document_title: Languages of Argentina

question_text: what type of spanish is spoken in argentina

text: Languages of Argentina

text: Spanish[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Argentina is predominantly a Spanish-speaking country — the fourth largest after Mexico, Spain, and Colombia (according to a compilation of national census figures and United Nations estimates, see List of countries with Spanish-speaking populations). Based on the 2010 national census and supporting research, there are about 40.9 million Spanish speakers in Argentina (almost the entire population).[3][4]

text: Argentina is one of several Spanish-speaking countries (along with Uruguay, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras and Costa Rica) that almost universally use what is known as voseo—the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú (the familiar "you") as well as its corresponding verb forms. The most prevalent dialect is Rioplatense, whose speakers are located primarily in the basin of the Río de la Plata.

text: A phonetic study conducted by the Laboratory for Sensory Investigations of [CONICET] and the University of Toronto[5] showed that the intonation Porteño Spanish is unlike that of other Spanish varieties, and suggested that it may be a result of convergence with Italian. Italian immigration influenced Lunfardo, the slang spoken in the Río de la Plata region, permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other regions as well.

text: As in other large countries, the accents vary depending on geographical location. Extreme differences in pronunciation can be heard within Argentina. One notable pronunciation difference found in Argentina is the “sh” sounding y and ll. In most Spanish speaking countries the letters y and ll are pronounced somewhat like the “y” in yo-yo, however in most parts of Argentina they are pronounced like “sh” in English (such as "shoe") or like "zh" (such as the sound the <s> makes in "measure").

text: As previously mentioned voseo is commonly used in Argentina. See the article on voseo for more details.

text: In many of the central and north-eastern areas of the country the trilled /r/ takes on the same sound as the <ll> and <y> ('zh' - a voiced palatal fricative sound, similar to the "s" in the English pronunciation of the word "vision".) For Example, “Río Segundo” sounds like “Zhio Segundo” and “Corrientes” sounds like “Cozhientes”.

text: The ISO639 code for Argentine Spanish is "es-AR".

text: Italian[edit]

text: Argentina has more than 1,500,000 Italian speakers; this tongue is the second most spoken language in the nation as a native language.[6][A] Italian immigration, which effectively began in the middle of the 19th century and reached its peak in the first two decades of the 20th century, made a lasting and significant impact on the pronunciation and vernacular of Argentina's variety of Spanish, giving it an Italian flair. In fact, Italian dialects (not Standard Italian) have contributed so much to Rioplatense that many foreigners mistake it for Italian.[citation needed]

text: Levantine Arabic[edit]

text: There are around one million Levantine Arabic speakers in Argentina,[2] as a result of immigration from the Middle East, mostly from Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine.

text: More than 100,000 speakers[edit]

text: Quechua[edit]

text: South Bolivian Quechua is a Quechuan language spoken by some 800,000 people, mostly immigrants who have arrived in the last years. There are an estimated 70,000 speakers in Salta Province. The language is also known as Central Bolivian Quechua, which has six dialects. It is classified as a Quechua II language and is referred to as Quechua IIC by linguists.

text: German[edit]

text: Standard German is spoken by between 400,000[2] and 500,000[7] Argentines of German ancestry, though it has also been stated that there could be as many as 1,800,000.[8]

text: Yiddish[edit]

text: There are around 200,000 Yiddish speakers in Argentina.[7]

text: Guaraní[edit]

text: Guaraní is spoken by 200,000 people,[6] mostly in Corrientes (where it is official de jure) and Misiones.[9]

text: Catalan[edit]

text: There are 174,000 speakers of the Catalan language.[6]

text: Mapudungun[edit]

text: Mapudungun is spoken by 100,000 Mapuche people in the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Buenos Aires, and La Pampa.

text: More than 1,000 speakers[edit]

text: Chinese is spoken by at least half of the over 60,000 Chinese immigrants, mostly in Buenos Aires.[10]

text: Wichí is an indigenous language spoken by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco[6] where, along with Kom and Moqoit, it is official de jure.[11]

text: Vlax Romani is spoken by 52,000 people.[6]

text: Japanese is spoken by 32,000 people.[6]

text: Ukrainian is spoken by 27,000 people.[6]

text: Welsh is spoken by over 5,000 people in Chubut province.[12] Some districts have recently incorporated it as an educational language.[13]

text: Mocoví is spoken by 4,525 people in Santa Fe Province, while Mbyá Guaraní has 3,000 speakers in the northeast.[2] Pilagá is spoken by about 2,000 people in the Chaco.[2] There are 1,500 Iyo'wujwa Chorote speakers, 50% of whom are monolingual;[2] Iyo'wujwa Chorote is spoken in the Chaco region and along the Pilcomayo river.[14]

text: More than 100 speakers[edit]

text: Several Native American languages spoken in Argentina by the native people (1% of the population) are declining at rates that may result in only a handful of speakers within a generation.[citation needed] Kaiwá has 512 speakers, Nivaclé 200, Tapieté and Wichí Lhamtés Nocten only 100. These indigenous languages have suffered slow linguistic and cultural genocide. In this category in terms of number of speakers, one can also include some immigrant languages for instance Plautdietsch with only 140.

text: Endangered languages[edit]

text: Some languages are critically endangered, spoken only by a handful of isolated elderly people whose children do not speak the language;[2] they are likely to become dead languages once the remaining speakers die. Vilela has about 20 speakers; Puelche has 5 or 6 speakers; in 2000 Tehuelche had 4 speakers, out of about 200 ethnic Tehuelche people, (2000 W. Adelaar); and in 1991 Selk'nam (also known as Ona) had 1 to 3 speakers and is nearly extinct; full blooded Ona people are already extinct. Most endangered speakers speak[citation needed].

text: Extinct languages[edit]

text: Abipón, Cacán, Chané and Haush are now extinct languages that were spoken by people indigenous to Argentina before European contact. Very little is known of Cacán and Chané.

text: The Abipón language was a Native American language of the Mataco–Guaycuru family that was spoken by the Abipón people.[15]

text: Cacán was spoken by Diaguita and Calchaquí aboriginals, and became extinct during the late 17th century or early 18th century; the only manuscript documenting this language was lost, and now there is not enough information to make it possible to link it to any existing language family.[16]

text: Chané was spoken in the Salta Province, and was either a dialect of or closely related to the Terena language of the Arawakan language family.[2]

text: The Haush language, belonging to the Chonan family, was an indigenous language spoken by the Haush people and was formerly spoken on the island of Tierra del Fuego.[17]

text: Cocoliche, a Spanish-Italian creole, was spoken mainly by first and second-generation immigrants from Italy, but is no longer in daily use; it is sometimes used in comedy. Some Cocoliche terms were adopted into Lunfardo slang.[citation needed]

text: Other languages[edit]

text: Catalan, Occitan, Turoyo, Ukrainian, and Vlax Romani are all reportedly spoken, but the number of speakers are not known.[2] Many Aymará speakers have migrated to Argentina for sugar mill and other work; of more than 2.2 million speakers globally, many are in Argentina.[18] There are Mandarin-, Cantonese-, Japanese-, Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)-, Korean-, Slovak- and Russian-speaking immigrant communities.[citation needed] Chiripá is also spoken.[19] The Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect (Argentine-Swiss German dialect) was introduced by Swiss immigrants.


document_title: Angela Martin

question_text: whose baby is angela having on the office

root

text: Angela Martin

text: Overview[edit]

text: Angela Martin is the head of the accounting department at the Scranton branch of the fictitious paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, extension 128. Cold, condescending, judgmental and uptight, Angela is often negative and frowns upon all frivolous activity in the office, and openly expressed her disapproval of office receptionist Pam Beesly’s flirtation with coworker Jim Halpert. She also frowns upon any sort of superfluousness or inappropriateness in general. Like Dwight, Angela has little sense of humour and almost never smiles or expresses happiness, except when she is talking about her cats or is expressing derisive contempt for her co-workers. Angela is attracted to shows of power, extremely secretive with her other emotions, and vengeful when upset.

tag: p

text: Biography[edit]

text: In addition to heading the accounting department, Angela is also the former head of the Party Planning Committee and the office's Safety Officer. She is a constant source of complaints to Human Resources, although she retracts those lodged against Dwight Schrute at the onset of their secret romance. Angela lives with several cats, adores posters of infants posed as adults, and is a vegetarian and a singer. When she makes a mistake, Angela's first response is usually to shift the blame to someone else, along with an insult. Angela's extreme religious homophobia makes her dislike Will & Grace (although she says it's because it's "terribly loud"), except for the scenes with Harry Connick, Jr. ("He's so talented"). She is a former child beauty pageant contestant, and says that she enjoys being judged. She tends to list colors that she finds "whorish", including orange and green, that always seem to correspond to the color of clothes being worn by either Phyllis or Meredith. Angela bottles up her emotions to the point that, on occasion, she has private, emotional outbursts over relatively trivial matters. She also seems to be something of a conservative (albeit hypocritical) Christian. She states that the two books she would bring with her to read if stranded on a deserted island are the Bible and The Purpose Driven Life. Further, she would bring The Da Vinci Code, but only so she could burn it. She despises the mystery novel genre because, in her words, "I hate being titillated."  However, in a deleted scene from "Dream Team", she says her new boss Charles Miner is mysterious and wants to flip to "his last page". In a deleted scene from Season 3, Angela glowingly compares Dwight to Fox News commentator Sean Hannity. She says in Prince Family Paper that her ideal of male beauty is Boris Becker.

text: She was mainly seen as a minor character in the first two seasons but since starting her relationship with Dwight her character has been explored numerous times and has been so further since their break-up in Fun Run.  Throughout season 3 and carrying on into season 4, Angela essentially became the second lead female of the show, after Pam Beesly.

text: Angela has a sister to whom she was very close but has not spoken in sixteen years over a disagreement she does not even remember, a situation that she regards with a great deal of pride. She appears unable to apologize, as further detailed in "Product Recall" when she cannot bring herself to say sorry on behalf of the company (saying instead "our official position is apologetic"), and in "The Return" when she uses a wordy, third-person monologue as a way of apologizing to Oscar for being homophobic. She did, however, say she was sorry to Kevin for being "mean" twice in "The Accountants." She has a second sister who she is also very close with, who is her maid of honor at her wedding during the series finale.

text: It was revealed in "Traveling Salesmen" and confirmed in "The Return" and "Happy Hour" that her middle name is Noelle.

text: Angela drives a light brown first generation Ford Focus sedan, as seen in "The Dundies" and "The Client". In the season six episode "Niagara", she is seen to drive a second generation Saturn S-Series (which Oscar's lover Gill used to drive).

text: Angela's petite size is a running gag of the show. Angela claims to weigh eighty-two pounds and wears a child's size ten ("Women's Appreciation"). In addition, because she finds the clothes at Gap Kids to sometimes be too "flashy", she occasionally shops at the American Girl store, buying items meant for "large colonial dolls". Michael has twice made fun of her stature, nicknaming her "Booster Seat" in reference to small children having to sit on one in restaurants. He later "roasted" her during "Stress Relief" by saying he couldn't see her when she was hiding behind a grain of rice. Her 5'1" height is sharply contrasted to 6'1" Dwight.

text: Angela ruled (in seasons 1-4) the Party Planning Committee (PPC) with an iron fist. Usually when a committee member suggests an idea, Angela immediately shoots it down with a mean comment or sharp rebuke. The PPC normally consists of Angela, Pam, Phyllis, and Meredith, although Meredith was naturally not present when the committee planned her surprise birthday party. Karen became a regular member of the PPC when she was transferred to Scranton, but was expelled by Angela for her "unsuitable" ideas during "A Benihana Christmas". Ryan joined the committee to help plan the Christmas Party, and Oscar joined it to help plan his own "Welcome Back" party ("The Return"). Angela was particularly hard on Phyllis during "Launch Party" and was left with a huge burden when Phyllis got fed up and quit the PPC.

text: It is implied in the webisode series, Blackmail, that she has or had a clandestine sexual relationship with her church pastor when Creed hands out envelopes containing incriminating information on several of his peers and Meredith opens her envelope and asks "Who's Pastor Davis?" prompting Creed to switch the envelopes between Angela and Meredith. After reading the note, Angela appears to be heavily embarrassed.

text: In The Chump, Angela reveals that her four cats are named "Ember, Milky Way, Diane, and Lumpy".

text: In the season eight premiere Angela is married to Robert and pregnant. She is pregnant with her first child but she has a step son with Robert. Angela wanted to name her son "Philip" after her cat, but Pam (who is pregnant with her 2nd child) wanted the name "Philip" after her grandfather. Angela tried browbeating Pam into giving up the name rights—in a deleted scene, she said Jim wouldn't take care of the name because "he can't even get a decent haircut!"—and after Pam rebuffed her, threatened to take the name first by having a C-section done (even though she would only be six months' pregnant at the time). In the end, both children are named Philip.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Dwight[edit]

text: Dwight is the only person that Angela likes in the office. It is shown in "E-mail Surveillance" that Dwight and Angela have begun a romantic relationship. Although she has said she loves Dwight and cares about him, she refuses to tell anyone about their relationship, and is often made uncomfortable by Dwight's passion for her. Their relationship is seemingly summarized in "A.A.R.M.": when Dwight tells her that yelling through a megaphone expresses "how loudly I love you", Angela meekly whispers "It's too loud." In "Traveling Salesman" Angela forgets to send an accounting folder to corporate, so Dwight drives to New York and gives the folder to them. After Dwight is told he would be fired if he didn't tell Michael why he went to New York, he keeps their relationship secret out of respect for Angela. Angela later tells Michael what happened, but still doesn't reveal their relationship. In "Fun Run" Angela asks Dwight to feed her cat Sprinkles, who is terminally ill, but Dwight kills it in a misguided act of mercy, which causes Angela to break up with him. After Angela begins a relationship with Andy in Season 4, she stops dating Dwight, but at the end of "Goodbye Toby" Phyllis sees Angela cheating on Andy with Dwight. Dwight ends their affair in "The Duel" after learning that she has been having sexual relations with Andy. In "The Delivery" Dwight, who wants to improve his sales by having a child, asks Angela to have his baby. The two write up a contract and plan to have a baby together, but in "Happy Hour", Dwight hooks up with Pam's friend Isabel, and tells Angela he doesn't want her to have his baby. In "The Chump" the two call in a lawyer, and Angela refuses to release him from the contract unless he agrees to have sex with her five times. She later voids the contract after meeting Senator Robert Lipton. After she gives birth (Jury Duty), Dwight realizes the baby was conceived before her marriage to Robert and makes the assumption that he, not Robert, is the father. Angela and Dwight go through a paternity test and in "New Guys" it is revealed that Dwight is not Philip's father. In "A.A.R.M." Dwight proposes to Angela, and she accepts. She then tells Dwight that she lied before and Dwight is Philip's father. Angela tells him that she wanted to make sure that Dwight wanted to marry her for no other reason than for love.[1]

text: Pam[edit]

text: Angela generally disapproves of Pam because of "all the people" she has dated in the office. She even calls her the "office mattress" in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". Pam originally didn't invite Angela to her wedding with Roy because she didn't want anyone who'd called her a "hussy" to be at her wedding, and assumes it was Angela who filed a complaint with Toby over her at-work wedding planning (it turned out that it was Jim who did so). Pam is the first to find out about Dwight and Angela's relationship in "E-mail Surveillance". In "The Injury", when Dwight gets a concussion, Pam notices Angela is upset and comforts her by hinting that Dwight is okay. Their relationship does warm up a little in "Traveling Salesman" in which they share some conversation while getting coffee; in a deleted scene, Angela offers Pam her dominant male cat Ash, but after Pam apologetically declines, Angela's chilly behavior returns. In "Niagara", Angela's complaints lead Pam to bluntly say Angela does not have to come to the wedding; while Angela does arrive with everyone else, her main success there is an offer to chaperone Pam on the pre-wedding night, leading Pam to give up on going out and return to her room. In "Costume Contest", Angela uses a dismissive "blech" term regarding Pam. Ironically, Kinsey and Fischer are close friends in real life.

text: Andy[edit]

text: Angela was in a relationship with Andy throughout Season 4 and carrying on into Season 5. Initially, she dates him on the rebound after a break-up with her boyfriend of two years (Dwight). Scenes imply however that she was beginning to genuinely like him more and more, such as in "Did I Stutter" when Dwight watches the two of them in the break room playing Mad Libs together and laughing. Despite being surprised and shocked by Andy's sudden proposal in "Goodbye Toby", she accepts, and the two are engaged until it comes to a dissolution in "The Duel" when Andy learns she had been having an affair with Dwight.

text: She's later shown to be in a state of depression, and at times openly regrets dating both men. On "Secretary's Day" in Season 6, Andy's new girlfriend Erin finds out about the two's relationship, and publicly demeans Angela in the conference room. Angela has a brief conversation with Erin shortly afterward, where she expresses her humiliation and reminds Erin that she wants to forget the memories of dating him. Andy has rarely talked to Angela or expressed any opinions about her in subsequent episodes. When he quits his job to pursue his dreams of stardom near the series' end, Angela (informed by her own life upheavals) talks to him about not letting pride ruin his life. While Andy assumes she is talking about how their relationship ended and says that is something he does reflect on sometimes, Angela fights through her lingering disgust that she was ever with him and finally tells him, mutedly but sincerely, that she wishes him good luck. Andy is part of Dwight's bachelor party and attends the wedding of his old co-workers.

text: Phyllis[edit]

text: Up until Season 5, Angela is the head of the Party Planning Committee along with Phyllis as her assistant. Angela is patronizing and bossy towards Phyllis, who admits that Angela is hard to deal with and that the two have a severe disliking towards one another. In "Goodbye Toby", Phyllis catches Angela and Dwight having sex in the back of the office (thus cheating on her fiancé at the time) and uses this to blackmail Angela and make her do what she wants. In "New Leads", Michael gives Angela Phyllis' leads, and Angela, in retaliation for all the aggravating tasks she had to endure while under her control, makes her do some accounting work only to shred it later. Phyllis states in "Conflict Resolution" that (even though they constantly butt heads), they are close. By the finale, Phyllis and Angela seemed to have resolved their differences. Angela, incapacitated by a foot injury, apologizes for snapping at Phyllis, who then volunteers to carry Angela down the aisle.

text: Robert Lipton[edit]

text: Angela meets Robert Lipton, who's with his son, at Dwight's hay festival. They get along well, and at the end of the day, he asks for her number. It's later revealed that they've started dating and also that Robert is a state senator. There are strong hints throughout the rest of the season that he's gay, which almost everyone eventually notices. Angela remains oblivious however. In the season 7 finale, he proposes to her and they're officially engaged (marking her second engagement on the show). It was confirmed by Angela Kinsey at the NBC Press Tour that she and Robert will have gotten married over the summer. In the season 8 premiere, it is revealed that Angela and Robert are married and she is pregnant.

text: Other relationships[edit]

text: Angela tends to be somewhat abrasive towards other office workers, often outright insulting them. In the season 3 premiere, she expresses an open homophobia and dislike for Oscar, who is outed as a homosexual. However, it appears that by "The Return" she has decided to overlook her problems with this, helping to plan a party for Oscar's return from vacation. She treats her other accounting colleague, Kevin, with open disdain, although the two are very occasionally seen to show affection for each other, such as in the episode 'Branch Closing', in which they embrace warmly when they learn that the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin is to remain open, or the series 2 episode 'The Injury', in which they are seen smiling and joking together in the background. She has a clear disgust and annoyance with her former boss Michael Scott, often barely able to fathom his ridiculous and time-wasting antics; although she does say she is "thrilled" for Michael and Holly's relationship. In a scene during the extended version of Michael's last episode, she refuses to mention any qualities Michael had, other than the fact that he worked in the same office as she did for nineteen years. Angela also shows concern for Stanley after he suffers a heart attack, trying to protect him from Michael's attempts to "help" him. She strongly disapproves of office romances, playing a game called "Pam-Pong" in which she counts the number of times Jim leaves his desk to talk to Pam (as mentioned above, Angela referred to Pam as the "office mattress"). Somewhat mirroring the relationship between Pam and Toby, throughout the first three seasons Angela is shown to have a crush on Pam's fiancée Roy Anderson, with Roy occasionally showing interest in Angela as well, specifically when asked at one time who in the office he would have sex with besides Pam. During the fifth season, Angela developed a one-sided crush on corporate higher-up Charles Miner. She frequently tried and failed to engage in a relationship with him, often butting heads with Kelly for his affection. It's subtly implied in an online webisode series, "Blackmail", that she has or had a clandestine sexual relationship with her church pastor when Creed hands out envelopes containing incriminating information on several of his peers and Meredith opens her envelope and asks "Who's Pastor Davis?" prompting Creed to switch the envelopes between Angela and Meredith. After reading the note, Angela appears to be heavily embarrassed.

text: Character history[edit]

text: Seasons 1–2[edit]

text: Angela is established as a strict and stubborn office worker, and she is something of a perfectionist. She appears to be a prime example of an authoritarian personality. She is also in charge of the Party Planning Committee and is often at odds with Phyllis Lapin. When it is noted that red streamers are bad during Meredith Palmer's party, she blames it on Phyllis, though it seems to be her fault. There are many deleted scenes in which Angela is interviewed, as well as other members of accounting, suggesting that the series was originally intended to take a two-perspective look at the office: one from accounting's point of view, and one from sales.[2]

text: Angela refuses to accept the "Tight Ass" award at the 8th Annual Dundie Awards. When she sees Kelly give Dwight (her secret love interest) a small kiss in the episode "Christmas Party", she gets angry and throws Christmas ornaments outside the building. Though she is a constant source of complaints to Human Resources (she and Oscar Martinez fight over her poster of babies playing instruments, which she got from Toby Flenderson for Christmas), she redacts those lodged against Dwight at the onset of their secret romance. It is hinted during "Drug Testing" that she does not take birth control, in accordance to her Christian beliefs. This revelation is to the relief of Dwight implying that they are having sex. She has a bobblehead doll made in Dwight's likeness as a Valentine's Day gift, and receives a key to his house in return. Angela hints that she has a crush on Pam's fiancé Roy (Webisodes: The Accountants, "Someone in the Warehouse") and admits that she would choose Roy over Jim if pressed on the matter ("The Secret").[3]

text: Seasons 3–4[edit]

text:
Angela is disgusted at the revelation that Oscar is gay ("Gay Witch Hunt"), and does not bother to hide it.
Her attitude toward him becomes much more sympathetic after he returns to work following an extended absence ("The Return"), and the two appear to have reconciled. She believes Oscar has the capability to cross over to dating women if he so chooses. Evidently, Angela continues to nurture a crush on Roy, complimenting him on his physique and greeting him, in the third-season episode "Branch Closing". In the same episode, she spontaneously hugs Kevin upon discovering their branch will not be closed, the second moment to date, along with Kevin's cancer scare in the season two episode "Michael's Birthday", in which she has shown anything but contempt for him.

text: In "The Convention", she secretly follows Dwight to the office supply convention in Philadelphia under the name "Jane Doe" and gets a room which Jim accidentally enters, though it does not appear he saw that it was her (exclaiming "Dwight got a hooker!").  Angela would seem to call Dwight "D" outside the office, as she (mistakenly) does when Jim enters Dwight's hotel room.  She also persuades Dwight to supplant Michael as Regional Manager (à la Lady Macbeth), but it does not succeed. She has a good first impression of Andy Bernard when he shows up on his first day with a cat screensaver. When Angela rudely shoots down an idea proposed by Karen Filippelli, the PPC defiantly splits into two groups and two parties. Angela holds the less popular one, to which only Kevin, Phyllis, and Hannah come, while [Pam] and Karen lead the more popular one. Eventually the two parties merge back into one and Angela returns a "missing" power cord for the karaoke machine. In  "Traveling Salesmen", it is suggested that Angela's middle name is Noelle when she becomes giddy over her blossoming relationship with Dwight (Kurt) Schrute and attempts to bond with Pam, a venture that is cut short when the latter declines Angela's offer of the "dominant male" in a recent litter of cats had by her favorite pet, Sprinkles.

text: In "The Return", she is briefly moved to tears while inviting Oscar to join the PPC as an apology for her apparent disapproval of his homosexuality and is visibly saddened by the insensitivity of Michael's proposal to celebrate Oscar's "Mexicanity" by featuring Mexican lemonade (Lemoñadé, with diacriticals added by Ryan, presumably upon Michael's request)and bite-sized frozen-dinner Chimichangas, though in both instances she may be displacing her grief over Dwight's temporary resignation from the company.

text: In deleted scenes from Phyllis' Wedding, Phyllis seats Angela next to Dennis, a religious vet who shares her passion for cats. The two get along well, but when Dennis asks Angela for her telephone number, Angela tells him she's already having intimate relations with someone (Dwight). Dennis, visibly both upset and disgusted, apologizes to her before leaving, saying "Phyllis neglected to mention your promiscuity."

text: It is illustrated that Angela has a love of learning, as seen in "Ben Franklin" where she is the only female intently listening to the Ben Franklin impersonator, "Diwali" where she takes a cautious interest in learning more about Hindu religion and culture (although she also makes ignorant comments about the religion and Indian food, specifically whining that the naan at the Diwali party is dry), and "The Job" in which she enthusiastically participates in Dwight's lecture on soil.

text: Her refusal to allow Dwight to publicize their relationship prevented him from exonerating himself against suspicion of disloyalty and forced his resignation. Dwight returns to Dunder Mifflin after she clears his name while preserving the secrecy of their relationship (she tells Michael that Dwight bailed her out, but does not correct Michael's clueless assertion that Dwight helped her "as a random co-worker").

text: The relationship between Angela and Dwight is almost of Macbeth proportions as when Dwight was fooled by Michael into believing he was going to be the new regional manager at the branch (which Angela pushed by Dwight going behind Michael's back), Dwight leaves her in charge of the women. In "The Job", when Dwight is temporarily given Michael's job as acting regional manager, Dwight immediately informs her and she seems to rekindle the idea of mastering the puppet strings over Dwight, as well as speculating happily that co-worker Kelly Kapoor will be fired.[4]

text: In the episode "Fun Run", Dwight and Angela's relationship hits a snag when Dwight euthanizes Sprinkles, Angela's old and sickly pet cat. Dwight thought Sprinkles had died after he'd expertly administered it with a lethal dose of Benadryl, and so put the cat in the freezer to cover the smell; however, Angela was horrified to find that Sprinkles had only died when frozen.  Angela is especially bothered by this because, "cat heaven is a beautiful place, but you don't get there if you're euthanized". In the next episode, "Dunder Mifflin Infinity", Angela breaks up with Dwight because "every time {she looks} into his eyes, {she sees} Sprinkles's cold, lifeless body".  In "Launch Party", Angela prepares a party for the launch of the company website.  On the day of the launch, Dwight attempts to woo her back by competing (and winning) against the website to sell more reams of paper than the other, but Angela refuses to consider it.  Michael, in a bid for vengeance against a perceived slight by Ryan, orders Angela, with one hour left before the party begins, to implement his over-the-top ideas for decorations and catering.  She is unable to do so partly due to not having enough time and partly due to Phyllis taking a stand against her harsher than usual criticism and refusing to help.  In the meantime Andy tries to win Angela's affection; although initially unsuccessful (to Dwight's relief), a last-minute performance of "Take a Chance on Me" produces a partly suppressed smile from her. In the episode "Money", Angela decides to go out with Andy after he gives her a cat as a present (actually a stray that Dwight had tried unsuccessfully to give her as a reconciliation gift), giving him instructions on taking her to dinner that included "no seafood places". In the following episodes, they have apparently been seeing each other, but it is implied that Angela still harbors feelings for Dwight, as Andy reports in "Local Ad" that she cried out "Oh, D!" when he kissed her, and Dwight recognizes this as her nickname for him (though Andy thinks it means "Dee" as in "An-Dee").

text: In "Job Fair", Angela and Dwight were the only two left in the office after the remaining members of the team took off early as a result of Michael not being in the office. For the rest of the day, the two share an awkward atmosphere which eventually thaws towards the end of the day.

text: In "Goodbye, Toby", at Toby's outdoor leaving party, Angela reluctantly accepts Andy's proposal of marriage, after he asks her in front of everyone, including his own parents. At the very end of the episode, however, Phyllis is taking some of the party supplies back to the office and walks in on Angela mid-intercourse with Dwight. The episode ended on Angela and Dwight's reaction to Phyllis' walking in.[5]

text: Seasons 5–6[edit]

text: In "Weight Loss", Andy continually pesters Angela with ideas for their wedding. Most of his proposals are outlandish and expensive, and Angela continues to treat him and his ideas with contempt. She pages Dwight, and they meet in the Dunder Mifflin warehouse to have sex. This seems to be a habit, but later in the episode Andy tells Angela he doesn't care where they marry so long as they're together. This moves Angela enough not to cheat on him with Dwight who is left waiting alone on this one occasion but it doesn't last, as Andy continues to irritate Angela about his college friends coming to stay with them for three weeks to perform at the wedding. Angela tells Andy they'll talk about it later and rushes to page and subsequently hook up with Dwight downstairs.

text: Meanwhile, Phyllis has dethroned Angela as head of the Party Planning Committee and does not hesitate to give Angela harsh orders. Angela puts up with Phyllis' sternness because she doesn't want Phyllis to tell Andy she is cheating on him.

text: In "Crime Aid", Dwight, with advice from Phyllis, gives Angela an ultimatum — him or Andy. Angela looks to Andy, signifying that she chooses him, although Dwight says to Phyllis that "she ignored the ultimatum." Dwight then treats Phyllis coldly but forgives her after he realizes she was just trying to help.

text: In "Customer Survey", Angela finally agrees to Andy's renting a tent—as long as it's set on a site which matches Schrute Farm Bed & Breakfast.  Andy books the farm and Dwight gleefully agrees to plan every detail of the wedding, pointedly offering to be available to Angela day or night. Angela understands the double meaning and shows signs of being very turned on by it.

text: In "Business Trip", it is revealed she and Andy have never been intimate.  When Andy drunk dials her demanding sex, she is disgusted, even though, in the background, viewers can hear Dwight in her bed.  She later demotes Andy back to "first base", which for her is a kiss on the forehead.

text: In "The Surplus", Dwight escorts Angela and Andy to Schrute Farms to plan details of the wedding.  In a supposed mock ceremony, Dwight stands in for Andy as a Mennonite, German-speaking minister completes the vows. Angela begins to admit she has made a mistake and seems to reconcile with Dwight, however he announces they have actually married.  She is angered at his deception and storms off.  At the office, she passionately kisses Andy in front of the staff and leaves to "take care of a legal matter", implying she will have the marriage annulled.

text: In "Moroccan Christmas", Phyllis continues her torment of Angela, going as far to force Angela to discard her personal nativity scene and the Christmas tree as they don't fit in with the theme. When she learns that she's eating food served during Ramadan, she immediately spits it out. When Angela finally revolts because she believes Phyllis will never reveal her secret, Phyllis stuns the entire staff by revealing the Dwight-Angela affair. Angela is visibly humiliated and upset (while Dwight is actually amused), and asks Andy (who was out of the room at the announcement) to take her home.

text: However, the truth is eventually revealed in "The Duel", when Michael decides to take the matter into his own hands, much to the objection of the staff by telling Andy the news. Devastated, Andy confronts Angela who tries to squirm her way out of the confrontation before admitting to the affair. This only sparks a duel between Andy and Dwight which seems to arouse Angela because of two men fighting over her. But that is short-lived when Andy tells Dwight that he slept with her twice in comparison to how many times Dwight has slept with her. Initially, Angela said that she only slept with Dwight. The two men break up with Angela with Andy making preparations to cancel the wedding and Dwight throwing out the bobblehead doll purchased for him as a gift by Angela. This all happens before her eyes, and a dejected expression appears on her face.

text: In "Stress Relief", Dwight traps all of the employees in the office, while leading them to believe that it is on fire. Everyone panics and attempts to break out. Angela goes to get her cat, Bandit, who she is revealed to keep in a drawer by her desk. She sees Oscar climbing into the ceiling, and attempts to get him to save her cat by taking it with him, but he is ignoring her. She then attempts to throw Bandit up into the ceiling to Oscar, but this results in the cat going up into one part of the ceiling, and coming down hard out of another part. She later takes part in the roast and during an interview expresses amusement over it, before she realizes she is sounding human and puts her stern facial expression back in place.

text: In "Blood Drive", Angela reveals that she once had two men duel over her, and everyone thinks she means Andy and Dwight, but she corrects them: two men named John (John Mark and John David) once fought for her affections in Ohio (which both Dwight and Andy are bewildered by). She also goes out of her way to tell Oscar she doesn't approve of his homosexuality, even though she also seems generally sympathetic to his tale of romantic failure.

text: In "New Boss", she, along with Kelly, develops a crush on Charles Miner, the new Vice President. It leads to the women battling for his affections, with Angela insulting Kelly in an interview by saying Charles is an attractive and cultured man and "He does not need to go Dumpster-diving for companionship!".

text: In "Company Picnic", Dwight's friend, Rolf, constantly insults Angela on her relationship with Dwight, telling her that he does not hear "Cheaters, Tramps, or Women who break his friends heart," after she wants to play in the volleyball game.  However, by the end, Dwight defends Angela, indicating that their relationship may be thawing as the season ends.[6]

text: In "Niagara", Angela implies she  is her own grandmother when hearing Pam talk about hers. At the wedding, she refuses to dance down the aisle like everyone else, and simply just walks down.[7]

text: In "Murder", Angela takes part in Michael's murder mystery game but is uncomfortable at being assigned the role of a voodoo priestess.

text: In "The Delivery", Angela and Dwight make a contract to have a baby, a prospect which brings visible joy to Angela.  She makes several attempts to strike up conversations with Dwight while negotiating the contract, indicating that Angela sees the contract as her opportunity to reconcile with Dwight, but she either doesn't notice or ignores Dwight's clear unease after he signs the contract. However, in "Happy Hour", Dwight makes clear both his interest in Pam's friend Isabel Poreba and his decision to nix his deal with Angela. Angela is angry and appears with a court summons ordering Dwight to honor the contract, but he is unmoved and ends up making out with Isabel, while Angela yells she will see him in small claims court.

text: In "Secretary's Day", Angela is upset when Erin learns that Andy was engaged to her, not because she's jealous of Andy and Erin's relationship, but due to her disgust over everyone knowing she had sexual relations with Andy (which at least does confirm Andy's statement in "The Duel" that she and he slept together a few times); Erin doesn't want to hear it or talk to Angela any further. However, it appears as if Angela's relationship with Andy has at least become friendly at this point, as he specifically thanks her for her help with Erin's party, to which she responds with a broad smile.

text: In "The Chump", Dwight and Angela call upon a mediator to settle their contract. The mediator determines that the otherwise 'solid' contract is ultimately unenforceable, since you can't force two people to have sex and make a baby. Instead, Angela could sue Dwight for damages up to thirty thousand dollars for breach of contract. Knowing that Dwight would never want to pay her damages, she offers him a 'settlement'; five separate sessions of intercourse instead. He accepts, gloating that "thirty thousand for sex isn't bad at all". Later, Dwight is seen carrying out various methods to try to sterilize himself before the first 'session'. The episode ends with the two returning to the secret location in the warehouse to have sex. The pair don't notice, however, that Jim and Pam are nearby attempting to take a nap and they can hear everything that is happening.

text: Season 7–8[edit]

text: In "Andy's Play", she has Dwight take her to the Sweeney Todd community production that Andy is a part of. During the play, she attempts to seduce Dwight by changing into tight gardening clothing (she intentionally sticks gum on her dress so as to have an excuse to change). Dwight slowly appears to be falling for her again, and near the end of the episode, attempts to seduce her in return. Before they go too far, she cuts off the sex and drives away in her car (while she's driving, we see a visibly pleased expression on her face).

text: In "Viewing Party", she and Dwight agree to have sex during the night as part of their contract. However, Pam and Jim prevent him from going to Angela due to the fact that their baby seems to be attracted to Dwight, so she's left waiting in the back seat of her car, visibly topless when Pam comes out to see her.

text: In "WUPHF.com", Dwight's hay festival distracts him from fulfilling a request for sex from Angela (per their contract). Angela's at her most irritated when she meets a charming, friendly single father named Robert Lipton whom she actually finds herself smiling at and enjoying the company. When Angela learns the man is a widower, she makes it clear he's welcome to call her. When Dwight is done with the festival, he arrives at his and Angela's warehouse rendezvous point only to see that Angela has stamped their procreation contract VOID.

text: In "Classy Christmas", it's revealed that Robert is actually a state senator (although Angela only refers to him as the 'Senator', making it seem that he is a U.S. Senator like Bob Casey or Pat Toomey). She brings him to the office Christmas party, where she announces that they're officially dating. However, Oscar picks up hints about his attraction to other men (such as glancing at Ryan's backside). Throughout the next few episodes, Angela continues her gloating about Robert's job (at one point trying to impress Deangelo Vickers with the information). The rest of the office staff make fun of this, particularly Michael during his last Dundies ceremony.

text: In "Garage Sale", Angela is one of the various employees who asks Holly Flax to marry her.

text: There are further hints of her boyfriend's homosexuality (or bisexuality). In "Goodbye, Michael", she shows off pictures of her and Robert together with his male 'aide'. The pictures seem to heavily imply that he's gay (with the aide supposedly being his secret lover) but Angela remains oblivious.

text: In "Search Committee", she receives a call from his secretary and is told to meet him at a particular restaurant for lunch. She comes back, having ridden in his limo, and shows the staff a ring on her finger. She tells him how he took her to a replica of a bridge, got down on one knee, and proposed. Immediately after this, she criticizes Jim's informal proposal to Pam and their "ironic wedding". Oscar, who strongly believes that Robert is gay, shares his feelings with Pam and the rest of the office; Ryan Howard states that Robert is definitely gay because he liked a Facebook picture at 3 o'clock in the morning. The office eventually decides not to share their suspicions with Angela out of respect for her feelings, although Angela's constant obnoxious and upbeat attitude about her forthcoming nuptials annoys Pam to the point where she nearly tells Angela the truth about Robert before stopping herself short.

text: Midway through season eight, in "Jury Duty", Angela gives birth to her son Philip (much to Pam's chagrin who wanted that name for her son). Angela claims that he was born prematurely, but when her co-workers visit her at the hospital and see how large the baby is, she is forced to admit that the baby was conceived before her wedding. This leads Dwight to suspect that the baby may be his, but later in "New Guys", it is revealed that Dwight is not the father.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: In "The Whale", Angela suspects that Robert is cheating on her and after confiding this to Oscar, they follow Robert to his gym. When they see Robert acting intimately with a male trainer, Oscar's odd reaction leads Angela to finally suspect that Oscar may be the one having an affair with Robert. In "The Target", Angela seeks revenge on Oscar and hires a hitman to attack him but is later talked out of it by Dwight. Oscar allows her to kick him in the shin instead. Angela and Oscar's battles for the affections of Robert continue uncomfortably when Oscar attends Angela's son's birthday party in "Vandalism".

text: In "Moving On (The Office)", Angela and Dwight become close after she helps him take care of his elderly aunt. They share a kiss but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband.

text: Angela becomes jealous when Dwight begins courting his neighbor Esther. ("Promos")

text: After the Senator's public coming-out in "Stairmageddon", she explains to the camera crew in "Paper Airplane" that she and the Senator are separated and that she now lives with her son Philip and her cats in her studio apartment. In "Livin' the Dream", it is implied that her cats have been taken away from her by Animal Control, and that she is considering living in a tent in the woods. Instead, she accepts an offer from Oscar Martinez to be his roommate until she is able to find a permanent home. She then breaks down in Oscar's car, revealing to Oscar that she still loves Dwight. She and Oscar become close friends as he supports her in her return to normalcy, and it's revealed that Oscar is Philip's godfather.

text: In the series finale, Angela and Dwight marry and it is revealed that Dwight is in fact the father of her son.

text: Recurring jokes[edit]

text: Throughout the show, Angela has always seemed reluctant to apologize and or accept blame for anything. In the episode "The Alliance", Michael scolds the Party Planning Committee for doing a bad job with the streamers. Angela responds, "Phyllis wanted red. I didn't." In reality, Angela rejected Phyllis' suggestion of orange streamers, because "orange is whorish". In one of the webisodes for "The Accountants", Angela insists that she is not the source of the accounting discrepancy. When the error is revealed to be hers in "The Best Day of My Life", she initially denies that she made the error, but when Oscar points out that this implies that she allowed an unknown person to access her books, she is forced to admit, "Very well. Case closed". In "A Benihana Christmas", Angela says that she has not spoken to her sister in 16 years over some disagreement she does not even remember. In "The Return", Angela is forced to admit that she failed to submit important documents, but she blames Kevin for failing to remind her. In "Product Recall", Angela is pressured to apologize to Oscar and Kevin for insulting them but she can only say "I'm sorry...that you're both morons". In that same episode, she finds herself unable to apologize to customers on behalf of Dunder Mifflin and can only say "the official position of Dunder Mifflin is apologetic".

text: Behind the scenes[edit]

text: Actress Angela Kinsey infused her character with some of her own personal preferences, including bobble-head dolls, cats, party-planning and Baby Ruth candy bars. She initially auditioned for the part of Pam Beesly. Kinsey was pregnant during the filming of season 4, noticeably so from the episodes "Dinner Party" through "Goodbye, Toby". The producers decided not to incorporate her pregnancy into the story line and shot around it.


document_title: Top Gun

question_text: what role did tim robbins play in top gun

text: Top Gun

text: Plot[edit]

text: United States Naval Aviator LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell and his Radar Intercept Officer LT(jg) Nick "Goose" Bradshaw fly the F-14A Tomcat aboard USS Enterprise (CVN-65). During an interception with two hostile MiG-28 aircraft (portrayed by a Northrop F-5), Maverick gets missile lock on one, while the other hostile aircraft locks onto Maverick's wingman, Cougar. While Maverick drives off the remaining MiG-28, Cougar is too shaken to land, and Maverick, defying orders, shepherds him back to the carrier. Cougar gives up his wings, citing his newborn child that he has never seen. Despite his dislike for Maverick's recklessness, CAG "Stinger" sends him and Goose to attend the Top Gun school at NAS Miramar.

text: At a bar the day before Top Gun starts, Maverick, assisted by Goose, unsuccessfully approaches a woman. He learns the next day that she is Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood, an astrophysicist and civilian Top Gun instructor. She becomes interested in Maverick upon learning of his inverted maneuver with the MiG-28, which disproves US intelligence on the enemy aircraft's performance.

text: During Maverick's first training sortie he defeats instructor Rick "Jester" Heatherly but through reckless flying breaks two rules of engagement and is reprimanded by chief instructor Mike "Viper" Metcalf. Maverick also becomes a rival to top student Tom "Iceman" Kazansky, who considers Maverick's flying "dangerous." Charlie also objects to Maverick's aggressive tactics, but eventually admits that she admires his flying and omitted it from her reports to hide her feelings for him, and the two begin a romantic relationship.

text: During a training sortie Maverick abandons his wingman "Hollywood" to chase Viper, but is defeated when Viper maneuvers Maverick into a position from which his wingman Jester can shoot down Maverick from behind, demonstrating the value of teamwork over individual prowess.

text: Maverick and Iceman, now direct competitors for the Top Gun Trophy, chase Jester in a later training engagement. Maverick pressures Iceman to break off his engagement so he can shoot down Jester, but Maverick's F-14 flies through the jet wash of Iceman's aircraft and suffers a flameout of both engines, going into an unrecoverable flat spin. Maverick and Goose eject, but Goose hits the jettisoned aircraft canopy head-first and is killed.

text: Although the board of inquiry clears Maverick of responsibility for Goose's death, he is overcome by guilt and his flying skill diminishes. Charlie and others attempt to console him, but Maverick considers retiring. He seeks advice from Viper, who reveals that he served with Maverick's father Duke Mitchell on the USS Oriskany. Mitchell was subject to an unspecified disgrace, which has hampered Maverick's career and self-confidence, but Viper reveals classified information that proves Mitchell died heroically, and informs Maverick that he can succeed if he can regain his self-confidence. Maverick chooses to graduate, though Iceman wins the Top Gun Trophy.

text: During the graduation party, Viper calls in the newly graduated aviators with the orders to deploy. Iceman, Hollywood, and Maverick are ordered to immediately return to Enterprise to deal with a "crisis situation", providing air support for the rescue of a stricken ship that has drifted into hostile waters.

text: Maverick and Merlin are assigned as back-up for F-14s flown by Iceman and Hollywood, despite Iceman's reservations over Maverick's state of mind. The subsequent hostile engagement with six MiGs sees Hollywood shot down; Maverick is scrambled alone due to a catapult failure and nearly retreats after encountering circumstances similar to those that caused Goose's death. Upon finally rejoining Iceman, Maverick shoots down three MiGs, and Iceman one, forcing the other two to flee. Upon their triumphant return to Enterprise, Iceman and Maverick express a new respect for one other.

text: Offered any assignment he chooses, Maverick decides to return to Top Gun as an instructor. At a bar at Miramar, Maverick and Charlie reunite.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Cruise as LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell
Kelly McGillis as Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood. The character is based on a real-life person, Christine Fox, who worked at the Miramar Naval Air Station.
Val Kilmer as LT Tom "Iceman" Kazansky
Anthony Edwards as LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw
Tom Skerritt as CDR Mike "Viper" Metcalf
Michael Ironside as LCDR Rick "Jester" Heatherly
John Stockwell as LT Bill "Cougar" Cortell
Barry Tubb as LTJG Leonard "Wolfman" Wolfe
Rick Rossovich as LTJG Ron "Slider" Kerner
Tim Robbins as LTJG Sam "Merlin" Wells
Clarence Gilyard, Jr. as LTJG Marcus "Sundown" Williams
Whip Hubley as LT Rick "Hollywood" Neven
James Tolkan as CDR Tom "Stinger" Jardian
Meg Ryan as Carole Bradshaw
Adrian Pasdar as LT Charles "Chipper" Piper

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The primary inspiration for the film was the article "Top Guns" by Ehud Yonay, from the May 1983 issue of California magazine, which featured aerial photography by then-Lieutenant Commander Charles "Heater" Heatley.[4] The article detailed the life of fighter pilots at the Naval Air Station Miramar in San Diego, self-nicknamed as "Fightertown USA". Numerous screenwriters allegedly turned down the project.[4] Bruckheimer and Simpson went on to hire Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., to write the first draft. The research methods, by Epps, included an attendance at several declassified Top Gun classes at Miramar and gaining experience by being flown in an F-14. The first draft failed to impress Bruckheimer and Simpson, and is considered to be very different from the final product in numerous ways.[5]

text: Actor Matthew Modine turned down the role of LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (that went to Tom Cruise) because he felt the film's pro-military stance went against his politics.[6]

text: The producers wanted the assistance of the US Navy in production of the film. The Navy was influential in relation to script approval, which resulted in changes being made. The opening dogfight was moved to international waters as opposed to Cuba, the language was toned down, and a scene that involved a crash on the deck of an aircraft carrier was also scrapped.[7] Maverick's love interest was also changed from a female enlisted member of the Navy to a civilian contractor with the Navy, due to the US military's prohibition of fraternization between officers and enlisted personnel.[4] The "Charlie" character also replaced an aerobics instructor from an early draft as a love interest for Maverick after producers were introduced to Christine "Legs" Fox, a civilian mathematician employed by the Center for Naval Analyses as a specialist in Maritime Air Superiority (MAS), developing tactics for aircraft carrier defense.[8] Rear Admiral Pete "Viper" Pettigrew, a former Navy aviator, Vietnam War veteran, and Top Gun instructor served as a technical advisor on the film, and also made a cameo appearance in the film as a colleague of Charlie's.

text: Former Top Gun instructor pilot and Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham claimed to have been the inspiration for Pete Mitchell, although the film's producers have denied that the character was based on any specific Naval aviator.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Navy made several aircraft from F-14 fighter squadron VF-51 "Screaming Eagles" (which Tom Skerritt mentions in the scene at his home) available for the film. Paramount paid as much as $7,800 per hour for fuel and other operating costs whenever aircraft were flown outside their normal duties. Shots of the aircraft carrier sequences were filmed aboard the USS Enterprise, showing aircraft from F-14 squadrons VF-114 "Aardvarks" and VF-213 "Black Lions".[10] The majority of the carrier flight deck shots were of normal aircraft operations and the film crew had to take what they could get, save for the occasional flyby which the film crew would request. During filming, director Tony Scott wanted to shoot aircraft landing and taking off, back-lit by the sun. During one particular filming sequence, the ship's commanding officer changed the ship's course, thus changing the light. When Scott asked if they could continue on their previous course and speed, he was informed by the commander that it cost $25,000 to turn the ship, and to continue on course. Scott wrote the carrier's captain a $25,000 check so that the ship could be turned and he could continue shooting for another five minutes.[11]

text: Most of the sequences of the aircraft maneuvering over land were shot at NAS Fallon, in Nevada, using ground-mounted cameras. Air-to-air shots were filmed using a Learjet. Grumman, manufacturer of the F-14, was commissioned by Paramount Pictures to create camera pods to be placed upon the aircraft that could be pointed toward either the front or rear of the aircraft providing outside shots at high altitude.[citation needed]

text: In July 1985, Kansas City Barbeque served as a filming location for two scenes. The first scene features Goose and Maverick singing "Great Balls of Fire" while seated at the piano. The final scene, where "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" can be heard on the restaurant's jukebox, was also filmed at the restaurant. Both scenes were filmed consecutively. After release of the movie, the restaurant went on to collect a significant amount of memorabilia from the motion picture until a kitchen fire on June 26, 2008 destroyed much of the restaurant. Some memorabilia and props, including the original piano used in the film, survived the fire, and the restaurant re-opened in November 2008.

text: Renowned aerobatic pilot Art Scholl was hired to do in-flight camera work for the film. The original script called for a flat spin, which Scholl was to perform and capture on a camera on the aircraft. The aircraft was observed to spin through its recovery altitude, at which time Scholl radioed "I have a problem... I have a real problem". He was unable to recover from the spin and crashed his Pitts Special bi-plane into the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast near Carlsbad on September 16, 1985. Neither Scholl's body nor his aircraft were recovered, leaving the official cause of the accident unknown.[12] Top Gun was dedicated to Scholl's memory.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: The Top Gun soundtrack is one of the most popular soundtracks to date, reaching 9× Platinum certification[14] and #1 on the Billboard Hot 200 albums chart for five nonconsecutive weeks in the summer and fall of 1986.[15] Harold Faltermeyer, who previously worked with both Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson on the films Flashdance and Beverly Hills Cop, was sent the script of Top Gun by Bruckheimer before filming began. Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock worked on numerous songs including the Oscar-winning "Take My Breath Away". Kenny Loggins performed two songs on the soundtrack, "Playing with the Boys", and "Danger Zone". Berlin recorded the song "Take My Breath Away", which would later win numerous awards, sending the band to international acclaim. After the release of Loggins's single "Danger Zone", sales of the album exploded, selling 7 million in the United States alone. On the re-release of the soundtrack in 2000, two songs that had been omitted from the original album (and had been released many years before the film was made), "Great Balls of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis and "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" by The Righteous Brothers, were added. The soundtrack also includes "Top Gun Anthem" and "Memories" by Steve Stevens/Faltermeyer and Faltermeyer. However, no soundtrack release to date has included the full Faltermeyer score.[citation needed]

text: Other artists were considered for the soundtrack project but did not participate. Bryan Adams was considered as a potential candidate but refused to participate because he felt the film glorified war.[16] Likewise, REO Speedwagon was considered but backed down because they would not be allowed to record their own composition.[citation needed] The band Toto was originally meant to record "Danger Zone", and had also written and recorded a song "Only You" for the soundtrack. However, there was a dispute between Toto's lawyers and the producers of the film, paving the way for Loggins to record "Danger Zone" and "Only You" being omitted from the film entirely.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In addition to its box office success, Top Gun went on to break further records in the then still-developing home video market. Backed by a massive $8 million marketing campaign including a Top Gun-themed Diet Pepsi commercial,[18] the advance demand was such that the film became the best-selling videocassette in the industry's history on pre-orders alone. It was also one of the first video cassette releases in the $20 price range.[19] Top Gun's home video success was again reflected by strong DVD sales, which were furthered by a special-edition release in 2004. Bomber jacket sales increased and Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses jumped 40%, due to their use by characters in the film.[20] The film also had boosted Navy recruitment. The Navy had recruitment booths in some theaters to attract enthusiastic patrons.[21]

text: IMAX 3D re-release[edit]

text: Top Gun was re-released in IMAX 3D on February 8, 2013, for six days.[22] A four-minute preview of the conversion, featuring the "Danger Zone" flight sequence, was screened at the 2012 International Broadcasting Convention in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[23] Subsequently, the film was released in Blu-ray 3D on February 19, 2013.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in the United States in 1,028 theaters on May 16, 1986. It quickly became a success and was the highest-grossing film of 1986. It would be six months before its theater count dropped below that of its opening week.[2] It was number one on its first weekend with an $8,193,052 gross, and went on to a total domestic figure of $176,786,701. Internationally it took in an estimated $177,030,000 for a worldwide box office total of $353,816,701.[25] The film sold an estimated 47,650,100 tickets in North America in its initial theatrical run.[26]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Upon the film's original release, critical response was mixed. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 56% of 52 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10 and the critical consensus states: "Though it features some of the most memorable and electrifying aerial footage shot with an expert eye for action, Top Gun offers too little for non-adolescent viewers to chew on when its characters aren't in the air".[27]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, pointing out that "Movies like Top Gun are hard to review because the good parts are so good and the bad parts are so relentless. The dogfights are absolutely the best since Clint Eastwood's electrifying aerial scenes in Firefox. But look out for the scenes where the people talk to one another."[28]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for and won many awards, most prominently for its sound and effects the film won the following awards:

text:
Year
Award
Category – Recipient(s)

1987
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for the song "Take My Breath Away".

1987
Academy Awards
Best Original Song – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for "Take My Breath Away".

1986
Apex Scroll Awards
Achievement in Sound Effects

1987
BRIT Awards
Best Soundtrack

1987
Golden Globe Awards
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".

1987
Golden Screen Award

1987
Grammy Awards
Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist) – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".

1987
Motion Picture Sound Editors
Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing

Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects

1987
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Motion Picture

1988
Award of the Japanese Academy
Best Foreign Language Film

tag: table

text: The film was nominated for the following awards:

text:
Academy Awards (1987)[29]

Best Sound Effects Editing – Cecelia Hall and George Watters II
Best Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Sound – Donald O. Mitchell, Kevin O'Connell, Rick Kline and William B. Kaplan
Best Original Song – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for "Take My Breath Away"

Apex Scroll Awards (1986)

Actress in a Supporting Role – Meg Ryan
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Best Picture – Don Simpson, Jerry Bruckheimer
Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Achievement in Sound

Golden Globe Awards (1987)

Best Original Score – Motion Picture – Harold Faltermeyer

Award of the Japanese Academy (1988)

Best Foreign Language Film

Fennecus Awards (1986)

Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Achievement in Sound
Achievement in Sound Effects

text: In 2008, the film was ranked at number 455 in Empire's list of the 500 greatest films of all time.[30] Yahoo! Movies ranked Top Gun #19 on their list of greatest action films of all-time.[31] The film has been nominated multiple times for various AFI lists, ranking only once. In 2005, the line "I feel the need... the need for speed!" was ranked 94 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[32]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell – Nominated Hero[33]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Take My Breath Away" – Nominated[34]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"I feel the need — the need for speed." – #94

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[35]

text: Effect on military recruiting[edit]

text: Movie producer John Davis claimed that Top Gun was a recruiting video for the Navy, that people saw the movie and said, "Wow! I want to be a pilot." After the film's release, the US Navy stated that the number of young men who joined wanting to be Naval Aviators went up by 500 percent.[36]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Since its initial release, the film has made many top film lists and has been the subject of comedic interpretation.

text: The 1991 film Hot Shots! was a comedy spoof of Top Gun.

text: The masculine theme of the film has been the subject of humorous examination, with the homoerotic subtext examined in a monologue performed by Quentin Tarantino in the 1994 film Sleep with Me.[37][38][39][40][41]

text: Top Gun is one of many war and action films, especially those by Jerry Bruckheimer, parodied in the 2004 comedy Team America: World Police.[42]

text: The DisneyToon Studios film Planes (2013), pays homage to Top Gun with Val Kilmer and Anthony Edwards appearing in the film as part of the voice cast.[43]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel has been in active development since at least 2010.[44] However plans have been complicated by Scott's suicide in 2012.[45] In 2013, all parties were still reported interested in the project with Bruckheimer, "For 30 years we've been trying to make a sequel and we're not going to stop. We still want to do it with Tom and Paramount are still interested in making it. What Tom tells me is that no matter where he goes in the world, people refer to him as Maverick. It's something he is excited about so as long as he keeps his enthusiasm hopefully we'll get it made."[46]

text: By September 2014 it was revealed that Justin Marks was already in negotiations to write the screenplay,[47] which was confirmed that following June.[48] Marks would go on later to say that the film was a dream project for him, calling the original an "iconic film in my memory" due in part to it being one of the first films he remembers seeing in a movie theater.[49]

text: In May 2017, during the promotional tour for The Mummy, Cruise confirmed that a sequel to Top Gun will start filming in 2018.[50] By June of the same year, he revealed that the title will be Top Gun: Maverick with Faltermeyer back as composer for the sequel. Cruise further stated that, “Aviators are back, the need for speed. We’re going to have big, fast machines. It’s going to be a competition film, like the first one…but a progression for Maverick.” [51] Later that month it was announced Joseph Kosinski, who directed Cruise in 2013's Oblivion, was set to direct the sequel.[52]

text: Top Gun: Maverick is scheduled for release on July 19, 2019.[53]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Top Gun also spawned a number of video games for various platforms. The original game was released in 1987 under the same title as the film. It was released on five platforms in total: PC, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) (with an equivalent version for Nintendo's "VS." arcade cabinets). In the game, the player pilots an F-14 Tomcat fighter, and has to complete four missions. A sequel, Top Gun: The Second Mission, was released for the NES three years later.

text: Another game, Top Gun: Fire at Will, was released in 1996 for the PC and later for the Sony PlayStation platform. Top Gun: Hornet's Nest was released in 1998. Top Gun: Combat Zones was released for PlayStation 2 in 2001 and was ported to the GameCube and Windows PCs a year later. Combat Zones was considerably longer and more complex than its predecessors, and also featured other aircraft besides the F-14. In late 2005, a fifth game, simply titled Top Gun, was released for the Nintendo DS. At E3 2011, a new game was announced, Top Gun: Hard Lock, which was released in March 2012 for Xbox 360, PC, and PlayStation 3.