document_title: Gabriel García Márquez

question_text: name the book which turned gabriel garcia marquez into global figure as a writer

question_tokens: name the book which turned gabriel garcia marquez into global figure as a writer

text: Gabriel García Márquez

text: Biography[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Gabriel García Márquez was born on 6 March 1927[6] in Aracataca, Colombia, to Gabriel Eligio García and Luisa Santiaga Márquez Iguarán.[7] Soon after García Márquez was born, his father became a pharmacist and moved, with his wife, to Barranquilla, leaving young Gabriel in Aracataca.[8] He was raised by his maternal grandparents, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán and Colonel Nicolás Ricardo Márquez Mejía.[9] In December 1936, his father took him and his brother to Sincé, while in March 1937, his grandfather died; the family then moved first (back) to Barranquilla and then on to Sucre, where his father started up a pharmacy.[10]

text: When his parents fell in love, their relationship met with resistance from Luisa Santiaga Márquez's father, the Colonel. Gabriel Eligio García was not the man the Colonel had envisioned winning the heart of his daughter: he (Gabriel Eligio) was a Conservative, and had the reputation of being a womanizer.[11][12] Gabriel Eligio wooed Luisa with violin serenades, love poems, countless letters, and even telephone messages after her father sent her away with the intention of separating the young couple. Her parents tried everything to get rid of the man, but he kept coming back, and it was obvious their daughter was committed to him.[11] Her family finally capitulated and gave her permission to marry him[13][14] (The tragicomic story of their courtship would later be adapted and recast as Love in the Time of Cholera.[12][15])

text: Since García Márquez's parents were more or less strangers to him for the first few years of his life,[16] his grandparents influenced his early development very strongly.[17][18] His grandfather, whom he called "Papalelo",[17] was a Liberal veteran of the Thousand Days War.[19] The Colonel was considered a hero by Colombian Liberals and was highly respected.[20] He was well known for his refusal to remain silent about the banana massacres that took place the year after García Márquez was born.[21] The Colonel, whom García Márquez described as his "umbilical cord with history and reality,"[22] was also an excellent storyteller.[23] He taught García Márquez lessons from the dictionary, took him to the circus each year, and was the first to introduce his grandson to ice—a "miracle" found at the United Fruit Company store.[24] He would also occasionally tell his young grandson "You can't imagine how much a dead man weighs",[25][26] reminding him that there was no greater burden than to have killed a man, a lesson that García Márquez would later integrate into his novels.

text: García Márquez's grandmother, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán Cotes, played an influential role in his upbringing. He was inspired by the way she "treated the extraordinary as something perfectly natural."[27] The house was filled with stories of ghosts and premonitions, omens and portents,[28] all of which were studiously ignored by her husband.[17] According to García Márquez she was "the source of the magical, superstitious and supernatural view of reality".[22] He enjoyed his grandmother's unique way of telling stories. No matter how fantastic or improbable her statements, she always delivered them as if they were the irrefutable truth. It was a deadpan style that, some thirty years later, heavily influenced her grandson's most popular novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude.[29]

text: Education and Adulthood[edit]

text: After arriving at Sucre, it was decided that García Márquez should start his formal education and he was sent to an internship in Barranquilla, a port on the mouth of the Río Magdalena. There, he gained a reputation of being a timid boy who wrote humorous poems and drew humorous comic strips. Serious and little interested in athletic activities, he was called El Viejo by his classmates.[30]

text: García Márquez took his first years of high school in the Colegio jesuita San José (today Instituto San José) from 1940, in which he published his first poems in the school magazine Juventud. Later, thanks to a scholarship given to him by the government, Gabriel was sent to study in Bogotá where he was relocated to the Liceo Nacional de Zipaquirá, a town located one hour from the capital, where he would finish his secondary studies.

text: During his time at the Bogotá study house, García Márquez excelled in various sports, becoming team captain of the Liceo Nacional Zipaquirá team in three disciplines, soccer, baseball, and track.

text: After his graduation in 1947, García Márquez stayed in Bogotá to study law at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, where he had a special dedication to reading. La metamorfosis by Franz Kafka, particularly in the false translation of Jorge Luis Borges,[31] was a work that especially inspired him. He was excited with the idea of writing, not traditional literature, but a style similar to his grandfather's stories, in which «they inserted extraordinary events and anomalies as if they were simply an aspect of everyday life». His desire to be a writer grew. A little later, he published his first, La tercera resignación, which appeared in the 13 September 1947 edition of the newspaper El Espectador.

text: Though his passion was writing, he continued with law in 1948 to please his father. After the so-called «Bogotazo» in 1948, some bloody disturbances that happened 9 April caused by the assassination of popular leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, the university closed indefinitely and his pension was burned. García Márquez transferred to the Universidad de Cartagena and began working as a reporter of El Universal. In 1950, he ended his legal studies to focus on journalism and moved again to Barranquilla to work as a columnist and reporter in the newspaper El Heraldo. Though García Márquez never finished his higher studies, some universities, like the Universidad de Columbia New York, have given him an honorary doctorate in writing.[30]

text: Journalism[edit]

text: García Márquez began his career as a journalist while studying law at the National University of Colombia. In 1948 and 1949 he wrote for El Universal in Cartagena. Later, from 1950 until 1952, he wrote a "whimsical" column under the name of "Septimus" for the local paper El Heraldo in Barranquilla.[32] García Márquez noted of his time at El Heraldo, "I'd write a piece and they'd pay me three pesos for it, and maybe an editorial for another three."[33] During this time he became an active member of the informal group of writers and journalists known as the Barranquilla Group, an association that provided great motivation and inspiration for his literary career. He worked with inspirational figures such as Ramon Vinyes, whom García Márquez depicted as an Old Catalan who owns a bookstore in One Hundred Years of Solitude.[34] At this time, García Márquez was also introduced to the works of writers such as Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner. Faulkner's narrative techniques, historical themes and use of rural locations influenced many Latin American authors.[35] The environment of Barranquilla gave García Márquez a world-class literary education and provided him with a unique perspective on Caribbean culture. From 1954 to 1955, García Márquez spent time in Bogotá and regularly wrote for Bogotá's El Espectador. He was a regular film critic which drove his interest in film.

text: In December 1957, García Márquez accepted a position in Caracas in the newspaper El Momento. He arrived to the Venezuelan capital on 23 December 1957, and began working right away at El Momento. García Márquez also assisted in the 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état, leading to the exile of the president Marcos Pérez Jiménez. Following this event, García Márquez wrote an article, "The participation of the clergy in the struggle", describing the Church of Venezuela opposition against Jiménez's regime. In March 1958 he made a trip to Colombia, where he married Mercedes Barcha and together they came back to Caracas. In May 1958, disagreeing with the owner of Momento, he resigned and became shortly afterwards editor of the newspaper Venezuela Gráfica.[citation needed]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Marquez was a "committed Leftist" throughout his life, adhering to socialist beliefs.[36] In 1991, Marquez published Changing the History of Africa an admiring study of Cuban activities in the Angolan Civil War and the larger South African Border War. Marquez maintained a close but "nuanced" friendship with Fidel Castro, praising the achievements of the Cuban Revolution, but criticizing aspects of governance and working to "soften (the) roughest edges" of the country.[37] García Márquez's political and ideological views were shaped by his grandfather's stories.[25] In an interview, García Márquez told his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, "my grandfather the Colonel was a Liberal. My political ideas probably came from him to begin with because, instead of telling me fairy tales when I was young, he would regale me with horrifying accounts of the last civil war that free-thinkers and anti-clerics waged against the Conservative government."[38][39] This influenced his political views and his literary technique so that "in the same way that his writing career initially took shape in conscious opposition to the Colombian literary status quo, García Márquez's socialist and anti-imperialist views are in principled opposition to the global status quo dominated by the United States."[40]

text: The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor[edit]

text: Ending in controversy, his last domestically written editorial for El Espectador was a series of fourteen news articles[34][41] in which he revealed the hidden story of how a Colombian Navy vessel's shipwreck "occurred because the boat contained a badly stowed cargo of contraband goods that broke loose on the deck."[42] García Márquez compiled this story through interviews with a young sailor who survived the shipwreck.[41] The publication of the articles resulted in public controversy, as they discredited the official account of the events, which had blamed a storm for the shipwreck, and glorified the surviving sailor.

text: In response to this controversy El Espectador sent García Márquez away to Europe to be a foreign correspondent.[43] He wrote about his experiences for El Independiente, a newspaper which had briefly replaced El Espectador during the military government of General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla[44] and was later shut down by Colombian authorities.[35] García Márquez's background in journalism provided a foundational base for his writing career. Literary critic Bell-Villada noted, "Owing to his hands-on experiences in journalism, García Márquez is, of all the great living authors, the one who is closest to everyday reality."[45]

text: QAP[edit]

text: García Márquez was one of the original founders of QAP, a newscast that aired between 1992 and 1997.[46] He was attracted to the project by the promise of editorial and journalistic independence.

text: Marriage and family[edit]

text: García Márquez met Mercedes Barcha while she was at school; they decided to wait for her to finish before getting married. When he was sent to Europe as a foreign correspondent, Mercedes waited for him to return to Barranquilla. Finally they married in 1958.[47][48] The following year, their first son, Rodrigo García, now a television and film director, was born.[48] In 1961, the family traveled by Greyhound bus throughout the southern United States and eventually settled in Mexico City.[49] García Márquez had always wanted to see the Southern United States because it inspired the writings of William Faulkner.[50] Three years later the couple's second son, Gonzalo, was born in Mexico.[51] Gonzalo is currently a graphic designer in Mexico City.[50]

text: Leaf Storm[edit]

text: Leaf Storm (La Hojarasca) is García Márquez's first novella and took seven years to find a publisher, finally being published in 1955.[52] García Márquez notes that "of all that he had written (as of 1973), Leaf Storm was his favorite because he felt that it was the most sincere and spontaneous."[53] All the events of the novella take place in one room, during a half-hour period on Wednesday 12 September 1928. It is the story of an old colonel (similar to García Márquez's own grandfather) who tries to give a proper Christian burial to an unpopular French doctor. The colonel is supported only by his daughter and grandson. The novella explores the child's first experience with death by following his stream of consciousness. The book also reveals the perspective of Isabel, the Colonel's daughter, which provides a feminine point of view.[34]

text: One Hundred Years of Solitude[edit]

text: Since García Márquez was eighteen, he had wanted to write a novel based on his grandparents' house where he grew up. However, he struggled with finding an appropriate tone and put off the idea until one day the answer hit him while driving his family to Acapulco. He turned the car around and the family returned home so he could begin writing. He sold his car so his family would have money to live on while he wrote, but writing the novel took far longer than he expected, and he wrote every day for eighteen months. His wife had to ask for food on credit from their butcher and their baker as well as nine months of rent on credit from their landlord.[54] During the eighteen months of writing, García Márquez met with two couples, Eran Carmen and Álvaro Mutis, and María Luisa Elío and Jomí García Ascot, every night and discussed the progress of the novel, trying out different versions.[55] Fortunately, when the book was finally published in 1967 it became his most commercially successful novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude, which sold more than 30 million copies[56] (Cien años de soledad) (1967; English translation by Gregory Rabassa 1970) and was dedicated "Para (to) Jomí García Ascot y María Luisa Elío".[55] The story chronicles several generations of the Buendía family from the time they founded the fictional South American village of Macondo, through their trials and tribulations, instances of incest, births and deaths. The history of Macondo is often generalized by critics to represent rural towns throughout Latin America or at least near García Márquez's native Aracataca.[57][58]

text: This novel was widely popular and led to García Márquez's Nobel Prize as well as the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1972. William Kennedy has called it "the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race,"[59] and hundreds of articles and books of literary critique have been published in response to it. Despite the many accolades the book received, García Márquez tended to downplay its success. He once remarked: "Most critics don't realize that a novel like One Hundred Years of Solitude is a bit of a joke, full of signals to close friends; and so, with some pre-ordained right to pontificate they take on the responsibility of decoding the book and risk making terrible fools of themselves."[58]

text: Fame[edit]

text: After writing One Hundred Years of Solitude García Márquez returned to Europe, this time bringing along his family, to live in Barcelona, Spain, for seven years.[51] The international recognition García Márquez earned with the publication of the novel led to his ability to act as a facilitator in several negotiations between the Colombian government and the guerrillas, including the former 19th of April Movement (M-19), and the current FARC and ELN organizations.[60][61] The popularity of his writing also led to friendships with powerful leaders, including one with former Cuban president Fidel Castro, which has been analyzed in Gabo and Fidel: Portrait of a Friendship.[62] It was during this time that he was punched in the face by Mario Vargas Llosa in what became one of the largest feuds in modern literature. In an interview with Claudia Dreifus in 1982 García Márquez notes his relationship with Castro is mostly based on literature: "Ours is an intellectual friendship. It may not be widely known that Fidel is a very cultured man. When we’re together, we talk a great deal about literature."[63] This relationship was criticized by Cuban exile writer Reinaldo Arenas, in his 1992 memoir Antes de que Anochezca (Before Night Falls).[64]

text: Due to his newfound fame and his outspoken views on U.S. imperialism Garcia Márquez was labeled as a subversive and for many years was denied visas by U.S. immigration authorities.[65] After Bill Clinton was elected U.S. president, he lifted the travel ban and cited One Hundred Years of Solitude as his favorite novel.[66]

text: Autumn of the Patriarch[edit]

text: García Márquez was inspired to write a dictator novel when he witnessed the flight of Venezuelan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez. He shares, "it was the first time we had seen a dictator fall in Latin America."[67] García Márquez began writing Autumn of the Patriarch (El otoño del patriarca) in 1968 and said it was finished in 1971; however, he continued to embellish the dictator novel until 1975 when it was published in Spain.[68] According to García Márquez, the novel is a "poem on the solitude of power" as it follows the life of an eternal dictator known as the General. The novel is developed through a series of anecdotes related to the life of the General, which do not appear in chronological order.[69] Although the exact location of the story is not pin-pointed in the novel, the imaginary country is situated somewhere in the Caribbean.[70]

text: García Márquez gave his own explanation of the plot:

text: My intention was always to make a synthesis of all the Latin American dictators, but especially those from the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the personality of Juan Vicente Gomez [of Venezuela] was so strong, in addition to the fact that he exercised a special fascination over me, that undoubtedly the Patriarch has much more of him than anyone else.[70]

text: After Autumn of the Patriarch was published García Márquez and his family moved from Barcelona to Mexico City[51] and García Márquez pledged not to publish again until the Chilean Dictator Augusto Pinochet was deposed. However, he ultimately published Chronicle of a Death Foretold while Pinochet was still in power as he "could not remain silent in the face of injustice and repression."[71]

text: The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother[edit]

text: The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother (Spanish: La increíble y triste historia de la cándida Eréndira y de su abuela desalmada) presents the story of a young mulatto girl who dreams of freedom, but cannot escape the reach of her avaricious grandmother.

text: The plot of the novella describes the life journey of fourteen-year-old Eréndira, who is living with her grandmother when she accidentally sets fire to their home. The grandmother forces Eréndira to repay the debt by becoming a prostitute as they travel the road as vagrants. Men line up to enjoy Eréndira's services. She eventually escapes with the assistance of her affectionate and somewhat gullible lover, Ulises, but only after he murders her grandmother. After the murder, Eréndira runs off into the night alone, leaving him in the tent with the dead body of her grandmother.

text: Eréndira and her grandmother make an appearance in One Hundred Years of Solitude, an earlier novel by García Márquez.

text: The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother was published in 1978. The novella was adapted to the 1983 art film Eréndira, directed by Ruy Guerra.

text: Chronicle of a Death Foretold[edit]

text: Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Crónica de una muerte anunciada) recreates a murder that took place in Sucre, Colombia in 1951. The character named Santiago Nasar is based on a good friend from García Márquez's childhood, Cayetano Gentile Chimento.[72] Pelayo classifies this novel as a combination of journalism, realism and detective story.[73]

text: The plot of the novel revolves around Santiago Nasar's murder. The narrator acts as a detective, uncovering the events of the murder second by second.[74] Literary critic Ruben Pelayo notes that the story "unfolds in an inverted fashion. Instead of moving forward... the plot moves backwards."[75] In the first chapter, the narrator tells the reader exactly who killed Santiago Nasar and the rest of the book is left to unfold why.

text: Chronicle of a Death Foretold was published in 1981, the year before García Márquez was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature.[72] The novel was also adapted into a film by Italian director Francesco Rosi in 1987.[74]

text: Love in the Time of Cholera[edit]

text: Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera) was first published in 1985. It is considered a non-traditional love story as "lovers find love in their 'golden years'—in their seventies, when death is all around them".[76]

text: Love in the Time of Cholera is based on the stories of two couples. The young love of Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza is based on the love affair of García Márquez's parents.[77] However, as García Márquez explains in an interview: "The only difference is [my parents] married. And as soon as they were married, they were no longer interesting as literary figures."[77] The love of old people is based on a newspaper story about the death of two Americans, who were almost 80 years old, who met every year in Acapulco. They were out in a boat one day and were murdered by the boatman with his oars. García Márquez notes, "Through their death, the story of their secret romance became known. I was fascinated by them. They were each married to other people."[78]

text: News of a Kidnapping[edit]

text: News of a Kidnapping (Noticia de un secuestro) was first published in 1996. It is a non-fiction book that examines a series of related kidnappings and Narco-terrorist actions committed in the early 1990s in Colombia by the Medellín Cartel, a drug cartel founded and operated by Pablo Escobar. The text recounts the kidnapping, imprisonment, and eventual release of prominent figures in Colombia, including politicians and members of the press. The original idea of the book was proposed to García Márquez by the former minister for education Maruja Pachón Castro and Colombian diplomat Luis Alberto Villamizar Cárdenas, both of whom were among the many victims of a Pablo Escobar's attempt to pressure the government to stop his extradition by committing a series of kidnappings, murders and terrorist actions.[79]

text: Living to Tell the Tale and Memories of My Melancholy Whores[edit]

text: In 2002, García Márquez published the memoir Vivir para contarla, the first of a projected three-volume autobiography. Edith Grossman's English translation, Living to Tell the Tale, was published in November 2003.[80] October 2004 brought the publication of a novel, Memories of My Melancholy Whores (Memoria de mis putas tristes), a love story that follows the romance of a 90-year-old man and a pubescent concubine. Memories of My Melancholy Whores caused controversy in Iran, where it was banned after an initial 5,000 copies were printed and sold.[81][82]

text: Film and opera[edit]

text: Critics often describe the language that García Márquez's imagination produces as visual or graphic,[83] and he himself explains each of his stories is inspired by "a visual image,"[84] so it comes as no surprise that he had a long and involved history with film. He was a film critic, he founded and served as executive director of the Film Institute in Havana,[83] was the head of the Latin American Film Foundation, and wrote several screenplays.[35] For his first script he worked with Carlos Fuentes on Juan Rulfo's El gallo de oro.[83] His other screenplays include the films Tiempo de morir (1966), (1985) and Un señor muy viejo con unas alas enormes (1988), as well as the television series Amores difíciles (1991).[83][85]

text: García Márquez also originally wrote his Eréndira as a third screenplay. However, this version was lost and replaced by the novella. Nonetheless, he worked on rewriting the script in collaboration with Ruy Guerra and the film was released in Mexico in 1983.[86]

text: Several of his stories have inspired other writers and directors. In 1987, the Italian director Francesco Rosi directed the movie Cronaca di una morte annunciata based on Chronicle of a Death Foretold.[87] Several film adaptations have been made in Mexico, including Miguel Littin's La Viuda de Montiel (1979), Jaime Humberto Hermosillo's Maria de mi corazón (1979),[88] and Arturo Ripstein's El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1998).[89]

text: British director Mike Newell (Four Weddings and a Funeral) filmed Love in the Time of Cholera in Cartagena, Colombia, with the screenplay written by Ronald Harwood (The Pianist). The film was released in the U.S. on 16 November 2007.[90]

text: His novel Of Love and Other Demons was adapted and directed by a Costa Rican filmmaker, Hilda Hidalgo, who is a graduate of the Film Institute at Havana where García Márquez would frequently impart screenplay workshops. Hidalgo's film was released in April 2010. The same novel was adapted by Hungarian composer Péter Eötvös to form the opera Love and Other Demons, premiered in 2008 at Glyndebourne Festival.

text: Later life and death[edit]

text: Declining health[edit]

text: In 1999, García Márquez was diagnosed with lymphatic cancer.[66] Chemotherapy provided by a hospital in Los Angeles proved to be successful, and the illness went into remission.[66][91] This event prompted García Márquez to begin writing his memoirs: "I reduced relations with my friends to a minimum, disconnected the telephone, canceled the trips and all sorts of current and future plans", he told El Tiempo, the Colombian newspaper, "...and locked myself in to write every day without interruption."[91] In 2002, three years later, he published Living to Tell the Tale (Vivir para Contarla), the first volume in a projected trilogy of memoirs.[91]

text: In 2000, his impending death was incorrectly reported by Peruvian daily newspaper La República. The next day other newspapers republished his alleged farewell poem, "La Marioneta," but shortly afterwards García Márquez denied being the author of the poem, which was determined to be the work of a Mexican ventriloquist.[92][93][94]

text: He stated that 2005 "was the first [year] in my life in which I haven't written even a line. With my experience, I could write a new novel without any problems, but people would realise my heart wasn't in it."[95]

text: In May 2008, it was announced that García Márquez was finishing a new "novel of love" that had yet to be given a title, to be published by the end of the year.[96] However, in April 2009 his agent, Carmen Balcells, told the Chilean newspaper La Tercera that García Márquez was unlikely to write again.[95] This was disputed by Random House Mondadori editor Cristobal Pera, who stated that García Márquez was completing a new novel called We'll Meet in August (En agosto nos vemos).[97]

text: In December 2008, García Márquez told fans at the Guadalajara book fair that writing had worn him out.[95] In 2009, responding to claims by both his literary agent and his biographer that his writing career was over, he told Colombian newspaper El Tiempo: "Not only is it not true, but the only thing I do is write".[95][98]

text: In 2012, his brother Jaime announced that García Márquez was suffering from dementia.[99]

text: In April 2014, García Márquez was hospitalized in Mexico. He had infections in his lungs and his urinary tract, and was suffering from dehydration. He was responding well to antibiotics. Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto wrote on Twitter, "I wish him a speedy recovery". Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos said his country was thinking of the author and said in a tweet "All of Colombia wishes a speedy recovery to the greatest of all time: Gabriel García Márquez".[100]

text: Death and funeral[edit]

text: García Márquez died of pneumonia at the age of 87 on 17 April 2014 in Mexico City.[101][102] His death was confirmed by his relative Fernanda Familiar on Twitter,[103] and by his former editor Cristóbal Pera.[104]

text: The Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos mentioned: "One Hundred Years of Solitude and sadness for the death of the greatest Colombian of all time".[103] The former Colombian president Álvaro Uribe Vélez said: "Master García Márquez, thanks forever, millions of people in the planet fell in love with our nation fascinated with your lines".[105] At the time of his death, he had a wife and two sons.[104]

text: Garcia Marquez was cremated at a private family ceremony in Mexico City. On 22 April, the presidents of Colombia and Mexico attended a formal ceremony in Mexico City, where Garcia Marquez had lived for more than three decades. A funeral cortege took the urn containing his ashes from his house to the Palacio de Bellas Artes, where the memorial ceremony was held. Earlier, residents in his home town of Aracataca in Colombia's Caribbean region held a symbolic funeral.[106]

text: Style[edit]

text: While there are certain aspects readers can almost always expect in García Márquez's writing, like instances of humour, he did not stick to any clear and predetermined style template. In an interview with Marlise Simons, García Márquez noted:

text: In every book I try to make a different path [...]. One doesn't choose the style. You can investigate and try to discover what the best style would be for a theme. But the style is determined by the subject, by the mood of the times. If you try to use something that is not suitable, it just won't work. Then the critics build theories around that and they see things I hadn't seen. I only respond to our way of life, the life of the Caribbean.[107]

text: García Márquez was also noted for leaving out seemingly important details and events so the reader is forced into a more participatory role in the story development. For example, in No One Writes to the Colonel, the main characters are not given names. This practice is influenced by Greek tragedies, such as Antigone and Oedipus Rex, in which important events occur off-stage and are left to the audience's imagination.[108]

text: Realism and Magical Realism[edit]

text: Reality is an important theme in all of García Márquez's works. He said of his early works (with the exception of Leaf Storm), "Nobody Writes to the Colonel, In Evil Hour, and Big Mama's Funeral all reflect the reality of life in Colombia and this theme determines the rational structure of the books. I don't regret having written them, but they belong to a kind of premeditated literature that offers too static and exclusive a vision of reality."[109]

text: In his other works he experimented more with less traditional approaches to reality, so that "the most frightful, the most unusual things are told with the deadpan expression".[110] A commonly cited example is the physical and spiritual ascending into heaven of a character while she is hanging the laundry out to dry in One Hundred Years of Solitude. The style of these works fits in the "marvellous realm" described by the Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier and was labeled as magical realism.[111] Literary critic Michael Bell proposes an alternative understanding for García Márquez's style, as the category magic realism is criticized for being dichotomizing and exoticizing, "what is really at stake is a psychological suppleness which is able to inhabit unsentimentally the daytime world while remaining open to the promptings of those domains which modern culture has, by its own inner logic, necessarily marginalised or repressed."[112] García Márquez and his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza discuss his work in a similar way,

text: "The way you treat reality in your books ... has been called magical realism. I have the feeling your European readers are usually aware of the magic of your stories but fail to see the reality behind it ... ." "This is surely because their rationalism prevents them seeing that reality isn't limited to the price of tomatoes and eggs."[113]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Solitude[edit]

text: The theme of solitude runs through much of García Márquez's works. As Pelayo notes, "Love in the Time of Cholera, like all of Gabriel García Márquez's work, explores the solitude of the individual and of humankind...portrayed through the solitude of love and of being in love".[114]

text: In response to Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza's question, "If solitude is the theme of all your books, where should we look for the roots of this over-riding emotion? In your childhood perhaps?" García Márquez replied, "I think it's a problem everybody has. Everyone has his own way and means of expressing it. The feeling pervades the work of so many writers, although some of them may express it unconsciously."[115]

text: In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Solitude of Latin America, he relates this theme of solitude to the Latin American experience, "The interpretation of our reality through patterns not our own, serves only to make us ever more unknown, ever less free, ever more solitary."[116]

text: Macondo[edit]

text: Another important theme in many of García Márquez's work is the setting of the village he calls Macondo. He uses his home town of Aracataca, Colombia as a cultural, historical and geographical reference to create this imaginary town, but the representation of the village is not limited to this specific area. García Márquez shares, "Macondo is not so much a place as a state of mind, which allows you to see what you want, and how you want to see it."[117] Even when his stories do not take place in Macondo, there is often still a consistent lack of specificity to the location. So while they are often set with "a Caribbean coastline and an Andean hinterland... [the settings are] otherwise unspecified, in accordance with García Márquez's evident attempt to capture a more general regional myth rather than give a specific political analysis."[118] This fictional town has become well known in the literary world. As Stavans notes of Macondo, "its geography and inhabitants constantly invoked by teachers, politicians, and tourist agents..." makes it "...hard to believe it is a sheer fabrication."[119] In Leaf Storm García Márquez depicts the realities of the Banana Boom in Macondo, which include a period of great wealth during the presence of the US companies and a period of depression upon the departure of the American banana companies.[120] As well, One Hundred Years of Solitude takes place in Macondo and tells the complete history of the fictional town from its founding to its doom.[121]

text: In his autobiography, García Márquez explains his fascination with the word and concept Macondo. He describes a trip he made with his mother back to Aracataca as a young man:

text: The train stopped at a station that had no town, and a short while later it passed the only banana plantation along the route that had its name written over the gate: Macondo. This word had attracted my attention ever since the first trips I had made with my grandfather, but I discovered only as an adult that I liked its poetic resonance. I never heard anyone say it and did not even ask myself what it meant...I happened to read in an encyclopedia that it is a tropical tree resembling the Ceiba.[122]

text: La Violencia[edit]

text: In several of García Márquez's works, including No One Writes to the Colonel, In Evil Hour, and Leaf Storm, he referenced La Violencia (the violence), "a brutal civil war between conservatives and liberals that lasted into the 1960s, causing the deaths of several hundred thousand Colombians".[41][123] Throughout all of his novels there are subtle references to la violencia. For example, characters live under various unjust situations like curfew, press censorship, and underground newspapers.[124] In Evil Hour, while not one of García Márquez's most famous novels, is notable for its portrayal of la violencia with its "fragmented portrayal of social disintegration provoked by la violencia".[125] Although García Márquez did portray the corrupt nature and the injustices of times like la violencia, he refused to use his work as a platform for political propaganda. "For him, the duty of the revolutionary writer is to write well, and the ideal novel is one that moves its reader by its political and social content, and, at the same time, by its power to penetrate reality and expose its other side.[124]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Whether in fiction or nonfiction, in the epic novel or the concentrated story, Márquez is now recognized in the words of Carlos Fuentes as "the most popular and perhaps the best writer in Spanish since Cervantes". He is one of those very rare artists who succeed in chronicling not only a nation's life, culture and history, but also those of an entire continent, and a master storyteller who, as The New York Review of Books once said, "forces upon us at every page the wonder and extravagance of life."[126]

text: García Márquez's work is an important part of the Latin American Boom of literature.[127] His work has challenged critics of Colombian literature to step out of the conservative criticism that had been dominant before the success of One Hundred Years of Solitude. In a review of literary criticism Robert Sims notes,

text: García Márquez continues to cast a lengthy shadow in Colombia, Latin America, and the United States. Critical works on the 1982 Nobel laureate have reached industrial proportion and show no signs of abating. Moreover, García Márquez has galvanized Colombian literature in an unprecedented way by giving a tremendous impetus to Colombian literature. Indeed, he has become a touchstone for literature and criticism throughout the Americas as his work has created a certain attraction-repulsion among critics and writers while readers continue to devour new publications. No one can deny that García Márquez has helped rejuvenate, reformulate, and recontextualize literature and criticism in Colombia and the rest of Latin America.[128]

text: Following his death, García Márquez's family made the decision to deposit his papers and some of his personal effects at The University of Texas at Austin's Harry Ransom Center, a humanities research library and museum.[129][130]

text: Nobel Prize[edit]

text: García Márquez received the Nobel Prize in Literature on 8 December 1982 "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts". His acceptance speech was entitled "The Solitude of Latin America".[131] García Márquez was the first Colombian and fourth Latin American to win a Nobel Prize for Literature.[132] After becoming a Nobel laureate, García Márquez stated to a correspondent: "I have the impression that in giving me the prize, they have taken into account the literature of the sub-continent and have awarded me as a way of awarding all of this literature".[71]

text: García Márquez in fiction[edit]

text:
A year after his death, García Márquez appears as a notable character in Claudia Amengual's novel Cartagena, set in Uruguay and Colombia
In Dexter (season 3), episode 10 ("Go Your Own Way"), the title character gains access to Miguel Prado's personal study by telling Prado's housekeeper, Norma, he wants to give Prado a best man gift of a García Márquez limited edition book Prado doesn't already have, that Dexter needs to see which books are already in Prado's library, and Norma should keep the gift and visit a secret.
In John Green's novel "Looking for Alaska", Gabriel García Márquez is mentioned several times.

text: List of works[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text:
In Evil Hour (1962)
One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967)
The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975)
Love in the Time of Cholera (1985)
The General in His Labyrinth (1989)
Of Love and Other Demons (1994)

text: Novellas[edit]

text:
Leaf Storm (1955)
No One Writes to the Colonel (1961)
The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother (1972)
Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981)
Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004)

text: Short story collections[edit]

text:
Eyes of a Blue Dog (1947)
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings (1955)
Big Mama's Funeral (1962)
One of These Days (1962)
Collected Stories (1984)
Strange Pilgrims (1993)
La Día Prodigiosa de Baltazar (1980)

text: Non-fiction[edit]

text:
The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (1970)
The Solitude of Latin America (1982)
The Fragrance of Guava (1982, with Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza)
Clandestine in Chile (1986)
Changing the History of Africa: Angola and Namibia (1991, with David Deutschmann)
News of a Kidnapping (1996)
A Country for Children (1998)
Living to Tell the Tale (2002)

text: Films[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Credited as

Director
Writer

1954
The Blue Lobster
Yes
Yes

1964
The Golden Cockerel

Yes

1965
Love, Love, Love (Lola de mi vida segment)

Yes

1966
Time to Die

Yes

1967
Dangerous Game

Yes

1968
4 contra el crimen

Yes

1974
Presage

Yes

1979
Mary my Dearest

Yes

1979
The Year of the Plague

Yes

1983
Eréndira

Yes

1985
Time to Die

Yes

1988
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

Yes

1988
Fable of the Beautiful Pigeon Fancier

Yes

1989
A Happy Sunday

Yes

1989
Letters from the Park

Yes

1989
Miracle in Rome

Yes

1990
Don't Fool with Love: The Two Way Mirror

Yes

1991
Far Apart

Yes

1991
La María

Yes

1992
Me alquilo para soñar

Yes

1993
Crónicas de una generación trágica

Yes

1996
Oedipus Mayor

Yes

1996
Saturday Night Thief

Yes

2001
The Invisible Children

Yes

2006
ZA 05. Lo viejo y lo nuevo

Yes

2011
Lessons for a Kiss

Yes

tag: table

text: Adaptations based on his works[edit]

text:
There Are No Thieves in This Village (1965, Alberto Isaac)
Patsy, My Love (1969, Manuel Michel, based on a non-published story)
The Widow of Montiel (1979, Miguel Littín)
The Sea of Lost Time (1980, Solveig Hoogesteijn)
One Hundred Years of Solitude (1981, Shūji Terayama)
Farewell to the Ark (1984, Shūji Terayama)
Time to Die (1984, Jorge Alí Triana)
Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1987, Francesco Rosi)
The Summer of Miss Forbes (1989, Jaime Humberto Hermosillo)
I'm the One You're Looking For (1989, Jaime Chávarri)
Only Death Is Bound to Come (1992, Marina Tsurtsumia)
Bloody Morning (1993, Shaohong Li)
No One Writes to the Colonel (1999, Arturo Ripstein)
In Evil Hour (2005, Ruy Guerra)
Love in the Time of Cholera (2007, Mike Newell)
Of Love and Other Demons (2009, Hilda Hidalgo)
Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2011, Henning Carlsen)


document_title: The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

question_text: where is the tonight show jimmy fallon filmed

root

text: The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

text: Background[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The Tonight Show premiered on NBC in 1954 as Tonight, hosted by Steve Allen. Jack Paar hosted the show from 1957 to 1962, but the show's longest-running and most famous host was Johnny Carson, who hosted the show for three decades. Following Carson's 1992 retirement, "vast quantities of brainpower, money, and column inches were devoted to the issue of who was truly best suited to carry the franchise forward."[2] NBC chose interim guest host Jay Leno, who took over the show that year.

tag: p

text: A pair of conflicts ensued over Leno's 22-year tenure, both revolving around the then-current hosts of Late Night, the program directly following Tonight since its premiere in 1982. Original Late Night host David Letterman was considered Carson's top choice as successor and left the network acrimoniously in 1993 after Leno was given the job. Years later, NBC attempted to transit Letterman's Late Night successor, Conan O'Brien to in turn succeed Leno as host of Tonight in 2009. However, as a result of various contractual obligations and fears of losing performers to other networks, Leno was given a nightly prime-time show shortly after Conan's run began. Leno posted less than stellar ratings, leading to a domino effect on the late local news. O'Brien's Tonight also suffered falling ratings leading to a public controversy that resulted in O'Brien leaving the network the following year, and Leno returning to host The Tonight Show.

text: Jimmy Fallon, a former cast member on Saturday Night Live, was appointed as the third host of Late Night by executive producer Lorne Michaels in 2009 when Conan moved to Tonight. Fallon incorporated the Internet much more than other talk shows.[3] Between Fallon's own musical sensibilities and the recruitment of his house band, hip-hop collective The Roots, his incarnation of Late Night "evolved into the most deeply musical of TV’s musical-comedy variety programs", with sketches in which he parodies Neil Young and Bruce Springsteen going viral online.[2] Coincidentally, it was during the Tonight Show debacle that Fallon's show found its footing.[2] The show, according to Fallon's former SNL castmate Tina Fey, established itself as "an uncommonly warm, welcoming show."[2] In 2010, New York complimented Fallon's "good humor" and noted his improvement: "In the relative safety of his 12:35 a.m. time slot, Fallon has been cultivating a distinct, and refreshing, strain of humor: the comedy of unabashed celebration."[4] "In our heads, we've been doing The Tonight Show […] We're just on at a later hour," Fallon said.[5]

text: Transition[edit]

text: Fallon grew up with no designs on the Tonight job (unlike O'Brien or Leno), most likely because he was just 17 years old when Carson retired.[2] Discussions for Fallon to take over The Tonight Show began in early 2013, with the transition intended to happen by late 2014 at the latest.[6] Many industry observers noted that the change appeared to come as a result of another late-night competitor, Jimmy Kimmel (24 years old at the time of Carson's retirement) of Jimmy Kimmel Live! on ABC, who moved to the 11:35 slot months prior; NBC feared that by waiting too long to promote Fallon, Kimmel could create a stranglehold on young demographics, which is key to the financial success of the franchise.[6] Fallon had reportedly impressed top executives at Comcast (which had recently completed a full takeover of NBCUniversal), and his succession was widely expected throughout the company.[6] The transition reportedly lacked the tension of previous Tonight transitions, and the program's relocation east "signals NBC’s strong commitment to not messing with the program any further."[2]

text: On April 3, 2013, NBC announced that Leno would retire in 2014, with Fallon taking over The Tonight Show beginning on February 24, 2014. At Leno's suggestion, the date was moved forward from the end of his contract in September 2014, to February so as to use NBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics as a springboard for Fallon's tenure.[7] The date was later moved up a week to February 17, midway through the Olympics.[8]

text: As Leno's contract ran until September 2014, much of his staff were paid until that month.[9]

text: Emphasis on sketch comedy[edit]

text: By bringing over many of his recurring bits and features from Late Night, Fallon has departed in a few ways from the format which Leno used for his show. Fallon's edition places less emphasis on his opening monologue, a feature which was a staple of the Leno edition. In his opening episode, in which he described what the format of the show would be, he only briefly mentioned the monologue.[10]

text: The show has many recurring segments and games that are played with the various celebrity guests. The most popular of these, Lip Sync Battle, was spun off into its own show by Fallon. Other segments include playing charades, Catchphrase, Pictionary, or other familial style games.

text: Additionally, Fallon and celebrity guests regularly appear in sketches parodying pop culture or political events. These segments normally take place after the monologue, but have occurred as a cold open for the show on a few occasions.[11] Just as he portrayed Mitt Romney during the 2012 election season, Fallon portrayed Republican candidate Donald Trump[12] and Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders.[13] Alongside Fallon's impressions, other celebrities occasionally appear. Several have recurring roles, including Dion Flynn as Barack Obama,[14] David Alan Grier as Ben Carson,[15] Aziz Ansari as Bobby Jindal,[16] the show's announcer Steve Higgins as Jeb Bush,[17] and the show's head writer AD Miles as Lindsey Graham.[17]

text: After his critically acclaimed appearances as Trump on Tonight, Fallon was asked to play the role on the December 19, 2015 episode of Saturday Night Live, since Taran Killam (who had been announced as the season's Trump) would be busy playing Ted Cruz. Fallon accepted the offer, but the plan fell through at some point before the show. The role was filled by Darrell Hammond, who played Trump over his fourteen years on SNL.[18]

text: Fallon has also appeared as figures such as Vladimir Putin[19] and Bob Dylan.[20]

text: Production[edit]

text: The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon originates from NBC Studio 6-B at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, the original home of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, where it is taped every weekday at 5pm.[21] The studio housed both Carson and his predecessor, Jack Paar, before the franchise's move to Burbank in 1972. "It is where The Tonight Show started -- actually in the studio where we are going to be, that's where Johnny Carson was, there's Broadway, there's Times Square, there's something glamorous about it. That is The Tonight Show," Fallon remarked.[22] NBC spent approximately $5 million renovating Studio 6-B, where Fallon had been taping Late Night, for The Tonight Show's return to New York City.[23] The upgraded 6-B contains improved acoustics and a seating capacity of around 240, up from 189,[2][23] but smaller than the seating capacity of The Late Late Show.[24] The investment also included a new control room and a new lobby to welcome guests.[21] The larger audience also meant NBC could take advantage of a newly enacted New York state tax credit for talk shows that are "filmed before a studio audience of at least 200, as long as they carry a production budget of at least $30 million and have been shot outside New York for at least five seasons."[25] Fallon's Late Night successor, Seth Meyers, is housed directly above his studio in Studio 8-G; the combination created logistical challenges for executives, who were concerned about "sound bleed" (as the building was built with steel girders, sound is too easily conducted floor to floor). As a result, The Tonight Show tapes at 5:00pm,[26] and Meyers' show tapes later in the evening, at 6:30pm.[21] Additionally, because of The Roots' still active tour schedule, The Tonight Show tapes two shows on Thursday at New York, one for Thursday night's airing, and one for Friday night's airing. However, the show still tapes daily Monday through Wednesday throughout the week. Occasionally, they will tape a show on Friday for Friday night's show, but it is more common that they will tape two shows on Thursday.

text: The show's set was designed by theatrical set designer Eugene Lee, known for his credits on Saturday Night Live, whom Fallon thanked on-air on his first episode.[27] The set "emphasizes stained wood and a mid-century modern style,"[28] including "a slate blue couch, a handsome honey-colored wood desk and matching walls."[29] Behind the desk near the city backdrop is a wood-carved miniature replica of New York City skyscrapers.[29][30] "I think it's Eugene Lee's masterpiece," said producer Michaels.[21] Fallon's monologue spot is noted by a painted four-leaf clover on the floor.[29] "Fallon’s new set is purposefully old-fashioned compared to the college-cafe-in-the-meatpacking-district where he lived on Late Night," said Entertainment Weekly.[30] USA Today called the set more "intimate and theatrical" than the set employed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno,[31] and The New York Times called it more elegant, "but also quite formal and a little impersonal."[29] The show's logo, its title set against a full moon, is a callback to The Honeymooners,[2] while the title is a throwback to Carson's tenure: Leno and O'Brien both favored a "with," rather than "starring," in their respective titles.[32]

text: In November 2014, a new marquee was added to the Avenue of the Americas entrance of 30 Rock, which promotes the building as the home of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon; the new marquee was also designed so that it can be usable as a stage for performances. John Wallace, NBCUniversal's president of technical operations, described the marquee as being a "bold statement" that The Tonight Show had been brought back to New York. Fallon joked that the marquee "makes it exponentially harder for them to fire me", and that he was "jealous of Letterman."[33][34][35]

text: Format[edit]

text: The show's opening sequence, directed by filmmaker Spike Lee,[21][36] features Fallon visiting various New York City landmarks, including Grand Central Terminal and Katz's Delicatessen.[27] Steve Higgins introduces the show with "From Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center, in the heart of New York City, it's The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon!" and announces that night's guests and "the legendary Roots crew". The show's theme song is "energetic with jazzy overtones" with "Hey Jimmy", designed to match the shots of the city.[37] Just before Higgins introduces Fallon, the camera cuts to a shot of The Roots, and Questlove shouts the numbers symbolizing the episode number of The Tonight Show. Higgins then introduces Fallon with a drawn-out "And now, here's your host/here he is, Jimmy Fallon!", and Fallon begins his brief monologue.

text: Prior to composing an entirely new theme song, bandleader Questlove noted to Vanity Fair that they were considering a variation on Late Night's theme, which itself is a sped-up adaptation of The Roots' 2006 song "Here I Come".[2] For their transition to The Tonight Show, The Roots added two horn players from Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings ("You can't be The Tonight Show without a horn section," said Questlove).[37] As he did on Late Night, Jonathan Cohen supervises the show's musical guest bookings.

text: Following the monologue, the main segments are a mix of interviews and performances—examples of the latter include musical impressions, lip-syncing contests, games of Pictionary and egg Russian roulette.[38] His celebrity interviews are throwbacks to "Merv Griffin-style celebrity gush."[38]

text: Before the first airing of the show, Fallon expressed that it was essentially an extension of his tenure at Late Night, explaining that his Tonight Show would be "the best of the best of what we do".[2] The show has carried over some of Late Night's well-known performance bits, such as "Egg Russian Roulette", a game in which Fallon challenges guests to pick random eggs and then smash them against their forehead to see whether the eggs are raw or hard-boiled.[5] Each week, Fallon has carried over a popular sketch from his Late Night days: the absurdist "Thank You Notes" segment, in which "he dutifully composes notes of gratitude to abstract concepts and inanimate objects."[2] Fallon has another segment which is particularly popular in the sports world. The segment is called "Tonight Show Superlatives". He chooses a league such as the NFL or NHL and gives out yearbook style Superlatives based on player names and pictures. There has even been a website dedicated to his NHL Superlatives.[39]

text: Remote broadcasts[edit]

text: While the vast majority of episodes are produced at the show's New York home base, Fallon's Tonight Show has gone on the road to produce episodes remotely in its first year, spending four nights at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida in June 2014 to promote new attractions at NBCUniversal's theme parks there.[40] Four nights of shows from Universal Studios Hollywood in Los Angeles aired February 2015, in the days immediately following a special Sunday night show from Phoenix, Arizona airing after NBC's coverage of Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, using the Stage One facility previously utilized for Conan O'Brien's Tonight Show run, and also E!'s Chelsea Lately until its August 2014 end.[41] The L.A. shows brought Tonight back to the locale where it had been based since Johnny Carson relocated the program from New York in 1972 until the start of Fallon's tenure, and echoes Carson himself hosting special broadcasts from the L.A. region prior to the relocation. Fallon hosted The Tonight Show again from Universal Orlando Resort, April 3–6, 2017, in anticipation of the opening of Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon, a motion simulator attraction based on his tenure at the show.[42] Fallon once again aired a special episode after Super Bowl LII, from Minneapolis' Orpheum Theatre.[43][44]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Notable episodes[edit]

text: In the show's debut episode, Fallon introduced his supporting stars and gave a brief history of his life and career, following it up with a sketch, "The Evolution of Hip-Hop Dancing", with actor Will Smith and a musical performance by U2 at the Top of the Rock.[45][46] Following the show's premiere, many notable episodes of the show have produced segments that went viral on sites like Facebook and YouTube.[47] Among the show's most popular bits are lip sync battles; one featuring actress Emma Stone aired in April 2014 is the most highly watched online video of the program. In October 2014, actor Daniel Radcliffe recited rapper Blackalicious' "Alphabet Aerobics", which became a popular viral video.[48] Other clips, including the Wheel of Musical Impressions with singers Ariana Grande and Christina Aguilera have been widely viewed, as has a clip of Fallon and comedian Kevin Hart riding the Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit roller coaster during the show's first remote broadcast at Universal Studios Florida.[48] Sketches that reunite casts of television shows, such as Saved By the Bell,[49] in addition to a cappella versions of popular songs performed by Fallon and the Roots, have also been popular.[48] The show's most widely circulated interview segment was one aired in January 2015 with actress Nicole Kidman, who jokingly revealed that she once had a crush on Fallon, to which at the time he was oblivious.[50]

text: On February 1, 2015, the showed aired, to date, its only live show from the Orpheum Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona as a lead-out program from NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XLIX. The show included an appearance by Arnold Schwarzenegger, a lip-sync battle with Kevin Hart and Will Ferrell, appearances by Super Bowl Champion New England Patriots players, and a performance by Ariana Grande.

text: In September 2016, Fallon faced criticism after an interview with the Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump. Democrats felt that Fallon humanized Trump, who had made controversial statements (i.e. that some illegals bring drugs and crime) that they disagreed with. Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton had also appeared on the show prior that year.[51][52][53] Fallon responded to the controversy claiming that nobody should have expected him to ask difficult questions since he is never hard on anyone.[54] Fallon acknowledged that the interview was a setback three months after Trump was inaugurated.[55]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reviews[edit]

text: The debut episode received mixed but generally positive reviews.[56] The New York Times's Alessandra Stanley referred to the show's premiere as "more sweet than sassy," calling Fallon "the grateful heir, the eager freshman, the class clown with top grades and a good heart, someone older viewers can embrace without fear of being mocked or overlooked."[29] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter was positive in his assessment of the evening, but noted the older fanbase used to Leno may not latch on as quickly.[57] "Indeed, Fallon comes across as eager to please almost to a fault, and he treated his Tonight Show launch very much like a guy auditioning to be accepted into homes," said Brian Lowry of Variety, who considered the premiere episode a demonstration in Fallon's strengths and weaknesses.[58]

text: The first season of the show was deemed "wildly successful."[47] Entertainment Weekly summarized the show's inaugural year: "In his first year as host of The Tonight Show, [Fallon] turned the revered late-night franchise into the hottest party in town, a celebrity playpen full of games, music, surprise guests, and good vibes all around."[59] Nevertheless, detractors of the show, such as John Walters of Newsweek, criticized Fallon for his weakness in interviews.[47] One writer for Conan, a fellow late-night show, criticized Fallon for creating what he dubbed "Prom King Comedy"—eschewing odder, more clever material for an over-reliance on games and celebrity cameos.[60] Rolling Stone's Rob Sheffield opined that Fallon's effect led the medium to become overly friendly.[61]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The debut episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon averaged a 3.8 rating in adults 18–49 and 11.31 million viewers overall in Nielsen's fast-national estimates.[62] This made it the second-largest audience for The Tonight Show since May 2009, behind Leno's final farewell two weeks earlier and the transition to Conan O'Brien nearly five years prior. The program's first full week averaged 8.490 million viewers, making it the franchise’s most-watched week in 20 years.[63] Following its premiere, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon has consistently won its timeslot in ratings, routinely beating Late Show with David Letterman and Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[64] Despite this, the ratings for competitors never significantly fell, with Fallon winning due to a surge in younger viewers.[65] In his first year as host, Fallon's Tonight Show improved on ratings delivered by his predecessor Jay Leno.[59]

text: The series' post-Super Bowl episode in 2015 averaged 9.8 million viewers despite its late 12:13 a.m. start time. The following week's shows from Los Angeles maintained its highest ratings since its premiere.[64] The show fell to second place on the debut night of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert that September,[66] though it quickly rebounded and has remained in first place.[67] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Tonight "is more popular in cities than in the surrounding countryside".[68]

text: However, beginning in early 2017, The Tonight Show lost total viewership to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert for sixteen consecutive weeks beginning from the week of inauguration of Donald Trump,[69] and also marked the first time that The Late Show with Stephen Colbert became the highest-rated late-night TV show by total viewership. Despite this loss, The Tonight Show led in the 18-49 year old demographic. The Late Show with Stephen Colbert became the highest-rated late-night talk show for the September 2016 to May 2017 season, averaging 3.2 million nightly viewers, beating The Tonight Show.[70] His ratings fall has been ascribed to his pursuit of "broad appeal rather than political criticism" on divisive issues.[71]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2014
Outstanding Variety Series
Lorne Michaels, Jamie Granet Bederman, Rob Crabbe, Katie Hockmeyer, Jim Juvonen, Brian McDonald, Gavin Purcell, Josh Lieb, Jimmy Fallon
Nominated

[72]

2015
Outstanding Variety Talk Series
Lorne Michaels, Jamie Granet Bederman, Katie Hockmeyer, Jim Juvonen, Brian McDonald, Gavin Purcell, Josh Lieb, Jimmy Fallon
Nominated

[72]

2016
Outstanding Variety Talk Series
Lorne Michaels, Jamie Granet Bederman, Katie Hockmeyer, Jim Juvonen, Brian McDonald, Gavin Purcell, Josh Lieb, Jimmy Fallon
Nominated

[72]

text: Creative Arts Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2014
Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series
Dave Diomedi
Nominated

[72]

Outstanding Interactive Program
N/A
Won

[73]

Outstanding Lighting Design/Lighting Direction for a Variety Series
Fred Bock, Phil Hymes, Jared Kirchmer, Francis Biancamano, Mike Baldassari
Nominated

[72]

Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series
A. D. Miles, Patrick Borelli, Gerard Bradford, Luke Cunningham, Mike DiCenzo, Mike Drucker, Jess Dweck, Dicky Eagan, Jimmy Fallon, John Haskel, Josh Lieb, Arthur Meyer, Chase Mitchell, Dan Opsal, Gavin Purcell, Jon Rineman, Albertina Rizzo, Jason Ross, David Young, Michael Jann
Nominated

[72]

2015
Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series
Dave Diomedi
Nominated

[72]

Outstanding Interactive Program
N/A
Nominated

[72]

Outstanding Social TV Experience
Gavin Purcell, Marina Cockenberg, Jimmy Fallon, Christine Friar, Felicia Daniels
Won

[72]

2016
Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series
Dave Diomedi
Nominated

[72]

text: Effect[edit]

text: Much like Fallon's preceding tenure on Late Night, many clips of the show have been made available on YouTube, Facebook, and other services shortly after its television broadcast. Many clips have gone on to become viral videos, which, along with widely viewed videos from competitor Jimmy Kimmel Live!, had an effect on the entire state of late-night television.[60] Media pundits have predicted that future programs' accessibility online will be more important than their television ratings.[74] David Letterman, a thirty-year veteran of the format who was the first host of Late Night and then hosted Late Show on CBS until 2015, partly retired due to his inability to produce viral bits.[75]

text: On October 27, 2015, it was announced that the attraction Twister...Ride it Out at Universal Studios Florida would be closing on November 2, 2015 to make room for Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon, a ride based on Fallon's Tonight Show,[76] which opened on April 6, 2017.[42]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Australia, The Tonight Show premiered on The Comedy Channel on February 18, 2014 – airing the same day as its U.S. broadcast.[77] It also airs on free-to-air network ABC Comedy (as opposed to The Comedy Channel which is a subscription television network) on a two-day delay, premiering on March 24, 2014.[78] On September 21, 2014 The Comedy Channel dropped The Tonight Show, making ABC Comedy the exclusive broadcaster of the show in Australia at the time.[79] Beginning March 2, 2015, the series returned to pay television, this time, however, airing on E! – airing within hours of the American broadcast.[80]

text: In Belgium, the show airs with a delay of several days on Vier at midnight CET every Monday through Friday, and at 11:05 pm CET every Sunday. The show's first broadcast took place on October 12, 2015.[81]

text: In Brazil, the show aired on the subscription channel GNT, debuting in February 24, 2014 under the title The Tonight Show com Jimmy Fallon.[82][83] GNT broadcasts the show on a three-day delay at 1 am with Portuguese subtitles.[84][85] The show's broadcast continued until September 2017, when GNT don't reached an agreement with NBC, which doesn't allowed the channel to host the Tonight Show episodes on its on-demand video platform and by the one-week broadcast delay in relation to the United States, with the show's videos reaching the Brazilian public first through YouTube.[86]

text: In Canada, The Tonight Show airs on CTV (CTV Two), broadcasting simultaneously with NBC.[87]

text: In MENA Countries, the show airs on OSN First Comedy HD, And re-two hours after the presentation on OSN First Comedy +2.[88]

text: In France, the show airs at 6:15pm every Monday to Friday on pay television Canal+.[89]

text: In Germany, the show airs at 11 pm CET the next day every Monday to Friday on One. The show's first broadcast took place on January 25, 2016. It includes German subtitles.[90]

text: In Italy, the show airs Monday through Friday at 10:45pm CET on pay television network FOX the next day from the original NBC broadcast. It started airing on September 19, 2016 .[91]

text: In New Zealand, The Tonight Show airs on Prime.[92]

text: In the Philippines, CT airs the show.[93][94]

text: In Portugal, The Tonight Show airs on the subscription channel SIC Radical every Monday through Friday at 10 pm.[95]

text: In South Asia (excluding Sri Lanka), The Tonight Show airs on Comedy Central India same day as NBC.[96][97]

text: In Southeast Asia (including Sri Lanka), The Tonight Show airs on CNBC Asia with back-to-back editions of the show on weekends, and on E! Asia within 12 hours after the U.S.[98]

text: In Sweden airs on TV12 the next at 6 PM local time.[99]

text: In the United Kingdom, the show airs a day after broadcast on E! at 10pm local time. An edited-down 30-minute version airs on CNBC Europe at 11 pm GMT, airing on a one-show delay from NBC. A selection of the best episodes are shown on Saturdays and Sundays from 9 pm CET in a 45-minute format.[100]


document_title: The Walking Dead (season 8)

question_text: walking dead season 8 episode 10 release date

text: The Walking Dead (season 8)

text: Cast

text: Main cast

text: The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall. For this season, Katelyn Nacon, Khary Payton, Steven Ogg, and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status, after previously having recurring roles, while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits.

text: Starring

text:
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series' protagonist, a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria, who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors.
Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, Rick's right-hand man, the group's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria.
Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee, the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop.
Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick's bold and courageous teenage son.
Danai Gurira as Michonne, Rick's katana-wielding girlfriend, who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith.
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends.
Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first survivor Rick had ever encountered, who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity.
Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler, a caring, witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside.
Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter, a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing.
Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa, an impulsive member of the group, who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham's death.
Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes, a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick's group.
Ross Marquand as Aaron, an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors.
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan, the leader of the Saviors who serves as the season's primary antagonist.

tag: ul

text: Also starring

text:
Austin Amelio as Dwight, a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors.
Tom Payne as Paul "Jesus" Rovia, a scout for the Hilltop.
Xander Berkeley as Gregory, the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie's prominence.
Khary Payton as Ezekiel, the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors.
Steven Ogg as Simon, a former mortgage broker and Negan's second-in-command, he does not hide his intentions to overthrow Negan.[3]
Katelyn Nacon as Enid, a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie, and has formed a relationship with Carl.[3]
Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis ("Anne"), the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick's group, and maintains a neutral stance in the war.[3]

text: Supporting cast

text: Alexandria Safe-Zone

text:
Jason Douglas as Tobin, the foreman of Alexandria's construction crew and member of Rick's militia.
Jordan Woods-Robinson as Eric Raleigh, Aaron's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner, who is now a member of Rick's militia.
Kenric Green as Scott, a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick's militia.
Dahlia Legault as Francine, a member of Alexandria's construction crew and member of Rick's militia.
Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara, resident of Alexandria.
Ted Huckabee as Bruce, resident and member of Alexandria's construction and member of Rick's militia.

text: The Hilltop

text:
James Chen as Kal, a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo, a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Karen Ceesay as Bertie, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Jeremy Palko as Andy, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Brett Gentile as Freddie, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson, is the doctor of the Hilltop, who was captured by Simon in the previous season.

text: The Saviors

text:
Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin, one of Negan's top lieutenants, who leads the weapons base.
Traci Dinwiddie as Regina, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Mike Seal as Gary, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Lindsley Register as Laura, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Juan Pareja as Morales, a survivor from Rick's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors.
Joshua Mikel as Jared, Benjamin's killer, and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan.
Callan McAuliffe as Alden, a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost.
Lindsey Garrett as Mara, a Savior who guards one of many outposts.
Lee Norris as Todd, a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara.
Whitmer Thomas as Gunther, a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel.
Charles Halford as Yago, a Savior who manages Gavin's weapons base.
Ciera L. Payton as Zia, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse.
Adam Cronan as Leo, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse.
Chloe Aktas as Tanya, one of Negan's wives.
Elyse Dufour as Frankie, one of Negan's wives.
Adam Fristoe as Dean, a Savior who tried to kill Jesus.

text: The Kingdom

text:
Cooper Andrews as Jerry, Ezekiel's loyal and good-natured bodyguard.
Kerry Cahill as Dianne, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers and a skilled archer.
Daniel Newman as Daniel, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Carlos Navarro as Alvaro, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Macsen Lintz as Henry, a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin.
Jason Burkey as Kevin, a resident of the Kingdom.
Nadine Marissa as Nabila, a resident and gardener of the Kingdom.

text: Oceanside

text:
Deborah May as Natania, the vigilant leader of Oceanside.
Sydney Park as Cyndie, Natania's granddaughter.
Briana Venskus as Beatrice, one of Oceanside's top soldiers.
Nicole Barré as Kathy, one of Oceanside's top soldiers.
Mimi Kirkland as Rachel, an aggressive young member of Oceanside.

text: The Scavengers

text:
Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel, a leading member of the Scavengers.
Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion, a leading member of the Scavengers.

text: Miscellaneous

text:
Avi Nash as Siddiq, a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl.
Jayne Atkinson as Georgie, the leader of a mysterious humanitarian group.

text: Production

text: The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16-episode eighth season on October 16, 2016.[4] Production began on April 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[5] On July 12, 2017, production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed, after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor.[6] Production resumed on July 17.[7]

text: The season premiere, which also serves as the series' milestone 100th episode, was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero.[8]

text: In November 2017, it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones, would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season, and he will join the cast of the spin-off series Fear the Walking Dead.[9]

text: Episodes

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1001"Mercy"Greg NicoteroScott M. GimpleOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)11.44[10]
Rick, Maggie, and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan. Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan, but they all firmly stand behind Maggie. The group attacks the Sanctuary, taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers. With the Sanctuary defaced, everyone leaves except Gabriel, who reluctantly stays to save Gregory, but is left behind when Gregory abandons him. Surrounded by walkers, Gabriel hides in a trailer, where he is trapped inside with Negan.
1012"The Damned"Rosemary RodriguezMatthew Negrete & Channing PowellOctober 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)8.92[11]
Rick's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors' outposts, during which many members of the group are killed; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron. Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors. While clearing an outpost with Daryl, Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales, a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp, who is now with the Saviors.
1023"Monsters"Greg NicoteroMatthew Negrete & Channing PowellNovember 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)8.52[12]
Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost. Gregory returns to Hilltop, and after a heated argument, Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community. Eric dies from his injuries, leaving Aaron distraught. Despite Tara and Morgan's objections, Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop. Ezekiel's group attacks another Savior compound, during which Kingdom fighters are annihilated while protecting Ezekiel.
1034"Some Guy"Dan LiuDavid Leslie JohnsonNovember 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)8.69[13]
Ezekiel's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors, who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry. Carol clears the inside of the compound, killing all but two Saviors, who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl. En route to the Kingdom, Ezekiel, Jerry, and Carol are surrounded by walkers, but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them. The trio returns to the Kingdom, where Ezekiel's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished.
1045"The Big Scary U"Michael E. SatrazemisStory by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela KangNovember 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)7.85[14]
After confessing their sins to each other, Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer. Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other, knowing that Rick’s forces must have inside information. The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions, and a riot nearly ensues, until Negan returns and restores order. Gabriel is locked in a cell, where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering. Meanwhile, Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors, leading Daryl to abandon Rick.
1056"The King, the Widow, and Rick"John PolsonAngela Kang & Corey ReedNovember 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)8.28[15]
Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan; Jadis refuses, and locks Rick in a shipping container. Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria. Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick’s plans by destroying the Sanctuary. Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom, where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need. Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop.
1067"Time for After"Larry TengMatthew Negrete & Corey ReedDecember 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)7.47[16]
After learning of Dwight's association with Rick's group, Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary. With help from Morgan and Tara, Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary’s walls, flooding its interior with walkers, killing many Saviors. Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him, and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender. However, when they arrive at the Sanctuary, Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd.
1078"How It's Gotta Be"Michael E. SatrazemisDavid Leslie Johnson & Angela KangDecember 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)7.89[17]
Eugene's plan allows the Saviors to escape the Sanctuary, and separately, the Saviors waylay the Alexandria, Hilltop, and Kingdom forces. The Scavengers abandon Rick, after which he returns to Alexandria. Aaron and Enid are ambushed by Oceanside soldiers, leading Enid to kill Natania. Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors. Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience. Negan attacks Alexandria, but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers. Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria.
1089"Honor"Greg NicoteroMatthew Negrete & Channing PowellFebruary 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)8.28[18]
Realizing his time alive is limited, Carl writes several letters to his loved ones. After the Saviors leave Alexandria, the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl, who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors. Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel and successfully retake the Kingdom from the invading Saviors; their lieutenant, Gavin, is killed by Benjamin's vengeful younger brother, Henry.
10910"The Lost and the Plunderers"David BoydAngela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey ReedMarch 4, 2018 (2018-03-04)6.82[19]
Aaron and Enid try to convince Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors, but they refuse; Enid returns to Hilltop while Aaron opts to stay at Oceanside until he can convince them to join. Upon learning of the Scavenger’s siding with Rick, Negan orders Simon to kill only one of Jadis’ people. Rick and Michonne travel to the junkyard to warn Jadis of the Saviors’ impending attack, but they are too late; Simon had ordered the Saviors to slaughter the entire group; Jadis, who managed to escape lures her reanimated comrades into a waste shredder to protect herself.
11011"Dead or Alive Or"Michael E. SatrazemisEddie GuzelianMarch 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)6.60[20]
The Saviors hunt the surviving Alexandrians as they make their way to the Hilltop; Dwight affirms his loyalty to Rick's group as he distracts the Saviors and helps lead the group to safety. Eugene leads a crew of Saviors in crafting bullets at a new outpost while Negan plans to taint the Saviors' weapons with walker blood, in order to make the others "turn" instead of killing them. Doctor Carson tries to help a feverish and nearly blind Gabriel to safety, but the Saviors eventually catch up, killing Carson and recapturing Gabriel.
11112"The Key"Greg NicoteroCorey Reed & Channing PowellMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)6.66[21]
Maggie, Enid, Michonne and Rosita encounter a seemingly benevolent woman named Georgie, who gives them food and documents in exchange for phonograph records; Georgie claims the documents to be "a key to the future". Negan leads the Saviors to the Hilltop to send a warning via their newly tainted weapons; Rick pursues the Saviors and chases Negan into a building. Negan eventually escapes, only to be captured at gunpoint by Jadis. Unable to find Negan, Simon instructs the Saviors to attack the Hilltop and "expunge" the community for good.
11213"Do Not Send Us Astray"Jeffrey F. JanuaryAngela Kang & Matthew NegreteMarch 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)6.77[22]
The Saviors attack the Hilltop with their tainted weapons, leading to a battle in which both sides suffer heavy casualties. Tara is non-fatally shot by Dwight in an effort to prevent Simon from killing her. Overnight, the injured die from their tainted wounds and attack the sleeping survivors after reanimating. Henry tries to take revenge for the murder of his brother, leading to the breakout of the Savior prisoners and the disappearance of Henry. Having seen the Saviors' callous attitude for themselves, Alden and several other Saviors choose to remain at the Hilltop rather than return to the Saviors.
11314"Still Gotta Mean Something"Michael E. SatrazemisEddie GuzelianApril 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)6.30[23]
Carol and Morgan search for Henry while Rick hunts the escaped Savior prisoners; Morgan abandons Carol and joins Rick, and together, they find and kill the prisoners. Jadis tortures Negan until he informs her that he had nothing to do with Simon massacring her people; a helicopter flies nearby, but Jadis fails to catch its attention. Daryl and Rosita plot to stop Eugene from crafting ammunition for the Saviors. Carol finds Henry alive in the woods and they return to Hilltop. Upon Rick and Morgan's return, Michonne encourages Rick to read Carl's letter to him.
11415"Worth"Michael SlovisDavid Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick & Corey ReedApril 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)6.67[24]
Negan returns to the Sanctuary and regains control of the Saviors. Dwight secretly prepares notes to Rick about Negan's plans, and later sends Gregory to deliver the notes. Daryl and Rosita capture Eugene from his outpost, but he manages to escape and continues pushing his workers to craft bullets. Dwight lures Simon into a meeting where Negan accosts him for going against his orders with the Scavengers, and kills him in a fist fight. Negan then reveals that Laura informed him of Dwight's siding with Rick, and that his planning was a ruse upon knowing of Dwight's disloyalty. Negan is contacted by Michonne - who reads Carl's letter to him at the request of making peace; Negan remains intent on killing Rick and his allies once and for all.
11516"Wrath"Greg NicoteroScott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew NegreteApril 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)7.92[25]
Rick's group follows the false plans given to them by Gregory, leading them into a trap. As the Saviors fire, their weapons backfire due to their ammo being sabotaged by Eugene. The surviving Saviors surrender, while Rick chases down Negan; the two brawl and Rick manages to slice Negan's neck, but immediately has Siddiq tend to the wound, knowing that Carl wanted Negan to survive. Meanwhile, an attack at Hilltop is stopped with help from Aaron and the Oceanside soldiers. The survivors regroup and rebuild their communities, but Rick's decision to spare Negan angers Maggie and she vows to take action against Rick in the future.

text: Release

text: The first trailer for the season was released on July 21, 2017 at the San Diego Comic-Con. The second trailer was released on February 1, 2018 for the second part of the season.[26]

text: On March 15, 2018, it was announced that the season finale and the fourth season premiere of Fear the Walking Dead would be screened at AMC, Regal, and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15, the same day as the TV airing, for "Survival Sunday: The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead". The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series. The cinema screening also included an extra half-hour of exclusive bonus content.[27]

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text: The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 67% with an average rating of 6.68 out of 10, based on 15 reviews, and an average episode score 72%. The site's critical consensus reads: "The Walking Dead's eighth season energizes its characters with some much-needed angst and action, though it's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward-moving plot progression."[28]

text:
The Walking Dead (season 8): Critical reception by episode

Season 8 (2017–18): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[28]

text: Accolades

text: For the 44th Saturn Awards, the eight season of The Walking Dead received seven nominations, winning two. It won Best Horror Television Series and Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series (Chandler Riggs).[1] The nominations were for Best Actor on Television (Andrew Lincoln), Best Supporting Actor on Television (Khary Payton), Best Supporting Actress on Television (Danai Gurira and Melissa McBride), and Best Guest Starring Role on Television (Jeffrey Dean Morgan).[29]

text: The first half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards.[30]

text: Ratings

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Mercy"

October 22, 2017
5.0
11.44[10]
2.2
4.28
7.2
15.74[31]

2

"The Damned"

October 29, 2017
4.0
8.92[11]
2.0
4.16
6.0
13.10[32]

3

"Monsters"

November 5, 2017
3.8
8.52[12]
2.2
4.47
6.0
13.01[33]

4

"Some Guy"

November 12, 2017
3.9
8.69[13]
1.8
3.66
5.7
12.36[34]1

5

"The Big Scary U"

November 19, 2017
3.4
7.85[14]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6

"The King, the Widow, and Rick"

November 26, 2017
3.6
8.28[15]
2.1
4.44
5.7
12.73[35]

7

"Time for After"

December 3, 2017
3.3
7.47[16]
1.9
4.15
5.2
11.63[36]

8

"How It's Gotta Be"

December 10, 2017
3.4
7.89[17]
2.0
4.23
5.4
12.13[37]

9

"Honor"

February 25, 2018
3.6
8.28[18]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10

"The Lost and the Plunderers"

March 4, 2018
2.9
6.82[19]
1.7
3.80
4.6
10.63[38]

11

"Dead or Alive Or"

March 11, 2018
2.8
6.60[20]
1.6
3.44
4.4
10.06[39]

12

"The Key"

March 18, 2018
2.8
6.66[21]
1.7
3.76
4.5
10.44[40]

13

"Do Not Send Us Astray"

March 25, 2018
3.0
6.77[22]
1.7
3.82
4.7
10.62[41]

14

"Still Gotta Mean Something"

April 1, 2018
2.6
6.30[23]
1.8
3.68
4.4
9.99[42]

15

"Worth"

April 8, 2018
2.8
6.67[24]
1.7
3.64
4.5
10.32[43]

16

"Wrath"

April 15, 2018
3.4
7.92[25]
1.6
3.30
5.0
11.24[44]

text: ^1  Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

text: Home media

text: The eighth season will be released on Blu-ray and DVD on August 21, 2018. The set includes three audio commentaries and three featurettes.[45]


document_title: List of La Liga top scorers

question_text: the highest goal scorer in la liga this season

text: List of La Liga top scorers

text: Top scorers by season[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Club
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1930–31
 Bata
Athletic Bilbao
27
17
1.59

1931–32
 Bata (2)
Athletic Bilbao
13[1]
18
0.72

1932–33
 Olivares, ManuelManuel Olivares
Real Madrid
16
14
1.14

1933–34
 Lángara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
26
18
1.44

1934–35
 Lángara, IsidroIsidro Lángara (2)
Real Oviedo
27
22
1.23

1935–36
 Lángara, IsidroIsidro Lángara (3)
Real Oviedo
28
21
1.33

1939–40
 Unamuno, VíctorVíctor Unamuno
Athletic Bilbao
20
22
0.91

1940–41
 Pruden, Pruden
Atlético Madrid
33
22
1.5

1941–42
 Mundo
Valencia
27
25
1.08

1942–43
 Martín, MarianoMariano Martín
Barcelona
30
23
1.3

1943–44
 Mundo (2)
Valencia
28
26
1.08

1944–45
 Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
20
26
0.77

1945–46
 Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra (2)
Athletic Bilbao
24
18
1.33

1946–47
 Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra (3)
Athletic Bilbao
33
24
1.38

1947–48
 Pahiño, Pahiño
Celta de Vigo
20
22
0.91

1948–49
 César
Barcelona
27
24
1.13

1949–50
 Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra (4)
Athletic Bilbao
24
26
0.92

1950–51
 Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra (5)
Athletic Bilbao
38
30
1.27

1951–52
 Pahiño, Pahiño (2)
Real Madrid
28
27
1.04

1952–53
 Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra (6)
Athletic Bilbao
24
29
0.83

1953–54
 di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo di Stéfano
Real Madrid
27
28
0.96

1954–55
 Arza, JuanJuan Arza
Sevilla
28
29
0.97

1955–56
 di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo di Stéfano (2)
Real Madrid
24
30
0.8

1956–57
 di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo di Stéfano (3)
Real Madrid
31
30
1.03

1957–58
 Badenes, ManuelManuel Badenes
Real Valladolid
19
29
0.66

 di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo di Stéfano (4)
Real Madrid
19
30
0.63

 Alós, RicardoRicardo Alós
Valencia
19
29
0.66

1958–59
 di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo di Stéfano (5)
Real Madrid
23
28
0.82

1959–60
 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
25
24
1.04

1960–61
 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás (2)
Real Madrid
28
28
1

1961–62
 Seminario, JuanJuan Seminario
Real Zaragoza
25
30
0.83

1962–63
 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás (3)
Real Madrid
26
30
0.87

1963–64
 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás (4)
Real Madrid
21
25
0.84

1964–65
 Ré, CayetanoCayetano Ré
Barcelona
26
30
0.87

1965–66
 Luis Aragonés
Atlético Madrid
18[2]
28
0.64

1966–67
 Waldo
Valencia
24
30
0.8

1967–68
 Uriarte, FidelFidel Uriarte
Athletic Bilbao
22
24
0.92

1968–69
 Amancio
Real Madrid
14
29
0.48

 José Eulogio Gárate
Atlético Madrid
14
30
0.47

1969–70
 Amancio (2)
Real Madrid
16
29
0.55

 Aragonés, LuisLuis Aragonés (2)
Atlético Madrid
16
30
0.53

 Gárate, José EulogioJosé Eulogio Gárate (2)
Atlético Madrid
16
30
0.53

1970–71
 Gárate, José EulogioJosé Eulogio Gárate (3)
Atlético Madrid
17
28
0.61

 Rexach, CarlesCarles Rexach
Barcelona
17
28
0.61

1971–72
 Porta, EnriqueEnrique Porta
Granada
20
31
0.65

1972–73
 Marianín
Real Oviedo
19
32
0.59

1973–74
 Quini
Sporting de Gijón
20
34
0.59

1974–75
 Carlos
Athletic Bilbao
19
32
0.59

1975–76
 Quini (2)
Sporting de Gijón
21
34
0.62

1976–77
 Kempes, MarioMario Kempes
Valencia
24
34
0.71

1977–78
 Kempes, MarioMario Kempes (2)
Valencia
28
34
0.82

1978–79
 Krankl, HansHans Krankl
Barcelona
29
30
0.97

1979–80
 Quini (3)
Sporting de Gijón
24
34
0.71

1980–81
 Quini (4)
Barcelona
20
30
0.67

1981–82
 Quini (5)
Barcelona
27
32
0.84

1982–83
 Rincón, PoliPoli Rincón
Real Betis
20
30
0.67

1983–84
 Jorge da Silva
Real Valladolid
17
30
0.57

 Juanito
Real Madrid
17
31
0.55

1984–85
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Atlético Madrid
19
33
0.58

1985–86
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (2)
Real Madrid
22
33
0.67

1986–87
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (3)
Real Madrid
34
41
0.83

1987–88
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (4)
Real Madrid
29
36
0.81

1988–89
 Baltazar
Atlético Madrid
35
36
0.97

1989–90
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (5)
Real Madrid
38
35
1.09

1990–91
 Butragueño, EmilioEmilio Butragueño
Real Madrid
19
35
0.54

1991–92
 Manolo
Atlético Madrid
27
36
0.75

1992–93
 Bebeto
Deportivo
29
37
0.78

1993–94
 Romário
Barcelona
30
33
0.91

1994–95
 Zamorano, IvánIván Zamorano
Real Madrid
28
38
0.74

1995–96
 Pizzi, Juan AntonioJuan Antonio Pizzi
Tenerife
31
41
0.76

1996–97
 Ronaldo
Barcelona
34
37
0.92

1997–98
 Vieri, ChristianChristian Vieri
Atlético Madrid
24
24
1

1998–99
 Raúl
Real Madrid
25
37
0.68

1999–2000
 Ballesta, SalvaSalva Ballesta
Racing Santander
27
36
0.75

2000–01
 Raúl (2)
Real Madrid
24
36
0.67

2001–02
 Tristán, DiegoDiego Tristán
Deportivo
20
35
0.57

2002–03
 Makaay, RoyRoy Makaay
Deportivo
29
38
0.76

2003–04
 Ronaldo (2)
Real Madrid
24
32
0.75

2004–05
 Forlán, DiegoDiego Forlán
Villarreal
25
38
0.66

 Eto'o, SamuelSamuel Eto'o
Barcelona
25[3]
37
0.68

2005–06
 Eto'o, SamuelSamuel Eto'o (2)
Barcelona
26
34
0.76

2006–07
 van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Real Madrid
25
37
0.68

2007–08
 Güiza, DanielDaniel Güiza
Mallorca
27
37
0.73

2008–09
 Forlán, DiegoDiego Forlán (2)
Atlético Madrid
32
33
0.97

2009–10
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
34
35
0.97

2010–11
 Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
40
34
1.18

2011–12
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (2)
Barcelona
50
37
1.35

2012–13
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (3)
Barcelona
46
32
1.44

2013–14
 Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo (2)
Real Madrid
31
30
1.03

2014–15
 Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo (3)
Real Madrid
48
35
1.37

2015–16
 Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
Barcelona
40
35
1.11

2016–17
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (4)
Barcelona
37
34
1.09

2017–18
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (5)
Barcelona
34
36
0.94

text: All-time top scorers[edit]

text: Players in bold are still active.

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2004–
383
418
0.92

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2009–
311
292
1.07

3

Telmo Zarra
1940–1955
251
278
0.9

4

Hugo Sánchez
1981–1994
234
347
0.67

5

Raúl
1994–2010
228
550
0.41

6

Alfredo Di Stéfano
1953–1966
227
329
0.69

7

César Rodríguez
1939–1955
223
353
0.63

8

Quini
1970–1987
219
448
0.49

9

Pahiño
1943–1956
210
278
0.76

10

Edmundo Suárez
1939–1950
195
231
0.84

11

Santillana
1970–1988
186
461
0.4

12

David Villa
2003–2014
185
352
0.53

13

Juan Arza
1943–1959
182
349
0.52

14

Guillermo Gorostiza
1929–1945
178
256
0.7

15

Samuel Eto'o
1998–2009
162
280
0.58

16

Luis Aragonés
1960–1974
160
360
0.44

17

Ferenc Puskás
1958–1966
156
180
0.87

18

Aritz Aduriz
2002–
154
399
0.39

19

Julio Salinas
1982–2000
152
417
0.36

20

Adrián Escudero
1945–1958
150
287
0.52

21

Daniel Ruiz
1974–1986
147
303
0.49

22

Raúl Tamudo
1997–2013
146
407
0.36

23

Silvestre Igoa
1941–1956
141
284
0.5

24

Manuel Badenes
1946–1959
139
201
0.69

Juan Araújo
1945–1956
207
0.67

José Mari Bakero
1980–1997
483
0.29

27

László Kubala
1951–1965
138
215
0.64

28

José Luis Panizo
1939–1955
136
325
0.42

29

Jesús María Satrústegui
1973–1986
133
297
0.45

30

Joaquín Murillo
1952–1964
132
227
0.58

text: Top active scorers[edit]

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Current club
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2004–
Barcelona
383
418
0.92

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2009–
Real Madrid
311
292
1.07

3

Aritz Aduriz
2002–
Athletic Bilbao
154
399
0.38

4

Karim Benzema
2009–
Real Madrid
126
264
0.48

5

Antoine Griezmann
2010–
Atlético Madrid
115
275
0.42

text: Players with most hat-tricks[edit]

text: Three or more goals in a single match. For the complete list of hat-tricks see List of La Liga hat-tricks.

text: Players in bold are still active

text: Players with at least 10 hat-tricks are shown in this table.

text:
Rank
Player
Hat-tricks
Last hat-trick

1
 Cristiano Ronaldo
34
18 March 2018

2
 Lionel Messi
30
29 April 2018

3
 Telmo Zarra
23
15 March 1953

4
 Alfredo di Stéfano
22
15 March 1964

5
 Mundo
19
4 March 1951

6
 César Rodríguez
15
19 October 1952

7
 Isidro Lángara
13
15 December 1946

8
 Ferenc Puskás
12
15 December 1963

9
 László Kubala
11
19 March 1961

 Pahiño
11
11 September 1955

 Manuel Badenes
11
29 March 1958

12
 Quini
10
7 October 1981

text: Source: BDFútbol