document_title: Monty Python's Life of Brian

question_text: who played the mother in life of brian

question_tokens: who played the mother in life of brian

text: Monty Python's Life of Brian

text: Plot[edit]

text: Brian Cohen is born in a stable next door to the one in which Jesus is born, which initially confuses the three wise men who come to praise the future King of the Jews. Brian grows up an idealistic young man who resents the continuing Roman occupation of Judea. While attending Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, Brian becomes infatuated with an attractive young rebel, Judith. His desire for her and hatred for the Romans lead him to join the "People's Front of Judea", one of many fractious and bickering independence movements, who spend more time fighting each other than the Romans.

text: After several misadventures, and escaping from Pontius Pilate, Brian winds up in a line-up of would-be mystics and prophets who harangue the passing crowd in a plaza. Forced to come up with something plausible in order to blend in and keep the guards off his back, Brian repeats some of what he had heard Jesus say, and quickly attracts a small but intrigued audience. Once the guards have left, Brian tries to put the episode behind him, but he has unintentionally inspired a movement. He grows frantic when he finds that some people have started to follow him around, with even the slightest unusual occurrence being hailed as a miracle. Their responses grow in fervour and intensity, making it harder and harder for him to get away from them, yet because of the mob's excitement over the 'miracles' they discover, they ultimately end up completely ignoring Brian himself. Judith is the only one that doesn't leave; Brian and Judith then spend the night together. In the morning, Brian, completely naked, opens the curtains to discover an enormous crowd outside his mother's house which proclaims him to be the Messiah. Brian's mother protests, telling the crowd that "He's not the Messiah, he's a very naughty boy" and, "There's no Messiah in here. There's a mess, all right, but no Messiah." All of her attempts at dispersing the crowd are rebuffed. Furthermore, once Brian addresses them, he also finds that he is unable to change their minds. His followers are completely committed to their beliefs in and of Brian's divinity. They immediately seize upon everything he says and does as points of doctrine.

text: The hapless Brian is unable to escape his unwanted 'disciples'; even his mother's house is surrounded by an enormous, enraptured crowd. They fling their afflicted bodies at him, demanding miracle cures and divine secrets. After sneaking out the back, Brian is then finally captured and scheduled to be crucified. Meanwhile, yet another huge crowd has assembled outside the palace. Pontius Pilate (together with the visiting Biggus Dickus) tries to quell the feeling of revolution by granting them the choice of one person to be pardoned. The crowd, however, shouts out names containing the letter "r", mocking Pilate's rhotacistic speech impediment. Eventually, Judith appears in the crowd and calls for the release of Brian, which the crowd echoes since the name also contains an "r". Pilate agrees to "welease Bwian".

text: His order is eventually relayed to the guards, but in a scene that parodies the climax of the film Spartacus, various crucified people all claim to be "Brian of Nazareth" and the wrong man is released. Various other opportunities for a reprieve for Brian are denied as, one by one, his "allies" (including Judith and his mother) step forward to explain why they are leaving the "noble freedom fighter" hanging in the hot sun. Hope is renewed when a crack suicide squad from the "Judean People's Front" (not to be confused with the People's Front of Judea) come charging towards the Romans, but rather than fighting to release Brian or the other prisoners, they commit mass suicide as a political protest. Condemned to a long and painful death, Brian finds his spirits lifted by his fellow sufferers, who break into song with "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life."[7]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Graham Chapman as Brian, Biggus Dickus, 2nd wise man
John Cleese as Reg, High priest, Centurion of the Yard, Deadly Dirk, Arthur, 1st wise man
Terry Gilliam as Another person further forward (at Mount – "Do you hear that? 'Blessed are the Greek'!"), Blood and Thunder prophet, Geoffrey, Gaoler, Frank
Eric Idle as Mr Cheeky, Stan/Loretta, Harry the Haggler, Culprit woman who casts first stone, Intensely dull youth, Otto, Gaoler's assistant, Mr Frisbee III
Terry Jones as Brian Cohen's mother (Mandy), Colin, Simon the Holy Man, Saintly passer-by
Michael Palin as Mr Big-Nose, Francis, Mrs A, Ex-leper, Ben, Pontius Pilate, Boring Prophet, Eddie, Nisus Wettus, 3rd wise man
Terence Bayler as Gregory
Carol Cleveland as Mrs. Gregory
Kenneth Colley as Jesus Christ
Neil Innes as A Weedy Samaritan
John Young as Matthias
Gwen Taylor as Mrs. Big-Nose
Sue Jones-Davies as Judith Iscariot

tag: ul

text: Several characters remained unnamed during the film but do have names that are used in the soundtrack album track listing and elsewhere. There is no mention in the film of the fact that Eric Idle's ever-cheerful joker is called 'Mr Cheeky', or that the Roman guard played by Michael Palin is named 'Nisus Wettus'.

text: Spike Milligan plays a prophet, ignored because his acolytes are chasing after Brian. By coincidence he was visiting his old World War II battlefields in Tunisia where the film was being made. The Pythons were alerted to this one morning and he was promptly included in the scene that just happened to be being filmed. He disappeared again in the afternoon before he could be included in any of the close-up or publicity shots for the film.[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: There are various stories about the origins of Life of Brian. Shortly after the release of Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), Eric Idle flippantly suggested that the title of the Pythons' forthcoming feature would be Jesus Christ – Lust for Glory (a play on the UK title for the 1970 American film Patton).[9] This was after he had become frustrated at repeatedly being asked what it would be called, despite the troupe not having given the matter of a third film any consideration. However, they shared a distrust of organised religion, and, after witnessing the critically acclaimed Holy Grail's enormous financial turnover, confirming an appetite among the fans for more cinematic endeavours, they began to seriously consider a film lampooning the New Testament era in the same way that Holy Grail had lampooned Arthurian legend. All they needed was an idea for a plot. Eric Idle and Terry Gilliam, while promoting Holy Grail in Amsterdam, had come up with a sketch in which Jesus' cross is falling apart because of the idiotic carpenters who built it and he angrily tells them how to do it correctly. However, after an early brainstorming stage, and despite being non-believers, they agreed that Jesus was "definitely a good guy" and found nothing to mock in his actual teachings: "He's not particularly funny, what he's saying isn't mockable, it's very decent stuff", said Idle later.[10] After settling on the name Brian for their new protagonist, one idea considered was that of "the 13th disciple".[9] The focus eventually shifted to a separate individual born at a similar time and location who would be mistaken for the Messiah, but had no desire to be followed as such.

text: Writing began in December 1976, with a first draft completed by mid-1977. The final pre-production draft was ready in January 1978, following "a concentrated two-week writing and water-skiing period in Barbados".[11] The film would not have been made without Python fan former Beatle George Harrison, who set up HandMade Films to help fund it at a cost of £3 million. Harrison put up the money for it as he "wanted to see the movie" (this was later described by Terry Jones as the "world's most expensive cinema ticket"[12]). The original backers, EMI Films, had been scared off at the last minute by the subject matter, particularly Bernard Delfont.[9] The very last words in the film are: "I said to him, 'Bernie, they'll never make their money back on this one'", teasing Delfont for his lack of faith in the project. Terry Gilliam later said, "They pulled out on the Thursday. The crew was supposed to be leaving on the Saturday. Disastrous. It was because they read the script ... finally."[13] As a reward for his help, Harrison appears in a cameo appearance as Mr. Papadopoulos, "owner of the Mount", who briefly shakes hands with Brian in a crowd scene (at 1:09 in the film). His one word of dialogue (a cheery but out of place Scouse "'ullo") had to be dubbed in later.

text: Terry Jones was solely responsible for directing, having amicably agreed with Gilliam (who co-directed Holy Grail) that Jones' approach to film-making was better suited for Python's general performing style.[citation needed] Holy Grail's production had often been stilted by their differences behind the camera. Gilliam again contributed two animated sequences (one being the opening credits) and took charge of set design. However, this did not put an absolute end to their feuding. On the DVD commentary, Gilliam expresses pride in one set in particular, the main hall of Pilate's fortress, which had been designed so that it looked like an old Judean temple that the Romans had converted by dumping their structural artefacts (such as marble floors and columns) on top. He reveals his consternation at Jones for not paying enough attention to it in the cinematography. Gilliam also worked on the matte paintings, useful in particular for the very first shot of the three wise men against a star-scape and in giving the illusion of the whole of the outside of the fortress being covered in graffiti. Perhaps the most significant contribution from Gilliam was the scene in which Brian accidentally leaps off a high building and lands inside a starship about to engage in an interstellar war. This was done "in camera" using a hand-built model starship and miniature pyrotechnics, likely influenced by the then recently released Star Wars. Afterwards, George Lucas met Terry Gilliam in San Francisco and praised him for his work.

text: The film was shot on location in Monastir, Tunisia, which allowed the production to reuse sets from Franco Zeffirelli's Jesus of Nazareth (1977).[14] The Tunisian shoot was documented by Iain Johnstone for his BBC film The Pythons. Many locals were employed as extras on Life of Brian. Director Jones noted, "They were all very knowing because they'd all worked for Franco Zeffirelli on Jesus of Nazareth, so I had these elderly Tunisians telling me, 'Well, Mr Zeffirelli wouldn't have done it like that, you know.'"[13] Further location shooting took place in Sousse (Jerusalem outer walls and gateway), Carthage (Roman amphitheatre) and Matmata, Tunisia (Sermon on the Mount and Crucifixion).[15] Graham Chapman, suffering from alcoholism, was so determined to play the lead role – at one point coveted by Cleese – that he dried out in time for filming, so much so that he also acted as the on-set doctor.[8] Following shooting between 16 September and 12 November 1978,[11] a two-hour rough cut of the film was put together for its first private showing in January 1979. Over the next few months Life of Brian was re-edited and re-screened a number of times for different preview audiences, losing a number of entire filmed sequences (see § Lost scenes below).[9]

text: Religious satire and blasphemy accusations[edit]

text: Author Richard Webster comments in A Brief History of Blasphemy (1990) that "internalised censorship played a significant role in the handling" of Monty Python's Life of Brian. In his view, "As a satire on religion, this film might well be considered a rather slight production. As blasphemy it was, even in its original version, extremely mild. Yet the film was surrounded from its inception by intense anxiety, in some quarters of the Establishment, about the offence it might cause. As a result it gained a certificate for general release only after some cuts had been made. Perhaps more importantly still, the film was shunned by the BBC and ITV, who declined to show it for fear of offending Christians in the UK. Once again a blasphemy was restrained – or its circulation effectively curtailed – not by the force of law but by the internalisation of this law."[16] On its initial release in the UK, the film was banned by several town councils – some of which had no cinemas within their boundaries, or had not even seen the film. A member of Harrogate council, one of those that banned the film, revealed during a television interview that the council had not seen the film, and had based their opinion on what they had been told by the Nationwide Festival of Light, a grouping with an evangelical Christian base, of which they knew nothing.[8]

text: Some bans continued into the 21st century. In 2008, Torbay Council finally permitted the film to be shown after it won an online vote for the English Riviera International Comedy Film Festival.[17] In 2009, it was announced that a thirty-year-old ban of the film in the Welsh town of Aberystwyth had finally been lifted, and the subsequent showing was attended by Terry Jones and Michael Palin alongside mayor Sue Jones-Davies (who portrayed Judith Iscariot in the film).[18][19] However, before the showing, an Aberystwyth University student discovered that a ban had only been discussed by the council and in fact that it had been shown (or scheduled to be shown) at a cinema in the town in 1981.[20][21] In 2013, a German official in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia considered the film to be possibly offensive to Christians and hence subject to a local regulation prohibiting its public screening on Good Friday, despite protests by local atheists.[22][23]

text: In New York (the film's release in the US preceded British distribution), screenings were picketed by both rabbis and nuns ("Nuns with banners!" observed Michael Palin).[10] It was also banned for eight years in Ireland and for a year in Norway (it was marketed in Sweden as "The film so funny that it was banned in Norway").[24] During the film's theatrical run in Finland, a text explaining that the film was a parody of Hollywood historical epics was added to the opening credits.[25]

text: In the UK, Mary Whitehouse, and other traditionalist Christians, pamphleteered and picketed locations where the local cinema was screening the film, a campaign that was felt to have boosted publicity.[26] Leaflets arguing against the film's representation of the New Testament (for example, suggesting that the Wise Men would not have approached the wrong stable as they do in the opening of the film) were documented in Robert Hewison's book Monty Python: The Case Against.

text: One of the most controversial scenes was the film's ending: Brian's crucifixion. Many Christian protesters said that it was mocking Jesus' suffering by turning it into a "Jolly Boys Outing" (such as when Mr Cheeky turns to Brian and says: "See, not so bad once you're up!"), capped by Brian's fellow sufferers suddenly bursting into song. This is also reinforced by the fact that several characters throughout the film claim crucifixion is not as bad as it seems, such as when Brian asks his cellmate in prison what will happen to him, and he replies: "Oh, you'll probably get away with crucifixion", and when Matthias, the old man who works with the PFJ, dismisses crucifixion as "a doddle" and says being stabbed would be worse. The director, Terry Jones, issued the following riposte to this criticism: "Any religion that makes a form of torture into an icon that they worship seems to me a pretty sick sort of religion quite honestly."[8] Religious figures[who?] later responded by saying that Jones did not seem to understand the meaning of the crucifix symbol or its significance to Christians as a reminder of the suffering and death Christ endured for their sake.[citation needed] The Pythons also argued that crucifixion was a standard form of execution in ancient times and not just one especially reserved for Jesus.[27]

text: The Pythons prided themselves on the depths of the historical research they had taken before writing the script. They all believe that, as a consequence, the film portrays 1st-century Judea more accurately than actual Biblical epics, with its focus centred more on the average person of the era.[citation needed]

text: Shortly after the film was released, Cleese and Palin engaged in debate on the BBC2 discussion programme Friday Night, Saturday Morning with Malcolm Muggeridge and Mervyn Stockwood, the Bishop of Southwark, who put forward arguments against the film. Muggeridge and the Bishop, it was later claimed, had arrived 15 minutes late to see a screening of the picture prior to the debate, missing the establishing scenes demonstrating that Brian and Jesus were two different characters, and hence contended that it was a send-up of Christ himself.[10] Both Pythons later felt that there had been a strange role reversal in the manner of the debate, with two young upstart comedians attempting to make serious, well-researched points, while the Establishment figures engaged in cheap jibes and point scoring. They also expressed disappointment in Muggeridge, whom all in Python had previously respected as a satirist (he had recently converted to Christianity after meeting Mother Teresa and experiencing what he described as a miracle). Cleese expressed that his reputation had "plummeted" in his eyes, while Palin commented that, "He was just being Muggeridge, preferring to have a very strong contrary opinion as opposed to none at all."[10] Muggeridge's verdict on the film was that it was "Such a tenth-rate film that it couldn't possibly destroy anyone's genuine faith."

text: The Pythons unanimously deny that they were ever out to destroy people's faith. On the DVD audio commentary, they contend that the film is heretical because it lampoons the practices of modern organised religion, but that it does not blasphemously lampoon the God that Christians and Jews worship. When Jesus does appear in the film (on the Mount, speaking the Beatitudes), he is played straight (by actor Kenneth Colley) and portrayed with respect. The music and lighting make it clear that there is a genuine aura around him. The comedy begins when members of the crowd mishear his statements of peace, love and tolerance ("I think he said, 'blessed are the cheese makers'"). Importantly, he is distinct from the character of Brian, which is also evident in the scene where an annoying and ungrateful ex-leper pesters Brian for money, while moaning that since Jesus cured him, he has lost his source of income in the begging trade (referring to Jesus as a "bloody do-gooder").

text: James Crossley, however, has argued that the film makes the distinction between Jesus and the character of Brian to make a contrast between the traditional Christ of both faith and cinema and the historical figure of Jesus in critical scholarship and how critical scholars have argued that ideas later got attributed to Jesus by his followers. Crossley points out that the film uses a number of potentially controversial scholarly theories about Jesus but now with reference to Brian, such as the Messianic Secret, the Jewishness of Jesus, Jesus the revolutionary, and having a single mother.[28]

text: Not all the Pythons agree on the definition of the movie's tone. There was a brief exchange that occurred when the surviving members reunited in Aspen, Colorado, in 1998.[citation needed] In the section where Life of Brian is discussed, Terry Jones says, "I think the film is heretical, but it's not blasphemous." Eric Idle can be heard to concur, adding, "It's a heresy." However, John Cleese, disagreeing, counters, "I don’t think it's a heresy. It's making fun of the way that people misunderstand the teaching." Jones responds, "Of course it's a heresy, John! It's attacking the Church! And that has to be heretical." Cleese replies, "No, it's not attacking the Church, necessarily. It's about people who cannot agree with each other."

text: In a later interview, Jones said the film "isn't blasphemous because it doesn’t touch on belief at all. It is heretical, because it touches on dogma and the interpretation of belief, rather than belief itself."[29]

text: The film continues to cause controversy; in February 2007, the Church of St Thomas the Martyr in Newcastle upon Tyne held a public screening in the church itself, with song-sheets, organ accompaniment, stewards in costume and false beards for female members of the audience (alluding to an early scene where a group of women disguise themselves as men so that they are able to take part in a stoning). Although the screening was a sell-out, some Christian groups, notably the conservative Christian Voice, were highly critical of the decision to allow the screening to go ahead. Stephen Green, the head of Christian Voice, insisted that "You don't promote Christ to the community by taking the mick out of him." The Reverend Jonathan Adams, one of the church's clergy, defended his taste in comedy, saying that it did not mock Jesus, and that it raised important issues about the hypocrisy and stupidity that can affect religion.[30] Again on the film's DVD commentary, Cleese also spoke up for religious people who have come forward and congratulated him and his colleagues on the film's highlighting of double standards among purported followers of their own faith.[10]

text: Political satire[edit]

text: The film pokes fun at revolutionary groups and 1970s British left-wing politics.[citation needed] "What the film does do is place modern stereotypes in a historical setting, which enables it to indulge in a number of sharp digs, particularly at trade unionists and guerilla organisations".[31] The groups in the film all oppose the Roman occupation of Judea, but fall into the familiar pattern of intense competition among factions that appears, to an outsider, to be over ideological distinctions so small as to be invisible, thus portraying the phenomenon of the narcissism of small differences.[32] Michael Palin says that the various separatist movements were modelled on "modern resistance groups, all with obscure acronyms which they can never remember and their conflicting agendas".[33]

text: The People's Front of Judea, composed of the Pythons' characters, harangue their "rivals" with cries of "splitters" and stand vehemently opposed to the Judean People's Front, the Campaign for a Free Galilee, and the Judean Popular People's Front (the last composed of a single old man,[34] mocking the size of real revolutionary Trotskyist factions). The infighting among revolutionary organisations is demonstrated most dramatically when the PFJ attempts to kidnap Pontius Pilate's wife, but encounters agents of the Campaign for a Free Galilee, and the two factions begin a violent brawl over which of them conceived of the plan first. When Brian exhorts them to cease their fighting to struggle "against the common enemy," the revolutionaries stop and cry in unison, "the Judean People's Front!" However, they soon resume their fighting and, with two Roman legionaries watching bemusedly, continue until Brian is left the only survivor, at which point he is captured.

text: Other scenes have the freedom fighters wasting time in debate, with one of the debated items being that they should not waste their time debating so much. There is also a famous scene in which Reg gives a revolutionary speech asking, "What have the Romans ever done for us?" at which point the listeners outline all forms of positive aspects of the Roman occupation such as sanitation, medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, public health and peace, followed by "what have the Romans ever done for us except sanitation, medicine, education...". Python biographer George Perry notes, "The People's Liberation Front of Judea conducts its meetings as though they have been convened by a group of shop stewards".[35]

text: Lost scenes[edit]

text: A number of scenes were cut during the editing process. Five deleted scenes, a total of 13 minutes, including the controversial "Otto", were first made available in 1997 on the Criterion Collection Laserdisc.[36] An unknown amount of raw footage was destroyed in 1998 by the company that bought Handmade Films. However, a number of them (of varying quality) were shown the following year on the Paramount Comedy Channel in the UK; it has not been disclosed how these scenes were saved or where they came from; possibly the source was the Criterion laserdisc.[citation needed] The scenes shown included three shepherds discussing sheep and completely missing the arrival of the angel heralding Jesus's birth, which would have been at the very start of the film; a segment showing the attempted kidnap of Pilate's wife (a large woman played by John Case) whose escape results in a fistfight; a scene introducing hardline Zionist Otto, leader of the Judean People's Front (played by Eric Idle) and his men who practice a suicide run in the courtyard; and a brief scene in which Judith releases some birds into the air in an attempt to summon help. The shepherds' scene has badly distorted sound, and the kidnap scene has poor colour quality.[37] The same scenes that were on the Criterion laserdisc can now be found on the Criterion Collection DVD.

text: The most controversial cuts were the scenes involving Otto, initially a recurring character, who had a thin Adolf Hitler moustache and spoke with a German accent, shouting accusations of "racial impurity" at people whose conceptions were similar to Brian's (Roman centurion rape of native Judean women), and other Nazi phrases. The logo of the Judean People's Front, designed by Terry Gilliam,[38] was a Star of David with a small line added to each point so it resembled a swastika, most familiar in the West as the symbol of the anti-Semitic Nazi movement. The rest of this faction also all had the same thin moustaches, and wore a spike on their helmets, similar to those on Imperial German helmets. The official reason for the cutting was that Otto's dialogue slowed down the narrative. However, Gilliam, writing in The Pythons Autobiography by The Pythons, said he thought it should have stayed, saying "Listen, we've alienated the Christians, let's get the Jews now". Idle himself was said to have been uncomfortable with the character; "It's essentially a pretty savage attack on rabid Zionism, suggesting it's rather akin to Nazism, which is a bit strong to take, but certainly a point of view".[10] Michael Palin's personal journal entries from the period when various edits of Brian were being test-screened consistently reference the Pythons' and filmmakers' concerns that the Otto scenes were slowing the story down and thus were top of the list to be chopped from the final cut of the film.[15] However, Oxford Brookes University historian David Nash says the removal of the scene represented "a form of self-censorship" and the Otto sequence "which involved a character representative of extreme forms of Zionism" was cut "in the interests of smoothing the way for the film's distribution in America."[39]

text: The only scene with Otto that remains in the film is during the crucifixion sequence. Otto arrives with his "crack suicide squad", sending the Roman soldiers fleeing in terror. Instead of doing anything useful, they "attack" by committing mass suicide in front of the cross ("Zat showed 'em, huh?" says the dying Otto, to which Brian despondently replies "You silly sods!"), ending Brian's hope of rescue (they do however show some signs of life during the famous rendition of "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" when they are seen waving their toes in unison in time to the music). Terry Jones once mentioned that the only reason this excerpt was not cut too was due to continuity reasons, as their dead bodies were very prominently placed throughout the rest of the scene. He acknowledged that some of the humour of this sole remaining contribution was lost through the earlier edits, but felt they were necessary to the overall pacing.

text: Otto's scenes, and those with Pilate's wife, were cut from the film after the script had gone to the publishers, and so they can be found in the published version of the script. Also present is a scene where, after Brian has led the Fifth Legion to the headquarters of the People's Front of Judea, Reg (John Cleese) says "You cunt!! You stupid, bird-brained, flat-headed..."[40] The profanity was overdubbed to "you klutz" before the film was released. Cleese approved of this editing as he felt the reaction to the four-letter word would "get in the way of the comedy".[10]

text: An early listing of the sequence of sketches reprinted in Monty Python: The Case Against by Robert Hewison reveals that the film was to have begun with a set of sketches at an English public school. Much of this material was first printed in the MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK that accompanied the original script publication of The Life of Brian and then subsequently reused. The song "All Things Dull and Ugly" and the parody scripture reading "Martyrdom of St. Victor" were performed on Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album (1980). The idea of a violent rugby match between school masters and small boys was filmed in Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983). A sketch about a boy who dies at school appeared on the unreleased The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album (1981).

text: Box office[edit]

text: For the original British and Australian releases, a spoof travelogue narrated by John Cleese, Away From It All, was shown before the film itself. It consisted mostly of stock travelogue footage and featured arch comments from Cleese. For instance, a shot of Bulgarian girls in ceremonial dresses was accompanied by the comment "Hard to believe, isn't it, that these simple happy folk are dedicated to the destruction of Western Civilisation as we know it!", Communist Bulgaria being a member of the Warsaw Pact at the time. Not only was this a spoof of travelogues per se, it was a protest against the then common practice in Britain of showing cheaply made banal short features before a main feature.

text: Life of Brian opened on 17 August 1979 in five North American theatres and grossed US$140,034 ($28,007 per screen) in its opening weekend. Its total gross was $19,398,164. It was the highest grossing British film in North America that year. Released on 8 November 1979 in the UK,[41] the film was the fourth highest-grossing film in Britain in 1979.

text: On 30 April 2004, Life of Brian was re-released on five North American screens to "cash in" (as Terry Jones put it)[24] on the box office success of Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ. It grossed $26,376 ($5,275 per screen) in its opening weekend. It ran until October 2004, playing at 28 screens at its widest point, eventually grossing $646,124 during its re-release. By comparison, a re-release of Monty Python and the Holy Grail had earned $1.8 million three years earlier. A DVD of the film was also released that year.

text: Album[edit]

text: An album was also released by Monty Python in 1979 in conjunction with the film. In addition to the "Brian Song" and "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life", it contains scenes from the film with brief linking sections performed by Eric Idle and Graham Chapman. The album opens with a brief rendition of "Hava Nagila" on Scottish bagpipes. A CD version was released in 1997.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Life of Brian has regularly been cited as a significant contender for the title "greatest comedy film of all time", and has been named as such in polls conducted by Total Film magazine in 2000,[42] the British TV network Channel 4 in 2006[43] and The Guardian newspaper in 2007.[44] Rotten Tomatoes lists it as one of the best reviewed comedies, with a 96% approval rating from 44 published reviews. A 2011 poll by Time Out magazine ranked it as the third greatest comedy film ever made,[45] behind Airplane! and This is Spinal Tap.

text: The BFI declared Life of Brian to be the 28th best British film of all time, in their equivalent of the original AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies list. It was the seventh highest ranking comedy on this list (four of the better placed efforts were classic Ealing Films).[46] Another Channel 4 poll in 2001 named it the 23rd greatest film of all time (the only comedy that came higher on this occasion was Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot, which was ranked 5th).[47]

text: The line, "He's not the Messiah, he's a very naughty boy!", spoken by Brian's mother Mandy to the crowd assembled outside her house, has been voted by readers of BOL.com the funniest line in film history.[48] This poll also featured two of the film's other famous lines ("What have the Romans ever done for us?" and "I'm Brian and so's my wife") in the top 10.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Spin-offs include a script-book The Life of Brian of Nazareth, which was printed back-to-back with MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK as a single book. The printing of this book also caused problems, due to rarely used laws in the United Kingdom against blasphemy, dictating what can and cannot be written about religion. The publisher refused to print both halves of the book, and original prints were by two companies.[49]

text: An album of the songs sung in Monty Python's Life of Brian was released on the Disky label. "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" was later re-released with great success, after being sung by British football fans. Its popularity became truly evident in 1982 during the Falklands War when sailors aboard the destroyer HMS Sheffield, severely damaged in an Argentinean Exocet missile attack on 4 May, started singing it while awaiting rescue.[50][51] Many people have come to see the song as a life-affirming ode to optimism. One of its more famous renditions was by the dignitaries of Manchester's bid to host the 2000 Olympic Games, just after they were awarded to Sydney. Idle later performed the song as part of the 2012 Olympic Games closing ceremony. "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" is also featured in Eric Idle's Spamalot, a Broadway musical based upon Monty Python and the Holy Grail, and was sung by the rest of the Monty Python group at Graham Chapman's memorial service and at the Monty Python Live At Aspen special. The song is a staple at Iron Maiden concerts, where the recording is played after the final encore.

text: Julian Doyle, the film's editor, wrote The Life of Brian/Jesus, a book which not only describes the filmmaking and editing process but argues that it is the most accurate Biblical film ever made. In October 2008, a memoir by Kim "Howard" Johnson titled Monty Python's Tunisian Holiday: My Life with Brian was released. Johnson became friendly with the Pythons during the filming of Life of Brian and his notes and memories of the behind-the-scenes filming and make-up.[52]

text: Oratorio[edit]

text: With the success of Eric Idle's musical retelling of Monty Python and the Holy Grail, called Spamalot, Idle announced that he would be giving Life of Brian a similar treatment. The oratorio, called Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy), was commissioned to be part of the festival called Luminato in Toronto in June 2007, and was written/scored by Idle and John Du Prez, who also worked with Idle on Spamalot. Not the Messiah is a spoof of Handel's Messiah. It runs approximately 50 minutes, and was conducted at its world premiere by Toronto Symphony Orchestra music director Peter Oundjian, who is Idle's cousin.[53] Not the Messiah received its US premiere at the Caramoor International Music Festival in Katonah, New York. Oundjian and Idle joined forces once again for a double performance of the oratorio in July 2007.[54]

text: Appearances in other media[edit]

text: In October 2011, BBC Four premiered the made-for-television comedy film Holy Flying Circus, written by Tony Roche and directed by Owen Harris. The "Pythonesque" film explores the events surrounding the 1979 television debate on talk show Friday Night, Saturday Morning between John Cleese and Michael Palin and Malcolm Muggeridge and Mervyn Stockwood, then Bishop of Southwark.[55]

text: In a Not the Nine O'Clock News sketch, a bishop who has made a scandalous film called The Life of Christ is hauled over the coals by a representative of the "Church of Python", claiming that the film is an attack on "Our Lord, John Cleese" and on the members of Python, who, in the sketch, are the objects of Britain's true religious faith. This was a parody of the infamous Friday Night, Saturday Morning programme, broadcast a week previously. The director of the film (played by Rowan Atkinson) claims that the reaction to the film has surprised him, as he "didn't expect the Spanish Inquisition."

text: Radio host John Williams of Chicago's WGN 720 AM has used "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" in a segment of his Friday shows. The segment is used to highlight good events from the past week in listeners' lives and to generally celebrate the end of the work week. In the 1997 Oscar-winning film As Good as It Gets, the misanthropic character played by Jack Nicholson sings "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" as evidence of the character's change in attitude.[56]

text: A BBC history series What the Romans Did for Us, written and presented by Adam Hart-Davis and first broadcast in 2000, takes its title from John Cleese's rhetorical question "What have the Romans ever done for us?" in one of the film's scenes. (Cleese himself parodied this line in a 1986 BBC advert defending the Television Licence Fee: "What has the BBC ever given us?")[57]

text: Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair in his Prime Minister's Questions of 3 May 2006 made a shorthand reference to the types of political groups, "Judean People's Front" or "People's Front of Judea", lampooned in Life of Brian.[58][59] This was in response to a question from the MP David Clelland, asking "What has the Labour government ever done for us?" – itself a parody of John Cleese's "What have the Romans ever done for us?"

text: On New Year's Day 2007, and again on New Year's Eve, UK television station Channel 4 dedicated an entire evening to the Monty Python phenomenon, during which an hour-long documentary was broadcast called The Secret Life of Brian about the making of The Life of Brian and the controversy that was caused by its release. The Pythons featured in the documentary and reflected upon the events that surrounded the film. This was followed by a screening of the film itself.[8] The documentary (in a slightly extended form) was one of the special features on the 2007 DVD re-release – the "Immaculate Edition", also the first Python release on Blu-ray.

text: Most recently, in June 2014 King's College London, UK, hosted an academic conference[60] on the film, in which internationally renowned Biblical scholars and historians discussed the film and its reception, looking both at how the Pythons had made use of scholarship and texts, and how the film can be used creatively within modern scholarship on the Historical Jesus. In a panel discussion[61] including Terry Jones and Richard Burridge, John Cleese described the event as "the most interesting thing to come out of Monty Python". The papers from the conference have gone on to prompt the publication of a book, edited by Joan E. Taylor, the conference organiser, Jesus and Brian: Exploring the Historical Jesus and His Times via Monty Python's Life of Brian, published by Bloomsbury in 2015.[62]


document_title: List of Bob the Builder characters

question_text: who is the girl on bob the builder

question_tokens: who is the girl on bob the builder

root

text: List of Bob the Builder characters

text: Humans[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Bob (original catchphrase: "Can we fix it?"; current one: "Can we build it?") is a general contractor and head of his own construction yard based in Bobsville and later in Sunflower Valley and now Fixham Harbour. Bob is from a family of builders - his father Robert is also a builder and so was his grandfather Billy. He is assisted by Wendy and a host of anthropomorphic vehicles in various projects in and around the town. He is the owner of Pilchard the Cat and he is not good with computers. Some of the problems in the show arise from Bob's habit of forgetting to turn his mobile phone on. Bob is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK and William Dufris, Greg Proops, and Marc Silk in the US. He is now voiced by Lee Ingleby in the UK, and Colin Murdock in the US.

text:
Wendy is Bob's business partner and later his girlfriend who runs the office and keeps the business in order, and often organizes tools and equipment. She is also seen doing construction work in many episodes. Wendy is often worried about Bob's cat, Pilchard, as shown in the episode Pilchard in a Pickle and in the song Find That Cat. Wendy was voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and by Lorelei King in the US. Now voiced by Joanne Froggatt in the UK and the US.
Mr. Bernard Bentley – The Bobsville town building inspector and later Mayor of Sunflower Valley and then Fixham Harbour building inspector, and Barbara Bentley's husband. In the reboot series, he is the mayor's right-hand man and gains a more nerdy, clumsy personality and a brand new catchphrase which is "Oh, dear me! Mayor Madison will be here any second!". He is voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and the US beginning with the Project: Build It series and Alan Marriott in the US version of the regular series. Now voiced by Nick Mercer in the UK and Dustin Dermi-Burns in the US.

text: Bob the Builder (2015 series)[edit]

text: Leo - College student, Bob's apprentice and son of Curtis. Voiced by Jacob Scipio in the UK and Dan Bacon in the US.

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text:
Dot – Bob's Mother and also Robert (Bob's Dad)'s Wife. She is voiced by June Whitfield in the UK and Lorelei King in the US.
Mrs. Broadbent – A Bobsville resident and neighbour of Bob. She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US. She looks like Mrs. Percival.
Mr. Beasley – A Bobsville and later Sunflower Valley resident and a frequent customer. He is voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and William Dufris, Greg Proops and Marc Silk in the US.
Mrs. Barbara Bentley – Bernard Bentley's wife.
Farmer Percy Pickles is a nearby farmer, and a good friend of Bob who often helps out in construction projects with Bob. He is the owner of Travis the tractor, Sumsy the forklift, Packer the truck, Scruffty the dog, and Spud the scarecrow. Farmer Pickles is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK, William Dufris in the US version of regular series and Vincent Marzello in the US beginning with the Project: Build It series.
Mr. Dixon – Postman and brother to a famous football goalkeeper
Mr. Jeremy Ellis – Bobsville Museum manager
JJ – Parts supplier and Hamish's new owner. He is Jamaican. He is voiced by Colin McFarlane.
Molly – JJ's daughter. She is voiced by Llewella Gideon in the UK and Lorelei King in the US.
Mrs. Percival – School headteacher. She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US.
Mrs. Potts – a Bobsville resident and owner of Tommy the Tortoise. She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US.
Mr. Angelo Sabatini – Runs the local pizza shop in Bobsville and the Sunflower Valley bakery.
Robert – Bob's Dad also a Builder Married to Dot. He is voiced by Richard Briers in the UK and Vincent Marzello in the US .

text: Project: Build It![edit]

text:
Annie Pickles – She is a seaweed farmer and Farmer Pickle's cousin.
Meg McDonald – She is a dairy farmer and is Piper's aunt as well as the owner of Dodger.
Baz – He is a sheep shearer and Farmer Pickles' cousin.
Pablo – Mr Sabatini's brother.
Sunny – The son of Marjorie and the twin brother of Saffron.
Saffron – The daughter of Marjorie and the twin sister of Sunny.
Cassie – The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Sabatini and the twin sister of Carlos.
Carlos – The son of Mr. and Mrs. Sabatini and the twin brother of Cassie.
Piper McDonald – He is Meg's nephew and assists her with her dairy products.

text: Ready, Steady, Build![edit]

text:
Brad Rad – Surfer dude for whom Bob builds a weather station. Later, Lofty takes his surfboards when he wants to join the Diggers Three.
Mr. David Mockney – Fixham Harbour Museum manager.

text: Bob the Builder (2015 series)[edit]

text:
Maria Madison - Mayor of Spring City. A running gag is she occasionally tries to get her picture taken for the newspaper or a magazine and it always gets ruined. For example, in "Sky-High Scoop", she tries to get her picture taken at the top of the new skyscraper and Gull lands on her and she tries to shoo her away. She is voiced by Lucy Montgomery in the UK and Nicole Oliver in the US.
Curtis - Leo's Dad and owner of the local service station. Voiced by Danny John-Jules.
Brandon - One of the Spring City Rockets.
Mila - One of the Spring City Rockets.
JJ - One of the Spring City Rockets. Not to be confused with J.J. from the Original Series.
Saffi - One of the Spring City Rockets whose hair is tied in pigtails. She is also a pet owner who has South-Asian blood. She is voiced by Mia Hope in the UK and Kazumi Evans in the US.

text: Minor[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text:
David Dixon – Famous football goalkeeper and brother to Mr. Dixon
Dora – Bob's aunt. She is never seen.
Doris – Mr. Ellis' aunt. In Bob's Aunt, Bob picks up the letter which is wet and he thinks Aunt Dora is coming and then later on, they find out that it's not Aunt Dora, but Mr. Ellis's aunt Doris.
Mr. Fothergill – A Bobsville resident, the computer repair man and Hamish's first owner. He gave Hamish to JJ and Molly after he discovered that he was allergic to him. He is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK and Alan Marriott in the US.
Jenny – Wendy's sister
Mavis the Postwoman – postwoman. She is mentioned only in Buffalo Bob and Scruffty the Detective but never seen.
Pam Goody – Runs the Arts Centre
Tom – Bob's fraternal twin brother
Mrs. Sophia Sabatini – Mr Sabatini's wife
Sandy Beach – A cave expert and friend of Mr. Ellis. He speaks in an American accent and has long hair in a ponytail. He is voiced by Rupert Degas.

text: Project: Build It![edit]

text:
Mr. Costello – Drive-in movie manager
Marjorie – The new manager at Farmer Pickles's factory.
Jana von Strudel – She yodelled with Roley. She is Austrian and speaks in a German accent. She's also the owner of Zoomer

text: Ready, Steady, Build![edit]

text: Tony Toberoni - Manager of the Dinosaur Fun Park.

text: Bob the Builder (2015 series)[edit]

text:
Chef Tattie - Celebrity chef. He is voiced by Iain Lauchlan in both the UK and US.
Jenny Dobbs - She is a zookeeper at Fixham Zoo who looks after zoo animals. She is voiced Lucy Montgomery in both the UK and US.
Vet Tilly - She is a vet who helps pet animals feel better. She is voiced by Sarah Hadland in the UK and Erin Mathews in the US.

text: Animals[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text:
Pilchard - Bob's pet cat. She likes to stay at the yard and occasionally rides in Dizzy's mixer.
Bird - Roley's best friend, who goes "Toot, toot."
Scruffty - Farmer Pickles' pet dog.

text: Project: Build It![edit]

text: Bird(ie) - Roley's new friend in Sunflower Valley.

text: 2015 TV series[edit]

text: Gull is a seagull Scoop befriends.

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text:
Finn - Bob's goldfish who likes to swim around in a fish tank.
Tommy - Mrs Potts' tortoise.
Hamish - Mr. Fothergill's parrot who likes to repeat what he hears people say.
Squawk - Spud's pet crow

text: Project: Build It![edit]

text:
Sprat is a cat who is Pilchard's husband in "Roley the Green Cat".
Three Kittens are Pilchard and Sprat's kittens.

text: Ready, Steady Build[edit]

text: Fox Cub is a fox Roley befriends.

text: 2015 TV series[edit]

text:
Cooper is a dog Tilly looks after. Like Scruffy, he loves to chase Pilchard.
Stripy is a female tiger shark pup who becomes Scoop's pet in "Scoop's Pet Shark".

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text: Spud (Voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and the US beginning with the Project: Build It Series and Alan Marriott in the US version of the regular series) is a mischievous sentient scarecrow on Farmer Pickles' farm who tries to help Bob and the crew. Often he causes more problems than he solves, but it usually all works out in the end. It is Spud who needs to learn to be patient, not to eat all of the food, not to take things from other characters, etc. Spud has a habit of trying to do work and with his limited intelligence getting it wrong and spoiling materials. (male voice; catchphrase: "OK, Farmer Pickles" and "Spud's on the job Bob!")

text: Ready, Steady, Build![edit]

text: Pirate Brickbeard (Voiced by Rupert Degas) is a pirate who founded Fixham Harbour and sails in a ship called The Bonny Beard. He is believed to have hidden a golden hammer in Fixham. (male voice; catchphrase: "No one will ever find my Golden Hammer! Har har!"). He is only seen in The Legend of the Golden Hammer. He also made cameos in several Ready, Steady, Build! episodes.

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text: Construction vehicles[edit]

text: Scoop – a backhoe loader. Scoop is the leader of Bob's machines.

text: Muck – A cross between a bulldozer and a dump truck. Muck is a continuous tracked dump truck with an added bulldozer blade. He often acts before thinking and subsequently gets in trouble for it.

text: Lofty – a mobile crane. Lofty lacks the confidence shown by the others; he is hesitant and timid, but with the encouragement of the team comes through in the end.

text: Dizzy – a tilting drum cement mixer. Dizzy was portrayed as the youngest member of the fleet until Scratch was introduced. She is eager, curious, and easily excitable.

text: Roley – a road roller that loves to make up songs and frequently spins his eyes when he is excited.

text: Other vehicles[edit]

text: Travis – a tractor. Travis is owned by Farmer Pickles, and is often seen pulling a wood sided trailer. He helps out the crew when they need it and keeps an eye on Spud the scarecrow.

text: Project: Build It![edit]

text: Construction vehicles[edit]

text: Benny – a small excavator. He is the second youngest of the team. He was first seen in "Snowed Under!", helping Scoop build the Winter Games. He was back on his team when he was helping to build the workshop in Sunflower Valley. He looks up to Scoop and calls him, "Big Banana".

text: Trucks[edit]

text: Scrambler – an all-terrain vehicle (ATV). Scrambler was won by Bob for designing Sunflower Valley's new settlement.

text: Ready, Steady, Build![edit]

text: Construction vehicles[edit]

text: Scratch – A small digger who is currently the youngest of the team. Scratch also loves having fun.

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text: Snow vehicles[edit]

text: Scoot - a snowmobile who is a doppelganger of Scoop. Scoot is owned by Tom.

text: Trucks[edit]

text: Skip – as his name indicates, he is a skip lorry. Skip belongs to JJ.

text: Other vehicles[edit]

text: Trix – a forklift. Just like Skip, Trix belongs to JJ.

text: Project: Build It![edit]

text: Construction vehicles[edit]

text: Tumbler – a concrete mixer. He is the loudest machine on Bob's team. He is big and can do big things that Dizzy can't.

text: Gripper – a crane. Gripper speaks with a Scouse accent (Southern drawl in US dub). Gripper refers to the other characters as "mates" ("partners" in the US dub) mainly due to stereotypical behaviours. He first appeared in "Race to the Finish".

text: Grabber – an excavator. Grabber speaks with a Scouse accent (Southern drawl in US dub). Grabber refers to the other characters as "mates" ("partners" in the US dub) mainly due to stereotypical behaviours. He first appeared in "Race to the Finish".

text: Snow vehicles[edit]

text: Zoomer - a snowmobile.

text: Trucks[edit]

text: Packer – a semi-trailer truck. Packer is owned by Farmer Pickles and has three trailers, a flatbed, a covered trailer and a low loader. He resembles the 1988 Freightliner FL50. He delivers for all of Sunflower Valley.

text: Dodger – a pickup truck, who looks similar to the 1930s Ford truck due to his shape. Dodger is owned by Meg. He has a crane with a grabber that lifts the milk. His horn makes strange honking sounds that the rest of the team find funny.

text: Flex – a cherry picker. Flex tends to have an extensive knowledge of plants and loves Horticulture. He has a Northern Irish accent.

text: Bristle – a street sweeper. Bristle is very eager to help out the others by doing jobs often ahead of the team. Bristle seems to whistle very often. He also tends to be a neat freak.

text: Jackaroo - a pickup Truck. He is seen only in Built to Be Wild.

text: Other vehicles[edit]

text: Sumsy – a forklift who greatly resembles another forklift; Trix (may be the same model). Sumsy is owned by Farmer Pickles and works at his factory.

text: Splasher – an amphibious car, who works at Bobland Bay.

text: R.Vee - a van who used to be Robert and Dot's own mobile workshop and is currently their transportation and tool carrier. He is seen in Scrambler to the Rescue.

text: Ready, Steady, Build![edit]

text: Construction vehicles[edit]

text: Rubble - a dump truck. He helped with the team to build a dinosaur fun park in The Big Dino Dig.

text: Bob the Builder (2015 series)[edit]

text: Construction vehicles[edit]

text: Two-Tonne – A big trailer truck. He has three trailers, a flatbed used for carrying things, a concrete mixer trailer and a dumper trailer used for construction work.

text: Tiny – A tower crane

text: Stretch – An excavator

text: Trucks[edit]

text: Alfred - Curtis' tow truck who gets a bit over-excited sometimes, like when Leo plays video games.

text: Tread – a pickup truck who is cheerful and trusty.

text: Other vehicles[edit]

text: Betsy - a bus who transports the Spring City Rockets.

text: Phillip - a Limousine who is Mayor Madison and Mr. Bentley's chauffeur.

text: Shifter – a forklift who is very zippy.

text: Lists of characters in British television animationBob the Builder

text: Articles needing cleanup from July 2010All pages needing cleanupCleanup tagged articles without a reason field from July 2010Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2010


document_title: Emergency contraception

question_text: when did the morning after pill come out

text: Emergency contraception

text: Emergency contraceptive pills[edit]

text: Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) (sometimes referred to as emergency hormonal contraception, EHC) may contain higher doses of the same hormones (estrogens, progestins, or both) found in regular combined oral contraceptive pills. Taken after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure, such higher doses may prevent pregnancy from occurring.[5]

tag: p

text: Types[edit]

text: Three types of emergency contraceptive pills are available: combined estrogen and progestin pills, progestin-only (levonorgestrel, LNG) pills, and antiprogestin (ulipristal acetate or mifepristone) pills.[6] Progestin-only and antiprogestin pills are available as dedicated (specifically packaged for use as) emergency contraceptive pills.[6][7] Combined estrogen and progestin pills are no longer available as dedicated emergency contraceptive pills, but certain regular combined oral contraceptive pills may be used as emergency contraceptive pills.[6]

text: Progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills contain levonorgestrel, either as a single tablet or as a split dose of two tablets taken 12 hours apart, effective up to 72 hours after intercourse.[6] Progestin-only ECPs are sold under many different brand names.[8][9][10] Progestin-only ECPs are available over-the-counter (OTC) in several countries (e.g. Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, India, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, United States), from a pharmacist without a prescription, and available with a prescription in some other countries.[8][9][10]

text: The antiprogestin ulipristal acetate is available as a micronized emergency contraceptive tablet, effective up to 120 hours after intercourse.[6][7] Ulipristal acetate ECPs developed by HRA Pharma are available by prescription in over 50 countries under the brand names ellaOne, ella (marketed by Watson Pharmaceuticals in the United States), Duprisal 30, Ulipristal 30, and UPRIS.[8][9][10][11]

text: The antiprogestin mifepristone (also known as RU-486) is available in five countries as a low-dose or mid-dose emergency contraceptive tablet, effective up to 120 hours after intercourse.[6][7] Low-dose mifepristone ECPs are available by prescription in Armenia, Russia, Ukraine, and Vietnam and from a pharmacist without a prescription in China.[8][9] Mid-dose mifepristone ECPs are available by prescription in China and Vietnam.[8][9]

text: Combined estrogen (ethinylestradiol) and progestin (levonorgestrel or norgestrel) pills used to be available as dedicated emergency contraceptive pills under several brand names: Schering PC4, Tetragynon, Neoprimavlar, and Preven (in the United States) but were withdrawn after more effective dedicated progestin-only (levonorgestrel) emergency contraceptive pills with fewer side effects became available.[6] If other more effective dedicated emergency contraceptive pills (levonorgestrel, ulipristal acetate, or mifepristone) are not available, specific combinations of regular combined oral contraceptive pills can be taken in split doses 12 hours apart (the Yuzpe regimen), effective up to 72 hours after intercourse.[6] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this off-label use of certain brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills in 1997.[5] As of 2014, there are 26 brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or norgestrel available in the United States that can be used in the emergency contraceptive Yuzpe regimen.[6]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Ulipristal acetate, and mid-dose mifepristone is more effective than levonorgestrel, which is more effective than the Yupse method.[12]

text: The effectiveness of emergency contraception is expressed as a percentage reduction in pregnancy rate for a single use of EC. Using an example of "75% effective", the effectiveness calculation thus:

text: ... these numbers do not translate into a pregnancy rate of 25 percent. Rather, they mean that if 1,000 women have unprotected intercourse in the middle two weeks of their menstrual cycles, approximately 80 will become pregnant. Use of emergency contraceptive pills would reduce this number by 75 percent, to 20 women.[13]

text: The progestin-only regimen (using levonorgestrel) has an 89% effectiveness. As of 2006[update], the labeling on the U.S. brand Plan B explained this effectiveness rate by stating, "Seven out of every eight women who would have gotten pregnant will not become pregnant."[14]

text: In 1999, a meta-analysis of eight studies of the combined (Yuzpe) regimen concluded that the best point estimate of effectiveness was 74%.[15] A 2003 analysis of two of the largest combined (Yuzpe) regimen studies, using a different calculation method, found effectiveness estimates of 47% and 53%.[16]

text: For both the progestin-only and Yuzpe regimens, the effectiveness of emergency contraception is highest when taken within 12 hours of intercourse and declines over time.[17][18][19] The World Health Organization (WHO) suggested that reasonable effectiveness may continue for up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse.[20]

text: For 10 mg of mifepristone taken up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse, the combined estimate from three trials was an effectiveness of 83%.[21] A review found that a moderate dose of mifepristone is better than LNG or Yuzpe.[22]

text: HRA Pharma changed its packaging information for Norlevo (which has dosage and chemical makeup identical to many other EHCs) in November 2013 warning that the drug loses effectiveness in women who weigh more than 165 pounds and is completely ineffective for women who weigh over 176 pounds.[23][24]

text: Safety[edit]

text: The most common side effect reported by users of emergency contraceptive pills was nausea (50.5% of 979 Yuzpe regimen users and 23.1% of 977 levonorgestrel-only users in the 1998 WHO trial; 14.3% of 2,720 levonorgestrel-only users in the 2002 WHO trial); vomiting is much less common and unusual with levonorgestrel-only ECPs (18.8% of 979 Yuzpe regimen users and 5.6% of levonorgestrel-only users in the 1998 WHO trial; 1.4% of 2,720 levonorgestrel-only users in the 2002 WHO trial).[17][20][25] Anti-emetics are not routinely recommended with levonorgestrel-only ECPs.[25][26] If a woman vomits within 2 hours of taking a levonorgestrel-only ECP, she should take a further dose as soon as possible.[25][27]

text: Other common side effects (each reported by less than 20% of levonorgestrel-only users in both the 1998 and 2002 WHO trials) were abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, dizziness, and breast tenderness.[17][20][25] Side effects usually do not occur for more than a few days after treatment, and they generally resolve within 24 hours.[6]

text: Temporary disruption of the menstrual cycle is also commonly experienced. If taken before ovulation, the high doses of progestogen in levonorgestrel treatments may induce progestogen withdrawal bleeding a few days after the pills are taken. One study found that about half of women who used levonorgestrel ECPs experienced bleeding within 7 days of taking the pills.[28] If levonorgestrel is taken after ovulation, it may increase the length of the luteal phase, thus delaying menstruation by a few days.[29] Mifepristone, if taken before ovulation, may delay ovulation by 3–4 days[30] (delayed ovulation may result in a delayed menstruation). These disruptions only occur in the cycle in which ECPs were taken; subsequent cycle length is not significantly affected.[28] If a woman's menstrual period is delayed by two weeks or more, it is advised that she take a pregnancy test.[31] (Earlier testing may not give accurate results.)

text: Existing pregnancy is not a contraindication in terms of safety, as there is no known harm to the woman, the course of her pregnancy, or the fetus if progestin-only or combined emergency contraception pills are accidentally used, but EC is not indicated for a woman with a known or suspected pregnancy because it is not effective in women who are already pregnant.[6][32][33][31][34][35][36][37][38]

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) lists no medical condition for which the risks of emergency contraceptive pills outweigh the benefits.[35] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and experts on emergency contraception have concluded that progestin-only ECPs may be preferable to combined ECPs containing estrogen in women with a history of blood clots, stroke, or migraine.[6][32][33]

text: There are no medical conditions in which progestin-only ECPs are contraindicated.[6][32][33][31][34][35][36] Current venous thromboembolism, current or past history of breast cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and acute intermittent porphyria are conditions where the advantages of using emergency contraceptive pills generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks.[36]

text: ECPs, like all other contraceptives, reduce the absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy by preventing pregnancies and there is no increase in the relative risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who become pregnant after using progestin-only ECPs.[6][39][40]

text: Interactions[edit]

text: The herbal preparation of St John's wort and some enzyme-inducing drugs (e.g. anticonvulsants or rifampicin) may reduce the effectiveness of ECP, and a larger dose may be required.[25][41]

text: Intrauterine device[edit]

text: An alternative to emergency contraceptive pills is the copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) which can be used up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Insertion of an IUD is more effective than use of Emergency Contraceptive Pills - pregnancy rates when used as emergency contraception are the same as with normal IUD use. IUDs may be left in place following the subsequent menstruation to provide ongoing contraception (3–10 years depending upon type).[42]

text: As regular contraception[edit]

text: One brand of levonorgestrel pills was marketed as an ongoing method of postcoital contraception.[43] However, there are serious drawbacks to such use of postcoital high-dose progestin-only oral contraceptive pills, especially if they are not used according to their package directions, but are instead used according to the package directions of emergency contraceptive pills:

text:
Due to the increasing severity of side effects with frequent use, Postinor is only recommended for women who have intercourse four or fewer times per month.[43][44]
If not used according to their package directions, but instead used according to the directions of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills (up to 72 hours after intercourse), they would be estimated to have a "perfect-use" (when not used according to their package directions but used as directed on the package directions for levonorgestrel emergency contraception pills) pregnancy rate of 20% per year when used as the sole means of contraception (as compared to a 40% annual pregnancy rate for the Yuzpe regimen).[45] These failure rates would be higher than those of almost all other birth control methods, including the rhythm method and withdrawal.[46]
Like all hormonal methods, postcoital high-dose progestin-only oral contraceptive pills do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.[47]

text: ECPs are generally recommended for backup or "emergency" use, rather than as the primary means of contraception. They are intended for use when other means of contraception have failed—for example, if a woman has forgotten to take a birth control pill or when a condom is torn during sex.[45]

text: Relationship to high risk sex and abortion[edit]

text: The current (December 2012) American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Policy Statement on Emergency Contraception says: "Despite multiple studies showing no increased risk behavior and evidence that hormonal emergency contraception will not disrupt an established pregnancy, public and medical discourse reflects that personal values of physicians and pharmacists continue to affect emergency-contraception access, particularly for adolescents."[48]

text: The latest (December 2013) review by emergency contraception experts Trussell and Raymond says: "Published evidence would seem to demonstrate convincingly that making ECPs more widely available does not increase risk-taking or adversely affect regular contraceptive use". . . ."However, reanalysis of one of the randomized trials suggests that easier access to ECPs may have increased the frequency of coital acts with the potential to lead to pregnancy."[6] and notes that four randomized controlled trials have found that advanced provision of emergency contraceptive pills did not increase rates of sexually transmitted infections or sexual risk taking.[49][50][51][52] Trussell and Raymond noted that after one of the four studies had been reanalysed later, the data did show higher sexual risk-taking,[6] specifically substituting in some cases emergency contraceptives for contraceptives such as condoms that are more effective.

text: In France, Sweden, and Britain—where Yuzpe-regimen EC had been available by prescription for more than a decade and progestin-only EC has been available without a prescription for 8, 6, and 2 years respectively—the abortion rate was stable or higher during that time period.[53] Another study concluded that distribution of free, advance supplies of EC to large numbers of women in Scotland did not reduce abortion rates.[54] A randomized controlled trial of 2000 women in China compared women with advance access to EC to women without access, and noted that the pregnancy rate was the same between the two groups. The study observed that "...providing EC in advance increases use, but there is no direct evidence that it reduces unintended pregnancy" and concluded that EC may not lower abortion rates.[55]

text: In September 2006, emergency contraception expert Anna Glasier wrote a BMJ editorial entitled "Emergency Contraception. Is it worth all the fuss?" that said in closing: "So is emergency contraception worth the fuss? If you are a woman who has had unprotected sex then of course it is, because emergency contraception will prevent pregnancy in some women some of the time—and if you don’t want to get pregnant anything is better than nothing. If you are the CMAJ’s editor or FDA commissioner then yes, because scientific freedom is worth the fight. If you are looking for an intervention that will reduce abortion rates, emergency contraception may not be the solution, and perhaps you should concentrate most on encouraging people to use contraception before or during sex, not after it."[56]

text: EC and sexual assault[edit]

text: Before EC was used in the general population or defined as "emergency contraception," it was used, beginning in the 1960s and 70s, specifically for women who had been sexually assaulted.[57][58] Pregnancy rates among rape victims of child-bearing age are around 5%; in the U.S., about half of rape victims who become pregnant have abortions.[59] Although EC is commonly used as an option for victims of sexual assault, some researchers believe such use is a public health measure that is not sufficiently widespread.[60]

text: Mechanism of action[edit]

text: The primary mechanism of action of progestogen-only emergency contraceptive pills is to prevent fertilization by inhibition of ovulation.[3][25][39][61][62][63] The best available evidence is that they do not have any post-fertilization effects such as the prevention of implantation.[3][25][39][61][62][63] The U.S. FDA-approved labels and European EMA-approved labels (except for HRA Pharma's NorLevo) levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills (based on labels for regular oral contraceptive pills) say they may cause endometrial changes that discourage implantation.[64][65][66] Daily use of regular oral contraceptive pills can alter the endometrium (although this has not been proven to interfere with implantation), but the isolated use of a levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill does not have time to alter the endometrium.[64] In March 2011, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) issued a statement that: "review of the evidence suggests that LNG [levonorgestreol] ECPs cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg. Language on implantation should not be included in LNG ECP product labeling."[64][67] In June 2012, a New York Times editorial called on the FDA to remove from the label the unsupported suggestion that levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills inhibit implantation.[68] In November 2013, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved a change to the label for HRA Pharma's NorLevo saying it cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.[69]

text: Progestogen-only emergency contraceptive does not appear to affect the function of the Fallopian tubes or increase the rate of ectopic pregnancies.[70]

text: The primary mechanism of action of progesterone receptor modulator emergency contraceptive pills like low-dose and mid-dose mifepristone and ulipristal acetate is to prevent fertilization by inhibition or delay of ovulation.[3][25][61][62][63][71] One clinical study found that post-ovulatory administration of ulipristal acetate altered the endometrium, but whether the changes would inhibit implantation is unknown.[3][72] The European EMA-approved labels for ulipristal acetate emergency contraceptive pills do not mention an effect on implantation, but the U.S. FDA-approved label says: "alterations to the endometrium that may affect implantation may also contribute to efficacy."[64][73][74]

text: The primary mechanism of action of copper-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs) as emergency contraceptives is to prevent fertilization because of copper toxicity to sperm and ova.[3][25] The very high effectiveness of copper-releasing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies that they must also prevent some pregnancies by post-fertilization effects such as prevention of implantation.[3][25][61]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1966, gynecologist John McLean Morris and biologist Gertrude Van Wagenen at the Yale School of Medicine reported the successful use of oral high-dose estrogen pills as post-coital contraceptives in women and rhesus macaque monkeys, respectively.[75][76] A few different drugs were studied, with a focus on high-dose estrogens, and it was originally hoped that postcoital contraception would prove viable as an ongoing contraceptive method.[77]

text: The first widely used methods were five-day treatments with high-dose estrogens, using diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the US and ethinylestradiol in the Netherlands by Dr. Haspels.[78][79]

text: In the early 1970s, the Yuzpe regimen was developed by A. Albert Yuzpe in 1974;[80] progestin-only postcoital contraception was investigated (1975);[81] and the copper IUD was first studied for use as emergency contraception (1975).[82] Danazol was tested in the early 1980s in the hopes that it would have fewer side effects than Yuzpe, but was found to be ineffective.[83]

text: The Yuzpe regimen became the standard course of treatment for postcoital contraception in many countries in the 1980s. The first prescription-only combined estrogen-progestin dedicated product, Schering PC4 (ethinylestradiol and norgestrel), was approved in the UK in January 1984 and first marketed in October 1984.[84] Schering introduced a second prescription-only combined product, Tetragynon (ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel) in Germany in 1985.[1] By 1997, Schering AG dedicated prescription-only combined products had been approved in only 9 countries: the UK (Schering PC4), New Zealand (Schering PC4), South Africa (E-Gen-C), Germany (Tetragynon), Switzerland (Tetragynon), Denmark (Tetragynon), Norway (Tetragynon), Sweden (Tetragynon) and Finland (Neoprimavlar); and had been withdrawn from marketing in New Zealand in 1997 to prevent it being sold over-the-counter.[2] [3][permanent dead link] [4] Regular combined oral contraceptive pills (which were less expensive and more widely available) were more commonly used for the Yuzpe regimen even in countries where dedicated products were available.[85]

text: Over time, interest in progestin-only treatments increased. The Special Program on Human Reproduction (HRP), an international organization whose members include the World Bank and World Health Organization, "played a pioneering role in emergency contraception" by "confirming the effectiveness of levonorgestrel."[86] After the WHO conducted a large trial comparing Yuzpe and levonorgestrel in 1998,[87][88] combined estrogen-progestin products were gradually withdrawn from some markets (Preven in the United States discontinued May 2004, Schering PC4 in the UK discontinued October 2001, and Tetragynon in France) in favor of progestin-only EC, although prescription-only dedicated Yuzpe regimen products are still available in some countries.

text: In 2002, China became the first country in which mifepristone was registered for use as EC.

text: Calculating effectiveness[edit]

text: Early studies of emergency contraceptives did not attempt to calculate a failure rate; they simply reported the number of women who became pregnant after using an emergency contraceptive. Since 1980, clinical trials of emergency contraception have first calculated probable pregnancies in the study group if no treatment were given. The effectiveness is calculated by dividing observed pregnancies by the estimated number of pregnancies without treatment.[89]

text: Placebo-controlled trials that could give a precise measure of the pregnancy rate without treatment would be unethical, so the effectiveness percentage is based on estimated pregnancy rates. These are currently estimated using variants of the calendar method.[90] Women with irregular cycles for any reason (including recent hormone use such as oral contraceptives and breastfeeding) must be excluded from such calculations. Even for women included in the calculation, the limitations of calendar methods of fertility determination have long been recognized. In their February 2014 emergency review article, Trussell and Raymond note:

text: Calculation of effectiveness, and particularly the denominator of the fraction, involves many assumptions that are difficult to validate...The risk of pregnancy for women requesting ECPs appears to be lower than assumed in the estimates of ECP efficacy, which are consequently likely to be overestimates. Yet, precise estimates of efficacy may not be highly relevant to many women who have had unprotected intercourse, since ECPs are often the only available treatment.[6]

text: In 1999, hormonal assay was suggested as a more accurate method of estimating fertility for EC studies.[91]

text: United States[edit]

text: DES[edit]

text:
In 1971, a New England Journal of Medicine editorial calling attention to previously published studies on the use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive at Yale University, and a large study published in JAMA on the use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive at the University of Michigan, led to off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive becoming prevalent at many university health services.[92][93]
In May 1973, in an attempt to restrict off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive to emergency situations such as rape, a FDA Drug Bulletin was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists that said the FDA had approved, under restricted conditions, postcoital contraceptive use of DES.[94] (In February 1975, the FDA Commissioner testified that the only error in the May 1973 FDA Drug Bulletin was that the FDA had not approved postcoital contraceptive use of DES.)[95]
In September 1973, the FDA published a proposed rule specifying patient labeling and special packaging requirements for any manufacturer seeking FDA approval to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive, inviting manufacturers to submit abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) for that indication, and notifying manufacturers that the FDA intended to order the withdrawal of DES 25 mg tablets (which were being used off-label as postcoital contraceptives).[96][97][97][98]
In late 1973, Eli Lilly, the largest U.S. manufacturer of DES, discontinued its DES 25 mg tablets and in March 1974 sent a letter to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists telling them it did not recommend use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive.[95]
Only one pharmaceutical company, Tablicaps, Inc., a small manufacturer of generic drugs, ever submitted (in January 1974) an ANDA for use of DES as an emergency postcoital contraceptive, and the FDA never approved it.[95][99]
In February 1975, the FDA said it had not yet approved DES as a postcoital contraceptive, but would after March 8, 1975 permit marketing of DES for that indication in emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer obtained an approved ANDA that provided patient labeling and special packaging as set out in a FDA final rule published in February 1975.[100] To discourage off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive, in February 1975 the FDA ordered DES 25 mg (and higher) tablets removed from the market and ordered the labeling of lower doses (5 mg and lower) of DES still approved for other indications be changed to state: "THIS DRUG PRODUCT SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVE" in block capital letters on the first line of the physician prescribing information package insert and in a prominent and conspicuous location of the container and carton label.[97][101]
In March 1978, a FDA Drug Bulletin was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists which said: "FDA has not yet given approval for any manufacturer to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive. The Agency, however, will approve this indication for emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer provides patient labeling and special packaging. To discourage 'morning after' use of DES without patient labeling, FDA has removed from the market the 25 mg tablets of DES, formerly used for this purpose."[102]
In the 1980s, off-label use of the Yuzpe regimen superseded off-label use of DES for postcoital contraception.[99][103][104]

DES is no longer commercially available in the U.S.; Eli Lilly, the last U.S. manufacturer, ceased production in spring 1997.[105]

text: Preven[edit]

text:
On February 25, 1997, the FDA posted a notice in the Federal Register saying it had concluded that the Yuzpe regimen was safe and effective for off-label use as postcoital EC, was prepared to accept NDAs for COCPs labeled as ECPs, and listed 6 then available COCPs (there are now 22) that could be used as ECPs.[5]
On September 1, 1998, the FDA approved the prescription Yuzpe regimen Preven Emergency Contraception Kit (which contained a urine pregnancy test and 4 COCPs).[106] Preven was discontinued in May 2004.[107]

text: Plan B[edit]

text:
On July 28, 1999, the FDA approved the prescription progestin-only Plan B (two 750 µg levonorgestrel pills) emergency contraceptive.[108]
On August 24, 2006, the FDA approved nonprescription behind-the-counter access to Plan B from pharmacies staffed by a licensed pharmacist for women 18 or older; a prescription-only form of Plan B was made available for younger females aged 17 and younger.[109]
On November 6, 2006, Barr Pharmaceuticals announced that its subsidiary, Duramed Pharmaceuticals, had initiated shipment of dual-label Plan B OTC/Rx and it would be available in pharmacies across the U.S. by mid-November 2006.[110]
On March 23, 2009, a US judge ordered the FDA to allow 17-year-olds to acquire Plan B without a prescription.[111] This now changes the August 24, 2006 ruling and Plan B is now available "behind the counter" for men and women. There is a prescription method available for girls under 17.
On April 30, 2013, the FDA approved (with three-year marketing exclusivity) Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Plan B One-Step for sale without a prescription to anyone age 15 or over who can show proof of age such as a driver's license, birth certificate, or passport to a drug store retail clerk.[112] Generic one-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives and all two-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives will remain restricted to sale from a pharmacist—without a prescription to anyone age 17 or over who can show proof of age.[112]
On June 10, 2013, the Obama administration ceased trying to block the over-the-counter availability the pill for all women and girls. With this reversal it means that any woman or girl will be able to purchase the Plan B One-Step without a prescription.[113]

text: Availability[edit]


document_title: Blue Lagoon: The Awakening

question_text: who plays dean in blue lagoon the awakening

text: Blue Lagoon: The Awakening

text: Plot[edit]

text: Emma and Dean are high school students on a class trip to Trinidad to build a school for less fortunate children. Emma is the star pupil with excellent grades and plans for her life set out before her. When the high school quarterback begins flirting with her, her friends pressure her to start a relationship with him, but she instead continues throwing furtive glances at Dean, a mysterious loner who routinely gets in trouble and doesn't socialize much since his mother passed years earlier. After his knife is confiscated, his father pulls strings to get his son back on the trip. On their first night in Trinidad they separately attend a boat party, where Emma is hurt to see one of her friends kissing the quarterback. During the boat party, Emma falls overboard when the party is interrupted by a police raid. Dean jumps into the water and helps her into a dinghy. Not wanting to get into any more trouble, Dean severs the rope attaching the dinghy to the party boat, only to find it has no motor.

text: The pair drift to an island, avoiding dangerous rocks by using the one paddle in the dinghy. They search the island for life, but learn they are alone, and now stranded, the dinghy having washed away while they were exploring. Back home, their parents, alerted that the pair was last seen on the party boat, desperately search for them. Wondering if they will ever be rescued, Emma and Dean must rely on each other to survive. Together they learn to build a fire, fish, and find food. At first they are friends, but eventually their bond evolves into a romantic relationship. When they find a skeleton of presumably the last person stranded on the island, Dean calms her by kissing her and the two give in to their growing feelings by having sex.

text: After extensive searching, the Trinidad government officially gives up on the two, while Dean's father Jack and Emma's mother Barbara stay longer and privately fund their own search. As the search remains fruitless and they can no longer neglect their other responsibilities, they both return home. The morning after their sexual encounter, Emma finds Dean digging a grave for the skeleton. When she questions his behavior he becomes irritable, but she eventually coaxes him into admitting he was hoping to find closure over the death of his mother. Dean tells Emma he never attended his mother's funeral out of guilt over inadvertently causing the accident that killed her, while Emma reveals that the path she is on in life was set out for her by her parents and she never really questioned it. As their sexual relations continue they share further intimate details, including a mutual desire to eventually have children, but the difficulty of life on the island and concern about her loved ones is increasingly a strain on Emma.

text: After being stranded for over 100 days, they are rescued by a tourist helicopter. They are met by family, friends and the media. Emma is thrust back into a more popular position in school while Dean, still somewhat of an outcast, refrains from approaching her in public. Readjusting to their everyday lives, their relationship becomes somewhat strained and distant. Emma attends the prom, and Dean eventually decides to go as well after a little push by his father. At the prom, Emma spots Dean outside, watching her through the window as it is pouring rain on him. Emma goes out to meet him after encouragement from her best friend Lizzie. Emma and Dean kiss passionately and then dance together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Indiana Evans as Emmaline "Emma" Robinson
Brenton Thwaites as Dean McMullen
Denise Richards as Barbara Robinson (Emma's mother)
Patrick St. Esprit as Jack McMullen (Dean's widowed father)
Frank John Hughes as Phil Robinson (Emma's father)
Alix Elizabeth Gitter as Lizzie (one of Emma's friends)
Carrie Wampler as Stacey Robinson (Emma's younger sister)
Hayley Kiyoko as Helen (one of Emma's friends)
Aimee Carrero as Jude (one of Emma's friends)
Annie Tedesco as Ms. Collier (one of the teachers on the trip)
Christopher Atkins as Mr. Christiansen (one of the teachers on the trip)

text: Production[edit]

text: Male lead Brenton Thwaites recounted that he had never heard of the Blue Lagoon films before, and upon being cast he watched the previous two films for research, though he admitted he couldn't bring himself to watch Return to the Blue Lagoon in its entirety.[2]

text: During filming of the scenes in the lagoon, Thwaites and co-star Indiana Evans were so cold that they couldn't talk properly, necessitating that automated dialogue replacement be applied to these scenes.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Blue Lagoon: The Awakening received more mixed reviews than the previous two films in the franchise, and was often compared favorably to the critically reviled 1980 film. Linda Stasi commented in The New York Post, "Unlike the original where nudie scenes were followed by fornicating turtles (kill me!), here their 'awakening' is tastefully done with nothing much showing except their emotions." She assessed the film overall as silly but enjoyable.[3] In contrast to Stasi, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette cited the lack of physical explicitness in the sex scenes as a major weak point of the film, and said the ending was "particularly weak and nonsensical".[4] However, Mike Hale of The New York Times shared Stasi's impression of the film as a solid guilty pleasure. He commented that "the new film lacks the glowing cinematography of Néstor Almendros, who was nominated for an Oscar for 'The Blue Lagoon.' But under the direction of Mikael Salomon and Jake Newsome, 'The Awakening' offers occasional honest moments of humor and adolescent angst: Ms. Evans and Mr. Thwaites are in their early 20s and better actors than Ms. Shields and Mr. Atkins were in their teens."[5]


document_title: Chin (combat sports)

question_text: what does it mean to have a strong chin

question_tokens: what does it mean to have a strong chin

text: Chin (combat sports)

text: Overview[edit]

text: A fighter with a "good chin" refers to a fighter with the ability to absorb blows to the chin or jaw without being struck unconscious, which can also be called a "granite chin", an "iron chin" or similar. Generally, the jaw portion of the skull, and specifically the point of the chin, is the area most vulnerable to a knock-out blow and therefore having an exceptional tolerance to punishment in this area is a great advantage to a fighter.

text: A "bad chin", "suspect chin", or "glass jaw" refers to fighters with limited ability to absorb punishment to the chin or jaw. Many clubfighters and journeymen may have glass chins, although it may depend on weight class or sometimes legs. Some boxing experts, such as Teddy Atlas, believe it to be a mindframe. Additionally, some fighters have been known to have better chins as a result of moving up to a higher weight class. One example of this is Miguel Cotto, who was seen as having a relatively weak chin at light welterweight but was harder to hurt once he moved up to welterweight.[1]

text: Notable chins[edit]

text: Boxing[edit]

text: The following boxers have been known to possess a strong chin:

text:
Arthur Abraham[2]
Muhammad Ali[3]
Canelo Álvarez[4]
Carmen Basilio[5]
George Chuvalo[5]
Randall "Tex" Cobb[3]
Chris Eubank[6]
Tommy Farr[5]
George Foreman[7]
Gene Fullmer[5]
Kid Gavilan[5]
Gennady Golovkin[8]
Harry Greb[5]
Marvin Hagler[5]
Evander Holyfield[7]
Bernard Hopkins[9]
Glen Johnson[10]
Vitali Klitschko[7]
Jake LaMotta[5]
Rocky Marciano[5]
Oliver McCall[7]
Wayne McCullough[9]
Ray Mercer[7]
Carlos Monzón[5]
Ruslan Provodnikov[2]
Sugar Ray Robinson[3]
Barney Ross[3]
Salvador Sanchez[3]
James Toney[9]
David Tua[9]

text: Kickboxing[edit]

text: The following kickboxers have been known to possess a strong chin:

text:
Remy Bonjasky[11]
Francois Botha[11]
Bovy Sor Udomson[12]
Choi Hong-man[11]
Lloyd van Dams[11]
Francisco Filho[11]
Daniel Ghiţă[13]
Mark Hunt[14]
Alexey Ignashov[15]
Ray Sefo[16]
Semmy Schilt[11]

text: Mixed martial arts[edit]

text: The following list of mixed martial artists are known to have a strong chin:

text:
Yoshihiro Akiyama[17]
Stephan Bonnar[18][19]
Shane Carwin[20]
Daniel Cormier[21]
Carlos Condit[22]
Patrick Côté[23]
Nick Diaz[18]
Nate Diaz[24]
Junior Dos Santos [25]
Brian Ebersole[26]
Frankie Edgar[27]
Fedor Emelianenko (earlier in his career)[28]
Don Frye[29]
Kazuyuki Fujita[30]
Leonard Garcia[31]
Clay Guida[18][32]
Dan Henderson[18][33]
Heath Herring[34]
Mark Hunt[14][35]
Quinton Jackson[36]
John Lineker[37]
Chris Lytle[38]
Roy Nelson[39][40]
Ian McCall[41]
BJ Penn [42]
Kazushi Sakuraba [43]
Diego Sanchez[18][44]