document_title: Doping at the Tour de France

question_text: list of tour de france winners stripped of title

question_tokens: list of tour de france winners stripped of title

text: Doping at the Tour de France

text: Early doping in cycling[edit]

text: Drug-taking in cycling predates the Tour de France. "It existed, it has always existed", said the French reporter and author, Pierre Chany, who followed 49 Tours before his death in 1996.[4] The exhaustion of six-day races on the track was countered by the riders' soigneurs (the French word for "carer"), helpers akin to seconds in boxing. Among the treatments they supplied was nitroglycerine, a drug used to stimulate the heart after cardiac attacks and which was credited with improving riders' breathing.[5] Riders suffered hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs. The American champion Major Taylor refused to continue the New York race, saying: "I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand."[6]

text: Also used was strychnine, which in small doses tightened tired muscles. A track rider of the era said he had developed such a tolerance to the drug that he took doses large enough to kill smaller men.[7] The use of strychnine, far from being banned, was thought necessary to survive demanding races, says the sports historian Alain Lunzenfichter.[8]

text: The American specialist in doping, Max M. Novich, wrote: "Trainers of the old school who supplied treatments which had cocaine as their base declared with assurance that a rider tired by a six-day race would get his second breath after absorbing these mixtures."[9] John Hoberman, a professor at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, said six-day races were "de facto experiments investigating the physiology of stress as well as the substances that might alleviate exhaustion."[10]

text: The first backers of races on the road were newspapers. Although Le Vélocipède Illustré, which was behind the world's first long-distance road race in November 1869, said its purpose was "to further the good cause of the bicycle" because "it must be determined that the bicycle can be raced over considerable distances with incomparably less fatigue than running",[11] it can't have escaped the circulation department that the race would do the newspaper's sales a lot of good as well. In an era before radio and television, newspapers could build the drama of a race for weeks, rely on customers buying a further copy on the day to prepare for the riders to pass and then another next day to see what had become of them. Few people had travelled 130 km, at least not often, and the idea of doing it by bicycle and at as high a speed as possible when the roads were potholed and bicycles had wooden wheels and metal tyres was exciting. The result was that newspapers outdid each other in promotions. In 1891, came a race from Bordeaux to Paris. In the same year, Le Petit Journal went twice as far by running Paris–Brest–Paris over 1,200 km.

text: The whole lot was topped, deliberately, during a meeting at L'Auto in Paris when journalist Géo Lefèvre suggested a race right round France, not just one day but six, "like the six-day races on the track."[12] The idea of bringing the excess of the indoors to the roads of the outdoors was born. And with it came the practices which had seen riders through their suffering.

text: 1903-1940s: Doping as acceptable means[edit]

text: The strongest drug in the early Tour de France was strychnine. Other than that, riders would take anything to survive the tedium, the pain and the exhaustion of stages that could last more than 300 km. That included alcohol, which was already strong in French culture and sometimes purer than water after World War I destroyed water pipes and polluted water tables, and ether. There are photographs of riders holding ether-soaked handkerchiefs to their mouths, or leaving them knotted under the chin so the fumes would deaden the pain in their legs.[13] The smell, enough to turn a man's stomach said Pierre Chany,[14] discouraged some but also showed the extent of suffering by others. Roger Lapébie, winner of the Tour in 1937, said he smelled ether "in the bunch near the finish; it used to be taken in a little bottle called a topette."[15] Its use lasted decades; riders were caught using it as late as 1963.

text: The acceptance of drug-taking in the Tour de France was so complete by 1930, when the race changed to national teams that were to be paid for by the organisers, that the rule book distributed to riders by the organiser, Henri Desgrange, reminded them that drugs were not among items with which they would be provided.[16] In a 1949 interview with Fausto Coppi, the 1949 and 1952 Tour winner, he admitted to amphetamine use and said "those who claim [that cyclists do not take amphetamine], it's not worth talking to them about cycling".[17]

text: The Convicts of the Road[edit]

text: In 1924 the journalist Albert Londres followed the Tour de France for the French newspaper, Le Petit Parisien. At Coutances he heard that the previous year's winner, Henri Pélissier, his brother Francis and a third rider, Maurice Ville, had pulled out after a row with the organiser, Henri Desgrange. Henri Pélissier explained the problem – whether or not he had the right to take off a jersey – and went on to talk of drugs, reported in Londres' race diary, in which he coined the phrase Les Forçats de la Route (The Convicts of the Road):

text: Henri spoke of being as white as shrouds once the dirt of the day had been washed off, then of their bodies being drained by diarrhoea, before continuing:

text: Francis Pélissier said much later: "Londres was a famous reporter but he didn't know about cycling. We kidded him a bit with our cocaine and our pills. Even so, the Tour de France in 1924 was no picnic."[19][20]

text: 1950s–1960s: Early anti-doping stance[edit]

text: Pierre Dumas was the first doctor to campaign for the testing and suppression of doping, both within cycling and then at international level at the Olympic Games. Dumas came to the Tour de France in 1952 when the original doctor pulled out. Dumas was a judoka rather than a cyclist and had none of the preconceptions established in cycling. He discovered a world in which "there were soigneurs, fakirs, who came from the six-days. Their value was in the contents of their case. Riders took anything they were given, even bee stings and toad extract." He spoke of "medicine from the heart of Africa... healers laying on hands or giving out irradiating balms, feet plunged into unbelievable mixtures which could lead to eczema, so-called magnetised diets and everything else you could imagine. In 1953 and 1954 it was all magic, medicine and sorcery. After that, they started reading Vidal [the French medicine directory]."[21]

text: Such was the extent to which stronger drugs entered cycling that the French team manager, Marcel Bidot, was cited to an inquiry by the Council of Europe as saying: "Three-quarters of riders were doped. I am well placed to know that since I visited their rooms each evening during the Tour. I always left frightened after these visits."[19] At the 1956 Tour, it was evident how much drug-taking and the "care" of riders had changed. After stage 14, all members of the Belgian team chose to abandon the race following a "mystery illness". Insiders suspected doping usage as the real reason, while the team attributed the illness to a dinner of 'bad fish' they had eaten,[22] an excuse which was reused in both 1962 and 1991.

text: In 1960, Pierre Dumas walked into a hotel bedroom on his nightly tour of teams to find eventual winner Gastone Nencini prone on his bed with a plastic tube running from each arm to a bottle containing hormones.[23] However, the hormone injection was not illegal at the time, and indeed only few were disqualified or sanctioned whenever they were found out to use doping.[22]

text: The Malléjac incident[edit]

text: On stage 12 of the 1955 Tour, the riders went over Mount Ventoux. Ten kilometres from the summit, said the journalist Jacques Augendre, French rider Jean Malléjac was: "Streaming with sweat, haggard and comatose, he was zigzagging and the road wasn't wide enough for him... He was already no longer in the real world, still less in the world of cyclists and the Tour de France."[19] Malléjac collapsed, falling to the ground with one foot still trapped in a pedal. The other leg pedalled on in the air. He was, said Pierre Chany, "completely unconscious, his face the colour of a corpse, a freezing sweat ran on his forehead.[12]

text: Malléjac was hauled to the side of the road by Sauveur Ducazeaux, an official of another team, and Dumas summoned. Georges Pahnoud of the Télégramme de Brest reported:

text: Dumas had to strap Malléjac down for the journey to hospital at Avignon. Mallejac insisted that he had been given a drugged bottle from a soigneur, whom he didn't name, and said that while his other belongings had reached the hospital intact, the bottle had been emptied and couldn't be analysed.[24] Malléjac insisted that he wanted to start legal proceedings, and Dumas said: "I'm prepared to call for a charge of attempted murder." The incident was never resolved however, with Mallejac returning for subsequent Tours and denying any wrongdoing for the rest of his life.

text: Too drugged to pull on the brakes[edit]

text: In the 1960 Tour, Roger Rivière was second to the Italian Gastone Nencini, a rider he planned to beat by tagging along with him in the mountains and then speeding away on the flat. The problem was that Nencini was lighter and a better climber and that he was such a fast descender that, in the view of another French rider, Raphaël Géminiani, "the only reason to follow Nencini downhill is if you've got a death wish."

text: Rivière was able to stay with Nencini on the climb to the Col de Perjuret, as the pair crossed the summit together. Then came a series of descending zigzags. Nencini took the perfect line and Rivière, trying to match him, overshot a bend, fell into a ravine, and broke his back. There he was found by his teammate, Louis Rostollan.

text: Rivière quickly passed the blame for his fall and his broken back on the team mechanic, accusing him of leaving oil on the wheels and the brakes for not working. The mechanic was outraged, and the doctors soon found the real reason – that so much painkiller was in Rivière's blood that his hands were too slow to operate the brakes. He had taken a heavy dose of the opioid painkiller dextromoramide (Palfium), to help him stay with Nencini on Col de Perjuret.[22] Rivière later admitted to being a drug addict, telling a newspaper how he had doped to beat the world hour record,[25] and admitted downing thousands of tablets a year.

text: The Wiel's affair[edit]

text: The stage from Luchon to Carcassonne in 1962 set off 10 minutes later than scheduled because the German rider, Hans Junkermann, had been ill most of the night. At first he wasn't going to start. When he said that after all he felt well enough, the organisers gave him the extra time to get ready. Junkermann was leader of the Wiel's-Groene Leeuw team and was allowed his privilege because he was in eighth position.

text: Junkermann soon dropped to the back of the field and after 50 km he lost contact. On the first hill he got off his bike and sat by the roadside. "I ate bad fish at the hotel last night", he told onlookers. The same complaint came all day. A total twenty riders fell ill, and eleven others abandoned the Tour that day, including the former leader, Willy Schroeders, the 1960 winner Gastone Nencini and a future leader, Karl-Heinz Kunde.

text: Jacques Goddet wrote that he suspected doping but nothing was proven – other than that none of the hotels the previous night had served fish, the hoteliers being anxious to clear their reputation. Pierre Dumas spoke of "certain preparations" and speculated the riders were given the same tainted drug by one of the soigneurs.[22] Team managers grew angry at the several days of newspaper reporting that followed and came close to calling for a strike.

text: 1965: Criminalization of doping[edit]

text: In 1960, the Danish rider Knud Enemark Jensen collapsed during the 100 km team time trial at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome and died later in hospital. The autopsy showed he had taken amphetamine and another drug, Ronicol, which dilates the blood vessels. Pierre Dumas then led a committee of doctors demanding tests at the following Games. A national anti-doping law entered French legislation in June 1965.[26] Performance-enhancing drugs were now illegal in France, and the first anti-doping testing began at the 1966 Tour. That year, amphetamine use in France was running at almost a third of those tested.[20]

text: Alec Taylor, team manager of rider Tom Simpson who died following doping usage in the 1967 Tour, said officials treated controls in fear, knowing what was there, afraid of what they might find.

text: The first anti-doping test and a strike[edit]

text: Testers arrived at the Tour de France for the first time in 1966, in Bordeaux, although only after word had spread and many riders had left their hotels. The first competitor they found was Raymond Poulidor, who became the first rider to be tested in the Tour. He said:

text: A few other riders were found, including Rik Van Looy; some obliged and others refused. Next morning, the race left the city on the way to the Pyrenees and stopped in the suburb of Gradignan, in the university area of La House. The riders climbed off and began walking, shouting protests in general and in particular abuse at Pierre Dumas, whom some demanded should also take a test to see if he'd been drinking wine or taking aspirin to make his own job easier.

text: Death of Tom Simpson[edit]

text: Tom Simpson was the leader of the British team in the 1967 Tour de France. At the start of stage 13 on Thursday 13 July, he was still suffering the effects of a stomach bug he had endured earlier in the race. It was a blisteringly hot day, and he was seen to drink brandy during the early parts of the stage.[citation needed] In those years, the organisers limited each rider to four bottles of water each, about two litres – the effects of dehydration being poorly understood. During races, riders often raided roadside bars and cafes for drinks, and filled their bottles from fountains.[citation needed]

text: About two kilometres from the summit of the day's main climb, Mont Ventoux, Simpson began to zig-zag across the road, eventually falling against an embankment.[29] Manning was a serious and well-respected journalist. His exposure, the first time a formal connection had been made between drugs and Simpson's death, set off a wave of similar reporting in Britain and elsewhere. The following month, Manning went further, in a piece headed "Evidence in the case of Simpson who crossed the frontier of endurance without being able to know he had 'had enough'":

text: Steroids and allied drugs[edit]

text: During 1974, a number of riders were tested positive for amphetamines, including Claude Tollet at the Tour. In 1977, a test for amphetamine-like drug Pemoline was perfected, catching five-time Tour de France winner Eddy Merckx among others. Far from abandoning drugs, riders and their helpers concentrated on finding alternatives that could not be detected. Five-time Tour de France winner Jacques Anquetil argued that stopping riders using amphetamine would not stop doping, but merely lead riders to use more dangerous drugs. In the 1970s, cycling moved into the steroid era. According to Dr Jean-Pierre de Mondenard, steroids were not used to build muscle bulk, but rather to improve recovery and thereby let competitors train harder and longer and with less rest. There is also a secondary stimulant effect.

text: De Mondenard argued that such was the acceptance of steroids and then of corticoids that only the cost – which he put in prices of the time as between 35,000 and 50,000 French francs – was likely to restrict use. Only the richest or the most ambitious riders could afford that. And the rewards could be high: Bernard Thévenet won the 1975 and 1977 Tour de France editions by using cortisone. "I was doped with cortisone for three years and there were many like me", he said.[30] The experience had ruined his health, he said.

text: Spanish rider Luis Ocaña tested positive in his last participation in the Tour de France in 1977 which was called the Tour of Doping.[31][32]

text: Testing took time to adapt, but in 1978 Belgian rider Jean-Luc van den Broucke was found positive of steroid use, and said:

text: The Pollentier incident[edit]

text: Riders became adept at circumventing controls. Their advisers learned to calculate how long it would take a drug to move from blood into urine, and therefore how much time a rider could risk waiting before going to a drugs test. And sometimes riders simply cheated. In 1978 the world discovered how it could be done.

text: The rider was Michel Pollentier, who that year was Belgian national champion and therefore wearing his national colours of red, yellow and black. By the end of the stage which finished on Alpe d'Huez he had taken the race lead and could change his champion's jersey for the maillot jaune.

text: Pollentier was called to the drugs test with José Nazabal and Antoine Guttierez. Nazabal gave his sample but anticipated the positive result by leaving the race that night. When Guttierez went to provide his sample, the doctor – a man called Le Calvez spending his first day with the race – grew suspicious and tugged up his jersey, revealing a system of tubes and a bottle of urine. He then pulled down Pollentier's shorts and found him similarly equipped. Reports in the press called the supply of urine – somebody else's urine – as being in a bottle. Riders called it a "pear". In fact it was a condom. The tube ran from there to the riders' shorts so that pressure on the condom, held under the armpit, would give the impression of urinating.[34]

text: Pollentier's manager, Fred De Bruyne, who was in the test caravan, told a news conference:

text: The doctor said that Pollentier had not actually used the tube and so the test would go ahead as normal. At 8pm, the organiser, Félix Lévitan, told the press that the UCI had ruled that Pollentier would be fined 5,000 Swiss francs and start an immediate suspension of two months. The question was obvious: if a rider was prepared to take drugs and win a stage, knowing he would be tested, how many times had the ruse been shown to work before?

text: 1990s: The era of EPO[edit]

text: When other drugs became detectable, riders began achieving the effects of transfusion more effectively by using erythropoietin, known as EPO, a drug to increase red-cell production in anaemia sufferers. EPO became widespread, as a flurry of exposures and confessions revealed in 2006 and 2007. "When I saw riders with fat arses climbing cols like aeroplanes, I understood what was happening", said the Colombian rider, Luis Herrera.

text: EPO's problem for testers was that like testosterone and, before that, cortisone, they couldn't distinguish it from what the body produced naturally. For the first time, said Jean-Pierre de Mondenard, authorities had to settle not for the presence of a drug but its presence in unusual quantities. Testers set a haematocrit limit of 50 per cent and "rested" riders who exceeded it. Bjarne Riis, the Danish rider who won the Tour in 1996, was known as "Mr 60 per cent" among riders.[35] On 25 May 2007, he admitted he had used EPO from 1993 to 1998, including 1996 when he won the Tour.

text: Cynicism set in among both riders and officials. Jacques Goddet, organiser of the Tour from 1936 to 1987, said in 1999:

text: Since 1997, the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses is the testing laboratory of the Tour de France.[37]

text: 1998 Festina scandal[edit]

text: On 8 July 1998, French Customs arrested Willy Voet, a soigneur for the Festina team, for the possession of illegal drugs, including narcotics, erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormones, testosterone, and amphetamines. Voet later described many common doping practices in his book, Massacre à la Chaîne.[38] On 23 July 1998, French police raided several teams' hotels and found drugs in the possession of the TVM team. As news spread, riders staged a sit-down strike during the 17th stage. After mediation by Jean-Marie Leblanc, the director of the Tour, police agreed to limit the most heavy-handed tactics and riders agreed to continue. Many riders and teams had already abandoned the race and only 111 riders completed the stage. In a 2000 trial, it became clear that the management and health officials of Festina had organized drug-taking within the team. Richard Virenque, a top Festina rider, finally confessed after being ridiculed for maintaining that if he was doping he was somehow not consciously aware of it – as the satirical television programme, Les Guignols de l'Info, put it: "à l'insu de mon plein gré" ("of my own free will but without my knowing").

text: In the years following the 1998 Festina affair, anti-doping measures were put into effect by race organizers and the UCI, including more frequent testing and new tests for blood doping transfusions and EPO use. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was also created to help governments in anti-doping.

text: Evidence of drugs persisted and in 2004 came new allegations. In January, Philippe Gaumont, a rider with the Cofidis team, told investigators and the press that steroids, human growth hormone, EPO, and amphetamines were endemic to the team. In June, British cyclist David Millar, also of Cofidis, and time trial world champion, was detained by French police, his apartment searched and two used EPO syringes found. Jesus Manzano, a Spanish rider then recently dismissed by the Kelme team, told the Madrid sports newspaper AS he had been forced by his former team to take banned substances and that they had taught him to evade detection. The Kelme team itself was ultimately a casualty of the disclosures, which Manzano judged to be "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth."[39]

text: Lance Armstrong[edit]

text: Lance Armstrong has become a symbol for doping at the Tour de France. Suspicions arose initially over his association with Italian physician Michele Ferrari and his extraordinary achievements on the road. In 1999, Armstrong tested positive for a glucocorticosteroid hormone. Armstrong explained he had used an external cortisone ointment to treat a saddle sore and produced a prescription for it. The amount detected was below the threshold and said to be consistent with the amount used for a topical skin cream, but UCI rules required that prescriptions be shown to sports authorities in advance of use. Armstrong's former assistant, Mike Anderson, stated that Armstrong used a substance with a trade name similar to "androstenine". This resulted in a lawsuit against Anderson and a countersuit against Armstrong.[40]

text: In late August 2005, one month after Lance Armstrong's seventh consecutive Tour victory, the French sports newspaper L'Équipe claimed evidence that Armstrong had used EPO in the 1999 Tour de France.[41] The claim was based on urine samples archived by the French National Laboratory for Doping Detection (LNDD) for research. Armstrong denied using EPO and the UCI did not penalise him because of the lack of a duplicate sample. The UCI confirmed that its own doctor Mario Zorzoli leaked the 15 forms tying Armstrong to the positive tests to L'Équipe.

text: In October 2012 Armstrong was banned for life and stripped of all his titles since 1 August 1998, including all his Tour de France victories, because an investigation by USADA concluded that he had been engaged in a massive doping scheme.[42] He later admitted to doping in an interview with Oprah Winfrey.

text: Of the cyclists who finished on the podium in the era in which Lance Armstrong won the Tour de France seven times (1999–2005), Fernando Escartín is the sole rider not to be implicated in a doping scandal.[43] With "20 of the 21 podium finishers in the Tour de France from 1999 through 2005 directly tied to likely doping through admissions, sanctions, public investigations or exceeding the UCI hematocrit (a blood test to discover EPO use) threshold", Escartin's third-place finish in the 1999 Tour de France stands as the lone of the 21 podium finishes that was untainted, during the years (1999–2005) in which Lance Armstrong finished the Tour de France in first place.

text: 2006 Tour de France[edit]

text: Operación Puerto investigation[edit]

text: In 2006, several riders, including Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso, were barred from the eve of the race amid allegations by Spanish police as a result of their Operación Puerto investigation.[44]

text: The Astana-Würth team could not start because, despite a ruling by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, five of its nine Tour riders were barred after being officially named in the Operacion Puerto affair. With only four riders remaining (Alexander Vinokourov, Andrey Kashechkin, Carlos Barredo and Luis León Sanchez) the team didn't have the minimum number of riders demanded by the rules to enter.[45]

text: The cyclists excluded from 2006 Tour de France were:

text:
Astana-Würth team:

Alberto Contador, cleared by Spanish court on 26 July 2006.[46]
Joseba Beloki, cleared by Spanish court on 26 July 2006.[46]
Allan Davis, cleared by Spanish court on 26 July 2006.[46]
Isidro Nozal, cleared by Spanish court on 26 July 2006.[46]
Sérgio Paulinho, cleared by Spanish court on 26 July 2006.[46]

Individuals:

Ivan Basso, (CSC)
Francisco Mancebo, (AG2R Prévoyance)
Jan Ullrich, (T-Mobile Team)
Óscar Sevilla, (T-Mobile Team)

text: Floyd Landis accusation[edit]

text: On 27 July 2006 the Phonak team announced that Floyd Landis, winner of the 2006 Tour, tested positive after stage 17 for an abnormally high ratio of the hormone testosterone to epitestosterone. On the day the allegations were made public, Landis denied doping.[47] Landis' personal doctor later revealed the test had found a ratio of 11:1 in Landis' blood; the permitted ratio is 4:1.[48] On 31 July 2006 The New York Times reported that tests on Landis' sample revealed some synthetic testosterone.[49] He was later stripped of his title and banned from cycling for two years.[50]

text: 2007 Tour de France[edit]

text: The 2007 Tour de France was dogged by controversies from the start. On 18 July, two German television companies pulled out of coverage[51] after T-Mobile's German rider, Patrik Sinkewitz, tested positive for testosterone on 8 June at a pre-Tour training camp.

text: Alessandro Petacchi, a sprint specialist, tested positive for salbutamol at Pinerolo on 23 May in the 2007 Giro d'Italia, the day of the third of his five-stage wins in the event. Petacchi, an asthma sufferer, was suspended by Milram and forced to miss the Tour de France.[52] He was later cleared after the drug was deemed to be therapeutic use.[53]

text: On 19 June it was revealed that the leader, Michael Rasmussen, was under suspicion for missing two out-of-competition doping tests. The Dane had been dropped by the Danish Cycling Union and his Olympic place was under review.[54] However, with information available at the time, Rasmussen had not committed an offence under UCI rules[55] and he remained in the Maillot jaune. On 8 November Rasmussen admitted providing false information to the UCI.[56]

text: Then on 24 July it was revealed that Alexander Vinokourov had tested positive for blood doping after the time trial in Albi, which he won by more than a minute[57] As a result, the Astana Team withdrew. Vinokourov's teammates Andreas Klöden and Andrey Kashechkin were fifth and seventh at the time. Vinokourov also tested positive for blood doping after winning Monday's stage 15.

text: Following the Vinokourov announcement, Tour director Christian Prudhomme said professional cycling needed a "complete overhaul" to combat doping.[58]

text: A day later, after winning the 16th stage on the Col d'Aubisque—a victory that assured he would be the overall winner—it was alleged that Rasmussen had lied to his Rabobank team about his whereabouts on 13 and 14 June, prior to the Tour. For breaching team rules, he was removed from the race. It was later revealed that the Tour organiser, Amaury Sport Organisation, had pressed Rabobank to remove Rasmussen. On the same day, Team Cofidis pulled out following the positive test on their rider Cristian Moreni.[59]

text: The Tour continued to be embroiled in doping controversies even after it finished. It emerged that Spanish cyclist (and 16th placed rider) Iban Mayo had tested positive for EPO on the second rest day, on 24 July. He was suspended by his team Saunier Duval-Prodir.[60] Mayo had previously tested positive for synthetic testosterone during the 2007 Giro d'Italia,[61] but the UCI found that he had not breached any doping regulation.[62]

text: Tour winner Alberto Contador also continued to be linked to doping allegations, focussing on his relationship with Eufemiano Fuentes and his role in Operación Puerto, but without new revelations.[63][64] Contador was tested in the Tour after stages 14, 17, and 18 and no discrepancies were reported. Several participants, such as Sébastien Hinault, implied that he is no better than Rasmussen.[65] On 30 July German doping expert Werner Franke accused him of having taken drugs in the past.[66]

text: 2012 USADA report[edit]

text: In October 2012 USADA released a report on the U.S. Postal Service cycling team and doping. The report contained affidavits from the following riders, each of whom described widespread use by Tour racers of banned substances such as Erythropoietin (EPO), transfused blood, and testosterone. The affidavits implicated Lance Armstrong,[67] who was consequently banned for life and stripped of all titles.[42]

text:
Frankie Andreu
Michael Barry (cyclist)
Leonardo Bertagnolli
Volodymyr Bileka
Tom Danielson

Tyler Hamilton
George Hincapie
Jörg Jaksche
Floyd Landis
Levi Leipheimer

Filippo Simeoni
Stephen Swart
Christian Vande Velde
Jonathan Vaughters
David Zabriskie

text: Testing[edit]

text: After each stage, four riders are tested: the overall leader, the stage winner, and two riders at random. In addition, every rider is tested before the first day's stage, normally a short time-trial. Most teams are tested in their entirety at some point during the three-week race. Additional testing may take place during the off-season, and riders are expected to keep their national cycling federation informed of their whereabouts so they can be located. Many teams have their own drug testing programs to keep the team name clean. Teams, such as Quick-Step, have pulled riders before they compete in major competitions. Tom Boonen was pulled for cocaine before the 2008 Tour de France.

text: Status of Tour de France winners since 1961[edit]

text: 14 of the 25 most recent winners (56%) have either been tested positive or have confessed to have used doping. Together with those tested positive, but never sanctioned, 68% of the winners evidently used doping as detailed in the table below.

text:
Years
Name
Status
Details

2014
Vincenzo Nibali
Never tested positive

2013
2015
2016
2017
Chris Froome
Never tested positive

2012
Bradley Wiggins
Never tested positive

2011
Cadel Evans
Never tested positive

2010
Andy Schleck
Never tested positive
Named as winner after Contador disqualified.[68]

2007
2009
2010
Alberto Contador
Tested positive
Banned for two years
Named in Operación Puerto doping case, but later declared clean.
Tested positive during 2010 Tour de France for the banned stimulant clenbuterol. Suspended for two years.

2008
Carlos Sastre
Never tested positive

2006
Óscar Pereiro
Never tested positive
Named as winner after Landis disqualified. Took salbutamol in 2006, but had a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) for the substance as part of asthma treatment.[69]

Floyd Landis
Tested positive
Banned for two years
Tested positive for high testosterone to epitestosterone ratio;[49]

1999–2005
No winner after Armstrong disqualified. Six of the seven overall runners-up to Armstrong (all except Joseba Beloki in 2002) have either admitted to or been found guilty of doping.[70]

Lance Armstrong

Banned for life.

Retroactively stripped of all titles since August 1998.

Confessed doping use
Tested positive for glucocorticosteroid hormone without prescription given in advance.[71]
Associated with Michele Ferrari, who is suspected of prescribing doping agents.[72]
Allegations by former assistant for Androstenine use.[73]
Alleged EPO use in 1999 Tour de France.[74]
According to court testimony by former teammate, Frankie Andreu, Armstrong admitted to doping to his doctor when in hospital for cancer treatment.[75]
Floyd Landis accused Armstrong of doping in 2002 and 2003, and claimed that U.S. Postal team director Johan Bruyneel had bribed former UCI president Hein Verbruggen to keep quiet about a positive Armstrong test in 2002.[76][77][78] Landis also maintains that he witnessed Armstrong receiving multiple blood transfusions, and dispensing testosterone patches to his teammates on the United States Postal Service Team.[79]
Former teammate Tyler Hamilton accused Armstrong of doping with testimony to a federal grand jury during an investigation of Armstrong.[80] Hamilton implicated that Armstrong had used EPO on the TV news show 60 Minutes.[81]
Implicated in a massive doping scheme by findings by USADA in 2012. Consequently, banned for life and stripped of all career titles since August 1998.[42]
Admitted to doping at all seven of his victorious Tours in a 2013 interview with Oprah Winfrey.[82]

1998
Marco Pantani
Never tested positive
Banned for six months
Failed a blood test in 1999 Giro d'Italia. Insulin found in his hotel room in the 2001 Giro d'Italia, but later declared clean "for not having committed any infraction." Nonetheless, the UCI confirmed the suspension.[83][84][85]

1997
Jan Ullrich
Tested positive
Banned from the 2006 Tour
Retroactively stripped of titles 2005–2007.
Confessed doping use
Tested positive for amphetamines (off season, not taken for athletic performance gain)[86]
Involved in the Operacion Puerto case. DNA subsequently linked to blood bag discovered during Puerto investigation[87]
Admitted to doping in a 2013 interview with the German magazine Focus.[88]

1996
Bjarne Riis
Never tested positive
Confessed doping use
Confessed having used EPO in 1996[89]

1991–1995
Miguel Indurain
Never tested positive
Tested positive for salbutamol in 1994, however both the IOC and UCI allowed Indurain, and asthma sufferers to use Salbutomol at the time.[90]

1986
1989–1990
Greg LeMond
Never tested positive

1988
Pedro Delgado
Never tested positive
Tested positive for probenecid, a masking agent for anabolic steroids in the 1988 Tour de France but, although banned by the IOC, it was not on the UCI list of banned substances at the time.[91]

1987
Stephen Roche
Never tested positive
Accused of taking EPO in 1993 as part of an investigation in Italy into the practices of Francesco Conconi[92]

1978–1979
1981–1982
1985
Bernard Hinault
Never tested positive

1983–1984
Laurent Fignon
Tested positive
In 1989 Fignon tested positive after a team time trial[93][94][95]
tested positive for amphetamines at the Grand Prix de la Liberation in Eindhoven on 17 September 1989.[96][97]

1980
Joop Zoetemelk
Tested positive
Tested positive in the 1977 (pemoline[98]), 1979 (steroids[99]) and 1983 Tour de France (nandrolon, although that was retracted later[98]). Admitted a blood transfusion on TV interviews right after winning the 10th (and 9th) stage of the 1976 Tour de France, as in that era it was seen as just medical aid.

1975
1977
Bernard Thévenet
Never tested positive
Confessed doping use
Admitted using steroids in the 1975 and 1977 Tour[30][100]

1976
Lucien Van Impe
Never tested positive

1969–1972
1974
Eddy Merckx
Tested positive
Merckx has tested positive three times, but never at the Tour de France. He was expelled from the 1969 Giro d'Italia after testing positive for Reactivan.[101]
He tested positive for Mucantil after winning the 1973 Giro di Lombardia. The drug was later taken off the banned list.[101]
In the 1977 Flèche Wallonne, Merckx tested positive for Stimul (pemoline), along with Freddy Maertens and Michel Pollentier .[102]

1973
Luis Ocaña
Tested positive
Tested positive in the 1977 Tour de France (pemoline) 18th stage.

1968
Jan Janssen
Never tested positive

1967
Roger Pingeon
Never tested positive

1966
Lucien Aimar
Tested positive
Banned for one month
Missed the 1969 Vuelta a España due to a one-month doping ban.

1965
Felice Gimondi
Tested positive
Tested positive in the 1968 Giro and 1975 Tour.

1957
1961–1964
Jacques Anquetil
Confessed doping use
Debated with French government minister on television, saying "Leave me in peace; everybody takes dope."
After winning Liège–Bastogne–Liège in 1966, was temporarily disqualified after refusing a drug test, saying he had already been to the toilet. He was later reinstated after he engaged a lawyer as the case was never heard.

text: Doping histories of Top-10 finishers, 1998–2015[edit]

text: An overview of the top 10 finishers in the General classification in the Tour de France since 1998, along with their individual doping records.

text: Riders' finishing positions are color-coded according to doping status, as explained in the legend below. Note that no distinction is made on whether a rider was doped before, during or after the particular race for which his name is listed, except if the rider was officially disqualified, such as Alberto Contador, Bernhard Kohl and Floyd Landis. Except in these circumstances, the color code for a rider is the same in all years, and does not imply or allege that the rider was doped during any particular edition of the Tour.

text: Legend :

text:
Stripped of title in the current race due to doping.

Tested positive for doping in another competition or out of competition at some point in their career.

Sanctioned for doping without positive test at some point in their career.

Admitted to doping without positive test or sanction for the current race.

Accused of doping without positive test, sanction or admittance in their career.

Has never been: stripped of a title, tested positive or sanctioned for doping to date, with no known accusations.

text: 1998 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
Marco Pantani
Mercatone Uno
92h 49' 46"
Forced to take a two-week break from racing in 1999 Giro for irregular blood values.[103] Died of cocaine overdose in 2004.

2
Jan Ullrich
Telekom
+3' 21"
Implicated in Telekom affair and Operación Puerto. Banned retroactively in 2011 for the period 2005-7[104]

3
Bobby Julich
Cofidis
+4' 08"
Accused of doping by teammate Philippe Gaumont in the book Prisonnier du dopage. Admitted in October 2012.[105][106]

4
Christophe Rinero
Cofidis
+9' 16"
Accused of doping by teammate Philippe Gaumont in the book Prisonnier du dopage

5
Michael Boogerd
Rabobank
+11' 26"
Accused by Floyd Landis of blood doping.[107] Allegedly involved in Humanplasma affair.[108] Admitted use of cortisonen at talkshow.[109] Admitted use of cortisonen again, and EPO and transfusions.[110]

6
Jean-Cyril Robin
US Postal Service
+14' 57"

7
Roland Meier
Cofidis
+15' 13"

Tested positive for EPO in 2001.[111]

8
Daniele Nardello
Mapei
+16' 07"

9
Giuseppe Di Grande
Mapei
+17' 35"
sentenced to six months imprisonment for violating antidoping laws in Italy in 2005[112]

10
Axel Merckx
Polti
+17' 39"
Named in Giardini Margherita investigation in Italy, 1998.[113] Client of Michele Ferrari[114]

text: 1999 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Lance Armstrong (USA)
US Postal Service
91h 32' 16"
Allegedly tested positive for EPO in 1999[115] in an unofficial test done in 2005 on frozen urine. Client of banned doping doctor Michele Ferrari. Accused by former team members, including Floyd Landis and Tyler Hamilton. Banned for life and stripped of all Tour de France titles in 2012.[42] Admitted using doping to win all tours on television in an interview with Oprah Winfrey held on 17 January 2013

2
 Alex Zülle (SUI)
Banesto
+7' 37"
admitted to taking EPO during the Festina Affair

3
 Fernando Escartín (ESP)
Kelme
+10' 26"
Named as a client of Conconi in the Ferrara affair.[116] Client of Michele Ferrari.

4
 Laurent Dufaux (SUI)
Saeco
+14' 43"
sanctioned for doping during Festina affair

5
 Ángel Casero (ESP)
Vitalicio Seguros
+15' 11"
Implicated in Fuentes affair.

6
 Abraham Olano (ESP)
ONCE
+16' 47"
Tested positive for Caffeine and suspended for 3 months in 1994. Named in Giardini Margherita investigation in Italy, 1998.[117]

7
 Daniele Nardello (ITA)
Mapei
+17' 02"

8
 Richard Virenque (FRA)
Polti
+17' 28"
sanctioned for doping during Festina affair

9
 Wladimir Belli (ITA)
Festina
+17' 37"

10
 Andrea Peron (ITA)
ONCE
+23' 10"

text: 2000 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Lance Armstrong (USA)
US Postal Service
92h 33' 08"
See #1999 Tour de France

2
 Jan Ullrich (GER)
Telekom
+6' 02"
see #1998 Tour de France

3
 Joseba Beloki (ESP)
Festina
+10' 04"
implicated in Operación Puerto, but later cleared by Spanish officials

4
 Christophe Moreau (FRA)
Festina
+10' 34"
Tested positive for anabolic steroids in 1998.[118] Admitted to taking EPO during the Festina trial.[119]

5
 Roberto Heras (ESP)
Kelme
+11' 50"
Tested positive for EPO in 2005 Vuelta.[120]

6
 Richard Virenque (FRA)
Polti
+13' 26"
See #1999 Tour de France

7
 Santiago Botero (COL)
Kelme
+14' 18"
Implicated in Operación Puerto and banned from 2006 Tour, but later cleared by Colombian officials

8
 Fernando Escartín (ESP)
Kelme
+17' 21"
See #1999 Tour de France

9
 Francisco Mancebo (ESP)
Banesto
+18' 09"
Implicated in Operación Puerto and banned from 2006 Tour

10
 Daniele Nardello (ITA)
Mapei
+18' 25"

text: 2001 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Lance Armstrong (USA)
US Postal Service
86h 17' 28"
See #1999 Tour de France

2
 Jan Ullrich (GER)
Telekom
+6' 44"
See #1998 Tour de France

3
 Joseba Beloki (ESP)
ONCE
+9' 05"
See #2000 Tour de France

4
 Andrei Kivilev (KAZ)
Cofidis
+9' 53"

5
 Igor González (ESP)
ONCE
+13' 28"

Banned for six months in 2000 for Nandrolone, and again in 2002 for doping

6
 François Simon (FRA)
Bonjour
+17' 22"

7
 Óscar Sevilla (ESP)
Kelme
+18' 30"
Implicated in Telekom affair and Operación Puerto. Banned in 2010 after positive test in Vuelta a Colombia.

8
 Santiago Botero (COL)
Kelme
+20' 55"
See #2000 Tour de France

9
 Marcos Antonio Serrano (ESP)
ONCE
+21' 45"
Among the riders names in Operación Puerto.[121]

10
 Michael Boogerd (NED)
Rabobank
+22' 38"
See #1998 Tour de France

text: 2002 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Lance Armstrong (USA)
US Postal Service
82h 05' 12"
See #1999 Tour de France

2
 Joseba Beloki (ESP)
ONCE
+7' 17"
See #2000 Tour de France

3
 Raimondas Rumsas (LIT)
Lampre
+8' 17"
Tested positive for EPO in 2003. 4 months suspended prison sentence in 2006 for import of prohibited substances in France.

4
 Santiago Botero (COL)
Kelme
+13' 10"
See #2000 Tour de France

5
 Igor González (ESP)
ONCE
+13' 54"
See #2001 Tour de France

6
 José Azevedo (POR)
ONCE
+15' 44"

7
 Francisco Mancebo (ESP)
iBanesto.com
+16' 05"
See #2000 Tour de France

8
 Levi Leipheimer (USA)
Rabobank
+17' 11"
Tested positive for ephedrine 1996 U.S. National Criterium Championships. Reportedly among the witnesses testifying to Doping in 2012 USADA trial.[122]

9
 Roberto Heras (ESP)
US Postal Service
+17' 12"
See #2000 Tour de France

10
 Carlos Sastre (ESP)
Team CSC
+19' 05"

text: 2003 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Lance Armstrong (USA)
US Postal Service
83h 41' 12"
See #1999 Tour de France

2
 Jan Ullrich (GER)
Bianchi
+1' 01"
see #1998 Tour de France

3
 Alexander Vinokourov (KAZ)
Telekom
+4' 14"
Blood doping at 2007 Tour de France, one-year ban

4
 Tyler Hamilton (USA)
Team CSC
+6' 17"
Blood doping at 2004 Vuelta a Espana and 2004 Olympics. Two-year ban.
Positive for DHEA in 2009. Eight-year ban

5
 Haimar Zubeldia (ESP)
Euskaltel
+6' 51"

6
 Iban Mayo (ESP)
Euskaltel
+7' 06"
Tested positive for EPO during the 2007 Tour, 2-year ban.

7
 Ivan Basso (ITA)
Fassa Bortolo
+10' 12"
Implicated in Operación Puerto and suspended in 2007 for two years for admitting to planning to use doping.[123]

8
 Christophe Moreau (FRA)
Crédit Agricole
+12' 28"
see #2000 Tour de France

9
 Carlos Sastre (ESP)
Team CSC
+18' 49"

10
 Francisco Mancebo (ESP)
iBanesto.com
+19' 15"
See #2000 Tour de France

text: 2004 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Lance Armstrong (USA)
US Postal Service
83h 36' 02"
See #1999 Tour de France

2
 Andreas Klöden (GER)
T-Mobile
+6' 19"

Named among the riders to have received illegal blood transfusions in Freiburg in 2006.[124]

3
 Ivan Basso (ITA)
Team CSC
+6' 40"
See #2003 Tour de France

4
 Jan Ullrich (GER)
T-Mobile
+8' 50"
See #1998 Tour de France

5
 José Azevedo (POR)
US Postal Service
+14' 30"

6
 Francisco Mancebo (ESP)
Illes Balears-Banesto-Santander
+18' 01"
See #2000 Tour de France

7
 Georg Totschnig (AUT)
Gerolsteiner
+18' 27"

Implicated in the HumanPlasma affair.[125]

8
 Carlos Sastre (ESP)
Team CSC
+19' 51"

9
 Levi Leipheimer (USA)
Rabobank
+20' 12"
See #2002 Tour de France

10
 Óscar Pereiro (ESP)
Phonak
+22' 54"
Tested positive for Salbutamol in 2006, but later acquitted.

text: 2005 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Lance Armstrong (USA)
Discovery Channel
86h 15' 02"
See #1999 Tour de France

2
 Ivan Basso (ITA)
Team CSC
+4' 40"
See #2003 Tour de France

3
 Jan Ullrich (GER)
T-Mobile
+6' 21"
see #1998 Tour de France

4
 Francisco Mancebo (ESP)
Illes Balears-Caisse d'Epargne
+9' 59"
See #2000 Tour de France

5
 Alexander Vinokourov (KAZ)
T-Mobile
+11' 01"
See #2003 Tour de France

6
 Levi Leipheimer (USA)
Gerolsteiner
+11' 21"
See #2002 Tour de France

7
 Michael Rasmussen (DEN)
Rabobank
+11' 33"
Whereabouts testing violations, removed by own team from 2007 Tour de France

8
 Cadel Evans (AUS)
Davitamon-Lotto
+11' 55"
documented client of Michele Ferrari

9
 Floyd Landis (USA)
Phonak
+12' 44"
Tested positive for Testosterone during 2006 Tour and disqualified.
Later admitted to doping throughout his career.[126]

10
 Óscar Pereiro (ESP)
Phonak
+16' 04"
See #2004 Tour de France

11
 Christophe Moreau (FRA)
Crédit Agricole
+16' 26"
see #2000 Tour de France

text: 2006 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Floyd Landis (USA)
Phonak
89h 39' 30"
See #2005 Tour de France. Disqualified from 2006 Tour.

2
 Óscar Pereiro (ESP)
Caisse d'Epargne
+ 0' 57"

3
 Andreas Klöden (GER)
T-Mobile
+0' 32"
See #2004 Tour de France

4
 Carlos Sastre (ESP)
Team CSC
+2' 16"

5
 Cadel Evans (AUS)
Davitamon-Lotto
+4' 11"
documented client of Michele Ferrari

6
 Denis Menchov (RUS)
Rabobank
+6' 09"
Client of Michele Ferrari.[127] Scored 9/10 on leaked 2010 UCI index of suspicious riders.[128]

7
 Cyril Dessel (FRA)
Ag2r
+7' 44"

8
 Christophe Moreau (FRA)
Ag2r
+8' 40"
see #2000 Tour de France

9
 Haimar Zubeldia (ESP)
Euskaltel
+11' 08"

10
 Michael Rogers (AUS)
T-Mobile
+14' 10"
Client of Michele Ferrari[129]

text: 2007 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Alberto Contador (ESP)
DSC
91h 00' 26"
Implicated in the Puerto Affair. Tested positive for Clenbuterol in the 2010 Tour, 2-year ban.

2
 Cadel Evans (AUS)
Predictor–Lotto
+ 23"
documented client of Michele Ferrari

3
 Levi Leipheimer (USA)
DSC
+ 31"
See #2002 Tour de France

4
 Carlos Sastre (ESP)
Team CSC
+ 7' 08"

5
 Haimar Zubeldia (ESP)
Euskaltel–Euskadi
+ 8' 17"

6
 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
Caisse d'Epargne
+ 11' 37"
Convicted in 2009 of EPO use after link to Fuentes affair, 2-year ban.[130]

7
 Kim Kirchen (LUX)
T-Mobile Team
+ 12' 18"

8
 Yaroslav Popovych (UKR)
Discovery Channel
+ 12' 25"
House raided by police, who found drugs and doping paraphernalia.
Scored 10/10 on leaked 2010 UCI list of suspicious riders.[128]

9
 Mikel Astarloza (ESP)
Euskaltel–Euskadi
+ 14' 14"
Tested positive for EPO in 2009, two-year ban

10
 Óscar Pereiro (ESP)
Caisse d'Epargne
+ 14' 25"
See #2004 Tour de France

text: 2008 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Carlos Sastre (ESP)
Team CSC
87h 52' 52"

2
 Cadel Evans (AUS)
Silence-Lotto
+0' 58"
documented client of Michele Ferrari

3
 Bernhard Kohl (AUT)
Gerolsteiner
DQ

Tested positive for CERA and disqualified.

4
 Denis Menchov (RUS)
Rabobank
+2' 10"
See #2006 Tour de France

5
 Christian Vande Velde (USA)
Garmin
+3' 05"
Admitted to using doping on the US Postal team.
Ban of six months with all results from June 2004 through April 2006 disqualified.[131]

6
 Fränk Schleck (LUX)
Team CSC
+4' 28"

Positive for diuretic masking agent xipamide at 2012 Tour de France, removed from Tour.
Made payments of 7000 Euros to doper Euphemiano Fuentes[132]

7
 Samuel Sánchez (ESP)
Euskaltel
+6' 25"

8
 Kim Kirchen (LUX)
Team Columbia
+6' 55"

9
 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
Caisse d'Epargne
+7' 12"
See #2007 Tour de France

10
 Tadej Valjavec (SLO)
Ag2r
+9' 05"
Irregular biological passport values, 2-year ban

text: 2009 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Alberto Contador (ESP)
Astana
85h 48' 35"
See #2007 Tour de France

2
 Andy Schleck (LUX)
Team Saxo Bank
+4' 11"

3
 Lance Armstrong (USA)
Astana
+5' 24"
See #1999 Tour de France

4
 Bradley Wiggins (GBR)
Garmin
+6' 01"

5
 Fränk Schleck (LUX)
Team Saxo Bank
+6' 04"
See #2008 Tour de France

6
 Andreas Klöden (GER)
Astana
+6' 42"
See #2004 Tour de France

7
 Vincenzo Nibali (ITA)
Liquigas
+7' 35"

8
 Christian Vande Velde (USA)
Garmin
+12' 04"
See #2008 Tour de France

9
 Roman Kreuziger (CZE)
Liquigas
+14' 16"
Targeted on the basis of inconsistencies in his biological passport from 2011-2012 while apart of Astana.[133] Client of Michele Ferrari.[134]

10
 Christophe Le Mével (FRA)
Française des Jeux
+14' 25"

text: 2010 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Alberto Contador (ESP)
Astana
91h 58'48"
See #2007 Tour de France. Disqualified from 2010 Tour de France.

2
 Andy Schleck (LUX)
Team Saxo Bank
+ 39"

3
 Denis Menchov (RUS)
Rabobank
+2' 01"
Stripped of results for 2009, 2010 and 2012 tours [2]

4
 Samuel Sánchez (ESP)
Euskaltel
+3' 40"

5
 Jurgen Van den Broeck (BEL)
Omega Pharma – Lotto
+6' 54"

6
 Robert Gesink (NED)
Rabobank
+9' 31"

7
 Ryder Hesjedal (CAN)
Garmin
+10' 15"
Admitted to doping [3]

8
 Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP)
Katusha
+11' 37"

9
 Roman Kreuziger (CZE)
Liquigas
+11' 54"
See #2009 Tour de France.

10
 Chris Horner (USA)
Team Radioshack
+12' 02"

text: 2011 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Cadel Evans (AUS)
BMC Racing Team
86h 12′ 22″
documented client of Michele Ferrari

2
 Andy Schleck (LUX)
Leopard Trek
+ 1′ 34″

3
 Fränk Schleck (LUX)
Leopard Trek
+ 2′ 30″
See #2008 Tour de France

4
 Thomas Voeckler (FRA)
Team Europcar
+ 3′ 20″

5
 Samuel Sánchez (ESP)
Euskaltel–Euskadi
+ 4′ 55″

6
 Damiano Cunego (ITA)
Lampre–ISD
+ 6′ 05″

7
 Ivan Basso (ITA)
Liquigas–Cannondale
+ 7′ 23″
See #2003 Tour de France

8
 Tom Danielson (USA)
Garmin–Cervélo
+ 8′ 15″
Admitted to using doping on the US Postal team.
Banned for six months with all results from March 2005 through 23 September 2006 disqualified.[135]

9
 Jean-Christophe Péraud (FRA)
Ag2r–La Mondiale
+ 10′ 11″

10
 Pierre Rolland (FRA)
Team Europcar
+ 10′ 43″

text: 2012 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Bradley Wiggins (GBR)
Team Sky
87h 34' 47"

2
 Chris Froome (GBR)
Team Sky
+ 3' 21″

3
 Vincenzo Nibali (ITA)
Liquigas–Cannondale
+ 6' 19″

4
 Jurgen Van den Broeck (BEL)
Lotto–Belisol
+ 10' 15″

5
 Tejay van Garderen (USA)
BMC Racing Team
+ 11' 04″

6
 Haimar Zubeldia (ESP)
RadioShack–Nissan
+ 15' 41″

7
 Cadel Evans (AUS)
BMC Racing Team
+ 15' 49″
documented client of Michele Ferrari

8
 Pierre Rolland (FRA)
Team Europcar
+ 16' 26″

9
 Janez Brajkovič (SLO)
Astana
+ 16' 33″

10
 Thibaut Pinot (FRA)
FDJ–BigMat
+ 17' 17″

text: 2013 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Chris Froome (GBR)
Team Sky
83h 56' 40"

2
 Nairo Quintana (COL)
Movistar Team
+ 4' 20"

3
 Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP)
Team Katusha
+ 5' 04"

4
 Alberto Contador (ESP)
Saxo–Tinkoff
+ 6' 27"
See #2007 Tour de France. Disqualified from 2010 Tour de France.

5
 Roman Kreuziger (CZE)
Saxo–Tinkoff
+ 7' 27"
See #2009 Tour de France.

6
 Bauke Mollema (NED)
Belkin Pro Cycling
+ 11' 42"

7
 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN)
Astana
+ 12' 17"

8
 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
Movistar Team
+ 15' 26"
Suspended for two years as part of the Operación Puerto blood doping investigation. See #2007 Tour de France.

9
 Daniel Navarro (ESP)
Cofidis
+ 15' 52"

10
 Andrew Talansky (USA)
Garmin–Sharp
+ 17' 39"

text: 2014 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Vincenzo Nibali (ITA)
Astana
89h 59' 06"

2
 Jean-Christophe Péraud (FRA)
Ag2r–La Mondiale
+ 7' 39"

3
 Thibaut Pinot (FRA)
FDJ.fr
+ 8' 15"

4
 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
Movistar Team
+ 9' 40"
Suspended for two years as part of the Operación Puerto blood doping investigation. See #2007 Tour de France.

5
 Tejay van Garderen (USA)
BMC Racing Team
+ 11' 24"

6
 Romain Bardet (FRA)
Ag2r–La Mondiale
+ 11' 26"

7
 Leopold Konig (CZE)
NetApp–Endura
+ 14' 32"

8
 Haimar Zubeldia (ESP)
Trek Factory Racing
+ 17' 57"

9
 Laurens ten Dam (NED)
Belkin Pro Cycling
+ 18' 12"

10
 Bauke Mollema (NED)
Belkin Pro Cycling
+ 21' 15"

text: 2015 Tour de France[edit]

text:
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
Notes

1
 Chris Froome (GBR)
Team Sky
84h 46' 14"

2
 Nairo Quintana (COL)
Movistar Team
+ 1' 12"

3
 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
Movistar Team
+ 5' 25"
Suspended for two years as part of the Operación Puerto blood doping investigation. See #2007 Tour de France.

4
 Vincenzo Nibali (ITA)
Astana
+ 8' 36"

5
 Alberto Contador (ESP)
Tinkoff–Saxo
+ 9' 48"
See #2007 Tour de France. Disqualified from 2010 Tour de France.

6
 Robert Gesink (NED)
LottoNL–Jumbo
+ 10' 47"

7
 Bauke Mollema (NED)
Trek Factory Racing
+ 15' 14"

8
 Mathias Frank (SUI)
IAM Cycling
+ 15' 39"

9
 Romain Bardet (FRA)
AG2R La Mondiale
+ 16' 00"

10
 Pierre Rolland (FRA)
Team Europcar
+ 17' 30"


document_title: Rules of netball

question_text: where is the goal attack allowed in netball

root

text: Rules of netball

text: Objective[edit]

text: The objective of a game of netball is to score more goals than the opposition. Goals are scored when the ball is passed to team members in the goal circle who then shoot the ball through the goal ring.[2][3][4]

tag: p

text: Court and dimensions[edit]

text: Netball is played on either a hard or soft court with scoring hoops or "rings" at both ends. The court is slightly larger than a basketball court, being 30.5 metres (100 ft) long and 15.25 metres (50.0 ft) wide.[5][6] The longer sides are called "side lines" and the shorter sides are called "goal lines" or "back lines".[5] The two lines dividing the court into thirds are called "transverse lines".[5][6] Court markings are no more than 50 millimetres (2.0 in) wide.[5][7] The court is divided into thirds which regulate where individuals of each position are allowed to move.[5] A 0.9-metre (3 ft)-diameter "centre circle" is located in the centre of the court.[5][6] At each end of the court there is a 4.9-metre (16 ft)-radius semi-circular "shooting circle" or "goal circle" from within which all scoring shots must be taken.[5] The goal posts are 3.05 metres (10.0 ft) high from the top of the ring to the ground and have no backboards.[5][7] The rings have an internal diameter of 380 millimetres (15 in), and are located 150 millimetres (5.9 in) forward from the post and are made of 15-millimetre (0.59 in) diameter steel.[5]

text: Ball[edit]

text: The ball is made of leather, rubber or similar material, measures 680 to 710 millimetres (27 to 28 in) in circumference and weighs 397 to 454 grams (14.0 to 16.0 oz).[8][9] For INF sanctioned competitions, Gilbert is the official supplier of netball balls.[8]

text: Playing time[edit]

text: A game is played in four quarters, each lasting fifteen minutes.[8][10] There are intervals of three minutes between the first and second quarters and between the third and fourth quarters, and an interval of five minutes at half time.[11] If an umpire or player calls time, the time keeper pauses the timer. When play resumes, the timer is restarted. A maximum of two minutes is allowed for an injury.[12] Overtimes, in elimination games, consist of two straight seven-minute periods; if still tied after fourteen minutes, whoever is up two points will win.

text: Positions[edit]

text: There are seven players on each team,[11] who are given nominated, named positions. Each player must wear a "bib" showing one of the abbreviations below, indicating that player's position.[13] Each player is only allowed in certain areas of the court: a player in a section of the court that is not part of their playing area is deemed "offside".[14] The positions are described below:

text:
Position name

Abbreviation

Allowed in

Notes

Goal Shooter

GS

Attacking third inc goal circle

Often, but not always, defended by the opposing Goal Keeper. Main role is to shoot goals, by working closely with Goal Attack to achieve positions in the shooting circle where one can receive passes from the feeding midcourt players.[15]

Goal Attack

GA

Centre and attacking third including goal circle

Often defended by the opposing Goal Defence. As well as sharing the Goal Shooter's role to shoot goals, the Goal Attack is responsible for helping to set up offensive plays.[15]

Wing Attack

WA

Centre and attacking third excluding goal circle

Often defended by the opposing Wing Defence.[11][15][16] Main role is to move the ball from centre court to an attacking position. Accurate passing using a variety of styles including bounce passing, drop passing and faking passing is important in this position.[15]

Centre

C

Anywhere except the goal circles

Involved in defensive and offensive plays, and responsible for restarting play after a goal is scored.[15] Players in this position require a high level of fitness.[11][16][17]

Wing Defence

WD

Centre and defensive third excluding goal circle

Usually defends against the Wing Attack.[11][16][17] Often involved in blocking offensive plays from the opposing team, and may also be called upon to guard against the Goal Attack or Goal Shooter by preventing them from entering the goal circle.[17]

Goal Defence

GD

Centre and defensive third including goal circle

Usually defends against the Goal Attack. Main role is to assist the Goal Keeper in defending the goal against the opposing shooters.[17]

Goal Keeper

GK

Defensive third including goal circle

A specialised defensive position. Often the last person who can keep the opposing shooters from scoring.[11][16][18][19] Also responsible for taking throw-ins in the defensive third of the court.[18] Accuracy in passing and predicting where the ball will go are keys to playing this position well.[18]

tag: table

text: Starting and restarting play[edit]

text: When a goal is scored or at the start of a quarter/overtime, play is resumed from the centre of the court using a "centre pass". These passes alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal. A centre pass is made by a player in the Centre position who must have one foot grounded within the centre circle. As the game restarts, only the two Centre players are allowed in the centre third: when the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, the Goal Attack, Goal Defence, Wing Attack and Wing Defence players can move into the centre third to receive the pass. The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third.[20][21]

text: If the ball touches the ground outside the court boundaries, then a member of the team that was not the last to touch the ball before it went out is able to throw the ball back into the court to restart play.[20][21]

text: Stepping, footwork, and passing[edit]

text: Netball rules do not permit players to let their landing foot touch the ground again if it is lifted at all while in possession of the ball, so players can take 1.5 steps while holding the ball. Pivoting does not count as a step.[8] Players are entitled to balance on the other foot if the landing foot is lifted. An infraction of this rule is usually called stepping[22] or travelling , as in the similar rule in basketball. Consequently, the only way to move the ball towards the goal is to throw the ball to a teammate. The ball can be held by a player for less than three seconds at any time.[8] A player may tap or deflect the ball, let it bounce and then take possession and throw it. The player cannot catch the ball with both hands, drop it and pick it up again; this is called a replayed ball. The duration before it is called a drop is determined by the umpire. These rules, combined with the restrictions on where one player of a particular position can move, ensure that everyone on the team is regularly involved in play.[23]

text: Passing[edit]

text: Netball strategy involves several types of passes,[24][25] including centre passes,[24] penalty passes and short passes.[25] A centre pass occurs after a goal has been scored, when the Centre passes the ball.[24] A short pass is a pass between two players on the same team, where the length of the pass is so short that a defensive player cannot get between the two opposing players to intercept the ball.[25] A penalty pass is a pass where the ball is returned from the sideline into play. This pass occurs after a penalty has been called.[25]

text: There are several styles of passing the ball, including one-handed shouldered passes, two-handed passes (chest-passes), overhead passes, bounce passes, lob passes, drop passes, bullet passes and underarm passes.[26][27]

text: The one-handed shoulder pass involves holding the ball in one hand behind the shoulder with the elbow bent, and weight on the back foot. The passer then shifts the weight to the forward foot, while moving the ball with their hand forward and extending the elbow, and releasing the ball as the elbow fully extends at shoulder height.[28] The purpose of the one-handed shoulder pass is to throw the ball a long distance while throwing the ball hard, fast and direct.[29]

text: The two-handed pass is sometimes called a chest-pass.[27][30] It is executed by holding the ball at chest height with the passer having their elbows bent next to the body at chest height.[30] The passer then moves the ball forward, extending their elbows forward while they step forward and release the ball.[30] The purpose of the two-handed pass is to accurately deliver the ball to another player who is in motion.[29] It is used because it ensures accuracy, both for long and short distances.[27]

text: The overhead pass is executed similarly to the two-handed pass. The difference is that it is executed over the passer's head.[27][30] The overhead pass may also be executed similarly to the one-handed shoulder pass, with the difference being that the movements are done overhead, instead of at shoulder height.[27][30]

text: The bounce pass is executed by getting low to the ground, holding the ball with one or two hands at hip height, and stepping forward while releasing the ball.[31] The ball should be aimed low at the ground and released with a great deal of force.[31] The purpose of the bounce pass is to move the ball around an opponent.[29] It is used when a player is in a confined space, with limited passing options.[27]

text: The lob pass is executed by throwing the ball in a high arc, with the ball initially being held behind the head and being released above the head.[30] The drop pass is similar to the lob pass.[31] The major difference is with the catcher: a lob pass is for a catcher who is stretching to get away from a defender,[30] while a drop pass is for a catcher who will move into free space to receive the ball.[31] These two passes are sometimes referred to as throw-up passes.[32] The purpose of the lob and drop passes is to get around a defender and reach a teammate who is moving away from the passer.[28] The lob pass is used because it is very accurate and covers both long and short distances.[27]

text: The side pass is a two-handed pass. It is used in situations requiring quick, straight throws.[27] The bullet pass is a one-handed pass. It is used as a short or medium pass. The pass is fast and direct.[27] The underarm pass is a one-handed pass. This short pass style is used in situations where an element of surprise is required.[27]

text: Different positions require different passing skills.[33] The fake pass should be mastered by every position.[34] The centre pass should be mastered by the Centre.[35] The Centre should also master any pass that must be made on the run.[32] Both the Goal Attack and Wing Attack should be familiar with the long passes and the lob and drop pass.[32] The Goal Attack should also be familiar with all styles of passing.[36] The Goal Shooter should know how to do penalty passes.[37] The Wing Defence should also be comfortable making lob passes.[37] The Goal Defence should know how to make goal-line passes.[38] The Goal Keeper should be comfortable making penalty passes and inbounding the ball.[38]

text: Contact and obstruction[edit]

text: Contact is only permitted provided it does not impede with an opponent or the general play and players must be at least 0.9 metres (3 ft) away from a player with the ball while attempting to defend. If impeding contact is made, a penalty is given to the team of the player who was contacted, and the player who contacted must stand "out of play", meaning they cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed the ball.[39]

text: Scoring goals[edit]

text: Only the Goal Attack and Goal Shooter are able to score goals directly,[40] and this may only be done from the inside of the semicircle. The job of the Goal Defence and Goal Keeper is to block the Goal Attack and Goal Shooter from shooting; however, they must be three feet or more away from the landing foot of the shooter, otherwise it is called an obstruction. In this penalty situation, the Goal Keeper or Goal Defence must stand by the shooter's side for a penalty pass or shot, and must remain out of play until the ball is thrown. A ball that passes through the hoop, but has been thrown either from outside the circle or by a player other than the two shooters, is deemed a "no goal". Furthermore, a shooter (GA or GS) may not shoot for a goal if a "free pass" has been awarded for an infringement such as stepping, offside, or using the post.[41]

text:
If a player completely misses a shot, the player may not catch it; if she does, it is called a "replay", and a free pass is awarded to the other team.[41]
If the ball is deflected off the goal keeper or goal defence and goes through the goal ring, it is a no goal and play continues.

text: History of the rules[edit]

text: In 1893, Martina Bergman-Österberg informally introduced one version of basketball to her female physical training students at the Hampstead Physical Training College in London, after having seen the game being played in the United States.[42]  The rules of this game were modified at Madame Österberg's college over several years. Substantial revisions were made during a visit in 1897 from another American teacher, Miss Porter, who introduced rules from women's basketball in the United States; the game also moved outdoors onto grass courts, the playing court was divided into three zones, and the baskets were replaced with rings that had nets.[43][44] By 1960, the rules of netball were standardised internationally. An international governing body was formed to oversee the sport globally, now called the International Netball Federation (INF).[45]

text: At the INF Congress 2013 in Glasgow, the INF announced that the Rules of Netball would be freely available online for individual use to assist the growth and development of the sport.[1]


document_title: Motorola Bag Phone

question_text: when did the motorola bag phone come out

text: Motorola Bag Phone

text: Description[edit]

text: Motorola introduced the Bag Phone line in 1990.[1] These phones offered more durability and higher power output (up to 3 watts) than more conventional cell phones of the time, such as Motorola's own DynaTAC and MicroTAC handheld phones, making them popular for truckers, boaters, and people in rural areas. Because of their durability, many examples of these phones are still in working order today.

text: The Bag Phones are a derivative of the Motorola Tough Talker series of transportable phones, which in turn descended from the DynaTAC car phones introduced in 1984. All of these phones feature a modular design in which the handset attaches to the transceiver, which is then powered by either a vehicle's power system (in the car phones) or a battery pack (in the transportables). By reducing the size and weight of the transceiver and battery pack, and introducing more fashionable leather bags in which to contain them, Motorola was able to make them more marketable to the average cellular phone consumer, and hence the Bag Phone.

text: The handset consists of a digital numeric or alphanumeric display with Pwr (indicating the phone is turned on; indicated by a dot in some models), InUse (indicating that a call is in progress), NoSvc (cannot receive a cellular signal and is unable to make or receive calls), and Roam (accessing a cellular system other than your home system) indicators, a numeric keypad with other buttons for different functions (depending on the model), and a loudspeaker for the ringer and hands-free use. This plugs into the transceiver, which also houses connections for a removable "rubber duck" antenna, and the power supply header which plugs into a 12 volt automotive outlet and an optional 12 volt sealed lead-acid battery. The battery provides up to 2.5 hours of talk time and 48 hours of standby time. All of these parts are put together in a specially designed bag made by either Caseworks, Inc. of Chicago, Illinois, or Service Manufacturing Corporation of Aurora, Illinois. These phones can also be permanently installed in a car. The only Bag Phone to deviate from this architecture was the Power PAK, which placed the controls and display on the transceiver and used an LED display similar to that used in some DynaTAC and MicroTAC phones.

text: Obsolescence[edit]

text: The majority of Bag Phones operated on the AMPS network, and a few special models produced in the late 1990s, dubbed the Digital Concert Series, ran on the TDMA network, in addition to AMPS. Because both the AMPS and TDMA networks are extinct as of February 2008,[2] the service life of all Motorola Bag Phones have come to end, and they now serve only as a collector's item.

text: The original Motorola Bag Phone has been succeeded by the Motorola M800 and M900 Bag Phones, introduced in 2005. While they are technologically dissimilar to the original Bag Phones and use an entirely different user interface, the M800 and M900 support CDMA and GSM, respectively, and add the basic features of modern cell phones. Additionally, they are backwards compatible with batteries for the original Bag Phones.[3]

text: Design features[edit]

text: Although they are technically all similar, Motorola produced many different models of the bag phone, differing in features and display type. These can be determined by the model number on the underside of the handset, beginning with SCN. Each type of handset also had its own transceiver, marked with a model number beginning with SUN. Random handsets can be used with random transceivers, but some mismatches may result in unusable functions. For example, plugging a 4500 handset into a 3 Button transceiver will result in the Up/Down, one-touch, VOL and STO buttons to be either unusable or perform a totally different function. Some transceivers will detect a mismatched handset, and display "LOANER" upon power-up.

text: Display[edit]

text: Most handsets utilized a monochrome LCD display capable of displaying 7 or 10 digits, with green or orange LED backlighting. The better featured handsets used a 7 digit alphanumeric display, and offered a color LCD display as an option.

text: The color LCD display utilized the colors orange for the alphanumeric display area (red on the Digital Concert Series), green for the power and InUse indicators, red for the NoSvc indicator, and yellow for the Roam indicator. While the color display was more attractive, it has a few downsides. An incandescent lamp is used for backlighting, which not only draws more power, thus reducing battery life in a portable application, but has a definite lifespan. In addition, the display can be hard to read in sunlight, and when the backlight extinguishes during battery operated use, the indicators become nearly invisible.

text: The America Series 820 and Power PAK bag phone models used an LED display.

text: Carry case[edit]

text: The Motorola Bag Phone was sold in several types of carry cases ("bags"), with each model being available with one or two types. The earliest bag phones, which used a large transceiver similar to that used in the Tough Talker transportable phone, came in a large upright case, in which the transceiver and battery (if applicable) sat in the bottom of the case, with the handset and hang-up cup assembly placed on top. Later bag phones were available in a smaller upright case, which also contained a side pocket where the battery could be placed.

text: Other cases available included the Soft-PAK, which houses the transceiver and battery in a large pocket beside the handset, and the Attaché Carry Case, which in addition to a setup similar to the Soft-PAK, contains several pockets for accessories such as a pen, day planner, and the phone's included documentation.[4]

text: The Dynasty, Meteor, Pulsar, Ambassador II, and America Series AMS833 phones were all available in a unique case which contained a setup similar to the Soft-PAK, and a single pocket on the exterior of the case, and the name of the phone stitched into the case. The Power PAK phone came in a unique case similar to the Soft-PAK, with an external zippered pocket in which to contain the battery.

text: Model list[edit]

text:
Model
Handset part number
Display type
Function keys
Notes

3 Button
SCN2194A SCN2398A SCN2453A SCN2383A
7 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, Volume/Control
The most basic bag phone. Volume/Control button on side of handset allows adjusting loudspeaker and ringer volume and accessing other features. The less-common SCN2383A model is white in color, instead of the usual black.

Dynasty
SCN2390A
10 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, VOL/CTL
VOL/CTL button is moved to main button area

Meteor
SCN2394A
10 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, VOL/CTL
Similar to Dynasty. Handset is grey and charcoal in color.

Pulsar
SCN2387A
10 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, VOL/CTL
Similar to Dynasty. Handset is grey in color.

SE Plus
SCN2544A
10 digit numeric monochrome LCD; 10 digit LED
PWR, END/CLR, SND, VOL/CTL
Similar to Dynasty. Handset is white in color.

Ambassador II
SCN2209A SCN2473A
7 digit numeric monochrome LCD; 10 digit monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND; PWR, END/CLR, SND, VOL/CTL
SCN2209A model is similar to 3 Button, SCN2473A model is similar to Dynasty. Grey and black in color.

Genesis
SCN2473A
10 digit monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, VOL/CTL
Similar to SCN2473A Ambassador II.

America Series 815
SCN2392A
10 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, VOL/CTL
Similar to 3 Button. Handset is grey in color.

America Series 820
SCN2174A
10 digit LED
PWR, END, SND, CTL, RCL, Volume
Grey handset with volume button on side. Aside from handset color, this handset is identical to that used in the Motorola DynaTAC 4500L car phone.

America Series AMS833
SCN2476B
10 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, VOL/CTL
Similar to Pulsar.

Soft-PAK
SCN2497B SCN2498B SCN2744A SCN2745A SCN2533A
7 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, RCL, FCN, VOL; PWR, END/CLR, SND, RCL, STO, FCN
RCL button recalls stored phone numbers and other information, and STO button stores information into memory and sets options in the feature menu. CTL button is renamed FCN and separated from VOL. Besides the four mainstream models, there was also a less-common SCN2533A model, which had a white handset and grey bag.

4000
SCN2800AA
7 digit monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, RCL, VOL, FCN
Similar to Soft-PAK.

Series III
SCN2395A
7 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, RCL, STO, FCN
Similar to Soft-PAK. This handset was used in the Tough Talker transportable phone.

Series III 6 Button
SCN2607B SCN2396A
7 digit numeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END/CLR, SND, RCL, STO, FCN
Similar to Soft-PAK. This handset was used in the Tough Talker transportable phone.

480
SCN2532A SCN2705A SCN2449A SCN2555A SCN2552A
7 digit alphanumeric monochrome LCD; 7 digit alphanumeric color LCD
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, MSG, Up, Down
One of the most well-featured bag phones. Differences between the five models are cosmetic and button placement. MSG checks missed calls, up and down buttons scroll through stored phone numbers and menu items, and adjust volume. An alphanumeric display replaces the standard numeric display, allowing name tags to be entered with stored phone numbers, and easier reading of messages the phone displays.

2800
SCN4057AB SCN2742A
7 digit alphanumeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, MSG, Up, Down
Similar to 480.

2800DLD
SCN2766A
14 digit alphanumeric color LCD
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, MSG, Up, Down
2800 with dual-line color LCD display.

4500
SCN2801AB SCN2772A
7 digit alphanumeric monochrome LCD
Power, End, Send, Recall, Store, Function, Clear, Up, Down, three Once-Touch Dial keys
One of the most well-featured bag phones. One-Touch Dial keys allow dialing numbers with the touch of one button. Button functions are spelled out instead of abbreviated.

4500S

7 digit alphanumeric monochrome LCD
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, MSG, Up, Down
Similar to 480.

2900
SCN2462A SCN2520A SCN2500A SCN2501A SCN2594A
7 digit alphanumeric monochrome LCD; 7 digit alphanumeric color LCD
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, Up, Down, three Turbo Dial keys
Similar to 4500 aside from some omitted features and cosmetic differences. SCN2500A model has color LCD display. SCN2594A model has a white and grey handset, and a color LCD display. SCN2501A model was specially designed for Bell Atlantic Mobile, and has a *BAM hot key in place of one of the Turbo Dial keys, and color LCD display.

Gold Series
SCN2499A
7 digit alphanumeric color LCD
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, MSG, Up, Down, two Turbo Dial keys
Similar to 2900, aside from cosmetic differences, and MSG key in place of one of the Turbo Dial keys.

2950 Special Edition
SCN2463A
14 digit alphanumeric color LCD
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, Up, Down, three Turbo Dial keys
Similar to 2900, but with dual-line color LCD display.

Digital Concert Series

7 digit alphanumeric monochrome LCD; 7 digit alphanumeric color LCD
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, MSG, Up, Down
Similar to 480, but with TDMA compatibility, in addition to AMPS.

Power PAK
SCN4044A
7 digit LED
PWR, END, SND, RCL, STO, FCN, CLR, Up, Down
Deviates from the standard Bag Phone architecture by placing the controls and display on the transceiver, and utilizing an LED display similar to that used on the MicroTAC DPC 550.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Motorola Digital Concert Bag Phone with color LCD display, in upright bag.

Motorola 2950 Special Edition Bag Phone, in Attaché Carry Case.

Motorola 2900 Bag Phone with color LCD display, in Attaché Carry Case.

Motorola Power PAK Bag Phone.

Motorola America Series 820 Bag Phone.

tag: ul


document_title: The Wedding Singer

question_text: who wrote the song i wanna grow old with you

question_tokens: who wrote the song i wan na grow old with you

text: The Wedding Singer

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1985, Robbie Hart is a nice, charming and entertaining wedding singer from Ridgefield, New Jersey. He is engaged to his long-time girlfriend, Linda, who fell in love with him when he dreamed of becoming a rock star. He meets and befriends a waitress, Julia Sullivan, at the reception hall where she is newly employed. She is engaged to businessman Glenn Gulia and he promises to sing at their wedding.

text: On their wedding day, Robbie's sister, Kate, tells him that Linda has changed her mind about the wedding, leaving him emotionally devastated and humiliated. Later that day, Linda visits Robbie and she reveals that she stopped loving him when she found out that he lost his ambitions of being a rock star and instead became a wedding singer. She tells him that after talking to her friends, she realizes she can't continue lying to herself and ends their relationship. He tries to move on with his life, but despair hinders his performances. Julia tries to cheer him up and later asks him to help her plan her own wedding. He eventually agrees and their friendship blossoms. Meanwhile, as Robbie spends more time with Julia, he begins to realize just how shallow Linda is. During a double date between Julia and Glenn, and Julia's cousin, Holly, Robbie learns that Glenn frequently cheats on Julia and does not plan to stop after they get married.

text: Julia and Robbie are increasingly confused by their deepening feelings for each other. He tells her he has plans to retire from singing and pursue a more conventional career, thinking that will impress her. She becomes angry with him when he accuses her of marrying Glenn for his money. Dismayed, he meets his friend Sammy at a bar and says he's just going to have fun with women from now on, but Sammy says he's not really happy and those kinds of guys are doomed, so Robbie goes to tell Julia how he feels. When he sees her through her bedroom window in her wedding dress, she is happily looking in a mirror and pretending she has just married Robbie, but he assumes she is thinking of Glenn.

text: Heartbroken, Robbie leaves to get drunk and finds Glenn in the midst of his pre-bachelor party. After a heated exchange, he punches Robbie and proceeds to mock him. An intoxicated Robbie goes home and finds Linda waiting for him and wanting to reconcile. He passes out, but the following morning, she answers the door and introduces herself as his fiancée to a crestfallen Julia. She runs to Glenn, wanting to be married immediately. He happily offers to take her to Las Vegas.

text: Robbie awakens and after shaking off his hangover from the previous night, tells Linda that it's over and kicks her out. Then he attends the 50th wedding anniversary party of his grandmother Rosie (to whom he has been giving singing lessons). Realizing he wants to grow old with Julia, with Rosie's encouragement, he decides to pursue Julia. Just then, Holly arrives and asks him if he is still with Linda. He reveals he ended it with her and learns of Julia's plans to marry Glenn. He, Sammy, and Holly rush to the airport, where he gets a first class ticket to Las Vegas. After telling his story to an empathetic audience in first class, which includes Billy Idol, he learns that Glenn and Julia are on the same flight after a female flight attendant informs him that Glenn said the same terms he said about Julia while trying to seduce her. With the help of Billy and the flight crew, over the loudspeaker, he sings a song he has written called "Grow Old With You," dedicated to Julia. As Robbie approaches Julia singing, Glenn tries to attack him, but he is blocked by Billy Idol and a flight attendant. When Glenn threatens Billy, a burly fan forces Glenn down the aisle and a female flight attendant he tried seducing earlier pushes him into the lavatory. Robbie and Julia admit their love for each other, and kiss after Billy tells him he liked the song and plans to tell the record company execs about him.

text: The film ends as the scene fades to Robbie and Julia kissing at their wedding, with the drunken best man from the wedding where they met singing for them.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Robbie Hart
Drew Barrymore as Julia Sullivan
Christine Taylor as Holly Sullivan
Jodi Thelen as Kate Hart
Allen Covert as Sammy
Angela Featherstone as Linda
Matthew Glave as Glenn Gulia
Ellen Albertini Dow as Rosie
Alexis Arquette as George Stitzer (reprised as Georgina in Blended)
Christina Pickles as Angie Sullivan
Frank Sivero as Andy
Billy Idol as Himself
Kevin Nealon as Mr. Simms
Steven Brill as Glenn's buddy
Steve Buscemi (uncredited) as David Veltri
Peter Dante as David's friend
Jon Lovitz (uncredited) as Jimmie Moore
Brian Posehn (uncredited) as Man at Dining Table #9
Michael Shuman as The Bar Mitzvah Boy
Robert Smigel as Andre
Chauntal Lewis (uncredited) as Stuck-Up Girl at Bar Mitzvah

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film had a budget of $18 million and received $123,306,987 worldwide[1] in ticket sales. It opened at the #2 spot in the US with $18,865,080[2] in the United States, behind Titanic.

text: The film received generally positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 71% based on reviews from 61 critics, with an average rating of 6.1/10, saying that "It's decidedly uneven -- and surprisingly sappy for an early Adam Sandler comedy -- but The Wedding Singer is also sweet, funny, and beguiling. [3]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Two soundtrack albums for the film, called The Wedding Singer and The Wedding Singer Volume 2, were released, both in 1998. It contained many scenes of singing at weddings, with songs performed by its cast. The soundtrack albums, for the most part, contained the original versions of these songs instead, as well as songs that were in the background during it and original songs and dialogue from it. Only for "Rapper's Delight" was its rendition (by Ellen Dow), used, in combination with the original recording.

text: The track listing of the first album is:

text:
"Video Killed the Radio Star" (originally performed by The Buggles), performed by The Presidents of the United States of America
"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me", performed by Culture Club
"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic", performed by The Police
"How Soon Is Now?", performed by The Smiths
"Love My Way", performed by The Psychedelic Furs
"Hold Me Now", performed by Thompson Twins
"Everyday I Write the Book", performed by Elvis Costello
"White Wedding", performed by Billy Idol
"China Girl", performed by David Bowie
"Blue Monday", performed by New Order
"Pass the Dutchie", performed by Musical Youth
"Have You Written Anything Lately?"
"Somebody Kill Me", written by Adam Sandler and Tim Herlihy, performed by Adam Sandler
"Rapper's Delight" (medley), performed by Sugarhill Gang and Ellen Dow

tag: ol

text: The track listing of the second album is:

text:
"Too Shy", performed by Kajagoogoo
"It's All I Can Do", performed by The Cars
"True", performed by Spandau Ballet
"Space Age Love Song", performed by A Flock of Seagulls
"Private Idaho", performed by The B-52's
"Money (That's What I Want)", performed by Flying Lizards
"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)", performed by Dead or Alive
"Just Can't Get Enough", performed by Depeche Mode
"Love Stinks", performed by The J. Geils Band
"You Make My Dreams", performed by Hall & Oates
"Holiday", performed by Madonna
"Grow Old With You", written by Adam Sandler and Tim Herlihy, performed by Adam Sandler

text: Songs and renditions that appeared in the movie, but were not included in the soundtrack albums, were:

text:
"Der Kommissar", performed by After the Fire
"99 Luftballons", performed by Nena
"Till There Was You", written by Meredith Willson, performed by Ellen Dow
"Don't Stop Believin'" (originally performed by Journey)
"Boys Don't Cry", performed by The Cure
"All Night Long (All Night)", performed by Lionel Richie
"That's All", written by Alan Brandt & Bob Haymes, performed by Adam Sandler
"Ladies' Night" (originally performed by Kool & the Gang), performed by Jon Lovitz
"Do You Believe in Love", performed by Huey Lewis and the News
"Jam on It", Newcleus
"Miami Vice Theme", performed by Jan Hammer
"Hungry Heart", performed by Bruce Springsteen
"The Goofball Brothers Show", written and performed by Sourcerer
"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go", performed by Wham!