document_title: History of music publishing

question_text: who was the first person to master the art of printing polyphonic music

text: History of music publishing

text: Printing[edit]

text: Music publishing did not begin on a large scale until the mid-15th century, when mechanical techniques for printing music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of liturgical chants, dates from about 1465, shortly after the Gutenberg Bible. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand. This was a very labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of secular music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy noblemen. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music.

text: Petrucci[edit]

text: The father of modern music printing was Ottaviano Petrucci, a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. His first collection was entitled Harmonice Musices Odhecaton and contained 96 polyphonic compositions, mostly by Josquin des Prez and Heinrich Isaac. He flourished by focusing on Flemish works, rather than Italian, as they were very popular throughout Europe during the Renaissance. His printing shop used the triple-impression method, in which a sheet of paper was pressed three times. The first impression was the staff lines, the second the words, and the third the notes. This method produced very clean results, though it was time-consuming and expensive.

text: Rastell[edit]

text: Around 1520 in England, John Rastell developed a single-impression method for printing music.[1] With his method, the staff lines, words and notes were all part of a single piece of type, making it much easier to produce. However, this method produced messier results, as the staff lines were often inexactly aligned and looked wavy on the page. The single-impression method eventually triumphed over Petrucci's, however, and became the dominant mode of printing until copper-plate engraving took over in the 17th century. This method was adopted and used widely by a Frenchman, Pierre Attaingnant.

text: Copyright[edit]

text: The concept of musical copyright had its beginnings in the reign of King Henry VIII of England who required copies of all printed matter to be sent to him and offered protection to printers in the form of licenses, primarily to produce a new source of revenue. In 1575 Elizabeth I granted Thomas Tallis and his pupil William Byrd a 21-year patent monopoly on the printing and publishing of polyphonic music.[2] The first modern copyright law was the Statute of Anne (1709), which protected all published works for a period of fourteen years, later extended to twenty-eight years. The earliest attempt at a printed musical copyright notice appears in the "Shir Hashirim" of Salomone Rossi (Venice, 1623) which includes a rabbinical curse on those infringing the text, written by Leon of Modena.

text: 1886 Berne Convention[edit]

text: The first international agreement involving copyright was the Berne Convention of 1886. The core principle of the Convention is its provision that each of the contracting countries shall provide automatic protection for works in all other countries of the union and for unpublished works whose authors are citizens of or residents in those countries. Performance rights are included in these provisions.  As of March 2012, 165 countries had become parties to the convention.

text: United States[edit]

text: The first U.S. federal copyright law gave protections to "maps, charts, and books." Contrary to some scholarly accounts, the 1790 Act's protection of "books" did encompass musical compositions.[3] The first registration in the U.S. for a musical composition was made on January 6, 1794 by Raynor Taylor for the original song "The Kentucky Volunteer."[4] However, musical compositions were not explicitly protected until the Copyright Act of 1831, and then protection remained limited to reproduction rights. The copyright term was twenty-eight years plus a fourteen-year renewal period.

text: Performing rights[edit]

text: While England was a leader in the development of copyright, the French led the way in performing rights. In 1777, Pierre de Beaumarchais founded the "Bureau de Legislation Dramatique" which became the present Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques (SACD) in 1829. Many years later, in 1847, this inspired the composer and librettist Ernest Bourget  to claim payment for each performance of his works at Les Ambassadeurs, a leading Café-concert venue of that time. A lawsuit won by Bourget and others in 1851 led to the formation of the Société des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Editeurs de Musique (SACEM) – the first performing rights society in the world.

text: Other countries followed suit: The Italian Società Italiana degli Autori ed Editori (SIAE) was founded in 1882 and the Spanish "Sociedad de Autores", predecessor of the current Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE), in 1899. The predecessor to the Gesellschaft für Musikalische Aufführungs und Mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) was formed in Germany by composer Richard Strauss in 1903. It became GEMA in 1915 when it merged with another small society. So, by the end of the 19th century, the foundation had been laid for the modern music publishing industry.

text: Early modern era: 18th century[edit]

text: German publishers[edit]

text: As England was a leader in developing copyright systems and France was ahead in developing performing rights, Germany was the pioneering country in modern music publishing. The first German music publishing enterprises date from the 18th century. Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf of Leipzig, a printer and general publisher, decided to specialize in music printing as of 1754.  He became successful by developing improvements in the setting of music type. Gottfried Christoph Härtel joined the firm in 1795, which soon became the partnership of Breitkopf & Härtel. They were the original publishers for a who's-who of great German composers, including Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Schumann and Wagner.

text: Schott Music of Mainz was founded in 1770 by Bernhard Schott and still exists today.  They specialized in French and Italian operas and, more recently, have published works by Hindemith, Stravinsky, Orff, Schoenberg and Henze. N. Simrock of Bonn, and later Berlin, was established in 1790 by Nikolaus Simrock.  Their original publications included works by Beethoven, Haydn, Meyerbeer, Weber, Mendelssohn, Schumann and Brahms.

text: United States of America[edit]

text: In 1764, Josiah Flagg compiled the first collection of popular and religious music, printed on paper made in the colonies.  The post-revolutionary period was notable for the arrival of the first professional music publishers from Europe in the 1770s. They opened shops in Philadelphia, New York, Boston and Baltimore, bringing with them European technology. Benjamin Carr and James Hewitt were two important early American music publishers. The first song published under US copyright was The Kentucky Volunteer, by Carr's own house.

text: In the first quarter of the 19th century alone, 10,000 pieces of popular music were printed by U.S. publishers. The industry, however, did nothing to promote music or develop writers. Songs became popular by word-of-mouth. Most minstrel troupes and professional singers wrote their own music or had songs written to order. Stephen Foster was the first composer who tried to make a living as an independent professional songwriter but, in the 1850s, copyright protection was so lax and royalties so small (or non-existent) that he found himself living in poverty. This changed only gradually as young men involved in other business enterprises began to perceive the possibilities for enrichment in song publishing.

text: Prior to the 1880s, popular music publishing was a secondary function of music stores or "serious" (Classical) music publishers. After 1880, publishers in New York developed a promotional technique called plugging.  By 1900, most music publishers had clustered their businesses along 28th St. (between 6th Ave. and Broadway) in order to be closer to New York's thriving entertainment center. This area came to be known as Tin Pan Alley. The first decade of the 20th century saw the production of more popular music than had ever been written up to that time: about 25,000 songs annually. In 1893, sheet music for the song "After the Ball" sold one million copies and, over the next ten years, went on to sell a total of ten million.

text: Despite the enactment of new U.S. copyright legislation, including the 1891 Chace Act, which allowed for the international protection of copyrights, the provisions of the 1909 Copyright Act were generally ignored. To correct this situation, operetta composer Victor Herbert established the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), in 1914. It quickly attracted prominent composers such as Irving Berlin and John Philip Sousa, and was able to ensure that everyone was properly paid and credited for their work.

text: Licensing[edit]

text: There are many aspects to music publishing. Chief among them is the licensing of music for use in advertising, television, films and other purposes. Music publishing started out by just being the publishing of the actual sheet music, and not even the score. Song sheets were made which just had the lyrics of a popular song. In the 19th century, sheet music for songs began including a simple piano accompaniment and notation for the song's melody. In the 2010s, music publishing is the exploitation of compositions (songs, instrumental pieces, and other music) for various performance uses, including newer uses such as licensing for video games, for use by recording artists looking for their next hit single and for use in a range of licensing purposes.

text: Licenses[edit]

text: Within music publishing there are many different types of licenses. For instance:

text: • Blanket license

text: • Mechanical license

text: • Performing Rights License (PRO)

text: • Synchronization License or Sync Rights

text: A blanket license is a big annual fee to one of the key performing rights organizations (PRO) (SESAC, ASCAP, or BMI). The blanket license paid to the PRO, covers every work that is in the PRO's catalog. Blanket licenses are mostly used by television networks and radio stations so that they have the right to play any song or piece from one catalog instead of paying license fees for every single song.[5]

text: A mechanical license is issued when a recording artist wishes to sell their recording of a written composition.  It serves as a notice to the composition owners that sales are forthcoming and that royalties dictated by a statutory rate will be owed and paid to them.

text: Performing Rights License (PRO) is the license that gives the licensee the right to publicly perform the song/work that they get the license to anywhere.[5]

text: Lastly, a sync license grants the right to use the composition in the synchronization of a recording over a moving picture in a film, advertisement, television show or any other audiovisual work.  For the same synchronization use, one must also obtain a master use license, which grants rights to use the sound recording, which is a separately owned asset from the composition.

text: A music publisher does a lot to negotiate the uses and fees for the songwriters and composers on their roster. In the 2010s, the publishing companies are a main source of revenue besides live touring, because sync licensing has persisted as a substantial income source while the music industry underwent wrenching changes that saw their previously dominant income source, record sales, steadily decline.

text: Technologies[edit]

text: Sound recording[edit]

text: The invention and development of sound recording resulted in a redefinition of the concept of publishing, much the same as online music stores in the 2000s would later revolutionize how recordings are purchased. Initially, popular music was slow to take advantage of the new technology. In 1910, when sales of the new disc format exceeded those of the old cylinder, more than 75% of the records sold were classical music. One factor in this may have been the expense, which would have concentrated sales among the more upscale purchasers. Until 1925, sheet music sales continued to surpass discs and were the primary source of revenue for publishers and composers. At that point, sheet music sales began to decline while records were still providing inadequate income to compensate. This led to short lived but serious economic problems for some publishers.

text: Film music[edit]

text: Samuel Fox (1884-1971) who founded the Sam Fox Publishing Company in 1906, was the first to publish original film scores.[6] In 1927, after the release of The Jazz Singer (the first talkie), the need for music led movie studios to buy music publishing companies, gaining both catalogues of music and experienced composers at the same time. For example, in 1929, Warner Brothers paid 10 million dollars for Harms, Witmark and Remick; MGM bought Leo Feist Inc. and some smaller companies; Paramount started its own publishing division, Famous Music.


document_title: The Birds and the Bees (Jewel Akens song)

question_text: who sings the song let me tell you about the birds and the bees

root

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"The Birds and the Bees"

Song by Jewel Akens

Language
English

Released
1964

Genre
Pop, easy listening

Length
2:08

Songwriter(s)
Barry Stuart

text: "The Birds and the Bees" was a 1964 single release by Jewel Akens with a lyric based on the "birds and the bees" idiom commonly referenced with regard to affording young people their introductory sex education. An international hit in 1965, "The Birds and the Bees" was reminiscent of such 1950s' honky tonk-style hits as "Blueberry Hill" by Fats Domino and "Kansas City" by Wilbert Harrison.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: "The Birds and the Bees" is said to have been written by the twelve-year-old son of Era Records' owner Herb Newman: the songwriting credit on the Jewel Akens' recording of "The Birds and the Bees" reads Barry Stuart which is the song's standard songwriting credit although some subsequent recordings (i.e. by artists other than Akens) identify the composer as Herb Newman himself (Newman had written "The Wayward Wind" a 1956 #1 hit for Gogi Grant). Jewel Akens had recorded one single for Era as frontman for the doo-wop group the Turn-Arounds in 1964 when Newman pitched "The Birds and the Bees" as the group's next recording: as Akens was the only group member to favor the song he recorded it solo, working through four or five different arrangements and thus considerably honing the song's original format.[1]

text: Recorded at Gold Star Studios - with sound engineer Stan Ross employing the innovative technique of "chorusing" by patching the session guitarist into an organ speaker [2] - "The Birds and the Bees" afforded Akens a Top Ten hit in the first quarter of 1965 reaching #2 on the US Cash Box singles chart and #3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart: the single also reached #21 on the US Billboard Black Singles chart. The disc also had strong chart impact internationally reaching #3 in Australia, #6 in Belgium (Flemish Region), #3 in the Netherlands and #4 in Norway. musicians on the recording included Billy Strange and Ervan Coleman on guitar, Bob West and Arthur Wright on bass, Hal Blaine on drums and Leon Russell on piano.

text: In the UK "The Birds and the Bees" afforded Akens a more moderate hit reaching #29.[3] with Akens besting a cover version by Johnny Kidd & the Pirates which failed to chart. Alma Cogan is often credited with a UK cover of "The Birds and the Bees": in fact her UK single of that name - #25 in 1956 - was a recording of "(The Same Thing Happens with) The Birds and the Bees". However, Cogan did cover Akens's hit for release in Scandinavia and was afforded a #1 hit in Sweden for three weeks in the summer of 1965, and also a Top Ten hit in both Denmark and Norway, with respective peaks of #8 and #4 (Cogan's version of "The Birds and the Bees" matching the Norwegian chart peak of Akens' original).

text: A 1966 single release by Rufus and Carla Thomas was more simply titled as "Birds and Bees". Bobby G. Rice recorded "The Birds and the Bees" in 1971 to serve as B-side for his #33 C&W chart hit "Suspicion", with "The Birds and The Bees" being featured on Rice's 1972 debut album Hit After Hit. "The Birds and the Bees" has also been recorded by the Chicks, the Defenders (da), Jan Keizer, Brenda Lee, Gary Lewis & the Playboys, Dean Martin, Billy Preston, Sha Na Na and Spooky and Sue (nl).

text: An Italian language rendering of "The Birds and the Bees": "Sulla sabbia c’era lei", was recorded by Sonia e le Sorelle (it), and was an entrant in the 1965 Cantagiro festival; Nicola Salerno wrote the lyrics which typically of the song's non-English renderings are independent of the English original, the title translating as "On the sand there was you". Also in 1965, Drafi Deutscher (de) & His Magics recorded a German rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" entitled "Heute Male Ich Dein Bild [today I paint your image], Cindy Lou" which reached No. 3 in Germany and No. 5 in Austria while the French rendering "Bientôt les vacances" (Soon the holidays) by Monty (fr) reached #11 in France; Québécois artist Donald Lautrec also recorded a French rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" in 1965, that being "Tu Dis Des Bêtises" (You say the nonsense), which spawned a parody recording by Jacques Desrosiers entitled "Il Y'a Des Bibites" (There are some bugs). Ambrus Kyri (hu) recorded a Hungarian rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" entitled "Madarak és Méhek" (Birds and bees) in 1967. Rendered in Danish as "Blomster og bier" (flowers and bees) by Birthe Kjær in 1974, "The Birds and the Bees" was rendered in Swedish as "Blommor och bin" (Flowers and bees) by lyricist Keith Almgren and recorded by Sten & Stanley (sv) on their album Musik, dans & party 8 (1993). It was also performed in Finnish by Laila Kinnunen as "Kuinka kuu katoaa".


document_title: Jack Malone

question_text: who played jacks father on without a trace

text: Jack Malone

text: Character Biography[edit]

text: Growing up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,[3] Jack's mother committed suicide when he was 16.[4] She attempted once before but Jack caught her and made her promise not to try again. She agreed but asked him not to tell his father. He has suffered intermittent guilt for not preventing her death and wishes he had told his father. At age 18, he enlisted in the U.S. Army (at his father's urging) and served for six years in the 82nd Airborne Division before returning to Pittsburgh, suffering from depression.[3] Jack tried to commit suicide once at age 25 by driving his car into a telephone pole, but when asked about it, he claims that he fell asleep at the wheel.[3] His wife, who knows the truth, later uses this information against Jack.[3]Having taken a year off after leaving the service, Jack returned to college, where he received his bachelor's and his master's degree in psychology.[3]

text: Without a Trace[edit]

text: His marriage imploded after he had an affair with his subordinate, Agent Samantha Spade (Poppy Montgomery), and because of his long work hours. Although he later returned to his wife Maria, a lawyer, she left him at the end of the second season, moved to Chicago, and obtained full custody of their two daughters, Hannah and Kate (Vanessa Marano and Laura Marano). Jack's long work hours and troubled family history was used against him during the custody battle, though in the end he decided it would be better for them if they stayed with their mother.[3] He still remains in close contact with the girls but struggles with his relationship with Hannah. Hannah resents him for the divorce and frequently refuses to speak to him. He is concerned about the future of his relationships with his daughters.

text: In the fourth season, Jack dealt with the death of his father (played by Martin Landau) from Alzheimer's Disease and started a new relationship with Anne (Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio), the widow of a fellow agent. Soon after they started dating, he learned that Anne was pregnant, which was an unpleasant surprise to both of them.

text: In the fifth season, Jack is dealing with the aftermath of a hostage standoff involving Anne and with her unexpected pregnancy and subsequent miscarriage. The miscarriage abruptly ends their relationship.

text: In Season 6, Jack is dealing with a human trafficking for a good part of the season. During the middle part of the season, Jack is shot by the leader of the human trafficking ring Franklin Romar. He is left for dead, but the rest of his team finds Jack and Romar is arrested. Jack is left to recover in the hospital when he finds out that one of the victims he felt attached to is being targeted by one of Romar's men. Jack leaves the hospital to search of the girl. He finds her just in time before she is again abducted. In the season finale, Jack is demoted for his handling of the human trafficking investigation.

text: In the season seven premiere (Closure, 7x01), Jack has been replaced by Special Agent Clark Medina (played by Steven Weber). Jack was offered another job and considered taking it, but turned it down. A few episodes later, Clark gets Jack his job back before leaving for a better job. Over the last episodes of the 6th season and the first episodes of the seventh season Jack and Sam began to grow closer. In episode eight (Better Angels, 7x08), Jack and Sam headed to Los Angeles while working on a case, there, Jack and Sam rekindled their relationship. Also in this episode reveals that Jack's daughter Hannah has been acting up and is going to come live with Jack in New York.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2012)

text: As of 2004, Jack Malone was named one of the 10 best current characters by Zap2it.[5]


document_title: Blood In Blood Out

question_text: who played big al in blood in blood out

question_tokens: who played big al in blood in blood out

text: Blood In Blood Out

text: Plot[edit]

text: Miklo is a man of Mexican and White American ethnicity who grew up in El Pico Aliso barrio in east Los Angeles. Upon moving back home from Las Vegas, Nevada, Miklo goes to stay with his two cousins Paco and Cruz. Miklo tells Cruz that he wants to join their gang Vatos Locos. While Paco is initially skeptical, Miklo later proves himself when he performs an attack on a rival gang, Tres Puntos. Afterwards he is made a member of Vatos Locos.

text: However, the Tres Puntos gang soon takes revenge by brutally attacking Cruz who is a budding artist, and damages his back for life. When Vatos Locos learn of the attack, they perform a well-planned counterattack. However, things go wrong when Miklo ends up getting shot by their rival gang's leader, "Spider". Miklo is able to shoot and kill Spider, but has to be rushed to the hospital by Paco while being chased by police. Paco crashes into another car at the El Pino tree and they are both arrested.

text: From here, the trio's paths diverges: Miklo is sent to San Quentin State Prison for murder, Paco volunteers for military service in the United States Marine Corps as an alternative choice to prison, and Cruz continues his passion for art. He also becomes a heroin addict due to the recurring back pain. His addiction leads to him being disowned by his family after his 12-year-old brother, Juanito, dies from injecting heroin into his veins thinking it's Cruz's heroin supply. Paco becomes an L.A.P.D. narcotics detective after leaving the Marine Corps.

text: Miklo finds trouble adapting to prison life. The prison is run by three prison gangs, all of whom are based on their racial backgrounds. The Black Guerrilla Army (B.G.A.) is led by "Bonafide", the Aryan Vanguard is led by "Red Ryder", and La Onda is led by Montana Segura. La Onda's members do not initially accept Miklo and one of them, Popeye, tries to rape Miklo at knife-point, but is stopped by Montana (although Montana stops Popeye not out of concern for Miklo, but because he finds Popeye's intentions as dishonorable to La Onda). After meeting Montana, he is told the only way into La Onda is killing an enemy inmate, in Miklo's case a white inmate named Big Al who runs the gambling in San Quentin. After gaining Big Al's trust, Miklo stabs him to death during a sexual encounter in the prison kitchen. Miklo is initiated into La Onda, is later promoted to its Ruling Council, and is granted parole after serving nine years in prison.

text: On the outside, Miklo is disgusted by his menial job on which his supervisor is extorting money from him, so he joins in an armed robbery. The heist goes poorly and Miklo is intercepted by Paco, now a decorated cop. Miklo tries to run away, but Paco shoots him in the leg, which later has to be amputated. Miklo is sent back to prison where he notices the cocaine addictions of several inmates. Onda Council Member Carlos has entered the cocaine trade and is competing with the B.G.A. for customers. The Aryan Vanguard want to partner with Carlos in the cocaine business by becoming his new supplier. In return, Carlos moves on the B.G.A. and take them out of the cocaine business. Montana, however, is fiercely against allowing La Onda to enter the drug trade, saying that drugs will destroy La Onda and that the Aryan Vanguard want to start a war between the Black and Chicano inmates. The other Council members agree with Montana and vote against it. This causes Carlos to leave La Onda to work with the Aryan Vanguard, causing other members to follow him. Carlos murders a B.G.A. soldier named "Pockets" who is running the B.G.A.'s cocaine operation. He also contacts his brother, Smokey, outside of prison to bomb a B.G.A. hangout where they move their drugs. After all of this happens, Carlos' usefulness has come to an end and the Aryan Vanguard drops their protection of him. The B.G.A. then takes the opportunity to murder Carlos. Despite his death, Miklo agrees with Carlos's outlook after being convinced by Carlos's old drug supplier.

text: With hostility high between the Black and Hispanic inmates, Montana and Bonafide meet in the prison yard. Montana convinces Bonafide to agree to a truce if Montana reaches out to La Onda leaders in the Folsom and Chino prisons to end the violence. The warden grants Montana special permission to visit the Chino and Folsom prisons and Miklo is left in charge during his absence. Montana is granted a special request, and he gets to stay overnight at Delano penitentiary where he can see his daughter. On the morning of the visit, Montana is stabbed to death outside his cell by a member of the B.G.A.. Believing that the Aryan Vanguard sent forged orders to the hitman, Paco arranges a peace conference between La Onda and the B.G.A. However, Miklo, La Onda's new leader, manipulates the peace talks in order to build an alliance with the B.G.A. and they agree to kill the Aryan Vanguard leaders.

text: Later, enforcers for La Onda and the B.G.A. sweep through the walls of San Quentin, killing the leaders of the Aryan Vanguard. After the killings are done, however, Miklo's men promptly exterminate the B.G.A. leaders as well. Paco is enraged that his own cousin has played him for a fool and angrily confronts Miklo in the prison visiting room. Paco leaves his cousin in disgust, disowning him forever.

text: The members of La Onda hold a final gathering after the warden vows to split the council up transporting some members to their home states. Miklo plans on using this to expand La Onda to other states in the South West. Later, Miklo and his cellmate "Magic" destroy the mold which they used to send the forged orders to the B.G.A. hit man to kill Montana. Magic says "We both loved him, but we did what we had to do for La Onda." Back in East Los Angeles, Paco visits one of Cruz's murals after the family re-accepts him to see a portrait of his former life. In a pep talk with Cruz, Paco realizes that by ordering Miklo to go after Spider, Paco is responsible for all of the things that have happened to Miklo. This causes Paco to feel guilty for his actions and ultimately forgive Miklo.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Damian Chapa as Miklo Velka
Jesse Borrego as Cruz Candelaria
Benjamin Bratt as Paco Aguilar
Enrique Castillo as Montana Segura
Delroy Lindo as Bonafide
Victor Rivers as Magic
Geoffrey Rivas as Carlos
Tom Towles as Red Ryder
Carlos Carrasco as Popeye
Theodore Wilson as Wallace
Raymond Cruz as Chuey
Valente Rodriguez as Frankie
Lanny Flaherty as Big Al
Billy Bob Thornton as Lightning
Danny Trejo as Geronimo
Victor Mohica as Mano
Luis Contreras as Realthing
Paulo Tocha as Apache
Ving Rhames as Ivan
Richard Masur (uncredited) as Prison librarian
Thomas F. Wilson as Rollie McCann
Lupe Ontiveros as Carmen
Ashley Judd as Paco's Girlfriend ("deleted scene")
Peter Mark Vasquez as Chivo
Mark Rich as Miklo's Stunt Double

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The three prison gangs in the film are fictional creations of screenwriter Jimmy Santiago Baca and director Taylor Hackford. However, they were all loosely based on actual prison gangs, with the Aryan Vanguard, Black Guerrilla Army and La Onda representing the Aryan Brotherhood, Black Guerrilla Family, and the Mexican Mafia, respectively.

text: Actor Theodore Wilson died shortly after filming his scenes in the film.

text: Artist Adan Hernandez was hired to create the paintings the character of Cruz Candelaria was supposed to have painted. All of the paintings that were used in the film were created by him. The mural in the reservoir seen in the film's climax has unfortunately been painted over. Hernandez made a cameo appearance in the film as the drug dealer Gilbert in the art gallery scene.

text: The film was shot in and around Los Angeles and East Los Angeles and inside the walls of San Quentin State Prison. The main character Miklo is sent to San Quentin, where much of the film's plot takes place. Several of the then-inmates appear in the film as extras. In addition, several of the prison staff members also appear as others and some facilitated the production of the film by serving as technical advisors. Many members of the staff were given small lines in the film, with the warden giving an extended cameo in a part that is somewhat integral to the plot. In addition, actor Danny Trejo, who appears in the film as Geronimo, had served time in San Quentin before deciding to become an actor.

text: In addition to prison inmates and staff and artist Hernandez, screenwriter and barrio poet Jimmy Santiago Baca cameos as a prison inmate and member of the La Onda council.

text: The film was initially entitled Blood in Blood Out but was retitled Bound by Honor before the film's release. Blood in blood out refers to the initiation ritual of having to kill someone to enter a gang and, on the reverse end, not being able to leave the gang unless killed. This is a common initiation in many gangs, including prison gangs, and is also the motto of La Onda in the film. Hollywood Pictures insisted on the name change as the studio felt that it would incite violence in East Los Angeles. In addition, executives at Hollywood Pictures, a subsidiary of Disney, were cautious about the potential effect the film would have following the 1992 LA Riots and the attribution given to Boyz N the Hood as a partial cause/inspiration of the riots. Director Taylor Hackford has stated that he was very unhappy with this decision as the film's message was the exact opposite of the one that the studio feared would be transmitted.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews.[2] The TV Guide review stated "similarity to Edward James Olmos' American Me, in which a tormented drug dealer travels the same route through prison society as Miklo. The principal difference between the two films is that Bound By Honor is by far the glossier effort, relentlessly picturesque in the seamlessly anesthetized manner of mainstream Hollywood films."[3] Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum for the Chicago Reader wrote that this "ugly three-hour snoozefest is apparently supposed to do for East Los Angeles Chicanos what the Godfather movies did for New York mafiosi…"[4] Roger Ebert wrote "The East Los Angeles milieu and some of the characters seem familiar, because some of the same ground was covered by American Me... Bound by Honor covers similar material in a less passionate and finally less meaningful way."[5] Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4. A critic from Entertainment Weekly, Owen Gleiberman gave Bound By Honor a B-, falling on the high end of the movie spectrum. He states "Bound By Honor comes fully alive when it moves behind bars. There's an exploitative thrill built into the genre…"[6] This film critic was definitely more interested in the second half of the movie once Miklo was in jail running La Onda. Vincent Canby from The New York Times wrote "The film is big and long, passionate and flat. It's full of heroic and tragic incident, but skimpy about the details of quotidian lives."[7] Giving a very detailed review on the plot of the story he later exalts some of the characters in the movie one in particular, Enrique Castillo. Although Vincent Canby does not give an official rating for the film, he concludes "Though it's not the epic it means to be, it is not a failure."[8]


document_title: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives

question_text: who is on the fbi top ten list

question_tokens: who is on the fbi top ten list

text: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives

text: New additions[edit]

text: The Criminal Investigative Division (CID) at FBI Headquarters calls upon all 56 Field Offices to submit candidates for the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" list.[9] The nominees received are reviewed by Special Agents in the CID and the Office of Public Affairs.[9] The selection of the "proposed" candidate(s) is forwarded to the Assistant Director of the CID for his/her approval and then to the FBI's Director for final approval.[9]  This process takes some time which is why James Joseph "Whitey" Bulger, Jr., who was arrested in Santa Monica, California on June 22, 2011,[10] remained on the list until May 9, 2012[11] despite no longer being at large. Osama bin Laden similarly remained on the list for almost a year after his death at the hands of U.S. forces on May 2, 2011.[12]

text: List as of June 27, 2018[edit]

text: Rewards are offered for information leading to capture of fugitives on the list; the reward is a minimum of $100,000 for all fugitives, current exceptions include Jason Derek Brown, which is $200,000, and Rafael Caro Quintero which is $20,000,000.

text: Seven of the ten still at large are believed or known to be living outside the United States.

text:
Photo

Name

Date added

Sequencenumber

Comments

Robert William Fisher

June 29, 2002

475

Fisher is wanted for the 2001 murder of his wife Mary and their two children, Robert, Jr. and Brittney, and then blowing up the Scottsdale, Arizona, house in which they lived. Investigators believe he murdered his family because he felt threatened by his wife's intent to divorce.[13][14]

Alexis Flores

June 2, 2007

487

Flores is wanted for the kidnapping, rape and murder of five-year-old Iriana DeJesus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in July 2000. He was deported to his native Honduras in 2005 after serving a prison term for forgery in Arizona. He was added to the list after deportation when his DNA was matched to the DeJesus crime.[15][16]

Jason Derek Brown

December 8, 2007

489

Brown is wanted for murder and armed robbery in Phoenix, Arizona. Authorities allege that in November 2004, he shot and killed an armored car guard outside a movie theater and fled on a bicycle with $56,000 in a duffel bag. The FBI is offering a reward of up to $200,000 for information leading to his capture.[17][18]  Authorities believe he may have fled the country and could be living in France or Thailand.[19]

Eduardo Ravelo

October 21, 2009

493

Ravelo is wanted for his alleged involvement in racketeering activities, conspiracy to launder monetary instruments, and conspiracy to possess heroin, cocaine and marijuana with the intent to distribute. His alleged criminal activities began in 2003.[20]  He is believed to be hiding with his wife and children in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. He was captured on June 27, 2018 in Michoacan, Mexico.[21][22]

Yaser Abdel Said

December 4, 2014

504

Said is wanted for the double murder of his daughters in Irving, Texas, on January 1, 2008.[23][24]

Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel

April 18, 2017

514

Patel allegedly stabbed and killed his wife in a doughnut shop in Hanover, Maryland on April 12, 2015. He was last seen taking a shuttle to Pennsylvania Station in Newark. According to authorities, he has connections to Canada, India, New Jersey, Kentucky, Georgia and Illinois.[25][26]

Santiago Villalba Mederos

September 25, 2017

515

Villalba Mederos, a member of the violent Eastside Lokotes Sureno gang, is wanted in connection with two separate shootings in Tacoma, Washington, that resulted in the death of a young woman and the serious wounding of her brother, and a month later, the murder of a young man. Mederos was a teenager at the time of the killings.[27]

Alejandro Rosales Castillo

October 25, 2017

516

Alejandro Rosales Castillo, 17 years old at the time of the killing, is wanted in connection with the 2016 murder of a 23-year-old woman, Truc Quan “Sandy” Ly Le, whom he had previously dated. The two became acquainted while working together in a Charlotte restaurant.[28]

Rafael Caro Quintero

April 12, 2018

518

Caro Quintero, a Mexican cartel leader, is wanted for his role in the kidnapping and murder of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent Enrique Camarena Salazar, his pilot Alfredo Zavala Avelar, American writer John Clay Walker and dentistry student Alberto Radelat in 1985. He spent time in jail in Mexico before being released in 2013; a new arrest warrant was issued shortly after his release.[29]

Antwan Tamon Mims

June 27, 2018

519

Antwan Tamon Mims, a convicted felon and known gang member, is wanted for his alleged involvement in the murder of two individuals on March 25, 2018, at a house party in Benton Harbor, Michigan.[30] He was captured on 31 July, 2018 in Georgia.[31]


document_title: Ohio River

question_text: when did the us get the ohio river valley

text: Ohio River

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The Allegheny River, left, and Monongahela River join to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the largest metropolitan area on the river.

Built between 1849 and 1851, the Wheeling Suspension Bridge was the first bridge across the river.

Louisville, Kentucky, sits at the widest and deepest point of the Ohio River.

A barge hauls coal in the Louisville and Portland Canal, the only artificial portion of the Ohio River.

The Tall Stacks festival celebrates the riverboats of Cincinnati, Ohio, every three or four years.

text: Geography and hydrography[edit]

text: The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line (near East Liverpool, Ohio; Chester, West Virginia; and Midland, Pennsylvania). From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia.

text: The river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky; and the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, until it joins the Mississippi River near the city of Cairo, Illinois.

text: Major tributaries of the river, indicated by the location of the mouths, include:

text:
Allegheny River – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Monongahela River – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Saw Mill Run – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Chartiers Creek – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Montour Run – Coraopolis, Pennsylvania
Beaver River – Rochester, Pennsylvania
Breezewood Creek – Beaver, Pennsylvania
Raccoon Creek – Center Township
Little Beaver Creek – East Liverpool, Ohio
Wheeling Creek – Wheeling, West Virginia
Middle Island Creek – St. Marys, West Virginia
Little Muskingum River – Ohio
Duck Creek – Marietta, Ohio
Muskingum River – Marietta, Ohio
Little Kanawha River – Parkersburg, West Virginia
Hocking River – Hockingport, Ohio
Kanawha River – Point Pleasant, West Virginia
Guyandotte River – Huntington, West Virginia
Big Sandy River – Kentucky-West Virginia border
Little Sandy River – Greenup, Kentucky
Little Scioto River – Sciotoville, Ohio
Scioto River – Portsmouth, Ohio
Kinniconick Creek – Vanceburg, Kentucky
Little Miami River – Cincinnati, Ohio
Licking River – Newport-Covington, Kentucky
Mill Creek – Cincinnati, Ohio
Great Miami River – Ohio-Indiana border
Salt River – West Point, Kentucky
Kentucky River – Carrollton, Kentucky
Green River – near Henderson, Kentucky
Wabash River – Indiana-Illinois-Kentucky border
Saline River – Illinois
Cumberland River – Smithland, Kentucky
Tennessee River – Paducah, Kentucky
Cache River – Illinois

text: Drainage basin[edit]

text: The Ohio's drainage basin covers 189,422 square miles (490,600 km2), encompassing the easternmost regions of the Mississippi Basin. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions.

text:
Northeast

New York: a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny.
Pennsylvania: a corridor from the southwestern corner to north central border.

Mid-Atlantic/Upper South

Maryland: a small corridor along the Youghiogheny River on the western border.
West Virginia: all but the Eastern Panhandle.
Kentucky: all but a small part in the extreme west drained directly by the Mississippi.
Tennessee: all but a small part in the extreme west drained directly by the Mississippi, and a very small area in the southeastern corner which is drained by the Conasauga River.
Virginia: most of southwest Virginia.
North Carolina: the western quarter.

Midwest

Ohio: the southern two-thirds
Indiana: all but the northern area.
Illinois: the southeast quarter.

Deep South

Georgia: the far northwest corner.
Alabama: the northern portion.
Mississippi: the northeast corner.
South Carolina: less than 1 square mile in the northwest.

text: Geology[edit]

text: From a geological standpoint, the Ohio River is young. The river formed on a piecemeal basis beginning between 2.5 and 3 million years ago. The earliest ice ages occurred at this time and dammed portions of north-flowing rivers. The Teays River was the largest of these rivers. The modern Ohio River flows within segments of the ancient Teays. The ancient rivers were rearranged or consumed by glaciers and lakes.

text: Upper Ohio River[edit]

text: The upper Ohio River formed when one of the glacial lakes overflowed into a south-flowing tributary of the Teays River. Prior to that event, the north-flowing Steubenville River (no longer in existence) ended between New Martinsville and Paden City, West Virginia. Likewise, the south-flowing Marietta River (no longer in existence) ended between the present-day cities. The overflowing lake carved through the separating hill and connected the rivers.

text: The resulting floodwaters enlarged the small Marietta valley to a size more typical of a large river. The new large river subsequently drained glacial lakes and melting glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. The valley grew during and following the ice age.

text: Many small rivers were altered or abandoned after the upper Ohio River formed. Valleys of some abandoned rivers can still be seen on satellite and aerial images of the hills of Ohio and West Virginia between Marietta, Ohio, and Huntington, West Virginia. As testimony to the major changes that occurred, such valleys are found on hilltops.[clarification needed]

text: Middle Ohio River[edit]

text: The middle Ohio River formed in a manner similar to formation of the upper Ohio River. A north-flowing river was temporarily dammed southwest of present-day Louisville, creating a large lake until the dam burst. A new route was carved to the Mississippi. Eventually the upper and middle sections combined to form what is essentially the modern Ohio River.

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-Columbian inhabitants of eastern North America considered the Ohio part of a single river continuing on through the lower Mississippi. The river's name comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) Ohiːyo', a proper name derived from ohiːyoːh, meaning "good river".[8] The combined Allegheny-Ohio river is 1,310 miles (2,110 km) long and carries the largest volume of water of any tributary of the Mississippi. The Indians and early explorers and settlers of the region also often considered the Allegheny to be part of the Ohio. The forks (the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at what is now Pittsburgh) was considered a strategic military location.

text: French fur traders operated in the area, and France built forts along the Allegheny River. In 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, led an expedition of French traders who became the first Europeans to see the river. He traveled from Canada and entered the headwaters of the Ohio, traveling as far as the Falls of Ohio at present-day Louisville before turning back. He returned to explore the river again in other expeditions. An Italian cartographer traveling with him created the first map of the Ohio River. La Salle claimed the Ohio Valley for France.

text: In 1749, Great Britain established the Ohio Company to settle and trade in the area. Exploration of the territory and trade with the Indians in the region near the Forks by British colonials from Pennsylvania and Virginia – both of which claimed the territory – led to conflict with the French. In 1763, following the Seven Years' War, France ceded the area to Britain.[9]

text: The 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix opened Kentucky to colonial settlement and established the Ohio River as a southern boundary for American Indian territory.[10] In 1774, the Quebec Act restored the land east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River to Quebec, in effect making the Ohio the southern boundary of Canada. This appeased the Canadien British subjects but angered the Thirteen Colonies. Lord Dunmore's War south of the Ohio river also contributed to giving the land north to Quebec to stop further encroachment of the British colonials on native land. During the American Revolution, in 1776 the British military engineer John Montrésor created a map of the river showing the strategic location of Fort Pitt, including specific navigational information about the Ohio River's rapids and tributaries in that area.[11] However, the Treaty of Paris (1783) gave the entire Ohio Valley to the United States.

text: The economic connection of the Ohio Country to the East was significantly increased in 1818 when the National Road being built westward from Cumberland, Maryland reached Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia), providing an easier overland connection from the Potomac River to the Ohio River.[12]

text: Louisville was founded at the only major natural navigational barrier on the river, the Falls of the Ohio. The Falls were a series of rapids where the river dropped 26 feet (7.9 m) in a stretch of about 2 miles (3.2 km). In this area, the river flowed over hard, fossil-rich beds of limestone. The first locks on the river – the Louisville and Portland Canal – were built to circumnavigate the falls between 1825 and 1830. Fears that Louisville's transshipment industry would collapse proved ill-founded: the increasing size of steamships and barges on the river meant that the outdated locks could only service the smallest vessels until well after the Civil War. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers improvements were expanded again in the 1960s, forming the present-day McAlpine Locks and Dam.

text: Because the Ohio River flowed westward, it became a convenient means of westward movement by pioneers traveling from western Pennsylvania. After reaching the mouth of the Ohio, settlers would travel north on the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri. There, some continued on up the Missouri River, some up the Mississippi, and some further west over land routes. In the early 19th century, river pirates such as Samuel Mason, operating out of Cave-In-Rock, Illinois, waylaid travelers on their way down the river. They killed travelers, stealing their goods and scuttling their boats. The folktales about Mike Fink recall the keelboats used for commerce in the early days of European settlement. The Ohio River boatmen were the inspiration for performer Dan Emmett, who in 1843 wrote the song "The Boatman's Dance".

text: Trading boats and ships traveled south on the Mississippi to New Orleans, and sometimes beyond to the Gulf of Mexico and other ports in the Americas and Europe. This provided a much-needed export route for goods from the west, since the trek east over the Appalachian Mountains was long and arduous. The need for access to the port of New Orleans by settlers in the Ohio Valley led to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.

text: Because the river is the southern border of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, it was part of the border between free states and slave states in the years before the American Civil War. The expression "sold down the river" originated as a lament of Upper South slaves, especially from Kentucky, who were shipped via the Ohio and Mississippi to cotton and sugar plantations in the Deep South.[13][14] Before and during the Civil War, the Ohio River was called the "River Jordan" by slaves crossing it to escape to freedom in the North via the Underground Railroad.[15] More escaping slaves, estimated in the thousands, made their perilous journey north to freedom across the Ohio River than anywhere else across the north-south frontier. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, the bestselling novel that fueled abolitionist work, was the best known of the anti-slavery novels that portrayed such escapes across the Ohio. The times have been expressed by 20th-century novelists as well, such as the Nobel Prize-winning Toni Morrison, whose novel Beloved was adapted as a film of the same name. She also composed the libretto for the opera Margaret Garner (2005), based on the life and trial of an enslaved woman who escaped with her family across the river.

text: The Ohio River is considered to separate Midwestern Great Lakes states from the Upper South states, which were historically border states in the Civil War.

text: The colonial charter for Virginia defined its territory as extending to the north shore of the Ohio, so that the riverbed was "owned" by Virginia. Where the river serves as a boundary between states today, Congress designated the entire river to belong to the states on the east and south, i.e., West Virginia and Kentucky at the time of admission to the Union, that were divided from Virginia. Thus Wheeling Island, the largest inhabited island in the Ohio River, belongs to West Virginia, although it is closer to the Ohio shore than to the West Virginia shore. Kentucky brought suit against Indiana in the early 1980s because of the building of the Marble Hill nuclear power plant in Indiana, which would have discharged its waste water into the river.

text: The U.S. Supreme Court held that Kentucky's jurisdiction (and, implicitly, that of West Virginia) extended only to the low-water mark of 1793 (important because the river has been extensively dammed for navigation, so that the present river bank is north of the old low-water mark.) Similarly, in the 1990s, Kentucky challenged Illinois' right to collect taxes on a riverboat casino docked in Metropolis, citing its own control of the entire river. A private casino riverboat that docked in Evansville, Indiana, on the Ohio River opened about the same time. Although such boats cruised on the Ohio River in an oval pattern up and down, the state of Kentucky soon protested. Other states had to limit their cruises to going forwards, then reversing and going backwards on the Indiana shore only. Since 2002, Indiana has allowed its riverboat casinos to be permanently docked.

text: In the early 1980s, the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area was established at Clarksville, Indiana.

text:
The confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers is at Cairo, Illinois.

Carl D. Perkins Bridge in Portsmouth, Ohio with Ohio River and Scioto River tributary on right.

Silver Bridge in Point Pleasant, West Virginia which collapsed into the Ohio River on December 15, 1967, killing 46 persons.

Mouth of the Ohio, as it feeds into the Mississippi.

Cave-in-rock, view on the Ohio (circa 1832, Cave-In-Rock, Illinois): aquatint by Karl Bodmer from the book Maximilian, Prince of Wied's Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834

text: Pollution[edit]

text: The Ohio River as a whole is ranked as the most polluted river in the US based on 2009 and 2010 data although the more industrial and regional Ohio tributary, Monongahela River, ranked behind 16 other American rivers for pollution at number 17.[16]

text: The Ohio River was polluted with hundreds of thousands of pounds of PFOA by DuPont chemical company, from an outflow pipe, for several decades beginning in the 1950s.[17]

text: River depth[edit]

text: The Ohio River is a naturally shallow river that was artificially deepened by a series of dams. The natural depth of the river varied from about 3 to 20 feet (0.91 to 6.10 m). The dams raise the water level and have turned the river largely into a series of reservoirs, eliminating shallow stretches and allowing for commercial navigation. From its origin to Cincinnati, the average depth is approximately 15 feet (5 m). The largest immediate drop in water level is below the McAlpine Locks and Dam at the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, Kentucky, where flood stage is reached when the water reaches 23 feet (7 m) on the lower gauge. However, the river's deepest point is 168 feet (51 m) on the western side of Louisville, Kentucky. From Louisville, the river loses depth very gradually until its confluence with the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois, where it has an approximate depth of 19 feet (6 m).

text: Water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam upstream to Pittsburgh are predicted daily by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Ohio River Forecast Center.[18] The water depth predictions are relative to each local flood plain based upon predicted rainfall in the Ohio River basin in five reports as follows:

text:
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Hannibal Locks and Dam, Ohio (including the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers)
Willow Island Locks and Dam, Ohio, to Greenup Lock and Dam, Kentucky (including the Kanawha River)
Portsmouth, Ohio, to Markland Locks and Dam, Kentucky
McAlpine Locks and Dam, Kentucky, to Cannelton Locks and Dam, Indiana
Newburgh Lock and Dam, Indiana, to Golconda, Illinois

text: The water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam to Cairo, Illinois, are predicted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center.[19]

text: Smithland Lock and Dam, Illinois, to Cairo, Illinois

text: Cities and towns along the river[edit]

text:
Metro Area
Population

Pittsburgh
2.4 million

Cincinnati
2.2 million

Louisville
1.4 million

Huntington-Ashland
365,419

Evansville
358,000

Parkersburg
160,000

Wheeling
145,000

Weirton-Steubenville
132,000

Owensboro
112,000

text: Cities along the Ohio River include:

text:
Pittsburgh
Sewickley
McKees Rocks
Coraopolis
South Heights
Ambridge
Aliquippa
Rochester
Monaca
Beaver
Shippingport
Midland
Freedom
Rochester
Conway
Neville Island
Baden
Bellevue
Edgeworth
Leetsdale

text:
East Liverpool
Steubenville
Martins Ferry
Bellaire
Marietta
Belpre
Pomeroy
Gallipolis
Ironton
Portsmouth
Manchester
Aberdeen
Ripley
New Richmond
Cincinnati

text:
Chester
Weirton
Wheeling
Moundsville
New Martinsville
Paden City
Sistersville
St. Marys
Parkersburg
Ravenswood
Point Pleasant
Huntington
Kenova

text:
Big Bone
Rabbit Hash
Constance
Hamilton
Petersburg
Belleview
Henderson
Uniontown
Ashland
Vanceburg
Maysville
Augusta
Fort Thomas
Newport
Covington
Ludlow
Louisville
Hawesville
Lewisport
Owensboro
Paducah
Smithland
Warsaw
Ghent
Carrollton
Brandenburg
Bellevue
Dayton
Concord

text:
Lawrenceburg
Aurora
Rising Sun
Vevay
Madison
Jeffersonville
Clarksville
New Albany
Cannelton
Tell City
Troy
Rockport
Newburgh
Evansville
Mount Vernon

text:
Old Shawneetown
Cave-In-Rock
Elizabethtown
Rosiclare
Golconda
Brookport
Metropolis
Mound City
Cairo


document_title: The Great British Bake Off (series 4)

question_text: who won season four of the great british bake off

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 4)

text: Bakers[edit]

text:
Baker
Age
(on show debut)
Occupation
(on show)
Hometown
Links

Ali Imdad
25
Charity worker
Saltley, Birmingham

Beca Lyne-Pirkis
31
Military Wives' Choir Singer
Aldershot, Hampshire
[7]

Christine Wallace
66
Director of an engraving company
Didcot, Oxfordshire
[8]

Deborah Manger
51
Dentist
Peterborough
[9]

Frances Quinn
31
Children's Clothes Designer
Market Harborough, Leicestershire
[10]

Glenn Cosby
37
English Teacher
Teignmouth, Devon
[11]

Howard Middleton
51
Council Worker
Sheffield
[12]

Kimberley Wilson
30
Psychologist
London
[13]

Lucy Bellamy
38
Horticulturist
Grimsby, Lincolnshire
[14]

Mark Onley
37
Carpenter & Kitchen Fitter
Milton Keynes

Robert Smart
54
Space Satellite Designer
Melbourn, Cambridgeshire
[15]

Ruby Tandoh
20
History of Art and Philosophy Student
Southend, Essex
[16]

Toby Waterworth
30
Web Programmer
Reading, Berkshire
[17]

text: Results summary[edit]

text:
Elimination chart

Baker
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Frances

SB

WINNER

Kimberley

SB

SB
Runner Up

Ruby

SB

SB

SB

Runner Up

Beca

OUT

Christine

SB

SB

OUT

Glenn

OUT

Howard

OUT

Robert
SB

OUT

Ali

OUT

Deborah

OUT

Mark

OUT

Lucy

OUT

Toby
OUT

text: Colour key:

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Episode 1: Cakes[edit]

text: The bakers were given two hours to make a sandwich cake with filling of their choice for the signature challenge. For their first technical challenge, the bakers were required to bake an angel food cake using Mary Berry's recipe in two and half hours. For the showstopper, the challenge was to make a chocolate cake using at least two types of chocolate to decorate the cake. They were given four hours for this bake.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Sandwich Cake)
Technical
(Angel Food Cake with Lemon Curd)
Showstopper
(Chocolate Cake)

Ali
Rose and Pistachio Cake
11th
Chocolate, Raspberry and Passion Fruit Engagement Cake

Beca
Grapefruit Sandwich Cake
8th
Chocolate and Cherry Indulgence

Christine
Strawberry, Vanilla and Rosewater Summer Basket
3rd
Chocolate and Orange 'Fripperous' Hat Cake

Deborah
Pineapple Cake
9th
'Coffee Time'

Frances
Giant Jam Sandwich
7th
Secret Squirrel Cake

Glenn
Strawberries and Cream Cake
4th
Almond and Espresso Chocolate Cake

Howard
Passion Fruit and Coconut Cake
6th
Black Forest Revisited

Kimberley
Blood Orange Cake
10th
Chocolate, Raspberry and Basil Layer Cake

Lucy
Timperley Early Cake
2nd
Thyme 'Wildwood' Cake

Mark
Lemon and Poppy Seed Cake
5th
Chocolate Monster

Robert
Pecan and Apple Sandwich Cake
1st
Raspberry Chocolate Cake

Ruby
Rhubarb and Custard Sandwich Cake
12th
Chocolate and Ginger Night Sky Cake

Toby
Spiced and Iced Carrot Cake
13th
Two Tiered Chocolate Cake

text: Episode 2: Bread[edit]

text: The bakers were asked to make in two hours 36 breadsticks, all made using yeast, of at least 25 cm (10 inches) in length, and the breadsticks should be crisp and produce a good snap. For the technical challenge, the bakers have to make eight English muffin using Paul's recipe in two and three quarter hours. For the final bake, an elaborately decorated loaf was set as the showstopper challenge to be completed in four hours.

text:
Baker
Signature
(36 Bread Sticks)
Technical
(English Muffin)
Showstopper
(Decorative Loaf)

Ali
Italian Grissini
9th
Sweet and Savoury Yin Yang Bread

Beca
Fennel & Chilli Breadsticks
11th
Five Strand (Spiced Sultana and Honey) Christmas Wreath

Christine
Mediterranean Breadsticks with Oregano
4th
Double Plaited Loaf

Deborah
Fennel & Chilli Bread Sticks
8th
Walnut Fleur Loaf

Frances
Giant Matchsticks
2nd
Sailor's Knot

Glenn
Rosemary & Parmesan Grissini
7th
Harvest Crown

Howard
Moroccan Breadsticks
10th
Picasso Sun Bread

Kimberley
Nigella Seed & Parmesan Breadsticks
1st
Peace Bread

Lucy
Grissini with Salt
12th
Roast Tomato Bread

Mark
Rosemary & Raisin Breadsticks
6th
Sage and Garlic Plait

Robert
Twisty Rye Bread Sticks
5th
Tribute Loaf

Ruby
Mexican Breadsticks
3rd
White Chocolate and Orange Peacock Bread

text: Episode 3: Desserts[edit]

text: For the first challenge of the episode the bakers were asked to make a Trifle of their own choice, using Ladyfingers, Sponge or Biscuit for the base and either Jam or Custard for the middle layer. For their second challenge, the bakers were required to bake in an hour and a half Floating Islands using a recipe of Mary Berry. For the show-stopper, the bakers were set the task of making 24 petit fours, twelve biscuit based, twelve sponge based, to be finished in three hours.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Trifle)
Technical
(Floating Islands)
Showstopper
(24 Petit Fours)

Ali
Coconut, Raspberry and Lemon Meringue Trifle
5th
Vanilla Latte Mini Cakes
Lime and Mint Shortbread Pops

Beca
Orange & Ginger Trifle
10th
Limoncello and Blueberry Bursts
Millionaire Shortbread

Christine
Caribbean Pina Colada Trifle
4th
Ninety-Niners
Sachertorte Parcels

Deborah
Tropical Trifle*
9th
Canelé Cherry and Chocolate Cakes
Rose Cookies

Frances
Apple and Blackberry Crumble Trifle
8th
'Ballet Bites' Ginger Nutcrackers
Sugar Plum Fairy Cakes

Glenn
Raspberry and Almond Trifle
1st
Billionaire Bouchées
Orange Financiers

Howard
Caramel and Apple Trifle*
7th
Black Coffee and Cardamom Cakes
White Stilton and Pear Biscuits

Kimberley
Peach, Almond and Ginger Trifle
6th
Chocolate and Pistachio Financiers
Lemon and Bergamot Biscuits

Mark
Ginger, Mango and Passion Fruit Trifle
11th
Rose and Pistachio Macaroons
Chocolate and Raspberry Bites

Robert
Rhubarb and Orange Trifle
2nd
Almond Friands
Turǫn Macaroons

Ruby
Desert Island Trifle
3rd
Lemon Shortbread and White Chocolate Seashells
Blackberry and Chocolate Layer Cakes

text: In this challenge, Deborah accidentally used Howard's custard. As a result, Howard used Deborah's custard in his trifle.

text: Episode 4: Pies and Tarts[edit]

text: For the signature challenge the bakers are asked to bake a Double-crusted Fruit Pie with a filling of their choice. For their fourth Technical challenge, the bakers were required to bake a Tart that has almost a 700-year history; the Egg Custard Tart. For the showstopper, the challenge was to make a Filo Pie centrepiece using the Filo pastry that they had made from scratch.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Double-Crusted Fruit Pie)
Technical
(Egg Custard Tarts)
Showstopper
(Filo Pie)

Ali
Apple and Ginger Pie with a
Pecan and Walnut Shortcrust Pastry
8th
Orange, Cardamom and Date M'Hanncha

Beca
Mamgu's Cherry-Apple Tart
2nd
Moroccan Vegetable Filo Feast

Christine
Granny Rogers' Apple, Plum and
Cinnamon Country Pie
7th
Roasted Vegetable Filo Pie with Feta Cheese

Frances
Peach Pie In the Sky
1st
Cherry Tree Baklava Filo Pie

Glenn
Apple and Maple Syrup Pie
9th
Spanakopita

Howard
Apple Pie with Sage Pastry
5th
Fresh Fig and Feta Filo Flan

Kimberley
Pecan and Rosemary Caramel Apple Pie
4th
Chicken, Bacon and Butternut Squash Pie

Robert
Apple and Pear Pie with Thyme
3rd
Spanakopita with St George's Mushrooms

Ruby
Apple and Marzipan Pie
6th
Rose, Almond and Raspberry Filo Pie

text: Episode 5: Biscuits and Traybakes[edit]

text: For the signature challenge, the bakers were asked to make their favorite traybake in two hours and cut into identical pieces. Everything made as part of the traybake however needed to be made from scratch. In the technical challenge, the bakers needed to make 18 tuiles using Mary's recipe in one and a half hour. Half of the tuiles needed to be shaped in the traditional manner and piped in a concentric circles, and the other rolled up and dipped in chocolate. In the last challenge, the baker had to make a biscuit tower of at least 30 cm high, to be finished in four hours.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Traybake)
Technical
(Tuiles with Chocolate Mousse)
Showstopper
(Biscuit Tower)

Beca
Chocolate, Cherry and Hazelnut Brownies
5th
Tiered Macaron and Sugar Dough Biscuit Centrepiece

Christine
Mixed Berry and Almond Crumble Traybake
1st
Shortbread Bavarian Clock Tower

Frances
Millionaire Banoffee Bonus
3rd
Biscuits, Buttons and Beads

Glenn
Apricot and Pistachio Tiffin
2nd
Shortbread and Macaron Helter-Skelter

Howard
Breakfast Traybake
8th
Japanese Pagoda Tea Tower

Kimberley
Cherry and Almond Bakewell Florentine Slice
7th
Black and White Viennese Biscuit Stack

Robert
Blueberry and Orange Traybake
4th
Dalek

Ruby
Blackberry and Lemon Bakewell Slice
6th
'Dropped Ice-Cream' Biscuit Centrepiece

text: Episode 6: Sweet Dough[edit]

text: In the first challenge, the bakers were required to make a sweet tea loaf using yeast, either in a tin or free form. They were given 3 hours for the task. For the technical challenge, the bakers baked an apricot couronne using Paul's recipe in two and three-quarter hours. For the showstopper, the bakers needed to make two different varieties of European sweet buns, 12 of each. The bakers were given 30 minutes to start in the first day so that dough may be proofed overnight, to be finished the second day in four hours.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Tea Loaf)
Technical
(Apricot Couronne)
Showstopper
(24 Sweet European Buns)

Beca
Bara Brith
6th
Chocolate and Rum-Soaked Prune Brioches
Cardamom Spiced Lemon Iced Buns

Christine
Oxford Nutty Fruit Loaf
4th
Schnecken Buns
Vanilla Custard Skolebrød

Frances
Chai Tea Loaf
2nd
Hot Cross Brioches
Rhubarb and Custard Kolaches

Glenn
Devonshire Panettone
5th
Almond and Apricot Brioches
Sticky Caramel Kanelbullen

Howard
Date and Hemp Yorkshire Loaf
7th
Peachy Buns
German Baumschnecken

Kimberley
Chai-Spiced Ginger and Date Tea Loaf
3rd
Double Chocolate and Hazelnut Brioches
Danish Kanelsnurrer

Ruby
Citrus Tea Loaf
1st
Twisted Swedish Kanelbullar
Saffron St. Lucia Buns

text: Episode 7: Pastry[edit]

text: The bakers are challenged to bring the old fashioned suet pudding back up to date for the signature challenge. In the technical bake, the bakers are challenged to create eight perfect religieuse; these are choux buns that are topped with ganache and filled with crème patissiere then carefully balanced one on top of the other. In the Showstopper Challenge, the bakers have 4 hours to make three different types of puffed pastries; one must be filled, another has to be iced and the final one is of their choice.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Suet Pudding)
Technical
(Religieuses)
Showstopper
(36 Puff Pastry Canapés)

Beca
Spring Lamb and Vegetable Suet Pudding
with Redcurrant Gravy
1st
Nectarine and Frangipane Squares
Chocolate and Hazelnut Vol-au-vents
Strawberries and Cream Mille-feuille

Christine
Spotted Dick 'With a Kick'
and Vanilla Custard Ice Cream
6th
Eccles Cakes
Fresh Fruit Baskets
Lemon Cream Eton Mess Mille-feuille

Frances
Figgy Roll-y Poly Pudding
with Caramelised Walnut and Honey Ice Cream
5th
French Framboise Cream Horns
Sheet Music Mille-feuille
Bass Clef Palmiers

Glenn
Prune and Armagnac Pudding
with Boozy Butterscotch Sauce
3rd
Caramelised Apple and Marzipan Tartlets
Chocolate Elephant Ears
Passion Fruit Mille-feuille

Kimberley
Barberry and Apple Spotted Dick
with Maple Syrup and White Chocolate Custard
4th
Pear, Malt and Butterscotch Mille-feuille
Blackberry and Lemon Verbena Crème Brûle Custard tarts
Fig, Orange and Thyme Galette

Ruby
Plum Jam Roly-Poly
with Ginger Ice Cream
2nd
Raspberry and Passion Fruit Mille-feuille
Caramelised Apple Lattice
Portuguese Custard Tarts

text: Episode 8: Quarter Final[edit]

text: This week in the quarter final, the theme for this week were bakes that were free of something (e.g. gluten free, dairy free). In the Signature Challenge, the bakers are challenged to bake a loaf that does not use traditional wheat flours, instead they must use flours such as Spelt, Rye, Potato or Tapioca. The bakers are challenged in the technical bake to make a Dacquoise which consists of 3 layers; coiled meringue, coffee custard and a hazelnut praline top. For the showstopper, the bakers are pushed out of their comfort zones and asked to create novelty vegetable cakes which must be dairy free

text:
Baker
Signature
(Wheat-Free Loaf)
Technical
(Hazelnut Dacquoise)
Showstopper
(Dairy-Free Vegetable Cake)

Beca
Potato, Spelt and Rosemary Focaccia
4th
Spiced Butternut Squash and Pecan 'Cheese' Cake

Christine
Multi-Seeded Loaf
with Pumpkin, Sesame and Sunflower Seeds
5th
Sweet Potato Guitar
with Passion Fruit Icing and Marshmallow Fondant

Frances
'Chelsea Flour Show' Bun Bouquet
3rd
Hidden Carrot Cake

Kimberley
Wild Garlic Pesto and Parma Ham Spelt Loaf
2nd
Butternut Squash and Spice Cake Toadstool House

Ruby
Mango and Nigella Seed Spelt Cob
1st
Carrot Cake and Pistachio Garden Plot

text: Episode 9: Semi-Final[edit]

text: This week's theme was French pastry. In the Signature Challenge, the bakers are challenged to make three different types of savoury canapé; one must be Choux, another must be Shortcrust or Rough Puff and the third can be anything of their choice. For the Technical bake, the bakers are challenged to make a Charlotte Royal; made of Swiss roll surrounding a bavarois, it is set with gelatin to form a firm dome when turned out. In the Showstopper Challenge, the bakers are challenged to bake an iconic French Patisserie, the Opera cake

text:
Baker
Signature
(36 Canapés)
Technical
(Charlotte Royale)
Showstopper
(Opera Cake)

Beca
Stilton and Walnut Macarons
Beetroot and Salmon Choux Puffs
Welsh Rarebit Tartlets
3rd
Banoffee Opera Cake

Frances
Legume Canapés:
Chantenay Carrots
Choux Pastry Tomatoes
Cauliflower Cheese Scones

2nd
Great British Soap Opera Cake

Kimberley
Pea Purée Tarts
Crab and Wasabi Profiteroles
Steamed Buns with Barbecue Chicken
1st
Passion Fruit and Lime Opera Cake

Ruby
Beetroot Jelly on Poppy Seed Biscuits
Spinach, Parmesan and Egg Tartlets
Choux Buns with Goat's Cheese and Caramelised Onions
4th
Chocolate, Almond Praline and Saffron Opera Cake

text: Episode 10: Final[edit]

text: In the Signature Challenge, the final three are challenged to create a Picnic Pie. The pie must be savoury, the fillings have to create a creative design and has to be strong enough to be served out of the tin. For the Technical Challenge, the bakers are challenged to make 12 perfectly shaped pretzels; 6 savoury with rock salt and 6 sweet, flavoured with poppy seeds and topped with sweet orange zest and glaze. For the final Showstopper Challenge of the series, the bakers are asked to bake the ultimate showpiece - a three tiered wedding cake.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Picnic Pie)
Technical
(Pretzels)
Showstopper
(Wedding Cake)

Frances
Rainbow Picnic Pie
3rd
Midsummer Night's Dream Wedding Cake

Kimberley
Chicken and Pig Pie
1st
Languages of Love Wedding Cake

Ruby
Picnic Basket Pie
2nd
Raspberry, Lemon and Passion Fruit Wedding Cake

text: Masterclasses[edit]

text: Mary and Paul take over the tent and take on the challenges that they set for the bakers, showing what they would have done had they been in the bakers shoes.

text: Episode 1[edit]

text:
Bake 1
Bake 2
Bake 3

Mary
Spiced Whole Orange Cake with Orange Mascarpone Icing
Angel Food Cake with Lemon Curd
Chocolate Creation Showstopper

Paul
Olive Breadsticks
English Muffins

text: Episode 2[edit]

text:
Bake 1
Bake 2
Bake 3

Mary
Tipsy Trifle
Floating Islands
Wobbly Apricot Tart

Paul
Egg Custard Tarts
Spanakopita
N/A

text: Episode 3[edit]

text:
Bake 1
Bake 2
Bake 3

Mary
Ginger and Treacle Spiced Traybake
Tuiles with Chocolate Mousse
N/A

Paul
Iced Tea Loaf
Apricot Couronne
Brioche Tetes

text: Episode 4[edit]

text:
Bake 1
Bake 2
Bake 3

Mary
Sussex Pond Pudding with Apples
Religieuses
Opera Cake

Paul
Rye Bread
Pretzels
N/A

text: Christmas Masterclass[edit]

text:
Bake 1
Bake 2
Bake 3

Mary
Mincemeat Streusel
Tunis Cake
Gingerbread House

Paul
Stollen
Black Bun
Boxing Day pie

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Before the series started, there was speculation Paul Hollywood would not appear in the show after his marriage broke down.[18][19][20] Mary Berry, however, was said to have supported Hollywood over rumours of his possible sacking by BBC,[21] and the BBC later denied the rumours and said that his job is safe.[22]

text: During the series, there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show,[23] as well as allegations of Paul Hollywood's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh,[24][25] and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc.[26][27][28] Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation.[29][30]

text: Prior to the final, a rash of bets were placed on Frances Quinn to win. Bookmakers were forced to suspend the book after 90 per cent of wagers were placed on Quinn, and led to accusation that show insiders or friends who knew of the result were placing bets on the outcome.[31] This subsequently led to many online media sources speculating Quinn had won, inadvertently leaking the result prematurely.

text: Post-show career[edit]

text: Frances Quinn wrote a book, Quinntessential Baking, released on 17 August 2015.[32][33]

text: Ruby Tandoh has written a book, Crumb: The Baking Book, published on 25 September 2014.[34] She took half a year out from the university after the show but has returned to complete her philosophy and history of art course at University College London.[35] She wrote a column on baking for The Guardian.[36]

text: Beca Lyne-Pirkis presented a Welsh language cookery show Becws for S4C starting 11 September 2014.[37][38]

text: Glenn Cosby left teaching and launched his own touring stage show Bake it Big.[39][40]

text: Ali Imdad has set up a bakery business and become a full-time baker.[41]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The show achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two. According to overnight data, the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak, and averaging over 8 million, more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV.[42] This episode is the highest-rated show ever on BBC2 under the ratings system first introduced in 2002, beating the previous record set by an episode of Top Gear in 2007.[43] Series 4 had an average of viewing figure of 7.4 million.[44]

text: Official episode viewing figures are from BARB.[45]

text:
Episode
no.
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)
BBC Two
weekly ranking
Weekly ranking
all channels[46]

1
20 August 2013 (2013-08-20)
6.60
1
11

2
27 August 2013 (2013-08-27)
6.65
1
12

3
3 September 2013 (2013-09-03)
7.17
1
13

4
10 September 2013 (2013-09-10)
6.82
1
18

5
17 September 2013 (2013-09-17)
6.95
1
17

6
24 September 2013 (2013-09-24)
7.32
1
16

7
1 October 2013 (2013-10-01)
7.76
1
13

8
8 October 2013 (2013-10-08)
7.41
1
12

9
15 October 2013 (2013-10-15)
7.41
1
18

10
22 October 2013 (2013-10-22)
9.45
1
4

text: Specials[edit]

text:
Episode
no.
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)
BBC Two
weekly ranking

The Great British Bake Off, Class of 2012

22 October 2013 (2013-10-22)
3.69
2

The Great British Bake Off Masterclass

1
29 October 2013 (2013-10-29)
2.73
4

2
30 October 2013 (2013-10-30)
2.27
10

3
31 October 2013 (2013-10-31)
2.21
13

4
1 November 2013 (2013-11-01)
1.69
24

The Great British Bake Off, Christmas Special

17 December 2013 (2013-12-17)
3.39
2


document_title: The Book of Life (2014 film)

question_text: who plays chakal in the book of life

question_tokens: who plays chakal in the book of life

text: The Book of Life (2014 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mary Beth, a museum tour guide, takes a group of school detention students on a secret museum tour, telling them, with wooden figures, the story of a Mexican town called San Angel from the Book of Life, holding every story in the world.

text: On the Day of the Dead, La Muerte, ruler of the Land of the Remembered, and Xibalba, ruler of the Land of the Forgotten, set a wager for their own worlds after seeing Manolo Sánchez and Joaquín Mondragon competing over María Posada. La Muerte bets on Manolo while Xibalba bets on Joaquín. However, Xibalba cheats by giving Joaquin his Medal of Everlasting Life, granting the wearer invincibility. María frees a herd of captive pigs, resulting her being sent to a boarding school in Spain. Parting ways, Manolo gives her one of the rescued baby pigs, which he named Chuy, and she gives him a guitar engraved with the phrase "Always play from the heart".

text: Years later, Manolo's dreams are suppressed by his father Carlos, who trains him to be a bullfighter to honor their family, while Joaquín becomes a hero with the Medal's aid. On Manolo's first bullfight, María returns. Manolo defeats the bull but refuses to kill it, dismaying Carlos and the crowd but impressing María. That night, María is pressured by her father and mayor, General Ramiro Posada, to marry Joaquín for his protection from the Bandit King Chakal. María and Manolo both profess their love before dawn but are interrupted when Xibalba sends his dual-headed snake staff who bites her once and sends her into a coma. Devastated by María's apparent death, Manolo allows Xibalba to kill him, believing he will be reunited with María in death.

text: At the Land of the Remembered, Manolo reunites with his mother Carmen and his ancestral family. They travel to La Muerte's castle, discovering Xibalba, now the new ruler of the Land of the Remembered, who explains the bet and that the snake only killed him. María awakens (thanks to Joaquin's Medal), learns of Manolo's death, and accepts Joaquín's proposal, despite Joaquin's protestation. Manolo, Carmen, and his grandfather Luis, travel to the Cave of Souls to reach La Muerte. Inside, they meet the Candle Maker, the overseer of mortal lives and the Book of Life's keeper. After seeing that Manolo's story in the Book of Life is blank and can be rewritten by himself, he takes them to the Land of the Forgotten. They find La Muerte at Xibalba's previous castle and expose his cheating. Furious, La Muerte lectures Xibalba before offering a new wager at Manolo's request: Manolo's life will be returned if he completes a challenge of Xibalba's choosing, but if he fails, he will be forgotten and Xibalba will keep both realms. Xibalba sets Manolo against a giant bull skeleton made from the skeletons of every bull slain by the Sanchez family, believing that to be his greatest fear.

text: In the Land of the Living, Chakal leads his army to San Angel (in middle of María and Joaquin's wedding) to find the Medal, which was previously his. Chakal kills Carlos, who arrives in the Land of the Remembered in time to see Manolo's fight. Manolo, realizing his fear is actually that of being himself, refuses to fight and instead sings an apology to the bull, appeasing it and touching his family, even the deities (especially Xibalba). Impressed, the deities restore Manolo to life and send him and his family to San Angel to protect it from Chakal and his army. Manolo is seemingly killed when Chakal blows himself up, but he is protected by the Medal, which Joaquín had slipped him earlier. Joaquín returns it to Xibalba and resolves to be a true hero, while Manolo and María are happily married as Xibalba and La Muerte reconcile.

text: In the present, Mary Beth finishes the story, and the now-amazed children leave the museum. Mary Beth and an elderly security guard named Guicho reveal themselves to be La Muerte and Xibalba in disguise (and still very much in love). The Candle Maker appears and encourages the audience by showing them the Book of Life and telling them to write their own story.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Diego Luna as Manolo Sánchez,[1] a torero with a guitar and two swords, and the youngest in a family of skilled bullfighters.

Emil-Bastien Bouffard as a young Manolo.
Joe Matthews as young Manolo's singing voice.

Zoe Saldana as María Posada, Manolo and Joaquín's best friend and love interest. She is also General Ramiro Posada's daughter.[1]

Genesis Ochoa as a young María

Channing Tatum as Joaquín Mondragon Jr., a young man who is Manolo's closest friend and the town hero of San Angel.[1]

Elias Garza as a young Joaquín

Ice Cube as the Candle Maker, a being who oversees the lives and stories of the living through candles and the Book of Life, which he also oversees.[1][7]
Ron Perlman as Xibalba, the ruler of the Land of the Forgotten and La Muerte's husband.[1]
Kate del Castillo as La Muerte, the ruler of the Land of the Remembered and Xibalba's wife.[1]

Christina Applegate as Mary Beth,[8] a museum tour guide, the story's narrator and one of La Muerte's disguises. [1]
Tonita Castro as La Muerte disguised as an old woman.

Héctor Elizondo as Carlos Sánchez, Manolo's well-meaning yet extremely harsh father.[9]
Ana de la Reguera as Carmen Sánchez, Manolo's deceased mother. She was credited as "Skeleton Carmen".[9]
Danny Trejo as Luis Sánchez, Manolo's deceased grandfather. He was credited as "Skeleton Luis".[9]
Grey Griffin as Grandma Anita Sanchez, Manolo's short great-grandmother who later dies due to cholesterol problems.
Carlos Alazraqui as General Ramiro Posada, Maria's father, who serves as the mayor of San Angel and the general of its army.

Alazraqui also voices Dali and provides the vocal effects for Chuy, María's loyal pig pet who thinks that he is a goat.

Plácido Domingo as Jorge Sánchez, Manolo's deceased great-granduncle who wears an eyepatch over his left eye and swords on his right arm and left leg. He was credited as "Skeleton Jorge".[9]
Jorge R. Gutierrez as Carmelo Sánchez, Manolo's deceased tall and burly Aztec ancestor. He was credited as "Skeleton Carmelo".
Gabriel Iglesias as Pepe Rodríguez, Joaquín's larger brother.[9]
Cheech Marin as Pancho Rodríguez, Joaquin's medium-sized brother.[9]
Ricardo Sánchez as Pablo Rodriguez, Joaquin's short brother.[9]
Dan Navarro as Chakal, the Bandit King.[1]
Eugenio Derbez as Chato, a member and second of Chaka's group of bandits.[9]
Anjelah Johnson as Adelita, one of Manolo's deceased cousins and Scardelita's twin sister who perished during the Mexican Revolution while protecting Emiliano Zapata.[10]
Sandra Equihua as Scardelita, one of Manolo's deceased cousins and Adelita's twin sister who wears an eyepatch. She perished during the Mexican Revolution while protecting Emiliano Zapata.[10]
Miguel Sandoval as the Land of the Remembered Captain, the guide to the Land of the Remembered and the resident that Manolo meets first.
Angélica María Hartman Ortiz as Sister Ana, a Catholic sister who works in San Angel's church.
Sandra Echeverría as Claudia, a beautiful woman at San Angel and one of Joaquín's biggest fans.
Trey Bumpass as Luka Ramirez, a Mexican-American goth boy and one of the detention students in the present world who listens to Manolo's story from Mary Beth. He was credited as "Goth Kid".

Bumpass also voices an orphan in San Angel

Kennedy "KK" Peil as Sasha, a little Russian-American girl and one of the detention students in the present world who listens to Manolo's story from Mary Beth.
Ishan Sharma as Sanjay, an Indian-American boy and one of the detention students in the present who listens to Manolo's story from Mary Beth.
Callahan Clark as Jane, a Chinese-American girl and one of the detention students in the present who listens to Manolo's story from Mary Beth.
Eric Bauza as Father Domingo, a priest that works in San Angel's church.

Bauza also voices the Cave Guardian, the guardian of the Cave of Souls.

Aron Warner as Thomas, a male museum tour guide.
Troy Evans as Old Man Hemingway, an old man who lived at San Angel.
Guillermo del Toro as the Land of the Remembered Captain's Wife, the unnamed wife of the Land of Remembered Captain who died of a broken heart.
Brad Booker as a train conductor

text: Production[edit]

text: The Book of Life was originally optioned by DreamWorks Animation in 2007, but never went beyond development because of "creative differences".[6] From there the film went to Reel FX,[11] with 20th Century Fox handling distribution rights. The film was initially given a release date of October 10, 2014;[12] however, this was eventually moved back by a week.[13] On October 16, 2013, it was announced that Channing Tatum, Zoe Saldana, Diego Luna and Christina Applegate would star as voice actors in the film.[9]

text: Jorge Gutierrez, co-creator of Nickelodeon's El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera, wanted to make the final animation look like the concept artwork saying: "I saw every single one that comes out and my biggest heartbreak is that I see all this glorious art, and then the movie doesn't look like that! The mandate of this movie was: Our 'Art of' book is going to look exactly like the movie. And every artist poured their heart and soul into that idea."[14] Gutierrez did not permit his animation team to go on any research trips to Mexico, feeling that such trips often only covered very touristy aspects of the culture. Instead he had the team address any questions they had about the region to him.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Book of Life made its world premiere in Los Angeles on October 12, 2014.[16] It was released on October 17, 2014 in North America.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Book of Life was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on January 27, 2015 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[18] The special features included a 3-minute[19] short animated film, titled The Adventures of Chuy.[18]

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Book of Life

Soundtrack album by Gustavo Santaolalla

Released
September 26, 2014

Recorded
2014

Genre
Film score

Length
37:34

Label
Sony Masterworks

Gustavo Santaolalla film scores chronology

Wild Tales
(2014)Wild Tales2014
The Book of Life
(2014)

text: In April 2013, it was announced Gustavo Santaolalla and Paul Williams would be adapting pop songs for the film.[20] The soundtrack was released on September 29, 2014, on iTunes,[21] and was released on CD on October 27, 2014, by Sony Masterworks.[22]

text:
No.
Title
Performer
Length

1.
"Live Life"
Jesse & Joy
3:05

2.
"The Apology Song"
La Santa Cecilia
2:32

3.
"No Matter Where You Are"
Us The Duo
2:58

4.
"I Love You Too Much"
Diego Luna & Gustavo Santaolalla
2:35

5.
"I Will Wait"
Diego Luna, Joe Matthews & Gustavo Santaolalla
1:55

6.
"Más"
Kinky
4:20

7.
"Cielito Lindo"
Plácido Domingo
0:25

8.
"Creep"
Diego Luna & Gustavo Santaolalla
1:20

9.
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
Diego Luna
0:52

10.
"The Ecstasy of Gold"
Gustavo Santaolalla
2:05

11.
"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?"
Gabriel Iglesias & Gustavo Santaolalla
0:20

12.
"Just a Friend"
Biz Markie & Cheech Marin
2:49

13.
"El Aparato / Land of the Remembering"
Café Tacuba & Gustavo Santaolalla
1:46

14.
"Visiting Mother"
Gustavo Santaolalla
1:43

15.
"The Apology Song"
Diego Luna & Gustavo Santaolalla
2:52

16.
"No Matter Where You Are"
Diego Luna & Zoe Saldana
1:37

17.
"Te Amo y Más"
Diego Luna & Gustavo Santaolalla
2:36

18.
"Si Puedes Perdonar"
Diego Luna & Gustavo Santaolalla
1:44

Total length:
37:34

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Book of Life grossed $50.2 million in North America and $49.6 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $99.8 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[5]

text: The Book of Life was released in the United States and Canada on October 17, 2014.[23][24] The film earned $300,000 from Thursday late night showings from 2,150 theatres[25][26] and $4.9 million on its opening day.[27][28] The film debuted at number three in its opening weekend earning $17 million at an average of $5,537 per theatre behind Fury ($23.5 million) and Gone Girl ($17.8 million).[29][30][31][32] The film played 57% female and 54% under the age of 25 years. It played 59% under 10-years old while 31% of tickets sold were in 3D.[33]

text: In other territories, The Book of Life earned $8.58 million from 3,654 screens in 19 markets. The highest debuts came from Mexico ($3.84 million) and Brazil ($1.98 million).[31] In Mexico, the film was number two behind the local film Perfect Dictatorship.[34]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 107 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads "The Book of Life's gorgeous animation is a treat, but it's a pity that its story lacks the same level of craft and detail that its thrilling visuals provide."[35] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[36]

text: Geoff Berkshire of Variety gave the film a positive review, saying "Repping a major step forward for Dallas-based Reel FX Animation Studios (after their anemic feature bow on last year's Free Birds), the beautifully rendered CG animation brings an unusually warm and heartfelt quality to the high-tech medium and emerges as the film's true calling card."[37] Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying "The Book of Life is a visually stunning effort that makes up for its formulaic storyline with an enchanting atmosphere that sweeps you into its fantastical world, or in this case, three worlds."[38] Simon Abrams of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review, saying "The Book of Life's hackneyed stock plot preaches tolerance while lamely reinforcing the status quo."[39] Marc Snetiker of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A-, saying "Overflowing with hyperactive charm and a spectacular sea of colors, it showcases some of the most breathtaking animation we've seen this decade."[40] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "The dizzying, intricate imagery is so beautiful, and the Latin-inspired songs catchy enough that the overall effect is often enchanting."[41] Sara Stewart of The New York Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Just in time for Mexico's Day of the Dead holiday comes this gloriously colorful animated musical, which almost (but not quite) makes up in visuals what it lacks in snappy dialogue."[42] Katie Rife of The A.V. Club gave the film a B-, saying "Ultimately, what drags The Book Of Life down is its insistence on trying to update an (original) folkloric story for a contemporary audience. In practice, this means adding some pop-cultural touches that only serve to take the viewer out of the fantastic setting."[43]

text: Michael Ordoña of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The vibrant animated feature The Book of Life is a cheeky celebration of Mexican folklore with a solid cast, an irreverent sensibility and gorgeous visuals."[44] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The Book of Life may use state-of-the-art animation, but it derives its strength from the wisdom of antiquity. It only looks new, but it's as old as life (and death) itself.[45] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film four out of five stars, saying "A visually stunning, funny movie that trusts children to deal with subject matter that many films don't: specifically, death."[46] Frank Lovece of Newsday gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Funny without being frantic, seamlessly switching from dry humor to slapstick, it shows death as a part of life -- and, judging from a preview audience of very young tykes, does so in a gentle, delightful way."[47] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying "This often beautiful and too-often moribund, if exhaustingly frenetic, feature tends to be less energetic than the dead people waltzing through it."[48] Conversely, Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a negative review, saying "The Book of Life juxtaposes overwrought visual imagery with an undernourished, familiar story - regrettable flaws in one of the few animated films to focus on Latino characters and the rich heritage of Mexican folk culture."[49] Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle gave the film two and a half stars out of five, saying "Visually arresting but dramatically rote, The Book of Life at least introduces American kids to the Mexican holiday of Día de los Muertos and should score points with families looking for kid-friendly movies that reflect aspects of their Mexican cultural heritage."[50]

text: Calvin Wilson of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film two and a half stars out of five, saying "The Book of Life is a flawed but intriguing new chapter in animation."[51] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The Book of Life moves breezily from one scene to the next, keeping the pace brisk and rarely skipping a beat."[52] Laura Emerick of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Whether en ingles o en espanol, The Book of Life is a delight. In an animated universe cluttered with kung-fu pandas, ice princesses and video-game heroes, Gutierrez and del Toro have conjured up an original vision."[53] Tasha Robinson of The Dissolve gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "It's all flawed, and distracted, and conceptually messy, prioritizing color over common sense and energy over consistency. But as an afternoon's diversion for a handful of misbehaving kids—both within the movie, and within the movie theater—it's authentically winning."[54] Michael Ordona of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a positive review, saying "There are no great surprises, no shocking reveals (except to the characters themselves). But there's so much to appreciate along the way that it's a real page-turner."[44] Kenji Fujishima of Slant Magazine gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Jorge R. Gutierrez subsumes the film's darker themes in a relentlessly busy farrago of predictable kids'-movie tropes and annoying attempts at hipness."[55] Ben Sachs of the Chicago Reader gave the film a negative review, saying "This Pixar knockoff from 20th Century Fox is more imaginative than most, though like far too many of them, it's undone by a surfeit of glib one-liners and pop culture references."[56]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of Awards and Nominations

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Results
Ref

42nd Annual Annie Awards
Best Animated Feature
The Book of Life
Nominated
[57]

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Augusto Schillaci, Erich Turner, Bill Konersman, Chris Rasch, Joseph Burnette
Nominated

Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Paul Sullivan, Sandra Equihua, Jorge R. Gutierrez
Won

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Jorge R. Gutierrez
Nominated

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Simon Varela & Paul Sullivan
Nominated

4th Behind the Voice Actors Awards
Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Feature Film
Zoe Saldana
Nominated
[58]

Best Male Vocal Performance in a Feature Film in a Supporting Role
Ron Perlman
Nominated

Best Female Vocal Performance in a Feature Film in a Supporting Role
Kate del Castillo
Nominated

15th Black Reel Awards
Outstanding Voice Performance
Zoe Saldana
Nominated
[59]

30th Casting Society of America Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Animation Feature
Christian Kaplan
Nominated
[60]

13th Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards
Best Animated Film
The Book of Life
Nominated
[61]

20th Critics' Choice Awards
Best Animated Feature
Nominated

4th Georgia Film Critics Association Awards
Best Animated Film
Nominated

72nd Golden Globe Awards
Best Animated Feature Film
Nominated
[62]

14th Golden Schmoes Awards
Best Animated Movie of the Year
Nominated
[63]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
Best Original Score - Animated Film
Gustavo Santaolalla
Nominated
[64]

Outstanding Music Supervision - Film
John Houlihan
Nominated

8th Houston Film Critics Society Awards
Best Animated Film
The Book of Life
Nominated
[61]

6th International 3D & Advanced Imaging Society Awards
3D Feature - Animated
Nominated
[65]

62nd MPSE Golden Reel Awards
Best Sound Editing - Animated Feature
Nominated
[66]

46th NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Zoe Saldana
Nominated
[67]

26th Producers Guild of America Awards
Best Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures
Guillermo del Toro and Brad Booker
Nominated
[68]

19th Satellite Awards
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
The Book of Life
Nominated
[69]

11th St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards
Best Animated Film
Nominated
[61]

13th Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
"Magical Land of the Remembered"
Glo Minaya, Amy Chen, Sean McEwan, Jeff Masters
Nominated
[70]

13th Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards
Best Animated Feature
The Book of Life
Nominated
[61]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Director Jorge Gutierrez revealed in an interview that one of the ideas for the next chapter in the story involves Joaquin and his relationship with his father. "I had always imagined the first movie to be about Manolo, the second to be about Joaquín and the third one to be about Maria...I've always conceived it as a trilogy."[71] In June 2017, Gutierrez and Reel FX Animation announced that the development on the sequel had begun.[72]