers.[3]

text: Other theaters[edit]

text: Balkans[edit]

text: Italian troops played a major role in the defence of Albania against Austria-Hungary. From 1916 the Italian 35th Division fought on the Salonika Front as part of the Allied Army of the Orient. The Italian XVI Corps (a separate entity independent from the Army of the Orient) took part in actions against Austro-Hungarian forces in Albania; in 1917 they established an Italian protectorate over Albania.

text: Western Front[edit]

text: Some Italian divisions were also sent to support the Entente on the Western Front. In 1918 Italian troops saw intense combat during the Spring Offensive. Their most prominent engagement on this front was their role in the Second Battle of the Marne.

text: Middle East[edit]

text: Italy played a token role in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, sending a detachment of five hundred soldiers to assist the British there in 1917.

text: As Italy entered the war on 23 May 1915, the situation of her forces in the African colonies was critical. Italian Somaliland, in the east was far from being pacified, and in North Africa's Cyrenaica the Italian forces were confined to some separated points on the coast. But in neighboring Tripolitania and Fezzan, the story has a different beginning. In August 1914, during their previous colonial invasion and occupation versus local military and forces of the Ottoman Empire, the Italian forces reached Ghat, that is, conquered most of western Libya. But in November 1914, this advance turned into a general retreat, and on 7 April and 28 April, they suffered two reverses at Wadi Marsit (near Mizda) and al-Qurdabiya (near Sirte) respectively. By August 1915, the situation in Tripolitania was similar to that of Cyrenaica. The conquest of all of Libya was not resumed until January 1922.

text: Consequences[edit]

text: Italy's representative in the Paris Peace Conference which led to the Versailles Treaty was Premier Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, considered one of the "Big Four" with President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd-George of the United Kingdom, and Premier Georges Clemenceau of the French Republic. Italy got most of land promised in The Treaty of London but not the northern Dalmatia. The expectation to gain part of German colonies conquered by the Allies was disappointed. After long discussions Italian diplomats left the Conference in protest but were forced to rejoin after the Allies refused to concede to all Italian demands and just went on. The territorial gains were perceived as small in comparison to the cost of the war for Italy. The debt contracted to pay for the war's expenses was finally paid back only in the 1970s. The uncertain socio-economic situation caused heavy social strife which led to the Biennio rosso and later the rise of Fascism and its leader Benito Mussolini.


document_title: Airports of London

question_text: what is the main airport in london england

text: Airports of London

text: International airports[edit]

text:
International airports in the London airport system (2015)[2]

Airport
IATA
ICAO
Distance to London[3][4]
Total of 2015 passengers[5][6]
Change from 2011[5][6]
% of 2015passengers
% of 2011passengers
Cargo (tonnes)
Change from 2010
Aircraft movements[7]
Change from 2011

City
LCY
EGLC
14 km  (9 mi)
4,319,301
 0.8%
 2.78%
 2.23%
 –
 –
70,781
 2.9%

Heathrow
LHR
EGLL
26 km (16 mi)
74,985,748
 0.9%
48.30%
51.88%
1,484,351
 1%
475,176
 1.2%

Gatwick
LGW
EGKK
45 km (28 mi)
40,269,087
 1.7%
25.94%
25.36%
88,085
 15%
256,987
 1.6%

Luton
LTN
EGGW
55 km (34 mi)
12,263,505
 1.1%
 7.90%
 7.12%
27,905
 3%
96,797
 0.8%

Stansted
STN
EGSS
63 km (39 mi)
22,519,178
 3.2%
14.50%
12.94%
202,593
 0%
143,511
 3.2%

Southend
SEN
EGMC
64 km (40 mi)
900,648
 1,353.9%
 0.58%
 0.45%
6
 100%
27,715
 8.8%

Total
N/A
N/A
N/A
155,257,467
 1.02%
100.00%
100.00%
1,802,939
N/A
1,070,967
 0.11%

tag: table

text: City (LCY)[edit]

text: Located in the London Borough of Newham, City Airportmap5 is situated in London's Docklands, and is the closest to central London, which limits its size - the airport has a single runway, which is very short. As a result, no large aircraft are permitted to use the airport, which initially prevented all long-haul flights. However, since 2009, British Airways has operated a flight to New York JFK, via Shannon, using an Airbus A318.  The largest aircraft currently handled at the airport is the Bombardier CS100, with the first commercial flight completed in August 2017 from Zurich.[8]

text: Located only four miles from Canary Wharf, London City Airport is often used by business travellers, with many flights serving destinations across the UK and northern Europe. The airport cannot be expanded due to the docks on either side. It is also the only airport serving London which does not operate at night.

text: A light rail service from London City Airport DLR station, which adjoins the terminal building of London City Airport, links it to the financial district of the City of London at Bank and Monument stations, which offer interchanges with London Underground.

text: Heathrow (LHR)[edit]

text: Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, Heathrowmap1 is by far the largest of London's airports and considered the main gateway into the United Kingdom for non-European visitors. Heathrow has four terminals and two parallel runways. Due to the location in London's western suburbs, Heathrow has had trouble trying to expand, with various expansion projects being cancelled.[9]) As a result, the airport consistently runs at over 99% capacity and is often included on lists of the worst-rated airports in the world.[10] However, on 1 July 2015 Heathrow's expansion plan was suggested as the best option by the Airport Commission and on 25 October 2016 a new northwest runway and terminal was approved by the Government.

text: The airport is connected to Great Britain's motorway network via the M4 and M25 motorways, to London Paddington station by Heathrow Express[11] and TfL Rail[12] trains and to other Central London destinations by London Underground trains on the Piccadilly line.

text: In April 2012, Heathrow announced that for the first time in history it handled 70 million passengers in a calendar year,[13] making it the third busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger numbers, after Atlanta and Beijing. It also comes second behind Dubai International Airport in the list of the busiest airport in the world in terms of international passenger numbers, as well as being the busiest airport in Europe by total passenger numbers.

text: Heathrow serves six continents around the world, and is the base for the flag carrier British Airways in Terminal 5. While it also serves short-haul flights, Heathrow is London's long-distance hub and is the most popular arrival point for flights from the United States of America, with 13 million passengers. However, because it is operating at capacity, Heathrow has failed to increase service to cities in the newly industrialised countries such as China, falling behind European bases like Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and Paris.

text: Gatwick (LGW)[edit]

text: Located in West Sussex, Gatwickmap2 is the second-busiest airport in the United Kingdom, the eighth-busiest in Europe, and the second-busiest single-runway airport in the world. It handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport[14] and is the main base of easyJet[15], the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.[16] Also using it as a base are British Airways, Norwegian Air Shuttle and TUI Airways.

text: The airport consists of two terminals, North and South, is connected to the motorway network via the M23 and has its own railway station, with  Southern and Thameslink trains serving London Victoria and London Bridge stations respectively as well as there being a dedicated Gatwick Express shuttle to and from London Victoria.

text: Luton (LTN)[edit]

text: Located on the Bedfordshire / Hertfordshire border, Luton Airportmap4 is London's fourth-largest airport, the fifth-busiest in the United Kingdom and the third-closest to the capital, after Heathrow and City airports.  The two airlines supplying most passenger capacity are the low-cost carriers easyJet and Wizz Air.

text: Luton Airport Parkway railway station can be reached from London St Pancras in as little as 22 minutes via East Midlands Trains, while Thameslink is the primary operator, with slower but more frequent services.  A shuttle bus service connects Luton Airport Parkway to the airport, a distance of just over a mile.

text: Stansted (STN)[edit]

text: Located in Essex, Stanstedmap3 is London's third-busiest airport, being the fourth-busiest in the United Kingdom, behind Manchester Airport, 22nd-busiest in Europe and the largest operational base for Ryanair, which is Europe's largest low-cost carrier and the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.[17]. Stansted serves more scheduled European destinations than any other airport in the UK[18], as well as some  destinations further afield. It is the home of Harrods Aviation, allowing VIP aircraft to land there, such as Air Force One carrying the President of the United States, Barack Obama, in 2009 and also 2016.[19]

text: Stansted Airport railway station is situated in the terminal building directly below the main concourse.[20] Services to Central London are on the Stansted Express train to and from London Liverpool Street.

text: Southend (SEN)[edit]

text: Located in Essex, Southend Airportmap6 expanded commercial air transport operations to destinations in Ireland in 2011, and to mainland Europe in 2012 when easyJet commenced operations using the brand new terminal and railway station. Southend claims it only takes 15 minutes to go through arrivals from plane to train with hand luggage. It was once the third-busiest airport in the United Kingdom.

text: Southend Airport railway station is served by Abellio Greater Anglia trains, which connect the airport to London Liverpool Street station up to 8 times per hour. The journey to London takes about one hour.[21]

text: Other civil airports[edit]

text: A number of other airports also serve the London area.

text: Open airports[edit]

text: The following are mainly used by general aviation flights.

text:
London Biggin Hill Airportmap7, in the London Borough of Bromley
Blackbushe Airportmap8, in Hampshire
Damyns Hall Aerodromemap9, in the London Borough of Havering
Denham Aerodromemap10, in Buckinghamshire
Elstree Airfieldmap11, in Hertfordshire
Fairoaks Airportmap12, in Surrey
Farnborough Airportmap13, in Hampshire
London Heliportmap14, in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Lydd Airport (London Ashford Airport)map15, in Kent
North Weald Airfieldmap16, in Essex
London Oxford Airportmap17, in Oxfordshire
Panshanger Aerodromemap18, in Hertfordshire
Redhill Aerodromemap19, in Surrey
Rochester Airportmap20, in Kent
Stapleford Aerodromemap21, in Essex
White Waltham Airfieldmap22, in Berkshire
Wycombe Air Parkmap23, in Buckinghamshire

text: Closed airports[edit]

text: Airports are listed at their current borough, although the area may have been outside London at the time of construction.

text:
Cricklewood Aerodromemap24, in the London Borough of Barnet
Croydon Airportmap25, in the London Borough of Croydon
Great West Aerodromemap26, in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Hendon Aerodromemap27, in the London Borough of Barnet
Heston Aerodromemap28, in the London Borough of Hounslow
Hounslow Heath Aerodromemap29, in the London Borough of Hounslow
London Air Park (Hanworth Air Park)map30, in the London Borough of Hounslow
Stag Lane Aerodromemap31, in the London Borough of Barnet

text: Royal Air Force stations[edit]

text: There were several Royal Air Force stations in London. This list excludes those that are classed as non-flying stations.

text: Operational[edit]

text: RAF Northoltmap32, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, also handles civil flights

text: Non-operational[edit]

text: Station are listed at their current borough, although the area may have been outside London at the time of construction.

text:
RAF Biggin Hillmap7, in the London Borough of Bromley
RAF Fairlopmap33, in the London Borough of Redbridge
RAF Hendonmap27, in the London Borough of Barnet
RAF Hestonmap28, in the London Borough of Hounslow
RAF Hornchurchmap34, in the London Borough of Havering
RAF Kenleymap35, in the London Borough of Croydon
RAF St Pancrasmap36, in the London Borough of Camden
RAF Uxbridgemap37, in the London Borough of Hillingdon

text: Proposed airports[edit]

text: Thames Estuary[edit]

text: Due to London's high capacity, in particular London Heathrow, Boris Johnson, London's former mayor, and Sir Norman Foster have both brought up plans to have a new airport built, either on a man-made island in the Thames Estuary, or on the Isle of Grain in North Kent. Foster's proposed Thames Hub Airport would be very similar to the design of Hong Kong International Airport and Qatar's Hamad International Airport. The plans to have an airport able to handle 110 million passengers a year would require the closure of Heathrow, and probably make the new airport the busiest in the world.

text: The plans have met with opposition from some people living nearby warning the airport would create a significant increase in bird strikes.[22] Other people and local businesses, recognising the depressed levels of economic activity in North Kent, have been supportive and argue that London needs a new airport in order to be able to compete in the world.

text: Traffic and statistics[edit]

text: Passengers numbers[edit]

text:
Airports of London passenger totals, 2004–2014 (millions)

Updated: 28 April 2015.[23]

Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City, Southend

text: Cargo numbers[edit]

text: Change[edit]

text:
Year
Aircraftmovements
Percentagechange
Passengernumbers
Percentagechange
Cargotonnes
Percentagechange

2001
1,074,773[24]
 1
113,790,381
 2
1,649,437

2002
954,570[25]
 11.2
117,138,188
 2.9
1,682,693
 2.0

2003
967,270[26]
 1.3
120,493,239
 2.9
1,667,803
 0.9

2004
1,005,256[27]
 3.8
128,933,753
 7.0
1,795,326
 7.6

2005
1,038,241[28]
 3.2
133,836,827
 3.8
1,788,671
 0.4

2006
1,060,831[29]
 5.4
137,192,958
 2.5
1,717,360
 4.0

2007
1,087,703[30]
 2.5
139,950,593
 2.0
1,724,040
 0.4

2008
1,077,448[31]
 0.9
137,106,041
 2.0
1,743,028
 1.1

2009
1,003,616[32]
 6.9
130,307,938
 5.0
1,563,783
 10.3

2010
954,371[33]
 4.9
127,353,419
 2.3
1,808,005
 15.6

2011
1,072,126[7]
 12.4
133,709,327
 5.0
1,802,939[34]
 0.3

2012
1,060,967[7]
 1.0
134,914,412
 0.9
1,805,761 [35]
 0.2

2013
1,067,992[7]
 0.7
139,652,261
 3.5
1,760,690 [35]
 2.5

2014
1,098,605[7]
 2.9
146,631,158
 5.0
1,819,587 [35]
 3.3

text: Busiest routes[edit]

text: In total, there were 30 international destinations from London, and another 3 domestic routes, that handled more than 1 million passengers in 2011:

text:
Destination
Number of passengers

 Ireland, Dublin
3,705,696

 Netherlands, Amsterdam
3,026,082

 USA, New York JFK
2,700,613

 UAE, Dubai
2,506,613

 Spain, Madrid
2,496,921

 Turkey, İstanbul
2,376,284

  Switzerland, Geneva
2,218,593

 Spain, Malaga
1,814,682

 Germany, Frankfurt
1,678,536

 Spain, Barcelona
1,661,301

 Denmark, Copenhagen
1,656,818

  Switzerland, Zurich
1,642,959

 Germany, Munich
1,546,441

 Italy, Rome Fiumicino
1,530,810

 France, Paris-Charles de Gaulle
1,526,030

 Hong Kong, Chek Lap Kok
1,412,749

 Spain, Alicante
1,302,237

 USA, Los Angeles
1,299,118

 USA, Chicago
1,207,424

 USA, New York Newark
1,197,847

 Spain, Palma de Mallorca
1,189,761

 Canada, Toronto
1,186,783

 Portugal, Faro
1,186,358

 Sweden, Stockholm Arlanda
1,185,848

 Hungary, Budapest
1,145,011

 France, Nice
1,134,396

 Singapore, Changi
1,069,706

 Portugal, Lisbon
1,069,055

 USA, Boston
1,031,320

 India, Delhi
1,003,598

text: Heathrow Airport is a major hub for flights across the North Atlantic. In 2011, 11% of all north Atlantic flights originated or terminated at Heathrow, more than Paris and Frankfurt combined, and Heathrow is the European terminus for 11 of the 25 busiest north Atlantic routes.

text: The busiest long-haul route in the world is between London (Heathrow and Gatwick) and New York (JFK and Newark), with a total of 3,898,460 passengers travelling between the two cities in 2011.[citation needed]

text: Maps[edit]

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text:
^map1 Heathrow, 51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.47750°N 0.46139°W / 51.47750; -0.46139 (Heathrow)
^map2 Gatwick, 51°08′53″N 000°11′25″W / 51.14806°N 0.19028°W / 51.14806; -0.19028 (Gatwick)
^map3 Stansted, 51°53′06″N 000°14′06″E / 51.88500°N 0.23500°E / 51.88500; 0.23500 (Stansted)
^map4 Luton, 51°52′28″N 000°22′06″W / 51.87444°N 0.36833°W / 51.87444; -0.36833 (Luton)
^map5 City, 51°30′19″N 000°03′19″E / 51.50528°N 0.05528°E / 51.50528; 0.05528 (City)
^map6 Southend, 51°34′13″N 000°41′36″E / 51.57028°N 0.69333°E / 51.57028; 0.69333 (Southend)
^map7 Biggin Hill, 51°18′51″N 000°01′47″E / 51.31417°N 0.02972°E / 51.31417; 0.02972 (Biggin Hill)
^map8 Blackbushe, 51°19′26″N 000°50′51″W / 51.32389°N 0.84750°W / 51.32389; -0.84750 (Blackbushe)
^map9 Damyns Hall, 51°34′43″N 000°14′44″E / 51.57861°N 0.24556°E / 51.57861; 0.24556 (Damyns Hall)
^map10 Denham, 51°35′18″N 000°30′47″W / 51.58833°N 0.51306°W / 51.58833; -0.51306 (Denham)
^map11 Elstree, 51°39′21″N 000°19′33″W / 51.65583°N 0.32583°W / 51.65583; -0.32583 (Elstree)
^map12 Fairoaks, 51°20′53″N 000°33′31″W / 51.34806°N 0.55861°W / 51.34806; -0.55861 (Fairoaks)
^map13 Farnborough, 51°16′31″N 000°46′39″W / 51.27528°N 0.77750°W / 51.27528; -0.77750 (Farnborough)
^map14 Heliport, 51°28′12″N 000°10′46″W / 51.47000°N 0.17944°W / 51.47000; -0.17944 (Heliport)
^map15 Lydd, 50°57′22″N 000°56′21″E / 50.95611°N 0.93917°E / 50.95611; 0.93917 (Lydd)
^map16 North Weald, 51°43′18″N 000°09′15″E / 51.72167°N 0.15417°E / 51.72167; 0.15417 (North Weald)
^map17 Oxford, 51°50′13″N 001°19′21″W / 51.83694°N 1.32250°W / 51.83694; -1.32250 (Oxford)
^map18 Panshanger, 51°48′07″N 000°09′30″W / 51.80194°N 0.15833°W / 51.80194; -0.15833 (Panshanger)
^map19 Redhill, 51°12′49″N 000°08′19″W / 51.21361°N 0.13861°W / 51.21361; -0.13861 (Redhill)
^map20 Rochester, 51°21′07″N 000°30′10″E / 51.35194°N 0.50278°E / 51.35194; 0.50278 (Rochester)
^map21 Stapleford, 51°39′09″N 000°09′22″E / 51.65250°N 0.15611°E / 51.65250; 0.15611 (Stapleford)
^map22 White Waltham, 51°30′03″N 000°46′28″W / 51.50083°N 0.77444°W / 51.50083; -0.77444 (White Waltham)
^map23 Wycombe, 51°36′42″N 000°48′30″W / 51.61167°N 0.80833°W / 51.61167; -0.80833 (Wycombe)
^map24 Cricklewood, 51°33′47″N 000°12′47″W / 51.56306°N 0.21306°W / 51.56306; -0.21306 (Cricklewood)
^map25 Croydon, 51°21′23″N 000°07′02″W / 51.35639°N 0.11722°W / 51.35639; -0.11722 (Croydon)
^map26 Great West, 51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.47750°N 0.46139°W / 51.47750; -0.46139 (Great West)
^map27 Hendon, 51°36′00″N 000°14′46″W / 51.60000°N 0.24611°W / 51.60000; -0.24611 (Hendon)
^map28 Heston, 51°29′15″N 000°23′00″W / 51.48750°N 0.38333°W / 51.48750; -0.38333 (Heston)
^map29 Hounslow Heath, 51°27′41″N 000°23′20″W / 51.46139°N 0.38889°W / 51.46139; -0.38889 (Hounslow Heath)
^map30 London Air Park, 51°26′18″N 000°23′45″W / 51.43833°N 0.39583°W / 51.43833; -0.39583 (London Air Park)
^map31 Stag Lane, 51°35′49″N 000°16′26″W / 51.59694°N 0.27389°W / 51.59694; -0.27389 (Stag Lane)
^map32 RAF Northolt, 51°33′11″N 000°25′06″W / 51.55306°N 0.41833°W / 51.55306; -0.41833 (RAF Northolt)
^map33 RAF Fairlop, 51°36′16″N 000°06′10″E / 51.60444°N 0.10278°E / 51.60444; 0.10278 (RAF Fairlop)
^map34 RAF Hornchurch, 51°32′19″N 000°12′17″E / 51.53861°N 0.20472°E / 51.53861; 0.20472 (RAF Hornchurch)
^map35 RAF Kenley, 51°18′12″N 000°05′41″W / 51.30333°N 0.09472°W / 51.30333; -0.09472 (RAF Kenley)
^map36 RAF St Pancras, 51°32′01″N 000°07′29″W / 51.53361°N 0.12472°W / 51.53361; -0.12472 (RAF St Pancras)
^map37 RAF Uxbridge, 51°32′29″N 000°28′19″W / 51.54139°N 0.47194°W / 51.54139; -0.47194 (RAF Uxbridge)


document_title: A Place in the Sun (Stevie Wonder song)

question_text: who wrote there a place in the sun

question_tokens: who wrote there a place in the sun

text: A Place in the Sun (Stevie Wonder song)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"A Place in the Sun"
Single by Stevie Wonderfrom the album Down to EarthB-side
"Sylvia"Released
1966 (1966)Genre
SoulLength
2:59Label
TamlaSongwriter(s)
Ronald MillerBryan WellsProducer(s)
Henry CosbyStevie Wonder singles chronology

"Blowin' in the Wind" (1966)

"A Place in the Sun" (1966)

"Someday at Christmas" (1966)

"Blowin' in the Wind"(1966)

"A Place in the Sun"(1966)

"Someday at Christmas"(1966)

text: "A Place in the Sun" is a 1966 soul single by American and Motown musician Stevie Wonder. Written by Ronald Miller and Bryan Wells, it was one of Wonder's first songs to contain social commentary.[citation needed]  "A Place in the Sun" was his third Top Ten hit since 1963 and hit #9 on the Billboard pop singles chart and # 3 on the R&B charts.[1]  Stevie Wonder also recorded a version of the song in Italian titled "Il Sole è di Tutti" (The Sun is for Everyone).

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (1966)

Peakposition

U.S. Billboard Hot 100

9

U.S. Billboard Easy Listening[2]

29

U.S. Billboard R&B Singles

3

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Diana Ross & the Supremes & The Temptations on their 1968 album Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations which hit number #2 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums Charts.[citation needed]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovin%27_(The_Young_Rascals_album)


document_title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

question_text: who plays caeser in planet of the apes

question_tokens: who plays caeser in planet of the apes

text: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Will Rodman, a scientist at the San Francisco biotech company Gen-Sys, is testing the viral-based drug ALZ-112 on chimpanzees to find a cure for Alzheimer's disease. ALZ-112 is given to a chimp named Bright Eyes, greatly increasing her intelligence. But then, during Will's presentation for the drug, Bright Eyes is forced from her cage, goes on a rampage, and is shot to death. Will's boss Steven Jacobs terminates the project and has the chimps slaughtered. However, Will's assistant Robert Franklin discovers that the reason for Bright Eyes' rampage was that she had recently given birth to an infant chimp. Will reluctantly agrees to take in the chimp, who is named Caesar. Will learns that Caesar has inherited his mother's intelligence and decides to raise him. Three years later, Will introduces Caesar to the redwood forest at Muir Woods National Monument. Meanwhile, Will treats his dementia-suffering father Charles with ALZ-112, which seems to restore his cognitive ability.

text: Five years later, when Caesar reaches adolescence and sees a dog on a leash like his own, he questions his identity and learns of his origins from Will. Meanwhile, Charles's condition returns as he becomes resistant to ALZ-112. Caesar injures an aggressive neighbor, Douglas Hunsiker, while defending a confused Charles from him. As a result, he is placed in a primate shelter where he is tormented by a chimp named Rocket and the chief guard, Dodge Landon, but also where he befriends an orangutan named Maurice who came from a circus. Caesar learns how to unlock his cage, gaining free access to the common area. With the assistance of a gorilla named Buck, he confronts the sanctuary's alpha, Rocket and claims that position. Meanwhile, Jacobs clears development of a more powerful, gaseous version of the drug – ALZ-113 – when Will tells him it can also improve intelligence. Will takes the drug home to try to save his father, but Charles declines further treatment and dies overnight.

text: After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba, Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ-113 and becomes ill. Attempting to warn Will at his home, he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead. Will attempts to reclaim Caesar, but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes. Instead, he escapes from the facility and returns to Will's house, where he takes canisters of the ALZ-113. Upon returning, Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes. When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage, Caesar speaks for the first time, yelling "No!" and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge's death. The apes flee the facility, release the remaining chimps from Gen-Sys, and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way.

text: A battle ensues as the ape army fights their way past a police blockade on the Golden Gate Bridge to escape into the redwood forest. Buck sacrifices himself to save Caesar by jumping into the helicopter in which Jacobs is riding. The helicopter crashes onto the bridge, trapping Jacobs in the wreckage. While Caesar ignores Jacobs' pledges for help, Koba seizes his chance for revenge and sends Jacobs falling to his death in the bay below.

text: As the apes find their way into the forest, Will catches up to them in a stolen police car and warns Caesar that the humans will hunt them down, and begs him to return home. In response, Caesar hugs him and says that, "Caesar is home". Will, realizing that this is indeed their last goodbye, respects Caesar's wishes. The apes embrace their new lifestyle in the forest.

text: In a mid-credits scene, an infected Hunsiker leaves his house for work as an airline pilot, arriving at San Francisco International Airport for his flight to Paris. His nose begins to drip blood onto the floor. A graphic similar to Plague Inc. traces the spread of the humanity-ravaging virus around the globe via international flight routes.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
James Franco as Dr. William "Will" Rodman, a biologist who is trying to discover a cure for his father's Alzheimer's disease by testing ALZ-112 on chimps; he is a father figure to Caesar. James Franco was cast after talks with Tobey Maguire broke down.[9][10]
Freida Pinto as Dr. Caroline Aranha, a primatologist who begins a relationship with Will and grows attached to Caesar.
John Lithgow as Charles Rodman, Will's Alzheimer's-afflicted father and a former music teacher who improves after Will gives him the ALZ-112 and forms a grandfatherly bond with Caesar.
Brian Cox as John Landon, manager of the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar is confined for a time. His full name is a reference to one of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes.
Tom Felton as Dodge Landon, John's son and an animal caretaker at the shelter, who abuses the apes for sport. His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes.
David Oyelowo as Steven Jacobs, Will's arrogant boss. His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs, the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series.[citation needed]
Tyler Labine as Robert Franklin, a chimp handler at Gen-Sys and one of Will's friends. His surname is a reference to Franklin Schaffner, the director of the original film.
Jamie Harris as Rodney, a caretaker and a nightwatchman who is much kinder to the apes at the sanctuary and is regularly mocked by Dodge for this.
David Hewlett as Hunsiker, Will's hot-headed neighbor.
Chelah Horsdal as Irena, a nurse who is looking after Charles.

text: Apes[edit]

text:
Andy Serkis as Caesar, a common chimpanzee whose intelligence is increased from being exposed in the womb to ALZ-112 when the drug is administered to his pregnant mother, and who is raised by Will for eight years.
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who was retired from the circus and knows sign language; he becomes Caesar's closest ally. Konoval also cameos as the court clerk whom Will briefly argues with about his appeal. His name is a reference to Maurice Evans who portrays Dr. Zaius in the original Planet of the Apes.[11]
Terry Notary as Rocket, the dominant common chimpanzee at the ape sanctuary, until Caesar overthrows him. Notary also plays Bright Eyes, Caesar's mother, who was captured in Africa. "Bright Eyes" was the name given by chimpanzee scientist Zira to Taylor, the human astronaut in the Planet of the Apes movie.
Richard Ridings as Buck, a Western lowland gorilla who pledges his allegiance to Caesar after he is freed by him.
Devyn Dalton as Cornelia, a female common chimpanzee in the ape sanctuary.
Jay Caputo as Alpha, the dominant male common chimpanzee of Bright Eyes' troop and Caesar's father.
Christopher Gordon as Koba, a scarred and aggressive bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and writing[edit]

text: In 2006, screenwriter-producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea. As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping, one about pet chimpanzees that become troublesome to their owners and heartbroken for not adapting well to the human environment intrigued him. As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the Planet of the Apes series, he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution, and then the couple started developing the character of Caesar. Jaffa indicated that "it's a reinvention" and if he had to pick between calling it a prequel or a reboot he would say it is a reboot: "It's a different story of who Caesar is, and how he came to be. So it's really kind of hard to put a label on it. We are hopefully rebooting it." He went on to say that "we tried really hard to create a story that would stand on its own and yet also pay homage and honor the movies that came before us."[12] Jaffa and Silver then wrote a script and sold it to Fox, producers of the Apes franchise. The script added other elements which the couple had researched, such as genetic engineering.[13] Several tributes to specific scenes, characters, and cast and crew from the previous Apes film series were added in the script. In particular, Caesar's treatment at the primate sanctuary parallels Taylor's treatment as a captive in the original film.[14][11]

text: In a segment of a video blog post, director Rupert Wyatt commented on the originality of the plot: "This is part of the mythology and it should be seen as that. It's not a continuation of the other films; it's an original story. It does satisfy the people who enjoy those films. The point of this film is to achieve that and to bring that fan base into this film exactly like Batman Begins."[8] In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this. I imagine the next film will be about the all-out war between the apes and humans."[15] Mark Bomback did an uncredited rewrite of the script.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began in July 2010 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[17] Filming also happened in San Francisco, California (the primary setting of the film),[17] and around Oahu, Hawaii, which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa.[18]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: As the apes in Rise were meant to be actual apes, the producers decided not to use actors in ape suits. After considering real apes, instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through performance capture.[19] Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment, affording the film-makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors, as opposed to the confines of a soundstage.[20][21] The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight, employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle. A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured, with larger ape crowds using fully digital animals animated using Weta's move library. The Golden Gate Bridge set used both a physical set which was extended digitally, and a fully computer-generated model of the bridge that also included the ocean and nearby hills.[22]

text: After shooting the actors playing humans interacting with others wearing the motion capture suits, a clean plate was shot with actors for extra reference. Actor-stuntman Terry Notary guided the actors on realistic ape movement, while Weta studied the chimps in the Wellington Zoo for reference. The digital apes also received detailed models with skeletons, muscles and nerve tissue layers for accurate animation. Cast models of apes' heads and limbs helped the texture department replicate skin details such as wrinkles and pores. Given the difference between human and chimpanzee facial muscles, the animators tweaked the performance through a new facial muscle system adding dynamics, ballistics, and secondary motion. As the silent performance required expressive eyes, a new eye model was made to depict both greater accuracy in muscle movement in and around the eyes, and also tears, pupil dilation, and light refraction.[19][23] While Andy Serkis was the primary performer for Caesar, as the effects team considered that at times "Andy overcame the character," other motion capture team actors were also used, especially Devyn Dalton, whose height matched that of a chimpanzee. Along with that, they used Notary to play Caesar in stunt-filled scenes such as the Golden Gate Bridge scene.[24]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score for the film was written by Patrick Doyle and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by James Shearman.[25] The main concern was to have the music help progress the plot in the scenes without dialogue, for instance, conveying the emotions of Caesar's relationships with Will and Charles. To turn the score into a "driving force that keeps audiences paying attention," Doyle employed an African-American chorus and focused on percussion and "low and deep" orchestra sounds. Doyle collaborated closely with the sound department to make the music complement the sound effects, including writing a recurring theme based on their recording of a chimpanzee.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rise of the Planet of the Apes was well-received by critics upon release. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 81% based on 258 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Led by Rupert Wyatt's stylish direction, some impressive special effects, and a mesmerizing performance by Andy Serkis, Rise of the Planet of the Apes breathes unlikely new life into a long-running franchise."[27] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gave the film a score of 68 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[28]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a "wonderfully executed character" and "one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin, but Serkis and/or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie."[29] Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars, Joe Neumaier of Daily News labelled Rise of the Planet of the Apes as the summer's best popcorn flick.[30] Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice wrote, "Caesar's prison conversion to charismatic pan-ape revolutionist is near-silent filmmaking, with simple and precise images illustrating Caesar's General-like divining of personalities and his organization of a group from chaos to order."[31] Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel wrote, "Audacious, violent and disquieting, "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" is a summer sequel that's better than it has any right to be." He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars.[32] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film by saying, "Precisely the kind of summer diversion that the studios have such a hard time making now. It's good, canny-dumb fun." She also gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars.[33]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed "twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea".[34]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Rise of the Planet of the Apes made its debut in the United States and Canada on roughly 5,400 screens within 3,648 theaters.[35] It grossed $19,534,699 on opening day and $54,806,191 in its entire opening weekend, making it #1 for that weekend as well as the fourth-highest-grossing August opening ever.[36] The film held on to the #1 spot in its second weekend, dropping 49.2%, and grossing $27,832,307.[37] Rise of the Planet of the Apes crossed the $150 million mark in the United States and Canada on its 26th day of release. Entertainment Weekly said that this was quite an accomplishment for the film since the month of August is a difficult time for films to make money.[38]

text: The film ended its run at the box office on December 15, 2011, with a gross of $176,760,185 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $305,040,864 internationally, for a total of $481,801,049 worldwide.[3]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and Digital Copy on December 13, 2011.[39]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

84th Academy Awards

Best Visual Effects

Joe Letteri, Dan Lemmon, R. Christopher White and Daniel Barrett

Nominated

Alliance of Women Film Journalists[40]

Best Supporting Actor

Andy Serkis

Nominated

Annie Awards[41]

Character Animation in a Live Action Production

Eric Reynolds

Won

Broadcast Film Critics Association[42]

Best Supporting Actor

Andy Serkis

Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Won

Best Action Film

Nominated

Empire Awards[43]

Best Film

Nominated

Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Nominated

Best Director

Rupert Wyatt

Nominated

Best Actor

Andy Serkis

Nominated

Genesis Awards

Best Feature Film

Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver

Won

Houston Film Critics Society[44]

Best Supporting Actor

Andy Serkis

Nominated

Technical Achievement

Won

IGN Best of 2011[45]

Best Movie

Nominated

Best Sci-Fi Movie

Won

Best Movie Actor

Andy Serkis (also for The Adventures of Tintin)

Nominated

Best Movie Director

Rupert Wyatt

Nominated

IGN Summer Movie Awards[46]

Best Summer Movie

Nominated

Funniest Line

"Why cookie Rocket?"

Nominated

Best All-Out Brawl

Apes vs. Humans on the Golden Gate Bridge

Nominated

Favorite Kill

Helicopter Pushed Over the Golden Gate Bridge

Nominated

Coolest Creature

Caesar

Won

Favorite Hero

Caesar – Andy Serkis

Won

Las Vegas Film Critics Society[47]

Best Visual Effects

Won

London Film Critics Circle

Technical Achievement

Joe Letteri

Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society

Best Visual Effects

Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society[48]

Best Supporting Actor

Andy Serkis

Nominated

Satellite Awards[49]

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture

Andy Serkis

Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Jeff Capogreco, Joe Letteri, R. Christopher White

Nominated

Saturn Awards[50]

Best Science Fiction Film

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Andy Serkis

Won

Best Director

Rupert Wyatt

Nominated

Best Writing

Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver

Nominated

Best Special Effects

Dan Lemmon, Joe Letteri, R. Christopher White, and Daniel Barrett

Won

Visual Effects Society[51]

Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects-Driven Feature Motion Picture

Dan Lemmon, Joe Letteri, Cyndi Ochs, Kurt Williams

Won

Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture

Caesar – Daniel Barrett, Florian Fernandez, Matthew Muntean, Eric Reynolds

Won

Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture

Thelvin Cabezas, Mike Perry, R. Christopher White, Erik Winquist

Nominated

Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture

Jean-Luc Azzis, Quentin Hema, Simon Jung, Christoph Salzmann

Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association[52]

Best Supporting Actor

Andy Serkis

Nominated

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Regarding the story setting up possible sequels, director Rupert Wyatt commented: "I think we're ending with certain questions, which is quite exciting. To me, I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film, but this is just the beginning."[53] Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise of the Planet of the Apes would feature several clues as to future sequels: "I hope that we're building a platform for future films. We're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth."[8]

text: On May 31, 2012, 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[54] Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film;[55] he was replaced by Cloverfield director Matt Reeves.[56] Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen the screenplay, with rewrites from Scott Z. Burns[57] and Mark Bomback.[16]

text: Taking place ten years after Rise, Dawn follows Caesar's growing nation of evolved apes. Andy Serkis, Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprise their roles as Caesar, Rocket and Maurice.[58] James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a "cameo via video".[59] Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released July 11, 2014.

text: On January 6, 2014, 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback, with a planned July 2016 release.[60][61] In January 2015, Fox delayed the release to July 14, 2017.[62][63] On May 14, 2015, the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes,[64] later re-titled to War for the Planet of the Apes.


document_title: Monocular deprivation

question_text: when one of a kitten's eyes was sewn shut the main changes in the visual system affected the

question_tokens: when one of a kitten 's eyes was sewn shut the main changes in the visual system affected the

text: Monocular deprivation

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Monocular deprivation is an experimental technique used by neuroscientists to study central nervous system plasticity. Generally, one of an animal's eyes is sutured shut during a period of high cortical plasticity (4–5 weeks-old in mice (Gordon 1997)). This manipulation serves as an animal model for amblyopia, a permanent deficit in visual sensation not due to abnormalities in the eye (which occurs, for example, in children who grow up with cataracts - even after cataract removal, they do not see as well as others).

text: Background[edit]

text: David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel (who won the Nobel prize in Physiology for their elucidation of receptive field properties of cells in primary visual cortex) first performed the technique in felines.[1] Cats (or kittens), although less-closely related evolutionarily to humans even than rodents, have a remarkably similar visual system to humans. They found that ocular dominance columns (the orderly clustering of V1 neurons representing visual input from one or both eyes) were dramatically disrupted when one eye was sewn shut for 2 months. In the normal feline, about 85% of cells are responsive to input to both eyes; in the monocularly-deprived animals, no cells receive input from both eyes.[2]

text: This physiological change was paralleled by dramatic anatomical changes. The layers representing the deprived eye in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus are atrophied. In V1, ocular dominance columns representing the open eye are dramatically enlarged, at the expense of cortical surface area representing the sutured eye (Fig. 1 - Effect of monocular deprivation on ocular dominance columns. Light areas represent V1 neurons receiving input from an eye which has been injected with radioactive amino acid. Dark areas represent neurons receiving input from the other, noninjected, eye. Image A represents normal ocular dominance columns; Image B represents ocular dominance columns after monocular deprivation). These results were confirmed in the monkey.

text: In felines and monkeys, the critical period (the period during which deprivation could cause permanent deficits) lasts until about 4 months of age. Depriving an eye, for even a few days, during this period is sufficient to cause major changes in ocular-dominance-column anatomy and physiology.


document_title: Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway

question_text: when does mickey and minnie's runaway railway open

question_tokens: when does mickey and minnie 's runaway railway open

text: Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway

text:
Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway

Disney's Hollywood Studios

Area
Hollywood Boulevard

Coordinates
28°21′22″N 81°33′38″W / 28.356232°N 81.560483°W / 28.356232; -81.560483Coordinates: 28°21′22″N 81°33′38″W / 28.356232°N 81.560483°W / 28.356232; -81.560483

Status
Under construction

Opening date
May 1, 2019

Replaced
The Great Movie Ride

General statistics

Designer
Walt Disney Imagineering

Theme
Mickey Mouse

text: Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway is an upcoming dark ride attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios in the Walt Disney World Resort.[1][2]

text: Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway was first announced at the D23 Expo in July 2017[3] as part of the unveiling of 23 improvements to Disney Parks,[4] including 4 new rides across the theme parks.[5] It will replace The Great Movie Ride, which closed on August 13, 2017.[1][2]

text: The ride will be themed upon the Mickey Mouse shorts shown on Disney Channel, and will be the first Mickey Mouse-themed ride-through attraction in the history of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts.[6][7]

text: Ride experience[edit]

text: At the beginning of the ride, guests will be invited to watch the premiere of a new Mickey Mouse cartoon, in which Mickey and Minnie Mouse prepare for a picnic outing and encounter Goofy conducting a train.[5] According to Imagineer Kevin Rafferty, guests will then pass through a simulated movie screen (as in the 2013 short Get a Horse!) where they will experience a “zippy zany out-of-control adventure”.[1] Guests will then be transported into the cartoon and aboard Goofy's train, which takes them on a wild adventure.[5]

text: The ride features a new technology known as "2 and 1⁄2 D" (3D without glasses) to give depth to a 2D series.[3][8] It will also include more hidden Mickeys than any existing ride.[8][9]


document_title: Country Inns & Suites

question_text: where was the first country inn and suites opened

text: Country Inns & Suites

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Country Inns & Suites" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Country Inns & Suites by Carlson (CI&S) is a hotel brand owned by the Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group, which accommodates both business and leisure travelers. CI&S hotels are mainly independently owned and operated, and franchised under licensing agreements with the Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group.

text: The brand operates more than 1,370 hotels worldwide.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: CI&S opened its first hotel in Burnsville, Minnesota in 1987. The first one was opened next to a kitchen named Country Kitchen (1964–present), which spun off into its own company, CI&S.

text: On August 25, 1989, its headquarters was in Chanhassen, Minnesota, next to Country Kitchen, as a domestic restaurant.

text: In 1991 in Japan, its Japan headquarters is called Country Suites Japan of Tokyo.

text: Between 1995 and 2006 Country Kitchen shut down when it became Country Restaurant in 2006.

text: The portfolio of the Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group includes more than 1,300 hotels in 81 countries and territories, under brands Radisson Blu, Radisson, Park Plaza, Park Inn by Radisson, Country Inns & Suites by Carlson, and Hotel Missoni. The Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group and its brands employ more than 80,000 people.

text: Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group is headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, US, and Brussels, Belgium.