document_title: Southeast Asia

question_text: what type of climates are found in southeast asia

question_tokens: what type of climates are found in southeast asia

text: Southeast Asia

text: Definitions[edit]

text: The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by the Europeans as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources referred the region as 南洋 (Nanyang), which literally means the Southern Ocean. The mainland section of Southeast Asia was referred to as Indochina by European geographers due to its location between China and the Indian subcontinent and cultural influences from both neighboring regions. In the 20th century, however, the term became more restricted to former French Indochina territory (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as Malay Archipelago, a term derived from the European concept of a Malay race.[8] Another term for Maritime Southeast Asia is Insulindia (Indian Islands), used to describe the region between Indochina and Australasia.[9]

text: The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by an American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book entitled Travels in South-Eastern Asia. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia.[10] The term was officially used in the midst of World War II by the Allies, through the formation of South East Asia Command (SEAC) in 1943.[11] SEAC popularised the use of the term "Southeast Asia", although what constituted Southeast Asia in the early days was not fixed, for example the Philippines and a large part of Indonesia were excluded by SEAC while Ceylon was included.  However, by the late 1970s, a roughly standard usage of the term "Southeast Asia" and the territories it encompasses had emerged.[12] Although from a cultural or linguistic perspective, the definitions of "Southeast Asia" may vary, the most common definitions nowadays include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below.

text: Ten of eleven states of Southeast Asia are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while East Timor is an observer state. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer. Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea.

text: Some part of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (a disputed region or nation), are also considered as part of the Southeast Asia by some authors.[13][14][15]

text: Political divisions[edit]

text: Sovereign states[edit]

text:
State

Area(km2)[2]

Population(2016)[1]

Density(/km2)

GDP (nominal),USD (2016)[2]

GDP (PPP)per capita,Int$ (2016)[2]

HDI (2016)[16]:22–24

Capital

 Brunei Darussalam

5,765

423,196

78

10,458,000,000

$76,884

0.865

Bandar Seri Begawan

 Cambodia

181,035

15,762,370

85

19,368,000,000

$3,737

0.563

Phnom Penh

 East Timor/Timor-Leste

14,874

1,268,671

75

2,501,000,000

$4,187

0.605

Dili

 Indonesia

1,904,569

261,115,456

132

940,953,000,000

$11,720

0.689

Jakarta

 Laos

236,800

6,758,353

30

13,761,000,000

$5,710

0.586

Vientiane

 Malaysia

329,847

31,187,265

91

302,748,000,000

$27,267

0.789

Kuala Lumpur *

 Myanmar

676,000

52,885,223

78

68,277,000,000

$5,832

0.556

Nay Pyi Daw

 Philippines

343,448

103,320,222

294

311,687,000,000

$7,728

0.682

Manila

 Singapore

724

5,622,455

7,671

296,642,000,000

$90,151

0.925

Singapore

 Thailand

513,120

68,863,514

127

390,592,000,000

$16,888

0.740

Bangkok

 Vietnam

331,210

94,569,072

279

200,493,000,000

$6,429

0.683

Hanoi

tag: table

text: * Administrative centre in Putrajaya.

text: Dependent territories[edit]

text:
Territory

Area (km2)

Population

Density (/km2)

Capital

 Christmas Island

135[18]

1,402[18]

10.4

Flying Fish Cove

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands

14[19]

596[19]

42.6

West Island (Pulau Panjang)

text: Administrative subdivisions[edit]

text:
Territory

Area (km2)

Population

Density (/km2)

Capital

 Andaman and Nicobar Islands

8,251

379,944[20]

46

Port Blair

text: Geographical divisions[edit]

text: Southeast Asia is geographically divided into two subregions, namely Mainland Southeast Asia (or Indochina) and Maritime Southeast Asia (or the similarly defined Malay Archipelago) (Javanese: Nusantara).

text: Mainland Southeast Asia includes:

text:
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar (Burma)
Peninsular Malaysia
Thailand
Vietnam

tag: ul

text: Maritime Southeast Asia includes:

text:
Indonesia
Philippines
East Malaysia
Brunei
Singapore
East Timor

text: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Maritime Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and Northeast India have strong cultural ties with Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian.[21] Sri Lanka has on some occasions been considered a part of Southeast Asia because of its cultural ties to mainland Southeast Asia.[12][22] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included, and so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies with strong cultural and linguistic ties to the region.[23]

text: The eastern half of Indonesia and East Timor (east of the Wallace Line) are considered to be biogeographically part of Oceania (Wallacea) due to its distinctive faunal features. New Guinea and its surrounding islands are geologically considered as a part of Australian continent, connected via the Sahul Shelf.

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: The region was already inhabited by Homo erectus from 1,000,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene age.[24] Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago,[25] having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent.[26] Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct.[27] It has been proposed that the Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC, and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia, Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions.[28] Archaeologists refer these people as Deutero-Malays, whom are more advanced in farming techniques and metal knowledge than their indigenous counterpart, the Proto-Malays.[29][30]

text: Studies presented by HUGO (Human Genome Organization) through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia, show empirically that there was a single migration event from Africa, whereby the early people travelled along the south coast of Asia, first entered the Malay peninsula 50,000–90,000 years ago. The Orang Asli, in particular the Semang who show Negrito characteristics, are the direct descendants of these earliest settlers of Southeast Asia. These early people diversified and travelled slowly northwards to China, and the populations of Southeast Asia show greater genetic diversity than the younger population of China.[31][30] Studies on the genetics of modern Malays however show that there is a complex history of admixture of human populations in Southeast Asia, with the Malay population showing four major ancestral components: Austronesian, Proto-Malay, East Asian, and South Asian.[32]

text: Solheim and others have shown evidence for a Nusantao (Nusantara) maritime trading network ranging from Vietnam to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD.[33] The Bronze Age Dong Son culture flourished in Northern Vietnam from about 1000 BC to 1 BC. Its influence spread to other parts Southeast Asia.[34][35][36] The region entered the Iron Age era in 500 BC, when iron was forged also in northern Vietnam still under Dong Son, due to its frequent interactions with neighboring China.[24]

text: The peoples of Southeast Asia, especially those of Austronesian descent, have been seafarers for thousands of years, some reaching the island of Madagascar, became the ancestors of modern-day Malagasy people.[37] Passage through the Indian Ocean aided the colonisation of Madagascar, as well as commerce between Western Asia, eastern coast of India and Chinese southern coast.[37] Gold from Sumatra is thought to have reached as far west as Rome. Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History about Chryse and Argyre, two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their vessels, such as the vinta, were capable to sail across ocean. Magellan's voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships.[38] A slave from the Sulu Sea was believed to have been used in Magellan's voyage as a translator.

text: Most Southeast Asian people were originally animist, engaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by Hinduism and Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contacts with Indian subcontinent during the 1st century.[39] Indian Brahmins and traders brought Hinduism to the region and made contacts with local courts.[40] Local rulers converted to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian states. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of Indianisation in the region.[41][42][43] Shaivism was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Indian Hindu kingdoms during the 1st century. It then spread into Southeast Asia via Bay of Bengal, Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in the region.[44][45] Theravada Buddhism entered the region during the 3rd century, via maritime trade routes between the region and Sri Lanka.[46] Buddhism later established a strong presence in Funan region in the 5th century. In present-day mainland Southeast Asia, Theravada is still the dominant branch of Buddhism, practiced by the Thai, Burmese and Cambodian Buddhists. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. Mahayana Buddhism established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to Nalanda.[41] It is still the dominant branch of Buddhism practiced by Indonesian and Malaysian Buddhists.

text: The spread of these two Indian religions confined the adherents of Southeast Asian indigenous beliefs into remote inland areas. Maluku Islands and New Guinea were never been Indianised and its native people were predominantly animists until the 15th century when Islam began to spread in those areas.[47] While in Vietnam, Buddhism never managed to develop strong institutional networks due to strong Chinese influence.[48] In present-day Southeast Asia, Vietnam is the only country where its folk religion makes up the plurality.[49][50] Recently, Vietnamese folk religion is undergoing a revival with the support of the government.[51] Elsewhere, there are ethnic groups in Southeast Asia that resist conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the Dayaks in Kalimantan, the Igorots in Luzon, and the Shans in eastern Myanmar.[52]

text: Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era[edit]

text: After the region came under contacts with Indian subcontinent circa 400 BCE, it began a gradual process of Indianisation where Indian ideas such as religions, cultures, architectures and political administrations were brought by traders and religious figures and adopted by local rulers. In turn, Indian Brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions.[53][42][43] Sanskrit and Pali became the elite language of the region, which effectively made Southeast Asia part of the Indosphere.[54] Most of the region had been Indianised during the first centuries, while the Philippines later Indianised circa 9th century when Kingdom of Tondo was established in Luzon.[55] Vietnam, especially its northern part, was never fully Indianised due to the many periods of Chinese domination it experienced.[56]

text: The first Indian-influenced polities established in the region were the Pyu city-states that already existed circa 2nd century BCE, located in inland Myanmar. It served as an overland trading hub between India and China.[57] Theravada Buddhism was the predominant religion of these city states, while the presence of other Indian religions such as Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were also widespread.[58][59] In the 1st century, the Funan states centered in Mekong Delta were established, encompassed modern-day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand. It became the dominant trading power in mainland Southeast Asia for about five centuries, provided passage for Indian and Chinese goods and assumed authority over the flow of commerce through Southeast Asia.[37] In maritime Southeast Asia, the first recorded Indianised kingdom was Salakanagara, established in western Java circa 2nd century CE. This Hindu kingdom was known by the Greeks as Argyre (Land of Silver).[60]

text: By the 5th century CE, trade networking between East and West was concentrated in the maritime route. Foreign traders were starting to use new routes such as Malacca and Sunda Strait due to the development of maritime Southeast Asia. This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as Srivijaya, Tarumanagara, and Medang emerged. Srivijaya especially became the dominant maritime power for more than 5 centuries, controlling both Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait.[37] This dominance started to decline when Srivijaya were invaded by Chola Empire, a dominant maritime power of Indian subcontinent, in 1025.[61] The invasion reshaped power and trade in the region, resulted in the rise of new regional powers such as the Khmer Empire and Kahuripan.[62] Continued commercial contacts with the Chinese Empire enabled the Cholas to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the Hindu cultural influence found today throughout Southeast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.[63]

text: As Srivijaya influence in the region declined, The Hindu Khmer Empire experienced a golden age during the 11th to 13th century CE. The empire's capital Angkor hosts majestic monuments—such as Angkor Wat and Bayon. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak, was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world.[64] The Champa civilisation was located in what is today central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianised Hindu Kingdom. The Vietnamese launched a massive conquest against the Cham people during the 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa, ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture.[65]

text: During the 13th century CE, the region experienced Mongol invasions, affected areas such as Vietnamese coast, inland Burma and Java. In 1258, 1285 and 1287, the Mongols tried to invade Đại Việt and Champa.[66] The invasions were unsuccessful, yet both Dai Viet and Champa agreed to become tributary states to Yuan dynasty to avoid further conflicts.[67] The Mongols also invaded Pagan Kingdom in Burma from 1277 to 1287, resulted in fragmentation of the Kingdom and rise of smaller Shan States ruled by local chieftains nominally submitted to Yuan dynasty.[68][69] However, in 1297, a new local power emerged. Myinsaing Kingdom became the real ruler of Central Burma and challenged the Mongol rule. This resulted in the second Mongol invasion of Burma in 1300, which was repulsed by Myinsaing.[70][71] The Mongols would later in 1303 withdrawn from Burma.[72] In 1292, The Mongols sent envoys to Singhasari Kingdom in Java to ask for submission to Mongol rule. Singhasari rejected the proposal and injured the envoys, enraged the Mongols and made them sent a large invasion fleet to Java. Unbeknownst to them, Singhasari collapsed in 1293 due to a revolt by Kadiri, one of its vassals. When the Mongols arrived in Java, a local prince named Raden Wijaya offered his service to assist the Mongols in punishing Kadiri. After Kadiri was defeated, Wijaya turned on his Mongol allies, ambushed their invasion fleet and forced them to immediately leave Java.[73][74]

text: After the departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the Majapahit Empire in eastern Java in 1293. Majapahit would soon grew into a regional power. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali came under its influence. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and southern Philippines, making it one of the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.[75](p107) By the 15th century CE however, Majapahit's influence began to wane due to many war of successions it experienced and the rise of new Islamic states such as Samudera Pasai and Malacca Sultanate around the strategic Strait of Malacca. Majapahit then collapsed around 1500. It was the last major Hindu kingdom and the last regional power in the region before the arrival of the Europeans.[76][77]

text: Spread of Islam[edit]

text: Islam began to made contacts with Southeast Asia in the 8th-century CE, when the Umayyads established trade with the region via sea routes.[78][79][80] However its spread into the region happened centuries later. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah); the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He."[81]

text: There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes. Gujarati Muslims played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in Southeast Asia.[82]

text: Trade and foreign colonisation[edit]

text: Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. The consequences of colonial rule, struggle for independence and in some cases war influenced the economic attitudes and policies of each country until today.[83]

text: Chinese[edit]

text: From 111 BC to 938 AD northern Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the Han, Eastern Han, Eastern Wu, Cao Wei, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Sui, Tang, and Southern Han.

text: Records from Magellan's voyage show that Brunei possessed more cannon than European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them.[38]

text: Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, Hang Li Po, to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry Sultan Mansur Shah after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Han Li Po's well (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is Bukit Cina, where her retinue settled.

text: The strategic value of the Strait of Malacca, which was controlled by Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer Duarte Barbosa, who in 1500 wrote "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice".

text: European[edit]

text: Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, Maluku and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spanish years later. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies; the French Indochina; and the British Strait Settlements. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for Thailand.

text:
European explorers were reaching Southeast Asia from the west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as honey and hornbill beaks from the islands of the archipelago.
Before the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. For the majority of the populations in each country, there was comparatively little interaction with Europeans and traditional social routines and relationships continued. For most, a life with subsistence level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilizations, hunting and gathering was still hard.[84]

text: Europeans brought Christianity allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending Royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from Europe and Russia.

text: Japanese[edit]

text: During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia.[85] A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.[86] The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

text: Indian[edit]

text: Gujarat, India had a flourishing trade relationship with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.[82] The trade relationship with Gujarat declined after the Portuguese invasion of Southeast Asia in the 17th century.[82]

text: Contemporary history[edit]

text: Most countries in the region enjoy national autonomy. Democratic forms of government and the recognition of human rights are taking root. ASEAN provides a framework for the integration of commerce, and regional responses to international concerns.

text: China has asserted broad claims over the South China Sea, based on its Nine-Dash Line, and has built artificial islands in an attempt to bolster its claims. China also has asserted an exclusive economic zone based on the Spratly Islands. The Philippines challenged China in the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague in 2013, and in Philippines v. China (2016), the Court ruled in favor of the Philippines and rejected China's claims.[87][88]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically. the Indonesian archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.

text: The South China Sea is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore, have integral rivers that flow into the South China Sea.

text: Mayon Volcano, despite being dangerously active, holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous eruption.[89]

text: Boundaries[edit]

text: Southeast Asia is bounded to the southeast by the Australian continent, a boundary which runs through Indonesia. But a cultural touch point lies between Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian region of the Papua and West Papua, which shares the island of New Guinea with Papua New Guinea.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like. Climate change will have a big effect on agriculture in Southeast Asia such as irrigation systems will be affected by changes in rainfall and runoff, and subsequently, water quality and supply.[90]

text: Environment[edit]

text:
The vast majority of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterised as monsoonal.
The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, the orangutan, the Asian elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Bornean clouded leopard can also be found. Six subspecies of the binturong or bearcat exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of Palawan is now classed as vulnerable.

text: Tigers of three different subspecies are found on the island of Sumatra (the Sumatran tiger), in peninsular Malaysia (the Malayan tiger), and in Indochina (the Indochinese tiger); all of which are endangered species.

text: The Komodo dragon is the largest living species of lizard and inhabits the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang in Indonesia.

text: The Philippine eagle is the national bird of the Philippines. It is considered by scientists as the largest eagle in the world,[91] and is endemic to the Philippines' forests.

text: The wild Asian water buffalo, and on various islands related dwarf species of Bubalus such as anoa were once widespread in Southeast Asia; nowadays the domestic Asian water buffalo is common across the region, but its remaining relatives are rare and endangered.

text: The mouse deer, a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, mostly can be found on Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia) and in Palawan Islands (Philippines). The gaur, a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina. There is very little scientific information available regarding Southeast Asian amphibians.[92]

text: Birds such as the peafowl and drongo live in this subregion as far east as Indonesia. The babirusa, a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonesia as well. The hornbill was prized for its beak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well.

text: The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

text: The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.

text: The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo.

text: While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century.[93] At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "slash and burn" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution.

text: The 2013 Southeast Asian Haze saw API levels reach a hazardous level in some countries. Muar experienced the highest API level of 746 on 23 June 2013 at around 7 am.[94]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines. An economic effect of this imperialism was the shift in the production of commodities. For example, the rubber plantations of Malaysia, Java, Vietnam and Cambodia, the tin mining of Malaya, the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam and Irrawaddy River delta in Burma, were a response to powerful market demands.[95]

text: The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[96] The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.[97] Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.[96]

text: The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful.

text: Seventeen telecommunications companies contracted to build the Asia-America Gateway submarine cable to connect Southeast Asia to the US[98] This is to avoid disruption of the kind recently caused by the cutting of the undersea cable from Taiwan to the US in the 2006 Hengchun earthquakes.

text: Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet."[99] Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries."[100] In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.[101]

text: Indonesia is the only member of G-20 major economies and is the largest economy in the region.[102] Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product for 2016 was US$932.4 billion (nominal) or $3,031.3 billion (PPP) with per capita GDP of US$3,604 (nominal) or $11,717 (PPP).[103]

text: Stock markets in Southeast Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' PSE leading the way with 22 percent growth, followed by Thailand's SET with 21 percent and Indonesia's JKSE with 19 percent.[104][105]

text: Southeast Asia's GDP per capita is US$3,853 according to a 2015 United Nations report, which is comparable to Guatemala and Tonga.[106]

text:
Country

Currency

Population(2017)[107]

Nominal GDP(2017)[108]

GDP per capita(2017)[109]

GDP growth
(2017)[110]

Inflation
(2017)[111]

Main industries

 Brunei

B$ Brunei dollar

443,593

$12.743 billion

$29,712

0.5%

-0.1%

Petroleum, Petrochemicals, Fishing

 Cambodia

៛ Riel

16,204,486

$22.252 billion

$1,390

6.9%

2.9%

Clothing, Gold, Agriculture

 East Timor

US$ US dollar

1,291,358

$2.610 billion

$2,104

-0.5%

0.6%

Petroleum, Coffee, Electronics

 Indonesia

Rp Rupiah

260,580,739

$1,015.411 billion

$3,876

5.1%

3.8%

Coal, Petroleum, Palm oil

 Laos

₭ Kip

7,126,706

$16.984 billion

$2,542

6.8%

0.8%

Copper, Electronics, Tin

 Malaysia

RM Ringgit

31,381,992

$314.497 billion

$9,813

5.9%

3.8%

Electronics, Petroleum, Palm oil

 Myanmar

K Kyat

55,123,814

$66.537 billion

$1,264

6.7%

5.1%

Natural gas, Agriculture, Clothing

 Philippines

₱ Peso

104,256,076

$313.419 billion

$2,976

6.7%

3.2%

Electronics, Timber, Automotive

 Singapore

S$ Singapore dollar

5,888,926

$323.902 billion

$57,713

3.6%

0.6%

Electronics, Petroleum, Chemicals

 Thailand

฿ Baht

68,414,135

$455.378 billion

$6,591

3.9%

0.7%

Electronics, Automotive, Rubber

 Vietnam

₫ Đồng

96,160,163

$220.408 billion

$2,354

6.8%

3.5%

Electronics, Clothing, Agriculture

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,500,000 km2 (1.7 million square miles). As of 2016, around 642 million people live in the region, more than a fifth live (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 261 million people, and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also as the Hoa in Vietnam. People of Southeast Asian origins are known as Southeast Asians or Aseanites.

text: Ethnic groups[edit]

text: The Aslians and Negritos were believed as one of the earliest inhabitant in the region. They are genetically related to the Papuans in Eastern Indonesia and Australian Aborigines. The next waves of human migration to Southeast Asia were Austroasiatic and Austronesians, which today forming the majority of the regional population.[citation needed]

text: In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. The second largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia is Vietnamese with around 86 million population, mainly inhabit Vietnam forming significant minority in neighboring Cambodia and Laos. The Thais is also a significant ethnic group with around 59 million population forming the majority in Thailand. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country.

text: Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, with hundreds of ethnic minorities inhabited the archipelago, including Madurese, Minangkabau, Bugis, Balinese, Dayak, Batak and Malays. While Malaysia is split between more than half Malays and one-quarter Chinese, and also Indian minority in the West Malaysia however Dayaks is the most majority in Sarawak and Kadazan-dusun is the most majority in Sabah which are in the East Malaysia. The Malays are the majority in West Malaysia and Brunei, while they forming a significant minority in Indonesia, Southern Thailand, East Malaysia and Singapore. In city-state Singapore, Chinese are the majority, yet the city is a multicultural melting pot with Malays, Indians and Eurasian also called the island their home.

text: The Chams forming a significant minority in Central and South Vietnam, also in Central Cambodia. While the Khmers are the majority in Cambodia, and forming a significant minority in Southern Vietnam and Thailand. The Hmong people are the minority in Vietnam, China and Laos.

text: Within the Philippines, the Visayan (mainly Cebuanos and Hiligaynons), Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicolano and Central Luzon (mainly Kapampangan and Pangasinan) groups are significant.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. By population, Islam is the most practised faith, numbering approximately 240 million adherents, or about 40% of the entire population, concentrated in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Southern Thailand and in the Southern Philippines. Indonesia is the most populous Muslim-majority country around the world.

text: Buddhism is predominant in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore.

text: Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule.

text: No individual Southeast Asian country is religiously homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea and Timor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garuḍa), the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia, Highland Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on ancestor worship.

text: The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the CIA World Factbook:[112]

text:
Country

Religions

 Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Hinduism (69%), Christianity, Islam, Sikhism and others

 Brunei

Islam (67%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.)

 Burma

Buddhism (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others

 Cambodia

Buddhism (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others

 Christmas Island

Buddhism (75%), Islam, Christianity

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Islam (80%), others

 East Timor

Roman Catholicism (97%), Protestantism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

 Indonesia

Islam (87.18%), Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, others[113]

 Laos

Buddhism (67%), Animism, Christianity, others

 Malaysia

Islam (60.4%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism

 Philippines

Roman Catholicism (80%), Islam (11%),[114] Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) (3%), Buddhism (2%),[115] Animism (1.25%), others (0.35%)

 Singapore

Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, Hinduism, others

 Thailand

Buddhism (93.83%), Islam (4.56%), Christianity (0.8%), Hinduism (0.011%), others (0.079%)

 Vietnam

Vietnamese folk religion (45.3%), Buddhism (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated (29.6%)[116]

text: Languages[edit]

text: Each of the languages have been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonization as well. There are nearly over 800 native languages in the region.

text: The language composition for each country is as follows (with official languages in bold):

text:
Country
Languages

 Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Bengali, Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Shompen, A-Pucikwar, Aka-Jeru, Aka-Bea, Aka-Bo, Aka-Cari, Aka-Kede, Aka-Kol, Aka-Kora, Aka-Bale, Jangil, Jarawa, Oko-Juwoi, Önge, Sentinelese, Camorta, Car, Chaura, Katchal, Nancowry, Southern Nicobarese, Teressa

 Brunei

Malay, English, Indonesian, Chinese, Tamil and indigenous Bornean dialects (Iban, Murutic language, Lun Bawang,)[117]

 Burma

Burmese, English, Shan, Kayin(Karen), Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayah, Chinese and other ethnic languages.[118]

 Cambodia

Khmer, Thai, English, French, Vietnamese, Cham, Chinese, others[119]

 Christmas Island

English, Chinese, Malay[120]

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands

English, Cocos Malay[121]

 East Timor

Tetum, Portuguese, Indonesian, English, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others[122]

 Indonesia

Indonesian, English, Javanese, Dutch, Sundanese, Batak, Minangkabau, Buginese, Banjar, Papuan, Dayak, Acehnese, Ambonese Balinese, Betawi, Madurese, Musi, Manado, Sasak, Makassarese, Batak Dairi, Karo, Mandailing, Jambi Malay, Mongondow, Gorontalo, Ngaju, Nias, North Moluccan, Uab Meto, Bima, Manggarai, Toraja-Sa'dan, Komering, Tetum, Rejang, Muna, Sumbawa, Bangka Malay, Osing, Gayo, Bungku-Tolaki languages, Moronene, Bungku, Bahonsuai, Kulisusu, Wawonii, Mori Bawah, Mori Atas, Padoe, Tomadino, Lewotobi, Tae', Mongondow, Lampung, Tolaki, Ma'anyan, Simeulue, Gayo, Buginese, Mandar, Minahasan, Enggano, Ternate, Tidore, Mairasi, East Cenderawasih Language, Lakes Plain Languages, Tor-Kwerba, Nimboran, Skou/Sko, Border languages, Senagi, Pauwasi, Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Tamil, Punjabi,  Bengali, and Arabic.
Indonesia has over 700 languages in over 17,000 islands across the archipelago, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country on the planet,[123] slightly behind Papua New Guinea. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), widely used in educational, political, economic, and other formal situations. In daily activities and informal situations, most Indonesians speak in their local language(s). For more details, see: Languages of Indonesia.

 Laos

Lao, Thai, Vietnamese, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan, French, English and others[124]

 Malaysia

Malaysian, English, Indonesian, Mandarin, Tamil, Kedah Malay, Sabah Malay, Brunei Malay, Kelantan Malay, Pahang Malay, Acehnese, Javanese, Minangkabau, Banjar, Buginese, Hakka, Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, Fuzhounese, Telugu, Bengali, Punjabi, Hindi, Sinhalese, Malayalam, Arabic, Brunei Bisaya, Okolod, Kota Marudu Talantang, Kelabit, Lotud, Terengganu Malay, Semelai, Thai, Iban, Kadazan, Dusun, Kristang, Bajau, Jakun, Mah Meri, Batek, Melanau, Semai, Temuan, Lun Bawang, Temiar, Penan, Tausug, Iranun, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang and others,[125] see: Languages of Malaysia

 Philippines

Filipino, English, Spanish, Visayan (Aklanon, Cebuano, Kinaray-a, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, Waray, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon, Tausug) Ivatan, Ilocano, Ibanag, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bicolano, Sama-Bajaw, Maguindanao, Maranao, Chavacano
The Philippines has more than a hundred native languages, most without official recognition from the national government. Spanish and Arabic are on a voluntary and optional basis. Malaysian, Indonesian, Mandarin, Lan-nang (Hokkien), Cantonese, Hakka, Japanese and Korean are also spoken in the Philippines due to immigration, geographic proximity and historical ties. See: Languages of the Philippines

 Singapore

English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil, Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Hindi, Sinhalese, Indonesian, Javanese, Balinese, Singlish creole and others

 Thailand

Thai, English, Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Yuehai, Malay, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Arabic, Lao, Northern Khmer, Isan, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Mon, Mein, Hmong, Karen, Burmese and others[126]

 Vietnam

Vietnamese, English, Khmer, French, Cantonese, Hmong, Tai, Cham and others[127]

text: Cities[edit]

text:
Jabodetabek (Jakarta/West Java/Banten),  Indonesia. Jabodetabek is an abbreviation of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi, which are the satellite cities of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta.
Metro Manila (Manila/Quezon City/Makati/Taguig/Pasay/Caloocan and 11 others),  Philippines
Bangkok Metropolitan Region (Bangkok/Nonthaburi/Samut Prakan/Pathum Thani/Samut Sakhon/Nakhon Pathom),  Thailand
Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur/Selangor),  Malaysia
Greater Penang (Penang/Kedah/Perak),  Malaysia
Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area (Ho Chi Minh City/Vung Tau),  Vietnam
Yangon Region (Yangon/Thanlyin),  Myanmar
Hanoi Capital Region (Hanoi/Hai Phong/Ha Long),  Vietnam
Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya/Sidoarjo/Gresik/Mojokerto/Lamongan/Bangkalan),  Indonesia
Greater Bandung Metropolitan Area (Bandung/Cimahi),  Indonesia
Metro Cebu (Cebu City/Mandaue/Lapu-Lapu City/Talisay City and 11 others),  Philippines
Metro Davao (Davao City/Digos/Tagum/Island Garden City of Samal),  Philippines
Metro Iloilo-Guimaras (Iloilo City/Pavia/Oton/Leganes/Zarraga/San Miguel/Guimaras) ,  Philippines
Metro Cagayan de Oro (Cagayan de Oro/ El Salvador and 13 others)  Philippines
Phnom Penh City (Phnom Penh/Kandal),  Cambodia

text: Culture[edit]

text: The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian and Thai (Indian) and Vietnamese (Chinese) cultures. While in Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence[128] in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants,[129] which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India – only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.

text: Rice paddy agriculture has existed in Southeast Asia for thousands of years, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the Banaue Rice Terraces in the mountains of Luzon in the Philippines. Maintenance of these paddies is very labour-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region.

text: Stilt houses can be found all over Southeast Asia, from Thailand and Vietnam, to Borneo, to Luzon in the Philippines, to Papua New Guinea. The region has diverse metalworking, especially in Indonesia. This include weaponry, such as the distinctive kris, and musical instruments, such as the gamelan.

text: Influences[edit]

text: The region's chief cultural influences have been from some combination of Islam, India, and China. Diverse cultural influence is pronounced in the Philippines, derived particularly from the period of the Spanish and American rule, contact with Indian-influenced cultures, and the Chinese and Japanese trading era.

text: As a rule, the peoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the peoples ate with chopsticks; tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. The fish sauces distinctive to the region tend to vary.

text: Arts[edit]

text: The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.

text: Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being Wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art and literature. An example is the Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) and literature like the Ramayana. The wayang kulit show has been recognized by UNESCO on November 7, 2003, as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

text: It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware.

text: Music[edit]

text: Traditional music in Southeast Asia is as varied as its many ethnic and cultural divisions. Main styles of traditional music can be seen: Court music, folk music, music styles of smaller ethnic groups, and music influenced by genres outside the geographic region.

text: Of the court and folk genres, gong-chime ensembles and orchestras make up the majority (the exception being lowland areas of Vietnam). Gamelan and Angklung orchestras from Indonesia, Piphat /Pinpeat ensembles of Thailand and Cambodia and the Kulintang ensembles of the southern Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi and Timor are the three main distinct styles of musical genres that have influenced other traditional musical styles in the region. String instruments also are popular in the region.

text: On November 18, 2010, UNESCO officially recognized angklung as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and encourage Indonesian people and government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of angklung making.

text: Writing[edit]

text: The history of Southeast Asia has led to a wealth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region.

text: Originally, Indians were the ones who taught the native inhabitants about writing. This is shown through Brahmic forms of writing present in the region such as the Balinese script shown on split palm leaf called lontar (see image to the left — magnify the image to see the writing on the flat side, and the decoration on the reverse side).

text: The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.

text: In Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, the Malay language is now generally written in the Latin script. The same phenomenon is present in Indonesian, although different spelling standards are utilised (e.g. 'Teksi' in Malay and 'Taksi' in Indonesian for the word 'Taxi').

text: The use of Chinese characters, in the past and present, is only evident in Vietnam and more recently, Singapore and Malaysia. The adoption of Chinese characters in Vietnam dates back to around 111BC, when it was occupied by the Chinese. A Vietnamese script called Chu nom used modified Chinese characters to express the Vietnamese language. Both classical Chinese and Chu Nom were used up until the early 20th century.

text: However, the use of the Chinese script has been in decline, especially in Singapore and Malaysia as the younger generations are in favour of the Latin Script.


document_title: List of tallest people

question_text: who was the tallest woman who ever lived

root

text: List of tallest people

text: Men

text: Living   Deceased   Height disputed

tag: p

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan (Age at death)

United States
272 cm
8 ft 11.1 in
Robert Wadlow
Tallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records.[1]
1918–1940 (22)

United States
267 cm
8 ft 9 in
John Rogan
Second tallest male in recorded history. Weighed only 92.5 kg (204 lb). Unable to stand due to ankylosis.
1865–1905 (40)

United States
263.5 cm
8 ft 7¾in
John F. Carroll
244 cm (8 ft 0 in) standing height, 264 cm (8 ft 7¾ in) assuming normal spinal curvature.
1932–1969 (37)

Ukraine
257 cm
8 ft 5 in
Leonid Stadnyk
Not officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards.[2]
1970–2014 (44)

Finland
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Väinö Myllyrinne
Recognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963. Said to have been 251 cm in his thirties.
1909–1963 (54)

Canada
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Édouard Beaupré
Tallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history. His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) tall and still growing.
1881–1904 (23)

Turkey
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Sultan Kösen
The tallest living person since September 17, 2009, as determined by Guinness World Records.[3] He has 36.5 cm long (1 ft-2in) feet - the second largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm (11.2 in) hands - the longest on a living person.[4]
1982–

India
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Vikas Uppal
Was not officially measured by Guinness.
1986–2007 (21)

United States
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Don Koehler
Tallest in world for most of the 1970s.
1925–1981 (56)

United States
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Bernard Coyne
Coyne's World War I draft registration card, dated 29 August his height as 8 feet, although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches (249 cm) by the time of his death. Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in (254 cm).
1897–1921 (24)

Ireland
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Patrick Cotter O'Brien
Tallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet (244 cm). Remains examined in 1972 and height verified.
1760–1806 (46)

Morocco
246 cm
8 ft 1 in[5]
Brahim Takioullah
Possesses the world's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in (38 cm).[6]
1982–

Iran
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest man in Iran.[7] gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016
1987–

Germany
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Julius Koch
Probably never the world's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan. Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons, Belgium.
1872–1902 (30)

Mozambique
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Gabriel Estêvão Monjane
Guinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990.
1944–1990 (46)

India
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Dharmendra Pratap Singh
Tallest Living Indian.[8]
1983–

Libya
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Suleiman Ali Nashnush
Libyan who may have been the tallest basketball player.[citation needed]
1943–1991 (47)

France
245 cm
8 ft ½ in
Jean-Joseph Brice
Le Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France—Height controversy[9]
1835–?

Germany
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Anton de Franckenpoint (Langer Anton)
Lived during Thirty Years' War; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in (244 cm).[10][11]
Unknown

People's Republic of China
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Zhang Juncai
Tallest living Chinese person.
1966–

Indonesia
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Suparwono
Tallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5in. Officially measured (lying down and in the standing position) by the Indonesian Record Museum (MURI) in December 2009.[12]
1985–2012 (26)

Netherlands
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Albert Johan Kramer
Probably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever; His brother-in-law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm (27.16 in). Together they formed a Variety act, with performances around the world.[13]
1897–1976 (79)

Puerto Rico
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Felipe Birriel
Tallest Puerto Rican recorded.
1916–1994 (78)

India
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Asadulla Khan
Tallest man in India.[14]
1988–

Soviet Union
240 cm
7 ft 10 in
Alexander Sizonenko
Soviet Union basketball player.[15]
1959–2012 (53)

Egypt
240 cm
7 ft 10 in
Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi
He was billed as 10 ft in his life.[16]
1909–1941 (32)

Belarus
239 cm
7 ft 10 in
Feodor Machnow
Billed as 9 ft 3 in his life.
1878–1912 (34)

Austria-Hungary
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Grgo Kusić
Tallest Croat recorded. Tallest citizen of Austria-Hungary of his time.[17]
1892–1918 (26)

Pakistan
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Naseer Soomro
Tallest confirmed man living in Pakistan.[18][19]
1975–

Netherlands
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Rigardus Rijnhout
Second tallest man in The Netherlands ever; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam. Early June 2011, a life-size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam.[20]
1922–1959 (36)

Japan
237 cm
7 ft 9.3 in
Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka
Tallest man in Japan; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s.[21]
1930–1962 (32)

Mongolia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Öndör Gongor
Very tall man in early-20th century Mongolia. Some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)
1880/85 – 1925/30

United States
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Louis Moilanen
Tallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime. He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall.[22]
1885–1913 (28)

United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Angus MacAskill
Tallest "true" giant (not due to a pathological condition). Tallest Scottish or British man recorded.
1825–1863 (38)

United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Frederick Kempster
Tall Englishman, height disputed between 7 ft 8.5in and 8 ft 4.5in[23]
1889–1918 (29)

United States
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Martin Van Buren Bates
Known as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills.[24]
1837–1919

People's Republic of China
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Bao Xishun
Considered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen.[25]
1951–

People's Republic of China
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Sun Mingming
Chinese basketball player. Formerly second tallest living person.
1983–

Tunisia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Radhouane Charbib
Listed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15, 2005, before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming.[26]
1968–

Germany
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Walter Straub
Tallest man in Germany while he was alive.[27]
1925–1986 (61)

Algeria
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Rachid Bara
Tallest man in Algeria while he was alive.[28]
1974–2009 (35)

Brazil
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Rafael França do Nascimento
Tallest man in Brazil.[29]
1987–

Russia
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Nikolai Pankratov
Tallest man in Russia.[30]
1990–

North Korea
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Ri Myung Hun
Former basketball player with the North Korean national team.
1967–

United States/Ukraine
235 cm
7 ft 8⅓ in
Igor Vovkovinskiy
Currently the tallest person living in the United States. Originally from Ukraine, moved to Rochester, Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic. Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies.[31] Became well known by wearing a T-shirt that read "Obama's Biggest Supporter". Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden, as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine.
1982–

United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Broc Brown
Former tallest teenager in the United States.[32]
1998-

United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Cecil Boling
Was 7'8 but shrank to 7'0 since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5 shorter.[33]
1920–2000 (79)

United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Brenden Adams
Former tallest teenager in the world.
1995–

India
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Polipaka Gattaiah
Tallest Indian.[34]
1975–2015

Ivory Coast
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Abdramane Dembele
Tallest man in Ivory Coast.[35]
1985–

United States
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
George Bell
Former Tallest living American.[36]
1957–

Fiji
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Kaliova Seleiwau
Tallest living Fijian.[37]
1981–

Austria
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Adam Rainer
Only person known to have been both a dwarf and giant. He was 118 cm (3 ft 10 in) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm (7 ft 8 in) when he died, having doubled his height as an adult.
1899–1950 (51)

Pakistan
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Alam Channa
Pakistani, considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998.[38]
1953–1998 (46)

Iceland
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Jóhann K. Pétursson
Was the tallest person in Iceland.
1913–1984 (71)

Japan
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Yasutaka Okayama
Tallest living Japanese. Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history.[39][40][41][42]
1954–

United States
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Bob Wegner
Tallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals.[43]

Austria-Hungary
233.7 cm
7 ft 8 in
Franz Winkelmeier
One of the tallest people in his time.[44]
1860–1887

Spain
233.5 cm
7 ft 8 in
Miguel Joaquín de Eleicegui
Tallest man recorded in Spain.[45]
1818–1861 (43)

Spain
233 cm
7 ft 7.7 in
Jaime Clemente Izquierdo
Spain's tallest man in his lifetime.[46]
1961–2005 (44)

Spain
233 cm
7 ft 7½ in
Agustín Luengo Capilla
Circus performer. Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.[47]
1849–1875 (26)

United States
232 cm
7 ft 7½ in
Jack Earle
Jacob Rheuben Ehrlich. American silent film actor and sideshow performer.
1906–1952 (46)

Somalia
233 cm
7 ft 7.4 in
Hussain Bisad
Somalia, considered to be one of the tallest living men.
1975–

United Kingdom
233 cm
7 ft 7.4 in
Neil Fingleton
Tallest division 1 basketball player. Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series 'Game of Thrones' [48][49]
1980–2017 (36)

China
233 cm
7 ft 7 in
Wang Feng-Jun
Asia's tallest man in 2004.[50]
1976–2015 (39)

Malta
233 cm
7 ft 7 in
Samuel Deguara
Malta and Italy's tallest man.[51]
1991-

Argentina
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Jorge González
Tallest wrestler in WWE history.
1966–2010 (44)

United Kingdom
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Paul Sturgess
Tied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S.[52]
1987–

United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Kenny George
Second tallest Division I basketball player (Neil Fingleton).[53]
1987–

United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Lock Martin
He played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still.[54]
1916–1959

Ireland
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Charles Byrne
Skeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum.
1761–1783 (22)

United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Max Palmer
Actor and pro wrestler. Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in, claimed 8 ft 1 in. Film Bio - Killer Apes, Invaders From Mars.[55]
1927–1984 (57)

Romania
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Gheorghe Mureșan
Tied for tallest in NBA history.
1971–

Sudan
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Manute Bol
Tied for tallest in NBA history.
1962–2010 (48)

Belgium
230 cm
7 ft 6.75 in
Alain Delaunois
Tallest living Belgian.[56]
1971–

Azerbaijan
230 cm
7 ft 7 in
Aleksandar Rindin
Tallest man in Azerbaijan.[57]
1985–

Armenia
230 cm
7 ft 7 in
Arshavir Grigoryan
Tallest man in Armenia.[58]
1990–

Brazil
230 cm
7 ft 6.6 in
Joélisson Fernandes da Silva
Tallest living Brazilian.[59]
1991–

Montenegro
230 cm
7 ft 6.5 in
Slavko Vraneš
Tallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team, former player in the NBA
1983–

Romania
230 cm
7 ft 6.55 in
Robert Bobroczky
Romanian basketball player that was 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) in late 2014, aged 14.[60]
2000

Vietnam
229 cm
7 ft 6.25 in
Trần Thành Phố
Was the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010[61]
1947–2010 (63)

Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6.25 in
Malik Sidibe
Tallest basketball player in Senegal.[62]
1985–

United Kingdom
229 cm
7 ft 6¼ in
Christopher Greener
Formerly Britain's tallest man
1943–2015 (71)

Algeria
229 cm
7 ft 6⅕ in
Saad Kaiche
Former basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo.[63][64]
1985–

United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Ralph Madsen
Billed as 7 ft 6in.[65]
1897–1948

People's Republic of China
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Yao Ming
Was the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011.
1980–

United States/Germany
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Shawn Bradley
Former player in the NBA, 1993–2005, tallest living German (holding dual citizenship).
1972–

Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Moussa Seck
Tallest basketball player in Senegal.[66]
1986–

United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Matthew McGrory
Was the world's tallest actor when he died in 2005.[67]
1973–2005

Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Mamadou N'Diaye
Was the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US.[68]
1993–

United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Conrad Furrows
He was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows.[69]
1922–1967

Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Tacko Fall
Is the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014.[70]
1995–

Russia
229 cm
7 ft 5.8 in
Sergey Ilin
Tallest basketball player in Russia.[71]
1988–

Spain
229 cm
7 ft 5.8 in(?)
Fermín Arrudi Urieta
Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.
1870–1913 (42)

Democratic Republic of Congo
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Bienvenu Letuni
Tallest basketball player in DRC[72]
1994–

Poland
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Eugeniusz Taraciński
Tallest man in Poland while he was alive.[73]
1928–1978 (50)

Colombia
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Asdrúbal Herrera Mora
Tallest living Colombian. Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay[74]
1986–

Slovak Republic
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Martin Miklosik
Tallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic.[75]
1986–

Peru
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Margarito Machacuay
Tied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth tallest in the Americas.[76]
1965–

text: Women

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan (age of death)

People's Republic of China
248 cm
8 ft 1 ¾ in
Zeng Jinlian
Confirmed by Guinness World Records as tallest female ever. Suffered from spine curvature and could not stand at full height. Tallest recorded Chinese person and world's tallest person shortly before her death.
1964–1982 (17)

Canada
243 cm
7 ft 11 in
Anna Haining Bates
Second tallest woman and tallest woman in her lifetime. She and Martin Van Buren Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[77]
1846–1888 (41)

United Kingdom
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Jane Bunford
Tallest recorded English person and possibly the world's tallest person at the time of her death. Given height is adjusted for spinal curvature; peak standing height was 7 ft 10 in (239 cm).[78]
1895–1922 (27)

People's Republic of China
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Yao Defen
Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records, until her death on November 13, 2012.
1972–2012 (40)

United States
231.78 cm
7 ft 7 ¼ in
Sandy Allen
Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records, until her death on August 13, 2008.[79]
1955–2008 (53)

Greece
229.87 cm
7 ft 6.5 in
Wassiliki Calliandji
Tallest woman in Greece.[80]
1882–1904 (22)

People's Republic of China
221 cm
7 ft 3 in
Sun Fang
Tallest living woman.[81]
1987-

text: Disputed and unverified claims

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan (age at death)

France
350 cm
11 ft 6 in
Giant of Castelnau
Height estimate based on bone fragments found at the Neolithic cemetery of Castelnau-le-Lez, excavated in 1890 by Georges Vacher de Lapouge and published in the journal La Nature, Vol. 18, 1890.[82]
Unknown - Neolithic France

Russia/Belarus
283 cm
9 ft 3 in
Feodor Machnow
Height not confirmed.
1878–1912 (34)

England
282 cm
9 ft 3 in
John Middleton
The Childe of Hale
Written on his grave is Here lyeth the bodie of John Middleton, the Childe of Hale, nine feet three. Height not officially confirmed.
1578–1623 (45)

United States
274 cm
8 ft 11.5 in
John Aasen
American silent film actor, height is not officially confirmed. His skeleton was measured at 7 ft 2.4 in
1890–1938 (48)

Thailand
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Pornchai Sawsri
Claimed to measure 269 cm (8'10) at age 26 in September 2015.[83] He was measured at 257 cm (8'5") by Thai authorities for his ID card renewal in October 2013.[84]
1990?–2015[85]

Egypt
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Sa’id Muhammad Ghazi
Claimed 8'10", but was later measured at 7'11" (242 cm).[86]
1909–1941 (32)

Ireland
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Patrick Murphy
Claimed 8'10", but was later measured at 7'3.4" (222 cm). Height is not officially confirmed.
1834–1862 (28)

Italy
259 cm
8 ft 6 in
Maximinus Thrax
Emperor of Rome, first ever recorded person with gigantism.
173–238

Iran
259 cm
8 ft 5.9 in
Siah Khan Ibn Kashmir Khan
When he was admitted to hospital in 1933 he turned out to be 'only' 7'2.6" (220 cm) tall .[87]
1912–1938

Ukraine
257 cm
8 ft 5.5 in
Leonid Stadnyk
Refused to undergo independent testing under Guinness World Records rules, so his claim is not recognized by Guinness World Records.
1970–2014 (44)

Pakistan
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Ajaz Ahmed
Claims actually to be 8 feet 4 inches, but this is unverified by Guinness World Records. He claims that he is still growing.
1976–

Netherlands
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Trijntje Keever
Tallest recorded woman. Not confirmed by Guinness World Records.[88][89]
1616–1633 (17)

United States
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Ella Ewing
Claims 8 feet 4 inches, however measured at 7 feet 4.5 inches. Her mother describes her full height at 8 feet 4 inches.
1872–1913 (41)

Bangladesh
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Parimal Barman
Claims of being 8 feet 3 inches, not confirmed.
1962–1991 (29)

United States
248 cm
8 ft 2 in
Henry Hite
Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches, not confirmed.
1915–1978 (63)

India
248 cm
8 ft 2 in
Jitendra Singh
Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches, but was later measured at 7'7" (231 cm)[90]
1971–

Finland
247 cm
8 ft 1.4 in
Daniel Cajanus
Height not officially confirmed.[91] He was only 7 ft 8 in (234 cm) according to the London Annual Register.[92]
1703–1749 (46)

People's Republic of China
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Zhao Liang
Height not officially confirmed. A circus performer.
1982–

Finland
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Louis Moilanen
Big Louie
Height not officially confirmed.[93]
1886–1913 (27)

China
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Zhan Shichai
Height not officially confirmed.[94]
1841–1893 (52)

Turkey
244.4 cm
8 ft 0 in
Barth's Giant
Skeleton of reputed Giant "Hayduk", Turkish soldier displayed at Vienna's Anatomical museum in 1904. Height estimated from Femur and Tibia at 235.2 to 244.4 cm tall.[95]
c. 1683

Algeria
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Mounir Fourar
Height not officially confirmed.[96]
1972–2012 (40)

Indonesia
242 cm
7 ft 11 in
Musutaman
Height not officially confirmed.[97]
1962–?

Sweden
242 cm
7 ft 11 in
Gustaf Edman
Height not officially confirmed.[98]
1882–1912 (30)

Mongolia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Öndör Gongor
Tall Gongor
Was measured by Roy Chapman Andrews, but some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)
1879–1931 (52)

United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Frederick Kempster
Claimed to be 8 ft 4.5 in. Height not officially confirmed.[99]
1889–1918 (29)

Ireland
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Cornelius McGrath
Measurement according to the London Annual Register.[92]
1737–1759 (22)

Spain
222–234 cm
7 ft 3 in - 7 ft 7 in
Sancho VII of Navarre
Height estimated by Luis del Campo in 1952, from a measurement of his femur recorded in 1622.[100]
1170-1234 (64)

text: Tallest in varied fields or endeavors

text: Tallest in various sports

text:
Country
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan
Photo

Libya
246 cm (8 ft 1 in)
Suleiman Ali Nashnush
Tallest basketball player.
1943–1991

Iran
246 cm (8 ft 1 in)[101]
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest Paralympian.[102]
1987–

Romania
242 cm (7 ft 11 in)
Gogea Mitu
Tallest professional boxer.
1914–1936

People's Republic of China
236 cm (7 ft 9 in)
Sun Mingming
Tallest active professional basketball player.
1983–

Canada
233 cm (7 ft 8 in)
Édouard Beaupré
Tallest strongman and tallest wrestler.
1881–1904

Romania
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Gheorghe Mureșan
Retired professional basketball player. Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.
1971–

Sudan
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Manute Bol
Retired professional basketball player. Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.
1962–2010

Argentina
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Jorge González
Tallest wrestler in WWE history
1966–2010

Latvia
221 cm (7 ft 3 in)
Kristaps Porziņģis
Tied for tallest active NBA player.
1995–

Serbia
221 cm (7 ft 3 in)
Boban Marjanović
Tied for tallest active NBA player.
1988–

Brazil
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)
Giant Silva
Tallest kickboxer and mixed martial artist.
1963–

Poland
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)
Małgorzata "Margo" Dydek
Tallest player in WNBA history.
1974–2011

Russia
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)[103]
Dmitriy Muserskiy
Tallest volleyball player.
1988–

India
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Dalip Singh Rana
Tallest active wrestler.
1972–

Pakistan
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Mohammad Irfan
Tallest international cricketer[104]
1982–

Philippines
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
E.J. Feihl
Tallest basketball player in PBA history. (tied with Greg Slaughter)
1970–

Philippines
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Greg Slaughter
Tallest basketball player in PBA history. (tied with E.J. Feihl)
1988–

Netherlands
215 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Loek van Mil
Tallest baseball player.
1984–

United Kingdom
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Richard Metcalfe
Tallest rugby union player.
1973–

Netherlands
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Ted van der Parre
Tallest World's Strongest Man.
1955–

United States
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Richard Sligh
Tallest American football player in NFL history.
1944–2008

Russia
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Nikolai Valuev
Tallest boxing world champion.
1973–

Netherlands
212 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Semmy Schilt
Tallest kickboxing world champion.
1973–

Netherlands
212 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Stefan Struve
Tallest fighter in the UFC.
1988–

United States
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Jon Rauch
Tallest baseball player in Major League Baseball history.
1978–

Australia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Aaron Sandilands
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1982–

Australia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Peter Street
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1980–

America
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Mason Cox
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1991–

United States
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Reilly Opelka
Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour.
1997–

Croatia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Ivo Karlović
Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour.
1979–

United Kingdom
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Will Carrick-Smith
Tallest active professional rugby union player.
1992–

Lithuania
209 cm (6 ft 10 in)
Rolandas Gimbutis
Tallest Olympic swimmer.
1981–

Belgium
208 cm (6 ft 10 in)
Kristof Van Hout
Tallest association football player.
1987–

Slovakia
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)
Zdeno Chára
Tallest player in National Hockey League history.
1977–

United States
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)
Jared Gaither
Tallest active American football player in the NFL
1986–

Russia
204 cm (6 ft 8 in)
Nelly Alisheva
Tallest female volleyball player.
1983–

Bulgaria
203 cm (6 ft 8 in)
Kotooshu Katsunori
sumo wrestler.
1983–

Germany
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Ingo Schultz
Tallest sprinter.
1975–

Bulgaria
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Velichko Cholakov
Tallest Olympic weightlifter.
1982–

United States
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Phil Blackmar
Tallest golfer on the PGA Tour.
1957–

Switzerland
200 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Ramon Zenhäusern
Tallest World Cup competitor in alpine skiing.
1992–

United States
198 cm (6 ft 6 in)
Buddy Baker
Tallest driver in NASCAR history.
1941–2015

Netherlands
197 cm (6 ft 6 in)
Jens Mouris
Tallest professional cyclist.
1980–

United States
195 cm (6 ft 5 in)
Michael Waltrip
Tallest active driver in NASCAR.
1963–

Croatia
193 cm (6 ft 4 in)
Blanka Vlašić
Tallest female high jumper.
1983–

text: Tallest actors

text:
Country
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan

United Kingdom
7 ft 7½ in (233 cm)
Neil Fingleton
Tallest actor at 233 cm (7 ft 7½ in).[105]
1980–2017

Canada
6 ft 9 in (206 cm)
John De Santis
Tallest Canadian actor at 206 cm (6 ft 9 in).[106]
1977–2017

United States
6 ft 8 1/2 in (204 cm)
Brad Garrett
Tallest Emmy Award winning actor at 204 cm (6 ft 8 1/2 in).[107]
1960–

United States
6 ft 8.25 in (203.84 cm)
Lindsay Kay Hayward
Tallest actress in a leading role[108]
1987–[109]

United Kingdom
6 ft 7 in (201 cm)
Stephen Merchant
Tallest British Academy Film Awards winner
1974 -

United States
6 ft 7 in (201 cm)
James Cromwell
Tallest Academy Award nominated actor at 201 cm (6 ft 7 in).
1940–

United States
6 ft 5 in (195 cm)
Tim Robbins
Tallest Academy Award-winning actor at 195 cm (6 ft 5 in).
1958–

text: Tallest people presently living in varied nations

text:
Pakistan
8 ft 4 in (254 cm)
Ajaz Ahmed
Tallest living in Pakistan at 254 cm (8 ft 4 in). Height unverified. He claims that he is still growing.
1975–

Turkey
8 ft 3 in (251 cm)
Sultan Kösen
Tallest Turkish at 251 cm (8 ft 3 in).[3]
1982–

Morocco
8 ft 1 in (247 cm)
Brahim Takioullah
Tallest Moroccan at 246 cm and second tallest person(8 ft 1 in)[6]
1982–

Iran
8 ft 1 in (246 cm)
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest live in Iran at 246 cm (8 ft 1 in).[87]
1987–

People's Republic of China
7 ft 11 in (242 cm)
Zhang Juncai
Tallest living Chinese at 242 cm (7 ft 11 in).
1983–

Tunisia
7 ft 8.5 in (235 cm)
Radhouane Charbib
Tallest Tunisian and the tallest living person in Africa[26]
1968–

Somalia
7 ft 8½ in (236 cm)
Hussain Bisad
Tallest Somali at 236 cm (7 ft 8.5 in).
1975–

North Korea
7 ft 8.5 in (235 cm)
Ri Myung Hun
Tallest North Korean at 235 cm (7 ft 8.5 in).
1967–

United Kingdom
7 ft 8⅓ in (235 cm)
Paul Sturgess
Tallest British at 235 cm (7 ft 8⅓ in).
1987–

United States
7 ft 8⅓ in (235 cm)
Igor Vovkovinskiy
Tallest American at 235 cm (7 ft 8⅓ in).
1982–

Myanmar
7 ft 7.5 in (233 cm)
Win Zaw Oo
Also known as 'Big Zaw', who is currently seeking medical treatment from 2013 in Singapore. Tallest man in Burma
1977-

Romania
7 ft 7 in (231 cm)
Gheorghe Mureșan
Tallest Romanian at 231 cm (7 ft 7 in).
1971–

Brazil
7 ft 6.6 in (230 cm)
Joelisson Fernandes da Silva
Tallest Brazilian at 230 cm (7 ft 6.6 in)[59]
1991–

Montenegro
7 ft 6 in (230 cm)
Slavko Vranes
Tallest basketball player in Montenegro
1983–

Malta
7 ft 6 in (230 cm)
Samuel Deguara
Tallest basketball player in Malta
1991–

Japan
7 ft 6 in (228 cm)
Yasutaka Okayama
Tallest Japanese to be drafted into the NBA at 228 cm (7 ft 6 in).
1954–

Canada
7 ft 6 in (228 cm)
Jerry Sokoloski
Tallest Canadian at 228 cm (7 ft 6 in).
1983–

New Zealand
7 ft 4.5 in (225 cm)
Jonty Butterfield
Tallest New Zealander at 229 cm (7 ft 6.15 in).[110]
1994–

Ireland
7 ft 4.5 in (225 cm)
Shaun Aisbitt
Tallest Man in Ireland [111]
1962–

Puerto Rico
7 ft 3.5 in (222 cm)
Peter John Ramos
Tallest Puerto Rican at 222 cm (7 ft 3.5 in).
1985–

Australia
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Sam Harris
Tallest Australian at 221 cm (7 ft 3 in).
1984–

Philippines
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Raul Dillo
Said to be the tallest Filipino at 221 cm (7 ft 4 in) when he was measured at age 17.[112][113]
1991–

Spain
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Roberto Dueñas Hernández
Tallest Spanish basketball player ever (now retired). Currently the tallest man alive in Spain.
1975–


document_title: Everybody Hates Chris

question_text: when was the last episode of everybody hates chris

text: Everybody Hates Chris

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Everybody Hates Chris received critical acclaim. The American Film Institute selected Everybody Hates Chris as one of the best 10 television series of 2007, stating that the show "provides a very real look at growing up in America – a challenge that demands a discussion of race and class often absent from television today."[6] Everybody Hates Chris was named one of the Best School Shows of All Time by AOL TV.[7] Common Sense Media's Marjorie Kase and Shanel Walker & Emily Kofoed gave the show 4 stars, and said it was "a prime example of how to take serious issues and approach them in a humorous yet thought-provoking way. The series is innovative, funny, and stereotype-defying – enjoyable for teens and their parents."

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: U.S. broadcast history[edit]

text: UPN

text: September 2005 – May 2006: Thursdays 8:00 PM/7:00 PM (new)

text: The CW

text:
October 1, 2006 – October 8, 2006: Sundays 7:00 PM/6:00 PM (new)
October 16, 2006 – March 2008: Mondays 8:00 PM/7:00 PM (new)
March 2008 – May 2008: Sundays 8:00 PM/7:00 PM (new)
October 2008 – November 2008: Fridays 8:00 PM/7:00 PM (new)
December 2008 – May 2009: Sundays 5:00 PM/4:00 PM (New)
September 2009 – present: syndication[8]

text: MTV, MTV2 & TV One

text: As of 2014 MTV has stopped airing Everybody Hates Chris. The show airs on MTV 2 at random times during the day and week.

text: Fuse

text: As of 2015, Fuse airs the show at random times during the day and week.

text: Nielsen stars[edit]

text:
Season

Time Slot (ET/PT)

Season Premiere

Season Finale

TV Season

Rank

Viewers(in millions)

1

Thursday 8:00 PM

September 22, 2005

May 11, 2006

2005–2006

#120

4.3

2

Sunday 7:00 PM (October 1–8, 2006)
Monday 8:00 PM (October 16, 2006 – May 14, 2007)

October 1, 2006

May 14, 2007

2006–2007

#137

2.7

3

Monday 8:00 PM (October 1– December 10, 2007)
Sunday 8:00 PM (March 2 – May 18, 2008)

October 1, 2007

May 18, 2008

2007–2008

#198

2.3

4

Friday 8:00 PM

October 3, 2008

May 8, 2009

2008–2009

#176

1.7

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The show airs regularly on broadcast TV during the week. The show was launched on September 7, 2009 on Nick at Nite, becoming the youngest syndicated show on the channel, beating George Lopez (later beaten by The Goldbergs and Mom, which both premiered in 2013). The series has since expanded from Nick at Nite, and has joined sister network TeenNick, with the first run from July 18, 2011 to August 15, 2011. The show was then replaced by Zoey 101.

text: The show also aired on YTV in Canada, and now airs on Much in that country. MTV2 also aired episodes of the show, usually in the early morning hours. It aired on TV One until 2016. Now, the series reruns on Up and Fuse. In 2017, VH1 started airing reruns every morning. In 2018, the series reruns on BET.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Everybody Hates Chris won a NAACP Image Award for its writing in 2007. It has also been nominated for many Golden Globe and Emmy Awards. In December 2008, Entertainment Weekly lists the Kwanzaa episode from this show as seventh on the magazine's "Must List: 10 Holiday Things We Love."[9]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Boldface type indicates a win.

text: Golden Globes

text: Emmy Awards

text: Writers Guild of America

text: Young Artist Awards

text: Television Critics Association Awards

text: Teen Choice Awards

text: Image Awards

text:
Environmental Media Awards
2008 – Episodic Comedy (Nominated)
Satellite Awards

text: People's Choice Awards

text: Motion Picture Sound Editors

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Everybody Hates Chris has been released on Region 1 and Region 2, also available on the iTunes Store.

text:
DVD name
Ep#
Release date
Technical detailsBonus features

The Complete First Season

22

October 10, 2006

4-Disc Set; Aspect ratio: 1.66:1; Language & Subtitles: English; Running time: 320 minutesEverybody Hates the Making of Everybody Hates Chris; Everybody Hates the Set; Everybody Hates Video Cameras; Everybody Hates the Music; Everybody Hates Tichina's Theme Song; Everybody Hates Ali's Photos; Everybody Hates Bloopers; Deleted Scenes; Auditions

The Complete Second Season

22

October 9, 2007

4-Disc Set; Aspect ratio: 1.33:1; Language & Subtitles: English; Running time: 457 minutesEverybody Hates the Cast and the Crew Again; Everybody Hates a Day in the Life of Tyler James Williams; Everybody Hates Mr. Omar's Women; Everybody Hates Vincent's School Tour; Everybody Hates Stand-Ins; Everybody Hates Caruso-isms; Everybody Hates Mrs. Morello's Racism; Everybody Hates Wardrobe; Gag Reel

The Complete Third Season

22

August 26, 2008

4-Disc Set; Aspect ratio: 2.35:1; Language & Subtitles: English; Running time: 320 minutes

The Complete Fourth Season

22

August 18, 2009

4-Disc Set; Aspect ratio: 2.35:1; Language & Subtitles: English; Running time: 320 minutes

The Complete Series

88

August 18, 2009

16-Disc Set; Aspect ratio: 2.35:1 ; Language & Subtitles: English; Running time: 1819 minutes Same Bonus Features as the Individual Season Sets

text:
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