document_title: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

question_text: when was hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy published

question_tokens: when was hitchhiker 's guide to the galaxy published

text: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

text: Plot[edit]

text: The various versions follow the same basic plot but they are in many places mutually contradictory, as Adams rewrote the story substantially for each new adaptation.[7] Throughout all versions, the series follows the adventures of Arthur Dent, a hapless Englishman, following the destruction of the Earth by the Vogons, a race of unpleasant and bureaucratic aliens, to make way for an intergalactic bypass. Dent's adventures intersect with several other characters: Ford Prefect (who named himself after the Ford Prefect car to blend in with what was assumed to be the dominant life form, automobiles), an alien from a small planet somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuse and a researcher for the eponymous guidebook, who rescues Dent from Earth's destruction; Zaphod Beeblebrox, Ford's eccentric semi-cousin and the Galactic President; the depressed robot Marvin the Paranoid Android; and Trillian, formerly known as Tricia McMillan, a woman Arthur once met at a party in Islington and the only other human survivor of Earth's destruction thanks to Beeblebrox' intervention.

text: Background[edit]

text: The first radio series comes from a proposal called "The Ends of the Earth": six self-contained episodes, all ending with Earth's being destroyed in a different way. While writing the first episode, Adams realized that he needed someone on the planet who was an alien to provide some context, and that this alien needed a reason to be there. Adams finally settled on making the alien a roving researcher for a "wholly remarkable book" named The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. As the first radio episode's writing progressed, the Guide became the centre of his story, and he decided to focus the series on it, with the destruction of Earth being the only hold-over.[8]

text: Adams claimed that the title came from a 1971 incident while he was hitchhiking around Europe as a young man with a copy of the Hitch-hiker's Guide to Europe book: while lying drunk in a field near Innsbruck with a copy of the book and looking up at the stars, he thought it would be a good idea for someone to write a hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy as well. However, he later claimed that he had told this story so many times that he had forgotten the incident itself, and only remembered himself telling the story. His friends are quoted as saying that Adams mentioned the idea of "hitch-hiking around the galaxy" to them while on holiday in Greece in 1973.[9]

text: Adams's fictional Guide is an electronic guidebook to the entire universe, originally published by Megadodo Publications, one of the great publishing houses of Ursa Minor Beta. The narrative of the various versions of the story are frequently punctuated with excerpts from the Guide. The voice of the Guide (Peter Jones in the first two radio series and TV versions, later William Franklyn in the third, fourth and fifth radio series, and Stephen Fry in the movie version), also provides general narration.

text: Original radio series[edit]

text: The first radio series of six episodes (called "Fits" after the names of the sections of Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem "The Hunting of the Snark")[10] was broadcast in 1978 on BBC Radio 4. Despite a low-key launch of the series (the first episode was broadcast at 10:30 pm on Wednesday, 8 March 1978), it received generally good reviews and a tremendous audience reaction for radio.[11] A one-off episode (a "Christmas special") was broadcast later in the year. The BBC had a practice at the time of commissioning "Christmas Special" episodes for popular radio series, and while an early draft of this episode of The Hitchhiker's Guide had a Christmas-related plotline, it was decided to be "in slightly poor taste" and the episode as transmitted served as a bridge between the two series.[12] This episode was released as part of the second radio series and, later, The Secondary Phase on cassettes and CDs. The Primary and Secondary Phases were aired, in a slightly edited version, in the United States on NPR Playhouse.

text: The first series was repeated twice in 1978 alone and many more times in the next few years. This led to an LP re-recording, produced independently of the BBC for sale, and a further adaptation of the series as a book. A second radio series, which consisted of a further six episodes, and bringing the total number of episodes to 12, was broadcast in 1980.

text: The radio series (and the LP and TV versions) greatly benefited from the narration of noted comedy actor Peter Jones as The Book. He was cast after it was decided that a "Peter Jonesy" sort of voice was required. This led to a three-month search for an actor who sounded exactly like Peter Jones, which was unsuccessful: the producers then hired Peter Jones as exactly the "Peter Jonesy" voice they were looking for.[13]

text: The series was also notable for its use of sound, being the first comedy series to be produced in stereo.[citation needed] Adams said that he wanted the programme's production to be comparable to that of a modern rock album. Much of the programme's budget was spent on sound effects, which were largely the work of Paddy Kingsland (for the pilot episode and the complete second series) at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop and Dick Mills and Harry Parker (for the remaining episodes (2–6) of the first series). The fact that they were at the forefront of modern radio production in 1978 and 1980 was reflected when the three new series of Hitchhiker's became some of the first radio shows to be mixed into four-channel Dolby Surround. This mix was also featured on DVD releases of the third radio series.

text: The theme tune used for the radio, television, LP and film versions is "Journey of the Sorcerer", an instrumental piece composed by Bernie Leadon and recorded by The Eagles on their album One of These Nights. Only the transmitted radio series used the original recording; a sound-alike cover by Tim Souster was used for the LP and TV series, another arrangement by Joby Talbot was used for the 2005 film, and still another arrangement, this time by Philip Pope, was recorded to be released with the CDs of the last three radio series. Apparently, Adams chose this song for its futuristic-sounding nature, but also for the fact that it had a banjo in it, which, as Geoffrey Perkins recalls, Adams said would give an "on the road, hitch-hiking feel" to it.[14]

text: The twelve episodes were released (in a slightly edited form, removing the Pink Floyd music and two other tunes "hummed" by Marvin when the team land on Magrathea) on CD and cassette in 1988, becoming the first CD release in the BBC Radio Collection. They were re-released in 1992, and at this time Adams suggested that they could retitle Fits the First to Sixth as "The Primary Phase" and Fits the Seventh to Twelfth as "The Secondary Phase" instead of just "the first series" and "the second series".[15] It was about at this time that a "Tertiary Phase" was first discussed with Dirk Maggs, adapting Life, the Universe and Everything, but this series would not be recorded for another ten years.[16]

text: Main cast:

text:
Simon Jones as Arthur Dent
Geoffrey McGivern as Ford Prefect
Susan Sheridan as Trillian
Mark Wing-Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox
Stephen Moore as Marvin, the Paranoid Android
Richard Vernon as Slartibartfast
Peter Jones as The Book

text: Novels[edit]

text: The novels are described as "a trilogy in five parts", having been described as a trilogy on the release of the third book, and then a "trilogy in four parts" on the release of the fourth book. The US edition of the fifth book was originally released with the legend "The fifth book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker's Trilogy" on the cover. Subsequent re-releases of the other novels bore the legend "The [first, second, third, fourth] book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker's Trilogy". In addition, the blurb on the fifth book describes it as "the book that gives a whole new meaning to the word 'trilogy'".

text: The plots of the television and radio series are more or less the same as that of the first two novels, though some of the events occur in a different order and many of the details are changed. Much of parts five and six of the radio series were written by John Lloyd, but his material did not make it into the other versions of the story and is not included here. Many consider the books' version of events to be definitive, because they are the most readily accessible and widely distributed version of the story. However, they are not the final version that Adams produced.

text: Before his death from a heart attack at age 49 in 2001, Adams was considering writing a sixth novel in the Hitchhiker's series. He was working on a third Dirk Gently novel, under the working title The Salmon of Doubt, but felt that the book was not working and abandoned it. In an interview, he said some of the ideas in the book might fit better in the Hitchhiker's series, and suggested he might rework those ideas into a sixth book in that series. He described Mostly Harmless as "a very bleak book" and said he "would love to finish Hitchhiker on a slightly more upbeat note". Adams also remarked that if he were to write a sixth instalment, he would at least start with all the characters in the same place.[17] Eoin Colfer, who wrote the sixth book in the Hitchhiker's series in 2008–09, used this latter concept but none of the plot ideas from The Salmon of Doubt.[citation needed]

text: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy[edit]

text: In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (published in 1979), the characters visit the legendary planet Magrathea, home to the now-collapsed planet-building industry, and meet Slartibartfast, a planetary coastline designer who was responsible for the fjords of Norway. Through archival recordings, he relates the story of a race of hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings who built a computer named Deep Thought to calculate the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything. When the answer was revealed to be 42, Deep Thought explained that the answer was incomprehensible because the beings didn't know what they were asking. It went on to predict that another computer, more powerful than itself would be made and designed by it to calculate the question for the answer. (Later on, referencing this, Adams would create the 42 Puzzle, a puzzle which could be approached in multiple ways, all yielding the answer 42.)

text: The computer, often mistaken for a planet (because of its size and use of biological components), was the Earth, and was destroyed by Vogons to make way for a hyperspatial express route five minutes before the conclusion of its 10-million-year program. Two members of the race of hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings who commissioned the Earth in the first place disguise themselves as Trillian's mice, and want to dissect Arthur's brain to help reconstruct the question, since he was part of the Earth's matrix moments before it was destroyed, and so he is likely to have part of the question buried in his brain. Trillian is also human but had left Earth six months previously with Zaphod Beeblebrox, President of the Galaxy. The protagonists escape, setting course for "The Restaurant at the End of the Universe". The mice, in Arthur's absence, create a phony question since it is too troublesome for them to wait 10 million years again just to cash in on a lucrative deal.

text: The book was adapted from the first four radio episodes. It was first published in 1979, initially in paperback, by Pan Books, after BBC Publishing had turned down the offer of publishing a novelisation, an action they would later regret.[18] The book reached number one on the book charts in only its second week, and sold over 250,000 copies within three months of its release. A hardback edition was published by Harmony Books, a division of Random House in the United States in October 1980, and the 1981 US paperback edition was promoted by the give-away of 3,000 free copies in the magazine Rolling Stone to build word of mouth. In 2005, Del Rey Books rereleased the Hitchhiker series with new covers for the release of the 2005 movie. To date, it has sold over 14 million copies.[19]

text: A photo-illustrated edition of the first novel appeared in 1994.

text: The Restaurant at the End of the Universe[edit]

text: In The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (published in 1980), Zaphod is separated from the others and finds he is part of a conspiracy to uncover who really runs the Universe. Zaphod meets Zarniwoop, a conspirator and editor for The Guide, who knows where to find the secret ruler. Zaphod becomes briefly reunited with the others for a trip to Milliways, the restaurant of the title. Zaphod and Ford decide to steal a ship from there, which turns out to be a stunt ship pre-programmed to plunge into a star as a special effect in a stage show. Unable to change course, the main characters get Marvin to run the teleporter they find in the ship, which is working other than having no automatic control (someone must remain behind to operate it), and Marvin seemingly sacrifices himself. Zaphod and Trillian discover that the Universe is in the safe hands of a simple man living on a remote planet in a wooden shack with his cat.

text: Ford and Arthur, meanwhile, end up on a spacecraft full of the outcasts of the Golgafrinchan civilisation. The ship crashes on prehistoric Earth; Ford and Arthur are stranded, and it becomes clear that the inept Golgafrinchans are the ancestors of modern humans, having displaced the Earth's indigenous hominids. This has disrupted the Earth's programming so that when Ford and Arthur manage to extract the final readout from Arthur's subconscious mind by pulling lettered tiles from a Scrabble set, it is "What do you get if you multiply six by nine?" Arthur then comments, "I've always said there was something fundamentally wrong with the universe."

text: The book was adapted from the remaining material in the radio series—covering from the fifth episode to the twelfth episode, although the ordering was greatly changed (in particular, the events of Fit the Sixth, with Ford and Arthur being stranded on pre-historic Earth, end the book, and their rescue in Fit the Seventh is deleted), and most of the Brontitall incident was omitted, instead of the Haggunenon sequence, co-written by John Loyd, the Disaster Area stunt ship was substituted—this having first been introduced in the LP version. Adams himself considered Restaurant to be his best novel of the five.[20]

text: Life, the Universe and Everything[edit]

text: In Life, the Universe and Everything (published in 1982), Ford and Arthur travel through the space-time continuum from prehistoric Earth to Lord's Cricket Ground. There they run into Slartibartfast, who enlists their aid in preventing galactic war. Long ago, the people of Krikkit attempted to wipe out all life in the Universe, but they were stopped and imprisoned on their home planet; now they are poised to escape. With the help of Marvin, Zaphod and Trillian, our heroes prevent the destruction of life in the Universe and go their separate ways.

text: This was the first Hitchhiker's book originally written as a book and not adapted from radio. Its story was based on a treatment Adams had written for a Doctor Who theatrical release,[21] with the Doctor role being split between Slartibartfast (to begin with), and later Trillian and Arthur.

text: In 2004 it was adapted for radio as the Tertiary Phase of the radio series.

text: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish[edit]

text: In So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish (published in 1984), Arthur returns home to Earth, rather surprisingly since it was destroyed when he left. He meets and falls in love with a girl named Fenchurch, and discovers this Earth is a replacement provided by the dolphins in their Save the Humans campaign. Eventually he rejoins Ford, who claims to have saved the Universe in the meantime, to hitch-hike one last time and see God's Final Message to His Creation. Along the way, they are joined by Marvin, the Paranoid Android, who, although 37 times older than the universe itself (what with time travel and all), has just enough power left in his failing body to read the message and feel better about it all before expiring.

text: This was the first Hitchhiker's novel which was not an adaptation of any previously written story or script. In 2005 it was adapted for radio as the Quandary Phase of the radio series.

text: Mostly Harmless[edit]

text: Finally, in Mostly Harmless (published in 1992), Vogons take over The Hitchhiker's Guide (under the name of InfiniDim Enterprises), to finish, once and for all, the task of obliterating the Earth. After abruptly losing Fenchurch and travelling around the galaxy despondently, Arthur's spaceship crashes on the planet Lamuella, where he settles in happily as the official sandwich-maker for a small village of simple, peaceful people. Meanwhile, Ford Prefect breaks into The Guide's offices, gets himself an infinite expense account from the computer system, and then meets The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Mark II, an artificially intelligent, multi-dimensional guide with vast power and a hidden purpose. After he declines this dangerously powerful machine's aid (which he receives anyway), he sends it to Arthur Dent for safety ("Oh yes, whose?"—Arthur).

text: Trillian uses DNA that Arthur donated for travelling money to have a daughter, and when she goes to cover a war, she leaves her daughter Random Frequent Flyer Dent with Arthur. Random, a more than typically troubled teenager, steals The Guide Mark II and uses it to get to Earth. Arthur, Ford, Trillian, and Tricia McMillan (Trillian in this alternate universe) follow her to a crowded club, where an anguished Random becomes startled by a noise and inadvertently fires her gun at Arthur. The shot misses Arthur and kills a man (the ever-unfortunate Agrajag). Immediately afterwards, The Guide Mark II causes the removal of all possible Earths from probability. All of the main characters, save Zaphod, were on Earth at the time and are apparently killed, bringing a good deal of satisfaction to the Vogons.

text: In 2005 it was adapted for radio as the Quintessential Phase of the radio series, with the final episode first transmitted on 21 June 2005.

text: And Another Thing...[edit]

text: It was announced in September 2008 that Eoin Colfer, author of Artemis Fowl, had been commissioned to write the sixth instalment entitled And Another Thing... with the support of Jane Belson, Adams's widow.[22][23] The book was published by Penguin Books in the UK and Hyperion in the US in October 2009.[22][24]

text: The story begins as death rays bear down on Earth, and the characters awaken from a virtual reality. Zaphod picks them up shortly before they are killed, but completely fails to escape the death beams. They are then saved by Bowerick Wowbagger, the Infinitely Prolonged, whom they agree to help kill. Zaphod travels to Asgard to get Thor's help. In the meantime, the Vogons are heading to destroy a colony of people who also escaped Earth's destruction, on the planet Nano. Arthur, Wowbagger, Trillian and Random head to Nano to try to stop the Vogons, and on the journey, Wowbagger and Trillian fall in love, making Wowbagger question whether or not he wants to be killed. Zaphod arrives with Thor, who then signs up to be the planet's God. With Random's help, Thor almost kills Wowbagger. Wowbagger, who merely loses his immortality, then marries Trillian.

text: Thor then stops the first Vogon attack, and apparently dies. Meanwhile, Constant Mown, son of Prostetnic Jeltz, convinces his father that the people on the planet are not citizens of Earth, but are, in fact, citizens of Nano, which means that it would be illegal to kill them. As the book draws to a close, Arthur is on his way to check out a possible university for Random, when, during a hyperspace jump, he is flung across alternate universes, has a brief encounter with Fenchurch, and ends up exactly where he would want to be. And then the Vogons turn up again.

text: Omnibus editions[edit]

text: Two omnibus editions were created by Douglas Adams to combine the Hitchhiker series novels and to "set the record straight".[25] The stories came in so many different formats that Adams stated that every time he told it he would contradict himself. Therefore, he stated in the introduction of The More Than Complete Hitchhiker's Guide that "anything I put down wrong here is, as far as I'm concerned, wrong for good."[25] The two omnibus editions were The More Than Complete Hitchhiker's Guide, Complete and Unabridged (published in 1987) and The Ultimate Hitchhiker's Guide, Complete and Unabridged (published in 1997).

text: The More Than Complete Hitchhiker's Guide[edit]

text: Published in 1987, this 624 page leatherbound omnibus edition contains "wrong for good"[25] versions of the four Hitchhiker series novels at the time, and also includes one short story:

text:
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
Life, the Universe and Everything
So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish
"Young Zaphod Plays it Safe"

text: The Ultimate Hitchhiker's Guide[edit]

text: Published in 1997, this 832 page leatherbound final omnibus edition contains five Hitchhiker series novels and one short story:

text:
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
Life, the Universe and Everything
So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish
Mostly Harmless
"Young Zaphod Plays it Safe"

text: Also appearing in The Ultimate Hitchhiker's Guide, at the end of Adams's introduction, is a list of instructions on "How to Leave the Planet", providing a humorous explanation of how one might replicate Arthur and Ford's feat at the beginning of Hitchhikers.

text: Other Hitchhiker's-related books and stories[edit]

text: Related stories[edit]

text: A short story by Adams, "Young Zaphod Plays It Safe", first appeared in The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book, a special large-print compilation of different stories and pictures that raised money for the then-new Comic Relief charity in the UK. The story also appears in some of the omnibus editions of the trilogy, and in The Salmon of Doubt. There are two versions of this story, one of which is slightly more explicit in its political commentary.

text: A novel, Douglas Adams's Starship Titanic written by Terry Jones, is based on Adams's computer game of the same name, which in turn is based on an idea from Life, the Universe and Everything. The idea concerns a luxury passenger starship that suffers "sudden and gratuitous total existence failure" on its maiden voyage.

text: Wowbagger the Infinitely Prolonged, a character from Life, the Universe and Everything, also appears in a short story by Adams titled "The Private Life of Genghis Khan" which appears in some early editions of The Salmon of Doubt.

text: Published radio scripts[edit]

text: Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins collaborated on The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts, first published in the United Kingdom and United States in 1985. A tenth-anniversary (of the script book publication) edition was printed in 1995, and a twenty-fifth-anniversary (of the first radio series broadcast) edition was printed in 2003.

text: The 2004 series was produced by Above The Title Productions and the scripts were published in July 2005, with production notes for each episode. This second radio script book is entitled The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts: The Tertiary, Quandary and Quintessential Phases. Douglas Adams gets the primary writer's credit (as he wrote the original novels), and there is a foreword by Simon Jones, introductions by the producer and the director, and other introductory notes from other members of the cast.

text: Television series[edit]

text: The popularity of the radio series gave rise to a six-episode television series, directed and produced by Alan J. W. Bell, which first aired on BBC 2 in January and February 1981. It employed many of the actors from the radio series and was based mainly on the radio versions of Fits the First to Sixth. A second series was at one point planned, with a storyline, according to Alan Bell and Mark Wing-Davey that would have come from Adams's abandoned Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen project (instead of simply making a TV version of the second radio series). However, Adams got into disputes with the BBC (accounts differ: problems with budget, scripts, and having Alan Bell involved are all offered as causes), and the second series was never made. Elements of Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen were instead used in the third novel, Life, the Universe and Everything.

text: The main cast was the same as the original radio series, except for David Dixon as Ford Prefect instead of McGivern, and Sandra Dickinson as Trillian instead of Sheridan.

text: Other television appearances[edit]

text: Segments of several of the books were adapted as part of the BBC's The Big Read survey and programme, broadcast in late 2003. The film, directed by Deep Sehgal, starred Sanjeev Bhaskar as Arthur Dent, alongside Spencer Brown as Ford Prefect, Nigel Planer as the voice of Marvin, Stephen Hawking as the voice of Deep Thought, Patrick Moore as the voice of the Guide, Roger Lloyd-Pack as Slartibartfast, and Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish as Loonquawl and Phouchg.

text: Radio series three to five[edit]

text: On 21 June 2004, the BBC announced in a press release[26] that a new series of Hitchhiker's based on the third novel would be broadcast as part of its autumn schedule, produced by Above the Title Productions Ltd. The episodes were recorded in late 2003, but actual transmission was delayed while an agreement was reached with The Walt Disney Company over Internet re-broadcasts, as Disney had begun pre-production on the film.[27] This was followed by news that further series would be produced based on the fourth and fifth novels. These were broadcast in September and October 2004 and May and June 2005. CD releases accompanied the transmission of the final episode in each series.

text: The adaptation of the third novel followed the book very closely, which caused major structural issues in meshing with the preceding radio series in comparison to the second novel. Because many events from the radio series were omitted from the second novel, and those that did occur happened in a different order, the two series split in completely different directions. The last two adaptations vary somewhat—some events in Mostly Harmless are now foreshadowed in the adaptation of So Long and Thanks For All The Fish, while both include some additional material that builds on incidents in the third series to tie all five (and their divergent plotlines) together, most especially including the character Zaphod more prominently in the final chapters and addressing his altered reality to include the events of the Secondary Phase. While Mostly Harmless originally contained a rather bleak ending, Dirk Maggs created a different ending for the transmitted radio version, ending it on a much more upbeat note, reuniting the cast one last time.

text: The core cast for the third to fifth radio series remained the same, except for the replacement of Peter Jones by William Franklyn as the Book, and Richard Vernon by Richard Griffiths as Slartibartfast, since both had died. (Homage to Jones' iconic portrayal of the Book was paid twice: the gradual shift of voices to a "new" version in episode 13, launching the new productions, and a blend of Jones and Franklyn's voices at the end of the final episode, the first part of Maggs' alternative ending.) Sandra Dickinson, who played Trillian in the TV series, here played Tricia McMillan, an English-born, American-accented alternate-universe version of Trillian, while David Dixon, the television series' Ford Prefect, made a cameo appearance as the "Ecological Man". Jane Horrocks appeared in the new semi-regular role of Fenchurch, Arthur's girlfriend, and Samantha Béart joined in the final series as Arthur and Trillian's daughter, Random Dent. Also reprising their roles from the original radio series were Jonathan Pryce as Zarniwoop (here blended with a character from the final novel to become Zarniwoop Vann Harl), Rula Lenska as Lintilla and her clones (and also as the Voice of the Bird), and Roy Hudd as Milliways compere Max Quordlepleen, as well as the original radio series' announcer, John Marsh.

text: The series also featured guest appearances by such noted personalities as Joanna Lumley as the Sydney Opera House Woman, Jackie Mason as the East River Creature, Miriam Margolyes as the Smelly Photocopier Woman, BBC Radio cricket legends Henry Blofeld and Fred Trueman as themselves, June Whitfield as the Raffle Woman, Leslie Phillips as Hactar, Saeed Jaffrey as the Man on the Pole, Sir Patrick Moore as himself, and Christian Slater as Wonko the Sane. Finally, Adams himself played the role of Agrajag, a performance adapted from his book-on-tape reading of the third novel, and edited into the series created some time after the author's death.

text: Tertiary, Quandary and Quintessential Phase Main cast:

text:
Simon Jones as Arthur Dent
Geoffrey McGivern as Ford Prefect
Susan Sheridan as Trillian
Mark Wing-Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox
Stephen Moore as Marvin, the Paranoid Android
Richard Griffiths as Slartibartfast
Sandra Dickinson as Tricia McMillan
Jane Horrocks as Fenchurch
Rula Lenska as the Voice of the Bird
Samantha Béart as Random
William Franklyn as The Book

text: Film[edit]

text: After several years of setbacks and renewed efforts to start production and a quarter of a century after the first book was published, the big-screen adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was finally shot. Pre-production began in 2003, filming began on 19 April 2004 and post-production began in early September 2004.[28]

text: After a London premiere on 20 April 2005, it was released on 28 April in the UK and Australia, 29 April in the United States and Canada, and 29 July in South Africa. (A full list of release dates is available at the IMDb.[29]) The movie stars Martin Freeman as Arthur, Mos Def as Ford, Sam Rockwell as President of the Galaxy Zaphod Beeblebrox and Zooey Deschanel as Trillian, with Alan Rickman providing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android (and Warwick Davis acting in Marvin's costume), and Stephen Fry as the voice of the Guide/Narrator.

text: The plot of the film adaptation of Hitchhiker's Guide differs widely from that of the radio show, book and television series. The romantic triangle between Arthur, Zaphod, and Trillian is more prominent in the film; and visits to Vogsphere, the homeworld of the Vogons (which, in the books, was already abandoned), and Viltvodle VI are inserted. The film covers roughly events in the first four radio episodes, and ends with the characters en route to the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, leaving the opportunity for a sequel open. A unique appearance is made by the Point-of-View Gun, a device specifically created by Adams himself for the movie.

text: Commercially the film was a modest success, taking $21 million in its opening weekend in the United States, and nearly £3.3 million in its opening weekend in the United Kingdom.[30]

text: The film was released on DVD (Region 2, PAL) in the UK on 5 September 2005. Both a standard double-disc edition and a UK-exclusive numbered limited edition "Giftpack" were released on this date. The "Giftpack" edition includes a copy of the novel with a "movie tie-in" cover, and collectible prints from the film, packaged in a replica of the film's version of the Hitchhiker's Guide prop. A single-disc widescreen or full-screen edition (Region 1, NTSC) were made available in the United States and Canada on 13 September 2005. Single-disc releases in the Blu-ray format and UMD format for the PlayStation Portable were also released on the respective dates in these three countries.

text: Stage shows[edit]

text: There have been multiple professional and amateur stage adaptations of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. There were three early professional productions, which were staged in 1979 and 1980.[31][32]

text: The first of these was performed at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, between 1 and 19 May 1979, starring Chris Langham as Arthur Dent (Langham later returned to Hitchhiker's as Prak in the final episode of 2004's Tertiary Phase) and Richard Hope as Ford Prefect. This show was adapted from the first series' scripts and was directed by Ken Campbell, who went on to perform a character in the final episode of the second radio series. The show ran 90 minutes, but had an audience limited to eighty people per night. Actors performed on a variety of ledges and platforms, and the audience was pushed around in a hovercar, 1/2000th of an inch above the floor. This was the first time that Zaphod was represented by having two actors in one large costume. The narration of "The Book" was split between two usherettes, an adaptation that has appeared in no other version of H2G2. One of these usherettes, Cindy Oswin, went on to voice Trillian for the LP adaptation.

text: The second stage show was performed throughout Wales between 15 January and 23 February 1980. This was a production of Clwyd Theatr Cymru, and was directed by Jonathan Petherbridge. The company performed adaptations of complete radio episodes, at times doing two episodes in a night, and at other times doing all six episodes of the first series in single three-hour sessions. This adaptation was performed again at the Oxford Playhouse in December 1981,the Bristol Hippodrome, Plymouth's Theatre Royal in May–June 1982, and also at the Belgrade Theatre, Coventry, in July 1983.

text: The third and least successful stage show was held at the Rainbow Theatre in London, in July 1980. This was the second production directed by Ken Campbell. The Rainbow Theatre had been adapted for stagings of rock operas in the 1970s, and both reference books mentioned in footnotes indicate that this, coupled with incidental music throughout the performance, caused some reviewers to label it as a "musical". This was the first adaptation for which Adams wrote the "Dish of the Day" sequence. The production ran for over three hours, and was widely panned for this, as well as for the music, laser effects, and the acting. Despite attempts to shorten the script, and make other changes, it closed three or four weeks early (accounts differ), and lost a lot of money. Despite the bad reviews, there were at least two stand-out performances: Michael Cule and David Learner both went on from this production to appearances in the TV adaptation.

text: In December 2011 a new stage production was announced to begin touring in June 2012. This included members of the original radio and TV casts such as Simon Jones, Geoff McGivern, Susan Sheridan, Mark Wing-Davey and Stephen Moore with VIP guests playing the role of the Book. It was produced in the form of a radio show which could be downloaded when the tour was completed.[33][34] This production was based on the first four Fits in the first act, with the second act covering material from the rest of the series. The show also featured a band, who performed the songs "Share and Enjoy", the Krikkit song "Under the Ink Black Sky", Marvin's song "How I Hate The Night", and "Marvin", which was a minor hit in 1981.

text: Live radio adaptation[edit]

text: On Saturday 29 March 2014, Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation in front of a live audience, featuring many members of the original cast including Stephen Moore, Susan Sheridan, Mark Wing-Davey, Simon Jones and Geoff McGivern, with John Lloyd as the book.[35]

text: The adaptation was adapted by Dirk Maggs primarily from Fit the First, including material from the books and later radio Fits as well as some new jokes. It formed part of Radio 4's Character Invasion series.

text: LP album adaptations[edit]

text: The first four radio episodes were adapted for a new double LP, also entitled The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (appended with "Part One" for the subsequent Canadian release), first by mail-order only, and later into stores. The double LP and its sequel were originally released by Original Records in the United Kingdom in 1979 and 1980, with the catalogue numbers ORA042 and ORA054 respectively. They were first released by Hannibal Records in 1982 (as HNBL 2301 and HNBL 1307, respectively) in the United States and Canada, and later re-released in a slightly abridged edition by Simon & Schuster's Audioworks in the mid-1980s. Both were produced by Geoffrey Perkins and featured cover artwork by Hipgnosis.

text: The script in the first double LP very closely follows the first four radio episodes, although further cuts had to be made for reasons of timing. Despite this, other lines of dialogue that were indicated as having been cut when the original scripts from the radio series were eventually published can be heard in the LP version. The Simon & Schuster cassettes omit the Veet Voojagig narration, the cheerleader's speech as Deep Thought concludes its seven-and-one-half-million-year programme, and a few other lines from both sides of the second LP of the set.

text:
Hitchhiker's theme, Journey of the Sorcerer, Original Records version excerpt

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Most of the original cast returned, except for Susan Sheridan, who was recording a voice for the character of Princess Eilonwy in The Black Cauldron for Walt Disney Pictures. Cindy Oswin voiced Trillian on all three LPs in her place. Other casting changes in the first double LP included Stephen Moore taking on the additional role of the barman, and Valentine Dyall as the voice of Deep Thought. Adams's voice can be heard making the public address announcements on Magrathea.

text: Because of copyright issues, the music used during the first radio series was either replaced, or in the case of the title it was re-recorded in a new arrangement. Composer Tim Souster did both duties (with Paddy Kingsland contributing music as well), and Souster's version of the theme was the version also used for the eventual television series.[36]

text: The sequel LP was released, singly, as The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Part Two: The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in the UK, and simply as The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in the USA. The script here mostly follows Fit the Fifth and Fit the Sixth, but includes a song by the backup band in the restaurant ("Reg Nullify and his Cataclysmic Combo"), and changes the Haggunenon sequence to "Disaster Area".

text:
Reg Nullify and his Cataclysmic Combo excerpt

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: As the result of a misunderstanding, the second record was released before being cut down in a final edit that Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins had both intended to make. Perkins has said, "[I]t is far too long on each side. It's just a rough cut. [...] I felt it was flabby, and I wanted to speed it up."[37] The Simon & Schuster Audioworks re-release of this LP was also abridged slightly from its original release. The scene with Ford Prefect and Hotblack Desiato's bodyguard is omitted.

text: Sales for the first double-LP release were primarily through mail order. Total sales reached over 60,000 units, with half of those being mail order, and the other half through retail outlets.[38] This is in spite of the facts that Original Records' warehouse ordered and stocked more copies than they were actually selling for quite some time, and that Paul Neil Milne Johnstone complained about his name and then-current address being included in the recording.[39] This was corrected for a later pressing of the double-LP by "cut[ting] up that part of the master tape and reassembl[ing] it in the wrong order".[40] The second LP release ("Part Two") also only sold a total of 60,000 units in the UK.[38] The distribution deals for the United States and Canada with Hannibal Records and Simon and Schuster were later negotiated by Douglas Adams and his agent, Ed Victor, after gaining full rights to the recordings from Original Records, which went bankrupt.[41]

text: Audiobook adaptations[edit]

text: There have been three audiobook recordings of the novel. The first was an abridged edition (ISBN 0-671-62964-6), recorded in the mid-1980s for the EMI label Music For Pleasure by Stephen Moore, best known for playing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the radio series and in the TV series. In 1990, Adams himself recorded an unabridged edition for Dove Audiobooks (ISBN 1-55800-273-1), later re-released by New Millennium Audio (ISBN 1-59007-257-X) in the United States and available from BBC Audiobooks in the United Kingdom. Also by arrangement with Dove, ISIS Publishing Ltd produced a numbered exclusive edition signed by Douglas Adams (ISBN 1-85695-028-X) in 1994. To tie-in with the 2005 film, actor Stephen Fry, the film's voice of the Guide, recorded a second unabridged edition (ISBN 0-7393-2220-6).

text: In addition, unabridged versions of books 2-5 of the series were recorded by Martin Freeman for Random House Audio. Freeman plays Arthur in the 2005 film adaptation. Audiobooks 2-5 follow in order and include: The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (ISBN 9780739332085); Life, the Universe, and Everything (ISBN 9780739332108); So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish (ISBN 9780739332122); and Mostly Harmless (ISBN 9780739332146).

text: Interactive fiction and video games[edit]

text: Sometime between 1982 and 1984 (accounts differ), the British company Supersoft published a text-based adventure game based on the book, which was released in versions for the Commodore PET and Commodore 64. One account states that there was a dispute as to whether valid permission for publication had been granted, and following legal action the game was withdrawn and all remaining copies were destroyed. Another account states that the programmer, Bob Chappell, rewrote the game to remove all Hitchhiker's references, and republished it as "Cosmic Capers".[42]

text: Officially, the TV series was followed in 1984 by a best-selling "interactive fiction", or text-based adventure game, distributed by Infocom. It was designed by Adams and Infocom regular Steve Meretzky[43] and was one of Infocom's most successful games.[44] As with many Infocom games, the box contained a number of "feelies" including a "Don't panic" badge, some "pocket fluff", a pair of peril-sensitive sunglasses (made of cardboard), an order for the destruction of the Earth, a small, clear plastic bag containing "a microscopic battle fleet" and an order for the destruction of Arthur Dent's house (signed by Adams and Meretzky).[45]

text: In September 2004, it was revived by the BBC on the Hitchhiker's section of the Radio 4 website for the initial broadcast of the Tertiary Phase, and is still available to play online.[46][47] This new version uses an original Infocom datafile with a custom-written interpreter, by Sean Sollé, and Flash programming by Shimon Young, both of whom used to work at The Digital Village (TDV). The new version includes illustrations by Rod Lord, who was head of Pearce Animation Studios in 1980, which produced the guide graphics for the TV series. On 2 March 2005 it won the Interactive BAFTA in the "best online entertainment" category.[48][49]

text: A sequel to the original Infocom game was never made. An all-new, fully graphical game was designed and developed by a joint venture between The Digital Village and PAN Interactive (no connection to Pan Books / Pan Mcmillan).[50][51] This new game was planned and developed between 1998 and 2002, but like the sequel to the Infocom game, it also never materialised.[52] In April 2005, Starwave Mobile released two mobile games to accompany the release of the film adaptation. The first, developed by Atatio, was called "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Vogon Planet Destructor".[53] It was a typical top-down shooter and except for the title had little to do with the actual story. The second game, developed by TKO Software, was a graphical adventure game named "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Adventure Game".[54] Despite its name, the newly designed puzzles by TKO Software's Ireland studio were different from the Infocom ones, and the game followed the movie's script closely and included the new characters and places. The "Adventure Game" won the IGN's "Editors' Choice Award" in May 2005.

text: On 25 May 2011, Hothead Games announced they were working on a new edition of The Guide.[55] Along with the announcement, Hothead Games launched a teaser web site made to look like an announcement from Megadodo Publications that The Guide will soon be available on Earth.[56] It has since been revealed that they are developing an iOS app in the style of the fictional Guide.[57]

text: Comic books[edit]

text: In 1993, DC Comics, in conjunction with Byron Preiss Visual Publications, published a three-part comic book adaptation of the novelisation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. This was followed up with three-part adaptations of The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in 1994, and Life, the Universe and Everything in 1996. There was also a series of collectors' cards with art from and inspired by the comic adaptations of the first book, and a graphic novelisation (or "collected edition") combining the three individual comic books from 1993, itself released in May 1997. Douglas Adams was deeply opposed to the use of American English spellings and idioms in what he felt was a very British story, and had to be talked into it by the American publishers, although he remained very unhappy with the compromise.

text: The adaptations were scripted by John Carnell. Steve Leialoha provided the art for Hitchhiker's and the layouts for Restaurant. Shepherd Hendrix did the finished art for Restaurant. Neil Vokes and John Nyberg did the finished artwork for Life, based on breakdowns by Paris Cullins (Book 1) and Christopher Schenck (Books 2–3). The miniseries were edited by Howard Zimmerman and Ken Grobe.

text: "Hitch-Hikeriana"[edit]

text: Many merchandising and spin-off items (or "Hitch-Hikeriana") were produced in the early 1980s, including towels in different colours, all bearing the Guide entry for towels. Later runs of towels include those made for promotions by Pan Books, Touchstone Pictures / Disney for the 2005 movie, and different towels made for ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha, the official Hitchhiker's Appreciation society.[58] Other items that first appeared in the mid-1980s were T-shirts, including those made for Infocom (such as one bearing the legend "I got the Babel Fish" for successfully completing one of that game's most difficult puzzles), and a Disaster Area tour T-shirt. Other official items have included "Beeblebears" (teddy bears with an extra head and arm, named after Hitchhiker's character Zaphod Beeblebrox, sold by the official Appreciation Society), an assortment of pin-on buttons and a number of novelty singles. Many of the above items are displayed throughout the 2004 "25th Anniversary Illustrated Edition" of the novel, which used items from the personal collections of fans of the series.

text: Stephen Moore recorded two novelty singles in character as Marvin, the Paranoid Android: "Marvin"/"Metal Man" and "Reasons To Be Miserable"/"Marvin I Love You". The last song has appeared on a Dr. Demento compilation. Another single featured the re-recorded "Journey of the Sorcerer" (arranged by Tim Souster) backed with "Reg Nullify In Concert" by Reg Nullify, and "Only the End of the World Again" by Disaster Area (including Douglas Adams on bass guitar)  listen (help·info). These discs have since become collector's items.

text: The 2005 movie also added quite a few collectibles, mostly through the National Entertainment Collectibles Association. These included three prop replicas of objects seen on the Vogon ship and homeworld (a mug, a pen and a stapler), sets of "action figures" with a height of either 3 or 6 inches (76 or 150 mm), a gun—based on a prop used by Marvin, the Paranoid Android, that shoots foam darts—a crystal cube, shot glasses, a ten-inch (254 mm) high version of Marvin with eyes that light up green, and "yarn doll" versions of Arthur Dent, Ford Prefect, Trillian, Marvin and Zaphod Beeblebrox. Also, various audio tracks were released to coincide with the movie, notably re-recordings of "Marvin" and "Reasons To Be Miserable", sung by Stephen Fry, along with some of the "Guide Entries", newly written material read in-character by Fry.

text: International phenomenon[edit]

text: Many science fiction fans and radio listeners outside the United Kingdom were first exposed to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy in one of two ways: shortwave radio broadcasts of the original radio series, or by Douglas Adams being "Guest of Honour" at the 1979 World Science Fiction Convention, Seacon, held in Brighton, England. It was there that the radio series was nominated for a Hugo Award (the first radio series to receive a nomination) but lost to Superman. A convention exclusively for H2G2, Hitchercon I, was held in Glasgow, Scotland, in September 1980, the year that the official fan club, ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha, was organised. In the early 1980s, versions of H2G2 became available in the United States, Canada, Germany (Per Anhalter durch die Galaxis), Denmark (Håndbog for vakse galakseblaffere), the Netherlands (Transgalactisch Liftershandboek), Sweden (Liftarens guide till galaxen), Finland (Linnunradan Käsikirja Liftareille) and also Israel (מדריך הטרמפיסט לגלקסיה).

text: In the meantime the book has been translated into more than thirty languages, such as Bulgarian (Пътеводител на галактическия стопаджия), Czech (Stopařův průvodce Galaxií), Farsi/Persian (راهنمای مسافران مجانی کهکشان), French (Le routard galactique), Greek (Γυρίστε το Γαλαξία με Ωτο-στόπ), Hungarian (Galaxis Útikalauz stopposoknak), Italian (Guida galattica per gli autostoppisti), Japanese (銀河ヒッチハイク・ガイド), Korean (은하수를 여행하는 히치하이커를 위한 안내서), Latvian (Galaktikas ceļvedis stopētājiem), Norwegian (Haikerens guide til Galaksen, first published as På tommeltotten til melkeveien), Brazilian Portuguese (Guia do Mochileiro das Galáxias), Portuguese (À Boleia Pela Galáxia), Polish ( Autostopem przez galaktykę ), Romanian (Ghidul autostopistului galactic), Russian (Автостопом по Галактике), Serbian (Autostoperski vodič kroz galaksiju), Slovenian (Štoparski vodnik po Galaksiji), Spanish (Guía del autoestopista galáctico), and Turkish (Otostopçunun Galaksi Rehberi).

text: Spelling[edit]

text: The different versions of the series spell the title differently−thus Hitch-Hiker's Guide, Hitch Hiker's Guide and Hitchhiker's Guide are used in different editions (US or UK), formats (audio or print) and compilations of the book. Some editions used different spellings on the spine and title page. The h2g2's English Usage in Approved Entries claims that Hitchhiker's Guide is the spelling Adams preferred.[59] At least two reference works make note of the inconsistency in the titles. Both, however, repeat the statement that Adams decided in 2000 that "everyone should spell it the same way [one word, no hyphen] from then on."[60][61]


document_title: Bring It On (film series)

question_text: what order do you watch bring it on

question_tokens: what order do you watch bring it on

root

text: Bring It On (film series)

text: Films[edit]

text:
Bring It On (2000)
Bring It On Again (2004)
Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006)
Bring It On: In It to Win It (2007)
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish (2009)
Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack (2017)

tag: ul

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Character
Film

Bring It On
Bring It On Again
Bring It On: All or Nothing
Bring It On: In It to Win It
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish
Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack

Torrance Shipman
Kirsten Dunst

Missy Pantone
Eliza Dushku

Cliff Pantone
Jesse Bradford

Isis
Gabrielle Union

Whittier Smith

Anne Judson-Yager

Tina Hammersmith

Bree Turner

Dean Sebastian

Kevin Cooney

Monica

Faune A. Chambers

Greg

Bryce Johnson

Derek

Richard Lee Jackson

Marni Potts

Bethany Joy Lenz

Britney Allen

Hayden Panettiere

Camille

Solange Knowles

Jesse

Gus Carr

Winnie Harper

Marcy Rylan

Amber

Cindy Chiu

Kirresha

Giovonnie Samuels

Leti

Francia Almendarez

Brianna

Danielle Savre

Sierra

Jessica Fife

Brad Warner

Jake McDorman

Carson

Ashley Benson

Brooke

Cassandra Scerbo

Penn

Michael Copon

Chelsea

Jennifer Tisdale

Aeysha

Anniese Taylor Dendy

Ruben

Noel Areizaga

Sarah

Kierstin Koppel

Catalina "Lina" Cruz

Christina Milian

Avery Whitbourne

Rachele Brooke Smith

Evan Whitbourne

Cody Longo

Gloria

Vanessa Born

Treyvonetta

Gabrielle Dennis

Sky

Holland Roden

Destiny

Cristine Prosperi

Hannah

Sophie Vavasseur

Blake

Jordan Rodrigues

Cheer Goddess

Vivica A. Fox

tag: table

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The film series expanded its reach when it was made into Bring It On: The Musical, with music by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Tom Kitt, and lyrics by Miranda and Amanda Green. The play also has a book written by Jeff Whitty.

tag: p


document_title: This Is America (song)

question_text: who sings at the end of this is america childish gambino

text: This Is America (song)

text: Composition[edit]

text: The song features a gospel-style choir and background contributions from various American rappers. Young Thug, Slim Jxmmi, BlocBoy JB, 21 Savage and Quavo each deliver an ad-lib.[7][10] Young Thug returns to supply the song's outro.[5] The lyrics primarily address being black in the United States and gun violence in the country.[11] It also touches on police brutality.[12][13] Pitchfork's Stephen Kearse described the song as a representation of the "tightrope of being black", with the song "built on the sharp contrast between jolly, syncretic melodies and menacing trap cadences".[14]

text: Music video[edit]

text: Directed by Hiro Murai, the music video for the song was released on YouTube simultaneously with Gambino's performance of the song on Saturday Night Live.[15] The video follows Gambino dancing through a warehouse, interacting with a series of chaotic scenes.[16] According to Murai, the video was inspired by the films Mother! and City of God.[17] Choreographed by Sherrie Silver, Gambino and his entourage of young dancers perform several viral dance moves including the South African Gwara Gwara and "Shoot" popularized by BlocBoy JB, who is one of the ad-lib contributors on the song.[10][18] Gambino's dancing is contrasted against moments of violence. Only 53 seconds into the video,[19] Gambino shoots a man in the back of the head with a handgun, while assuming a comical stance similar to a Jim Crow caricature.[20] At a later point, he uses an automatic weapon to gun down a church choir, which viewers have interpreted as a reference to the 2015 Charleston church shooting.[21] In both instances, a child appears from offscreen holding a red cloth, on which Gambino gently lays the weapon used, while the bodies are simply dragged away, which viewers have interpreted "as a reference to Americans' willingness to protect gun rights over people".[22] The first shooting also marks a transition in the music, from an African "folk-inspired melody" to a "dark, pulsing trap."[7]

text: Throughout the video, numerous vehicles from several decades ago are featured, many of them with their hazard lights flashing and the driver's side door ajar,[22] which critics interpreted as representing fatal police shootings during traffic stops, particularly the shooting of Philando Castile, who was shot while in a 1997 Oldsmobile;[23] others have interpreted that the older model cars represent the relative lack of upward mobility of African-Americans.[22] American singer SZA makes a cameo appearance towards the end of the video, seated atop one of these vehicles.[13] The video ends with Gambino in a darkened portion of the warehouse, fearfully running towards the camera while being chased. Viewers have said this resembles scenes from the film Get Out.[21]

text: The video received 12.9 million views in 24 hours[24] and has over 280 million views.[25] The first person depicted as being shot in the video, a guitarist who had been accompanying Gambino's singing up to that point, was musician Calvin the Second, but was initially mistaken by many viewers to be the father of teenager Trayvon Martin.[26]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic described the initial reaction on Twitter as "a gushing river of well-deserved praise" and the video as "the most talked-about music video of recent memory."[7] Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone commented that the video "is a surreal, visceral statement about gun violence in America".[27] Pitchfork awarded the song the distinction of "Best New Track".[14] Mahita Gajanan of Time quoted music history professor Guthrie Ramsey at the University of Pennsylvania,[28]

text: He's talking about the contradictions of trying to get money, the idea of being a black man in America. It comes out of two different sound worlds. Part of the brilliance of the presentation is that you go from this happy major mode of choral singing that we associate with South African choral singing, and then after the first gunshot it moves right into the trap sound.

text: Cover versions and media appearances[edit]

text: Glover hosted the May 5 episode of the 43rd season of Saturday Night Live, and performed two new songs as Childish Gambino on the same episode, the second of which was "This Is America". Daniel Kaluuya, best known as the star of the film Get Out which the music video reportedly references, introduced the song's performance.[29][30]

text: Several artists attracted attention and millions of views for creating covers of the song and music video with altered lyrics and themes, retaining the song's instrumental and the general structure of its music video. On May 12, Canadian Internet personality Nicole Arbour released "This Is America: Women's Edit". Arbour intended for the cover to promote women's empowerment, but was accused of belittling the racial issues addressed by the original video.[31][32] Nigerian rapper Falz released "This Is Nigeria" on May 25, highlighting the nation's issues with corruption and organized crime among others.[33][34]

text: The music video also spawned popular Internet memes, particularly those in which the audio was replaced so that Childish Gambino appeared to be dancing in time to another song. Versions using Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe" and Earth, Wind & Fire's "September" were some of the most viewed.[35][36]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "This Is America" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 31st song to do so in the chart's history. It debuted with 78,000 downloads sold and 65.3 million US streams in the first week. Its music video accounted for 68% of the song's streaming total. "This Is America" is also Gambino's first top 10; he previously reached number 12 in August 2017 with "Redbone". "This Is America" overtook Drake's "Nice for What" from the top position. Gambino is also the second Emmy Award-winning actor to reach number one on the Hot 100, the first being Justin Timberlake, who topped the chart with "Can't Stop the Feeling!" in 2016.[37] It topped the Hot 100 for two weeks, and left the top ten after five weeks.

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text: Credits are adapted from Tidal.[38]

text:
Donald Glover – lead vocals (as Childish Gambino), production, composition
Ludwig Göransson – production, composition, record engineering
Derek "MixedByAli" Ali - mix engineering
Mike Bozzi – master engineering
Quavo – background vocals
Young Thug – background vocals
21 Savage – background vocals
Slim Jxmmi – background vocals
BlocBoy JB – background vocals
Alex Tumay – record engineering
Riley Mackin – record engineering
Kesha "K.Lee" Lee – record engineering

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[39]
1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[40]
20

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[41]
30

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[42]
7

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[43]
1

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[44]
8

Denmark (Tracklisten)[45]
13

France (SNEP)[46]
19

Germany (Official German Charts)[47]
39

Hungary (Single Top 40)[48]
9

Hungary (Stream Top 40)[49]
3

Ireland (IRMA)[50]
2

Japan (Japan Hot 100)[51]
45

Italy (FIMI)[52]
49

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[53]
21

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[54]
19

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[55]
1

Norway (VG-lista)[56]
10

Portugal (AFP)[57]
2

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[58]
11

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[59]
3

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[60]
46

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[61]
9

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]
16

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[63]
6

US Billboard Hot 100[64]
1

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[65]
1

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[66]
11

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[67]
Gold
35,000^

New Zealand (RMNZ)[68]
Gold
15,000*

United States (RIAA)[69]
Platinum
1,000,000

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.

Various
May 5, 2018
Digital download

mcDJ
RCA

[8][9]

United States
May 15, 2018
Rhythmic contemporary radio
[70]


document_title: New York Democratic primary, 2016

question_text: who won the democratic primary in new york

text: New York Democratic primary, 2016

text: Campaign[edit]

text: The week before the primary, Sanders drew large crowds to campaign events in New York City: 28,000 heard Sanders speak in Brooklyn the weekend before the primary and 27,000 heard him speak in Manhattan the week before.[2] Clinton drew "appreciative crowds of respectable size" but did not approach the attendance of Sanders events.[2]

text: In early April, ahead of the primary, former President Bill Clinton visited western New York twice for campaign events, speaking at an event in Depew (attended by almost a thousand people) and addressing a room of activists and volunteers at Clinton's Buffalo campaign office.[3]

text: In total, the Sanders campaign spent about $2 million more than the Clinton campaign on television ads in New York.[4] In terms of campaign-expenditures per vote, Sanders' campaign spent about $9.03 per vote, while Clinton's campaign spent about $3.62 per vote.[5]

text: April 2016 presidential debate[edit]

text: A ninth debate was held on April 14, 2016 in Brooklyn, New York at the Duggal Greenhouse in Brooklyn Navy Yard. The debate was aired on CNN and NY1.[6] Wolf Blitzer of CNN served as moderator.[7]

text: Election Day irregularities[edit]

text: The New York Times reported the day after the primary:

text: The Democratic vote was marred by major irregularities at polling places across Brooklyn. The city comptroller's office announced that the Board of Elections had confirmed that more than 125,000 Democratic voters in Brooklyn were dropped between November and this month, while about 63,000 were added — a net loss that was not explained. Mayor Bill de Blasio described 'the purging of entire buildings and blocks of voters,' while the comptroller, Scott Stringer, said his office would audit the Board of Elections.[4]

text: Opinion polling[edit]

text:
[show]List of polls

Poll source
Date
1st
2nd
Other

Primary results
April 19, 2016
Hillary Clinton
57.5%
Bernie Sanders
41.6%
Void / Blank Votes
0.9%

Emerson College[8]
Margin of error: ± 4.6%
Sample size: 438

April 15-17, 2016
Hillary Clinton
55%
Bernie Sanders
40%
Others / Undecided
5%

CBS News/YouGov[9]
Margin of error: ± 4.4%
Sample size: 1,033

April 13-15, 2016
Hillary Clinton
53%
Bernie Sanders
43%
Others / Undecided
4%

NBC/WSJ/Marist[10]
Margin of error: ± 4.0%
Sample size: 591

April 10-13, 2016
Hillary Clinton
57%
Bernie Sanders
40%
Others / Undecided
3%

Quinnipiac[11]
Margin of error: ± 3.3%
Sample size: 860

April 6-11, 2016
Hillary Clinton
53%
Bernie Sanders
40%
Others / Undecided
7%

Gravis Marketing/
One America News[12]
Margin of error: ± 2.9%
Sample size: 1,134

April 5–6, 2016
Hillary Clinton
53%
Bernie Sanders
47%

Siena College[13]
Margin of error: ± 4.5%
Sample size: 538

April 6-11, 2016
Hillary Clinton
52%
Bernie Sanders
42%
Others / Undecided
6%

Monmouth[14]
Margin of error: ± 5.6%
Sample size: 302

April 8-10, 2016
Hillary Clinton
51%
Bernie Sanders
39%
Others / Undecided
10%

PPP[15]
Margin of error: ± 3.8%
Sample size: 663

April 7-10, 2016
Hillary Clinton
51%
Bernie Sanders
40%
Others / Undecided
9%

NBC News/WSJ/Marist[16]
Margin of error: ± 4.2%
Sample size: 557

April 6-10, 2016
Hillary Clinton
55%
Bernie Sanders
41%
Others / Undecided
4%

NY1/Baruch[17]
Margin of error: ± 4.2%
Sample size: 632

April 5-10, 2016
Hillary Clinton
50%
Bernie Sanders
37%
Others / Undecided
13%

Emerson College[18]
Margin of error: ± 5.4%
Sample size: 324

April 6-7, 2016
Hillary Clinton
56%
Bernie Sanders
38%
Others / Undecided
6%

FOX News[19]
Margin of error: ± 3.5%
Sample size: 801

April 4-7, 2016
Hillary Clinton
53%
Bernie Sanders
37%
Others / Undecided
10%

CBS News/YouGov[20]
Margin of error: ± 3.4%
Sample size: 718

March 29- April 1, 2016
Hillary Clinton
53%
Bernie Sanders
43%
Others / Undecided
4%

Quinnipiac[21]
Margin of error: ± 3.7%
Sample size: 693

March 22-29, 2016
Hillary Clinton
54%
Bernie Sanders
42%
Others / Undecided
4%

Emerson College[22]
Margin of error: ± 5.0%
Sample size: 373

March 14-16, 2016
Hillary Clinton
71%
Bernie Sanders
23%
Others / Undecided
6%

Siena College
Margin of error: ± 6.2%
Sample size: 368

February 28–March 3, 2016
Hillary Clinton
55%
Bernie Sanders
34%
Others / Undecided
11%

Siena College
Margin of error: ± 5.6%
Sample size: 434

January 31 – February 3, 2016
Hillary Clinton
55%
Bernie Sanders
34%
Others / Undecided
11%

Polls in 2015 [show]

Poll source
Date
1st
2nd
3rd
Other

Siena College
Margin of error: ± 5%
Sample size: 374

September 14–17, 2015
Hillary Clinton
45%
Joe Biden
24%
Bernie Sanders
23%
None of them 4%, Don't know/No opinion 3%

Quinnipiac University[23]
Margin of error: ± 4.4%
Sample size: 508

May 28 – June 1, 2015
Hillary Clinton
55%
Bernie Sanders
15%
Joe Biden
9%
Martin O'Malley 2%, Jim Webb 2%, Lincoln Chafee 1%, Someone else 2%, Wouldn't vote 2%, Undecided 13%

Siena College
Margin of error: ± 6.3%
Sample size: ?

April 19–23, 2015
Hillary Clinton
69%

Someone else 22%

Quinnipiac University
Margin of error: ± 4.3%
Sample size: 521

March 11–16, 2015
Hillary Clinton
51%
Elizabeth Warren
11%
Joe Biden
8%
Andrew Cuomo 7%, Bernie Sanders 5%, Martin O'Malley 1%, Jim Webb 1%, Other 0%, Wouldn't vote 3%, Undecided 12%

Polls in 2013 [show]

Poll source
Date
1st
2nd
3rd
Other

Marist College
Margin of error: ± 5.7%
Sample size: 294

November 18–20, 2013
Hillary Clinton
64%
Andrew Cuomo
14%
Joe Biden
8%
Elizabeth Warren 6%, Martin O'Malley 3%, Undecided 5%

v
t
e

text: Results[edit]

text:
[hide]New York Democratic primary, April 19, 2016

Candidate
Popular vote
Estimated delegates

Count
Percentage
Pledged
Unpledged
Total

Hillary Clinton
1,133,980
57.54%
139
41
180

Bernie Sanders
820,056
41.62%
108
0
108

Void
11,306
0.57%

Blank Votes
5,358
0.27%

Uncommitted
N/A
0
3
3

Total
1,970,900
100%
247
44
291

Source: Green Papers, New York State Board of Elections

text: Results by county[edit]

text:
County[24]
Clinton
 %
Sanders
 %
BVS
Totals
Turnout
Margin

Albany
19,914
47.74%
21,798
52.26%[25]
354
42,066
47.47%
-4.48%

Allegany
847
40.62%
1,209
57.99%
29
2,085
35.53%
-17.36%

Bronx
105,719
68.76%
46,189
30.04%
1,834
153,742
31.31%
38.72%

Broome
7,641
43.11%
9,951
56.15%
131
17,723
43.40%
-13.03%

Cattaraugus
1,844
42.28%
2,481
56.89%
36
4,361
29.93%
-14.61%

Cayuga
2,592
47.65%
2,805
51.56%
43
5,440
36.89%
-3.92%

Chautauqua
3,865
46.09%
4,431
52.84%
90
8,386
32.68%
-6.75%

Chemung
2,740
49.43%
2,752
49.65%
51
5,543
35.91%
-0.22%

Chenango
1,062
39.23%
1,613
59.59%
32
2,707
37.60%
-20.35%

Clinton
1,774
26.76%
4,797
72.35%
59
6,630
39.37%
-45.60%

Columbia
3,039
45.14%
3,660
54.37%
33
6,732
51.64%
-9.22%

Cortland
1,515
41.90%
2,037
56.33%
64
3,616
42.80%
-14.44%

Delaware
1,172
38.96%
1,813
60.27%
23
3,008
41.70%
-21.31%

Dutchess
11,701
48.37%
12,395
51.23%
97
24,193
41.70%
-2.87%

Erie
54,279
50.40%
52,473
48.72%
955
107,707
38.91%
1.68%

Essex
838
27.90%
2,145
71.40%
21
3,004
47.40%
-43.51%

Franklin
1,076
29.74%
2,512
69.43%
30
3,618
37.59%
-39.69%

Fulton
1,010
40.16%
1,475
58.65%
30
2,515
32.80%
-18.49%

Genesee
1,393
45.66%
1,622
53.16%
36
3,051
33.66%
-7.51%

Greene
1,195
42.82%
1,566
56.11%
30
2,791
40.29%
-13.29%

Hamilton
141
35.97%
245
62.50%
6
392
44.70%
-26.53%

Herkimer
1,507
44.01%
1,873
54.70%
44
3,424
34.22%
-10.69%

Jefferson
2,579
48.80%
2,656
50.26%
50
5,285
34.96%
-1.46%

Kings (Brooklyn)
183,662
59.07%
123,872
39.84%
3,372
310,906
36.42%
19.23%

Lewis
492
40.53%
703
57.91%
19
1,214
28.88%
-17.38%

Livingston
1,685
39.86%
2,516
59.52%
26
4,227
42.23%
-19.66%

Madison
2,039
44.12%
2,528
54.71%
54
4,621
41.82%
-10.58%

Monroe
39,310
51.60%
36,490
47.90%
380
76,180
43.85%
3.70%

Montgomery
1,298
42.31%
1,732
56.45%
38
3,068
33.64%
-14.15%

Nassau
74,870
62.14%
44,731
37.13%
884
120,485
32.59%
25.01%

New York (Manhattan)
190,806
65.42%
98,194
33.67%
2,656
291,656
47.20%
31.75%

Niagara
8,202
46.48%
9,294
52.67%
149
17,645
34.09%
-6.19%

Oneida
6,586
45.21%
7,739
53.12%
243
14,568
33.81%
-7.91%

Onondaga
21,786
52.90%
19,186
46.59%
212
41,184
41.40%
6.31%

Ontario
4,040
47.31%
4,445
52.05%
55
8,540
43.88%
-4.74%

Orange
12,855
51.14%
12,077
48.04%
206
25,138
33.12%
3.09%

Orleans
725
43.36%
923
55.20%
24
1,672
31.43%
-11.84%

Oswego
2,631
43.98%
3,273
54.71%
78
5,982
35.11%
-10.73%

Ostego
1,995
40.72%
2,868
58.54%
36
4,899
47.17%
-17.82%

Putnam
3,718
49.00%
3,832
50.50%
38
7,588
42.73%
-1.50%

Queens
133,210
61.32%
81,782
37.64%
2,272
217,244
32.15%
23.68%

Rensselaer
5,068
41.76%
7,003
57.70%
66
12,137
43.14%
-15.94%

Richmond (Staten Island)
17,612
52.40%
15,471
46.03%
530
33,613
28.17%
6.37%

Rockland
17,868
59.78%
11,790
39.44%
233
29,891
35.11%
20.33%

St. Lawrence
3,142
44.04%
4,425
57.87%
53
7,646
35.72%
-16.78%

Saratoga
7,672
44.04%
9,694
55.65%
104
17,419
45.81%
-11.61%

Schenectady
6,526
47.05%
7,241
52.20%
15
13,871
40.12%
-5.15%

Schoharie
706
36.45%
1,216
62.78%
8
1,937
40.93%
-26.33%

Schuyler
548
38.27%
876
61.17%
12
1,432
44.27%
-22.91%

Seneca
1,125
47.19%
1,247
52.31%
79
2,384
40.18%
-5.12%

Steuben
2,149
41.86%
2,926
56.99%
59
5,134
36.61%
-15.13%

Suffolk
53,420
54.80%
44,033
45.14%
25
97,478
32.07%
9.63%

Sullivan
2,369
44.12%
2,958
55.09%
42
5,369
31.84%
-10.97%

Tioga
1,318
40.12%
1,936
58.93%
31
3,285
41.14%
-18.81%

Tompkins
6,138
37.60%
10,130
62.06%
56
16,324
63.40%
-24.45%

Ulster
7,642
37.90%
12,435
61.68%
84
20,161
50.70%
-23.77%

Warren
1,868
39.21%
2,871
60.26%
25
4,764
46.75%
-21.05%

Washington
1,292
36.08%
2,274
63.50%
15
3,581
41.49%
-27.42%

Wayne
1,988
44.56%
2,436
54.61%
37
4,461
34.17%
-10.04%

Westchester
74,900
66.87%
36,753
32.81%
354
112,007
42.45%
34.06%

Wyoming
639
39.89%
958
59.80%
5
1,602
30.12%
-19.91%

Yates
637
46.46%
720
52.52%
14
1,371
42.98%
-6.05%

Total
1,133,980
57.54%
820,256
41.62%
16,667
1,970,703
37.41%
15.93%

text: Note: New York State is a closed primary state, meaning the turnout is based on active enrolled democrats by county on April 1, 2016. Blank, void, and scattering votes (BVS) are only for blank and void, since there was not other candidate on the ballot or the ability to write-in.

text: New York City results[edit]

text:
2016 Democratic primary in New York City
Manhattan
The Bronx
Brooklyn
Queens
Staten Island
Total

Hillary Clinton
190,806
105,719
183,662
133,210
17,612
631,009

64.42%
68.76%
59.07%
61.32%
52.40%
62.65%

Bernie Sanders
98,194
46,189
123,872
81,762
15,471
365,488

33.67%
30.04%
39.84%
37.64%
46.03%
36.29%

Turnout
47.20%
31.31%
36.42%
32.15%
28.17%

Margin of Victory
30.75%
38.74%
19.23%
23.68%
6.37%
26.36%

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Clinton won a 16-point victory in her home state, after losing badly to Bernie Sanders two weeks prior in Wisconsin. Exit polls showed that Sanders won among voters age 18-29 in the Empire State, capturing 65% of this demographic, while Clinton won every other age group, performing better with older groups (53% of voters ages 30-44, 63% of voters aged 45-54, and 73% of voters aged 65 and over).[26] Clinton tied men with Sanders 50-50, but won a 63-37 landslide among women (both married and unmarried). The candidates split the white vote 50-50, but Clinton won the African American vote 75-25 and the Hispanic/Latino vote 64-36. Clinton swept all income levels/socioeconomic statuses and educational attainment levels in her home state.

text: In terms of political ideology, Clinton won 62-38 among Democrats while Sanders won 72-28 among Independents, who were 14% of the electorate. Clinton won both liberals and moderate/conservative voters. She won among union households 58-42, and won both married and unmarried voters. In terms of religious affiliation, Clinton won Protestants 65-35, Catholics 62-38, and also won the Jewish vote.[27] Sanders won agnostic/atheist voters 57-43. While Clinton won voters who said Wall Street does more to help the economy, Sanders won among those who said it hurts the economy.[28]

text: Clinton performed very well on Long Island and in the five boroughs of New York City, particularly in Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx; she also won handily in Brooklyn and Staten Island.[4] Clinton ran up big margins in New York City neighborhoods like Harlem, where the percentage of African American voters was highest. Sanders did better in rural, whiter upstate New York counties, with Clinton winning Buffalo, Syracuse, and Rochester while Sanders won in Albany.[26][4] Sanders also performed well in the Hudson Valley, with a high concentration of liberals and college students.[4]

text: After winning her home state convincingly, Clinton told supporters, "New Yorkers, you've always had my back and I've always tried to have yours [...] Today together we did it again and I am deeply, deeply grateful."[29]


document_title: Pearl Harbor (film)

question_text: who dies at the end of pearl harbor

question_tokens: who dies at the end of pearl harbor

text: Pearl Harbor (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1923 Tennessee, two best friends, Rafe McCawley and Danny Walker, play together in the back of an old biplane, pretending to be soldiers fighting the German Empire in World War I. After Rafe's father lands his biplane and leaves, Rafe and Danny climb into the plane. Rafe accidentally starts it, but manages to stop the plane at the end of the runway. Enraged, Danny's father beats his son. Rafe stands up to him, calling him a "dirty German". However, Danny's father reveals that he fought the Germans in France during World War I, and hopes the boys never see the horrors he saw.

text: In January 1941, with World War II raging, Danny and Rafe are both first lieutenants under the command of Major Jimmy Doolittle. Doolittle informs Rafe that he has been accepted into the Eagle Squadron (a RAF outfit for American pilots during the Battle of Britain). A nurse named Evelyn meets Rafe, who passes his medical exam despite his dyslexia. That night, Rafe and Evelyn enjoy an evening of dancing at a nightclub and later a jaunt in the New York harbor in a borrowed police boat. Rafe shocks Evelyn by saying that he has joined the Eagle Squadron and is leaving the next day.

text: During a mission to intercept a Luftwaffe bombing raid, Rafe is shot down in the English Channel and is presumed killed in action. Evelyn mourns his death and turns to Danny, which spurs a new romance between the two.

text: On the night of December 6, Evelyn is shocked to discover Rafe standing outside her door, having survived his downing and spending the ensuing months trapped in Nazi-occupied France. Rafe, in turn, discovers Danny's romance with Evelyn and leaves for the Hula bar, where he is welcomed back by his overjoyed fellow pilots. Danny finds a drunken Rafe in the bar with the intention of making things right, but the two get into a fight. They drive away, avoiding being put in the brig when the military police arrive at the bar. The two later fall asleep in Danny's car.

text: Next morning, on December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy begins its attack on Pearl Harbor. The US Pacific Fleet suffers severe damage in the surprise attack, and most of the defending airfields are obliterated before they are able to launch fighters to defend the harbor. Rafe and Danny manage to take off in P-40 fighter planes, and are able to shoot down seven of the attacking planes before the Japanese withdraw.

text: The next day, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his Day of Infamy Speech to the nation and requests the US Congress declare a state of war with the Empire of Japan. The survivors attend a memorial service to honor the numerous dead. Later, Danny and Rafe are both assigned to travel stateside under newly promoted Lt. Colonel Doolittle for a secret mission. Before they leave, Evelyn reveals to Rafe that she is pregnant with Danny's child, and intends to stay with Danny.

text: Upon their arrival in California, Danny and Rafe are both promoted to Captain and awarded the Silver Star, and volunteer for a secret mission under Doolittle. During the next three months, Rafe, Danny and other pilots train with specially modified B-25 Mitchell bombers. In April, the raiders are sent towards Japan on board USS Hornet. Their mission: bomb Tokyo, after doing so they will land in allied China. The mission is successful, except at the end Rafe and Danny's plane crashes. They are held at gunpoint by Japanese soldiers. A gunfight ensues, and Danny is mortally wounded shielding Rafe. Rafe tearfully reveals to Danny that Evelyn is pregnant with his child; with Danny's dying breaths he tells Rafe that it is his child now. After the war, Rafe and Evelyn, now married, visit Danny's grave with Danny and Evelyn's son, also named Danny. Rafe then asks his stepson if he would like to go flying, and they fly off into the sunset in the old biplane that his father once had.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as the First Lieutenant (later Captain) Rafe McCawley
Jesse James as young Rafe McCawley
Josh Hartnett as First Lieutenant (later Captain) Daniel "Danny" Walker
Reiley McClendon as young Danny Walker
Kate Beckinsale as Lieutenant Evelyn Johnson McCawley
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Petty Officer Second Class Dorie Miller
Tom Sizemore as Sergeant Earl Sistern
Jon Voight as President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Colm Feore as Admiral Husband E. Kimmel
Mako as Kaigun Taishō (Admiral) Isoroku Yamamoto
Alec Baldwin as Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) Jimmy Doolittle

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
William Lee Scott as First Lieutenant Billy Thompson
Greg Zola as First Lieutenant Anthony Fusco
Ewen Bremner as First Lieutenant Red Winkle
Jaime King as Nurse Betty Bayer
Catherine Kellner as Nurse Barbara
Jennifer Garner as Nurse Sandra
Michael Shannon as First Lieutenant Gooz Wood
Matt Davis as Joe
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Kaigun Chūsa (Commander) Minoru Genda
Dan Aykroyd as Captain Thurman
Scott Wilson as General George Marshall
Graham Beckel as Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
Tom Everett as Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox
Tomas Arana as Rear-Admiral Frank J. 'Jack' Fletcher
Peter Firth as Captain Mervyn S. Bennion
Glenn Morshower as Vice Admiral William F. 'Bull' Halsey Jr.
Madison Mason as Admiral Raymond A. Spruance
Sara Rue as Nurse Martha
Kim Coates as Lieutenant Jack Richards
Michael Shamus Wiles as Captain Marc Andrew "Pete" Mitscher
William Fichtner as Mr. Walker (Danny's father)
Steve Rankin as Mr. McCawley (Rafe's Father)
Andrew Bryniarski as Joe the Boxer
Leland Orser as Major Jackson
Michael Milhoan as Army Commander
Eric Christian Olsen as gunner to Captain McCawley
David Kaufman as young nervous doctor
Tony Curran as Ian
Brandon Lozano as Baby Danny McCawley (Danny and Evelyn's son)

text: Production[edit]

text: The proposed budget of $208 million that Bay and Bruckheimer wanted was an area of contention with Disney executives, since a great deal of the budget was to be expended on production aspects. Also controversial was the effort to change the film's rating from R to PG-13. Bay wanted to graphically portray the horrors of war and was not interested in primarily marketing the final product to a teen and young adult audience. Budget fights continued throughout the planning of the film, with Bay "walking" on several occasions. Dick Cook, chairman of Disney at the time, said "I think Pearl Harbor was one of the most difficult shoots of modern history."[4]

text: In order to recreate the atmosphere of pre-war Pearl Harbor, the producers staged the film in Hawaii and used current naval facilities. Many active duty military members stationed in Hawaii and members of the local population served as extras during the filming. The set at Rosarito Beach in the Mexican state of Baja California was used for scale model work as required. Formerly the set of Titanic (1997), Rosarito was the ideal location to recreate the death throes of the battleships in the Pearl Harbor attack. A large-scale model of the bow section of USS Oklahoma mounted on a gimbal produced an authentic rolling and submerging of the doomed battleship. Production Engineer Nigel Phelps stated that the sequence of the ship rolling out of the water and slapping down would involve one of the "biggest set elements" to be staged. Matched with computer generated imagery, the action had to reflect precision and accuracy throughout.[5] In addition, to simulate the ocean, the film crew used a massive stadium-like "bowl" filled with water. The bowl was built in Honolulu, Hawaii and cost nearly $8 million. Today the bowl is used for scuba training and deep water fishing tournaments.

text: The vessel most seen in the movie was USS Lexington, representing both USS Hornet and a Japanese carrier. All aircraft take-offs during the movie were filmed on board the Lexington, a museum ship in Corpus Christi, Texas. The aircraft on display were removed for filming and were replaced with film aircraft as well as World War II anti-aircraft turrets. Other ships used in filler scenes included USS Hornet,[6] and USS Constellation during filming for the carrier sequences. Filming was also done on board the museum battleship USS Texas located near Houston, Texas.

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was released in 2000 and was shown alongside screenings of Cast Away and O Brother, Where Art Thou?, with another trailer released in Spring 2001, shown before Pokémon 3: The Movie.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Pearl Harbor grossed $198,542,554 at the domestic box office and $250,678,391 overseas for a worldwide total of $449,220,945, ahead of Shrek. The film was ranked the sixth highest-earning picture of 2001.[2] It is also the third highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time, as of January 2013, behind Titanic and Ghost.[7]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, The film holds an approval rating of 25% based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Pearl Harbor tries to be the Titanic of war movies, but it's just a tedious romance filled with laughably bad dialogue. The 40-minute action sequence is spectacular, though."[8] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 44 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[9]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars, writing: "Pearl Harbor is a two-hour movie squeezed into three hours, about how, on Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese staged a surprise attack on an American love triangle. Its centerpiece is 40 minutes of redundant special effects, surrounded by a love story of stunning banality. The film has been directed without grace, vision, or originality, and although you may walk out quoting lines of dialogue, it will not be because you admire them". Ebert also criticized the liberties the film took with historical facts: "There is no sense of history, strategy or context; according to this movie, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor because America cut off its oil supply, and they were down to an 18-month reserve. Would going to war restore the fuel sources? Did they perhaps also have imperialist designs? Movie doesn't say".[10]

text: A. O. Scott of the New York Times wrote, "Nearly every line of the script drops from the actors' mouths with the leaden clank of exposition, timed with bad sitcom beats".[11] USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "Ships, planes and water combust and collide in Pearl Harbor, but nothing else does in one of the wimpiest wartime romances ever filmed."[12]

text: In his review for The Washington Post, Desson Howe wrote, "although this Walt Disney movie is based, inspired and even partially informed by a real event referred to as Pearl Harbor, the movie is actually based on the movies Top Gun, Titanic and Saving Private Ryan. Don't get confused."[13] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "Affleck, Hartnett and Beckinsale – a British actress without a single worthy line to wrap her credible American accent around – are attractive actors, but they can't animate this moldy romantic triangle".[14] Time magazine's Richard Schickel criticized the love triangle: "It requires a lot of patience for an audience to sit through the dithering. They're nice kids and all that, but they don't exactly claw madly at one another. It's as if they know that someday they're going to be part of "the Greatest Generation" and don't want to offend Tom Brokaw. Besides, megahistory and personal history never integrate here".[15]

text: Entertainment Weekly was more positive, giving the film a "B−" rating, and Owen Gleiberman praised the Pearl Harbor attack sequence: "Bay's staging is spectacular but also honorable in its scary, hurtling exactitude. ... There are startling point-of-view shots of torpedoes dropping into the water and speeding toward their targets, and though Bay visualizes it all with a minimum of graphic carnage, he invites us to register the terror of the men standing helplessly on deck, the horrifying split-second deliverance as bodies go flying and explosions reduce entire battleships to liquid walls of collapsing metal".[16]

text: In his review for The New York Observer, Andrew Sarris wrote, "here is the ironic twist in my acceptance of Pearl Harbor – the parts I liked most are the parts before and after the digital destruction of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese carrier planes" and felt that "Pearl Harbor is not so much about World War II as it is about movies about World War II. And what's wrong with that?"[17]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Like many historical dramas, Pearl Harbor provoked debate about the artistic license taken by its producers and director. National Geographic Channel produced a documentary called Beyond the Movie: Pearl Harbor[19] detailing some of the ways that "the film's final cut didn't reflect all the attacks' facts, or represent them all accurately".

text: Many Pearl Harbor survivors dismissed the film as grossly inaccurate and pure Hollywood. In an interview done by Frank Wetta, producer Jerry Bruckheimer was quoted saying: "We tried to be accurate, but it's certainly not meant to be a history lesson".[20] Historian Lawrence Suid's review is particularly detailed as to the major factual misrepresentations of the film and the negative impact they have even on an entertainment film.[21] Some other historical inaccuracies found in the film include the early childhood scenes depicting a Stearman biplane crop duster in 1923; the aircraft was not accurate for the period, as the first commercial crop-dusting company did not begin operation until 1924,[22] and the U.S. Department of Agriculture did not purchase its first cotton-dusting aircraft until April 16, 1926.[23][Note 1]

text: The inclusion of Affleck's character in the Eagle Squadron is another jarring aspect of the film, since active-duty U.S. airmen were prohibited from joining the squadron, though some American civilians did join the RAF.[24][Note 2] Yet another flaw: Ben Affleck's Spitfire has insignia "RF" – this is an insignia of No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron. Countless other technical lapses rankled film critics, such as Bay's decision to paint the Japanese Zero fighters green (most of the aircraft in the attack being painted light gray/white), even though he knew that was historically inaccurate, because he liked the way the aircraft looked and because it would help audiences differentiate the "good guys from the bad guys".[25]

text: One of the film's scenes show Japanese aircraft targeting medical staff and the base's hospital. Although it was damaged in the attack, the Japanese did not deliberately target the U.S. naval hospital and only a single member of its medical staff was killed as he crossed the navy yard to report for duty.[26]

text: Critics decried the use of fictional replacements for real people, declaring that Pearl Harbor was an "abuse of artistic license".[27] The roles the two male leads have in the attack sequence are analogous to the real historical deeds of U.S. Army Air Forces Second Lieutenants George Welch and Kenneth M. Taylor, who took to the skies in P-40 Warhawk aircraft during the Japanese attack and, together, claimed six Japanese aircraft and a few probables. Taylor, who died in November 2006, called the film adaptation "a piece of trash... over-sensationalized and distorted".[28]

text: The harshest criticism was aimed at instances in the film where actual historical events were altered for dramatic purposes. For example, Admiral Kimmel did not receive the report that an enemy midget submarine was being attacked until after the bombs began falling, and did not receive the first official notification of the attack until several hours after the attack ended.[29][Note 3]

text: The scene following the attack on Pearl Harbor, where President Roosevelt demands an immediate retaliatory strike on the soil of Japan, did not happen as portrayed in the film. Admiral Chester Nimitz and General George Marshall are seen denying the possibility of an aerial attack on Japan, but in real life they actually advocated such a strike. Another inconsistency in this scene is when President Roosevelt (who was at this time in his life, stricken and bound to a wheelchair due to Polio) is able to stand up to challenge his staff's distrust in a strike on Japan. This too, never happened in real life.[31] In the film Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto says "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant", a quote which was copied from the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!.[21]

text: The portrayal of the planning of the Doolittle Raid, the air raid itself, and the raid's aftermath, is considered one of the most historically inaccurate portions of the film. In the film, Jimmy Doolittle and the rest of the Doolittle raiders had to launch from USS Hornet 624 miles off the Japanese coast and after being spotted by a few Japanese patrol boats. In actuality, the Doolittle raiders had to launch 650 miles off the Japanese coast and after being spotted by only one Japanese patrol boat. The aircraft were launched from USS Constellation, standing in for USS Hornet from which the Doolittle Raid was launched. In the film, all of the raiders are depicted as dropping their bombs on Tokyo, with some of the bomb blasts obliterating entire buildings. In actuality, the Doolittle raiders did bomb Tokyo but also targeted three other industrial cities, and the damage inflicted was minimal.[32][33] The film shows the Doolittle raider personnel in China overcoming the Japanese soldiers in a short gun battle with help from a strafing B-25, which never happened in real life.[21] Also, there was no acknowledgement given in the film to the fact that up to 10,000 Chinese civilians were massacred by the Japanese Army in eastern China in retaliation for Chinese assistance of the attacking American aviators, who participated in the Doolittle Raid.

text: Actor Kim Coates criticized the film[34] for choosing not to portray historically accurate smoking habits and men's hairstyles.

text: An establishing shot of the United States Department of War building is clearly a shot of the exterior of the U.S. Capitol Building. In 1941, the War Department was housed in the War Department Building in Washington's Foggy Bottom neighborhood (renamed the Harry S Truman Building in 2000) and in the Munitions Building on the National Mall. Neither structure bears any architectural resemblance to the edifice shown in the film.

text: Anachronisms[edit]

text: Numerous other inconsistencies and anachronisms are present in the film. A sailor has a pack of Marlboro Light cigarettes in his pocket, not introduced until 1972. In the beginning of the movie, a newsreel of 1940 is presented with combat footage in Europe, showing a M-26 Pershing tank fighting in the city of Cologne, which did not happen until March 1945.[35] Earlier, a newsreel of the Battle of Britain in 1940 shows a Focke Wulf 190, which didn't see active service until 1941.

text: The crop duster in the first scene set in 1923 was not commercially available until the late 1930s.[31]

text: Actor Michael Milhoan is seen as an army major advising Admiral Kimmel about island air defenses on Oahu. On the morning of the attack, he is seen commanding a radar station. While playing chess he is addressed as "lieutenant" but, in a further inconsistency, is seen wearing the insignia of an army captain.

text: Four Spruance-class destroyers tied abreast of each other at their pier are seen being bombed by the Japanese planes, although this class of ship only entered service with the US Navy in the 1970s. The retired Iowa-class battleship USS Missouri was used to represent USS West Virginia for Dorie Miller's boxing match. West Virginia did not have the modernized World War II-era bridge and masts found on newer U.S. battleships until her reconstruction was finished in 1943, while the Iowa class did not enter service until 1943 onwards. In one shot, the USS Arizona memorial is briefly visible in the background during a scene taking place several months before the attack.

text: One of Doolittle's trophies in a display case depicts a model of an F-86 Sabre, which was not flown until 1947. Late production models of the B-25J were used instead of the early B-25B. Several shots of the aircraft carrier USS Hornet depicted it as having an angled flight deck, a technology that was not implemented until after the war. While Hornet was portrayed by a World War II-era vessel (USS Lexington), Hornet was a Yorktown-class aircraft carrier, whereas Lexington was a modernized Essex-class aircraft carrier.[36] The takeoff sequences for the Doolittle Raid were filmed on USS Constellation, a Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier which did not enter service until 1961. As a supercarrier, Constellation has a much longer flight deck than the Yorktown or Essex-class carriers, giving the B-25s a substantially longer (and safer) takeoff run.[37] The Japanese carriers are portrayed more correctly by comparison—, Akagi and Hiryū did have their bridge/conning tower superstructure on the port side rather than the more common starboard configuration. In the movie it was done by maneuvering an Essex-class aircraft carrier backwards to act as Akagi.

text: Honors and awards[edit]

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text:
Award

Category

Subject

Result

Academy Awards

Best Sound Editing

George Watters II and Christopher Boyes

Won

Best Sound

Greg P. Russell, Peter J. Devlin, and Kevin O'Connell

Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Eric Brevig, John Frazier, Ben Snow, and Ed Hirsh

Nominated

Best Original Song[38]

Diane Warren ("There You'll Be")

Nominated

Golden Globe Award

Best Original Song

Nominated

Best Original Score

Hans Zimmer

Nominated

MTV Movie Award

Best Action Sequence

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Won

Golden Raspberry Award

Worst Actor

Ben Affleck

Nominated

Worst Screen Couple

Nominated

Josh Hartnett

Nominated

Kate Beckinsale

Nominated

Worst Screenplay

Randall Wallace

Nominated

Worst Picture

Jerry Bruckheimer

Nominated

Michael Bay

Nominated

Worst Director

Nominated

Worst Remake or Sequel

Nominated

World Stunt Taurus Award

Best Aerial Work

Nominated

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The soundtrack for the 2004 film Team America: World Police contains a song entitled "End of an Act". The song's chorus recounts, "Pearl Harbor sucked, and I miss you" equating the singer's longing to how much "Michael Bay missed the mark when he made Pearl Harbor" which is "an awful lot, girl". The ballad contains other common criticisms of the film, concluding with the rhetorical question "Why does Michael Bay get to keep on making movies?"[39]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Pearl Harbor: Music From The Motion Picture
Soundtrack album by Hans ZimmerReleased
May 22, 2001 (2001-05-22)Genre
Film scoreLength
46:21Label
HollywoodProducer

Bob Badami
"There You'll Be":
Trevor Horn
Byron Gallimore
Hans Zimmer chronology

Riding in Cars with Boys(2001)

Pearl Harbor: Music From The Motion Picture(2001)

Hannibal(2001)

text: The soundtrack to Pearl Harbor on Hollywood Records was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (lost to the score of Moulin Rouge!). The original score was composed by Hans Zimmer. The song "There You'll Be" was nominated for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.

text:
"There You'll Be" – song performed by Faith Hill
Tennessee – 3:40
Brothers – 4:04
...And Then I Kissed Him – 5:37
I Will Come Back – 2:54
Attack – 8:56
December 7 – 5:08
War – 5:15
Heart of a Volunteer – 7:05

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