document_title: Justice League (film)

question_text: who plays cyborg in the justice league movie

text: Justice League (film)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Months after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice[1] and inspired by Superman's apparent sacrifice for humanity, Bruce Wayne and Diana Prince assemble a team of metahumans consisting of Barry Allen, Arthur Curry, and Victor Stone to face the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons, who are on the hunt for three Mother Boxes on Earth.[2][3]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
The benefactor of the group of meta-humans, a wealthy socialite and the owner of Wayne Enterprises, who also dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with many powerful tools and weapons.

Henry Cavill as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman:
A Kryptonian survivor and journalist for the Daily Planet that gains superhuman abilities under a yellow sun, who was presumed dead after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. In February 2016, Cavill announced on social media that he had already started exercising for the film in advance of principal photography.[4]

Amy Adams as Lois Lane:
An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the primary love interest for Clark Kent / Superman.[5]

Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:
An antiquities dealer and acquaintance of Wayne who is actually an immortal Amazonian warrior that is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus, who possesses superhuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents.

Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash:
A Central City police forensic investigator, who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force.

Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:
The heir to the throne of the undersea nation of Atlantis,[6] whose meta-human aquatic abilities and superhuman physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology.

Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg:
A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed with a Mother Box after a nearly fatal accident, has powers that allow him to manipulate technology and to turn his arms to cannons. Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture, for the cybernetic portion of his body.[7]

Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Bruce Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant.[8]
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Clark Kent's adoptive mother.[5]
Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta: Diana Prince's mother and the Amazonian queen.[5]
J. K. Simmons as James Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department and close ally of Batman.[5]
Ciarán Hinds as Steppenwolf: The alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons, charged by his nephew and superior officer Darkseid, with finding the three Mother Boxes held on Earth. The character is described as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role in servitude under his nephew.[9] Hinds will portray the villain through use of motion capture performance and received help in the process from Liam Neeson; who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[10]

text: Joe Morton, Robin Wright and Jesse Eisenberg reprise their roles from previous films as Dr. Silas Stone, a scientist at S.T.A.R. Labs and Victor Stone's father, as Amazonian General Antiope, Hippolyta's sister & Diana's aunt/mentor, and as Lex Luthor.[11][12] Amber Heard, Billy Crudup, Kiersey Clemons and Willem Dafoe will portray the characters Mera, Dr. Henry Allen, Iris West, and Nuidis Vulko, respectively.[5][11] Julian Lewis Jones will portray King Atlan, the king of Atlantis,[13] while Michael McElhatton has been cast.[14][15] Marc McClure, who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the original 1978 Superman film, has a cameo as a police officer.[16]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[17] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film had been cancelled,[18] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[19] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[20] Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[21] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hopes of filming to begin before the 2007-2008 Writers Guild of America strike.[22] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development with a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with the box office return. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[23] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[24] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[25] Shortly after filming finished with The Dark Knight,[26] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," though he personally felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[24] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[27] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[22] with Barrie Osbourne producing[28] on a projected $220 million budget.[29]

text: The following month roughly 40 actors and actresses were auditioning for the ensemble superhero roles, among them were Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter. Miller intended to cast younger actors as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[26] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[25] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[30] Jessica Biel reportedly declined the Wonder Woman role after being in negotiations.[31] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[32] Ultimately Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[33] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[34] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[35] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[36] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[37] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[38] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Aquaman had yet to be cast.[26][29] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[39] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[40]

text: However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[41] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[42] but production was pushed back three months.[25] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal would be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[29] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[28] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[20] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[29][43] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[44] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could release the film for a summer 2009 release.[45][46]

text: With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[47] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment stated "we're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right."[48] Actor Adam Brody joked "They [Warner Brothers] just didn't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe."[49] Warner Bros. relaunched development for the solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development while filming for a Superman reboot was commencing in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. Shortly after filming had finished for Man of Steel, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[50] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[51] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[52] and setting the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[53] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character and not connected to the 2011 film.[54]

text: With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[55] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team up film featuring Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg in a minor role that will become more significant in leading up to the proposed Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan is still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[56] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also be directing Goyer's Justice League script.[57] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[58] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One releasing on November 17, 2017, and Part Two on June 14, 2019. Snyder will direct both films.[59] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[60] Zack Snyder stated that the film will be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[3] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film with the second part releasing two years after the first, Snyder announced in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[61][62]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg, and was set to cameo in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice followed by a larger role in Justice League.[63][64] Henry Cavill, Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Diane Lane and Amy Adams are also expected to reprise their roles from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[59][65] In October 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice.[66][67] On October 20, 2014, Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be coming first and that is what they were preparing for, and he did not know if the solo Aquaman film would be prior to Justice League or post. He thought it might be the origin of where Aquaman came from.[68] On January 13, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman's love interest Mera.[69] In March 2016, producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two, and stated that they "could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2, or barring that, a movie after."[70] Also in March, The Hollywood Reporter announced that J. K. Simmons was cast as Commissioner James Gordon,[71] and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera.[72] Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films.[73] The following month, Simmons confirmed that he would play Gordon.[74] By April 2016, Willem Dafoe was cast in an undisclosed role,[75] later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko.[76] Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films.[77] In May 2016, Jeremy Irons confirmed he will appear as Alfred Pennyworth.[8] That same month, Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor, and in June 2016, he confirmed in an interview with Shortlist magazine of his return.[78][79] In July 2016, Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role.[14] Laurence Fishburne, who portrays Perry White in the DCEU, said he declined to reprise his role in this film due to scheduling conflicts.[80] In April 2017, Michael McElhatton revealed that he has a role in the film.[15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London, Scotland, Los Angeles and in Djúpavík in the Westfjords [81] of Iceland.[75][82][83] Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[83] Affleck was also revealed to be serving as executive producer.[84] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg will be producing the Justice League films and they will also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[85] Geoff Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016, that the title of the film is Justice League.[86] That same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline will be more linear and simple, in comparison to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[87] Johns later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to the previous DCEU films.[88] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[89][90][91]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon, who Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place.[92] In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them (more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs).[93] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's shooting schedule for Mission: Impossible 6, for which he had grown a mustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team had to resort to using special effects to digitally remove the mustache in post.[94] Warner Bros. later announced that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit on the film.[95]

text: Music[edit]

text: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he is officially retired from the "superhero business".[96] By June 2016, he was replaced by Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer.[97] In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL.[98] Elfman had previously composed Batman, Batman Returns, and the theme song for Batman: The Animated Series.

text: Release[edit]

text: Justice League is scheduled to be released by Warner Bros. Pictures on November 17, 2017.[59] The film will get an IMAX release.[99]

text: Box office predictions[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, industry tracking has the film debuting to $110–120 million,[100] while BoxOffice speculated an opening weekend of $150 million and a total domestic gross of $330 million.[101]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019,[59] but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film.[102] By March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director.[103] In October 2017, J. K. Simmons stated that the studio is working on a sequel's script.[104]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders

question_text: who has the highest lifetime batting average in major league baseball

root

text: Key[edit]

text:
Rank
Rank amongst leaders in career batting average. A blank field indicates a tie.

Player
Name of the player.

BA
Total career batting average.

*
Denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame.

Bold
Denotes active player.[note 1]

tag: table

text: List[edit]

text: Stats updated as of the 2017 season.

tag: ul

text:
Rank
Player
BA

1
Ty Cobb *
.3664

2
Rogers Hornsby *
.3585

3
Shoeless Joe Jackson
.3558

4
Lefty O'Doul
.3493

5
Ed Delahanty *
.3458

6
Tris Speaker *
.3447

7
Billy Hamilton *
.3444

Ted Williams *
.3444

9
Dan Brouthers *
.3421

Babe Ruth *
.3421

11
Dave Orr
.3420

12
Harry Heilmann *
.3416

13
Pete Browning
.3415

14
Willie Keeler *
.3413

15
Bill Terry *
.3412

16
Lou Gehrig *
.3401

George Sisler *
.3401

18
Jesse Burkett *
.3382

Tony Gwynn *
.3382

Nap Lajoie *
.3382

21
Jake Stenzel
.3378

22
Riggs Stephenson
.3361

23
Al Simmons *
.3342

24
Cap Anson *
.3341

25
John McGraw *
.3336

26
Eddie Collins *
.3332

Paul Waner *
.3332

28
Mike Donlin
.3326

29
Sam Thompson *
.3314

30
Stan Musial *
.3308

31
Bill Lange
.3298

Heinie Manush *
.3298

33
Wade Boggs *
.3279

34
Rod Carew *
.3278

35
Honus Wagner *
.3276

36
Tip O'Neill
.3260

37
Hugh Duffy *
.3255

Bob Fothergill
.3255

39
Jimmie Foxx *
.3253

40
Earle Combs *
.3247

41
Joe DiMaggio *
.3246

42
Babe Herman
.3245

43
Joe Medwick *
.3236

44
Edd Roush *
.3227

45
Sam Rice *
.3223

46
Ross Youngs *
.3222

47
Kiki Cuyler *
.3210

48
Charlie Gehringer *
.3204

49
Chuck Klein *
.3201

50
Mickey Cochrane *
.3196

text:
Rank
Player
BA

Pie Traynor *
.3196

52
Ken Williams
.3192

53
Kirby Puckett *
.3181

54
Earl Averill *
.3178

55
Vladimir Guerrero
.3176

Arky Vaughan *
.3176

57
Bill Everitt
.3174

58
Roberto Clemente *
.3173

Joe Harris
.3173

60
Chick Hafey *
.3170

61
Joe Kelley *
.3169

62
Miguel Cabrera
.3168

63
Zack Wheat *
.3167

64
José Altuve
.3164

Roger Connor *
.3164

Todd Helton
.3164

Lloyd Waner *
.3164

68
George Van Haltren
.3163

69
Frankie Frisch *
.3161

70
Goose Goslin *
.3160

71
Lew Fonseca
.3158

72
Bibb Falk
.3145

73
Cecil Travis
.3142

74
Hank Greenberg *
.3135

75
Joey Votto
.3134

76
Jack Fournier
.3132

77
Elmer Flick *
.3130

78
Ed Morgan
.3128

79
Nomar Garciaparra
.3127

Larry Walker
.3127

81
Bill Dickey *
.3125

82
Dale Mitchell
.3122

Manny Ramírez
.3122

84
Johnny Mize *
.3121

Joe Sewell *
.3121

86
Fred Clarke *
.3120

Deacon White *
.3120

88
Bug Holliday
.3119

89
Barney McCosky
.3118

Ichiro Suzuki
.3118

91
Hughie Jennings *
.3116

92
Edgar Martínez
.3115

93
Johnny Hodapp
.3114

Freddie Lindstrom *
.3114

95
Bing Miller
.3113

Jackie Robinson *
.3113

97
Baby Doll Jacobson
.3112

Taffy Wright
.3112

99
Rip Radcliff
.3110

100
Ginger Beaumont
.3108


document_title: List of San Antonio Spurs seasons

question_text: when was the last time the spurs won less than 50 games

text: List of San Antonio Spurs seasons

text: Table key[edit]

text:
NBA champions

Conference champions

Division champions

Playoff berth

ASGMVP
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

CIT
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award

CoY
Coach of the Year

DPoY
Defensive Player of the Year

EoY
Executive of the Year

FMVP
Finals Most Valuable Player

MIP
Most Improved Player

MVP
Most Valuable Player

RoY
Rookie of the Year

SMoY
Sixth Man of the Year

SPOR
Sportsmanship Award

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards

Dallas Chaparrals

1967–68
ABA
–
–
Western
2nd
46
32
.590
2
Won Division Semifinals (Mavericks) 3–0
Lost Division Finals (Buccaneers) 4–1[4]
—

1968–69
ABA
–
–
Western
4th
41
37
.526
19
Lost Division Semifinals (Buccaneers) 4–3[5]
John Beasley (ASGMVP)

1969–70
ABA
–
–
Western
2nd
45
39
.536
6
Lost Division Semifinals (Stars) 4–2[6]
—

Texas Chaparrals

1970–71
ABA
–
–
Western
4th
30
54
.357
28
Lost Division Semifinals (Stars) 4–0[7]
—

Dallas Chaparrals

1971–72
ABA
–
–
Western
3rd
42
42
.500
18
Lost Division Semifinals (Stars) 4–0[8]
Tom Nissalke (CoY)

1972–73
ABA
–
–
Western
5th
28
56
.333
27
—[9]
—

San Antonio Spurs

1973–74
ABA
–
–
Western
3rd
45
39
.536
6
Lost Division Semifinals (Pacers) 4–3[10]
Swen Nater (RoY)
Jack Ankerson (EoY)

1974–75
ABA
–
–
Western
2nd
51
33
.607
14
Lost Division Semifinals (Pacers) 4–2[11]
—

1975–76
ABA
–
–
Western
3rd
50
34
.595
10
Lost Semifinals (Nets) 4–3 [12]
—

1976–77
NBA
Eastern
5th
Central
3rd
44
38
.537
5
Lost First Round (Celtics) 2–0 [13]
—

1977–78
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
52
30
.634
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–2 [14]
Angelo Drossos (EoY)

1978–79
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
48
34
.585
—
Won Conference Semifinals (76ers) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Bullets) 4–3 [15]
—

1979–80
NBA
Eastern
5th
Central
3rd
41
41
.500
9
Lost First Round (Rockets) 2–1 [16]
George Gervin (ASGMVP)

1980–81
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
52
30
.634
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 4–3 [17]
—

1981–82
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
48
34
.585
—
Won Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–0 [18]
—

1982–83
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
53
29
.646
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–2 [19]
—

1983–84
NBA
Western
10th
Midwest
5th
37
45
.451
8
—[20]
—

1984–85
NBA
Western
7th
Midwest
5th
41
41
.500
11
Lost First Round (Nuggets) 3–2 [21]
—

1985–86
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
6th
35
47
.427
16
Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–0 [22]
Alvin Robertson (DPoY, MIP)

1986–87
NBA
Western
11th
Midwest
6th
28
54
.341
27
—[23]
—

1987–88
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
5th
31
51
.378
23
Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–0 [24]
—

1988–89
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
5th
21
61
.256
30
—[25]
—

1989–90
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
56
26
.683
—
Won First Round (Nuggets) 3–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 4–3 [26]
David Robinson (RoY, IBM)
Bob Bass (EoY)

1990–91
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
55
27
.671
—
Lost First Round (Warriors) 3–1 [27]
David Robinson (IBM)

1991–92
NBA
Western
5th
Midwest
2nd
47
35
.573
8
Lost First Round (Suns) 3–0 [28]
David Robinson (DPoY)

1992–93
NBA
Western
5th
Midwest
2nd
49
33
.598
6
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–2 [29]
—

1993–94
NBA
Western
4th
Midwest
2nd
55
27
.671
3
Lost First Round (Jazz) 3–1 [30]
David Robinson (IBM)

1994–95
NBA
Western
1st
Midwest
1st
62
20
.756
—
Won First Round (Nuggets) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–2
Lost Conference Finals (Rockets) 4–2 [31]
David Robinson (MVP, IBM)

1995–96
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
59
23
.720
—
Won First Round (Suns) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–2 [32]
David Robinson (IBM)

1996–97
NBA
Western
13th
Midwest
6th
20
62
.244
44
—[33]
—

1997–98
NBA
Western
5th
Midwest
2nd
56
26
.683
6
Won First Round (Suns) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–1 [34]
Tim Duncan (RoY)
Avery Johnson (SPOR)

1998–99
NBA
Western
1st
Midwest
1st
37
13
.740
—
Won First Round (Timberwolves) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–0
Won NBA Finals (Knicks) 4–1 [35]
Tim Duncan (FMVP)

1999–2000
NBA
Western
4th
Midwest
2nd
53
29
.646
2
Lost First Round (Suns) 3–1 [36]
Tim Duncan (ASGMVP)

2000–01
NBA
Western
1st
Midwest
1st
58
24
.707
—
Won First Round (Timberwolves) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–0 [37]
David Robinson (SPOR)

2001–02
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
58
24
.707
—
Won First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–1 [38]
Tim Duncan (MVP, IBM)
Steve Smith (SPOR)

2002–03
NBA
Western
1st
Midwest
1st
60
22
.732
—
Won First Round (Suns) 4–2
Won Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Mavericks) 4–2
Won NBA Finals (Nets) 4–2 [39]
Tim Duncan (MVP, FMVP)
David Robinson (CIT)
Gregg Popovich (CoY)

2003–04
NBA
Western
3rd
Midwest
2nd
57
25
.695
1
Won First Round (Grizzlies) 4–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–2 [40]
—

2004–05
NBA
Western
2nd
Southwest
1st
59
23
.720
—
Won First Round (Nuggets) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Suns) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–3 [41]
Tim Duncan (FMVP)

2005–06
NBA
Western
1st
Southwest
1st
63
19
.768
—
Won First Round (Kings) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–3 [42]
—

2006–07
NBA
Western
3rd
Southwest
2nd
58
24
.707
9
Won First Round (Nuggets) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Jazz) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Cavaliers) 4–0 [43]
Tony Parker (FMVP)

2007–08
NBA
Western
3rd
Southwest
2nd
56
26
.683
—
Won First Round (Suns) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Hornets) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–1 [44]
Manu Ginóbili (SMoY)

2008–09
NBA
Western
3rd
Southwest
1st
54
28
.659
—
Lost First Round (Mavericks) 4–1 [45]
—

2009–10
NBA
Western
7th
Southwest
2nd
50
32
.610
5
Won First Round (Mavericks) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–0 [46]
—

2010–11
NBA
Western
1st
Southwest
1st
61
21
.744
—
Lost First Round (Grizzlies) 4–2 [47]
—

2011–12
NBA
Western
1st
Southwest
1st
50
16
.758
—
Won First Round (Jazz) 4–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Clippers) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Thunder) 4–2 [48]
Gregg Popovich (CoY)

2012–13
NBA
Western
2nd
Southwest
1st
58
24
.707
—
Won First Round (Lakers) 4–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Grizzlies) 4–0
Lost NBA Finals (Heat) 4–3 [49]

2013–14
NBA
Western
1st
Southwest
1st
62
20
.756
—
Won First Round (Mavericks) 4–3
Won Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Thunder) 4–2
Won NBA Finals (Heat) 4–1 [50]
Gregg Popovich (CoY)
Kawhi Leonard (FMVP)
R.C. Buford (EoY)

2014–15
NBA
Western
6th
Southwest
3rd
55
27
.671
1
Lost First Round (Clippers) 4–3 [51]
Kawhi Leonard (DPoY)

2015–16
NBA
Western
2nd
Southwest
1st
67
15
.817
—
Won First Round (Grizzlies) 4–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Thunder) 4–2
Kawhi Leonard (DPoY)
R.C. Buford (EoY)

2016–17
NBA
Western
2nd
Southwest
1st
61
21
.744
—
Won First Round (Grizzlies) 4–2
Won Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 4–2
Lost Conference Finals (Warriors) 4–0

2017–18
NBA
Western
7th
Southwest
3rd
47
35
.573
18
Lost First Round (Warriors) 4–1

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Statistics are correct as of the beginning of the 2017 NBA Playoffs.

tag: p

text:
Regular season
Playoffs
Total

Wins
Losses
Win%
Wins
Losses
Win%
Wins
Losses
Win%

Dallas/Texas Chaparrals ABA record (1967–1973)
232
260
.472
10
20
.333
242
280
.464

San Antonio Spurs ABA record (1973–1976)
146
106
.579
8
12
.400
154
118
.566

All-time ABA record
378
366
.508
18
32
.360
396
398
.499

San Antonio Spurs NBA record (1976–present)
1,884
1,184
.614
200
158
.559
2,081
1,340
.608

All-time Spurs record
2,030
1,290
.611
209
170
.551
2,235
1,458
.605

All-time franchise record
2,384
1,592
.600
219
190
.535
2,477
1,738
.588

text: Notes[edit]

text: The 2017-18 season is the first time the Spurs have won less than 50 games in a non-lockout season since the 1996-1997 season. This was the longest such streak in the NBA.[citation needed]


document_title: Bridget Jones's Baby

question_text: whi is the father of bridget jones baby

question_tokens: whi is the father of bridget jones baby

text: Bridget Jones's Baby

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On her 43rd birthday, Bridget Jones is awoken by her mother who reminds her that her time to have children is running out. She goes to attend the funeral of Daniel Cleaver, who is presumed dead after a plane crash. While there, she sees her ex, Mark Darcy (Colin Firth) and his new wife. They bump into one another somewhat awkwardly and then go their separate ways.

text: Bridget now works as a television producer and is close friends with the anchor of the show she runs, Miranda (Sarah Solemani), who offers to take her out for her birthday. Bridget turns down her offer to spend time with her old group of friends, but is heartbroken when they cancel on her due to commitments to their children.

text: Deciding to celebrate her single life Bridget accepts Miranda's offer to take her away for the weekend. They go to a music festival where Miranda challenges her to sleep with the first man she meets. Falling in the mud, Bridget is helped out by a random stranger. After attending an Ed Sheeran concert, a drunk Bridget crawls into a yurt she thinks belongs to her and Miranda but actually belongs to the handsome stranger she met earlier. The two have sex and in the morning Bridget makes her escape. The stranger returns disappointed that she is gone.

text: Returning home, Bridget goes to the christening of Jude's youngest child where she is the godmother and Mark has been asked to be the godfather. Mark tells her that he and his wife are planning on divorcing and Bridget has sex with him. When Mark reveals he is travelling the next day, Bridget is reminded that he had always put work before their relationship and leaves in the morning before he wakes up, leaving behind a note telling him that reconnecting with him is too painful.

text: Bridget finds that she is gaining weight. Shazzer suggests that Bridget might be pregnant, especially when she realises that Bridget used old, expired condoms when having sex. Taking a pregnancy test at work, Bridget confirms she is pregnant and decides that she wants to keep the baby as it is her last chance to have a child.

text: After a visit to the obstetrician and gynaecologist, Dr. Rawlings, she realizes that she does not know who the father is and doesn't even have a way of contacting Jack, the handsome stranger. However, Miranda spies him on TV where they realize that Jack Qwant is a billionaire and the inventor of a dating site that has an algorithm to match couples together. Miranda conspires with Bridget to have Jack on the show to take hair samples so that Bridget will be able to test it against the DNA of her baby to either confirm or eliminate Jack as the father. At the taping the hair and makeup artist is able to nab samples of Jack's hair for Bridget but Jack recognizes Bridget, and she decides to tell him that she is pregnant and that he is the father, without mentioning Mark. Initially taken aback Jack decides to throw himself into the role of supporting Bridget.

text: Feeling things are going too quickly with Jack, Bridget decides to go forward and tell Mark. However Mark is so thrilled at the news that he is about to be a father that Bridget does not tell him about Jack. Bridget also decides not to go forward with testing the DNA while her child is still in the womb as she is terrified by the possibility that she might miscarry. She persuades Dr. Rawlings to go through appointments twice, once with Jack and another time with Mark.

text: Bridget invites Jack to a work event and is startled when Mark shows up as well. The two men immediately take a liking to one another, finding the other's accomplishments impressive. They go out to dinner where Bridget finally comes clean and tells them that she is unsure who the father is. Jack takes the news well, telling Bridget that the child is the priority. Mark Darcy is upset and walks out of the restaurant.

text: At an ante-natal class, Jack arrives early and Bridget is gratified when Mark shows up as well. Jack and Mark are mistaken for a gay couple with Bridget as their surrogate, much to Mark's discomfort and Jack's amusement. Mark is also jealous at the easy rapport that Jack has with Bridget and his warmth in taking care of her.

text: Bridget experiences cramps and goes to the hospital, taking Jack with her as she is unable to reach Mark. When at last Mark arrives he is upset to see the two laughing together and embracing. Mark and Jack fight and Bridget sends them out of the room. Outside, Jack implies that he and Bridget had sex without condoms, making Mark realize that he is less likely to be the father. He leaves once again and ignores Bridget's calls.

text: Bridget continues to prepare for the arrival of her baby, now with only Jack by her side. They have a discussion where he asks her to move in with him and confesses that life for him is lonely. Bridget asks him what will happen if Mark is the father and he tells her he will need to re-evaluate their relationship if that is the case. He also confesses that the reason Mark has been absent is because Jack heavily implied that Mark was unlikely to be the father. An upset Bridget goes to talk to Mark, but sees his wife arriving at his house and decides to let him be.

text: At nine months, Bridget quits her job rather than being fired for numerous gaffes and unprofessional mishaps, notably inviting a guest onto the show with the sole intent of obtaining a sample of his DNA, live broadcasting bare arses during the launch event of a public news-gathering initiative and mixing up a guest with his chauffeur. Unemployed, exhausted, and hungry, she goes out shopping but has her card eaten by a cashpoint and locks herself out of the bank lobby, leaving her keys and her food inside. When no one buzzes her up to her building, she stands outside her apartment in the rain feeling miserable. Mark arrives and breaks in for her. He informs her that he and his wife are going through with their divorce and she was only there to pick up the last of her things. Just as they are about to kiss, Bridget's water breaks. When his phone rings for work, he throws it out the window in a romantic gesture, which leaves them without a means to call transport to the hospital. They enlist the help of a local restaurant to get them to hospital, but a traffic jam due to protests forces them to walk. Overtaken by contractions, Bridget cannot walk and Mark offers to carry her, but almost collapses. Jack arrives just in time and the two of them get Bridget to the hospital.

text: During labour, both Mark and Jack try to help Bridget. However, during labour Bridget accidentally punches Jack in the nose. She also reaches to Mark for comfort and he reassures her that she can get through labour and he will love her no matter whether the child is his or not, while sustaining an agonizing bite to the wrist by Bridget. While Jack and Mark wait outside, Jack apologizes to Mark for his behaviour and Mark accepts. Bridget gives birth to a boy and all of Bridget's friends and relatives come to visit her in the delivery room. Meanwhile, Dr. Rawlings has both men come with her to perform the DNA test. After having bonded for the last 6 months Mark and Jack each wish each other luck.

text: A year later Bridget prepares to be married. At the altar she is greeted by Jack, holding her son, and then moves forward to marry Mark. After the wedding, Mark and Jack, now friends, head to the reception together while Bridget carries her and Mark's son, William.

text: A newspaper lying on a bench reveals that Daniel Cleaver has been found alive in the woods in the wreckage of the plane.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones
Colin Firth as Mark Darcy, QC
Patrick Dempsey as Jack Qwant
Jim Broadbent as Mr. Colin Jones
Gemma Jones as Mrs. Pamela Jones
Sally Phillips as Sharon "Shazzer"
James Callis as Tom
Shirley Henderson as Jude
Julian Rhind-Tutt as Fergus, Shazzer's husband
Ben Willbond as Giles, Jude's husband
Sarah Solemani as Miranda, Bridget's friend and Hard News's anchorwoman
Neil Pearson as Richard Finch, Bridget's colleague
Kate O'Flynn as Alice Peabody, Hard News's new manager
Joanna Scanlan as Cathy, Hard News's make-up artist
Emma Thompson as Doctor Rawlings
Celia Imrie as Una Alconbury, Pamela's friend
James Faulkner as Uncle Geoffrey, Una's husband
Enzo Cilenti as Gianni, the owner of an Italian restaurant
Jessica Hynes as Magda, Bridget's friend and a lawyer's wife
Dolly Wells as Woney, Bridget's old friend
Agni Scott as Camilla, Mark's ex-wife
Shirley Dixon as Mrs Darcy, Mark's mother
Donald Douglas as Admiral Darcy, Mark's father
Nick Mohammed as Ariyaratna, the Area manager for DTC technological solutions
Patrick Malahide as George Wilkins, foreign minister
Katia Elizarova as Glamorous Looking Woman, ex-girlfriend of Daniel Cleaver
Tom Rosenthal as Josh, a researcher of Hard News
Beattie Edmondson as Laura, young assistant of Bridget
Laura Checkley as Susan, floor manager of Hard News
Darren Boyd as Jeremy
Bruce Wang as General Lu Tong
Chooye Bay as General Lu Tong's driver
Janet Henfrey as Mavis Enderbury, a rival of Pamela, who ran for municipal council
Rafferty Railton as Spike, Shazzer and Fergus' son
Abigail Kimber as Ruby, Shazzer and Fergus' daughter
Amy Jayne as Poppy, Jude and Giles' daughter
Ed Sheeran as himself

text: Production[edit]

text: In July 2009, Variety announced that a third instalment of the Bridget Jones films was in the early stages of development. Working Title Films confirmed that it would not be based on Helen Fielding's third Bridget Jones novel, but instead would be based on the columns she wrote for The Independent in 2005.[4][5] On 1 March 2011, it was reported that both Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth were interested in reprising their roles.[6] In July 2011, Paul Feig was in final talks to direct the film based on the script by author Fielding.[7] On 11 August 2011, Universal Studios and Working Title greenlit the third film.[8] On 4 October 2011, Deadline reported that Feig had exited the project due to creative differences with Working Title, and Feig had also worked on the recent draft of the script.[9][10] Production was slated to begin in January 2012 with the returning cast including Zellweger, Firth, and Hugh Grant.[9] On 30 November 2011, Peter Cattaneo came on board to direct the sequel, newly titled "Bridget Jones's Baby" from a script by Fielding, Feig, and David Nicholls.[11] Producers on board were Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner of Working Title, along with Jonathan Cavendish of Little Bird.[11] The production was delayed due to creative differences between the script of the film and actors, especially Grant as he disliked the script and reportedly Grant had left the project, though this was denied by producer Bevan.[10] However, the producer confirmed that they were working on the script and the film would be made as planned.[10]

text: In April 2013, Firth spoke to the Chicago Sun-Times, stating "unfortunately, it might be a bit of a long wait", and he said he "wouldn't say that it's completely dead in the water, but the way it's going, you might be seeing Bridget Jones's granddaughter's story being told by the time we get there."[12] In an interview on 10 October 2014, Grant mentioned an existing script for a sequel, though he also expressed his dislike for it, and stated that he would not star in the third film.[13][14][15] Later in the next week, producers hired Emma Thompson to rewrite the original script written by Fielding and Nicholls.[16]

text: On 25 June 2015, it was reported that final negotiations for the film were going on and Sharon Maguire, director of the first film would return to direct the third film.[14] Gemma Jones and Jim Broadbent were also in talks to return for the third film to join the cast.[14][17] On 9 September 2015, Patrick Dempsey joined the cast of the film.[18]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for a short period began in July 2015 in Dublin, where the first scenes for the film were shot at Ed Sheeran's concert at Croke Park.[19][20] Official principal photography with the actual cast began on 2 October 2015 in London.[18][21]

text: The Television Studio interior scenes, the Hospital Ward interiors and various other scenes were shot on Stages 5 and 6 at West London Film Studios.

text: On 13 October 2015, shooting was taking place at Borough Market,[22] and later in October in Windsor Great Park, at Rosy Bottom.[23] According to the Daily Mail, filming took place at a church in Oxfordshire in October;[24] other sources mention filming at St Lawrence's Church, West Wycombe in Buckinghamshire.

text: Filming wrapped up on 27 November 2015.[25] Reshoots took place for one week starting 8 January 2016.[26]

text: Music[edit]

text: Release[edit]

text:
In October 2015, Bridget Jones's Baby was set for a 16 September 2016 release.[27][28]
On 23 March the first trailer was released.[29] Like the previous two films, the movie received an R rating.[30] Zellweger's physical appearance in the trailer for the film has rekindled a debate about the possibility that Zellweger had plastic surgery, which began in 2014 when she re-emerged from a long hiatus.[31] An editorial focused on the trailer for the film by Variety critic Owen Gleiberman titled "Renee Zellweger: If She No Longer Looks Like Herself, Has She Become a Different Actress?"[32] triggered a firestorm of controversy including responses from Zellweger herself, who called the scrutiny over her appearance "sexist" and attributing her difference in appearance solely to "ageing," and wrote an open essay explaining her response in the weeks before the film's release.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Bridget Jones's Baby grossed $212 million worldwide, including $24.1 million in the United States and Canada and $60 million in the United Kingdom, against a budget of $35 million.[2]

text: The film was released in North America on 16 September 2016 and was projected to gross $12–16 million in its opening weekend from 2,927 theaters.[34][35] It made $364,000 from its Thursday night previews and $3 million on its first day.[36] In total, the film made $8.2 million in its opening weekend, falling below projections and scoring the lowest opening of the series.[37]

text: Internationally, where Universal Pictures handled most of the releases, the film fared better and especially in the UK where the previous two installments registered the biggest grossers. It debuted day-and-date in conjuncture with its North American release in 41 countries, including big markets like the UK and Ireland, Russia, Australia, Mexico and Spain in its opening weekend.[34][38] The film will be released in a total of 62 countries.[39][40] It scored the biggest opening day in the franchise in the UK, the Netherlands and Latin America including Mexico, Panama and Peru, and had number-one opening days in the UK, Australia, Spain, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa and Ukraine.[39] Through Sunday, 18 September, it had an opening weekend of $29.9 million from 39 markets and debuted at number one in 24 of them.[41] It was in second place at the box office, behind A Chinese Odyssey Part Three.[42] It topped the international box office in its second weekend, earning $21.9 million from 47 markets.[43] It recorded the biggest debut in the franchise and had number-one openings in certain markets like Australia ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($1.9 million), Spain ($1.7 million), Iceland and New Zealand and bowed at second place in France ($3.7 million) and Russia ($1.4 million).[41][43][44]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland – the biggest market for the first two films – the film opened on Friday, 16 September, and recorded the biggest comedy/romantic comedy opening day ever, as well as the biggest Working Title and September opening of all time with $4 million at 641 theaters.[39] It went on to score a record breaking £8.11 million ($10.5 million) opening and dominated 57% of the total market share which is the biggest romantic comedy opening weekend ever in the UK; the biggest opening weekend ever for Working Title; and the biggest September launch weekend of all time.[41] Excluding previews, the film has the seventh biggest debut of the year.[45] The film fell just 20% in its second weekend to £6.4 million ($8.3 million)[46] and continued to lead the box office for the third consecutive weekend, despite the influx of a row of competitions.[47] After three straight wins, it was surpassed by The Girl on the Train in its fourth weekend.[44] It broke a number of records including the fastest romantic comedy to earn £30 million, doing so on its seventeenth day (the first film took 31 days and the second film took 24 days).[48] It has so far grossed a total of $54 million there becoming the biggest market outside of North America like its predecessors.[40] Adjusted for inflation it is the lowest-grossing film behind both the films (£73.1 million and £57.8 million respectively).[49]

text: After 31 days of playing in theaters, the film became the biggest film in the franchise in the United Kingdom with £42.24 million, surpassing the first film's final gross of £42 million. It currently sits as the third biggest film of 2016 behind Finding Dory (£42.25 million) and The Jungle Book (£46.1 million).[50] In Netherlands, it is the highest-grossing Working Title picture of all time with $8.1 million — passing Notting Hill (1999), which held the record for 17 years.[40]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Bridget Jones's Baby received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77%, based on 188 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Bridget Jones's Baby might be late on arrival, but fans of the series should still find its third installment a bouncing bundle of joy."[51] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score 59 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[52] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[53]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2017
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Box Office Movie
Craig Armstrong[54]
Won

2017
Diversity in Media Awards
Movie of the Year
Bridget Jones's Baby[54]
Nominated

2017
EDA Awards
AWFJ Hall of Shame
Sharon Maguire[54]
Won

2017
European Film Awards
People's Choice Award for Best European Film
Sharon Maguire[54]
Nominated

2017
Globes de Cristal Awards
Best Foreign Film
Sharon Maguire[54]
Nominated


document_title: List of Major League Baseball home run records

question_text: who has the most walk off home runs

question_tokens: who has the most walk off home runs

text: Career records[edit]

text: Most seasons with 40 home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Babe Ruth[1]
11
1920–21, 1923–24, 1926–32 (New York Yankees)

Harmon Killebrew[2]
8
1959, 1961–64, 1967, 1969–70 (Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins)

Hank Aaron[3]
8
1957, 1960, 1962–63, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1973 (Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves)

Barry Bonds[4]
8
1993, 1996–97, 2000–04 (San Francisco Giants)

Alex Rodriguez[5]
8
1998–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2005, 2007 (New York Yankees)

Ken Griffey Jr.[6]
7
1993–94, 1996–99 (Seattle Mariners), 2000 (Cincinnati Reds)

Sammy Sosa[7]
7
1996, 1998–2003 (Chicago Cubs)

Albert Pujols[8]
7
2003–06, 2009–10, 2015 (St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim)

Mark McGwire[9]
6
1987, 1992, 1996 (Oakland Athletics), 1997 (Oakland Athletics/St. Louis Cardinals), 1998–99 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Jim Thome[10]
6
1997, 2001–02 (Cleveland Indians), 2003–04 (Philadelphia Phillies) 2006 (Chicago White Sox)

Adam Dunn[11]
6
2004–08 (Cincinnati Reds), 2008 (Arizona Diamondbacks), 2012 (Chicago White Sox)

text: Most consecutive seasons with 40 home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Teams and seasons

Babe Ruth
7
1926–32 (New York Yankees)

Alex Rodriguez
6
1998–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers)

Sammy Sosa
6
1998–2003 (Chicago Cubs)

Ralph Kiner[12]
5
1947–51 (Pittsburgh Pirates)

Duke Snider[13] a Diamondbacks]])

text: Most seasons with 30 home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Hank Aaron
15
1957–63, 1965–67, 1969–73 (Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves)

Alex Rodriguez
15
1996, 1998–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–10, 15 (New York Yankees)

Barry Bonds
14
1990, 1992 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1993–2004 (San Francisco Giants)

Albert Pujols
14
2001–11 (St. Louis Cardinals), 2012, 2015–16 (Los Angeles Angels)

Babe Ruth
13
1920–24, 1926–33 (New York Yankees)

Mike Schmidt[14]
13
1974–77, 1979–87 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Jimmie Foxx[15]
12
1929–35 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1936–40 (Boston Red Sox)

Manny Ramírez[16]
12
1995–96, 1998–2000 (Cleveland Indians), 2001–06 (Boston Red Sox), 08 (Boston-Los Angeles Dodgers)

Jim Thome
12
1996–2002 (Cleveland Indians), 2003–04 (Philadelphia Phillies), 2006–08 (Chicago White Sox)

Frank Robinson[17]
11
1956, 1958–62, 1965 (Cincinnati Reds), 1966–67, 1969 (Baltimore Orioles), 1973 (California Angels)

Willie Mays[18]
11
1954–57, 1959, 1961–66 (New York/San Francisco Giants)

Mark McGwire
11
1987–90, 1992, 1995–96 (Oakland Athletics), 1997 (Oakland Athletics/St. Louis Cardinals), 1998–2000 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Sammy Sosa
11
1993, 1995–2004 (Chicago Cubs)

Carlos Delgado[19]
11
1997–2004 (Toronto Blue Jays), 2005 (Florida Marlins), 2006, 2008 (New York Mets)

text: Most consecutive seasons with 30 home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Alex Rodriguez
13
1998–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–10 (New York Yankees)

Barry Bonds
13
1992 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1993–2004 (San Francisco Giants)

Albert Pujols
12
2001–11 (St. Louis Cardinals), 2012 (|Los Angeles Angels)

Jimmie Foxx
12
1929–35 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1936–40 (Boston Red Sox)

Sammy Sosa
10
1995–2004 (Chicago Cubs)

Carlos Delgado
10
1997–2004 (Toronto Blue Jays), 2005 (Florida Marlins), 2006 (New York Mets)

Lou Gehrig[20]
9
1929–37 (New York Yankees)

Eddie Mathews[21]
9
1953–61 (Milwaukee Braves)

Mike Schmidt
9
1979–87 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Rafael Palmeiro[22]
9
1995–98 (Baltimore Orioles), 1999–2003 (Texas Rangers)

Jim Thome
9
1996–2002 (Cleveland Indians), 2003–04 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Manny Ramírez
9
1998–2000 (Cleveland Indians), 2001–06 (Boston Red Sox)

Babe Ruth
8
1926–33 (New York Yankees)

Albert Belle
8
1992–96 Cleveland Indians; 1997–98 Chicago White Sox; 1999 Baltimore Orioles

Mike Piazza[23]
8
1995–97 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 1998 (Los Angeles Dodgers/Florida Marlins/New York Mets), 1999–2002 (New York Mets)

Jeff Bagwell[24]
8
1996–2003 (Houston Astros)

Mark Teixeira
8
2004–07 (Texas Rangers); 2007–08 (Atlanta Braves); 2008 (|Los Angeles Angels); 2009–11 (New York Yankees)

Mickey Mantle
8
1955-62 (New York Yankees)

text: Most seasons with 20 home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Years and teams

Hank Aaron
20
1955–74 (Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves)

Barry Bonds
19
1987–88, 90–92 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1993–2004, 2006–07 (San Francisco Giants)

Willie Mays
17
1951, 1954–68, 1970 (New York/San Francisco Giants)

Frank Robinson
17
1956–65 (Cincinnati Reds), 1966–67, 1969–71 (Baltimore Orioles), 1973 (California Angels), 1974 (California Angels/Cleveland Indians)

Babe Ruth
16
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–34 (New York Yankees)

Ted Williams[25]
16
1939–42, 1946–51, 1954–58, 1960 (Boston Red Sox)

Jim Thome
16
1994–2002 (Cleveland Indians), 2003-04 (Philadelphia Phillies), 2006-09 (Chicago White Sox), 2010 (Minnesota Twins)

Reggie Jackson[26]
16
1968–75 (Oakland Athletics), 1976 (Baltimore Orioles), 1977–80 (New York Yankees), 1982, 1984–85 (California Angels)

Eddie Murray[27]
16
1977–85, 1987–88 (Baltimore Orioles), 1989–90 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 1993 (New York Mets), 1995 (Cleveland Indians), 1996 (Cleveland Indians/Baltimore Orioles)

Alex Rodriguez
16
1996–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–10, 2015 (New York Yankees)

Albert Pujols
16
2001-11 (St. Louis Cardinals), 2012, 2014-17 (Los Angeles Angels)

Fred McGriff
15
1987–90 (Toronto Blue Jays), 1991–92 (San Diego Padres), 1993 (San Diego Padres/Atlanta Braves), 1994–97 (Atlanta Braves), 1999–2000 (Tampa Bay Devil Rays), 2001 (Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Chicago Cubs), 2002 (Chicago Cubs)

Mel Ott[28]
15
1929–39, 1941–42, 1944–45 (New York Giants)

Willie Stargell[29]
15
1964–76, 1978–79 (Pittsburgh Pirates)

Dave Winfield[30]
15
1974, 1977–80 (San Diego Padres), 1982–83, 1985–88 (New York Yankees), 1990 (New York Yankees/California Angels), 1991 (California Angels), 1992 (Toronto Blue Jays), 1993 (Minnesota Twins)

Ken Griffey, Jr.
15
1990–94, 1996–99 (Seattle Mariners), 2000–01, 2004–07 (Cincinnati Reds)

David Ortiz
15
2002 (Minnesota Twins), 2003–2016 (Boston Red Sox)

text: Most consecutive seasons with 20 home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Years and teams

Hank Aaron
20
1955–74 (Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves)

Babe Ruth
16
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–34 (New York Yankees)

Willie Mays
15
1954–68 (New York/San Francisco Giants)

Barry Bonds
15
1990–92 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1993–2004 (San Francisco Giants)

Alex Rodriguez
15
1996–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–10 (New York (AL))

David Ortiz
15
2002 (Minnesota Twins), 2003–2016 (Boston Red Sox)

Eddie Mathews
14
1952–65 (Boston Braves/Milwaukee Braves)

Rafael Palmeiro
14
1991–93, 1999–2004 (Texas Rangers), 1994–98 (Baltimore Orioles)

Manny Ramírez
14
1995–2000 (Cleveland Indians), 2001–07 (Boston Red Sox), 08 (Boston Red Sox/Los Angeles Dodgers)

Mike Schmidt
14
1974–1987 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Chipper Jones[31]
14
1995–2008 (Atlanta Braves)

Billy Williams[32]
13
1961–73 (Chicago Cubs)

Willie Stargell
13
1964–76 (Pittsburgh Pirates)

Reggie Jackson
13
1968–75 (Oakland Athletics), 1976 (Baltimore Orioles), 1977–80 (New York Yankees)

Carlos Delgado
13
1996–2004 (Toronto Blue Jays), 2005 (Florida Marlins), 2006–08 (New York Mets)

text: Most seasons as league leader in home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Titles[33]
Years and teams

Babe Ruth
12
1918–19 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–21, 1923–24, 1926–31 (New York Yankees)

Mike Schmidt
8
1974–76, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1986 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Ralph Kiner
7
1946–52 (Pittsburgh Pirates)

Gavvy Cravath
6
1913–15, 1917–19 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Mel Ott
6
1932, 1934, 1936–38, 1942 (New York Giants)

Harmon Killebrew
6
1959, 1962–64, 1967, 1969 (Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins)

text: see note1

text: Most consecutive seasons as league leader in home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Titles
Seasons & Teams

Ralph Kiner
7
1946–52 Pittsburgh

Babe Ruth
6
1926–31 New York (AL)

Harry Davis
4
1904–07 Philadelphia (AL)

Frank Baker
4
1911–14 Philadelphia (AL)

Babe Ruth
4
1918–19 Boston (AL); 1920–21 New York (AL)

Gavvy Cravath
3
1913–15 Philadelphia (NL)

Gavvy Cravath
3
1917–19 Philadelphia (NL)

Hack Wilson
3
1926–28 Chicago (NL)

Chuck Klein
3
1931–33 Philadelphia (NL)

Harmon Killebrew
3
1962–64 Minnesota

Mike Schmidt
3
1974–76 Philadelphia (NL)

Ken Griffey, Jr.
3
1997–99 Seattle

Alex Rodriguez
3
2001–03 Texas

text: see note1

text: League leader in home runs, three decades[edit]

text:
Player
Decade and teams

Babe Ruth
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 20–21, 23–24, 26–31 (New York Yankees)

text: League leader in home runs, both leagues[edit]

text:
Player
League, team and year

Sam Crawford
NL: Cincinnati Reds (1901), AL: Detroit Tigers (1908)

Fred McGriff
AL: Toronto Blue Jays (1989), NL: San Diego Padres (1992)

Mark McGwire
AL: Oakland Athletics (1987, 1996), NL: St. Louis Cardinals (1998–99)

text: League leader in home runs, three different teams[edit]

text:
Player
Teams and years

Reggie Jackson
Oakland Athletics (1973, 1975), New York Yankees (1980), California Angels (1982)

text: Players who have hit at least one home run in 40 stadiums[edit]

text:
Player
# of MLB Stadiums[34]
Years

Sammy Sosa
45
1989–2005, 07

Ken Griffey, Jr.
44
1989–2009

Fred McGriff
43
1986–2004

Ellis Burks
41
1987–2004

Mike Piazza
40
1992–2007

Gary Sheffield
40
1988–2007

Adrián Beltré
40
1998–Present

text: Most career grand slams[edit]

text:
Player
Grand slams[35]
Teams and years

Alex Rodriguez
25
Seattle Mariners (1994–2000), Texas Rangers (2001–03), New York Yankees (2004–2016)

Lou Gehrig
23
New York Yankees (1923–39)

Manny Ramírez
21
Cleveland Indians (1993–2000), Boston Red Sox (2001–2008), Los Angeles Dodgers (2008–2010), Chicago White Sox (2010), Tampa Bay Rays (2011)

Eddie Murray
19
Baltimore Orioles (1977–88, 1996), Los Angeles Dodgers (1989–91, 1997), New York Mets (1992–93), Cleveland Indians (1994–96), Anaheim Angels (1997)

Willie McCovey
18
San Francisco Giants (1959–73, 1977–80), San Diego Padres (1974–76), Oakland Athletics (1976)

Robin Ventura
18
Chicago White Sox (1989–98), New York Mets (1999–2001), New York Yankees (2002–03), Los Angeles Dodgers (2003–04)

Jimmie Foxx
17
Philadelphia Athletics (1925–35), Boston Red Sox (1936–42), Chicago Cubs (1942, 1944), Philadelphia Phillies (1945)

Ted Williams
17
Boston Red Sox (1939–42, 1946–60)

Babe Ruth
16
Boston Red Sox (1914–19), New York Yankees (1920–34), Boston Braves (1935)

Hank Aaron
16
Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves (1954–74), Milwaukee Brewers (1975–76)

Dave Kingman
16
San Francisco Giants (1971–74), New York Mets (1975–77, 1981–83), San Diego Padres (1977), California Angels (1977), New York Yankees (1977), Chicago Cubs (1978–80), Oakland Athletics (1984–86)

text: Most career walk-off home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Walk-off HR[36][37]
Teams and years

Jim Thome
13
1991–02, 2011 (Cleveland Indians), 2003–05, 2012 (Philadelphia Phillies) 2006–09 (Chicago White Sox), 2009 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 2010-11 (Minnesota Twins), 2012 (Baltimore Orioles)

Albert Pujols
12
2001-11 (St. Louis Cardinals), 2012-Present (Los Angeles Angels Of Anaheim)

Jimmie Foxx
12
1925–35 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1936–42 (Boston Red Sox), 1942, 1944 (Chicago Cubs), 1945 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Mickey Mantle
12
1951–68 (New York Yankees)

Stan Musial
12
1941–44, 1946–63 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Frank Robinson
12
1956–65 (Cincinnati Reds), 1966–71 (Baltimore Orioles), 1972 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 1973–74 (California Angels), 1974–76 (Cleveland Indians)

Babe Ruth
12
1914–19 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–34 (New York Yankees), 1935 (Boston Braves)

text: Season records[edit]

text: Most home runs by a team in one season[edit]

text:
HR
[38] Team
Season

264
Seattle Mariners
1997

260
Texas Rangers
2005

257
Baltimore Orioles
1996

257
Toronto Blue Jays
2010

253
Baltimore Orioles
2016

249
Houston Astros
2000

246
Texas Rangers
2001

245
Seattle Mariners
1996

245
New York Yankees
2012

244
Seattle Mariners
1999

244
Toronto Blue Jays
2000

244
New York Yankees
2009

243
Oakland Athletics
1996

242
Chicago White Sox
2004

242
New York Yankees
2004

240
New York Yankees
1961

text: Most grand slams in one season[edit]

text:
Player
GS
[39] Team
Season

Don Mattingly
6
New York Yankees
1987

Travis Hafner
6
Cleveland Indians
2006

Ernie Banks
5
Chicago Cubs
1955

Jim Gentile
5
Baltimore Orioles
1961

Richie Sexson
5
Seattle Mariners
2006

Albert Pujols
5
St. Louis Cardinals
2009

text: Game records[edit]

text: Four home runs by an individual in one game[edit]

text:
Player
Team[40]
Date
Opponent
Venue

Bobby Lowe
Boston Beaneaters
May 30, 1894
Cincinnati Reds
South End Grounds

Ed Delahanty2
Philadelphia Phillies
July 13, 1896
Chicago Colts
West Side Grounds

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
June 3, 1932
Philadelphia Athletics
Shibe Park

Chuck Klein
Philadelphia Phillies
July 10, 1936
Pittsburgh Pirates
Forbes Field

Pat Seerey
Chicago White Sox
July 18, 1948
Philadelphia Athletics
Shibe Park

Gil Hodges
Brooklyn Dodgers
August 31, 1950
Boston Braves
Ebbets Field

Joe Adcock
Milwaukee Braves
July 31, 1954
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ebbets Field

Rocky Colavito
Cleveland Indians
June 10, 1959
Baltimore Orioles
Memorial Stadium

Willie Mays
San Francisco Giants
April 30, 1961
Milwaukee Braves
Milwaukee County Stadium

Mike Schmidt
Philadelphia Phillies
April 17, 1976
Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field

Bob Horner2
Atlanta Braves
July 6, 1986
Montréal Expos
Fulton County Stadium

Mark Whiten
St. Louis Cardinals
September 7, 1993
Cincinnati Reds
Riverfront Stadium

Mike Cameron
Seattle Mariners
May 2, 2002
Chicago White Sox
Comiskey Park

Shawn Green
Los Angeles Dodgers
May 23, 2002
Milwaukee Brewers
Miller Park

Carlos Delgado
Toronto Blue Jays
September 25, 2003
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
SkyDome

Josh Hamilton
Texas Rangers
May 8, 2012
Baltimore Orioles
Oriole Park at Camden Yards

Scooter Gennett
Cincinnati Reds
June 6, 2017
St. Louis Cardinals
Great American Ball Park

J.D. Martinez
Arizona Diamondbacks
September 4, 2017
Los Angeles Dodgers
Dodger Stadium

text: Four consecutive home runs by a team in one game[edit]

text:
Team
Date [41][42]
Opponent
Players
Pitcher
Inn.
Venue

Milwaukee Braves[43]
June 8, 1961
Cincinnati Reds
Eddie Mathews, Hank Aaron,
Joe Adcock, Frank Thomas
Jim Maloney (2)
Marshall Bridges
7th
Crosley Field

Cleveland Indians[44]
July 31, 1963
Los Angeles Angels
Woodie Held, Pedro Ramos,
Tito Francona, Larry Brown
Paul Foytack
6th
Cleveland Stadium

Minnesota Twins[45]
May 2, 1964
Kansas City Athletics
Tony Oliva, Harmon Killebrew,
Bob Allison, Jimmie Hall
Dan Pfister (3)
Vern Handrahan
11th
Municipal Stadium

Los Angeles Dodgers[46]
September 18, 2006
San Diego Padres
Jeff Kent, J. D. Drew,
Russell Martin, Marlon Anderson
Jon Adkins (2)
Trevor Hoffman
9th
Dodger Stadium

Boston Red Sox[47][48]
April 22, 2007
New York Yankees
Manny Ramírez, J. D. Drew,
Mike Lowell, Jason Varitek
Chase Wright
3rd
Fenway Park

Chicago White Sox[49]
August 14, 2008
Kansas City Royals
Jim Thome, Paul Konerko,
Alexei Ramírez, Juan Uribe
Joel Peralta (3)
Robinson Tejeda
6th
U.S. Cellular Field

Arizona Diamondbacks[50]
August 11, 2010
Milwaukee Brewers
Adam LaRoche, Miguel Montero,
Mark Reynolds, Stephen Drew
Dave Bush
4th
Miller Park

Washington Nationals[51]
July 27, 2017
Milwaukee Brewers
Brian Goodwin, Wilmer Difo,
Bryce Harper, Ryan Zimmerman
Michael Blazek
3rd
Nationals Park

text: Two grand slams by one hitter in one game[edit]

text:
Player
[52] Team
Date
Opponent
Venue

Tony Lazzeri
New York Yankees
May 24, 1936
Philadelphia Athletics
Shibe Park

Jim Tabor
Boston Red Sox
July 4, 19393
Philadelphia Athletics
Shibe Park

Rudy York
Boston Red Sox
July 27, 1946
St. Louis Browns
Sportsman's Park

Jim Gentile
Baltimore Orioles
May 9, 1961
Minnesota Twins
Metropolitan Stadium

Tony Cloninger4
Atlanta Braves
July 3, 1966
San Francisco Giants
Candlestick Park

Jim Northrup
Detroit Tigers
June 24, 1968
Cleveland Indians
Cleveland Stadium

Frank Robinson
Baltimore Orioles
June 26, 1970
Washington Senators
RFK Stadium

Robin Ventura
Chicago White Sox
September 4, 1995
Texas Rangers
The Ballpark in Arlington

Chris Hoiles
Baltimore Orioles
August 14, 1998
Cleveland Indians
Jacobs Field

Fernando Tatís5
St. Louis Cardinals
April 23, 1999
Los Angeles Dodgers
Dodger Stadium

Nomar Garciaparra6
Boston Red Sox
May 10, 1999
Seattle Mariners
Fenway Park

Bill Mueller7
Boston Red Sox
July 29, 2003
Texas Rangers
The Ballpark in Arlington

Josh Willingham
Washington Nationals
July 27, 2009
Milwaukee Brewers
Miller Park

text: Three grand slams by a team in one game[edit]

text:
Team
Players
Date
Opponent
Venue

New York Yankees[53]
Robinson Canó, Russell Martin, Curtis Granderson
Aug 25, 2011
Oakland Athletics
Yankee Stadium

text: Other[edit]

text: Most homeruns on a single day (all teams combined)[edit]

text:
Number of homeruns
Date

62[54]
July 2, 2002


document_title: Elections in the United States

question_text: how often are elections held for the house of representatives answers

text: Elections in the United States

text: Voting[edit]

text: The most common method used in U.S. elections is the first-past-the-post system, where the highest polling candidate wins the election. Some may use a two-round system, where if no candidate receives a required number of votes then there is a runoff between the two candidates with the most votes.[citation needed]

text: Since 2002, several cities have adopted instant-runoff voting in their elections. Voters rank the candidates in order of preference rather than voting for a single candidate. If a candidate secures more than half of votes cast, that candidate wins. Otherwise, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated. Ballots assigned to the eliminated candidate are recounted and assigned to those of the remaining candidates who rank next in order of preference on each ballot. This process continues until one candidate wins by obtaining more than half the votes.[citation needed] In 2016, Maine became the first state to adopt instant-runoff voting (known in the state as ranked-choice voting) statewide for its elections, although due to state constitutional provisions, the system is only used for federal elections and state primaries.

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the constitution and also regulated at state level. The constitution states that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex, or age for citizens eighteen years or older. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility. Some states ban convicted criminals, especially felons, from voting for a fixed period of time or indefinitely.[3] The number of American adults who are currently or permanently ineligible to vote due to felony convictions is estimated to be 5.3 million.[4]  Some states also have legacy constitutional statements barring legally declared incompetent from voting; such references are generally considered obsolete and are being considered for review or removal where they appear.[5]

text: Voter registration[edit]

text: While the federal government has jurisdiction over federal elections, most election laws are decided at the state level. All U.S. states except North Dakota require that citizens who wish to vote be registered. Traditionally, voters had to register at state offices to vote, but in the mid-1990s efforts were made by the federal government to make registering easier, in an attempt to increase turnout. The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (the "Motor Voter" law) required state governments that receive certain types of federal funding to make the voter registration process easier by providing uniform registration services through drivers' license registration centers, disability centers, schools, libraries, and mail-in registration. Other states allow citizens same-day registration on Election Day.

text: In many states, citizens registering to vote may declare an affiliation with a political party.[6] This declaration of affiliation does not cost money, and does not make the citizen a dues-paying member of a party. A party cannot prevent a voter from declaring his or her affiliation with them, but it can refuse requests for full membership. In some states, only voters affiliated with a party may vote in that party's primary elections (see below). Declaring a party affiliation is never required. Some states, including Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Washington, practice non-partisan registration.[7]

text: Absentee voting[edit]

text: Voters unable or unwilling to vote at polling stations on Election Day can vote via absentee ballots. Absentee ballots are most commonly sent and received via the United States Postal Service. Despite their name, absentee ballots are often requested and submitted in person. About half of all states and U.S. territories allow "no excuse absentee," where no reason is required to request an absentee ballot. Others require a valid reason, such as infirmity or travel, be given before a voter can participate using an absentee ballot. Some states, including California,[8] and Washington[9][10] allow citizens to apply for permanent absentee voter status, which will automatically receive an absentee ballot for each election. Typically a voter must request an absentee ballot before the election occurs.

text: A significant source of absentee ballots is the population of Americans living outside the United States. In 1986 Congress enacted the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA). UOCAVA requires that the states and territories allow members of the United States Uniformed Services and merchant marine, their family members, and United States citizens residing outside the United States to register and vote absentee in elections for Federal offices. Though many states had pre-existing statutes in place UOCAVA made it mandatory and nationally uniform. "Generally, all U.S. citizens 19 years or older who are or will be residing outside the United States during an election period are eligible to vote absentee in any election for Federal office. In addition, all members of the Uniformed Services, their family members and members of the Merchant Marine and their family members, who are U.S. citizens, may vote absentee in Federal, state and local elections."[11] Absentee ballots from these voters can often be transmitted private delivery services, fax, or email.[12]

text: Mail ballots[edit]

text: Mail ballots are similar in many respects to an absentee ballot. However they are used for Mailing Precincts where on Election Day no polling place is opened for a specific precinct.[13] In Oregon, Washington, and Colorado, all ballots are delivered through the mail.

text: Early voting[edit]

text: Early voting is a formal process where voters can cast their ballots prior to the official Election Day. Early voting in person is allowed in 33 states and in Washington, D.C., with no excuse required.[14]

text: Voting equipment[edit]

text: Voters casting their ballots in polling places record their votes most commonly with optical scan voting machines or DRE voting machines. Voting machine selection is typically done through a state's local election jurisdiction including counties, cities, and townships. Many of these local jurisdictions have changed their voting equipment since 2000 due to the passage of the Help America Vote Act (HAVA), which allocated funds for the replacement of lever machine and punch card voting equipment.

text: Since the 1980s many jurisdictions and voting locations have given out "I Voted" stickers to people casting ballots. In the state of Illinois it is a state law to have stickers available to voters after they have cast their ballots. State and local governments pay $30 million per year for the stickers that cost about one cent each.[15]

text: Levels of election[edit]

text: Federal elections[edit]

text: The United States has a presidential system of government, which means that the executive and legislature are elected separately. Article One of the United States Constitution requires that any election for the U.S. President must occur on a single day throughout the country; elections for Congressional offices, however, can be held at different times. Congressional and presidential elections take place simultaneously every four years, and the intervening Congressional elections, which take place every two years, are called Midterm elections.

text: The constitution states that members of the United States House of Representatives must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States for at least seven years, and be a (legal) inhabitant of the state they represent. Senators must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the United States for at least nine years, and be a (legal) inhabitant of the state they represent. The President must be at least 35 years old, a natural born citizen of the United States and a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years. It is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate the qualifications for a candidate appearing on a ballot paper, although in order to get onto the ballot, a candidate must often collect a legally defined number of signatures.

text: Presidential elections[edit]

text: The President and the Vice President are elected together in a Presidential election.[16] It is an indirect election, with the winner being determined by votes cast by electors of the Electoral College. In modern times, voters in each state select a slate of electors from a list of several slates designated by different parties or candidates, and the electors typically promise in advance to vote for the candidates of their party (whose names of the presidential candidates usually appear on the ballot rather than those of the individual electors).  The winner of the election is the candidate with at least 270 Electoral College votes. It is possible for a candidate to win the electoral vote, and lose the (nationwide) popular vote (receive fewer votes nationwide than the second ranked candidate). Prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1804), the runner-up in a Presidential election[17] became the Vice President.

text: Electoral College votes are cast by individual states by a group of electors; each elector casts one electoral college vote.  Until the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution of 1961 the District of Columbia citizens did not have representation and/or electors in the electoral college. In modern times, with electors usually committed to vote for a party candidate in advance, electors that vote against the popular vote in their state are called faithless electors, and occurrences are rare. State law regulates how states cast their electoral college votes. In all states except Maine and Nebraska, the candidate that wins the most votes in the state receives all its electoral college votes (a "winner takes all" system). From 1969 in Maine, and from 1991 in Nebraska, two electoral votes are awarded based on the winner of the statewide election, and the rest (two in Maine, three in Nebraska) go to the highest vote-winner in each of the state's congressional districts.

text:
showvteUnited States presidential electionsElections by year
1788–89
1792
1796
1800
1804
1808
1812
1816
1820
1824
1828
1832
1836
1840
1844
1848
1852
1856
1860
1864
1868
1872
1876
1880
1884
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
Elections by state
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Washington, D.C.
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Primaries and caucuses
Iowa caucuses
New Hampshire primary
South Carolina primary
Super Tuesday
Nominating conventions
Brokered convention
Convention bounce
Superdelegate
Electoral Collegeand Popular vote
Results
Summary
Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote
Electoral College margins
Electoral College results by state
Electoral vote changes between elections
Electoral vote recipients
Popular vote margins
Contingent election
Faithless elector
Unpledged elector
Voter turnout
Related topics
Campaign slogans
Historical election polling
Election Day
Major party tickets
Major party losers
Presidential debates
October surprise
Red states and blue states
Swing state
Election recount

House elections
Senate elections
Gubernatorial elections

text: Congressional elections[edit]

text: Congress has two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

text: Senate elections[edit]

text: The Senate has 100 members, elected for a six-year term in dual-seat constituencies (2 from each state), with one-third being renewed every two years. The group of the Senate seats that is up for election during a given year is known as a "class"; the three classes are staggered so that only one of the three groups is renewed every two years. Until the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913, States chose how to elect Senators, and they were often elected by state legislatures, not the electorate of states.

text:
showvteUnited States Senate electionsMultiple-dateelections
1788/89
1790/91
1792/93
1794/95
1796/97
1798/99
1800/01
1802/03
1804/05
1806/07
1808/09
1810/11
1812/13
1814/15
1816/17
1818/19
1820/21
1822/23
1824/25
1826/27
1828/29
1830/31
1832/33
1834/35
1836/37
1838/39
1840/41
1842/43
1844/45
1846/47
1848/49
1850/51
1852/53
1854/55
1856/57
1858/59
1860/61
1862/63
1864/65
1866/67
1868/69
1870/71
1872/73
1874/75
1876/77
1878/79
1880/81
1882/83
1884/85
1886/87
1888/89
1890/91
1892/93
1894/95
1896/97
1898/99
1900/01
1902/03
1904/05
1906/07
1908/09
1910/11
1912/13
Single-dateelections
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Special elections
Election disputes
Results by state
List of elections in the United States
House elections
Presidential elections
Gubernatorial elections

text: House of Representatives elections[edit]

text: The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected for a two-year term in single-seat constituencies. House of Representatives elections are held every two years on the first Tuesday after November 1 in even years. Special House elections can occur between if a member dies or resigns during a term. House elections are first-past-the-post elections that elect a Representative from each of 435 House districts which cover the United States.  The non-voting delegates of Washington, D.C. and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands are also elected.

text: House elections occur every two years, correlated with presidential elections or halfway through a President's term. The House delegate of Puerto Rico, officially known as the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, is elected to a four-year term, coinciding with those of the President.

text: As the redistricting commissions of states are often partisan, districts are often drawn which benefit incumbents. An increasing trend has been for incumbents to have an overwhelming advantage in House elections, and since the 1994 election, an unusually low number of seats has changed hands in each election.[citation needed]  Due to gerrymandering, fewer than 10% of all House seats are contested in each election cycle. Over 90% of House members are reelected every two years, due to lack of electoral competition. Gerrymandering of the House, combined with the divisions inherent in the design of the Senate and of the Electoral College, result in a discrepancy between the percentage of popular support for various political parties and the actual level of the parties' representation.

text:
showvteUnited States House of Representatives electionsYears
1788/89
1790/91
1792/93
1794/95
1796/97
1798/99
1800
1802
1804
1806
1808
1810
1812
1814
1816
1818
1820
1822
1824
1826
1828
1830
1832
1834
1836
1838
1840
1842
1844
1846
1848
1850
1852
1854
1856
1858/59
1860/61
1862/63
1864/65
1866
1868
1870
1872
1874
1876
1878
1880
1882
1884
1886
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
Special
1801
1895
1913
1917
1921
1933
1935
1949
1951
1961
1963
1973
1989
1991
2001
110th Congress
111th Congress
All

Senate elections
Presidential elections
Gubernatorial elections

text: State elections[edit]

text: State law and state constitutions, controlled by state legislatures regulate elections at state level and local level. Various officials at state level are elected. Since the separation of powers applies to states as well as the federal government, state legislatures and the executive (the governor) are elected separately. Governors and lieutenant governor are elected in all states, in some states on a joint ticket and in some states separately, some separately in different electoral cycles. The governors of the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands are also elected. In some states, executive positions such as Attorney General and Secretary of State are also elected offices. All members of state legislatures and territorial jurisdiction legislatures are elected. In some states, members of the state supreme court and other members of the state judiciary are elected. Proposals to amend the state constitution are also placed on the ballot in some states.

text: As a matter of convenience and cost saving, elections for many of these state and local offices are held at the same time as either the federal presidential or midterm elections. There are a handful of states, however, that instead hold their elections during odd-numbered "off years."

text:
showvteUnited States gubernatorial elections
List of current Governors

1913
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

House elections
Senate elections
Presidential elections

text: Local elections[edit]

text: At the local level, county and city government positions are usually filled by election, especially within the legislative branch. The extent to which offices in the executive or judicial branches are elected vary from county-to-county or city-to-city. Some examples of local elected positions include sheriffs at the county level and mayors and school board members at the city level. Like state elections, an election for a specific local office may be held at the same time as either the presidential, midterm, or off-year elections.

text: Comparison of recent and upcoming election years[edit]

text:
Basic rotation of U.S. general elections (fixed-terms only[1])

Year

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Type

Presidential

Off-yeara

Midterm

Off-yearb

Presidential

President

Yes

No

Yes

Senate

Class III (34 seats)

No

Class I (33 seats)

No

Class II (33 seats)

House

All 435 seats[2]

No

All 435 seats[3]

No

All 435 seats[2]

Gubernatorial

11 states, 2 territories  AS, DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, PR, UT, VT, WA, WV

2 states  NJ, VA

36 states, 3 territories[4]  AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, GU, HI, ID, IL, IA, KS, ME, MP, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VI, VT, WI, WY

3 states  KY, LA, MS

11 states, 2 territories  AS, DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, PR, UT, VT, WA, WV

Other state and local offices

Varies

text: viewtalkedit

text: Features of the election system[edit]

text: Multiple levels of regulation[edit]

text: In the US elections are actually conducted by local authorities, working under local, state, and federal law and regulation, as well as the US Constitution.  It is a highly decentralized system.[18]

text: In around half of US states, the Secretary of State is the official in charge of elections; in other states it is someone appointed for the job, or a commission.[18]  It is this person or commission who is responsible for certifying, tabulating, and reporting votes for the state.[18]

text: Party systems[edit]

text: Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party. The United States Constitution has never formally addressed the issue of political parties. The Founding Fathers such as Alexander Hamilton and James Madison did not support domestic political factions at the time the Constitution was written.[19] In addition, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or throughout his tenure as president.  Furthermore, he hoped that political parties would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation.  Nevertheless, the beginnings of the American two-party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers, with Hamilton and Madison ending up being the core leaders in this emerging party system.

text: Thus, it is up to the candidate to decide under what party he/she should run, registers to run, pays the fees, etc. In the primary elections, the party organization stays neutral until one candidate has been elected. The platform of the party is written by the winning candidate (in presidential elections; in other elections no platform is involved). Each candidate has his or her own campaign, fund raising organization, etc. The primary elections in the main parties are organized by the states, who also register the party affiliation of the voters (this also makes it easier to gerrymander the congressional districts). The party is thus little more than a campaign organization for the main elections.

text: However, elections in the United States often do become de facto national races between the political parties. In what is known as "presidential coattails", candidates in presidential elections usually bring out supporters who then vote for his or her party's candidates for other offices, usually resulting in the presidential winner's party gaining seats in Congress. On the other hand, midterm elections are sometimes regarded as a referendum on the sitting president's and/or incumbent party's performance.[20][21] There is a historical pattern that the incumbent president's party loses seats in midterm elections. This may be because the President's popularity has slipped since election, or because the President's popularity encouraged supporters to come out to vote for him or her in the presidential election, but these supporters are less likely to vote when the President is not up for election.

text: Ballot access[edit]

text: Ballot access refers to the laws which regulate under what conditions access is granted for a candidate or political party to appear on voters' ballots. Each State has its own ballot access laws to determine who may appear on ballots and who may not. According to Article I, Section 4, of the United States Constitution, the authority to regulate the time, place, and manner of federal elections is up to each State, unless Congress legislates otherwise. Depending on the office and the state, it may be possible for a voter to cast a write-in vote for a candidate whose name does not appear on the ballot, but it is extremely rare for such a candidate to win office.

text: Campaign finance[edit]

text: The funding of electoral campaigns has always been a controversial issue in American politics. Infringement of free speech (First Amendment) is an argument against restrictions on campaign contributions, while allegations of corruption arising from unlimited contributions and the need for political equality are arguments for the other side.[22] Private funds are a major source of finance, from individuals and organizations. The first attempt to regulate campaign finance by legislation was in 1867, but major legislation, with the intention to widely enforce, on campaign finance was not introduced until the 1970s.

text: Money contributed to campaigns can be classified into "hard money" and "soft money". Hard money is money contributed directly to a campaign, by an individual or organization. Soft money is money from an individual or organization not contributed to a campaign, but spent in candidate specific advertising or other efforts that benefits that candidate by groups supporting the candidate, but legally not coordinated by the official campaign.

text: The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 required candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions and campaign expenditure. It was amended in 1974 to legally limit campaign contributions. It banned direct contributing to campaigns by corporations and trade unions and limited individual donations to $1,000 per campaign. It introduced public funding for Presidential primaries and elections. The Act also placed limits of $5,000 per campaign on PACs (political action committees). The limits on individual contributions and prohibition of direct corporate or labor union campaigns led to a huge increase in the number of PACs. Today many labor unions and corporations have their own PACs, and over 4,000 in total exist. The 1974 amendment also specified a Federal Election Commission, created in 1975 to administer and enforce campaign finance law. Various other provisions were also included, such as a ban on contributions or expenditures by foreign nationals (incorporated from the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) (1966)).

text: The case of Buckley v. Valeo (1976) challenged the Act. Most provisions were upheld, but the court found that the mandatory spending limit imposed was unconstitutional, as was the limit placed on campaign spending from the candidate's personal fortune and the provision that limited independent expenditures by individuals and organizations supporting but not officially linked to a campaign. The effect of the first decision was to allow candidates such as Ross Perot and Steve Forbes to spend enormous amounts of their own money in their own campaigns. The effect of the second decision was to allow the culture of "soft money" to develop.

text: A 1979 amendment to the Federal Election Campaign Act allowed political parties to spend without limit on get-out-the-vote and voter registration activities conducted primarily for a presidential candidate. Later, they were permitted by FECA to use "soft money", unregulated, unlimited contributions to fund this effort. Increasingly, the money began to be spent on issue advertising, candidate specific advertising that was being funded mostly by soft money.

text: The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 banned local and national parties from spending "soft money" and banned national party committees from accepting or spending soft money. It increased the limit of contributions by individuals from $1,000 to $2,000. It banned corporations or labor unions from funding issue advertising directly, and banned the use of corporate or labor money for advertisements that mention a federal candidate within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary. The constitutionality of the bill was challenged and in December 2003, the Supreme Court upheld most provisions of the legislation. (See McConnell v. FEC.)

text: A large number of "527 groups" were active for the first time in the 2004 election. These groups receive donations from individuals and groups and then spend the money on issue advocacy, such as the anti-Kerry ads by Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. This is a new form of soft money, and not surprisingly it is controversial. Many 527 groups have close links with the Democratic or Republican parties, even though legally they cannot coordinate their activities with them. John McCain, one of the senators behind the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, and President Bush have both declared a desire to ban 527s.

text: Changing campaign finance laws is a highly controversial issue. Some reformers wish to see laws changed in order to improve electoral competition and political equality.  Opponents wish to see the system stay as it is, whereas other reformers wish even fewer restrictions on the freedom to spend and contribute money. The Supreme Court has made it increasingly difficult for those who wish to regulate election financing, but options like partial public funding of campaigns are still possible and offer the potential to address reformers' concerns with minimal restrictions on the freedom to contribute.[23]

text: Primaries and caucuses[edit]

text: In partisan elections, candidates are chosen by primary elections (abbreviated to "primaries") and caucuses in the states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

text: A primary election is an election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction (nominating primary) select a political party's candidate for a later election. There are various types of primary: either the whole electorate is eligible, and voters choose one party's primary at the polling booth (an open primary); or only independent voters can choose a party's primary at the polling booth (a semi-closed primary); or only registered members of the party are allowed to vote (closed primary). The blanket primary, when voters could vote for all parties' primaries on the same ballot was struck down by the United States Supreme Court as violating the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of assembly in the case California Democratic Party v. Jones. Primaries are also used to select candidates at the state level, for example in gubernatorial elections.

text: Caucuses also nominate candidates by election, but they are very different from primaries. Caucuses are meetings that occur at precincts and involve discussion of each party's platform and issues such as voter turnout in addition to voting. Eleven states: Iowa, New Mexico, North Dakota, Maine, Nevada, Hawaii, Minnesota, Kansas, Alaska, Wyoming, Colorado and the District of Columbia use caucuses, for one or more political parties.

text: The primary and caucus season in Presidential elections lasts from the Iowa caucus in January to the last primaries in June. Front-loading - when larger numbers of contests take place in the opening weeks of the season—can have an effect on the nomination process, potentially reducing the number of realistic candidates, as fund-raisers and donors quickly abandon those they see as untenable. However, it is not the case that the successful candidate is always the candidate that does the best in the early primaries. There is also a period dubbed the "invisible primary" that takes place before the primary season, when candidates attempt to solicit media coverage and funding well before the real primary season begins.

text: A state's presidential primary election or caucus usually is an indirect election: instead of voters directly selecting a particular person running for President, it determines how many delegates each party's national political convention will receive from their respective state. These delegates then in turn select their party's presidential nominee. Held in the summer, a political convention's purpose is also to adopt a statement of the party's principles and goals known as the platform and adopt the rules for the party's activities.

text: The day on which primaries are held for congressional seats, and state and local offices may also vary between states. The only federally mandated day for elections is Election Day for the general elections of the President and Congress; all other elections are at the discretion of the individual state and local governments.

text: Election information on the web[edit]

text: In most states of the U.S., the chief election officer is the Secretary of state.  In some states, local officials like a county Registrar of Voters or Supervisor of Elections manages the conduct of elections under the supervision of (or in coordination with) the chief election officer of the state.  Many of these state and county offices have web sites that provide information to help voters obtain information on their polling places for each election, the various districts to which they belong (e.g., house and senate districts in the state and federal legislature, school boards, water districts, municipalities, etc.), as well as dates of elections and deadlines to file to run or register to vote.  Some allow voters to download a sample ballot in advance of the election.

text: Beyond this, various media outlets provide information they think will interest their audience.

text: More systematic coverage is provided by web sites devoted specifically to collecting election information and making it available to the public.  Two of the better known such sites are Ballotpedia and Vote Smart.  These are run by non-profit, non-partisan organizations.  They have paid staffs and are much more tightly controlled than Wikipedia.

text: USElections.com[24] tries to provide similar information but relies on volunteers in a way that is more like Wikipedia than Ballotpedia and Vote Smart.

text: The website 270towin provides actual electoral college maps (both current and historic) but also the ability to use an interactive map in order to make election predictions.  Ongoing election news is reported as well as data on Senate and House races.[25]

text: The Center for Responsive Politics (opensecrets.org) and the National Institute on Money in State Politics (followthemoney.org) also provide useful election information focusing especially on campaign finance.

text: Hurdles[edit]

text: In 2014 scientists from Princeton University did a study on the influence of the "elite", and their derived power from special interest lobbying, versus the "ordinary" US citizen within the US political system. They found that the US was looking more like an oligarchy than a real representative democracy; thus eroding a government of the people, by the people, for the people as stated by Abraham Lincoln in his Gettysburg Address. In fact, the study found that average citizens had an almost nonexistent influence on public policies and that the ordinary citizen had little or no independent influence on policy at all.[26]

text: There were many US presidential elections in which foreign countries manipulate the voters.[27] Electoral College is criticised for being un-democratic (it can choose candidate who did not win the popular vote) and for focusing campaigns only on swing states.[28]