document_title: Lascaux

question_text: when were the lascaux caves closed to the public

text: Lascaux

text: History since rediscovery[edit]

text: On September 12, 1940, the entrance to the Lascaux Cave was discovered by 18 year old Marcel Ravidat. Ravidat (died in 1995) returned to the scene with three friends, Jacques Marsal, Georges Agnel, and Simon Coencas, and entered the cave via a long shaft. The teenagers discovered that the cave walls were covered with depictions of animals.[7][8] Galleries that suggest continuity, context or simply represent a cavern were given names. Those include the Hall of the Bulls, the Passageway, the Shaft, the Nave, the Apse, and the Chamber of Felines. The cave complex was opened to the public on July 14, 1948.[9] By 1955, carbon dioxide, heat, humidity, and other contaminants produced by 1,200 visitors per day had visibly damaged the paintings. As air condition deteriorated fungi and lichen increasingly infested the walls. Consequently, the cave was closed to the public in 1963, the paintings were restored to their original state and a monitoring system on a daily basis was introduced.

text: Lascaux II, an exact copy of the Great Hall of the Bulls and the Painted Gallery opened in 1983 in the cave's vicinity, a compromise and attempt to present an impression of the paintings' scale and composition for the public without harming the originals.[8] A full range of Lascaux's parietal art is presented a few kilometres from the site at the Centre of Prehistoric Art, Le Parc du Thot, where there are also live animals representing ice-age fauna.[10]

text: Ochroconis lascauxensis[edit]

text: Ochroconis lascauxensis is a species of fungus of the Ascomycota phylum, in May 2012 officially described and named after the locality of its first emergence, the Lascaux cave. It was along with a closely related second species Ochroconis anomala, first observed in 2000 inside the cave and the following year black spots appeared among the cave paintings. No official announcement on the effect and/or progress of attempted treatments has ever been made.[11]

text: As of 2008, the cave contained black mold. In January 2008, authorities closed the cave for three months, even to scientists and preservationists. A single individual was allowed to enter the cave for 20 minutes once a week to monitor climatic conditions. Now only a few scientific experts are allowed to work inside the cave and just for a few days a month but the efforts to remove the mold have taken a toll, leaving dark patches and damaging the pigments on the walls.[12] In 2009 it was announced: Mould problem "stable". In 2011 the fungus seemed to be in retreat after the installment of an additional, even stricter conservation program.[13]

text: Geographic setting[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In its sedimentary composition, the Vézère drainage basin covers one fourth of the département of the Dordogne, the northernmost region of the Black Périgord. Before joining the Dordogne River near Limeuil, the Vézère flows in a south-westerly direction. At its centre point, the river's course is marked by a series of meanders flanked by high limestone cliffs that determine the landscape. Upstream from this steep-sloped relief, near Montignac and in the vicinity of Lascaux, the contours of the land soften considerably; the valley floor widens, and the banks of the river lose their steepness.

text: The Lascaux valley is located some distance from the major concentrations of decorated caves and inhabited sites, most of which were discovered further downstream. In the environs of the village of Eyzies-de-Tayac Sireuil, there are no less than 37 decorated caves and shelters, as well as an even greater number of habitation sites from the Upper Paleolithic, located in the open, beneath a sheltering overhang, or at the entrance to one of the area's karst cavities. This is the highest concentration in western Europe.

text: Images[edit]

text: The cave contains nearly 6,000 figures, which can be grouped into three main categories: animals, human figures, and abstract signs. The paintings contain no images of the surrounding landscape or the vegetation of the time.[14] Most of the major images have been painted onto the walls using red, yellow, and black colours from a complex multiplicity of mineral pigments[15]:110[16] including iron compounds such as iron oxide (ochre)[17]:204 haematite, and goethite,[16][18] as well as manganese-containing pigments.[16][17]:208 Charcoal may also have been used[17]:199 but seemingly to a sparing extent.[15] On some of the cave walls, the colour may have been applied as a suspension of pigment in either animal fat or calcium-rich cave groundwater or clay, making paint,[15] that was swabbed or blotted on, rather than applied by brush.[18] In other areas, the colour was applied by spraying the pigments by blowing the mixture through a tube.[18] Where the rock surface is softer, some designs have been incised into the stone. Many images are too faint to discern, and others have deteriorated entirely.

text: Over 900 can be identified as animals, and 605 of these have been precisely identified. Out of these images, there are 364 paintings of equines as well as 90 paintings of stags. Also represented are cattle and bison, each representing 4 to 5% of the images. A smattering of other images include seven felines, a bird, a bear, a rhinoceros, and a human. There are no images of reindeer, even though that was the principal source of food for the artists.[19] Geometric images have also been found on the walls.

text: The most famous section of the cave is The Hall of the Bulls where bulls, equines, and stags are depicted. The four black bulls, or aurochs, are the dominant figures among the 36 animals represented here. One of the bulls is 5.2 metres (17 ft) long, the largest animal discovered so far in cave art. Additionally, the bulls appear to be in motion.[19]

text: A painting referred to as "The Crossed Bison", found in the chamber called the Nave, is often submitted as an example of the skill of the Paleolithic cave painters. The crossed hind legs create the illusion that one bison is closer to the viewer than the other. This visual depth in the scene demonstrates a primitive form of perspective which was particularly advanced for the time.

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: Some anthropologists and art historians theorize that the paintings could be an account of past hunting success, or could represent a mystical ritual in order to improve future hunting endeavors. This latter theory is supported by the overlapping images of one group of animals in the same cave-location as another group of animals, suggesting that one area of the cave was more successful for predicting a plentiful hunting excursion.[citation needed]

text: Applying the iconographic method of analysis to the Lascaux paintings (studying position, direction and size of the figures; organization of the composition; painting technique; distribution of the color planes; research of the image center), Thérèse Guiot-Houdart attempted to comprehend the symbolic function of the animals, to identify the theme of each image and finally to reconstitute the canvas of the myth illustrated on the rock walls.[20][further explanation needed]

text: Julien d'Huy and Jean-Loïc Le Quellec showed that certain angular or barbed signs of Lascaux may be analysed as "weapon" or "wounds". These signs affect dangerous animals—big cats, aurochs and bison—more than others and may be explained by a fear of the animation of the image.[21] Another finding supports the hypothesis of half-alive images. At Lascaux, bison, aurochs and ibex are not represented side by side. Conversely, one can note a bison-horses-lions system and an aurochs-horses-deer-bears system, these animals being frequently associated.[22] Such a distribution may show the relationship between the species pictured and their environmental conditions. Aurochs and bison fight one against the other, and horses and deer are very social with other animals. Bison and lions live in open plains areas; aurochs, deer and bears are associated with forests and marshes; ibex habitat is rocky areas, and horses are highly adaptive for all these areas. The Lascaux paintings' disposition may be explained by a belief in the real life of the pictured species, wherein the artists tried to respect their real environmental conditions.[23]

text: Less known is the image area called the Abside (Apse), a roundish, semi-spherical chamber similar to an apse in a Romanesque basilica. It is approximately 4.5 meters in diameter (about 5 yards) and covered on every wall surface (including the ceiling) with thousands of entangled, overlapping, engraved drawings.[24] The ceiling of the Apse, which ranges from 1.6 to 2.7 meters high (about 5.2 to 8.9 feet) as measured from the original floor height, is so completely decorated with such engravings that it indicates that the prehistoric people who executed them first constructed a scaffold to do so.[14][25]

text: According to David Lewis-Williams and Jean Clottes who both studied presumably similar art of the San people of Southern Africa this type of art is spiritual in nature relating to visions experienced during ritualistic trance-dancing. These trance visions are a function of the human brain and so are independent of geographical location.[26] Nigel Spivey, a professor of classical art and archeology at the University of Cambridge, has further postulated in his series, How Art Made the World, that dot and lattice patterns overlapping the representational images of animals are very similar to hallucinations provoked by sensory-deprivation. He further postulates that the connections between culturally important animals and these hallucinations led to the invention of image-making, or the art of drawing.[27]

text: Threats[edit]

text: The opening of Lascaux Cave after World War II changed the cave environment. The exhalations of 1,200 visitors per day, presence of light, and changes in air circulation have created a number of problems. Lichens and crystals began to appear on the walls in the late 1950s, leading to closure of the caves in 1963. This led to restriction of access to the real caves to a few visitors every week, and the creation of a replica cave for visitors to Lascaux. In 2001, the authorities in charge of Lascaux changed the air conditioning system which resulted in regulation of the temperature and humidity. When the system had been established, an infestation of Fusarium solani, a white mold, began spreading rapidly across the cave ceiling and walls.[28] The mold is considered to have been present in the cave soil and exposed by the work of tradesmen, leading to the spread of the fungus which was treated with quicklime. In 2007, a new fungus, which has created grey and black blemishes, began spreading in the real cave.

text: Organized through the initiative of the French Ministry of Culture, an international symposium titled "Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments" was held in Paris on February 26 and 27, 2009, under the chairmanship of Jean Clottes. It brought together nearly three hundred participants from seventeen countries with the goal of confronting research and interventions conducted in Lascaux Cave since 2001 with the experiences gained in other countries in the domain of preservation in subterranean environments.[29] The proceedings of this symposium were published in 2011. Seventy-four specialists in fields as varied as biology, biochemistry, botany, hydrology, climatology, geology, fluid mechanics, archaeology, anthropology, restoration and conservation, from numerous countries (France, United States, Portugal, Spain, Japan, and others) contributed to this publication.[30]

text: The problem is ongoing, as are efforts to control the microbial and fungal growths in the cave. The fungal infection crises have led to the establishment of an International Scientific Committee for Lascaux and to rethinking how, and how much, human access should be permitted in caves containing prehistoric art.[31]


document_title: Black Death

question_text: when did the black plague start in europe

root

text: Black Death

text: Chronology

text: Origins of the disease

text: The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda.[10] Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease.[11] Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India.[12] In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China.[13] In China, the 13th-century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s, a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after.[14] Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.[15][16]

tag: p

text: The disease may have travelled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders or it could have come via ship.[17] By the end of 1346, reports of plague had reached the seaports of Europe: "India was depopulated, Tartary, Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia were covered with dead bodies".[18]

text: Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north.[19] Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.

text: European outbreak

text:
The seventh year after it began, it came to England and first began in the towns and ports joining on the seacoasts, in Dorsetshire, where, as in other counties, it made the country quite void of inhabitants so that there were almost none left alive.
... But at length it came to Gloucester, yea even to Oxford and to London, and finally it spread over all England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive.

Geoffrey the Baker, Chronicon Angliae

tag: div

text: There appear to have been several introductions into Europe. The plague reached Sicily in October 1347, carried by twelve Genoese galleys,[20] and rapidly spread all over the island. Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy. Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseille.[21]

text: From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland.[22] Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent.[23][24]

text: Modern researchers do not think that the plague ever became endemic in Europe or its rat population. The disease repeatedly wiped out the rodent carriers so that the fleas died out until a new outbreak from Central Asia repeated the process. The outbreaks have been shown to occur roughly 15 years after a warmer and wetter period in areas where plague is endemic in other species such as gerbils.[25][26]

text: Middle Eastern outbreak

text: The plague struck various regions in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread from China with the Mongols to a trading post in Crimea, called Kaffa, controlled by the Republic of Genoa. From there the disease, infected rodents infecting new rodents, entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea. During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza, and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, including Ashkelon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon, Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo. In 1348–1349, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, However most of them ended up dying during the journey.[27]

text: Mecca became infected in 1349. During the same year, records show the city of Mawsil (Mosul) suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease.

text: Signs and symptoms

text: Contemporary accounts of the plague are often varied or imprecise. The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, the neck and armpits, which oozed pus and bled when opened.[28] Boccaccio's description:

text: In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg...From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous. As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death, such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves.[29]

text: The only medical detail that is questionable in Boccaccio's description is that the gavocciolo was an 'infallible token of approaching death', as, if the bubo discharges, recovery is possible.[30]

text: This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood. Most victims died two to seven days after initial infection. Freckle-like spots and rashes,[31] which could have been caused by flea-bites, were identified as another potential sign of the plague.

text: Some accounts, like that of Lodewijk Heyligen, whose master the Cardinal Colonna died of the plague in 1348, noted a distinct form of the disease that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems[28] and is identified with pneumonic plague.

text: It is said that the plague takes three forms. In the first people suffer an infection of the lungs, which leads to breathing difficulties. Whoever has this corruption or contamination to any extent cannot escape but will die within two days. Another form...in which boils erupt under the armpits,...a third form in which people of both sexes are attacked in the groin.[32]

text: Causes

text: Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air".[34] This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the miasma theory. The word plague had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term.

text: The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century; until then it was common that the streets were filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding. A transmissible disease will spread easily in such conditions. One development as a result of the Black Death was the establishment of the idea of quarantine in Dubrovnik in 1377 after continuing outbreaks.[35]

text: The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis.[36] The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic.[36]

text: The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the Great Pestilence in 1893[37] and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.[36]

text: An estimate of the mortality rate for the modern bubonic plague, following the introduction of antibiotics, is 11%, although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions.[38] Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 per cent die within eight days.[39] Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 per cent. Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red. Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation). In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes.[40]

text: A number of alternative theories – implicating other diseases in the Black Death pandemic – have also been proposed by some modern scientists (see below – "Alternative Explanations").

text: DNA evidence

text: In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany,[41] "ends the debate about the cause of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".[42]

text: The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.[42]

text: The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist."[43] A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.[44]

text: DNA taken from 25 skeletons from the 14th century found in London have shown the plague is a strain of Y. pestis that is almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013.[45][46]

text: Alternative explanations

text: The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations.[36] In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly, and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors, including Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002 and 2013), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan (2001).[36]

text: It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377.[47] Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy.

text: In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere, despite extensive samples from other mass graves.[36] Other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas; that, despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates of the Black Death appear to be very high; that, while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease, the Black Death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas; and that the pattern of the Black Death, with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years, differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups.[36]

text: McCormick has suggested that earlier archaeologists were simply not interested in the "laborious" processes needed to discover rat remains.[48] Walløe complains that all of these authors "take it for granted that Simond's infection model, black rat → rat flea → human, which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India, is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread", whilst pointing to several other possibilities.[49] Similarly, Green has argued that greater attention is needed to the range of (especially non-commensal) animals that might be involved in the transmission of plague.[50]

text: A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that they characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person.[51][52] This theory is supported by research in 2018 which suggested transmission was more likely by body lice and human fleas during the Second Pandemic.[53]

text: However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance.[36] Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms.[28] In 2014, scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.[45]

text: Consequences

text: Death toll

text: There are no exact figures for the death toll; the rate varied widely by locality. In urban centres, the greater the population before the outbreak, the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality.[54] It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.[1][2][3] According to medieval historian Philip Daileader in 2007:

text: The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45–50% of the European population dying during a four-year period. There is a fair amount of geographic variation. In Mediterranean Europe, areas such as Italy, the south of France and Spain, where plague ran for about four years consecutively, it was probably closer to 75–80% of the population. In Germany and England ... it was probably closer to 20%.[55]

text: A death rate as high as 60% in Europe has been suggested by Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow:

text: Detailed study of the mortality data available points to two conspicuous features in relation to the mortality caused by the Black Death: namely the extreme level of mortality caused by the Black Death, and the remarkable similarity or consistency of the level of mortality, from Spain in southern Europe to England in north-western Europe. The data is sufficiently widespread and numerous to make it likely that the Black Death swept away around 60 per cent of Europe's population. It is generally assumed that the size of Europe's population at the time was around 80 million. This implies that around 50 million people died in the Black Death.[56]

text: The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third.[57] The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population.[58] Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110,000–120,000 inhabitants in 1338 down to 50,000 in 1351. At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished,[59] and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well.[45] In London approximately 62,000 people died between the years between 1346 and 1353.[11] While contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead, recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time.[60] Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450.[61] In 1348, the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die.[36] The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion. Monks and priests were especially hard-hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death.[62]

text: Persecutions

text: Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death. Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims",[63] lepers,[63][64] and Romani, thinking that they were to blame for the crisis. Lepers, and other individuals with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were singled out and exterminated throughout Europe.

text: Because 14th-century healers were at a loss to explain the cause, Europeans turned to astrological forces, earthquakes, and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for the plague's emergence.[65] The governments of Europe had no apparent response to the crisis because no one knew its cause or how it spread. The mechanism of infection and transmission of diseases was little understood in the 14th century; many people believed the epidemic was a punishment by God for their sins. This belief led to the idea that the cure to the disease was to win God's forgiveness[66]

text: There were many attacks against Jewish communities.[67] In February 1349, the citizens of Strasbourg murdered 2,000 Jews.[67] In August 1349, the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated. By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed.[68] These massacres eventually died out in Western Europe, only to continue on in Eastern Europe. During this period many Jews relocated to Poland and Russia, receiving a warm welcome from King Casimir.[69]

text: Recurrence

text: The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries.[70] According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.[71] The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–1363; 1374; 1400; 1438–1439; 1456–1457; 1464–1466; 1481–1485; 1500–1503; 1518–1531; 1544–1548; 1563–1566; 1573–1588; 1596–1599; 1602–1611; 1623–1640; 1644–1654; and 1664–1667. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century).[72] According to Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31."[73]

text: In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300,[74] and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million.[75] By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the next few hundred years, further outbreaks occurred in 1361–1362, 1369, 1379–1383, 1389–1393, and throughout the first half of the 15th century.[76] An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–1480 could have been as high as 20%.[77] The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636, and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665.[78]

text: In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris.[79] During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time.[80] The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 and 1490.[81] Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665,[82] reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years.[83] Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–1625, and again in 1635–1636, 1655, and 1664.[84] Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528.[85] The plague of 1576–1577 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population.[86] Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–1350.[87] The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.[88]

text: In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population.[89] In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.[90] More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain.[91] The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half.[92] In 1709–1713, a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War (1700–1721, Sweden v. Russia and allies)[93] killed about 100,000 in Sweden,[94] and 300,000 in Prussia.[92] The plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki,[95] and claimed a third of Stockholm's population.[96] Europe's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille.[87]

text: The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world.[97] Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850.[98] Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–1621, and again in 1654–1657, 1665, 1691, and 1740–1742.[99] Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800.[100] Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.[101]

text: Third plague pandemic

text: The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone.[102] Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney. This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis.[103]

text: The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908.[104][105][106]

text: Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine. The plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995.[107] A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014.[108] In October 2017 the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands.[109]

text: Names

text: The phrase "black death" (mors nigra) was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino or Couvin, a Belgian astronomer, who wrote the poem "On the Judgment of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn" (De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni), which attributes the plague to a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn.[110] In 1908, Gasquet claimed that use of the name atra mors for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J. I. Pontanus: "Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant).[111] The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name.[112] However, atra mors is used to refer to a pestilential fever (febris pestilentialis) already in the 12th-century On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases (Latin: De signis et sinthomatibus egritudinum) by French physician Gilles de Corbeil.[113] In England, the phrase "Black Death" is first used to refer to the 14th-century epidemic in 1823.[114] Writers contemporary with the plague described the event as "great plague"[65] or "great pestilence".[115]


document_title: List of awards and nominations received by Priyanka Chopra

question_text: priyanka chopra got national award for which movie

question_tokens: priyanka chopra got national award for which movie

text: List of awards and nominations received by Priyanka Chopra

text: Asian Film Awards[edit]

text: The Asian Film Awards are presented annually by the Hong Kong International Film Festival Society to members of Asian cinema.[11] Chopra has received one award.

text:
Year

Nominated artist

Category

Result

Ref.

2009

Priyanka Chopra

"Nielsen Box Office Award" for Outstanding Contribution to Asian Cinema

Won

[12]

tag: table

text: Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards[edit]

text: The Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards are presented by the oldest association of film critics in India, founded in 1937.[13] Chopra has received one award.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2005

Aitraaz

Best Actress

Won

[4]

text: BIG Star Entertainment Awards[edit]

text: The BIG Star Entertainment Awards is an annual event organised by the Reliance Broadcast Network.[14] Chopra has won four awards from ten nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated artist and work

Category

Result

Ref.

2010

Priyanka Chopra

New Talent of the Decade – Female

Won

[15]

2011

7 Khoon Maaf

Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female

Nominated

[16]

2012

Don 2

Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Film – Female

Nominated

[17]

Barfi!

Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female

Won

[18]

Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female

Nominated

[19]

2013

Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram-Leela

Most Entertaining Dancer – Male & Female (for song "Ram Chahe Leela")

Nominated

[20]

2014

Mary Kom

Most Entertaining Actor in a Social/Drama Film – Female

Won

[21]

Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female

Won

[21]

2015

Dil Dhadakne Do

Most Entertaining Actor in a Drama Film – Female

Nominated

[22]

Most Entertaining Singer – Female (for song "Dil Dhadakne Do")

Nominated

[22]

text: Civilian Awards[edit]

text: The Civilian Awards are presented by the Government of India to citizens of India recognising their contributions to various fields such as  Arts, Education, Industry, Literature, Science, Sports, Medicine, Social Service and Public Affairs.[23] Chopra was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour in India.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2016

Priyanka Chopra

Padma Shri

Won

[23]

text: Filmfare Awards[edit]

text: The Filmfare Awards are presented annually by The Times Group for excellence of cinematic achievements in Hindi cinema.[24] Chopra has won five awards in five categories from ten nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2004

Andaaz

Best Female Debut

Won[b]

[25]

Best Supporting Actress

Nominated

[26]

2005

Aitraaz

Best Performance in a Negative Role

Won

[4]

Best Supporting Actress

Nominated

[27]

2009

Fashion

Best Actress

Won

[28]

2010

Kaminey

Best Actress

Nominated

[29]

2012

7 Khoon Maaf

Best Actress

Nominated

[30]

Critics Award for Best Actress

Won

[31]

2013

Barfi!

Best Actress

Nominated

[32]

2015

Mary Kom

Best Actress

Nominated

[33]

2016

Bajirao Mastani

Best Supporting Actress

Won

[34]

text: Filmfare Marathi Awards[edit]

text: The Filmfare Marathi Awards are presented annually by The Times Group for excellence of cinematic achievements in Marathi cinema.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2017

Ventilator

Best Film

Nominated

[35]

text: Global Indian Film Awards[edit]

text: The Global Indian Film Awards was an awards ceremony organised by Popcorn Entertainment for the Hindi cinema.[36] Chopra has won two awards.

text:
Year

Nominated work and artist

Category

Result

Ref.

2005

Aitraaz

Best Villain Female

Won

[37]

2007

Priyanka Chopra

Most Searched Female Actor on Internet

Won

[4]

text: Indian Telly Awards[edit]

text: The Indian Telly Awards are presented annually by indiantelevision.com to honour excellence in the television industry.[38] Chopra has received one award.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2010

Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi X 3

Most Impactful Debut on Television

Won

[39]

text: International Indian Film Academy Awards[edit]

text: The International Indian Film Academy Awards (shortened as IIFA) is annual international event organised by the Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. to honour excellence in the Hindi cinema.[40] Chopra has won six awards from twelve nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2005

Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

Best Actress

Nominated

[41]

2007

Krrish

Best On-Screen Beauty

Won

[4]

2009

Fashion

Best Actress

Won

[42]

2010

Kaminey

Best Actress

Nominated

[43]

2011

Priyanka Chopra

Green Globe Award for Contribution to a Greener Earth

Won

[44]

2012

7 Khoon Maaf

Best Actress

Nominated

[45]

2013

Barfi!

Best Actress

Nominated

[46]

2014

Priyanka Chopra

Woman of Substance

Won

[47]

2015

Mary Kom

Best Actress

Nominated

[48]

2016

Priyanka Chopra

Woman of the Year

Won

[49]

Dil Dhadakne Do

Best Actress

Nominated

[50]

Bajirao Mastani

Best Supporting Actress

Won

[49]

text: Lions Gold Awards[edit]

text: The Lions Gold Awards are presented annually by members of the Lions Club of SOL — Mumbai to honour excellence in the Hindi cinema.[51] Chopra has won five awards.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2009

Fashion

Favourite Actor in a Leading Role – Female

Won

[52]

2011

Anjaana Anjaani

Favourite Popular Film Actor – Female

Won

[53]

2012

Don 2

Favourite Actor in a Leading Role – Female

Won

[54]

2013

Barfi!

Favourite Actor in a Leading Role – Female

Won

[55]

2015

Mary Kom

Favourite Actor in a Leading Role – Female

Won

[56]

2017

Ventilator

Favourite Marathi Film

Won

[57]

text: Maharashtra State Film Awards[edit]

text: The Maharashtra State Film Awards are presented annually by the Government of Maharashtra for excellence of cinematic achievements in Marathi cinema.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2017

Ventilator

Best Film III

Won

[58]

text: Mirchi Music Awards[edit]

text: The Mirchi Music Awards are presented annually by Radio Mirchi to honour excellence in the Hindi language film music industry.[59] Chopra has received two nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2012

"In My City"

Indipop Song of the year

Nominated

[60]

2014

"Exotic"

Indipop Song of the year

Nominated

[61]

text: Mirchi Music Awards Marathi[edit]

text: The Mirchi Music Awards Marathi are presented annually by Radio Mirchi to honour excellence in the Marathi language film music industry.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2017

"Baba"

Listeners' Choice Song of the Year

Won

[62]

text: Mother Teresa Awards[edit]

text: The Mother Teresa Awards are presented annually by the Harmony Foundation to honour social work.

text:
Year

Nominated artist

Category

Result

Ref.

2017

Priyanka Chopra

Mother Teresa Memorial Award for Social Justice

Won

[63]

text: MTV Europe Music Awards[edit]

text: The MTV Europe Music Awards was established in 1994 by MTV Europe to award the music videos from European and international artists.[64] Chopra has won one award from two nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2015

Priyanka Chopra

Best Indian Act

Won

[65]

Worldwide Act: Africa / India

Nominated

[65]

text: National Film Awards[edit]

text: The National Film Awards is the most prestigious film award ceremony in India. Established in 1954, it is administered by the International Film Festival of India and the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals. The awards are presented by the President of India. Due to their national scale, they are considered to be the equivalent of the Academy Awards.[66] Chopra has received one award in the Best Actress category.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2008

Fashion

Best Actress

Won

[67]

text: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India[edit]

text: The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India is the Indian version of the American awards show recognising Indian Film, TV, Music and Sports.[68] Chopra has received one award.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2013

Barfi!

Best Movie Actress

Won

[69]

2015

Mary Kom

Best Movie Actress

Nominated

[70]

2016

Bajirao Mastani

Best Movie Actress

Nominated

[71]

text: People's Choice Awards[edit]

text: The People's Choice Awards is an annual awards show recognising the people and the work of popular culture, voted by the general public.[72] Chopra has won two awards. She is the first South Asian actress to win a People's Choice Award.[73]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2016

Quantico

Favorite Actress In A New TV Series

Won

[74]

2017

Quantico

Favorite Dramatic TV Actress

Won

[75]

text: People's Choice Awards India[edit]

text: The People's Choice Awards India is the Indian version of the American awards show recognising Indian film, television, music and sports.[76] Chopra has received one award.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2012

Agneepath

Favourite Ensemble Cast

Nominated

[77]

"In My City"

Favourite International Music Debut

Won

[78]

text: Producers Guild Film Awards[edit]

text: The Producers Guild Film Awards (previously known as Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards) is an annual event organised by the Film Producers Guild of India.[79] Chopra has won eight awards from thirteen nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2006

Aitraaz

Best Actress in a Supporting Role

Nominated

[80]

2009

Fashion

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Won

[81]

2010

Kaminey

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Won

[82]

2012

7 Khoon Maaf

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Nominated

[83]

7 Khoon Maaf and Don 2

Entertainer of the Year

Won

[84]

2013

Barfi!

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Nominated

[85]

Agneepath and Barfi!

Star of the Year

Won

[86]

2015

Mary Kom

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Won

[87]

Dialogue of the Year

Won

[87]

Priyanka Chopra

Hindustan Times Celebrity for a Cause

Won

[87]

2016

Dil Dhadakne Do

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Nominated

[88]

Bajirao Mastani

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Nominated

[88]

Priyanka Chopra

Guild Global Honor

Won

[89]

text: Sabsey Favourite Kaun Awards[edit]

text: The Sabse Favourite Kaun Awards were presented annually by Star Gold. The nominees and awardees were decided by public voting.[90] The awards were discontinued after 2010. Chopra has won five awards.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2006

Priyanka Chopra

Sabsey Tez Sitara

Won

[90]

2009

Priyanka Chopra

Sabsey Favourite Heroine

Won

[91]

Sabsey Khoobsurat Ada

Won

[91]

Kaminey

Most Amazing Performance

Won

[91]

Sabsey Favourite Jodi (along with Shahid Kapoor)

Won

[91]

text: Screen Awards[edit]

text: The Screen Awards are annually presented by the Indian Express Limited to honour excellence of cinematic achievements in Hindi and Marathi cinema.[92] Chopra has won eight awards from twenty five nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2004

Andaaz

Most Promising Newcomer – Female

Nominated

[93]

2005

Aitraaz

Best Actor in a Negative Role

Won

[94]

Jodi No. 1 (along with Akshay Kumar)

Nominated

[95]

2009

Fashion

Best Actress

Won

[96]

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[97]

2010

Kaminey

Best Actress

Nominated

[98]

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[99]

Jodi No. 1 (along with Shahid Kapoor)

Nominated

[100]

What's Your Raashee?

Best Actress

Nominated

[98]

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[99]

2011

Anjaana Anjaani

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[101]

2012

7 Khoon Maaf

Best Actress

Nominated

[102]

Best Actor in a Negative Role – Female

Won

[103]

Don 2

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[104]

Jodi No. 1 (along with Shahrukh Khan)

Won

[103]

2013

Barfi!

Best Actress

Nominated

[105]

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[106]

Jodi No. 1 (along with Ranbir Kapoor)

Won

[107]

2014

Krrish 3

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[108]

2015

Mary Kom

Best Actress

Won

[109]

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[110]

2016

Dil Dhadakne Do

Best Actress

Nominated

[111]

Dil Dhadakne Do and Bajirao Mastani

Best Actress (Popular Choice)

Nominated

[111]

Dil Dhadakne Do

Best Ensemble Cast

Won

[111]

Bajirao Mastani

Best Supporting Actress

Won

[111]

text: Shanghai International Film Festival[edit]

text: The Shanghai International Film Festival is one of the largest film festivals in East Asia.[112] Chopra has received one award.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2009

Priyanka Chopra

"Golden Goblet" (Jin Jue) Award for Contribution to Cinema

Won

[113]

text: Star Box Office Awards[edit]

text: The Star Box Office Awards are a collaboration between Star Plus and Box Office India. The Star Box Office Awards ceremony recognises the achievements of Hindi films objectively, based on its performance at the box office.[114] Chopra has received one award.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2014

Gunday & Mary Kom

Ms. Money Bags

Won

[115]

text: Stardust Awards[edit]

text: The Stardust Awards are an annual event organised by Magna Publishing Company Limited to honour excellence in the Hindi cinema.[116] Chopra has won six awards from fourteen nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2004

The Hero: Love Story of a Spy

Best Supporting Actress

Won

[117]

2005

Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

Superstar of Tomorrow – Female

Won

[118]

2006

Waqt: The Race Against Time

Superstar of Tomorrow – Female

Nominated

[119]

2009

Fashion and Dostana

Star of the Year – Female

Won

[120]

2010

Kaminey

Star of the Year – Female

Nominated

[121]

2012

7 Khoon Maaf and Don 2

Star of the Year – Female

Nominated

[122]

7 Khoon Maaf

Best Actress – Drama

Nominated

[122]

Don 2

Best Actress – Thriller/Action

Nominated

[122]

2013

Barfi!

Best Actress – Drama

Won[c]

[123]

Star of the Year – Female

Won

[123]

2014

Gunday

Best Actress – Thriller/Action

Nominated

[124]

Mary Kom

Star of the Year – Female

Nominated

[124]

Best Actress – Drama

Won

[125]

2015

Dil Dhadakne Do

Actor of the Year – Female

Nominated

[126]

2016

Priyanka Chopra

Global Icon Award

Won

[127]

text: Teen Choice Awards[edit]

text: The Teen Choice Awards is an annual awards show that airs on the Fox Network. The awards honor the year's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports, television, fashion and other categories, voted by teen viewers.[128]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2016

Quantico

Choice TV: Breakout Star

Nominated

[129]

2017

Baywatch

Choice Movie: Villain

Nominated

[130]

text: Times of India Film Awards[edit]

text: The Times of India Film Awards (shortened as TOIFA) is an international event organised by The Times Group to reward excellence in Hindi cinema.[131] Chopra has received two awards.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2013

Barfi!

Best Actor – Female

Won

[132]

2016

Bajirao Mastani

Best Supporting Actress

Won

[133]

text: World Music Awards[edit]

text: The World Music Awards is an international awards ceremony founded in 1989 that annually honours recording artists based on worldwide sales figures provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).[134] Chopra has received three nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2012

Priyanka Chopra

World's Best Female Artist

Nominated

[135]

"In My City"

World's Best Song

Nominated

[136]

World's Best Video

Nominated

[137]

text: Zee Cine Awards[edit]

text: The Zee Cine Awards are an annual award ceremony organised by the Zee Entertainment Enterprises.[138] Chopra has won two awards from nine nominations.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2004

The Hero: Love Story of a Spy and Andaaz

Best Female Debut

Nominated

[139]

2005

Aitraaz

Best Actor in a Negative Role

Nominated

[140]

2011

Priyanka Chopra

International Female Icon

Nominated

[141]

2012

7 Khoon Maaf

Best Actor – Female

Nominated

[142]

2013

Barfi!

Best Actor – Female

Won

[143]

2014

Priyanka Chopra

International Female Icon

Won

[144]

2016

Dil Dhadakne Do

Best Actor – Female

Nominated

[145]

Bajirao Mastani

Best Actor – Female

Nominated

[145]

Critics Award for Best Actor – Female

Nominated

[146]

text: Zee Gaurav Puraskar[edit]

text: The Zee Gaurav Puraskar are presented annually by Zee Network for excellence of cinematic achievements in Marathi cinema.

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

Ref.

2017

Ventilator

Best Film

Nominated

[147]

text: Other awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work and artist

Award

Category

Result

Ref.

2005

Waqt

POGO Amazing Kids Awards

Most Amazing Actress

Nominated

[148]

2006

Krrish

Won

[149]

2007

Priyanka Chopra

Kelvinator's Gr8 Women Awards

Contribution to Indian Cinema

Won

[4]

2008

Zee Astitva Awards

Contribution to Indian Cinema

Won

[4]

2009

Fashion

V Shantaram Awards

Best Actress

Nominated

[150]

Priyanka Chopra

NDTV Profit Car and Bike Awards

Brand Ambassador of the Year

Won

[151]

FICCI Frames Excellence Honours

Most Powerful Entertainer of the Decade

Won

[152]

2010

Priyanka Chopra

NDTV Indian of the Year Awards

Female Entertainer of the Year

Won

[153]

2011

7 Khoon Maaf

Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards

Most Memorable Performance

Won

[4]

Priyanka Chopra

The South Asians in Media, Marketing and Entertainment Association

"Trailblazer Award"

Won

[154]

2012

Big Star Young Entertainer Awards

Style Icon

Won

[155]

2013

MTV Video Music Award India

Super Achiever of the Year

Won

[156]

India Leadership Conclave Awards

Actress of the Decade

Won

[157]

Barfi!

South African Indian Film and Television Awards

Best Actress

Won

[158]

2014

Priyanka Chopra

IAA Leadership Awards

Brand Ambassador of the Year — Female

Won

[159]

"Exotic"

Gaana Awards

Most Popular English Song

Won

[160]

Mary Kom

Priyadarshini Academy Global Awards

Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actor

Won

[161]

2015

Mary Kom

Arab Indo Bollywood Awards

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Won[d]

[162]

2016

Priyanka Chopra

Shorty Awards

Best Actress in Social Media

Nominated

[163]

CNN-IBN Indian of the Year

Indian of the Year (Entertainment)

Nominated

[164]

Bajirao Mastani

Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards

Best Actress

Won

[165]

Priyanka Chopra

Instyle Awards

Breakthrough Style Star

Won

[166]

2017

Ventilator

Mata Sanman Awards

Best Film

Nominated

[167]

Sanskriti Kaladarpan Awards

Best Film

Won

[168]

Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards

Best Film

Won

[169]

Priyanka Chopra

Internationally Acclaimed Actress

Won

[169]

Ventilator

Zee Talkies Comedy Awards

Best Film

Won

[170]

Priyanka Chopra

Variety Power of Women Awards

Philanthropy

Won

[171]

text: Pageants[edit]

text:
Year

Recipient

Honour

Result

Ref.

2000

Priyanka Chopra

Miss India World

Won

[5]

Miss World

Won

[5]

Miss World Continental Queen of Beauty − Asia & Oceania

Won

[5]

text: Media honours[edit]

text: The table includes the titles Chopra had received from notable and reputed publications and organisations.

text:
Year

Title

Awarding Organisation

Ref.

2006

World's Sexiest Asian Woman

Eastern Eye

[172]

Style Diva of Year

eBay

[173]

2009

Most Desirable Woman

Indiatimes

[174]

2011

India's Best Dressed

People India

[175]

Hottest Woman of the Year

Maxim India

[176]

2012

India's Glam Diva

Big CBS Love

[177]

Most Influential Indian in the Social Media Circuit

Pinstorm

[178]

Punjabi Icon

Punjab Government

[179]

World's Sexiest Asian Woman

Eastern Eye

[180]

2013

Ambassador of Beauty and Substance

Femina Miss India

[181]

Hottest Woman of the Year

Maxim India

[176]

2014

World's Sexiest Asian Woman

Eastern Eye

[182]

2015

World's Sexiest Asian Woman

Eastern Eye

[183]

World's Sexiest Woman

FHM India

[184]

Sexiest Woman on Television

BuddyTV

[185]

25 Most Intriguing People of the Year

People

[186]

2016

Sexiest Eyes

Victoria's Secret

[187]

100 Most Influential People in the World

Time

[188]

Most Desirable Woman

Indiatimes

[189]

Hottest Woman of the Year

Maxim India

[190]

2017

World's 100 Most Powerful Women

Forbes

[191]

World's Sexiest Asian Woman

Eastern Eye

[192]

Influential 500 around the globe

Variety

2018

Hottest Woman of the Year

Maxim India

Influential 500 around the globe

Variety

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ At the time, the second place contestant of Femina Miss India was given the title "Miss India World" and sent to the Miss World competition, whereas the first place contestant was sent to Miss Universe, and third place to Miss Asia Pacific International.[1][2]

Jump up ^ Tied with Lara Dutta for the same film.

Jump up ^ Tied with Sridevi for English Vinglish.

Jump up ^ Tied with Kangana Ranaut for Queen.

tag: ol


document_title: Mayans M.C.

question_text: when does the mayans tv show take place

question_tokens: when does the mayans tv show take place

text: Mayans M.C.

text: Premise[edit]

text: Mayans M.C. takes place four years after the events of Sons of Anarchy[1] and is set hundreds of miles away in the fictional California border town of Santo Padre. The series focuses on the struggles of Ezekiel "EZ" Reyes, a prospect in the Mayan M.C. charter on the border. EZ is the gifted son of a proud Mexican family, whose American dream was snuffed out by cartel violence. Now, his need for vengeance drives him toward a life he never intended and can never escape.[2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
J. D. Pardo as Ezekiel "EZ" Reyes, prospect for the Mayans M.C and brother to Angel Reyes.
Sarah Bolger as Emily Thomas, childhood sweetheart of EZ, who is now married to Miguel Galindo and the mother of their infant son.
Clayton Cardenas as Angel Reyes, EZ's brother and full patch member of Mayans M.C.
Michael Irby as Obispo "Bishop" Losa, president of Mayans M.C.'s Santo Padre Charter.
Carla Baratta as Adelita, who as a child, watched her family die at the hands of the Galindo cartel.
Richard Cabral as Johnny "El Coco" Cruz, a full patch member of Mayans M.C.
Raoul Trujillo as Che "Taza" Romero, Vice Presidente of Mayans M.C., Santo Padre Charter.
Antonio Jaramillo as Michael "Riz" Ariza, Él Secretario of Mayans M.C., Santo Padre Charter.
Danny Pino as Miguel Galindo, the son of Galindo Cartel founder Jose Galindo.
Edward James Olmos as Felipe Reyes, the once-strong Mexican patriarch and EZ's father.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez, President of the Mayans M.C. Oakland Charter, cousin of Obispo "Bishop" Losa, and the national president of the Mayan M.C.
Vincent “Rocco” Vargas as Gilberto "Gilly" Lopez, a good-natured MMA fighter who rides for the Santo Padre Chapter of the Mayans M.C.
Frankie Loyal Delgado as Hank "El Tranq" Loza, Sergeant At Arms / El pacificador Full Patch Member of the Mayans M.C.
Melony Ochoa as Mini
Maurice Compte as Kevin Jimenez, a highly regarded DEA agent tasked to bring down Miguel Galindo, the Galindo Cartel kingpin.
Tony Plana as Devante, consigliere to the Galindo Cartel that loyally served Jose Galindo and now mentors Miguel.
Gino Vento as Nestor Oceteva, head of security for the Galindo Cartel and a childhood friend of Miguel Galindo.
Ada Maris as Dita Galindo, Miguel's mother and widow of Jose Galindo
Salvador Chacon as Pablo
Alexandra Barreto as Antonia Pena, the mayor of Santo Padre and is married to Katrina.
Joseph Raymond Lucero as Neron "Creeper" Vargas, an ex-junkie from Los Angeles and road captain of the Santo Padre charter.
Michael Ornstein as Chuck "Chucky" Marstein
Edwin Hodge as Officer Franky Rogan

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Robert Patrick as Les Packer ("Perro/Oc")
Peter Navy Tuiasosopo as Afa ("Perro/Oc")
Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow ("Perro/Oc")
Noel G. as Louie ("Escorpión/Dzec")
Nomi Ruiz as Gracie ("Escorpión/Dzec")
J. Larose as Adam ("Búho/Muwan")
Barbara Williams as Alice Reed ("Murciélago/Zotz")
Ray McKinnon as Lincoln Potter ("Gato/Mis")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.Title [3][a]Directed byWritten byOriginal air date [3]U.S. viewers(millions)1"Perro/Oc"Norberto BarbaKurt Sutter & Elgin JamesSeptember 4, 2018 (2018-09-04)2.53[5]
2"Escorpión/Dzec"Norberto BarbaKurt SutterSeptember 11, 2018 (2018-09-11)2.01[6]
3"Búho/Muwan"Guy FerlandSean Tretta & Andrea CiannaveiSeptember 18, 2018 (2018-09-18)2.10[7]
4"Murciélago/Zotz"Hanelle CulpepperKurt Sutter & Santa SierraSeptember 25, 2018 (2018-09-25)1.53[8]
5"Uch/Opossum"Batán SilvaBryan GraciaOctober 2, 2018 (2018-10-02)1.39[9]
6"Gato/Mis"Félix Enríquez AlcaláDebra Moore MuñozOctober 9, 2018 (2018-10-09)1.35[10]
7"Cucaracha/K'uruch"Rachel GoldbergElgin JamesOctober 16, 2018 (2018-10-16)1.29[11]
8"Rata/Ch'o"Peter WellerAndrea Ciannavei & Kurt SutterOctober 23, 2018 (2018-10-23)1.22[12]
9"Serpiente/Chikchan"Norberto BarbaSean Tretta & Kurt SutterOctober 30, 2018 (2018-10-30)TBD
10"Cuervo/Tz'ikb'uul"Elgin JamesKurt SutterNovember 6, 2018 (2018-11-06)TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On May 11, 2016, it was announced that FX had begun formal script development on a spinoff of the television series Sons of Anarchy. The long-rumored offshoot, entitled Mayans M.C., was created by Kurt Sutter and Elgin James, with James writing the pilot script and both executive producing. Production companies announced as being involved with the series included Fox 21 Television Studios and FX Productions.[13] On December 1, 2016, FX officially gave the production a pilot order. It was also announced that Sutter would direct the series' pilot episode.[14]

text: On July 5, 2017, it was announced that the pilot would be undergoing reshoots and that Norberto Barba would be replacing Sutter as director of the episode as Sutter planned to exclusively focus on the writing of the episode. Additionally, it was reported that various roles would be recast and that Barba would also be serving as an executive producer.[15]

text: On January 5, 2018, FX announced at the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that the production had been given a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes.[16] On June 28, 2018, it was reported that the series would premiere on September 4, 2018.[17] On October 1, 2018, it was announced that FX had renewed the series for a second season.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2017, it was announced that Edward James Olmos, John Ortiz, J. D. Pardo, and Antonio Jaramillo had been cast in lead roles in the pilot.[19][20][21][22] In March 2017, it was reported that Richard Cabral, Sarah Bolger, Jacqueline Obradors, and Andrea Londo had also been cast.[23][24][25][26] In October 2017, it was announced that Michael Irby and Raoul Trujillo had been cast in series regular roles.[27][28] In November 2016, it was reported that Emilio Rivera would be reprising his role of Marcus Álvarez from Sons of Anarchy in the series.[29] On April 25, 2017, it was announced that Carla Baratta would be replacing Andrea Londo in the role of Adelita. Additionally, it was reported that Maurice Compte had been cast in a potentially recurring role.[30] On May 1, 2017, it was reported that Efrat Dor would joining the cast in a potentially recurring capacity.[31] In October 2017, it was announced that Danny Pino and Vincent “Rocco” Vargas had been cast in the pilot with Pino in a starring role.[32][33] In April 2018, it was announced that Gino Vento and Tony Plana had been cast in recurring roles.[34][35] On July 22, 2018, Sutter revealed in an interview with Deadline Hollywood that Ortiz and his character had been replaced by Irby and his character during the reshoots of the pilot episode.[36]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the pilot episode was expected to begin in March 2017.[14] In July 2017, it was reported that the pilot would undergo reshoots that would take place in late summer 2017.[15] Those reshoots reportedly began during the week of October 23, 2017 in Los Angeles.[33]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On May 8, 2018, FX released the first teaser trailer for the series.[37] On July 19, 2018, the official trailer was released.[38]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On June 8, 2018, the series held an official world premiere sneak peek at the annual ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas. Co-creators Kurt Sutter and Elgin James, executive producer/director Norberto Barba, and cast members took part in the Republic of Texas Motorcycle Rally in downtown Austin. This was followed by a screening of an exclusive clip from the show and a question-and-answer panel at the Paramount Theatre with guests including producers Sutter, James, and Barba as well cast members such as J. D. Pardo, Clayton Cardenas, Sarah Bolger, Carla Baratta, Richard Cabral, Antonio Jaramillo, Emilio Rivera, Danny Pino, Michael Irby, Vincent “Rocco” Vargas, Raoul Trujillo, and Frankie Loyal.[39][40]

text: On July 22, 2018, the series held a panel at San Diego Comic-Con in Hall H of the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego, California. The panel was moderated by Entertainment Weekly's Lynnette Rice and included creators Sutter and James as well as cast member J.D. Pardo. The panel also included a screening of the first thirteen minutes of the pilot episode.[36][41][42][43]

text: On August 28, 2018, the series held its official premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California. Those in attendance included J.D. Pardo, Edward James Olmos, Sarah Bolger, Michael Irby, Clayton Cardenas, Kurt Sutter, Katey Sagal, Raoul Max Trujillo, Danny Pino, Antonio Jaramillo, Richard Cabral, Maurice Compte, Carla Baratta, Emilio Rivera, and Yadi Valeria.[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has been met with a mixed to positive response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 67% approval rating with an average rating of 6.12 out of 10 based on 30 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Mayans M.C. is a thrilling drama with compelling characters, but it struggles to find its pace and the Tellers are hard to forget."[45] On Metacritic, the series has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[46]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Perro/Oc"

September 4, 2018
1.1
2.53[5]
1.0
2.51
2.1
5.05[47]

2

"Escorpion/Dzec"

September 11, 2018
0.8
2.01[6]
1.1
2.62
1.9
4.64[48]

3

"Buho/Muwan"

September 18, 2018
0.8
2.10[7]
0.9
2.12
1.7
4.23[49][b]

4

"Bat/Zotz"

September 25, 2018
0.6
1.53[8]
0.7
1.74
1.3
3.27[50][b]

5

"Uch/Opossum"

October 2, 2018
0.6
1.39[9]
1.0
2.35
1.6
3.74[51]

6

"Gato/Mis"

October 9, 2018
0.5
1.35[10]
0.9
2.12
1.4
3.47[52]

7

"Cucaracha/K'uruch"

October 16, 2018
0.5
1.29[11]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8

"Rata/Ch'o"

October 23, 2018
0.5
1.22[12]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Most of the episode titles follow a pattern made up of two names; the first in Spanish and the second, divided by a slash, refers to the Haab' and Tzol'kin (called Chol Q'ij in K'iche' and Mayan) calendars. When naming episodes, creators Kurt Sutter and Elgin James are utilizing what each episode features, and/or which symbolic animal will be present in that episode.[4]

^ Jump up to: a b Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.