document_title: Languages of India

question_text: which language is the first language in india

question_tokens: which language is the first language in india

root

text: Languages of India

text: History[edit]

text: The southern Indian languages are from the Dravidian family. The Dravidian languages are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.[20] Proto-Dravidian languages were spoken in India in the 4th millennium BCE and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE.[21] The Dravidian languages are classified in four groups: North, Central (Kolami–Parji), South-Central (Telugu–Kui) and South Dravidian (Tamil-Kannada).[22]

tag: p

text: The northern Indian languages from the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family evolved from Old Indic by way of the Middle Indic Prakrit languages and Apabhraṃśa of the Middle Ages. The Indo-Aryan languages developed and emerged in three stages — Old Indo-Aryan (1500 BCE to 600 BCE), Middle Indo-Aryan stage (600 BCE and 1000 CE) and New Indo-Aryan (between 1000 CE and 1300 CE). The modern north Indian Indo-Aryan languages all evolved into distinct, recognisable languages in the New Indo-Aryan Age.[23]

text: Persian or Parsi was brought into India by the Ghaznavi and other Turko-Afghan dynasties as the court language. Culturally Persianized, they, in combination with the later Mughal dynasty (of Turco-Mongol origin), influenced the art, history and literature of the region for more than 500 years, resulting in the Persianisation of many Indian tongues, mainly lexically. In 1837, the British replaced Persian with English for administrative purposes, and the Hindi movement of the 19th Century replaced Persianised vocabulary for Sanskrit derivations, as well as replacing the use of the Perso-Arabic script for Hindi/Hindustani with Devanagari.[14][24]

text: Each of the northern Indian languages had different influences. For example, Hindustani was strongly influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic, leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu as registers of the Hindustani language.[25][26] Modern standard Hindi and Urdu are two of Indian official languages.

text: Inventories[edit]

text: The first official survey of language diversity in the Indian subcontinent was carried out by Sir George Abraham Grierson from 1898 to 1928. Titled the Linguistic Survey of India, it reported a total of 179 languages and 544 dialects.[27] However, the results were skewed due to ambiguities in distinguishing between "dialect" and "language",[27] use of untrained personnel and under-reporting of data from South India, as the former provinces of Burma and Madras, as well as the princely states of Cochin, Hyderabad, Mysore and Travancore were not included in the survey.[28]

text: Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped. Ethnologue, produced by the Christian evangelist organisation SIL International, lists 461 tongues for India (out of 6,912 worldwide), 447 of which are living, while 14 are extinct. The 447 living languages are further subclassified in Ethnologue as follows:-[29][30]

text:
Institutional – 63
Developing – 130
Vigorous – 187
In trouble – 54
Dying – 13

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text: The People’s Linguistic Survey of India, a privately owned research institution in India, has recorded over 66 different scripts and more than 780 languages in India during its nationwide survey, which the organisation claims to be the biggest linguistic survey in India.[31]

text: The People of India (POI) project of Anthropological Survey of India reported 325 languages which are used for in-group communication by 5,633 Indian communities.[32]

text: Census of India figures[edit]

text: The Census of India records and publishes data with respect to the number of speakers for languages and dialects, but uses its own unique terminology, distinguishing between language and mother tongue. The mother tongues are grouped within each language. Many of the mother tongues so defined could be considered a language rather than a dialect by linguistic standards. This is especially so for many mother tongues with tens of millions of speakers that are officially grouped under the language Hindi.

text: Separate figures for Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi were not issued, due to the fact the returns were intentionally recorded incorrectly in states such as East Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, PEPSU, and Bilaspur.[33]

text: The 1961 census recognised 1,652 mother tongues spoken by 438,936,918 people, counting all declarations made by any individual at the time when the census was conducted.[34] However, the declaring individuals often mixed names of languages with those of dialects, subdialects and dialect clusters or even castes, professions, religions, localities, regions, countries and nationalities.[34] The list therefore includes languages with barely a few individual speakers as well as 530 unclassified mother tongues and more than 100 idioms that are non-native to India, including linguistically unspecific demonyms such as "African", "Canadian" or "Belgian".[34]

text: The 1991 census recognises 1,576 classified mother tongues.[35] According to the 1991 census, 22 languages had more than a million native speakers, 50 had more than 100,000 and 114 had more than 10,000 native speakers. The remaining accounted for a total of 566,000 native speakers (out of a total of 838 million Indians in 1991).[35][36]

text: According to the most recent census of 2001, there are 1635 rationalised mother tongues, 234 identifiable mother tongues and 22 major languages.[13] Of these, 29 languages have more than a million native speakers, 60 have more than 100,000 and 122 have more than 10,000 native speakers.[37] There are a few languages like Kodava that do not have a script but have a group of native speakers in Coorg (Kodagu).[38]

text: The language-related data results of the 2011 Census have not yet been released by the Government of India.[39]

text: Multilingualism[edit]

text:
First, second, and third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 Census)

Language
First language
speakers[40][41]
First language
speakers as a percentage
of total population[42]

Second language
speakers[41]
Third language
speakers[41]
Total speakers[5][41]
Total speakers as a
percentage of total
population[42]

Hindi
422,048,642
41.03
98,207,180
31,160,696
551,416,518
53.60

English
226,449
0.02
86,125,221
38,993,066
125,344,736
12.18

Bengali
83,369,769
8.10
6,637,222
1,108,088
91,115,079
8.86

Telugu
74,002,856
7.19
9,723,626
1,266,019
84,992,501
8.26

Marathi
71,936,894
6.99
9,546,414
2,701,498
84,184,806
8.18

Tamil
60,793,814
5.91
4,992,253
956,335
66,742,402
6.49

Urdu
51,536,111
5.01
6,535,489
1,007,912
59,079,512
5.74

Kannada
37,924,011
3.69
11,455,287
1,396,428
50,775,726
4.94

Gujarati
46,091,617
4.48
3,476,355
703,989
50,271,961
4.89

Odia
33,017,446
3.21
3,272,151
319,525
36,609,122
3.56

Malayalam
33,066,392
3.21
499,188
195,885
33,761,465
3.28

Sanskrit
14,135
<0.01
1,234,931
3,742,223
4,991,289
0.49

text: Language families[edit]

text: Ethnolinguistically, the languages of South Asia, echoing the complex history and geography of the region, form a complex patchwork of language families, language phyla and isolates.[8]:283 The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are :[43]

text:
Indo-Aryan language family
Dravidian language family
Austroasiatic language family
Sino-Tibetan language family
Tai–Kadai language family
Great Andamanese languages
Caribbean Hindustani Languages

text: Indo-Aryan language family[edit]

text: The largest of the language families represented in India, in terms of speakers, is the Indo-Aryan language family, a branch of the Indo-Iranian family, itself the easternmost, extant subfamily of the Indo-European language family. This language family predominates, accounting for some 1035 million speakers, or over 76.5 of the population, as per 2018 estimate. The most widely spoken languages of this group are Hindi (or more correctly, Hindustani, which includes Hindi and Urdu), Bengali, Konkani, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Assamese (Asamiya), Maithili and Odia.[44] Aside from the Indo-Aryan languages, other Indo-European languages are also spoken in India, the most prominent of which is English, as a lingua franca.

text: Dravidian language family[edit]

text: The second largest language family is the Dravidian language family, accounting for some 277 million speakers, or approximately 20.5% as per 2018 estimate The Dravidian languages are spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in parts of northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Dravidian languages with the most speakers are Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.[7] Besides the mainstream population, Dravidian languages are also spoken by small scheduled tribe communities, such as the Oraon and Gond tribes.[45] Only two Dravidian languages are exclusively spoken outside India, Brahui in Pakistan and Dhangar, a dialect of Kurukh, in Nepal.[46]

text: Austroasiatic language family[edit]

text: Families with smaller numbers of speakers are Austroasiatic and numerous small Sino-Tibetan languages, with some 10 and 6 million speakers, respectively, together 3% of the population.[47]

text: The Austroasiatic language family (austro meaning South) is the autochthonous language in South Asia and Southeast Asia, other language families having arrived by migration. Austroasiatic languages of mainland India are the Khasi and Munda languages, including Santhali. The languages of the Nicobar islands also form part of this language family. With the exceptions of Khasi and Santhali, all Austroasiatic languages on Indian territory are endangered.[8]:456–457

text: Sino-Tibetan language family[edit]

text: The Sino-Tibetan language family are well represented in India. However, their interrelationships are not discernible, and the family has been described as "a patch of leaves on the forest floor" rather than with the conventional metaphor of a "family tree".[8]:283–5

text: Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken across the Himalayas in the regions of Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and also in the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, (hills and autonomous councils - BTC)[48][49] Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram. Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in India include the scheduled languages Meitei and Bodo, the non-scheduled languages of Karbi, Lepcha, and many varieties of several related Tibetic, West Himalayish, Tani, Brahmaputran, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhul, Zeme, Kukish language groups, amongst many others.

text: Tai-Kadai language family[edit]

text: Ahom language belonging to Southwestern Tai language had been once the dominant language of Ahom Kingdom in modern-day Assam but had been replaced later by Assamese language(known as Kamrupi in ancient era which is the pre-form of the kamrupia dialect of today). Nowadays, small Tai communities and their languages remain in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh together with Sino-Tibetans, e.g. Tai Phake, Tai Aiton and Tai Khamti language, which are similar to Shan language of Shan state of Myanmar, Dai language in Yunnan of China, Lao language of Laos, Thai language of Thailand and Zhuang language in Guangxi of China.

text: Great Andamanese language family[edit]

text: The extinct and endangered languages of the Andaman Islands form a fifth family- the Great Andamanese language family, comprising two families, namely:[50]

text:
the Great Andamanese, comprising a number of extinct languages apart from one highly endangered language with a dwindling number of speakers.
the Ongan family of the southern Andaman Islands, comprising two extant languages, Önge and Jarawa, and one extinct tongue, Jangil.

text: In addition, Sentinelese, an unattested language of the Andaman Islands, is generally considered to be related and part of the language family.[50]

text: Language isolates[edit]

text: The only language found in the Indian mainland that is considered a language isolate is Nahali.[8]:337 The status of Nahali is ambiguous, having been considered as a distinct Austro-Asiatic language, as a dialect of Munda language and also as being a "thieves' argot" rather than a legitimate language.[51][52]

text: The other language isolates found in the rest of South Asia include Burushaski, a language spoken in Gilgit–Baltistan (administered by Pakistan), Kusunda (in western Nepal) and Vedda (in Sri Lanka).[8]:283 The validity of the Great Andamanese language group as a language family has been questioned and it has been considered a language isolate by some authorities.[8]:283[53][54]

text: In addition, a Bantu language, Sidi, was spoken until the mid-20th century in Gujarat.[8]:528

text: Influences[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The language families in India are not necessarily related to the various ethnic groups in India, specifically the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian people. The languages within each family have been influenced to a large extent by both families.

text: Urdu has also had a significant influence on many of today's Indian languages. Many North Indian languages have lost much of their Sanskritised base (50% current vocabulary) to a more Urdu-based form. In terms of the written script, most Indian languages, except the Tamil script, nearly perfectly accommodate the Sanskrit language. South Indian languages have adopted new letters to write various Indo-Aryan based words as well, and have added new letters to their native alphabets as the languages began to mix and influence each other.

text: Though various Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages may seem mutually exclusive when first heard, there is a much deeper underlying influence that both language families have had on each other down to a linguistic science. There is proof of the intermixing of Dravidian and Indo-Aryan languages through the pockets of Dravidian-based languages on remote areas of Pakistan, and interspersed areas of North India. In addition, there is a whole science regarding the tonal and cultural expression within the languages that are quite standard across India. Languages may have different vocabulary, but various hand and tonal gestures within two unrelated languages can still be common due to cultural amalgamations between invading people and the natives over time; in this case, the Indo-Aryan peoples and the native Dravidian people.

text: Official languages[edit]

text: Federal level[edit]

text: Prior to Independence, in British India, English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes.[55]

text: In 1946, the issue of national language was a bitterly contested subject in the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India, specifically what should be the language in which the Constitution of India is written and the language spoken during the proceedings of Parliament and thus deserving of the epithet "national". Members belonging to the northern parts of India insisted that the Constitution be drafted in Hindi with the unofficial translation in English. This was not agreed to by the drafting Committee on the grounds that English was much better to craft the nuanced prose on constitutional subjects. The efforts to make Hindi the pre-eminent language were bitterly resisted by the members from those parts of India where Hindi was not spoken natively. Eventually, a compromise was reached with Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union but for "fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution, the English Language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement".[55]

text: Article 343 (1) of the Constitution of India states "The Official Language of the Union government shall be Hindi in Devanagari script."[56]:212[57] Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e. on 26 January 1965.[56]:212[57]

text: As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Accordingly, Jawaharlal Nehru ensured the enactment of the Official Languages Act, 1963,[58][59] which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965.[55] The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied exactly the opposite.[55]

text: In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.[55][60]

text: As a result, the proposal was dropped,[61][62] and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.[58]

text: The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language.[10][11]

text: Hindi[edit]

text: Hindi, written in Devanagari script, is the most prominent language spoken in the country. In the 2001 census, 422 million (422,048,642) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language.[63] This figure not only included Hindi speakers of Hindustani, but also people who identify as native speakers of related languages who consider their speech to be a dialect of Hindi, the Hindi belt. Hindi (or Hindustani) is the native language of most people living in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan.[64]

text: "Modern Standard Hindi", a standardised language is the official language of the Union of India. In addition, it is one of only two languages used for business in Parliament.[citation needed]

text: Hindustani, evolved from khari boli, a prominent tongue of Mughal times, which itself evolved from Apabhraṃśa, an intermediary transition stage from Prakrit, from which the major North Indian Indo-Aryan languages have evolved.[citation needed]

text: Varieties of Hindi spoken in India include Rajasthani, Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji, Hindustani, Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri, Magahi and Chhattisgarhi. By virtue of its being a lingua franca, Hindi has also developed regional dialects such as Bambaiya Hindi in Mumbai. In addition, a trade language, Andaman Creole Hindi has also developed in the Andaman Islands.[citation needed]

text: In addition, by use in popular culture such as songs and films, Hindi also serves as a lingua franca across both North and Central India[citation needed]

text: Hindi is widely taught both as a primary language and language of instruction, and as a second tongue in most states.

text: English[edit]

text: British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a lingua franca over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a de facto lingua franca over much of India.[55][60]

text: Scheduled languages[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Until the Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi, Konkani, Meitei and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as of 1 December 2007, lists 22 languages,[56]:330 which are given in the table below together with the speaking population and the regions where they are used.[63]

text:
Language
Family

Assamese
Indo-Aryan

Bengali (Bangla)
Indo-Aryan

Bodo
Sino-Tibetan

Dogri
Indo-Aryan

Gujarati
Indo-Aryan

Hindi
Indo-Aryan

Kannada
Dravidian

Kashmiri
Indo-Aryan

Konkani
Indo-Aryan

Maithili
Indo-Aryan

Malayalam
Dravidian

Meitei
Sino-Tibetan

Marathi
Indo-Aryan

Nepali
Indo-Aryan

Odia
Indo-Aryan

Punjabi
Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit
Indo-Aryan

Santali
Austroasiatic

Sindhi
Indo-Aryan

Tamil
Dravidian

Telugu
Dravidian

Urdu
Indo-Aryan

text: The individual states, the borders of most of which are or were drawn on socio-linguistic lines, can legislate their own official languages, depending on their linguistic demographics. The official languages chosen reflect the predominant as well as politically significant languages spoken in that state. Certain states having a linguistically defined territory may have only the predominant language in that state as its official language, examples being Karnataka and Gujarat, which have Kannada and Gujarati as their sole official language respectively. Telangana, with a sizeable Urdu-speaking Muslim population, has two languages, Telugu and Urdu, as its official languages.

text: Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages. Jammu and Kashmir uses Urdu, which is spoken by fewer than 1% of the population. Meghalaya uses English spoken by 0.01% of the population. This phenomenon has turned majority languages into "minority languages" in a functional sense.[66]

text: In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to select their own official language – a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has declared the Bodo language as official for the region, in addition to Assamese and English already in use.[67] and Bengali in the Barak Valley,[68] as its official languages.

text: Prominent languages of India[edit]

text: Bengali[edit]

text: Native to the Bengal region, comprising the nation of Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal, Tripura and Barak Valley region of Assam. Bengali (also spelt as Bangla: বাংলা) is the fifth most spoken language in the world. After partition of India (1947), refugees from East Pakistan were settled in Tripura, and Jharkhand and the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There is also a large number of Bengali-speaking people in Maharashtra and Gujarat where they work as artisans in jewellery industries. Bengali developed from Abahatta, a derivative of Apabhramsha, itself derived from Magadhi Prakrit. The modern Bengali vocabulary contains the vocabulary base from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, also borrowings & reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Austroasiatic languages and other languages in contact with. Like most Indian languages, Bengali has a number of dialects. Interestingly it exhibits diglossia, with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language.[69] Bengali language has developed a rich cultural base spanning art, music, literature and religion. There have been many movements in defense of this language and in 1999 UNESCO declared 21 Feb as the International Mother Language Day in commemoration of the Bengali Language Movement in 1952.[70]

text: Telugu[edit]

text: Telugu is the most widely spoken Dravidian language in India. Telugu is an official language in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and the union territory of Puducherry, making it one of the few languages (along with Hindi, Bengali, and Urdu) with official status in more than one state. It is also spoken by significant minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and by the Sri Lankan Gypsy people. It is one of six languages with classical status in India. Telugu ranks third by the number of native speakers in India (74 million in the 2001 Census), fifteenth in the Ethnologue list of most-spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language.

text: Marathi[edit]

text: Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language.It is the official language and co-official language in Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India respectively, and is one of the official languages of India. There were 71 million speakers in 2001 and 73 million speakers in 2007, ranking 19th in the list of most spoken languages. Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, dating from about 1200 AD (Mukundraj's Vivek Sindhu from the close of the 12th century). The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. There are other related languages such as Khandeshi, Dangi, Vadvali and Samavedi. Malvani Konkani has been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties.Marathi is one of several languages that descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like Old Marathi.

text: Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for all official purposes.

text: Over a period of many centuries the Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Dravidian languages, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. At least 50% of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sanskrit. Many scholars claim that Sanskrit has derived many words from Marathi. Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages, and foreign languages such as Persian, Arabic, English and a little from Portuguese.

text: Tamil[edit]

text: Tamil (also spelt as Thamizh: தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu, Puduchery and many parts of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by large minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and throughout the world. Tamil ranks fifth by the number of native speakers in India (61 million in the 2001 Census[71][better source needed]) and ranks 20th in the list of most spoken languages.[citation needed] It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004. Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world.[72][73] It has been described as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognisably continuous with a classical past."[74] The two earliest manuscripts from India,[75][76] acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, are in Tamil.[77] Tamil is an official language of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and Singapore. It is also recognized as minority language in Canada, Malaysia, Mauritius and South Africa.

text: Urdu[edit]

text: After independence, Modern Standard Urdu, the Persianised register of Hindustani became the national language of Pakistan. During British colonial times, a knowledge of Hindustani or Urdu was a must for officials. Hindustani was made the second language of British Indian Empire after English and considered as the language of administration. The British introduced the use of Roman script for Hindustani as well as other languages. Urdu had 70 million speakers in India (as per the Census of 2001), and, along with Hindi, is one of the 22 officially recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Telangana that have significant Muslim populations. Some dialects of Hindi, especially those that arose in Muslim-dominated areas.[clarification needed]

text: Gujarati[edit]

text: Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the west Indian region of Gujarat. Gujarati is part of the greater Indo-European language family. Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati (c. 1100 – 1500 CE), the same source as that of Rajasthani. Gujarati is the chief language in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also an official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 4.5% of population of India (1.21 billion according to 2011 census) speaks Gujarati. This amounts to 54.6 million speakers in India.[78]

text: Kannada[edit]

text: Kannada language is a Dravidian language which branched off from Kannada-Tamil sub group around 500 B.C.E according to the Dravidian scholar Zvelebil.[79] According to the Dravidian scholars Steever and Krishnamurthy, the study of Kannada language is usually divided into three linguistic phases: Old (450–1200 CE), Middle (1200–1700 CE) and Modern (1700–present).[80][81] The earliest written records are from the 5th century,[82] and the earliest available literature in rich manuscript (Kavirajamarga) is from c. 850.[83][84] Kannada language has the second oldest written tradition of all vernacular languages of India.[85][86] Current estimates of the total number of epigraph present in Karnataka range from 25,000 by the scholar Sheldon Pollock to over 30,000 by the Sahitya Akademi,[87] making Karnataka state "one of the most densely inscribed pieces of real estate in the world".[88] According to Garg and Shipely, more than a thousand notable writers have contributed to the wealth of the language.[89][90]

text: Malayalam[edit]

text: Malayalam (/mæləˈjɑːləm/;[91] മലയാളം, Malayāḷam ? [ maləjaːɭəm]) has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry. It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by some 38 million people. Malayalam is also spoken in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka; with some speakers in the Nilgiris, Kanyakumari and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu, and the Dakshina Kannada and the Kodagu district of Karnataka.[92][93][94] Malayalam originated from Middle Tamil (Sen-Tamil) in the 7th century.[95] As Malayalam began to freely borrow words as well as the rules of grammar from Sanskrit, the Grantha alphabet was adopted for writing and came to be known as Arya Eluttu.[96] This developed into the modern Malayalam script.[97]

text: Odia[edit]

text: Odia (formerly spelled Oriya)[98] is the only Indian classical language from Indo-Aryan group alongside Sanskrit. Odia is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Odisha and has over 40 million speakers. It was declared as a classical language of India in 2014. Native speakers comprise 80% of the population in Odisha.[99] Odia is thought to have originated from Magadhi Prakrit similar to Ardha Magadhi, a language spoken in eastern India over 1,500 years ago. The history of Odia language can be divided to Old Odia[100] (7th century–1200), Early Middle Odia (1200–1400), Middle Odia (1400–1700), Late Middle Odia (1700–1850) and Modern Odia (1850 till present day). The National Manuscripts Mission of India have found around 213,000 unearthed and preserved manuscripts written in Odia.[101]

text: Punjabi[edit]

text: Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script in India, is one of the prominent languages of India with about 32 million speakers. In Pakistan it is spoken by over 80 million people and is written in the Shahmukhi alphabet. It is mainly spoken in Punjab but also in neighboring areas. It is an official language of Delhi and Punjab.

text: Assamese[edit]

text: Asamiya or Assamese language is most popular in the state of Assam and Brahmaputra Valley.[102] It's an Eastern Indo-Aryan language having more than 10 million speakers as per world estimates by Encarta.[103]

text: Maithili[edit]

text: Maithili (/ˈmaɪtɪli/;[104] Maithilī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states of India.[105][106] In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai, and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal.[107] Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi.[108] Today it is written in the Devanagari script.[109]

text: In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised regional language of India, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts.[110]

text: Classical languages[edit]

text: In 2004, the Government of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a "Classical Language in India".[111] In 2004, the Tamil Nadu politician M Karunanidhi offered support to the Manmohan Singh Government on the condition that the Central government would declare Tamil as a Classical language. Over the next few years, several other languages were granted the Classical status, and similar demands have been made for other languages, including Marathi.[112]

text: Languages thus far declared to be Classical:

text:
Tamil (in 2004),[113]
Sanskrit (in 2005),[114]
Kannada (in 2008),
Telugu (in 2008),[115]
Malayalam (in 2013),[116]
Odia (in 2014).[117][118]

text: In a 2006 press release, Minister of Tourism and Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a "Classical Language",[119]

text: High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500–2000 years; a body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; the literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community; the classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.

text: The Government has been criticized for not including Pali as a classical language, as experts have argued that it fits all the above criteria.[120][121]

text: Benefits[edit]

text: As per Government of India's Resolution No. 2-16/2004-US(Akademies) dated 1 November 2004, the benefits that will accrue to a language declared as a "Classical Language" are:

text:
Two major international awards for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages are awarded annually.
A Center of Excellence for Studies in Classical Languages is set up.
The University Grants Commission will be requested to create, to start with at least in the Central Universities, a certain number of Professional Chairs for Classical Languages for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages.[122]

tag: ol

text: Other local languages and dialects[edit]

text: The 2001 census identified the following native languages having more than one million speakers. Most of them are dialects/variants grouped under Hindi.[63]

text:
Languages
No. of native speakers[63]

Bhojpuri
33,099,497

Rajasthani
18,355,613

Magadhi/Magahi
13,978,565

Chhattisgarhi
13,260,186

Haryanvi
7,997,192

Marwari
7,936,183

Malvi
5,565,167

Mewari
5,091,697

Khorth/Khotta
4,725,927

Bundeli
3,072,147

Bagheli
2,865,011

Pahari
2,832,825

Laman/Lambadi
2,707,562

Awadhi
2,529,308

Harauti
2,462,867

Garhwali
2,267,314

Nimadi
2,148,146

Sadan/Sadri
2,044,776

Kumauni
2,003,783

Dhundhari
1,871,130

Tulu
1,722,768

Surgujia
1,458,533

Bagri Rajasthani
1,434,123

Banjari
1,259,821

Nagpuria (Varhadi)
1,242,586

Surajpuri
1,217,019

Sylheti
3,612,653

Kangri
1,122,843

text: Practical problems[edit]

text: India has several languages in use; choosing any single language as an official language presents problems to all those whose "mother tongue" is different. However, all the boards of education across India recognise the need for training people to one common language.[123] There are complaints that in North India, non-Hindi speakers have language trouble. Similarly, there are complaints that North Indians have to undergo difficulties on account of language when travelling to South India. It is common to hear of incidents that result due to friction between those who strongly believe in the chosen official language, and those who follow the thought that the chosen language(s) do not take into account everyone's preferences.[124] Local official language commissions have been established and various steps are being taken in a direction to reduce tensions and friction.[citation needed]

text: Language conflicts[edit]

text: There are conflicts over linguistic rights in India. The first major linguistic conflict, known as the Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu, took place in Tamil Nadu against the implementation of Hindi as the official language of India. Political analysts consider this as a major factor in bringing DMK to power and leading to the ousting and nearly total elimination of the Congress party in Tamil Nadu.[125] Strong cultural pride based on language is also found in other Indian states such as Karnataka, Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra. To express disapproval of the imposition of Hindi on its states' people as a result of the central government, the government of Maharashtra made the state languages mandatory in educational institutions.[126]

text: The Government of India attempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns, coordinated by the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a branch of the Department of Higher Education, Language Bureau, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[clarification needed][citation needed]

text: Writing systems[edit]

text: Most languages in India are written in Brahmi-derived scripts, such as Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Odia, Eastern Nagari - Assamese/Bengali, etc., though Urdu is written in a script derived from Arabic, and a few minor languages such as Santali use independent scripts.[citation needed]

text: Various Indian languages have their own scripts. Hindi, Marathi and Angika are languages written using the Devanagari script. Most major languages are written using a script specific to them, such as Assamese (Asamiya)[127][128][129] with Asamiya,[130] Bengali with Bengali, Punjabi with Gurmukhi, Odia with Odia script, Gujarati with Gujarati, etc. Urdu and sometimes Kashmiri, Saraiki and Sindhi are written in modified versions of the Perso-Arabic script. With this one exception, the scripts of Indian languages are native to India. Languages like Kodava that didn't have a script whereas Tulu which had a script adopted Kannada due to its readily available printing settings; these languages have taken up the scripts of the local official languages as their own and are written in the Kannada script.[131]

text:
Tamil-Brahmi inscription in Jambaimalai.

Silver coin issued during the reign of Rudra Singha with Assamese inscriptions.

North Indian Brahmi found in Ashok pillar.

The Halmidi inscription, the oldest known inscription in the Kannada script and language. The inscription is dated to the 450 CE - 500 CE period.

An early Telugu inscription found in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh.


document_title: Charles VIII of France

question_text: who plays the king of france in the borgias

text: Charles VIII of France

text: Life[edit]

text: Youth[edit]

text: Charles was born at the Château d'Amboise in France, the only surviving son of King Louis XI by his second wife Charlotte of Savoy.[2] His godparents were Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (the godchild's namesake), Joan of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon, and the teenage Edward of Westminster, the son of Henry VI of England who had been living in France since the deposition of his father by Edward IV.[3] Charles succeeded to the throne on 30 August 1483 at the age of 13. His health was poor. He was regarded by his contemporaries as possessing a pleasant disposition, but also as foolish and unsuited for the business of the state. In accordance with the wishes of Louis XI, the regency of the kingdom was granted to Charles' elder sister Anne, a formidably intelligent and shrewd woman described by her father as "the least foolish woman in France."[4] She would rule as regent, together with her husband Peter of Bourbon, until 1491.

text: Marriages[edit]

text: Charles was betrothed on 22 July 1483 to the 3-year-old Margaret of Austria, daughter of the Archduke Maximilian of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I) and Mary, Duchess of Burgundy. The marriage was arranged by Louis XI, Maximilian, and the Estates of the Low Countries as part of the 1482 Peace of Arras between France and the Duchy of Burgundy. Margaret brought the Counties of Artois and Burgundy to France as her dowry, and she was raised in the French court as a prospective Queen consort.

text: In 1488, however, Francis II, Duke of Brittany, died in a riding accident, leaving his 11-year-old daughter Anne as his heir. Anne, who feared for the independence of her duchy against the ambitions of France, arranged a marriage in 1490 between herself and the widower Maximilian, thus making Anne a stepmother to Margaret of Austria. The regent Anne of France and her husband Peter refused to countenance such a marriage, however, since it would place Maximilian and his family, the Habsburgs, on two French borders. The French army invaded Brittany, taking advantage of the preoccupation of Frederick III and his son with the disputed succession to Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary.[5] Anne of Brittany was forced to renounce Maximilian (whom she had only married by proxy) and agree to be married to Charles VIII instead.[6]

text: In December 1491, in an elaborate ceremony at the Château de Langeais, Charles and Anne of Brittany were married. The 14-year-old Duchess Anne, not happy with the arranged marriage, arrived for her wedding with her entourage carrying two beds. However, Charles's marriage brought him independence from his relatives and thereafter he managed affairs according to his own inclinations. Queen Anne lived at the Clos Lucé in Amboise.

text: There still remained the matter of Charles' first betrothed, the young Margaret of Austria. Although the cancellation of her betrothal meant that she by rights should have been returned to her family, Charles did not initially do so, intending to marry her usefully elsewhere in France. It was a difficult situation for Margaret, who informed her father in her letters that she was so determined to escape that she would even flee Paris in her nightgown if it gave her freedom. Eventually, in 1493, she was returned to her family, together with her dowry – though the Duchy of Burgundy was retained in the Treaty of Senlis.

text: Around the king there was a circle of court poets, the most memorable being the Italian humanist Publio Fausto Andrelini from Forlì, who spread the New Learning in France. During a pilgrimage to pay respects to his father's remains, Charles observed Mont Aiguille and ordered Antoine de Ville to ascend to the summit in an early technical alpine climb, later alluded to by Rabelais.[7][8]

text: Italian War[edit]

text: To secure France against invasions, Charles made treaties with Maximilian I of Austria (the Treaty of Barcelona with Maximilian of Austria on 19 January 1493)[9] and England, (the Treaty of Étaples with England on 3 November 1492)[10] buying their neutrality with large concessions. He devoted France's resources to building up a large army, including one of Europe's first siege trains with artillery.

text: In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII (1484-1492), then being at odds with Ferdinand I of Naples, offered Naples to Charles, who had a vague claim to the Kingdom of Naples through his paternal grandmother, Marie of Anjou. Innocent's policy of meddling in the affairs of other Italian states[11] was continued by Innocent's successor, Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) when the Pope supported a plan for a carving out a new state in central Italy. The new state would have impacted Milan more than any of the other states involved.[citation needed] Consequently, in 1493, Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, appealed for help to Charles VIII.[12] The next year in 1494, Milan faced an additional threat. On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I, King of Naples, died unexpectedly.[13] His death made Alfonso II, king of Naples. Alfonso II laid claim to the Milanese duchy.[14] Alfonso II now urged Charles VIII to take Milan militarily. Charles VIII was also urged on in this adventure by his favorite courtier, Étienne de Vesc. Thus, Charles came to imagine himself capable of actually taking Naples and invaded Italy.

text: In an event that was to prove a watershed in Italian history,[15] Charles invaded Italy with 25,000 men (including 8,000 Swiss mercenaries) in September 1494 and marched across the peninsula virtually unopposed. King Charles arrived in Pavia on 21 October 1494 and entered Pisa on 8 November 1494.[16] The French Army subdued Florence in passing on their way south. Reaching Naples on 22 February 1495,[17] the French Army took Naples without a pitched battle or siege. Alfonso was expelled and Charles was crowned King of Naples.

text: There were those in the Republic of Florence who appreciated the presence of the French king and his Army. The famous friar Savonarola believed that King Charles VIII was God's tool to purify the corruption of Florence. He believed that once Charles had ousted the evil sinners of Florence the city would become a center of morality. Thus, Florence was the appropriate place to restructure the Church. This situation would eventually spill over into another conflict between Pope Alexander VI, who despised the idea of having the king in northern Italy where the Pope feared the King of France would interfere with the Papal States,[18] and Savonarola, who called for the king's intervention. This conflict would eventually lead Savonarola to be suspected of heresy and executed by the State.

text: The speed and power of the French advance frightened the other Italian rulers, including the Pope and even Ludovico of Milan. They formed an anti-French coalition, the League of Venice on 31 March 1495. The formation of the League of Venice, which included the northern Italian states of Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Venice, the Duchy of Mantua, and the Republic of Florence in addition to the Kingdom of Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Naples, appeared to have trapped Charles in southern Italy and blocked his return to France. Charles would have to cross the territory of at least some of the League members to return home to France. At the Fornovo in July 1495, the League defeated Charles. However, it was a pyrrhic victory because the French too celebrated Fornovo as a victory for them.[19] The League lost 2,000 men to his 1,000 and, although Charles lost nearly all the booty of the campaign and had to withdraw to France, the League was unable to stop him from crossing their territory on his way back to France. Meanwhile, Charles' remaining garrisons in Naples were quickly subdued by Aragonese forces sent by Ferdinand II of Aragon, ally of Alfonso on 6–7 July 1495.[20] Thus in the end, Charles VIII lost all the gains that he had made in Italy in 1494.

text: Over the next few years, Charles VIII tried to rebuild his army and resume the campaign, but he was hampered by the large debts incurred in 1494–95. He never succeeded in gaining anything substantive.

text: Death[edit]

text: Charles died in 1498, two and a half years after his retreat from Italy, as the result of an accident. While on his way to watch a game of jeu de paume (real tennis) in Amboise he struck his head on the lintel of a door.[21] At around 2pm, while returning from the game, he fell into a sudden coma, and died nine hours later, perhaps of an epidural hematoma.[22]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Charles bequeathed a meagre legacy: he left France in debt and in disarray as a result of his ambition. However, his expedition did strengthen cultural ties to Italy, energizing French art and letters in the latter part of the Renaissance.[citation needed]

text: Since his children predeceased him, Charles was the last of the elder branch of the House of Valois. Upon his death, the throne passed to his father's second cousin, the Duke of Orléans, who reigned as King Louis XII.[citation needed]

text: Left childless at his death, Charles' widow, Anne returned to Brittany and there, as hereditary Duchess of Brittany, began steps to regain the independence of the duchy. It was exactly to stymie these moves toward independence that Charles VIII's successor—Louis XII—had his 24-year marriage to Joan of France annulled so that he could marry Anne of Brittany on 7 June 1500.[23]

text: Issue[edit]

text: The marriage with Anne resulted in the birth of seven children, who all died young:

text:
Charles Orland, Dauphin of France (11 October 1492 – 16 December 1495). His only healthy son, he died of the measles when three years old. Buried at Tours Cathedral.
Francis, premature son stillborn (August 1493) at the forest of Courcelles. Buried at Notre-Dame de Cléry.
Premature daughter stillborn at Lyon, March 1494, where the queen was accompanying her husband while he prepared to depart for the Italian Wars.
Premature daughter stillborn (March 1495).
Charles, Dauphin of France. Lived for less than a month (8 September 1496 – 2 October 1496). Buried at Tours Cathedral.
Francis, Dauphin of France. He died several hours after his birth (July 1497). Buried at Tours Cathedral.
Anne of France. She died on the day of her birth (20 March 1498) at Château de Plessis-lez-Tours. Buried at Tours Cathedral.

text: Media[edit]

text: Charles VIII's invasion of Italy and his relations with Pope Alexander VI are depicted in the novel The Sultan's Helmsman.

text: In the 2011 Showtime series The Borgias, Charles VIII is portrayed by French actor Michel Muller. In the 2011 French-German historical drama Borgia, Charles VIII is played by Simon Larvaron. The event of the king's death is depicted in the TV series Borgia with a small twist: in the episode, Charles himself plays a game of jeu de paume with Cesare Borgia and loses; while leaving the game, Charles strikes his head on the lintel of a door.

text: Ancestry[edit]

text:
showAncestors of Charles VIII of France

16. Charles V of France

8. Charles VI of France

17. Joanna of Bourbon

4. Charles VII of France

18. Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria

9. Isabeau of Bavaria

19. Taddea Visconti

2. Louis XI of France

20. Louis I, Duke of Anjou

10. Louis II of Naples

21. Marie of Blois

5. Marie of Anjou

22. John I of Aragon

11. Yolande of Aragon

23. Violant of Bar

1. Charles VIII of France

24. Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy

12. Antipope Felix V

25. Bonne of Berry

6. Louis, Duke of Savoy

26. Philip II, Duke of Burgundy

13. Mary of Burgundy

27. Margaret III, Countess of Flanders

3. Charlotte of Savoy

28. James I of Cyprus

14. Janus of Cyprus

29. Helvis of Brunswick

7. Anne of Cyprus

30. John I, Count of La Marche

15. Charlotte of Bourbon

31. Catherine of Vendôme

tag: table


document_title: Slapshot

question_text: who holds the record for the fastest slap shot in the nhl

text: Slapshot

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A slapshot (also spelled as slap shot) in ice hockey is the hardest shot one can perform. It has four stages which are executed in one fluid motion to make the puck fly into the net:

text:
The player winds up his hockey stick to shoulder height or higher.
Next the player violently "slaps" the ice slightly behind the puck and uses his weight to bend the stick, storing energy in it like a spring. This bending of the stick gives the slapshot its speed. Just like a bow and arrow, the stick's tendency to return to being straight is transferred to the puck, giving it much more speed than just hitting it alone could.
When the face of the stick blade strikes the puck, the player rolls his wrists and shifts his weight so that the energy stored in the stick is released through the puck.
Finally, the player follows through, ending up with the stick pointed towards the desired target.

text: The slapshot is harder than other shots and, because of the violent motion involved, somewhat less accurate. It also takes longer to execute; a player usually cannot take a slapshot while under any significant pressure from an opposing player because the opponent could easily interfere during the windup. The slapshot is most commonly used by a defenceman at the point, especially during a power play, although a forward will sometimes find an opportunity to use it.

text: The invention of the slapshot is credited to Bernard "Boom Boom" Geoffrion (a nickname alluding to the thunderous clack of his slapshots) of the Montreal Canadiens.[1] Black Canadian Eddie Martin, of the Coloured Hockey League's Halifax Eurekas, has also been credited with inventing the slapshot in the late 1800s.[2] Dick Irvin, who was a star player in the WCHL and PCHA – and who later coached Geoffrion with the Habs – was also renowned for having a hard and accurate slap shot. Growing up in Winnipeg in the 1890s and 1900s, he would practice shooting against a doorknob in his attic during the winter months for accuracy. In the summertime, Irvin would draw a chalk outline of a net onto his family's sled garage, and practice one-timers off a piece of wooden board embedded into the ground.[3]

text: During a hockey game, a puck can reach the speeds of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) or more when struck. The current NHL speed record belongs to Zdeno Chára of the Boston Bruins, whose slapshot clocked 108.8 miles per hour (175.1 km/h) in the 2012 NHL All Star Game SuperSkills competition, breaking his own earlier record.[4] Alexander Riazantsev of KHL's Spartak Moscow slapped a puck at the 2012 KHL All Star Game skills competition in Latvia with a speed of 114.127 mph (183.67 km/h); however, the NHL does not recognize this as breaking Chára's record, as the puck travels a shorter distance to the goal net in KHL competitions than in those of the NHL.[5][6]


document_title: Little Fires Everywhere

question_text: who set the fires in little fires everywhere

text: Little Fires Everywhere

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1998, the Richardson home catches fire. Arson is suspected, as there were multiple small fires. The Richardson children believe that the arsonist was their sister, Izzy.

text: One year previously, in 1997, Elena Richardson rents the upstairs portion of her rental home across town to Mia Warren, a photographer, and her teenage daughter, Pearl. Elena's younger son, the teenage Moody, bikes by the house and meets Pearl, who is his own age, and develops a crush on her. Pearl and Moody quickly become friends and he introduces her to his siblings, Lexie, Trip and Izzy. Pearl, who is used to a transient lifestyle in which her mother scrapes together money, becomes charmed by the Richardsons and their established home. She spends time every day at the Richardson home, and she develops a crush on Trip and comes to idolize Lexie.

text: Mia works part time at a Chinese restaurant and sells carefully composed photographs through a dealer in New York. She eventually becomes concerned about Pearl's idealization of the Richardsons. When Elena condescendingly offers her a job doing light housekeeping for her family, Mia agrees, only to keep an eye on Pearl. She ends up meeting Izzy, the black sheep of the family, when Izzy is home on suspension after defending a classmate who was the target of racism from a teacher. Mia suggests that Izzy do something about it and ends up giving Izzy the idea to jam all the locks in the school. Because of this, Izzy ends up becoming close to Mia and offering to work as her assistant.

text: The Richardsons are invited to the birthday party of Mirabelle McCullough, the adopted daughter of one of Elena's friends. Lexie is enraptured by the little girl and the story of how she was discovered abandoned at a fire station. She tells the story to Mia, who realizes that the child is May Ling Chow, the daughter of Bebe Chow, Mia's co-worker at the Chinese restaurant, who gave up her child in the middle of a postpartum episode and economic hardship. Bebe has been looking for her child for over a year. Mia informs Bebe of her daughter's whereabouts, though the McCulloughs refuse to let her see her daughter and threaten her with trespassing. Bebe is despondent as she has no money for lawyers, but Mia advises her to get the local news involved, which she does successfully. The local scandal results in Bebe getting visitation rights and help from a lawyer working pro bono.

text: Elena discovers that Bebe found out her child was with the McCulloughs through Mia. Angry on behalf of her friends, and also agitated by Mia's secretive nature, she begins investigating Mia's past. Through a vague photograph of Mia found in a museum she manages to eventually track down Mia's parents where she learns that Pearl was conceived by Mia for a wealthy New York couple who were unable to have children of their own. Mia decided to carry the child for them but after her brother's death and her family's disappointment, she could not face the idea of giving up a child that was half hers. She lies to the couple, saying that she miscarried, and ran away. Soon after, Pearl is born. Mia's parents hadn't heard from her since.

text: In the meantime, Pearl acts on her crush on Trip and the two begin to have sex in his friend's basement, which they keep a secret from everyone including Moody and Trip's friend. Lexie gets pregnant and asks Pearl to come with her to an abortion. Afraid of being discovered, Lexie uses Pearl's name at the clinic. Pearl takes Lexie to her home to recuperate after the abortion, where they are met by Mia, who takes care of Lexie and is sympathetic towards her. Moody sees Trip and Pearl leaving Pearl's home, holding hands, and realized what's been going on. Afterwards, he and Pearl stop speaking.

text: The trial between the McCulloughs and Bebe Chow goes forward, but even Mr. Richardson, who is arguing on behalf of the state and therefore the McCulloughs, begins to feel torn about the case. Mrs. Richardson, still eager to help her friend, investigates a suspicion that Bebe has had an abortion and to her shock discovers that Pearl is listed as having had one. She goes to confront Moody about being the father, but he tells her that she is accusing the wrong son, a statement which is overheard by Izzy.

text: Bebe Chow loses her case. She goes to Mia's house for comfort, and Mia tells Bebe that her daughter will always be her own. Shortly after Mrs. Richardson arrives and tells Mia she knows about Pearl's origins before telling her she must move out. Though she is doing so because she thinks Pearl has had an abortion, her oblique references are lost on Mia. Nevertheless, Mia goes to Pearl's school and tells her they must move on. Pearl is reluctant to go, but Mia explains about her biological father and she reluctantly accepts. Before they leave Mia runs into Izzy, and, unable to say goodbye, tries to explain her actions by using a metaphor about prairie fires.

text: Eventually, Izzy manages to put the pieces of Mia and Pearl's disappearance together. She also realizes that Moody, Lexie, and Trip have all used Pearl in their own way and becomes angry at them. Choosing a moment when they are all out of the house, she starts small fires on everyone's beds, not realizing that her mother has decided to sleep in for once in her life and is still in the house, though Elena manages to escape the fire unharmed.

text: After the fire, the Richardsons go to the rental home, now vacated by the Warrens, where they find that Mia has left them each photographs and negatives that have personal significance to each of them.

text: Bebe Chow, using Mia's words as inspiration, sneaks into the McCulloughs' home and kidnaps her daughter, flying with her to Canton. The McCulloughs unsuccessfully spend tens of thousands of dollars unsuccessfully searching for them. Eventually, the McCulloughs are approved to adopt a baby from China, though always mourning the loss of Mirabelle.

text: Mia and Pearl hit the open road, planning on reconnecting with Mia's family and Pearl's father sometime in the future.

text: Izzy runs away to New York City with the name of Mia's art dealer, promising herself that if she is caught and returned, she will continue to run away until she is never forced to come back again. Mrs. Richardson is left realizing that her greatest fear, losing Izzy, has come true, and vows to spend the rest of her life looking for her daughter.

text: Main Characters[edit]

text: The Richardson Family

text:
Elena Richardson - A 3rd generation resident of Shaker Heights who writes for the local paper
Bill Richardson - A prominent lawyer
Lexie Richardson - The oldest Richardson child who is a senior in high school
Trip Richardson - The second oldest Richardson child who is a jock
Moody Richardson - A well-meaning and kind person he is the one who introduces Pearl to his family and develops a crush on her
Izzy Richardson - The black sheep of the family who rejects the Richardsons upper-middle class lifestyle

text: The Warrens

text:
Mia Warren - A photographer who specializes in unique prints. She has lived a transient life-style for Pearl's entire life and refuses to tell her who her father is
Pearl Warren - Mia's daughter who is the same age as Moody

text: Bebe Chow

text: Mia's co-worker Bebe Chow, who wants her abandoned baby back from the McCulloughs

text: The McCullough Family

text:
Linda McCullough - A childhood friend of Elena's
Mirabelle McCullough/May Ling Chow - Her adopted infant daughter

text: Reception[edit]

text: Writing for The Guardian, Lionel Shriver found the book "extremely well done and yet [she] didn’t warm to it".[2]

text: Television adaptation[edit]

text: A television miniseries adaptation of the novel is being executive produced by Reese Witherspoon and Kerry Washington for Hulu with an 8-episode order.[3] Witherspoon and Washington are also starring in it. Liz Tigelaar is set to be the showrunner and also executive producer. Ng is set to be a producer as well.[4]


document_title: Under-19 Cricket World Cup

question_text: winner of the under 19 icc cricket world cup

text: Under-19 Cricket World Cup

text: Results[edit]

text:
Year
Host(s)
Final venue
Result

Winner
Margin
Runner-up

1988
 Australia
Adelaide
 Australia
202/5 (45.5 overs)
Australia won by 5 wickets
scorecard
 Pakistan
201 (49.3 overs)

1998
 South Africa
Johannesburg
 England
242/3 (46 overs)
England won by 7 wickets
scorecard
 New Zealand
241/6 (50 overs)

2000
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
 India
180/4 (40.4 overs)
India won by 6 wickets
scorecard
 Sri Lanka
178 (48.1 overs)

2002
 New Zealand
Lincoln
 Australia
209/3 (45.1 overs)
Australia won by 7 wickets
scorecard
 South Africa
206/9 (50 overs)

2004
 Bangladesh
Dhaka
 Pakistan
230/9 (50 overs)
Pakistan won by 25 runs
scorecard
 West Indies
205 (47.1 overs)

2006
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
 Pakistan
109 (41.1 overs)
Pakistan won by 38 runs
scorecard
 India
71 (18.5 overs)

2008
 Malaysia
Puchong
 India
159 (45.4 overs)
India won by 12 runs (D/L)
scorecard
 South Africa
103/8 (25 overs)

2010
 New Zealand
Lincoln
 Australia
207/9 (50 overs)
Australia won by 25 runs
scorecard
 Pakistan
182 (46.4 overs)

2012
 Australia
Townsville
 India
227/4 (47.4 overs)
India won by 6 wickets
scorecard
 Australia
225/8 (50 overs)

2014
 UAE
Dubai
 South Africa
134/4 (42.1 overs)
South Africa won by 6 wickets
scorecard
 Pakistan
131 (44.3 overs)

2016
 Bangladesh
Dhaka
 West Indies
146/5 (49.3 overs)
West Indies won by 5 wickets
scorecard
 India
145 (45.1 overs)

2018
 New Zealand
Mount Maunganui
 India
220/2 (38.5 overs)
India won by 8 wickets
scorecard
 Australia
216 (47.2 overs)

2020
 South Africa
to be determined

2022
 West Indies
to be determined

text: History[edit]

text: 1988 (Winner: Australia [1])[edit]

text: The inaugural event was titled the McDonald's Bicentennial Youth World Cup, and was held in 1988 as part of the Australian Bicentenary celebrations. It took place in South Australia and Victoria. Teams from the seven Test-playing nations, as well as an ICC Associates XI, competed in a round-robin format. Australia lost only one match, their final round-robin game against Pakistan by which time they had qualified for the semis. They went on to beat Pakistan by five wickets in the final, thanks to an unbeaten hundred from Brett Williams. England and West Indies made up the last four, but India were the real disappointments. After opening with a good win against England, they suffered hefty defeats in four matches to be knocked out early. The tournament was notable for the number of future international players who competed. Future England captains Nasser Hussain and Mike Atherton played, as did Indian spinner Venkatapathy Raju, New Zealand all-rounder Chris Cairns, Pakistanis Mushtaq Ahmed and Inzamam-ul-Haq, Sri Lankan Sanath Jayasuriya, and West Indians Brian Lara, Ridley Jacobs, and Jimmy Adams. Australia's Brett Williams was the leading run-scorer, with 471 runs at an average of 52.33. Wayne Holdsworth from Australia and Mushtaq Ahmed were the leading wicket-takers, with 19 wickets at averages of 12.52 and 16.21 respectively.

text: 1998 (Winner: England)[edit]

text: England were the unexpected winners of the second Under-19 World Cup in South Africa. In 1998, the event was relaunched in South Africa as a biennial tournament. The only previous tournament of its kind was held ten years earlier. In addition to the nine Test-playing nations, there were teams from Bangladesh, Kenya, Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, Namibia and Papua New Guinea. The teams were divided into four pools, named after Gavaskar, Sobers, Cowdrey and Bradman, and the top two sides from each progressed to two Super League pools, whose winners advanced to the final. In order to give everyone a decent amount of cricket, the non-qualifiers competed in a Plate League, won by Bangladesh, who beat West Indies in the final. West Indies failed to qualify for the Super League after a fiasco concerning the composition of their squad - they arrived with seven players who contravened the age restrictions for the tournament. The Super League, in which every game was covered live on South African satellite television, also threw up a number of shocks and tense finishes; both pools came down to net run-rate at the finish. England, from being down and almost out, beat Pakistan - who surprisingly lost all three of their games - but lost a rain-affected match to India. Australia had beaten India and Pakistan and were favourites to reach the final. Only a massive defeat by England could deny them: but that is precisely what they suffered. In front of a crowd of about 6,000 at Newlands, they were bowled out for 147. New Zealand joined England in the final, where a century from England's Stephen Peters won the day. Chris Gayle was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 364 runs at an average of 72.80. West Indian Ramnaresh Sarwan and Zimbabwean Mluleki Nkala were the leading wicket-takers, with 16 wickets at 10.81 and 13.06 respectively.

text: 2000 (Winner: India)[edit]

text: The 2000 tournament was held in Sri Lanka, and replicated the format from 1998. Participating nations included the nine Test-playing nations, as well as Bangladesh, Kenya, Ireland, Namibia, Holland, Nepal and a combined team from the Americas development region. To the disappointment of a large crowd at Colombo's SSC, Sri Lanka fell at the final hurdle in a final dominated by India. The winners remained unbeaten throughout, and destroyed Australia by 170 runs in the semi-final to underline their supremacy. In the other semi-final, Sri Lanka delighted a crowd of 5000 at Galle by beating Pakistan. The fact that three of the four semi-finalists were from Asia and so more attuned to the conditions was coincidental - they played the better cricket and, in Pakistan's case, had a very experienced squad. England, the defending champions, were most disappointing, and they won only one match against a Test-playing country, and that a last-ball victory over Zimbabwe. South Africa, one of the favourites, were desperately unlucky to be eliminated after three no-results gave them three points while Nepal, with four points courtesy of one win over Kenya, went through to the Super League instead. The format of the tournament was as in 1997-98, with four groups of four and then a Super League and final. Graeme Smith was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 348 runs at an average of 87.00. Pakistan's Zahid Saeed was the leading wicket-taker, with 15 wickets at 7.60. India's Yuvraj Singh was named Man of the Series. India clinched the title for the first time under the captaincy of Mohammed Kaif.

text: 2002 (Winner: Australia)[edit]

text: The fourth Under-19 World Cup held in New Zealand only confirmed Australia's dominance of the game, and from their opening match, when they obliterated Kenya by 430 runs, through to their comprehensive victory over South Africa in the final, they were never threatened. Participating nations included the ten Test-playing nations, plus Canada, Kenya, Namibia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, and Scotland. Their captain, Cameron White, was singled out for praise for his leadership, and he chipped in with 423 runs at 70.50. And they didn't rely on pace either, playing only two seamers and four slow bowlers, with Xavier Doherty, a slow left-armer, leading the wicket-takers with 16 at 9.50 and all without a single wide. In contrast, India, the holders, underperformed in their semi-final against South Africa, a team they had easily beaten a week or so earlier. They also suffered embarrassing defeats to neighbours Pakistan and Bangladesh. Pakistan, however, provided the main upset when they lost to Nepal by 30 runs, and Nepal also gave England a few uneasy moments. Zimbabwe won the plate competition, with their expected opponents, Bangladesh, beaten in the semi-final by Nepal. Australian Cameron White was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 423 runs at an average of 70.50 and Xavier Doherty was the leading wicket-taker, with 16 wickets at 9.50. Tatenda Taibu, Zimbabwe's captain, was Man of the Series for his 250 runs and 12 wickets, not to mention his wicket-keeping in between bowling stints.

text: 2004 (Winner: Pakistan)[edit]

text: The 2004 tournament was held in Bangladesh. More than 350,000 spectators saw the 54 matches played in the tournament. The finale ended with a close final between the two best teams - West Indies and Pakistan. It was won by Pakistan by 25 runs against West Indies and a 30,000 crowd acclaimed the victorious Pakistanis almost as their own. The players, from the ten Test countries and six other nations, were feted wherever they went, and the appetite for cricket was remarkable: even Zimbabwe v Canada sold out. The shock was the elimination from the main competition of holders Australia, bowled out for 73 and beaten by Zimbabwe in the group stage when Tinashe Panyangara took 6 for 31, the second-best figures in the competition's history. And Australia then lost to Bangladesh in the plate final amid thumping drums and gleeful celebrations. The downside was the quality of the cricket, which was often mediocre on some indifferent pitches, and the reporting of six unidentified bowlers for having suspect actions. Pakistan would have finished unbeaten but for a hiccup against England - when both teams had already qualified for the semis. England reached the last four, which was progress, and Alastair Cook looked a class apart. But they came unstuck against West Indies' spinners in the semi-final. India completed the semi-finalists. Dhawan and Suresh Raina were the backbone of a strong batting line-up, and Raina's 90 from just 38 balls against the hapless Scots was as brutal an innings as one will see at any level. Both looked international-class already, though faced with a tough task breaking into their senior side's formidable top order. The captain Ambati Rayudu had been hailed as the next great batting hope, having scored a century and a double in a first-class match at the age of 17. But he did not score the runs promised and was banned by the referee John Morrison from the semi-final after allowing a funereal over-rate during the Super League win against Sri Lanka: eight overs were bowled in the first 50 minutes. India's Shikhar Dhawan was named Man of the Tournament, and was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 505 runs at an average of 84.16. Bangladeshi Enamul Haque was the leading wicket-taker, with 22 wickets at 10.18.

text: 2006 (Winner: Pakistan)[edit]

text: This tournament was always going to struggle to live up to the overwhelming response that greeted the previous event in Bangladesh. Despite free tickets the matches were sparsely attended even when the home side were in action, but it shouldn't detract from an impressive two weeks which finished with Pakistan securing their second consecutive title in an extraordinary final against India at the Premadasa Stadium. Pakistan crumbled to 109, but in a thrilling passage of play reduced India to 9 for 6. Nasir Jamshed, and Anwar Ali, two of the success stories of the tournament, did the damage and there was no way back for India who fell 38 runs short. These two teams and Australia were the pick of the sides and along with England - who surpassed expectation to reach the semi-finals after beating a talented Bangladesh side - made up the final four. A number of players caught the eye, notably Australia captain Moises Henriques, the Indian batsmen Cheteshwar Pujara - the tournament's leading run-scorer - and teammate Rohit Sharma, along with legspinner Piyush Chawla, who a few weeks later made his Test debut against England. However, perhaps the best story of the tournament was Nepal claiming the Plate trophy after a thrilling victory against New Zealand having also beaten South Africa during the event

text: 2008 (Winner: India)[edit]

text: It was the first time the tournament was held in an Associate Member country. The 2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in Malaysia from 17 February to 2 March 2008. Along with hosts , 15 other teams battled in 44 matches packed into 15 days across three cities. India, still smarting from the loss in the previous edition had reason to be upbeat with Tanmay Srivastava, a mature batsman who eventually finished as the tournament's leading run-getter, in their ranks. Australia and England had forgettable campaigns, coming up short against the big teams after making mincemeat of the minnows. Defending champions Pakistan were fortuitous to reach the semi-finals as their batsmen never really got going and, against South Africa in the semi-finals, their luck finally ran out while chasing 261. New Zealand, boosted by Man of the Tournament Tim Southee, were impressive before losing to India in a narrow run-chase under lights and cloudy skies in the other semi-final. South Africa's captain Wayne Parnell had played a major role in ensuring their passage to the summit clash, picking up the most wickets in the tournament en route. But they had lost to India in the group stages and lightning did strike twice. India under the leadership of Virat Kohli now india captain, after being bowled out for 159, emerged triumphant by 12 runs under the D/L method and were crowned champions for the second time. [2]

text: 2010 (Winner: Australia)[edit]

text: The 2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in New Zealand in January 2010. The tournament was hosted in New Zealand after the ICC took it away from Kenya on the flimsiest of reasons which ridiculed its own mission to spread the game. Kenya were further kicked by the ICC as their side was not allowed to participate as it had not won the African qualifying event - a weakened side had been fielded as at the time, as hosts, they did not need to qualify. As it was, New Zealand did a decent job but crowds were dismal and the group stages were as tediously predictable as in the senior tournament, with the better-funded big nations dominating. South Africa did beat Australia in a good match but a dead rubber. The competition came alive in the quarter-finals as West Indies beat England and Sri Lanka defeated South Africa. The best tie of the competition came when Pakistan beat fierce rivals India by two wickets with three balls remaining in a low-scoring match. The final between Australia and Pakistan was a rematch of the first tournament, and Australia won by 25 runs in a game where fortunes ebbed and flowed throughout.

text: 2012 (Winner: India)[edit]

text: The 2012 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in the Tony Ireland Stadium, Australia. Along with the ten test playing nations, Afghanistan, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Ireland, Scotland and Namibia also participated in this tournament. Australia lost against India in the final on 26 August 2012. India's third U19 World Cup meant they tied for the most wins with Australia. Sri Lanka could not go through into the last eight but won the Plate championship by defeating Afghanistan by 7 wickets. Reece Topley of England was the highest wicket taker whereas Anamul Haque of Bangladesh was the top run getter. India won the final against Australia with 14 balls to spare and 6 wickets remaining. Captain Unmukt Chand played a match winning knock of 111* not out in 130 balls with the help of 6 sixes & 7 fours. Sandeep Sharma also excelled with four wickets under his belt.

text: 2014 (Winner: South Africa)[edit]

text: The 2014 Under-19 Cricket World-Cup was held in Dubai (U.A.E.) in 2014. It was the first time that U.A.E. had hosted an ICC event. Afghanistan was the only non-full member to qualify for the Quarter Finals. This was the first time that Afghanistan reached the last eight of this tournament, courtesy of their stellar performance against Australia in the group stage. In fact, this was the second time that a non-test playing nation qualified for the Super League/Quarter Finals, Nepal being the first one in the 2000 edition. India wobbled in the Quarter Finals against England and finally lost in the final over. This was the first semi-final berth for England in the last four editions. Pakistan beat England in the semis to reach its fifth Under-19 Final, becoming the first team to do so. South Africa beat Australia in the second semi-final. In a one-sided final, South Africa beat Pakistan and claimed its maiden U-19 World Cup title. Corbin Bosch, son of former South African cricketer late Tertius Bosch, was the Man of the Match in the finals and Aiden Markram was the Man of the Series. South Africa did not lose even a single match in the entire tournament.

text: 2016 (Winner: West Indies)[edit]

text: The 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in Bangladesh. It was the eleventh edition of the Under-19 World Cup, and the second to be held in Bangladesh. On 5 January 2016, Australia announced that the Australian squad had pulled out of the tournament, citing security reasons.[3] Defending champions South Africa were knocked out of the tournament in the group stage, with back-to-back defeats to Bangladesh and Namibia.[4] This was the first time that two non-test playing nations – Nepal and Namibia – qualified for the Super League/Quarterfinals. The West Indies defeated India by five wickets in the final, claiming their first title.[5] Bangladesh's captain Mehedi Hasan was named player of the tournament, while England's Jack Burnham and Namibia's Fritz Coetzee led the tournament in runs and wickets, respectively.

text: 2018 (Winner: India)[edit]

text: The 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in New Zealand. India and Australia played in the finals at Mount Maunganui on Feb 3 2018. It was the 12th Edition of the Under-19 World Cup. India defeated Australia by 8 wickets, with Manjot Kalra scoring a match-winning 101*.[6] The Man of the match was awarded to Manjot Kalra, while player of the tournament was awarded to Shubman Gill. India now holds the most wins record in Under-19 World Cup.

text: Summary of all teams in all tournaments[edit]

text: In the table below, teams are sorted by best performance, then winning percentage, then (if equal) by alphabetical order.[7]

text:
Team
Appearances
Best result
Statistics

Total
First
Latest
Played
Won
Lost
Tie
NR
Win%

 India
12
1988
2018
Champions (2000, 2008, 2012, 2018)
77
58
18
0
1
76.31

 Australia
11
1988
2018
Champions (1988, 2002, 2010)
73
54
17
0
2
76.05

 Pakistan
12
1988
2018
Champions (2004, 2006)
75
53
21
0
1
71.62

 South Africa
11
1998
2018
Champions (2014)
67
47
19
0
1
71.21

 West Indies
12
1988
2018
Champions (2016)
77
47
30
0
0
61.03

 England
12
1988
2018
Champions (1998)
75
44
30
0
1
59.45

 Sri Lanka
12
1988
2018
Runner-up (2000)
74
40
33
0
1
54.79

 New Zealand
12
1988
2018
Runner-up (1998)
72
33
38
0
1
46.47

 Bangladesh
11
1998
2018
3rd place (2016)
70
48
20
1
1
70.28

 Afghanistan
5
2010
2018
4th place (2018)
30
14
15
0
1
48.27

 Zimbabwe
11
1998
2018
6th place (2004)
68
31
37
0
0
45.58

 Namibia
9
1998
2018
7th place (2016)
53
10
42
1
0
19.81

   Nepal
7
2000
2016
8th place (2000, 2016)
43
21
21
0
1
50.00

 Ireland
8
1998
2018
10th place (2010)
55
19
35
1
0
35.45

 Kenya
4
1998
2018
11th place (1998)
23
6
17
0
0
26.08

 Scotland
7
1998
2016
11th place (2012)
42
12
30
0
0
28.57

 Canada
6
2002
2018
11th place (2010)
35
6
27
1
1
19.11

 United States
2
2006
2010
12th place (2006)
11
2
8
0
1
20.00

 United Arab Emirates
1
2014
2014
12th place (2014)
6
1
5
0
0
16.67

 Papua New Guinea
8
1998
2018
12th place (2008, 2010)
47
3
44
0
0
6.38

 Denmark
1
1998
1998
13th place (1998)
6
2
4
0
0
33.33

 Netherlands
1
2000
2000
14th place (2000)
6
1
4
0
1
20.00

 Hong Kong
1
2010
2010
14th place (2010)
6
1
5
0
0
16.67

 Uganda
2
2004
2006
14th place (2004, 2006)
12
2
10
0
0
16.67

 Bermuda
1
2008
2008
15th place (2008)
5
1
4
0
0
20.00

 Malaysia
1
2008
2008
16th place (2008)
5
1
4
0
0
20.00

 Fiji
1
2016
2016
16th place (2016)
6
0
6
0
0
0.00

Defunct teams

ICC Associates
1
1988
1988
8th place (1988)
7
0
7
0
0
0.00

Americas
1
2000
2000
16th place (2000)
6
0
6
0
0
0.00

text: Note: the win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win.

text: Team result by tournament[edit]

text:
Legend

1st
Champions

2nd
Runners-up

3rd
Third place

Q
Qualified for upcoming tournament

§
Team qualified for tournament, but withdrew

†
Team was ineligible for tournament

Hosts

text:
Team

1988

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020
Total

 Afghanistan
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16th
10th
7th
9th
4th
—
5

 Australia
1st
4th
4th
1st
10th
3rd
6th
1st
2nd
4th
§
2nd
—
11

 Bangladesh
—
9th
10th
11th
9th
5th
8th
9th
7th
9th
3rd
6th
—
11

 Bermuda
—
—
—
—
—
—
15th
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

 Canada
—
—
—
15th
15th
—
—
11th
—
15th
15th
12th
—
6

 Denmark
—
13th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

 England
4th
1st
6th
7th
4th
4th
5th
8th
5th
3rd
6th
7th
—
12

 Fiji
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16th
—
—
1

 Hong Kong
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14th
—
—
—
—
—
1

 India
6th
5th
1st
3rd
3rd
2nd
1st
6th
1st
5th
2nd
1st
—
12

 Ireland
—
14th
12th
—
11th
13th
13th
10th
12th
—
13th
13th
—
9

 Kenya
—
11th
13th
14th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15th
—
4

 Malaysia
—
—
—
—
—
—
16th
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

 Namibia
—
15th
15th
12th
—
15th
11th
—
16th
13th
7th
14th
—
9

 Netherlands
—
—
14th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

   Nepal
—
—
8th
10th
13th
9th
10th
—
13th
—
8th
—
—
7

 New Zealand
7th
2nd
7th
6th
8th
10th
4th
7th
4th
10th
12th
8th
—
12

 Pakistan
2nd
7th
3rd
5th
1st
1st
3rd
2nd
8th
2nd
5th
3rd
—
12

 Papua New Guinea
—
16th
—
16th
16th
—
12th
12th
14th
16th
—
16th
—
8

 South Africa
†
3rd
9th
2nd
7th
11th
2nd
5th
3rd
1st
11th
5th
Q
11

 Scotland
—
12th
—
13th
12th
16th
—
—
11th
14th
14th
—
—
7

 Sri Lanka
5th
6th
2nd
8th
5th
6th
7th
4th
9th
8th
4th
9th
—
12

 Uganda
—
—
—
—
14th
14th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2

 United Arab Emirates
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12th
—
—
—
1

 United States
—
—
—
—
—
12th
—
15th
—
—
—
—
—
2

 West Indies
3rd
10th
5th
4th
2nd
8th
9th
3rd
6th
6th
1st
10th
—
12

 Zimbabwe
—
8th
11th
9th
6th
7th
14th
13th
15th
11th
10th
11th
—
11

Defunct teams

 Americas
—
—
16th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

 ICC Associates
8th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Total
8
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16

text: Records[edit]

text: Team records[edit]

text:
480/6 (50 overs) –  Australia vs.  Kenya, 20 January 2002
436/4 (50 overs) –  New Zealand vs.  Kenya, 17 January 2018
425/3 (50 overs) –  India vs.  Scotland, 16 February 2004

text:
22 (22.3 overs) –  Scotland vs.  Australia, 22 February 2004
41 (28.4 overs) –  Canada vs.  South Africa, 25 January 2002
41 (11.4 overs) –  Bangladesh vs.  South Africa, 24 February 2008

text:
9 –  Australia, 2002–2004
8 –  India 2000–2002, 2008–2010, 2012–2014;  Bangladesh 2004–2006;  Pakistan 2006–2008;  Australia 2010–2012

text:
21 –  Papua New Guinea, 1998–2008
16 –  Papua New Guinea, 2012–present
11 –  Namibia, 2008–2014
10 –  Canada, 2002–2004;

text: Individual records[edit]

text:
20 –  Kanishka Chaugai, 2002–2006
19 –  Stefan Swanepoel, 1998–2002;  Greg Thompson, 2004–2008
18 –  Moneeb Iqbal, 2002–2006;  Hashmatullah Shahidi, 2010–2014

text:
606 –  Eoin Morgan, 2004–2006
585 –  Babar Azam, 2010–2012
566 –  Sarfaraz Khan, 2014–2016
548 –  Kraigg Braithwaite, 2010–2012
537 –  Kanishka Chaugai, 2002–2006

text:
505 –  Shikhar Dhawan, 2004
471 –  Brett Williams, 1988
423 –  Cameron White, 2002
421 –  Donovan Pagon, 2002
420 –  Jack Burnham, 2016

text:
191 (152 balls) –  Hasitha Boyagoda, vs.  Kenya, 23 January 2018
180 (144 balls) –  Jakob Bhula, vs.  Kenya, 17 January 2018
176 (129 balls) –  Donovan Pagon, vs.  Scotland, 21 January 2002
174 (150 balls) –  Daniel Lawrence, vs.  Fiji, 27 January 2016
166 (137 balls) –  Keagan Simmons, vs.  Canada, 26 January 2018

text:
245 –  Jakob Bhula and Rachin Ravindra, vs.  Kenya, 17 January 2018
303 –  Daniel Lawrence and Jack Burnham, vs.  Fiji, 27 January 2016
175* –  Abeed Janmohamed and Thomas Odoyo, vs.  Scotland, 12 January 1998
212 –  Cameron White and Dan Christian, vs.  Scotland, 25 January 2002
157 –  Shamar Springer and Jyd Goolie, vs.  Fiji, 31 January 2016
164 –  Umair Masood and Salman Fayyaz, vs.  West Indies, 8 February 2016
119 –  Alick Athanaze and Nyeem Young, vs.  Kenya, 20 January 2018
102* –  Ejaz Nawaz and Frank Nijman, vs. Americas, 23 January 2000
136 –  Nicolas Pooran and Jerome Jones, vs.  Australia, 23 February 2014
73* –  Steven Eno and Timothy Mou, vs.  Afghanistan, 24 January 2010

text:
27 –  Moises Henriques, 2004–2006;  Greg Thompson, 2004–2008
26 –  Abhishek Sharma, 2002–2004
25 –  Tim Bresnan, 2002–2004
23 –  Paras Khadka, 2004–2008;  Wayne Parnell, 2006–2008;  Rahul Vishwakarma, 2008–2012;  Raymond Haoda, 2010–2012

text:
22 –  Enamul Haque, 2004
19 –  Wayne Holdsworth, 1988;  Mushtaq Ahmed, 1988;  Riaz Afridi, 2004;  Reece Topley, 2012
18 –  Tariq Mahmood, 2004;  Wayne Parnell, 2008

text:
8/35 (9.4 overs) –  Lloyd Pope, vs.  England, 23 January 2018
7/15 (6.5 overs) –  Jason Ralston, vs.  Papua New Guinea, 19 January 2018
7/19 (9.2 overs) –  Jeewan Mendis, vs.  Zimbabwe, 24 January 2002
7/20 (8.1 overs) –  Trent Boult, vs.  Malaysia, 21 February 2008
6/3 (6.2 overs) –  Rahul Vishwakarma, vs.  Papua New Guinea, 23 August 2012

text:
23 years, 312 days –  Thomas Nielsen, vs.  Namibia, 22 January 1998
21 years, 131 days –  Chris Alu, vs.  Kenya, 22 January 1998
21 years, 51 days –  Sam Skeete, vs.  Pakistan, 10 March 1988

text: Note: age restrictions were relaxed for some teams at the early editions of the tournament.

text: By tournament[edit]

text:
Year
Player of the final
Player of the tournament
Most runs
Most wickets

1988
 Brett Williams
not awarded
 Brett Williams (471)
 Wayne Holdsworth (19)
 Mushtaq Ahmed (19)

1998
 Stephen Peters
not awarded
 Chris Gayle (364)
 Ramnaresh Sarwan (16)
 Mluleki Nkala (16)

2000
 Reetinder Sodhi
 Yuvraj Singh
 Graeme Smith (348)
 Zahid Saeed (15)

2002
 Aaron Bird
 Tatenda Taibu
 Cameron White (423)
 Xavier Doherty (16)
 Waddington Mwayenga (16)

2004
 Asif Iqbal
 Shikhar Dhawan
 Shikhar Dhawan (505)
 Enamul Haque (22)

2006
 Anwar Ali
 Cheteshwar Pujara
 Cheteshwar Pujara (349)
 Moises Henriques (16)

2008
 Ajitesh Argal
 Tim Southee
 Tanmay Srivastava (262)
 Wayne Parnell (18)

2010
 Josh Hazlewood
 Dominic Hendricks
 Dominic Hendricks (391)
 Raymond Haoda (15)

2012
 Unmukt Chand
 Will Bosisto
 Anamul Haque (365)
 Reece Topley (19)

2014
 Corbin Bosch
 Aiden Markram
 Shadman Islam (406)
 Anuk Fernando (15)

2016
 Sarbajit Banua
 Mehedi Hasan
 Jack Burnham (420)
 Fritz Coetzee (15)

2018
 Manjot Kalra
 Shubman Gill
 Alick Athanaze (418)
 Anukul Roy (14)
 Qais Ahmad (14)
 Faisal Jamkhandi (14)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
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