document_title: 12 Strong

question_text: when does 12 strong come out in canada

question_tokens: when does 12 strong come out in canada

text: 12 Strong

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mitch Nelson (Hemsworth), a US Army Captain with Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) 595, is moving into a new home with his wife and daughter on September 11, 2001. Nelson had previously been assigned to staff duty under LtCol Bowers (Riggle) but volunteers to lead ODA 595 into Afghanistan. CWO5 Spencer (Shannon) was scheduled to retire but volunteers for an additional deployment. After leaving their families, ODA 595 travels to Uzbekistan on October 7, 2001. After receiving a brief from 5th Special Forces Group Commander, Col Mullholland (Fichtner), ODA 595 is selected to fight alongside the Northern Alliance leader, Abdul Rashid Dostum.

text: After covertly traveling aboard an MH-47 Chinook, ODA 595 arrives 30 miles south of Mazar-i Sharif, and meets Dostum. Six of the 12 members, led by Nelson, leave with Dostum to the mountains, while the other six remain in a fortified camp nicknamed "The Alamo." Dostum is attempting to capture Mazar-i Sharif, a critical city in northern Afghanistan, from the Taliban. After several battles, Nelson accuses Dostum of acting carelessly with the lives of his men; Dostum replies that Nelson, and America, do not care for the future of Afghanistan, and are unwilling to sacrifice for it. The two reconcile, with Dostum telling Nelson about losing his family in the civil war. The remainder of ODA 595, led by Spencer, travels to the mountains to support the Northern Alliance. After several tactical victories, Dostum is making significant progress towards Mazar-i Sharif. Nelson reveals to Dostum that ODA 555 is supporting Atta Muhammad, anothern Northern Alliance leader who is Dostum's political rival. Enraged, Dostum and his men abandon ODA 595.

text: Following Dostum's departure, Nelson plans to hinder Taliban supply lines to allow Atta Muhammad to capture Mazar-i Sharif. Encountering heavy resistance, ODA 595 struggles to destroy Taliban weapons; Spencer is critically injured by a suicide bomber. Dostum returns, and the combined forces repel the Taliban forces, and kill their leader. After Spencer is medevaced, Dostum and Atta Muhammad peacefully meet in a captured Mazar-i Sharif. Spencer survives, and ODA 595 returns home after spending 23 days in Afghanistan.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Hemsworth as Captain Mitch Nelson, team commander, inspired by Mark Nutsch.[5]
Michael Shannon[6] as Chief Warrant Officer 5 Hal Spencer, assistant team leader, inspired by Bob Pennington.[7]
Michael Peña[8] as Sergeant First Class Sam Diller, team intelligence sergeant.
Navid Negahban as General Abdul Rashid Dostum,[9] the leader of the Alliance and later Vice President of Afghanistan
Trevante Rhodes[10] as Sergeant First Class Ben Milo, one of the members of Mitch's team
Geoff Stults as Sean Coffers, one of the members of Mitch's team
Thad Luckinbill as Vern Michaels, one of the members of Mitch's team
William Fichtner as Colonel John Mulholland, 5th Special Forces Group Commander
Rob Riggle as Lieutenant Colonel Max Bowers,[11] Commander of 3rd Battalion, 5th Special Forces Group
Elsa Pataky[12] as Jean Nelson, Mitch’s wife and Maddy’s mother
Austin Stowell as Staff Sergeant Fred Falls,[13] an American soldier on the team.
Ben O'Toole as Scott Black,[14] one of the members of Mitch's team
Austin Hébert as Master Sergeant Pat Essex[15]
Kenneth Miller as Kenny Jackson, one of the members of Mitch's team
Kenny Sheard as Sergeant First Class Bill Bennett, one of the members of Mitch's team
Jack Kesy as Charles Jones, one of the members of Mitch's team
Numan Acar as Mullah Razzan, Taliban military leader
Ali Olomi as Afghan Man
Fahim Fazli as Commander Khaled,[16] one of the soldiers of Afghanistan's Northern Alliance

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On December 2, 2011, it was announced that producer Jerry Bruckheimer had taken out the script by Ted Tally and rewritten by Peter Craig with Nicolai Fuglsig attached to direct, which was bought by Walt Disney Pictures in 2009 for Bruckheimer, based on Doug Stanton's non-fiction book Horse Soldiers.[17] On March 29, 2016, Deadline reported that Bruckheimer had officially hired Fuglsig to make his feature film directorial debut, which would be co-financed and produced by Molly Smith, Trent Luckinbill and Thad Luckinbill through Black Label Media, along with Bruckheimer's Jerry Bruckheimer Films.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On September 30, 2016, Chris Hemsworth and Michael Shannon were cast in the film, and later on November 1, Michael Peña also joined the film.[6][8] On November 3, 2016, Trevante Rhodes was cast in the film.[10] On November 14, 2016, Austin Stowell was cast in the film to play Staff Sergeant Fred Falls, an American soldier on the elite U.S. Special Forces team.[13] Lionsgate would handle the film's distribution.[13] On November 15, 2016, Austin Hébert was cast to play SFC Pat Essex, the intellectual and engineer of the team, and the same day it was reported that Ben O'Toole had also been cast for an unspecified role.[15][14] On November 17, 2016, Variety reported that Navid Negahban was cast to play General Abdul Rashid Dostum in the film.[9] Elsa Pataky was revealed to be appearing in the film in December 2016, while on February 3, 2017, Deadline reported that Rob Riggle joined the film to play Army Lieutenant Colonel, Max Bowers, whom he actually served under while Riggle was a Marine Captain.[12][11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in early January 2017 in New Mexico.[12] Mines near Orogrande, New Mexico, were used. Later the shooting took place in Socorro, where it ended on January 26 after eight days of filming.[19][20] The film was also shot in Alamogordo, using the White Sands National Monument as shooting location.[21][22] The scenes involving military encampments were filmed using 20 structures leased from AKS Military, a private manufacturer of military shelters.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of March 23, 2018[update], 12 Strong has grossed $45.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $16.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $62.4 million, against a production budget of $35 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, 12 Strong was released on January 19, 2018 alongside Den of Thieves and Forever My Girl, as well as the wide expansions of Phantom Thread, I, Tonya and Call Me by Your Name, and was projected to gross $15–20 million from 3,002 theaters in its opening weekend.[3] It ended up debuting to $16.5 million, similar to the $16.1 million that war film 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi opened to in January 2016, and finished second at the box office behind Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. According to ComScore, 55% of the opening weekend audience was male, with 79% being over the age of 25.[24] The following week dropped 45% to $8.6 million, finishing 6th at the box office.[25]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 54% based on 140 reviews, and an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "12 Strong has a solid cast, honorable intentions, and a thrilling, fact-based story — all of which are occasionally enough to balance a disappointing lack of depth or nuance."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on reviews from 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 81% overall positive score.[24]

text: Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "...with a running time of two hours and 10 minutes, 12 Strong has at least 20 minutes of scenes that are either unnecessary or repetitive...[it] winds up being an almost-good film about some great American soldiers."[28] Matt Bobkin of Exclaim! gave the film a 4 out of 10, calling it "a lazy attempt at injecting something fresh into the 9/11 narrative."[29]

text: The Smoke Room's David Hookstead gave the film a 7.5/10, and wrote, "The cinematography is nothing short of incredible. The action scenes are shot in a way that makes you feel like you’re right there in them. The crack of the rifles and the explosions feel incredibly close and real for the audience. The camera shots of the helicopters dropping in the 12 soldiers and picking them up on their way out are both awesome."[30]

text: Related links[edit]

text:
5th Special Forces Group
America's Response Monument


document_title: Casey Hughes

question_text: who played casey on as the world turns

question_tokens: who played casey on as the world turns

root

text: Casey Hughes

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Casey Hughes

Billy Magnussen as Casey Hughes

As the World Turns character

Portrayed by

Cruise Russo (1991–99)
Joseph Cross (1999–2004)
Ian Boyd (2004)
Peter Vack (2004)
Zach Roerig (2005–07)
Scott Porter (2006; temp.)
Billy Magnussen (2008–10)

Duration
1991–2010

First appearance
February 1991

Last appearance
September 17, 2010

Created by
Douglas Marland

Introduced by
Laurence Caso

Classification
Final, regular

Profile

Occupation

Janitor
Barman
Personal Assistant
Disc jockey

Residence

Carbondale, Illinois

Zach Roerig as Casey Hughes

[show]Family

Parents

Tom Hughes
Margo Montgomery Hughes

Siblings

Lien Hughes
Adam Munson
Daniel Hughes

Spouse
Emily Stewart (2008)

Children
Billy Norbeck

Grandparents

Bob Hughes
Lisa Grimaldi
John Dixon
Lyla Montgomery

Aunts and uncles

Frannie Hughes
Sabrina Hughes
Christopher Hughes II
Scott Eldridge
Chuckie Shea
Duke Kramer
Andy Dixon
M.J. Dixon
Johnny Dixon
Craig Montgomery
Cricket Montgomery Ross
Katie Peretti

First cousins

Hope Dixon
Bryant Montgomery
Lucy Montgomery
Johnny Montgomery
Billy Ross
Suzie Ross

text: Casey Robert Hughes is a fictional character on the soap opera As the World Turns. He is the only child of Margo Montgomery and Tom Hughes. He was last played by Zach Roerig from January 18, 2005 to May 2, 2007. From January 29, 2008 to the series' last episode on September 17, 2010, newcomer Billy Magnussen played the role.

tag: p

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Casey Robert Hughes, is the only son of Tom and Margo, born on Valentine's Day in 1991 and named after Casey Peretti, Margo's late stepfather, to whom she was very close and Tom's father Bob Hughes.[1] Casey was always a quiet, well-behaved boy who had a good relationship with his parents, and hated it whenever they fought. When he found out that his mother had an affair with a former football player, Doc Reese, Casey decided to go live with his father. Tom forced Casey to talk with his mother, however, and he had to live at home again. Soon after, his parents got back together again.

text: At age 16, Casey met a girl named Celia Ortega and despite her brother's arguments, the two started to date. Despite the fact that Casey loved being with Celia, he started to freak out whenever she was around the new waitress Gwen Norbeck. After a couple of months, Casey and Gwen had a one-night stand at a party and Casey was embarrassed by it because Celia always talked about marrying as a virgin. Things changed when Gwen turned out to be pregnant with Casey's child. Knowing this would hurt Celia, who he had a secret crush on, Casey's best friend, William Munson said he was the baby's father. Casey was shaken when Celia broke up with him and started a relationship with Will. However, only after a few weeks, Celia left Oakdale to be with her family in Montega.

text: Though the girl they both had a crush on had left town, a war was already started between the two. Will hinted to Casey that he was the father, and was angry Casey was lying about it. Casey, however, acted like nothing was going on and told the entire neighborhood that Gwen was a cheap girl who slept with everyone. After Gwen gave birth to her son at the hospital, her baby was given to Rosanna Cabot and Craig Montgomery, who she had chosen to adopt her son. However, Rosanna was in a car accident and slipped into a coma, while Craig was in jail for causing the accident. Rosanna's sister Carly Tenney-Snyder took custody over the boy, Rory Cabot, but that wasn't what Gwen wanted. In order to get him back, she had to prove to be stable enough and to give a father's name. She pointed out that Casey was the father and a paternity test was administered.

text: Margo and Tom both asked their son if he was the father. Convinced that Will was, but scared that he might be the father, Casey told them he wasn't the father; he never even slept with Gwen. Margo took him for his word, but Tom doubted his answer. However, in court, the results came back negative and showed that Casey was not the father. Confused with the results, but happy that he was "right" all along, Casey was cleared by the court. Casey told Gwen and Will that they ruined his life and that Will wasn't his friend anymore.

text: Casey was left alone by them, giving him his normal life back. However, Casey changed into a completely different person, dating one girl after another. He then met Madeline "Maddie" Coleman, who had just arrived in Oakdale. Both couldn't stand each other and were shocked to learn that Maddie was going to live with them. In the following weeks, Casey and Maddie tried to avoid each other as much as possible. However, when Maddie got into trouble with her boss, B.J. Green, Casey helped her, which ended in exposing the kidnapping of Henry Coleman, Maddie's older brother. After spending so much time together, Casey and Maddie became really close, though their moments were often ruined by bad timing and the wrong words.

text: Then, the truth about Gwen's baby finally came out, which was that Gwen's baby was switched at the hospital with Jennifer Munson's baby. Casey's paternity test was negative because the wrong baby was tested; Casey was in fact the father of Gwen's baby. Unfortunately, Casey and Gwen's baby died at the hospital on the night he was born. Tom, and mostly Margo, were disappointed by their son and his lies. They punished him by not letting him go to college in a different state, forcing him to stay at local college "Oakdale Latin". Maddie revealed that she would miss him if he had gone to another state. In a moment of spontaneity, Casey kissed her, but Maddie refused his advances.

text: When Casey discovered that Maddie was helping Will and Gwen, who were running from the cops due to a crime they didn't commit, Casey helped her once again. After their names were cleared, Casey rebuilt his friendship with Will and Gwen. At the police station, Maddie and Casey almost shared a kiss, but were interrupted by Margo. Later at "Java" they became close again, but, again, were interrupted by Margo. The same day, they finally kissed, giving into their feelings. However, Margo caught them some days later, making out on the couch. Margo reminded her son what happened the last time he was "making out", while Casey tried to convince his mom they were just kissing. After Margo caught them a second time, she told Maddie to leave the house, unable to accept that Casey has a relationship with the girl who lived under her roof, talking Casey's grandmother Lisa Grimaldi into taking Maddie in at the Lakeview. Around that time, Lisa informed Casey and Maddie that she was opening a teen-oriented nightclub, Crash, and wanted to offer Casey a position there as D.J. (She also asked Gwen to perform there on opening night.)

text: Meanwhile, Casey and Maddie kept seeing each other. When Casey and Maddie ended up on the bed, Maddie became quiet and shut down, unable to tell Casey why. She even broke up with him. Casey was heartbroken but wanted to show Maddie he was over her, so he started dating Lia McDermott again, an old girlfriend. The next day, Lia was found dead in a shower cabin, stabbed to death with a knife. Everyone pointed Maddie out as the suspect and she was arrested. Her brother Henry and sister Eve arrived at the station to clear her name and Maddie was released. When Maddie's ex-boyfriend Nate was found dead as well, Maddie was taken by the cops again, this time to their cell beneath the Oakdale PD. Maddie was shocked to learn that her own sister, Eve, thought she might be guilty. However, more teenagers were killed, clearing Maddie's name since she had no connection to any of them. Casey realized that someone was after all of them and went to the woods, where a few cabins were rented for vacation. Along with Gwen and other friends, Casey was trying to leave everything in Oakdale behind. However, the killer had followed them, killing more teens. After everyone split up and ran for their lives, Maddie's sister was revealed to be the killer.

text: In the hospital, Maddie told Casey why she was so scared to make love to him; she was raped once by someone she thought to be her friend. Casey was hurt by Maddie's tears and touched by her confession that she loved him. Casey told her that he loved her back and they renewed their relationship. Everything was going great between Maddie and Casey, until Casey and Will's older brother Adam Munson came to town. Adam had become a music producer, offering Gwen a chance to make some demos. Despite Gwen's relationship with Adam's brother Will, Adam fell in love with her. When Casey gambled on the internet and had a major debt to pay, Casey stole Will's trust fund in order to pay. Adam framed Will for the theft, so he had to go to jail and Adam could have Gwen all to himself. His plan backfired when Casey confessed that he had stolen stocks belonging to Will from the safe at Crash to pay off a gambling debt. He was arrested by Jack Snyder. As a minor and the son of a cop, Casey was released with bail and could go back home, as long as he didn't leave Oakdale until his trial was over.

text: That same night, Adam was forced by his two brothers to leave Oakdale, a chance to escape jail time. Adam called Gwen, begging her to come to the forest to say goodbye. There, he confessed his love and tried to kiss her, when he was suddenly hit from behind by Maddie, who thought he tried to rape her. Scared that they killed him, Gwen and Maddie dug a grave and buried Adam, unaware that he was still alive. The next couple of days, both Maddie and Gwen were stalked by someone. To escape their fate in jail, Gwen, Maddie and Will planned to leave Oakdale and Casey decided to come along to be near Maddie. Adam turned out to be alive and locked Casey and Will in a cabin and knocked Maddie unconscious. He tried to rape Gwen, but he stopped by Casey and Will, who were able to break free. Gwen and Casey stopped Will from killing Adam. Casey and Will told their brother Adam to leave and never return again. In the cabin, more than a year after they met, Casey and Maddie finally made love for the first time, after she confessed that it was her sister's husband who raped her.

text: Back in Oakdale, Casey was taken into custody immediately, as he was not supposed to leave Oakdale while out on bail. Casey's trial was moved up and the jury sentenced him to six months in jail. Casey and Maddie promised to write and call each other every week and Casey was taken to jail.

text: In the following weeks, Maddie and Casey wrote to each other and sent videos to their cell phones. However, three months after Casey was taken to jail, he told Maddie that he was not good enough for her so she should move on. Maddie was heartbroken and in a painful moment, she slept with the new WOAK intern, Noah Mayer. Maddie felt guilty because of Casey, but was unaware that she was also hurting her best friend Luke Snyder, who was in love with Noah. Noah told Maddie he would like to see her again and in a desperate decision to move on with her life, Maddie started dating Noah.

text: Casey was released early from jail, where he had a rough time. He visited his grandfather Bob and went to see Gwen and Will and their baby Hallie. Soon after his release, Casey's grandmother, Lisa thrilled that he had been released, and aware of his potential difficulties in finding a job due to his prison record, gave him a job as a bartender at the Lakeview.

text: Casey then unwillingly pretended to be Luke Snyder's boyfriend, in a bid to keep Ameera Ali Aziz in the United States. Casey had a crush on Ameera but her visa was out of date, so she married Luke's boyfriend, Noah Mayer. Homeland security became suspicious when they found Casey and Ameera hanging out together, so Luke pretended that Casey was gay. After finding out that Ameera had feelings for Noah, Casey decided to stop playing along with the charade and told Luke about Ameera's true feelings. Casey was fired from the Lakeview for being late. After hanging out around the house for a while, Casey got offered the job of being Emily Stewart's personal assistant, of which Margo disapproved. Not long after starting at the Intruder, Casey was held captive with Emily in her office by a judge wanting revenge for an article Emily had published. Luckily, Casey managed to stay cool and keep the judge from hurting anyone. Margo voiced her disapproval, so Emily fired Casey. After a run-in with Margo, Emily confronted Tom and told him to make Margo back off. Tom managed to get Margo to accept Casey's choices. Casey convinced Emily to rehire him.

text: Shortly thereafter, Casey confessed to Emily that while he had worked at the Lakeview he had stolen money from the register to pay off the guard who had arranged for his early release from prison (resulting in another bartender's having been blamed for the theft and fired). Emily convinced Casey to confess to his grandmother that it was in fact he who took the money. Lisa was devastated to learn that her grandson had yet again stolen from her, and torn over not wanting to keep the news from Tom and Margo, knowing Margo, as a cop, would need to arrest Casey for violating the terms of his parole. In the end she did tell Tom and Margo. Margo decided not to have Casey arrested, but under the stipulation that he stop seeing Emily, and that he enroll in college.

text: Soon, there were sexual tensions between Casey and Emily, after he had seen her naked in her office. They had sex, which they continued to have, despite fearing someone might find out. After a while, their feelings grew deeper and admitting their love for each other. When Margo found out, she was outraged and demanded Emily to stay away from her son. This only brought the two of them closer and in a moment of spontaneity, Emily asked Casey to marry her. They did, but soon after they came back to Oakdale, Emily had no memory of the proposal or the ceremony and wondered what had gotten into her. She dumped Casey, who was shaken by this. Not much later, they got back together, but then Emily collapsed in front of Margo and she was taken to the hospital. While being there, Casey suddenly had a psychotic episode and was admitted to the hospital as well. More patients, such as Meg Ryan, Alison Stewart and Chris Hughes were admitted as well and a plaque was discovered. Chris found out someone was poisoning them, and it brought out different kinds of emotions in everyone. Casey got very aggressive every time he wanted something. When he asked for a nurse to bring his wife with him, she refused, to which Casey became very outraged and tried to kill the nurse. Margo, at that point, had realized Casey truly loved Emily, and brought Emily to Casey's bed, where not much later, Tom had given his blessings for their marriage.

text: After the antidote for the poison was found and injected, everyone was discharged from the hospital and Emily wanted an annulment. Casey refused, but Emily insisted, saying she wanted a relationship, not a marriage. These were the first fractures in their relationship. Casey agreed to go ahead with the annulment, but admitted to his parents he loved being married to Emily. A couple of weeks later, the subject "children" coincidentally came up and Casey admitted he would love to have children and he wanted Emily to be their mother. Emily got scared and said she needed to think. However, the next day, Casey discovered she had gone to the hospital to sterilize herself and therefore wouldn't be able to have kids anymore. Casey was outraged that she made this decision without him and when Emily went through with the procedure anyway, he broke up with her. Emily believed they would be all right soon again, but it changed when presumed dead Dusty Donovan returned to town, with whom she had a short fling before his so-called death. They picked of where they left off, exactly three days after she and Casey broke up.

text: Casey was devastated by this, but tried to get on with his life. He started to hang out more again with Luke and Noah and Emily's sister Ali joined them as well, in the campaign Luke had at his school. Casey now spends more time with Ali, who was recently divorced, and he is slowly starting to move on again with his life, accepting he and Emily weren't right for each other.

text: Casey becomes Luke's campaign manager when he runs for student government president. He makes it clear that he's not above using underhanded tactics in order to win, including using Alison as a spy for the other side. When Alison's deception is discovered, she's kidnapped by masked men on Halloween, taken to a dorm room and forced to strip as they videotape her. Casey comes to her rescue, attacking Mark, the man they believe to be the main perpetrator. As a result, Casey is arrested, although he avoids charges and is released after having spent the night in prison. However, he soon finds out he's suspended from school for the assault.

text: On the final election day, Casey stuffs the ballot box so that Luke wins. Noah has a crisis of conscious and tells the dean that Luke cheated, and Luke is expelled from college. Casey reprimands Noah, then confesses his crime to the dean, claiming that he acted alone and that Luke did nothing wrong. The dean then expels Casey as well.

text: Casey is afraid of telling his parents and puts it off for a while. Alison shows up at his house to help him search for jobs. Casey admits that he has no idea what to do with his life, and Ali tries to help him figure it out. She tells him to picture himself doing something that excites him, then make his move. Casey tries to kiss her. Alison pulls away and says she values their friendship and doesn't want to take it any further.

text: On Thanksgiving, Casey persuades Alison to help him break the news of his expulsion to his parents. Alison does help explain the situation to Margo and Tom, who are more disappointed than angry. Emily shows up to spend Thanksgiving with the Hughes and flirts with Casey, saying that she still cares about him. By this time Casey has gotten over her. Emily then leaves and the Hughes and Alison enjoy a happy Thanksgiving dinner despite the circumstances.

text: Later Tom puts his foot down and tells Casey to either get a job or move out. Casey gets a job as a janitor at the hospital where Alison works. Alison is given the assignment of looking after a college student who overdosed on drugs, and is horrified to realize that it's Mark, the man who kidnapped and sexually harassed her. Mark has a psychotic episode and escapes to the hospital roof, planning to jump. Alison and Casey are tempted to let him jump, but Casey manages to save him. Alison is moved by his efforts and the two grow closer as a result of the incident.

text: Casey's world is turned upside down when an unexpected guest arrives at his home; Maddie. She's back for the holidays and though Casey seems glad to see her, he has no idea what to do. While they're talking, Alison arrives in order to drive him to work. Maddie, clearly jealous of them, leaves immediately. Casey is hesitant to give his relationship with Maddie another chance, but Alison convinces him to try it. Casey sets up a date with Maddie, thinking they're going out, but it turns out Maddie prefers to stay in. When she pressures Casey to have sex with her, Casey points out that they haven't seen each other for two years and need more time to get better acquainted. Maddie reluctantly agrees and they plan a date for New Year's.

text: Meanwhile, Alison receives a text message from Lucy Montgomery, who's back in Oakdale in search of a bone marrow transplant for her brother Johnny. Alison agrees to test possible donors secretly. She reserves a room at the Lakeview for Lucy and Johnny under her name. She arrives at the Hughes' house to get a sample from Casey, where he tells her of his plans for his New Year's Eve date with Maddie. Alison, clearly jealous, claims that she has a date for New Year's Eve as well, with a man she works with.

text: On New Year's Eve, while Lucy and Johnny are out for a walk, Alison is alone in the Lakeview room. Casey, who plans to meet Maddie later, sees her enter the Lakeview and follows her upstairs, wanting to know the truth about her plans for New Year's Eve. He doesn't believe Alison when she says she got the hotel room for her and her date. Finally, out of frustration, she says she got the room in the hopes that Casey would want to spend the night with her. When Casey doesn't believe her, she kisses him to convince him it's true. They end up on the bed with Casey naked and Alison in her underwear, but she pulls away and gets out of bed before they can have sex. She says she doesn't want to sleep with him while lying to him. Casey expresses disappointment that she's keeping secrets from him but is understanding and doesn't pressure her. Alison promises to tell him the truth when the time is right, and they part amiably.

text: Maddie, who had to stop at her brother Henry's hotel room to get her cell phone, hears Casey and Alison together in the room. She later meets Casey downstairs and, crying, tells him she knows he's sleeping with Alison.

text: Days later, Casey hypnotizes Maddie at Al's Diner and then tries to convince her that nothing happened between him and Alison. Maddie is angry and irrational and refuses to hear it, convinced that Casey has a thing for Alison. Later Casey meets Alison at the park and tells her that him and Maddie aren't right for each other because he's not good enough for her. He also expresses a desire to start a relationship with Ali. Alison is afraid of having a relationship with Casey and insists that he gets back together with Maddie. She approaches Maddie outside Al's Diner and tells her she and Casey are just friends. Maddie is not convinced and walks away. Alison then tells Casey that what happened on New Year's Eve meant nothing. Casey is clearly hurt by this but lets it go.

text: Later Alison and Casey scheme to get their broken-up friends, Luke and Noah, back together. Alison approaches Luke and claims that she's unsure whether Casey likes her as more than a friend, then asks him to speak to Casey for her and find out. Casey approaches Noah with the same issue, and they lure the couple to the hospital's roof and lock them out. While they're waiting for Luke and Noah to reconcile, Casey reveals some acquired maturity, claiming that he's seeking a substantial relationship rather than a brief fling. Alison responds skeptically but is intrigued by this change of attitude and shows more willingness to take a chance with him. When Casey and Jade Taylor plan to get Luke and Noah back together, Alison witnesses the two laughing together and assumes Casey likes her, and starts giving him the cold shoulder.


document_title: Maddie Ziegler

question_text: how old is the girl in sia new video

question_tokens: how old is the girl in sia new video

text: Maddie Ziegler

text: Early life

text: Ziegler was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Melissa Ziegler-Gisoni and Kurt Ziegler, who owned a mortgage company.[5] She is of Polish, German and Italian descent.[6] Her parents divorced in 2011,[7] and her mother married Greg Gisoni in 2013.[8] Ziegler began taking dance lessons at age two and joined the Abby Lee Dance Company at age four, where she trained in tap, ballet, lyrical, contemporary, acro, jazz and aerial dance.[6] Ziegler has a younger sister, Mackenzie, a dancer and singer who appeared with her on Dance Moms,[9] two older half-brothers from her father's previous marriage, and two older step-siblings from the previous marriage of her step-father, Greg Gisoni, a vice-president at Westinghouse Electric Company.[5][10]

text: Ziegler attended Sloan Elementary School until 2013, when she left to be homeschooled.[11] Ziegler and her family have long lived in Murrysville, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh,[12] and also spend part of their time in Los Angeles.[13]

text: Career

text: Dance Moms and music videos

text: With Abby Lee Dance Company, Ziegler won numerous titles at regional, state and national dance competitions,[14] including the 2014 Dancers Choice Award for Favorite Dancer 17 & Under.[15] In 2010, Ziegler performed for Paula Abdul's reality television program Live to Dance, but the program was canceled before her performance aired.[16] In 2011, eight-year-old Ziegler and her mother appeared on the first season of Lifetime's Dance Moms,[17] a reality show about the young dancers on Abby Lee Miller's Abby Lee Dance Company Elite Competition Team and their often quarrelsome mothers.[2][18] Ziegler "emerged as the preternaturally polished standout on six seasons" on the show,[19] where she continued to appear alongside her mother and younger sister, Mackenzie,[20] until 2016, their last season on the show.[21][22] In 2013, Ziegler made guest appearances on a spin-off program, Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition.[23] Dance Moms helped to make Ziegler "one of the most famous dancers in the entertainment world currently. ... [She inspires] other dancers to pursue their dreams with originality and grace."[17]

text: Ziegler has appeared in music videos for such artists as Alexx Calise, Sia and Todrick Hall.[24][25] She gained wide notice, at the age of 11, by starring in the 2014 video for "Chandelier" by Sia, who discovered her on Dance Moms.[19] The video won the ARIA Music Award for Best Video[26] and received nominations at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year and Best Choreography, winning the latter.[27] It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Music Video in 2015.[28] It has received more than 1.6 billion views on YouTube, and it was, at one point, the 13th most viewed YouTube video of all time.[29] Ziegler said of the choreography: "It was really different and weird for me, because I usually don't, you know, be a crazy person every time. It was so fun to do and it was really out of the box and it expanded me a lot, because I'm used to competition dances where you're like, Point your legs! But this time it was like, you just need to let go and feel it."[30]

text: In 2015, Ziegler starred with Shia LaBeouf in "Elastic Heart", another Sia video, which has accumulated more than 800 million YouTube views.[31] Later that year, Ziegler starred in the music video for "Big Girls Cry" to complete her trilogy of videos from Sia's album 1000 Forms of Fear.[32] Ziegler danced to Sia's vocals on several television shows in 2014 and 2015, including The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Dancing with the Stars, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Saturday Night Live, as well as at the Hollywood Bowl.[33][34] By the end of 2015, Ziegler had performed with Sia on the Ellen DeGeneres Show three times.[35] She also performed to "Chandelier", alongside Sia and Kristen Wiig, at the 2015 Grammy Awards.[36] The "Chandelier" and "Elastic Heart" videos were both selected as part of PopSugar's 2016 list of "25 of the Best Dance Videos of the Last Decade".[37] In 2016, Ziegler starred in a fourth Sia video, "Cheap Thrills", from the album This Is Acting.[38] A Teen Vogue reviewer wrote that Ziegler "delivers another powerful performance".[39] This was followed by a fifth Sia video, later that year, for "The Greatest".[40][41] Reviewing Ziegler's performance, Kathleen Hildebrand wrote in Süddeutsche Zeitung that anyone who has seen Ziegler's "iconic" movement will never again return to "boringly ordinary" MTV videos.[42]

text: Other activities, 2012–present

text: Acting

text: In 2012, Ziegler landed her first professional acting job, portraying the character Young Deb on an episode of the Lifetime series Drop Dead Diva.[43] In 2014, Ziegler appeared as a guest star in Episode 34 of HitStreak Summer, a made-for-mobile series.[44] She continued her acting career in 2015 with guest spots on the Disney Channel series Austin & Ally and ABC Family's Pretty Little Liars.[45][46] In January 2016, she guest starred in the episode "Ballet and the Beasts" on Nickelodeon's Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn.[47] She returned to Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn in January 2017 in the episode "Keeping Up with the Quadashians".[48]

text: Ziegler voiced the character Camille in the animated film, Ballerina (2016), released in the US in 2017 as Leap!,[49] and played Christina in the feature film The Book of Henry (2017).[50] Ziegler expects to do more acting. She told Hunger magazine in 2016: "I don’t want to always be seen as a reality TV person. I want people to see that there's more that I can do. ... [T]his year acting is going to be my focus."[18] Colin Trevorrow, the director of The Book of Henry, told Entertainment Weekly that Ziegler "is extraordinarily capable. ... She finds whatever emotion she needs to dial in very quickly. No one taught her how to do that she just knows."[51] A reviewer for Santa Monica Daily Press wrote that, in The Book of Henry, "Ziegler ... does a wonderful job with a character forced to hide her pain".[52][53]

text: Modelling, endorsements and fashion

text: Ziegler has modeled for, or represented, such brands as Clean & Clear,[54] Capezio,[55][56] including their Betsey Johnson line,[57] Target[58] and Ralph Lauren.[59] She has also been featured on numerous magazine covers and in fashion editorials[60] for Kode,[61] Schön! Magazine,[62] Elle, Dance Spirit, Nylon,[63] Vs.,[64] Seventeen,[65] Harper's Bazaar,[66] People,[67] Dazed,[68] Cosmopolitan,[69] i-D,[2] Billboard,[25] Teen Vogue,[70] Stella,[71] Maniac,[72] Vanity Fair Italia,[73] Flaunt,[74] Paper[75] and Galore.[76]

text: In 2014, Ziegler and her sister Mackenzie released a fashion line, The Maddie & Mackenzie Collection, through Mod Angel.[77] At the 2015 New York Fashion Week, Ziegler acted as a correspondent for Elle.[78] She launched an eponymous 30-piece casual fashion line for girls and juniors, in October 2016, including tops, dresses, jackets and other items.[79][80] In 2017, Ziegler appeared as a guest judge in an episode of Project Runway.[81]

text: Dancing and dance judging

text: Ziegler appeared as the featured dancer in the ABC TV special The Wonderful World of Disney: Disneyland 60 in February 2016, during the song "Part of Your World", sung by Kelsea Ballerini and choreographed by Travis Wall.[82] A Huffington Post reporter called the number "stunning and graceful".[83] In April 2016, six of her pre-taped performances were projected onto the big screens during Sia's Coachella set,[84] and Ziegler appeared live with Sia at YouTube's Brandcast event in New York City.[85] In May 2016, Ziegler appeared on the season finale of The Voice with Sia, dancing to "Cheap Thrills".[86] The following month, she starred in another Todrick Hall video, "Taylor in Wonderland", based on Alice in Wonderland, dancing to a mash-up of Taylor Swift songs.[87] Also in June, Ziegler joined Fox's So You Think You Can Dance: The Next Generation, a television competition for dancers, ages 8 to 14, where she was one of the judges and a guest performer,[88] and danced at Sia's concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado.[89] In September 2016, Ziegler performed with Sia at the launch of Apple's iPhone 7[90] and at the iHeartRadio Music Festival.[91]

text: She joined Sia on the singer's "Nostalgic for the Present Tour" from September to November 2016.[92] Ziegler and her sister conducted a dance workshop tour of Australia in January 2017.[93] In March 2017, Ziegler performed at the Dubai World Cup with Sia.[94] In September, Ziegler danced to Sia's song "Rainbow", from the soundtrack to My Little Pony: The Movie", dressed in a wig and black outfit that resembled the look of Sia's character in the film.[95] She is set to perform again with Sia in Australasia in November and December 2017.[96]

text: Writing and social media

text: Ziegler wrote the foreword to Abby Lee Miller's 2014 memoir, Everything I Learned about Life, I Learned in Dance Class.[97] Ziegler interviewed her friend Millie Bobby Brown for a cover article in the November 2016 issue of Interview magazine.[98] She released her own memoir, The Maddie Diaries, in 2017,[99] which became a New York Times Best Seller.[100] Ziegler is writing a trilogy of novels for middle-grade readers with volumes scheduled to be published in 2017, 2018 and 2019. The series centers on a 12-year-old dancer, Harper, whose family relocates to a new state. Harper must negotiate pre-teen challenges, like making new friends, while earning her place on a competitive dance team.[101][102] The first novel, titled The Audition, is set for release in October 2017.[103]

text: Ziegler has an active social media presence, with more than 10 million Instagram followers,[4] over 1.2 million Twitter followers[104] and over 1 million followers on Facebook.[105] Videos of her dancing have accumulated more than 3.5 billion total views on YouTube.[106] Her YouTube channel has more than one million subscribers.[107]

text: Philanthropy

text: In 2012, Ziegler, along with her mother and sister, partnered with Starlight Children's Foundation to help raise awareness for chronically ill youth.[108][109] In 2016, Ziegler and her sister made a public service announcement for DoSomething.org's Birthday Mail campaign, which enables people to send homemade birthday cards to children living in homeless shelters.[110] The same organization placed the Ziegler sisters on their 2016 list of charitable young celebrities.[111] Ziegler also performed with Travis Wall at Nigel Lythgoe's Dizzy Feet Foundation gala in 2016 to raise funds for dance education programs for low-income children and scholarships for talented students at dance schools in the U.S.[112] Ziegler has also partnered with Dancers Against Cancer, appearing in public service announcements to raise awareness and funding for people battling cancer.[113][114]

text: Reputation and accolades

text: In Billboard magazine, music writer Jason Lipshutz, called Ziegler's work in "Chandelier" "a dazzling dance performance".[115] The Guardian commented that she "dances with such impressive flexibility".[116] Rolling Stone thought that her "crisp moves and theatrical mugging were a great fit for Ryan Heffington's imaginative choreography" and praised her "charisma that makes this video mesmerizing: Her dancing makes your memory tingle".[117] Dazed magazine wrote that "Ziegler interprets the song's lyrics into something that is deranged, isolated, manic and profound."[68] People magazine called her "a super-human graceful alien sent from Planet Talented to make us mere mortals look really clumsy".[67] A 2015 feature in The Huffington Post praised Ziegler's artistry:

text: Her ... jétés and pirouettes juxtapose self-containment with a sort of reckless abandon. But it is her face ... that truly captivates her audience thanks to the tantalizing allure of catharsis through art. [Ziegler's] work ethic, not to mention her evident love for the art, has made her relentlessly relevant. She has something to say with her performances, whether in a music video for Sia or in a solo at nationals. Her technique is lovely, especially for a 12-year-old. She has stretched knees, pointed feet, and arms that float on clouds, her fingers perfectly placed. But still more important is her virtuosity, her connection with the public. She tells a narrative that resonates with the viewer, whether portraying a scorned lover or a werewolf. This maturity is astounding for a preteen – she just gets it. She's meant to perform, meant to communicate with people. She has defied the odds of Generation Z's competitive, egocentric mentality to make her career about the work, not the celebrity.[118]

text: Ballet choreographer Troy Schumacher told New York magazine in 2016: "She has, fascinatingly, really created her own world of dance. When we talk about great dancers, it's definitely a persona that leaves a lasting impression – it's not necessarily the most technically perfect dancer. She's only 13, but there's a strong sense of personality that comes through in her movement that is somewhat iconic."[19] Lipshutz wrote that Ziegler's live participation made Sia's 2016 Nostalgic for the Present Tour "arguably the most anticipated major tour of the entire year (Adele aside). ... Because she's that good as a live performer. ... Ziegler's presence transforms a staged affair into a live one, and a great lineup into an indispensable arena experience."[119] Leslie Ventura of Las Vegas Weekly noted that, on the tour, "Ziegler ... danced furiously alongside the singer, adding dimension and weight to the dramatic vocals."[120] Britt Robson of the Star Tribune similarly commented, "The clear-cut star was Ziegler, obviously Sia’s alter ego. ... Ziegler was a riveting whirlwind, contorting her appendages and facial expressions with equal aplomb, topped by forward flips".[121] Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote that Ziegler's frenetic moves and flickering expressions ramp up the songs' emotional stakes.[122] Billboard's Jason Lipshutz said that Ziegler "possesses an astounding control of her physicality. ... [Her] presence adds a mischievous energy, as if replicated movements can't capture the heart behind those wide eyes and deranged smiles."[123]

text: Ziegler was named by Time magazine as one of the "30 most influential teens of 2015"[60] and made the list again in 2016.[124] She was also on the Harpers Bazaar 2015 list of "19 Rising Style Icons Aged 19 and Under".[125] Billboard selected Sia and Ziegler's performance of "Elastic Heart" on Saturday Night Live 2015 as one of the 10 Best SNL musical performances since the 1990s, "thanks in part to 12-year-old dance phenom Maddie Ziegler, who ... displayed power, vulnerability, and more than a little weirdness".[126] Ziegler won a 2016 People's Choice Award[127], a 2016 Teen Choice Award[128] and a 2017 Teen Choice Award.[129] She was nominated for a 2016 Shorty Award[130] and four 2017 Shorty Awards, where she won in one category and received an audience honor in another.[131][132]

text: Awards and nominations

text:
List of accolades

Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref(s)

2013
Industry Dance Awards
Dancers Choice Awards
Favorite Dancer
N/A
Nominated
[133]

2014
Industry Dance Awards
Dancers Choice Awards
Favorite Dancer 17 & Under
Won
[15]

2015
The Dance Awards
Female Best Dancer (Junior)
3rd runner-up
[134]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Dancer
Nominated
[135]

Industry Dance Awards
Dancers Choice Awards
Favorite Dancer 17 & Under
Nominated
[136]

2016
People's Choice Awards
DailyMail.com Seriously Popular Award
Won
[127]

Shorty Awards
Best In Dance
Nominated
[130]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Dancer
Won
[128]

Industry Dance Awards
Dancers Choice Awards
Favorite Dancer 17 & Under
Nominated
[137]

Breakthrough Performer
Won
[138]

2017
Shorty Awards
Best In Dance
Nominated
[131]

Medium-Length Video
"Maddie – Wear What Moves You"
Nominated
[132]

Brand Identity
Won

Fashion
Audience Honor

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Dancer
N/A
Won
[129]

text: Filmography

text: Film

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.

2015
Lucky Thirteen
Herself
Short dance film by i-D, starring Ziegler, celebrating turning 13; voiceover by Chloë Sevigny reading from Dear Diary by Lesley Arfin
[139]

2016
Ballerina
Camille
Voice role. Released in the UK in 2016 and in the US in 2017 under the title Leap!
[49]

2017
The Book of Henry
Christina Sickleman

[140]

text: Television

text:
Key

 •
Denotes acting credits

text:
Year
Title
Role
Network
Notes
Ref.

2010
Live to Dance
Herself
CBS
Episode did not air
[16]

2011–2016
Dance Moms
Herself
Lifetime
Main cast, 162 episodes
[141]

2012–2015
The View
Herself / Performer
ABC
3 episodes
[142]

2012
Drop Dead Diva •
Young Deb
Lifetime
Episode: "Lady Parts"
[143]

2013
Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition
Herself
2 episodes
[23]

2014–2017
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
Herself / Performer
NBCUniversal
4 episodes (3 with Sia)
[144][35]

2014–2015
Dancing with the Stars
Performer
ABC
Sia: "Chandelier", with Allison Holker (Season 19, Ep. 4)
Josh Groban: "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" (Season 20, Ep. 9)
[145][146]

2014
Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Herself, Dancer
ABC
Sia: "Chandelier"; Ziegler teaches hosts "Chandelier" dance (Season 12, Ep. 95)
[147]

2015
Saturday Night Live
Performer
NBC
Sia: "Elastic Heart" (Season 40, Ep. 11)
[148]

57th Annual Grammy Awards
CBS
Sia: "Chandelier" with Kristen Wiig
[36]

Austin & Ally •
Shelby Hayden
Disney Channel
Episode: "Homework and Hidden Talents"
[45]

Pretty Little Liars •
Creepy Dancer
ABC Family
Episode: "She's No Angel"
[46]

2016–2017
Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn •
Eiffel
Nickelodeon
2 episodes
[47][48]

2016
The Wonderful World of Disney: Disneyland 60
Performer
ABC
Kelsea Ballerini: "Part of Your World"
[82]

The Voice
Performer
NBC
Sia: "Cheap Thrills" (Season 10 finale)
[86]

So You Think You Can Dance:
The Next Generation
Judge and guest dancer
Fox
10 episodes, including 8 as a judge and 2 as a guest dancer
[88]

2016–2017
Harry
Herself
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
2 episodes
[149][150]

2017
Project Runway
Guest judge
Lifetime
August 31 episode
[81]

text: Commercials

text:
Year
Company and product
Featured song(s)
Description
Ref.

2015
Target blue jeans
"ABC"
(Tori Kelly cover)
"Back to School 2015: Jeans Jam". Ziegler and others dancing in Target jeans. The commercial had 1,092 national TV airings.
[151]

WowWee snap pets
None
Ziegler and her sister take pictures of themselves with the mini Bluetooth cameras.
[152]

2016
Capezio
"Trying Time"
(Raph Parpex)
"Dance In You". Zielger stars as a disruptive force for self-expression in a ballet class. Choreography by Troy Schumacher.
[56][153]

text: Music videos

text:
Year
Title
Artist
Notes
Ref.

2011
"It's Like Summer"
LUX
Supporting
[154]

2012
"Cry"
Alexx Calise
Lead
[24]

"Summer Love Song"
Brooke Hyland
Supporting
[155]

2014
"It's a Girl Party"
Mack Z
[156]

"Freaks Like Me"
Todrick Hall
Supporting, vocals
[157]

"Chandelier"
Sia
Lead
ARIA Music Award for Best Video
MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography
Nom—MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year
Nom—Grammy Award for Best Music Video.
[25]

"Shine"
Mack Z
Supporting
[158]

2015
"Elastic Heart"
Sia
Lead, alongside Shia LaBeouf
Nom—MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video
[159]

"Big Girls Cry"
Lead
[32]

"Wear Em Out"
Kendall K
Assistant choreographer
[160]

2016
"Cheap Thrills"
Sia
Lead, alongside two male dancers
Nom—MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video
Nom—ARIA Music Award for Best Video
[38]

"Taylor in Wonderland"
Todrick Hall
Lead
[87]

"The Greatest"
Sia
Lead
[40]

2017
"Outlaws"
Music: "Feel It Still"
Portugal. The Man
Co-lead with 5 other dancers
Brian Friedman, choreographer
[161]

"Rainbow"
Sia
Lead
[95]

text: Tours

text:
Nostalgic for the Present Tour with Sia (2016)
Maddie & Mackenzie Australian Tour with Mackenzie Ziegler (2017)


document_title: Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania

question_text: how old do you have to be to serve alcohol in pennsylvania

text: Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania

text: Alcohol sales[edit]

text: For consumption off-premises[edit]

text: Pennsylvania is an alcoholic beverage control state. Spirits are to be sold only in the state owned Fine Wine and Good Spirits stores, which also sell wine, but not beer.  Prices are generally the same throughout the state, but state stores may offer special discounts and sales,[4] and county sales tax may cause the price to differ slightly.  People under the age of 21 are allowed to enter Fine Wine and Good Spirits stores, contrary to popular belief, but only if accompanied by a parent or guardian. Monday through Saturday, a store may open as early as 9 am and close as late as 10 pm. On Sunday, many stores sell liquor from 11 am until 7 pm.[5]

text: Wineries are common throughout the Commonwealth, and often sell their wines at storefronts in shopping malls; persons under the age of 21 are permitted to enter these establishments.  Wine was available for a short time in supermarket kiosks, but this practice has ended.[6][7]  Many supermarkets now operate restaurants at which they are permitted to sell small quantities of wine (see below).

text: Beer may only be purchased in large quantities from a distributor. Beer distributors mainly sell kegs of beer and cases. A beer distributor is also allowed to sell any package intended for resale by a PLCB-approved brewery containing any variety of bottle/can arrangements greater than or equal to 128 ounces. Beverage distributors (which also sell soft drinks) may sell beer and malt liquor, but not wine[citation needed] or hard liquor. People under 21 may enter most beverage distributors without an adult, since most distributors also sell water, soda, ice, tobacco products, and some snack foods. They are subject to the rules of the individual establishment.

text: The hours of operation of beer distributors are typically similar to that of Wine and Spirits stores and other retail establishments. These hours are only restricted by the state on Sundays, where a special license is required to sell beer, and sales before 11 am are not permitted.[8] Although state law permits late-night beer distributors, local authorities can place additional restrictions, and stores typically close before 10 pm.

text: Beer and wine in small quantities may be purchased from a restaurant, bar, or licensed retailer.  These establishments may sell six and twelve packs of beer, along with individual bottles such as 40 ounce or 24 ounce beers. Their licenses permit them to sell up to 192 fluid ounces of beer per purchase.  They may also sell up to 4 bottles of wine per purchase.[4]

text: Some supermarkets, including Wegmans, Giant Eagle, Giant, and Weis, have begun to sell alcohol within restaurants attached to the main supermarket building, but only under very specific conditions (the restaurant must have a defined separation from the rest of the supermarket, a separate cashier, and seating for at least 30 patrons).  Supermarket chain ShopRite has begun to attach Wine and Spirits stores to its stores.  For a time, Sheetz obtained a liquor license for a restaurant attached to one of its convenience stores in Altoona.[9]  After several debates, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled that the store must sell beer to in-house customers as well as take-out.[10] The 17th Street store now again sells beer and allows limited in store consumption.[11]

text: For consumption on-premises[edit]

text: Closing time for restaurants and bars in Pennsylvania is 2 am and for private clubs is 3 am.

text: Attempts to privatize[edit]

text: Pennsylvania state lawmakers have attempted to privatize the sales of wine and spirits in the commonwealth. The state has had a monopoly over the sales of wine and spirits since the repeal of Prohibition. In the 2011 legislative session, the privatization of sales of wine and spirits was the focus of some controversy. This controversy is due to the budget deficit that the commonwealth faces. Supporters of the bill argue that sales taxes and license sales could generate nearly $1 billion worth of revenue for the state.

text: In the 2012 session, House Majority Leader Mike Turzai, with the backing of Governor Tom Corbett, announced a plan to issue 1,600 new liquor store licenses and auction the 600-plus liquor stores currently owned by the state. Stores would be allowed to sell beer in any configuration and without limit. Supporters say it could raise as much as $1.6 billion for the state. Opponents say that the proposed pricing would make it difficult for mom-and-pop stores to afford such licenses. Major opponents include the liquor store clerks union and the Pennsylvania Beer Alliance.[12]

text: Drinking age[edit]

text: The minimum drinking age in Pennsylvania is 21 years. Minors are prohibited from purchasing, possessing, or consuming alcohol, even if it is furnished by the minor's immediate family. Persons over the age of 18 are permitted to serve alcohol, so an exception is made in the possession portion of the law in this respect. Many states have exceptions for consuming alcohol made for religious or medicinal purposes, but Pennsylvania does not have exceptions for either.[13]

text: A person under the age of 21 may also be arrested, charged, and convicted of underage drinking through constructive possession, even if they had not consumed any alcohol, simply by being in the presence of alcohol. This is mainly exercised when officials break up large parties or other events where alcohol is being consumed and the issuance of chemical tests to every individual is deemed impractical.

text: Drunk driving[edit]

text: Driving, operating, or being in actual physical control of the movement of vehicle under the influence is a crime in Pennsylvania, and is subject to a great number of regulations outside of the state's alcohol laws. Pennsylvania's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is 0.08% for persons at or over the age of 21 (with suspension of license on the first offense), and 0.04% for a person operating a commercial vehicle (0.02% for a school bus) with revoking of the license on the first offense.[14] For those under 21, Pennsylvania follows a "zero tolerance" policy, meaning that any BAC over 0.02% is enough to warrant a DUI (the small allowance is for certain medicinal purposes such as some cold medicines that contain alcohol). Penalties include fines, license suspension, and possible imprisonment.[15]


document_title: Thermoregulation in humans

question_text: where is the temperature regulation center in humans located

text: Thermoregulation in humans

text: Control system[edit]

text: The core temperature of a human is regulated and stabilized primarily by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain linking the endocrine system to the nervous system,[8] and more specifically by the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and the adjacent preoptic area regions of the hypothalamus. As core temperature varies from the set point, endocrine production initiates control mechanisms to increase or decrease energy production/dissipation as needed to return the temperature toward the set point (see figure).[7]

text: In hot conditions[edit]

text:
Eccrine sweat glands under the skin secrete sweat (a fluid containing mostly water with some dissolved ions), which travels up the sweat duct, through the sweat pore and onto the surface of the skin. This causes heat loss via evaporative cooling; however, a lot of essential water is lost.
The hairs on the skin lie flat, preventing heat from being trapped by the layer of still air between the hairs. This is caused by tiny muscles under the surface of the skin called arrector pili muscles relaxing so that their attached hair follicles are not erect. These flat hairs increase the flow of air next to the skin increasing heat loss by convection. When environmental temperature is above core body temperature, sweating is the only physiological way for humans to lose heat.
Arteriolar vasodilation occurs. The smooth muscle walls of the arterioles relax allowing increased blood flow through the artery. This redirects blood into the superficial capillaries in the skin increasing heat loss by convection and conduction.

text: In hot and humid conditions[edit]

text: In general, humans appear physiologically well adapted to hot dry conditions.[9] However, effective thermoregulation is reduced in hot, humid environments such as the Red Sea and Persian Gulf (where moderately hot summer temperatures are accompanied by unusually high vapor pressures), tropical environments, and deep mines where the atmosphere can be water-saturated.[9][2] In hot-humid conditions, clothing can impede efficient evaporation.[3] In such environments, it helps to wear light clothing such as cotton, that is pervious to sweat but impervious to radiant heat from the sun. This minimizes the gaining of radiant heat, while allowing as much evaporation to occur as the environment will allow. Clothing such as plastic fabrics that are impermeable to sweat and thus do not facilitate heat loss through evaporation can actually contribute to heat stress.[6]

text: In cold conditions[edit]

text:
Sweat production is decreased.
The minute muscles under the surface of the skin called arrector pili muscles (attached to an individual hair follicle) contract (piloerection), lifting the hair follicle upright. This makes the hairs stand on end, which acts as an insulating layer, trapping heat. This is what also causes goose bumps since humans do not have very much hair and the contracted muscles can easily be seen.
Arterioles carrying blood to superficial capillaries under the surface of the skin can shrink (constrict), thereby rerouting blood away from the skin and towards the warmer core of the body. This prevents blood from losing heat to the surroundings and also prevents the core temperature dropping further. This process is called vasoconstriction. It is impossible to prevent all heat loss from the blood, only to reduce it. In extremely cold conditions, excessive vasoconstriction leads to numbness and pale skin. Frostbite occurs only when water within the cells begins to freeze. This destroys the cell causing damage.
Muscles can also receive messages from the thermoregulatory center of the brain (the hypothalamus) to cause shivering. This increases heat production as respiration is an exothermic reaction in muscle cells. Shivering is more effective than exercise at producing heat because the animal (includes humans) remains still. This means that less heat is lost to the environment through convection. There are two types of shivering: low-intensity and high-intensity. During low-intensity shivering, animals shiver constantly at a low level for months during cold conditions. During high-intensity shivering, animals shiver violently for a relatively short time. Both processes consume energy, however high-intensity shivering uses glucose as a fuel source and low-intensity tends to use fats. This is a primary reason why animals store up food in the winter.[citation needed]
In addition to heat production by shivering, mitochondria can metabolize brown fat and produce heat energy via the thermogenin protein, in turn increasing the temperature of all cells in the body. Brown fat is specialized for this purpose, and is abundant in newborns and animals that hibernate.

text: Uses of Hypothermia[edit]

text: Adjusting the human body temperature downward has been used therapeutically, in particular, as a method of stabilizing a body following trauma. It has been suggested that adjusting the A1 receptor of the hypothalamus may allow humans to enter a hibernation-like state of reduced body temperature, which could be useful for applications such as long-duration space flight.[10]

text: Related diseases and syndromes[edit]

text:
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Heat stroke
Raynaud's phenomenon (Raynaud's disease)
Endocrine System Disorders (Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism)
Induced hypothermia
Erythromelalgia (hyperthermia)
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

text: Human heat output power[edit]

text: Humans output from 70 watts to 870 watts, depending on the amount of physical activity undertaken.[11]