document_title: Carburetor

question_text: what does a diaphragm do on a carburetor

question_tokens: what does a diaphragm do on a carburetor

text: Carburetor

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word carburetor comes from the French carbure meaning "carbide".[2][3] Carburer means to combine with carbon (compare also carburizing). In fuel chemistry, the term has the more specific meaning of increasing the carbon (and therefore energy) content of a fluid by mixing it with a volatile hydrocarbon.

text: History and development[edit]

text: The first carburetor was invented by Samuel Morey in 1826. Later, Enrico Bernardi developed another carburetor at the University of Padua in 1882, for his Motrice Pia, the first petrol combustion engine (one cylinder, 121.6 cc) prototyped on 5 August 1882.[citation needed]

text: A carburetor was among the early patents by Karl Benz (1888)[4] as he developed internal combustion engines and their components.[5]

text: Early carburetors were of the surface type, in which air is combined with fuel by passing over the surface of gasoline.[6]

text: In 1885, Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler developed a float carburetor based on the atomizer nozzle.[7] The Daimler-Maybach carburetor was copied extensively, leading to patent lawsuits. British courts rejected the Daimler company's claim of priority in favor of Edward Butler's 1884 spray carburetor used on his Petrol Cycle.[8]

text: Hungarian engineers János Csonka and Donát Bánki patented a carburetor for a stationary engine in 1893.[9][10]

text: Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham, England, experimented with the wick carburetor in cars. In 1896, Frederick and his brother built the first gasoline-driven car in England, a single cylinder 5 hp (3.7 kW) internal combustion engine with chain drive. Unhappy with the car's performance and power, they re-designed the engine the following year using two horizontally-opposed cylinders and a newly designed wick carburetor.

text: Carburetors were the common method of fuel delivery for most US-made gasoline engines until the late 1980s, when fuel injection became the preferred method.[11] This change was mostly dictated by the requirements of catalytic converters and not due to an inherent inefficiency of carburation. A catalytic converter requires more precise control over the fuel / air mixture in order to accurately control the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases. In the U.S. market, the last cars using carburetors were:

text:
1990 (General public) : Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Buick Estate Wagon, Cadillac Brougham, Honda Prelude (Base Model), Subaru Justy
1991 (Police) : Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor with the 5.8 L (351 cu in) V8 engine.
1991 (SUV) : Jeep Grand Wagoneer with the AMC 360 cu in (5.9 L) V8 engine.[12]
1993 (Light Truck) : Mazda B2200
1994 (Light truck) : Isuzu[13]

text: In Australia, some cars continued to use carburetors well into the 1990s; these included the Honda Civic (1993), the Ford Laser (1994), the Mazda 323 and Mitsubishi Magna sedans (1996), the Daihatsu Charade (1997), and the Suzuki Swift (1999). Low-cost commercial vans and 4WDs in Australia continued with carburetors even into the 2000s, the last being the Mitsubishi Express van in 2003.[citation needed] Elsewhere, certain Lada cars used carburetors until 2006. Many motorcycles still use carburetors for simplicity's sake, since a carburetor does not require an electrical system to function. Carburetors are also still found in small engines and in older or specialized automobiles, such as those designed for stock car racing, though NASCAR's 2011 Sprint Cup season was the last one with carbureted engines; electronic fuel injection was used beginning with the 2012 race season in Cup.[14]

text: In Europe, carburetor-engined cars were being gradually phased out by the end of the 1980s in favor of fuel injection, which was already the established type of engine on more expensive vehicles including luxury and sports models. EEC legislation required all vehicles sold and produced in member countries to have a catalytic converter after December 1992. This legislation had been in the pipeline for some time, with many cars becoming available with catalytic converters or fuel injection from around 1990. However, some versions of the Peugeot 106 were sold with carburettor engines from its launch in 1991, as were versions of the Renault Clio and Nissan Primera (launched in 1990) and initially all versions of Ford Fiesta range except the XR2i when it was launched in 1989. Luxury car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz had been producing mechanically fuel-injected cars since the early 1950s, while the first mainstream family car to feature fuel injection was the Volkswagen Golf GTI in 1976. Ford's first fuel-injected car was the Ford Capri RS 2600 in 1970. General Motors launched its first fuel-injected car in 1957 as an option available for the first generation Corvette. Saab switched to fuel injection across its whole range from 1982.

text: Principles[edit]

text: The carburetor works on Bernoulli's principle: the faster air moves, the lower its static pressure, and the higher its dynamic pressure. The throttle (accelerator) linkage does not directly control the flow of liquid fuel. Instead, it actuates carburetor mechanisms which meter the flow of air being pushed into the engine. The speed of this flow, and therefore its pressure, determines the amount of fuel drawn into the airstream.

text: When carburetors are used in aircraft with piston engines, special designs and features are needed to prevent fuel starvation during inverted flight. Later engines used an early form of fuel injection known as a pressure carburetor.

text: Most production carbureted engines, as opposed to fuel-injected, have a single carburetor and a matching intake manifold that divides and transports the air fuel mixture to the intake valves, though some engines (like motorcycle engines) use multiple carburetors on split heads. Multiple carburetor engines were also common enhancements for modifying engines in the USA from the 1950s to mid-1960s, as well as during the following decade of high-performance muscle cars, fueling different chambers of the engine's intake manifold.

text: Older engines used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits through the top. This had the advantage of never flooding the engine, as any liquid fuel droplets would fall out of the carburetor instead of into the intake manifold; it also lent itself to use of an oil bath air cleaner, where a pool of oil below a mesh element below the carburetor is sucked up into the mesh and the air is drawn through the oil-covered mesh; this was an effective system in a time when paper air filters did not exist.

text: Beginning in the late 1930s, downdraft carburetors were the most popular type for automotive use in the United States. In Europe, the sidedraft carburetors replaced downdraft as free space in the engine bay decreased and the use of the SU-type carburetor (and similar units from other manufacturers) increased. Some small propeller-driven aircraft engines still use the updraft carburetor design.

text: Outboard motor carburetors are typically sidedraft, because they must be stacked one on top of the other in order to feed the cylinders in a vertically oriented cylinder block.

text: The main disadvantage of basing a carburetor's operation on Bernoulli's Principle is that, being a fluid dynamic device, the pressure reduction in a venturi tends to be proportional to the square of the intake air speed. The fuel jets are much smaller and limited mainly by viscosity, so that the fuel flow tends to be proportional to the pressure difference. So jets sized for full power tend to starve the engine at lower speed and part throttle. Most commonly this has been corrected by using multiple jets. In SU and other movable jet carburetors, it was corrected by varying the jet size. For cold starting, a different principle was used in multi-jet carburetors. A flow resisting valve called a choke, similar to the throttle valve, was placed upstream of the main jet to reduce the intake pressure and suck additional fuel out of the jets.

text: Operation[edit]

text: Under all engine operating conditions, the carburetor must:

text:
Measure the airflow of the engine
Deliver the correct amount of fuel to keep the fuel/air mixture in the proper range (adjusting for factors such as temperature)
Mix the two finely and evenly

text: This job would be simple if air and gasoline (petrol) were ideal fluids; in practice, however, their deviations from ideal behavior due to viscosity, fluid drag, inertia, etc. require a great deal of complexity to compensate for exceptionally high or low engine speeds. A carburetor must provide the proper fuel/air mixture across a wide range of ambient temperatures, atmospheric pressures, engine speeds and loads, and centrifugal forces:

text:
Cold start
Hot start
Idling or slow-running
Acceleration
High speed / high power at full throttle
Cruising at part throttle (light load)

text: In addition, modern carburetors are required to do this while maintaining low rates of exhaust emissions.

text: To function correctly under all these conditions, most carburetors contain a complex set of mechanisms to support several different operating modes, called circuits.

text: Basics[edit]

text: A carburetor basically consists of an open pipe through which the air passes into the inlet manifold of the engine. The pipe is in the form of a venturi: it narrows in section and then widens again, causing the airflow to increase in speed in the narrowest part. Below the venturi is a butterfly valve called the throttle valve — a rotating disc that can be turned end-on to the airflow, so as to hardly restrict the flow at all, or can be rotated so that it (almost) completely blocks the flow of air. This valve controls the flow of air through the carburetor throat and thus the quantity of air/fuel mixture the system will deliver, thereby regulating engine power and speed. The throttle is connected, usually through a cable or a mechanical linkage of rods and joints or rarely by pneumatic link, to the accelerator pedal on a car, a throttle level in an aircraft or the equivalent control on other vehicles or equipment.

text: Fuel is introduced into the air stream through small holes at the narrowest part of the venturi and at other places where pressure will be lowered when not running on full throttle. Fuel flow is adjusted by means of precisely calibrated orifices, referred to as jets, in the fuel path.

text: Off-idle circuit[edit]

text: As the throttle is opened up slightly from the fully closed position, the throttle plate uncovers additional fuel delivery holes behind the throttle plate where there is a low pressure area created by the throttle plate/Valve blocking air flow; these allow more fuel to flow as well as compensating for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is opened, thus smoothing the transition to metering fuel flow through the regular open throttle circuit.

text: Main open-throttle circuit[edit]

text: As the throttle is progressively opened, the manifold vacuum is lessened since there is less restriction on the airflow, reducing the flow through the idle and off-idle circuits. This is where the venturi shape of the carburetor throat comes into play, due to Bernoulli's principle (i.e., as the velocity increases, pressure falls). The venturi raises the air velocity, and this high speed and thus low pressure sucks fuel into the airstream through a nozzle or nozzles located in the center of the venturi. Sometimes one or more additional booster venturis are placed coaxially within the primary venturi to increase the effect.

text: As the throttle is closed, the airflow through the venturi drops until the lowered pressure is insufficient to maintain this fuel flow, and the idle circuit takes over again, as described above.

text: Bernoulli's principle, which is a function of the velocity of the fluid, is a dominant effect for large openings and large flow rates, but since fluid flow at small scales and low speeds (low Reynolds number) is dominated by viscosity, Bernoulli's principle is ineffective at idle or slow running and in the very small carburetors of the smallest model engines. Small model engines have flow restrictions ahead of the jets to reduce the pressure enough to suck the fuel into the air flow. Similarly the idle and slow running jets of large carburetors are placed after the throttle valve where the pressure is reduced partly by viscous drag, rather than by Bernoulli's principle. The most common rich mixture device for starting cold engines was the choke, which works on the same principle.

text: Power valve[edit]

text: For open throttle operation a richer mixture will produce more power, prevent pre-ignition detonation, and keep the engine cooler. This is usually addressed with a spring-loaded "power valve", which is held shut by engine vacuum. As the throttle opens up, the vacuum decreases and the spring opens the valve to let more fuel into the main circuit. On two-stroke engines, the operation of the power valve is the reverse of normal — it is normally "on" and at a set rpm it is turned "off". It is activated at high rpm to extend the engine's rev range, capitalizing on a two-stroke's tendency to rev higher momentarily when the mixture is lean.

text: Alternative to employing a power valve, the carburetor may utilize a metering rod or step-up rod system to enrich the fuel mixture under high-demand conditions. Such systems were originated by Carter Carburetor[citation needed] in the 1950s for the primary two venturis of their four barrel carburetors, and step-up rods were widely used on most 1-, 2-, and 4-barrel Carter carburetors through the end of production in the 1980s. The step-up rods are tapered at the bottom end, which extends into the main metering jets. The tops of the rods are connected to a vacuum piston or a mechanical linkage which lifts the rods out of the main jets when the throttle is opened (mechanical linkage) or when manifold vacuum drops (vacuum piston). When the step-up rod is lowered into the main jet, it restricts the fuel flow. When the step-up rod is raised out of the jet, more fuel can flow through it. In this manner, the amount of fuel delivered is tailored to the transient demands of the engine. Some 4-barrel carburetors use metering rods only on the primary two venturis, but some use them on both primary and secondary circuits, as in the Rochester Quadrajet.

text: Accelerator pump[edit]

text: Liquid gasoline, being denser than air, is slower than air to react to a force applied to it. When the throttle is rapidly opened, airflow through the carburetor increases immediately, faster than the fuel flow rate can increase. This transient oversupply of air causes a lean mixture, which makes the engine misfire (or "stumble")—an effect opposite to that which was demanded by opening the throttle. This is remedied by the use of a small piston or diaphragm pump which, when actuated by the throttle linkage, forces a small amount of gasoline through a jet into the carburetor throat.[15] This extra shot of fuel counteracts the transient lean condition on throttle tip-in. Most accelerator pumps are adjustable for volume or duration by some means. Eventually, the seals around the moving parts of the pump wear such that pump output is reduced; this reduction of the accelerator pump shot causes stumbling under acceleration until the seals on the pump are renewed.

text: The accelerator pump is also used to prime the engine with fuel prior to a cold start. Excessive priming, like an improperly adjusted choke, can cause flooding. This is when too much fuel and not enough air are present to support combustion. For this reason, most carburetors are equipped with an unloader mechanism: The accelerator is held at wide open throttle while the engine is cranked, the unloader holds the choke open and admits extra air, and eventually the excess fuel is cleared out and the engine starts.

text: Choke[edit]

text: When the engine is cold, fuel vaporizes less readily and tends to condense on the walls of the intake manifold, starving the cylinders of fuel and making the engine difficult to start; thus, a richer mixture (more fuel to air) is required to start and run the engine until it warms up. A richer mixture is also easier to ignite.

text: To provide the extra fuel, a choke is typically used; this is a device that restricts the flow of air at the entrance to the carburetor, before the venturi. With this restriction in place, extra vacuum is developed in the carburetor barrel, which pulls extra fuel through the main metering system to supplement the fuel being pulled from the idle and off-idle circuits. This provides the rich mixture required to sustain operation at low engine temperatures.

text: In addition, the choke can be connected to a cam (the fast idle cam) or other such device which prevents the throttle plate from closing fully while the choke is in operation. This causes the engine to idle at a higher speed. Fast idle serves as a way to help the engine warm up quickly, and give a more stable idle while cold by increasing airflow throughout the intake system which helps to better atomize the cold fuel.

text: In older carbureted cars, the choke was controlled manually by a Bowden cable and pull-knob on the dashboard. For easier, more convenient driving, automatic chokes; first introduced on the 1932 Oldsmobile, became popular in the late 1950s. These were controlled by a thermostat employing a bimetallic spring. When cold, the spring would contract, closing the choke plate. Upon startup the spring would be heated by engine coolant, exhaust heat or an electric heating coil. As it was heated, the spring would slowly expand and open the choke plate. A choke unloader is a linkage arrangement that forces the choke open against its spring when the vehicle's accelerator is moved to the end of its travel. This provision allows a "flooded" engine to be cleared out so that it will start.

text: Forgetting to deactivate the choke once the engine achieved operating temperature would waste fuel and increase emissions. To meet increasingly stringent emission requirements, some cars that still retained manual chokes (from around 1980, depending on market) began to have choke opening automatically controlled by a thermostat employing a bimetallic spring, heated by the engine coolant.

text: The 'choke' for constant-depression carburettors such as the SU or Stromberg does not use a choke valve in the air circuit but instead has a mixture enrichment circuit to increase fuel flow by opening the metering jet further or by opening an additional fuel jet or 'enrichment'. Typically used on small engines, notably motorcycles, enrichments work by opening a secondary fuel circuit below the throttle valves. This circuit works exactly like the idle circuit, and when engaged it simply supplies extra fuel when the throttle is closed.

text: Classic British motorcycles, with side-draft slide-throttle carburetors, used another type of "cold start device", called a "tickler". This is simply a spring-loaded rod that, when depressed, manually pushes the float down and allows excess fuel to fill the float bowl and flood the intake tract. If the "tickler" is held down too long it also floods the outside of the carburetor and the crankcase below, and is therefore a fire hazard.

text: Other elements[edit]

text: The interactions between each circuit may also be affected by various mechanical or air pressure connections and also by temperature sensitive and electrical components. These are introduced for reasons such as response, fuel efficiency or automobile emissions control. Various air bleeds (often chosen from a precisely calibrated range, similarly to the jets) allow air into various portions of the fuel passages to enhance fuel delivery and vaporization. Extra refinements may be included in the carburetor/manifold combination, such as some form of heating to aid fuel vaporization such as an early fuel evaporator.

text: Fuel supply[edit]

text: Float chamber[edit]

text: To ensure a ready mixture, the carburetor has a "float chamber" (or "bowl") that contains a quantity of fuel at near-atmospheric pressure, ready for use. This reservoir is constantly replenished with fuel supplied by a fuel pump. The correct fuel level in the bowl is maintained by means of a float controlling an inlet valve, in a manner very similar to that employed in a cistern (e.g. a toilet tank). As fuel is used up, the float drops, opening the inlet valve and admitting fuel. As the fuel level rises, the float rises and closes the inlet valve. The level of fuel maintained in the float bowl can usually be adjusted, whether by a setscrew or by something crude such as bending the arm to which the float is connected. This is usually a critical adjustment, and the proper adjustment is indicated by lines inscribed into a window on the float bowl, or a measurement of how far the float hangs below the top of the carburetor when disassembled, or similar. Floats can be made of different materials, such as sheet brass soldered into a hollow shape, or of plastic; hollow floats can spring small leaks and plastic floats can eventually become porous and lose their flotation; in either case the float will fail to float, fuel level will be too high, and the engine will not run unless the float is replaced. The valve itself becomes worn on its sides by its motion in its "seat" and will eventually try to close at an angle, and thus fails to shut off the fuel completely; again, this will cause excessive fuel flow and poor engine operation. Conversely, as the fuel evaporates from the float bowl, it leaves sediment, residue, and varnishes behind, which clog the passages and can interfere with the float operation. This is particularly a problem in automobiles operated for only part of the year and left to stand with full float chambers for months at a time; commercial fuel stabilizer additives are available that reduce this problem.

text: The fuel stored in the chamber (bowl) can be a problem in hot climates. If the engine is shut off while hot, the temperature of the fuel will increase, sometimes boiling ("percolation"). This can result in flooding and difficult or impossible restarts while the engine is still warm, a phenomenon known as "heat soak". Heat deflectors and insulating gaskets attempt to minimize this effect. The Carter Thermo-Quad carburetor has float chambers manufactured of insulating plastic (phenolic), said to keep the fuel 20 degrees Fahrenheit (11 degrees Celsius) cooler.

text: Usually, special vent tubes allow atmospheric pressure to be maintained in the float chamber as the fuel level changes; these tubes usually extend into the carburetor throat. Placement of these vent tubes is critical to prevent fuel from sloshing out of them into the carburetor, and sometimes they are modified with longer tubing. Note that this leaves the fuel at atmospheric pressure, and therefore it cannot travel into a throat which has been pressurized by a supercharger mounted upstream; in such cases, the entire carburetor must be contained in an airtight pressurized box to operate. This is not necessary in installations where the carburetor is mounted upstream of the supercharger, which is for this reason the more frequent system. However, this results in the supercharger being filled with compressed fuel/air mixture, with a strong tendency to explode should the engine backfire; this type of explosion is frequently seen in drag races, which for safety reasons now incorporate pressure releasing blow-off plates on the intake manifold, breakaway bolts holding the supercharger to the manifold, and shrapnel-catching ballistic blankets made from nylon or kevlar surrounding the superchargers.

text: Diaphragm chamber[edit]

text: If the engine must be operated in any orientation (for example a chain saw or a model airplane), a float chamber is not suitable. Instead, a diaphragm chamber is used. A flexible diaphragm forms one side of the fuel chamber and is arranged so that as fuel is drawn out into the engine, the diaphragm is forced inward by ambient air pressure. The diaphragm is connected to the needle valve and as it moves inward it opens the needle valve to admit more fuel, thus replenishing the fuel as it is consumed. As fuel is replenished the diaphragm moves out due to fuel pressure and a small spring, closing the needle valve. A balanced state is reached which creates a steady fuel reservoir level, which remains constant in any orientation.

text: Multiple carburetor barrels[edit]

text: While basic carburetors have only one venturi, many carburetors have more than one venturi, or "barrel". Two barrel and four barrel configurations are commonly used to accommodate the higher air flow rate with large engine displacement. Multi-barrel carburetors can have non-identical primary and secondary barrel(s) of different sizes and calibrated to deliver different air/fuel mixtures; they can be actuated by the linkage or by engine vacuum in "progressive" fashion, so that the secondary barrels do not begin to open until the primaries are almost completely open. This is a desirable characteristic which maximizes airflow through the primary barrel(s) at most engine speeds, thereby maximizing the pressure "signal" from the venturis, but reduces the restriction in airflow at high speeds by adding cross-sectional area for greater airflow. These advantages may not be important in high-performance applications where part throttle operation is irrelevant, and the primaries and secondaries may all open at once, for simplicity and reliability; also, V-configuration engines, with two cylinder banks fed by a single carburetor, may be configured with two identical barrels, each supplying one cylinder bank. In the widely seen V8 and 4-barrel carburetor combination, there are often two primary and two secondary barrels.

text: The first four-barrel carburetors, with two primary bores and two secondary bores, were the Carter WCFB and identical Rochester 4GC simultaneously introduced on the 1952 Cadillacs, Oldsmobile 98, Oldsmobile Super 88 and Buick Roadmaster. Oldsmobile referred the new carburetor as the “Quadri-Jet” (original spelling)[16] while Buick called it the “Airpower”.[17]

text: The spread-bore four-barrel carburetor, first released by Rochester in the 1965 model year as the "Quadrajet"[citation needed] has a much greater spread between the sizes of the primary and secondary throttle bores. The primaries in such a carburetor are quite small relative to conventional four-barrel practice, while the secondaries are quite large. The small primaries aid low-speed fuel economy and driveability, while the large secondaries permit maximum performance when it is called for. To tailor airflow through the secondary venturis, each of the secondary throats has an air valve at the top. This is configured much like a choke plate, and is lightly spring-loaded into the closed position. The air valve opens progressively in response to engine speed and throttle opening, gradually allowing more air to flow through the secondary side of the carburetor. Typically, the air valve is linked to metering rods which are raised as the air valve opens, thereby adjusting secondary fuel flow.

text: Multiple carburetors can be mounted on a single engine, often with progressive linkages; two four-barrel carburetors (often referred to as "dual-quads") were frequently seen on high performance American V8s, and multiple two barrel carburetors are often now seen on very high performance engines. Large numbers of small carburetors have also been used (see photo), though this configuration can limit the maximum air flow through the engine due to the lack of a common plenum; with individual intake tracts, not all cylinders are drawing air at once as the engine's crankshaft rotates.[18]

text: Carburetor adjustment[edit]

text: The fuel and air mixture is too rich when it has an excess of fuel, and too lean when there is not enough. The mixture is adjusted by one or more needle valves on an automotive carburetor, or a pilot-operated lever on piston-engined aircraft (since the mixture changes with air density and therefore altitude). Independent of air density the (stoichiometric) air to gasoline ratio is 14.7:1, meaning that for each mass unit of gasoline, 14.7 mass units of air are required. There are different stoichiometric ratios for other types of fuel.

text: Ways to check carburetor mixture adjustment include: measuring the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and oxygen content of the exhaust using a gas analyzer, or directly viewing the color of the flame in the combustion chamber through a special glass-bodied spark plug sold under the name "Colortune"; the flame color of stoichiometric burning is described as a "Bunsen blue", turning to yellow if the mixture is rich and whitish-blue if too lean. Another method, widely used in aviation, is to measure the exhaust gas temperature, which is close to maximum for an optimally adjusted mixture and drops off steeply when the mixture is either too rich or too lean.

text: The mixture can also be judged by removing and scrutinizing the spark plugs. Black, dry, sooty plugs indicate a mixture too rich; white or light gray plugs indicate a lean mixture. A proper mixture is indicated by brownish-gray/straw-coloured plugs.

text: On high-performance two-stroke engines, the fuel mixture can also be judged by observing piston wash. Piston wash is the color and amount of carbon buildup on the top (dome) of the piston. Lean engines will have a piston dome covered in black carbon, and rich engines will have a clean piston dome that appears new and free of carbon buildup. This is often the opposite of intuition. Commonly, an ideal mixture will be somewhere in-between the two, with clean dome areas near the transfer ports but some carbon in the center of the dome.

text: When tuning two-strokes It is important to operate the engine at the rpm and throttle input that it will most often be operated at. This will typically be wide-open or close to wide-open throttle. Lower RPM and idle can operate rich/lean and sway readings, due to the design of carburetors to operate well at high air-speed through the venturi and sacrifice low air-speed performance.[19]

text: Where multiple carburetors are used the mechanical linkage of their throttles must be properly synchronized for smooth engine running and consistent fuel/air mixtures to each cylinder.

text: Feedback carburetors[edit]

text: In the 1980s, many American-market vehicles used "feedback" carburetors that dynamically adjusted the fuel/air mixture in response to signals from an exhaust gas oxygen sensor to provide a stoichiometric ratio to enable the optimal function of the catalytic converter. Feedback carburetors were mainly used because they were less expensive than fuel injection systems; they worked well enough to meet 1980s emissions requirements and were based on existing carburetor designs. Frequently, feedback carburetors were used in lower trim versions of a car (whereas higher specification versions were equipped with fuel injection).[citation needed] However, their complexity compared to both non-feedback carburetors and to fuel injection made them problematic and difficult to service.[citation needed] Eventually falling hardware prices and tighter emissions standards caused fuel injection to supplant carburetors in new-vehicle production.

text: Catalytic carburetors[edit]

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tag: table

text: A catalytic carburetor mixes fuel vapor with water and air in the presence of heated catalysts such as nickel or platinum. This is generally reported as a 1940s-era product that would allow kerosene to power a gasoline engine (requiring lighter hydrocarbons). However reports are inconsistent; commonly they are included in descriptions of "200 MPG carburetors" intended for gasoline use. There seems to be some confusion with some older types of fuel vapor carburetors (see vaporizors below). There is also very rarely any useful reference to real-world devices. Poorly referenced material on the topic should be viewed with suspicion.

text: Constant vacuum carburetors[edit]

text: Constant vacuum carburetors, also called variable choke carburetors and constant velocity carburetors, are carburetors where the throttle cable was connected directly to the throttle cable plate. Pulling the cord caused raw gasoline to enter the carburetor, creating a large emission of hyrdocarbons.[20]

text: The Constant Velocity carburetor has a variable throttle closure in the intake air stream before the accelerator pedal operated throttle plate. This variable closure is controlled by intake manifold pressure/vacuum. This pressure controlled throttle provides relatively even intake pressure throughout the engine's speed and load ranges. The most common design of the CV carburetor would be that of the SU or Solex, among others, which use a cylindrical closure that is operated by a diaphram. The cylinder and diaphram are connected together with the fuel metering rod to provide fuel in direct relation to air flow. To provide more smooth operation and more even intake pressure, the diaphram is viscous dampened. These carburetors allowed for very good drivability and fuel efficiency. They are also widely adjustable for best performance and efficiency. (See variable venturi carburetors above)

text: Drawbacks of the CV carburetor include that it is limited to a single barrel, side draft design. This limited its use to mostly inline engines and also made it impractical for large displacement engines. The throttle linkage required to install 2 or more CV carbs on an engine is complex and proper adjustment is critical for even air/fuel distribution. This makes maintenance and tuning difficult.

text: Vaporizers[edit]

text: Internal combustion engines can be configured to run on many kinds of fuel, including gasoline, kerosene, tractor vaporizing oil (TVO), vegetable oil, diesel fuel, biodiesel, ethanol fuel (alcohol), and others. Multifuel engines, such as petrol-paraffin engines, can benefit from an initial vaporization of the fuel when they are running less volatile fuels. For this purpose, a vaporizer (or vaporiser) is placed in the intake system. The vaporizer uses heat from the exhaust manifold to vaporize the fuel. For example, the original Fordson tractor and various subsequent Fordson models had vaporizers. When Henry Ford & Son Inc designed the original Fordson (1916), the vaporizer was used to provide for kerosene operation. When TVO became common in various countries (including the United Kingdom and Australia) in the 1940s and 1950s, the standard vaporizers on Fordson models were equally useful for TVO. Widespread adoption of diesel engines in tractors made the use of tractor vaporizing oil obsolete.

text: List of manufacturers[edit]

text:
AMAL, producer of carburetors and hand controls for British motorcycles and light industrial engines
Autolite, a division of the Ford Motor Company from 1967 to 1973
Bendix Stromberg and Bendix Technico carburetors used on aircraft and vehicles made by Chrysler, IHC, Ford, GM, AMC, and Studebaker
Carter, used on numerous makes of vehicles, including those made by Chrysler, IHC, Ford, GM, AMC, and Studebaker, as well as on industrial and agricultural equipment and small engines.
Claudel-Hobson, UK
Dell'Orto carburetors from Italy, used on cars and motorcycles
Edelbrock performance carburetors
Hitachi, found on Japanese vehicles
Holley, with usage as broad as Carter and Weber
Keihin, a keiretsu group company affiliated with Honda
Mikuni, common on Japanese motorcycles, especially in the 1980s. Mikuni also made racing carburetors for Japanese, British and European cars. Original equipment on Mitsubishi engines
Reece Fish, in Volkswagen, Austin Mini, Morris Mini
Rochester Products Division, a General Motors subsidiary; also sold Weber/Magneti Marelli carburetors under license)
Solex – French carburetors, owned by Weber
SU Carburettors, widely used on British Commonwealth and European-designed vehicles
Villiers, used on UK motorcycles and small engines
Walbro and Tillotson carburetors for small engines
Weber carburetor, Italian, now made in Spain, owned by Magneti Marelli
Zenith, used on Austin cars. Also produced the Zenith-Stromberg carburetors.


document_title: List of When the Boat Comes In episodes

question_text: who played les mallow in when the boat comes in

root

text: List of When the Boat Comes In episodes

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
"Jack" [John] Ford – James Bolam
Jessie Seaton – Susan Jameson
"Bill" [William] Seaton – James Garbutt
"Bella" [Isabella] May Seaton – Jean Heywood
Tom Seaton – John Nightingale
Mary Seaton [nee Routledge] – Michelle Newell [until Paddy Boyle's Discharge]
Billy Seaton – Edward Wilson
Matt Headley – Malcolm Terris
Dolly Ford née Headley – Madelaine Newton [Introduced in Fish and Woolly Jumpers]
Sir Horatio Manners – Basil Henson [Introduced in Swords and Pick Handles]
Arthur Ashton – Geoffrey Rose [Introduced in Empire Day on the Slag Heap]

tag: ul

text: Regular crew[edit]

text:
Series Created by James Mitchell
Theme Music: David Fanshawe – Sung by Alex Glasgow
Script Editor: William Humble
Producer: Leonard Lewis

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
#
Title
Director
Writer
Designer
Additional cast
Original air date

1
"A Land Fit For Heroes and Idiots"
Ronald Wilson
James Mitchell
Ray London

William Scrimgour – James Bate
Lucy Scrimgour – Valerie Georgeson
Major Reginald Leslie Pinner – Roger Hammond
Doctor Lang – Jeffry Wickham
P.C. Price – Richard Griffiths
Clerk of Court – David Hartley
Defence – Alec Sabin
Prosecution – Trevor Ainsley
Francy – Alan Snell

8 January 1976 (1976-01-08)

1919. Sergeant Jack Ford returns to the mining town of Gallowshields, on leave, pending discharge. He meets schoolteacher Jessie Seaton and ingratiates himself with her brother Tom, his fiancée Mary, and Jessie's parents, Bella and Bill. The next day Jack meets an old friend, his Corporal, Matt Headley, who has Will Scrimgour with him. Matt is now a maintenance man at a local colliery. Matt takes Scrimgour home, to his wife, Lucy. Matt returns to the pub, where he waylays Jack, who is on his way to attend Tom and Mary's wedding.
On their way to the wedding, Jessie and her medical student brother, Billy, heckle Major Pinner, the local Liberal candidate standing in the imminent election, over his party's rhetorical promises of 'a land fit for heroes', and about his reluctance to give women the vote.
At the wedding Tom takes Jack aside, to talk to him about Mary's brother. Jack was present when Mary's eighteen-year-old brother Joe was killed at the Somme, on 31 July 1916. He was in the same company as Jack and Matt. Tom has heard that Joe was "a Nancy that he went with men". Jack tells Tom that Joe was "as straight as a die". After Tom has left, Bill insists on hearing the truth. Jack tells him the truth: when Joe's body was found, he was in the arms of another soldier.
Scrimgour is frightened by a group of boys, who are running along railings with a stick. Scrimgour snaps, and brutally beats one of them, John William Francis.
Billy tries to get Jack interested in working for the local Labour party. They are interrupted by Matt, who takes Jack to see Scrimgour, who is hiding in his bedroom, believing himself to be back in the trenches. Jack plays along with Scrimgour's delusion, telling him that the company has been relieved. Two policemen arrive, and take Scrimgour away. One of the policemen, P.C. Price, tells Jack that Will will be tried in the morning, by Major Pinner, who is also the local magistrate. Price warns Jack that Pinner may be resentful, because, unlike Scrimgour, he wasn't decorated during the war.
Jack attends Will's trial. Doctor Lang gives the facts of the case, stating that Will caused the boy actual bodily harm. Jack tells the court that Will won the Distinguished Conduct Medal, (the second highest award for gallantry, after the Victoria Cross), for rescuing a colleague under fire. Will is committed for trial, and kept in custody. Pinner says that Will chose to beat the boy, and that his actions were "self indulgent". Jessie is incensed, and Jack vows, "to fettle old Pinner".
Jack and Matt enlist the help of their fellow soldiers, who attend the election result announcement. The soldiers flank the exit as Pinner leaves, victorious. Jack confronts Pinner, saying he understands that Pinner didn't get any medals. Jack and the other soldiers throw their medals on the ground, humiliating Pinner. Furious, Pinner turns to PC Price for help, but Price adds his support by throwing his own medals to the ground.
Tom Seaton also served in Jacks Regiment, but in a different battalion (the 9th), and didn't go to France. Jack served under Captain Peter James Bertram Manners, MC.
Mary is an orphan: her father was torpedoed while serving in the Merchant Navy, and her mother died of tuberculosis.
Before returning from the trenches, Jack made a detour via Russia (explaining why he hadn't seen Matt for some time).

2
"Say Hello... ...Say Tirra"
Gilchrist Calder
Tom Hadaway
Barry Newbery

Harry [McGlade – sic?] – Jeremy Watkin
Father Keenly – Tony Doyle
Mrs Palmer – Kay Hall
Chairman – Roger Avon
Street Trader – Ray Grayson

15 January 1976 (1976-01-15)

Bella is visited by young Harry, whose mother Connie is dead in bed, probably as the result of poverty and hunger.
Bill, Jack, Tom and Matt attend a Gallowshield Labour Party and Worker's Council meeting. They are petitioning the Board of Guardians for an increase in the Poor Law rates, and for greater social equality. Jack admits that politics isn't really his game. Bill invites Jack back for a meal.
Returning home, Bill discovers that Bella has taken Harry, now an orphan, under her wing. Bella takes Harry to the fairground ("the hoppins"), and buys the urchin a new ten shilling coat.
Father Keenly visits, suggesting that it might be best if Harry is deported to a facility in Melbourne, where he'd be able to continue his Catholic upbringing. The alternative would be for Harry to be permanently adopted by the Seatons, which would be a considerable strain on their resources.
Bill and Tom return to work at the pit. Jessie tells her mother that, by caring for Harry, she is neglecting her family. Harry injures his knee, preventing Bella from visiting Mary in the hospital, with Jack, Tom and Jessie.
Harry steals a red dress from Mrs Palmer's washing line, knowing that Bella would like it. Bill and Bella argue about punishing the boy. Despite being short of money – and the rent – Bella buys Harry some expensive grapes, to cheer him up. Harry steals money from the greengrocer's stall, and is arrested by the police. Bella realises that Harry is too much of a handful. Father Keenly tells Bill that the court will allow Harry to stay with the Seatons, but, reluctantly, Bella and Bill have decided to follow Father Keenly's deportation plan. Keenly tells Bill that he shouldn't reproach himself.
A football talent scout arrives in town just as Tom is about to attend a union rally, but there are more pressing matters: Mary is in labour.
This episode evidently takes place sometime after A Land Fit For Heroes and Idiots. Mary is in hospital, about to give birth, and Jack is practically a member of the Seaton family (he's been there long enough for Bill to nag Jessie about them getting engaged).
Bill Seaton is the Union's lodge secretary. Both of Jack's parents are dead. Jack's mother was buried as a pauper.
The title is a phrase used by Tom, to note how briefly the miners will see the sun that day.
Billy is in Edinburgh, studying to become a Doctor, explaining Edward Wilson's absence from this episode.

3
"Fish In Woolly Jumpers"
Paul Ciappessoni
James Mitchell
Peter Brachacki

Paddy [Boyle] – Ralph Watson
Charlie – Michael Wardle
Policeman – Hugh Turner

22 January 1976 (1976-01-22)

The miners have been on strike for a month, over a pay claim. Tom, now supporting a wife and son, borrows some money from Jack, who, despite being out of work for two months, doesn't seem to be short of a few bob. Jessie and Jack discuss having a baby, but Jessie says that her entire family is relying on her income. Jack claims that he's got money put by, and is supplementing this with "odd jobs".
Mary is sick: she has tuberculosis, but won't acknowledge it, claiming it's just a cold.
Jack, Matt and a couple of other men meet at the pub. Matt is concerned by a remark the barmaid has made, about them being "flush". They agree that they should change their meeting place. They conspiratorially discuss their next job, but Jack warns that the conditions aren't right.
Matt and Jack return to Matt's home, where Matt's sister Dolly Mather has prepared a steak and kidney pie. Dolly, whose husband was killed in Ypres, flirts with Jack, before retiring to bed. Jack and Matt drink on, into the night. Later, Dolly brings Jack another blanket, and they share another cigarette. They kiss. They are overheard by Tom, who has followed Jack and Matt from the pub.
Billy and Jack discuss Mary's condition. Jack invites Billy out for "a hike", in Morpeth. Tom has left Jack a veiled message, about finding Bert Mather's widow. Tom confronts Jack, who tells Tom that he can't help him. Tom threatens to reveal Jack's liaison with Dolly: "You were doing alright, helping her..." Tom wants to be included in whatever scam it is that Jack is running.
Jack and Billy roam the countryside, armed with Captain Manners' binoculars and some mutton sandwiches. Billy tells Jack that Mary is dying, and rages against the inequality of wealth that's put her in that condition. Billy tells Jack that he wants him to fight for people like Mary "because you're a leader". A local policeman warns them to keep moving: "we don't want tramps". Billy affects "a posh voice", shows him Captain Manners' binoculars, and the policeman apologises
Jack visits Dolly again, and they make love.
Jack, Matt, Charlie and Paddy [Boyle] discuss their next "trench raid": they are rustling sheep. Jack tells them that Tom will be joining them.
Jessie says she's willing to have a child with Jack. Jack invites Tom to a "fishing" expedition.
At dead of night, the gang begin catching and killing sheep. They prepare to leave, but Tom has forgotten one of the buckets (for the blood). He goes back to collect it, but is confronted by a patrolling policeman (the same policeman who had approached Billy and Jack). Tom struggles with the policeman, before Jack clubs him with a pick handle.
Jack takes the injured Tom back to be treated by Billy. Jack admits to Jessie that they've been stealing sheep, so he couldn't take Tom to a hospital. Jack is expecting a sharp rebuke, but Jessie approves of his Robin Hood-style plan.
Tom is twenty-four years old; Mary is twenty-two. Matt's sister, Dolly, is being courted by a bank clerk.
Dolly's husband, Bert, was killed in Ypres, four years earlier, after they had only been married for three months.
The sign on the side of the van used by the sheep rustlers says "Trailer Specialists... Trading Estate Peterhead".
Jessie refers to Jack as her "husband".
The episode title is explained by Jack, who says that they dumped the guts of the sheep and their hides into the North Sea: "If the fish round here could knit, they'd all wear woolly jumpers!"

4
"Swords and Pick Handles"
Gilchrist Calder
James Mitchell
Barry Newbery

Police Inspector – Eddie Silver
Picket Leader – Richard Henry
Pickets – Gary Roberts, Tom Dickinson
Leslie – Alex Turner
George – Kevin Gray
Walter – Carl Wilson
Andy – Stephen White

29 January 1976 (1976-01-29)

Jessie chastises Bella for taking the baby to the off-licence, leaving Mary alone. Tom has a job, even though the pits have been closed because of the strike for seven weeks. Jessie suspects that Tom is strike-breaking.
Jack visits Dolly at her place of work, and teases her about her bank clerk suitor. Jack learns that Captain Manners' father, Sir Horatio, is due to visit, and senses an opportunity.
Jack arrives at the Seaton house carrying a sword he's bought for five bob, from Sammy Foster, an alcoholic who's fallen on hard times. Jack sets about cleaning it. Tom arrives, and a furious row breaks out when Tom admits to being a scab. Tom is defiant, even though Jack warns him that the striking miners may attack him if they discover he's crossing the picket lines.
Jack visits Sir Horatio, bearing the sword. Sir Horatio is intrigued, having heard about Ford in correspondence from his son. Ford tells Manners that his son died in his arms, and that his last words were "What the hell am I doing here, Sergeant, I said I'd be at the Saville". Jack tells Manners his son died quickly. Sir Horatio warms to Jack. Manners is planning to open a factory. Manners sees through Jack's scam with the sword, as Jack suspected he would. Manners offers Ford a job: "don't sound so surprised, it's what you came here for, isn't it?" Jack realises that the whole meeting has been a job interview.
Tom and the other blacklegs, from all over the United Kingdom, are bussed into the pit, with a police escort.
Jessie tells Jack that Tom's hardship case is far from unique, and tries to rally Jack into doing something about changing the system. Jack tells Jessie he has a job, as a boss, admitting that he has joined the system, and will be in charge of Sir Horatio's non-union labour. Despite the lure of a healthy income, and the prospect of a house in London, Jessie is incensed, and Jack storms out.
Bella urges Jessie to stick with Jack, and use her womanly wiles to change him over time.
One of Jessie's students blurts out that Tom is a scab. Suddenly the class is un-cooperative. Later, when she leaves, the children chant "Scab! Scab!". Jessie tells her father that everyone knows Tom is a strike-breaker. Bill sends her to find Jack.
Tom is attacked by striking miners, but is rescued before any serious injury is sustained by Jack, armed with a pick handle. Jack drags off the mob's leader, Davy, to see Mary. Davy promises Mary that there'll be no [more] trouble, but warns Jack to keep hold of the pick handle. Jack and Jessie are reconciled.
Mary catches Tom with more than £30, which he has stolen.
This episode takes place three weeks after Fish in Woolly Jumpers.
Sir Horatio served in the army for twelve years, as a Sergeant. After being discharged he went into business, using his savings and wits to become a rich man.
Jack will be paid £7 a week during his three-month trial period, working for Sir Horatio. After that he's promised £450 a year, plus expenses.

5
"Coal Comfort"
Ronald Wilson
Alex Glasgow
Ray London

Sep Walker – Dick Irwin
Elsie Carter – Elizabeth Proud
P.C. Robson – John Trigger
Mrs Stephenson – Joan Rutherford
Arty Stephenson – Vernon Drake

5 February 1976 (1976-02-05)

Billy returns home to find an empty house, and no coal for the fire: the strike has been running for two months. Billy tells Jessie that he's leaving university, fed up with being patronised.
Bill visits an old colleague, pigeon fancier Sep Walker, hoping to find, and re-open, a coal seam that was closed fifty years earlier, the waterlogged "Sammy" pit.
Billy is caught trying to break into a coal yard by a former schoolmate, Police Constable Robson. After a brief lecture on politics from Billy, Robson lets him go: he's under instructions to treat people stealing coal as if they were schoolboys stealing apples.
Jack brings the Seatons half a hundredweight of "best roundies". Bill arrives with some logs, but says they're not for burning. Bill refuses Jack's gift, telling him that black market coal is no better than coal mined by blacklegs. Bill tells Bella to roll up the carpet in the front room, telling her that there may be coal under the floorboards. Jessie tells Jack and Bill that Billy is quitting university.
Someone has stolen leeks from Tom's allotment. Tom investigates, and is told that Arty Stephenson may know something about it. Arty tells Tom that he chased off two children. Following Arty's lead, Tom and Billy find leak leaves in a dustbin, but tempers cool when they discover the culprits: two emaciated children. Their father was killed whilst off-duty, so their mother, Elsie Carter, doesn't receive a widow's pension. Tom tells Elsie that she's welcome to his leeks.
To everyone's surprise, Bill doesn't seem to mind that Billy is quitting university. Bill and Tom dig for coal, but the hole soon starts to fill with water. Bill refuses Billy's offer of help, telling him he's "bloody useless". Bill continues to belittle Billy, hoping to shame him into going back to university. After pumping out the water, Billy finds coal. Jack arrives, bearing poached rabbits and pheasant.
This episode takes place a week after Swords and Pick Handles.
Police Constable Robson is earning £3 10s a week.
The Seatons rent their home from Lord Lampton.[1]
Billy tells Tom and Bill that troops are preparing to quell civil unrest.
Several references are made to the Bowes-Lyon family, and to the romance blossoming between Elisabeth Bowes-Lyons and Prince George, the Duke of York.

6
"Empire Day on the Slag Heap"
Paul Ciappessoni
James Mitchell
Peter Brachacki

Crawford – Lewis Teasdale
Mine Owners Representative – Richard Butler
Turnball – Keith Morrison
Sid – Pete Marshall
Overman – John Cannon

12 February 1976 (1976-02-12)

After eight weeks, the miners' strike is over, but the pitmen have settled without gaining anything. Empire Day is celebrated at Jessie's school: the headmaster, Mr Ashton, leads the children in a spirited, patriotic rendition of Land of Hope and Glory.
Mary is feeling better, and hopes that Tom will be allowed to return to work (after strike-breaking).
Jessie still resents Jack working for Sir Horatio. Bill warns that "Jack is only one side, pet, his own... I can't say I blame him". Although engaged to Jack, Jessie has arranged to go to dinner with Mr Ashton ("an old man").
Manners is pleased with Jack's progress, although voices some concern that Jack is dating "local girl" Jessie, believing that Jack will soon outclass her. Jack tells Manners that he loves Jessie very much, and that he won't find any better.
Jack visits Bill and Bella, who evade Jack's question about Jessie's whereabouts. Bill and Jack have reached an understanding. Bill realises that, although Jack will be one of the bosses he despises, he'll be able to offer Jessie security and a chance to escape her humdrum life.
Over dinner, Mr Ashton, who still refers to Jessie as "Miss Seaton", asks Jessie if she will marry him, offering her "respect, admiration, and, if I may say so, devotion".
Jessie defends her decision to have dinner with Mr Ashton, telling Bella that he made her feel special, telling he that Jack: "is very kind, but he doesn't think I'm that important". Bella warns her about diverting her attention from Jack. Jessie tells her that Ashton asked her to marry him.
Jack visits Matt, who is becoming slightly resentful that Jack is getting on so well with Sir Horatio, Jack's "fairy godfather". Matt tells Jack that Dolly is pregnant: "it was you who was waving his magic wand over my sister". Jack is the father. Dolly had asked Matt for money for an abortion (a very dangerous procedure). Jack tells Matt that he will accept responsibility, offer to marry Dolly, and break up with Jessie.
Bill and Tom return to work. A pit prop collapses, breaking Bill's back. Bill is taken to the hospital, where he is attended by Bella and Jessie.
Mr Ashton offers Jessie his support, and his savings, but Jessie politely refuses.
A representative from the mining company arrives offering a settlement for Bill's injury: one hundred pounds, if Bill will sign "a receipt" (which is actually an admission of blame, and absolves the company from any further claims). Jack arrives, calling the man a "ghoul" and a "vulture". Bill, taking Jack's advice, refuses to sign. Later, Bella admits that they'd be lost without Jack, boss or no boss.
Billy returns to Gallowshield. He still wants to leave University, and is using Bill's accident as an excuse. She updates Billy on Jack's progress, telling her brother that she intends to marry him.
Jack visits Mr Crawford. Bill's Area Secretary. Jack wants to know why Crawford wasn't there to support Jack. Jack and Tom shame Crawford into action. Tom begins taking statements from the miners who witnessed the accident.
Jack visits Dolly, and tells her he'll marry her. Dolly admits she's not sorry about her condition: "I wanted you the minute I laid eyes on you". He gives Dolly an engagement ring, a ring he'd bought for Jessie. This new situation puts Jack's ambitious plans in jeopardy.
Jack breaks the news to Jessie: "I've got a girl into trouble and I'm going to have to marry her...you could wait, I couldn't, I'm sorry". Jack says that he'll have to stay in Gallowshield: "there's work to be done here, and I can do it better than most". Jessie is upset, but is also pleased that Jack is staying to fight for the workers.
There are references to Tom strikebreaking (Swords and Pick Handles), the sheep rustling (Fish In Woolly Jumpers) and digging in the front room for coal (in Coal Comfort).
This episode introduces Mr Ashton, the headmaster at Jessie's school, first mentioned in Swords and Pick Handles. He was born in Kent. He was stationed in Gallowshield during the war, where he met his wife, who is now deceased. He is 43, and holds a second class honours degree in history from the University of London, and earns £370 per annum.
Jessie is 25.
George Irwin is a pupil at Jessie's school. Mr Huxpeth (presumably a teacher) plays the school piano. Two teachers were killed in Flanders: Mr Smithers and Mr Watson. Other teachers include Mr Gregg [sic?]. The deputy headmaster is Mr Turnball, who fought in South Africa.
Matt and Dolly's parents are still alive.

7
"A First Time For Everything"
Gilchrist Calder
Alex Glasgow
Fanny Taylor

Ronnie Fairbairn – Tony Nelson
Mrs Fairbairn – Margaret Heery
Pierre – André Maranne
Sarah Robinson – Lyn Douglas
Deputy – Roy Pattison

19 February 1976 (1976-02-19)

Bella is visited by a French onion seller, Pierre. Bella has an idea to open a shop, using the front room, and some of the money they've received for Bill's accident. Bill is due home from the hospital, but doesn't know of her plan.
Despite Jessie's best efforts a talented fourteen-year-old pupil, Ronnie Fairburn, is leaving the school to start work down the pit. Jessie and Mr Ashton visit Ronnie's mother, a widow. Jessie tells her that she's trying to get him a job as an apprentice draftsman. Her eldest son had left for America. Ronnie is looking forward to doing "grown-up" work. Jessie tells Ronnie to call on Tom at 3.30am the next morning, and he'll walk Ronnie through his first day.
Jack and Dolly have made arrangements for her wedding, at the registry office, the next morning.
Bella asks Jack to put some shelves up for her. Jack is currently "on the dole". Bella offers Jack five pounds, "two week's wages". Jack tells her that the shelves will be "as solid as the Moritania". Bella shows Jack how to get rid of fleas (using a candle and a plate of water). Jack slyly suggests that for another five pound, he and Dolly could emigrate to Australia, to help spare Jessie's disappointment.
Bill returns home, wheelchair-bound. He's furious with Bella, who threatens "It's either the shop, or I walk through that door and don't come back". Bill has to admit that they need a steady income.
Mr Ashton apologises to Jessie, for proposing to her. Jessie invites him to ask his question again.
Tom negotiates with the pit deputy for a decent job for Ronnie, but has to settle for carrying water. Tom is concerned that he won't be able to keep a close eye on Ronnie, who'll be working twenty yards away. Tom tells Ronnie to watch out for the "chummins" – empty coal carts that speed by on the tracks, telling him that before they pass, there's a warning rap on the pipes. Ronnie dodges the chummins, but is startled by a rat, falls onto the line, and is killed. Tom is shattered, and vows not to return to the pit.
Matt and Dolly nervously wait for Jack at the registrar's office. Jack arrives at the last minute, bearing a bouquet. Later Jack tells Matt and Dolly that he was delayed by a broken-down tram, and that had to hitch a ride with a passing rag-and-bone man.
Following Jack's intervention, Bill received £300 compensation for his accident (three times the company's original offer).
The episode's title comes from Bill's admission that he was wrong about Bella's idea about the shop.

8
"Paddy Boyle's Discharge"
Leonard Lewis
James Mitchell
Geoffrey Patterson

Paddy Boyle – Ralph Watson
Captain Leslie – Terrence Hardiman
Sid Hepburn – George Irving
Harry Bartram – Patrick Durkin
Michael Lynch – Eamonn Boyce
Barman – Gordon Faith

26 February 1976 (1976-02-26)

Mary has died. Jack is joined at the pub by an old army friend, black and tan soldier Sid Hepburn. Jack is surprised to hear that he's being paid ten bob a day, all found. Tom and Bill arrive, and Jack hears about Mary's death. Bill calls Jack a "fornicating bastard". Jack leaves. Sid is joined by a loutish colleague, Harry Bartram. Another man eavesdrops, Paddy Boyle [one of Jack's sheep-rustling gang in Fish in Woolly Jumpers].
Matt, Dolly and Jack are decorating. Dolly is being especially argumentative. Jack gets a letter, inviting Jack to a meeting.
Sid Hepburn wants a discharge from the army, and has been offered this if he can recruit a suitable replacement.
The eavesdropping man, Paddy Boyle, is joined by a like-minded Irish colleague, Michael Lynch. They plan to track down and execute the two soldiers, who, back in Cork, have committed rape, arson and murder.
Tom wants to invite Jack to Mary's funeral. "If he goes, I won't", Jessie threatens, "I couldn't bear to be in the same room with him ever again". Mr Ashton, who is now engaged to Jessie, calls to pay his respects.
Paddy Boyle visits Jack, enquiring after Sid Hepburn. Jack is suspicious, realising that Paddy is a member of Sinn Féin. Jack "accidentally" paints a yellow streak on the arm of Paddy's coat. Tom visits, to explain that he wants to invite him to Mary's funeral, but it will be awkward. Jack says he understands.
Hepburn and Bartam report to Captain Leslie. Bartram says that Sergeant Ford had a reputation for being soft, and that there were half the charges in Ford's platoon, compared to others. Hepburn tells Leslie that, on the contrary, Ford was ruthless, but only if you crossed him. Leslie expresses an interest in recruiting Jack.
Jack shares a drink with Sid Hepburn, dressed in civvies. Sid offers him a job in Ireland: and "twelve bob a day, plus kit, rations, allowances". Sid invites Jack to a meeting with Captain Leslie. They are followed from the pub by Paddy Boyle, but he is spotted, and confronted. Jack stops the soldiers from giving him a serious beating.
At the hotel, Jack is being waited for by both Manners and Leslie. Jack apologises in person for turning down Manners' job offer. Manners tells him there's a local property deal brewing, and that there might be something in it for him.
Jack meets Leslie, who offers him a Warrant Officer Class 2 position, with special responsibility for interrogating political prisoners. Leslie tells Jack he also has a job for Matt and Charlie Stobbs, if they want it. Jack says he'll think it over, and let Leslie know the next evening.
Jack and Matt discuss Leslie's offer. Jack will be turning it down, to Dolly's disappointment. Matt tells Dolly that Paddy once saved their lives, by throwing back a German stick bomb.
Jack visits Paddy, returning a medal that Paddy lost in the struggle with Hepburn and Bartram. Jack is buttonholed by Lynch, who wants to know where Leslie, Hepburn and Bartram can be found. Paddy saves Jack from being attacked.
At Mary's wake, Jessie is told that Jack might be joining the black and tans. Jessie leaves, intending to talk him out of it.
Matt tells Jack that he visited Paddy the night before. Jack realises that Matt can be loose-tongued once he has a drink or two in him, and may well have told Paddy where Bartram, Hepburn and Leslie might be found. Jessie arrives, and is reassured to find that Jack has no intention of joining Hepburn's unit.
Jack and Matt rush to the railway station, but they are too late. Lynch and Boyle shoot the two black and tans, but are themselves shot by Captain Leslie, despite a warning shout from Jack. "At least Sid Hepburn got his discharge. Pity poor Paddy had to get his 'n all".
Jack is reading an unbound copy of Uncle Tom's Cabin. He had been seconded to an intelligence unit in Murmansk, as an interrogator. This episode does not feature Edward Wilson (Billy), and is the last to feature Michelle Newell (Mary). Ralph Watson reprises the role of Paddy Boyle, who first featured in Fish in Woolly Jumpers.

9
"Angel on Horseback"
Bill Hays
Sid Chaplin
Michael Young

Rosie Trotter – Judi Lamb
James Michael ["Uncle Mick"] Murphy – J. G. Devlin
Ralph ["Ralphie"] Murphy – John White
James Benson ["Jimmy"] – Alan Hockey
Mr. Cribb – Patrick Newell
Gravedigger – Cameron Miller

3 March 1976 (1976-03-03)

Miner Ralph Murphy has been off work, following an accident with a full coal tub, but he's well enough to be visiting the pub, and is moonlighting as an illegal bookie's runner, to Matt and Tom's disapproval. Tom asks Ralph to visit Bella's uncle, Mick Murphy, a widower who left his position as secretary of the union following accusations of embezzlement.
Tom is staying with his parents while his roof is being fixed. The Seatons are visited by Rosie Trotter, a young nurse, who has been summoned back to Gallowshield by one of the local hospitals (at Westbourne). Rosie had been taught by Jessie, and, despite her mother being their next door neighbour, Tom hasn't seen her for many years. Tom is attracted to her, but Bella warns him that it's too soon after Mary's death.
Mick Murphy passes on racing tips to his neighbour, Jimmy. Soon afterwards Mick keels over with a stroke.
A few days have passed. Bill is jealous when Bella goes to visit Mick in hospital: Mick has been a rival for Bella's affections.
Bella is joined at the hospital by a dapper-looking Ralph. Mick places a five bob accumulator with him, despite the long odds: "If I have to gam, I'll gam with a bang, like an angel on horseback". Since he doesn't expect to be around to collect his winnings, he places the bet in Bella's name. Soon afterwards Mick dies, with Bella at his bedside.
During a train journey Tom and Rosie discuss getting married.
Bella makes arrangements for Mick's funeral with the undertaker, Mr Cribb. His "first class for every class" funeral will cost fifteen pounds. Mick's insurance policy will only cover ten pounds. Bill reluctantly offers the balance from his compensation money, but Bella refuses. She takes a cleaning job, working for the boss's wife, and relishes the independence it gives her. Bill is furious, but his overriding emotions are feelings of helplessness, self-pity and despair.
Tom tells his mother that he plans to marry Rosie, and move to Edinburgh for a fresh start. Rosie tells Tom that both their mothers are against the marriage, and that their opinion carries a lot of weight. Rosie tells Tom he must wait for a year: "I'll never forget me pitman".
Mick's funeral is well-attended. It is partly funded by the union, who also provide the pallbearers.
That evening Ralph, who didn't attend the funeral, visits the Seatons, explaining that he and the bookies he worked for had been locked up and, although Mick's combination bet was a winner, he wasn't able to place Bella's bet, and returns her stake money.
Mick Murphy is Bella's uncle (Tom and Jessie's great uncle).
This is a rather confusing episode[original research?], with odd narrative jumps in order to progress the rather forced relationship between Tom and Rosie. Rosie seems too old to have been taught by Jessie, and although the age difference between Rosie and Tom is supposed to weigh against their chances of having a successful relationship, she doesn't appear to be substantially younger than Tom, either!
James Bolam (Jack Ford) and Madelaine Newton (Dolly) do not appear in this episode.

10
"King For A Day"
Paul Ciappessoni
James Mitchell
Paul Joel

Jane Cromer – Lesley-Anne Down
Freddy Calderbeck – John D. Collins
Lord Calderbeck – John Welsh
Major Rupert Routledge – John Lee
Mrs Lucinda Routledge – Helen Lindsay
Lady Calderbeck – Sylvia Barter
Doctor – Edward Dentith

11 March 1976 (1976-03-11)

Manners visits the recently married Jack and Dolly. Dolly is heavily pregnant, but Jack looks leaner than Manners remembers. Manners offers Jack whisky and smoked salmon sandwiches, and a job: £20 for a week's work. He wants to buy a house from Lord Calderbeck, and wants Jack to act as a front-man.
Bill refuses to serve Dolly, who is feeling ill, and cannot afford to see a doctor. Bella, who had cravings for strawberry jam when she was pregnant, is more sympathetic.
Jack tells Manners the good news, and asks her to help him practicing being "la di da".
Tom is prospering, with a tailor-made suit, and shoes to match (which he tells his parents he bought at a jumble sale, to avoid embarrassing them). Bella catches him with more than seven pounds: "I suppose you're going to tell me you got that at a jumble sale 'n all?"
Jack and Manners visit the Calderbeck mansion. Believing himself to be alone in the greenhouse, Jack gives a Tarzan-like cry... and turns around to discover...Jane. He also meets Lord Calderbeck's nephew and heir, Freddy. Freddy confides to Jane that he's going to ask Jack for £70,000 for the house. (Manners wants to pay no more than £50,000). Manners tells Jack that Jane was recently widowed. Jack is posing as a working-class chap who's made a fortune from making automobile spares.
After dinner, Jack and Jane escape the pack, to Freddy's irritation. Jane flirts with Jack, so Jack kisses her. Jane later tells Jack that they'll get on famously, if he can be discreet.
Freddy gives jack a polite warning, telling him that he and Jane are "more or less engaged". They encounter Billy, herding cows, but Jack bluffs his way through, pretending that Billy used to work for him: "I used to have some agricultural interests... sheep, you know..."
Jack meets Billy in the pub. Billy gives Jack a few tips that will help him establish how much Calderbeck's house is worth, and to the family's financial standing.
Jack delights in shocking his hosts over dinner, with tales of his impoverished upbringing. Later that night Jack finds Jane in his bed, and they spend the night together. Jack learns that Lord Calderbeck resents Freddy, because the war claimed the lives of his three sons. Jack takes Jane to the local pub, signalling Tom to ignore them. Jack meets with Rogers, a man recently dismissed from Calderbeck's employ, who is bearing a grudge, leaving Jane at the bar. Jack meets with Manners, to tell him what he's learnt: that Calderbeck is willing to sell, to fund his retirement in the south of France, but feels he has to provide for Freddy. However, Jack has manoeuvred Jane into marrying Freddy, who is grateful to Jack. Jack renegotiates his deal with Manners, earning himself £150 for sealing the sale for £35,000.
Jack receives an urgent telegram. Dolly has had a miscarriage, and will not be able to have children. Manners has arranged for her care in a private ward.
Jessie and Arthur were married in the week before this episode takes place: married in St Oswald's (sic?) "honeymoon in Scarborough, reception at the Station Hotel". Although they married off-screen, there's a scene in this episode where the Seatons receive the wedding photos, showing the cast in suitable costume (left).
Tom pays five bob a month rent to his parents.
Jack's sly reference to his "agricultural interests" is a nod to his sheep-rustling days (see episode 3: Fish In Woolly Jumpers).

11
"Happy New Year, Some Say"
Bill Hays
Alex Glasgow
Austin Ruddy

Sandy Lewis – Bill Simpson
Richard Harley Evans – James Grout
Mr Redshaw – Roger Avon
Sarah Robinson – Lyn Douglas
Pianist – Tom McCall
Miss Barrington – Anne Jameson
Policeman – Neil McCaul
Davie – Stephen Little
Jacker – Kevin Dryden
Tich – Douglas Wilson

18 March 1976 (1976-03-18)

It's New Year's Eve. Three young boys (Davie, Tich and Jacker) steal bottles from the Seatons' yard, to claim the ha'penny deposit, to spend on Bella's cinder toffee. Bill remonstrates with Bella for giving neighbour Sarah Robinson credit ("tick"). The boys repeat the scam, but Bella has rumbled them.
Jack and visiting Glaswegian socialist lecturer Sandy Lewis visit The George Hotel bar, where Billy is working. Tom is there. The Seatons are going to Jessie's that evening, to celebrate the New Year. Tom lurks at the Conservative Unionist Women's Association annual shindig, where Richard Harley Evans is guest of honour, celebrating the party's recent election win. Tom sneaks into the cloakroom, stealing items of value. He is interrupted, and narrowly escapes capture, by slipping into Sandy Lewis's lecture.
Jessie and Arthur prepare for a family gathering. Billy takes Bill to the party, despite his protests. Each guest gives their party-piece. Arthur reluctantly recites a monologue.
After the lecture Sandy and Jack share a bottle of whisky, and Sandy tells Jack that the Labour party is in the ascendancy. They find no one at home at the Seatons' home, so Jack takes Sandy to Jessie's house, where he joins the party.
Bill performs his party-piece: playing a headmaster in a comedy skit.
The next morning the police arrive, with a summons for Bill, for opening his shop too long (he's supposed to close at 8pm). Bill suspects that the owner of a nearby sweet shop, J.L. Davidson, has reported him.
Sandy throws a brick through the rival shop's window. It has a message attached to it: "HAPPY NEW YEAR".
Presumably this episode takes place sometime after the previous episode, since Billy has a new job.

12
"Heads You Win, Tales I Lose"
Leonard Lewis
Sid Chaplin
Geoffrey Patterson

Lizzie Armstrong – Val McLane
Robert Armstrong – Richard Glasgow
Dodger Green – Peter Bartle
Dickie Edgar – Peter Thornton
Daisy Meadows – Connie Merigold
Bebber – Peter Marshall
Mr Gibson – Shay Gorman

25 March 1976 (1976-03-25)

Tom and a group of other men are on moorland, illegally gambling on a game of Pitch and Toss. Handfuls of notes change hands. Tom leaves the men with his winnings (about sixty pounds) but his good fortune isn't appreciated by two sore losers, Dodger Green and Dickie Edgar.
Matt and Jack have been at a memorial gathering for Harry Armstrong, where they've raised less than three pounds for the widow and children of a man killed in a pit accident six months earlier. A former "outside man", Mr Gibson, who used to work with Harry, makes a handsome contribution.
Jessie visits Tom's home, where Daisy Meadows is house-sitting.
Jessie then visits Lizzie Armstrong, and her son, Robert, who is excelling at school, and may be eligible for a scholarship. Matt and Jack are there, which makes for an uncomfortable atmosphere. Matt agrees to baby-sit for Lizzie, so that she can attend the annual Labour Party meeting, where she'll second Jessie's nomination for the Executive. Jack senses romance blossoming between Matt and Lizzie.
Tom has been forced into hiding, in the stables. Billy finds Tom, who is planning on escaping to London.
Dolly resents Jack's support for Jessie's political aspirations. They argue, and Jack storms out. Later Jack meets Matt in the pub, and is warned that tongues are wagging. Matt doubts that Jack is motivated by politics.
Jessie is elected to the Executive. Arthur doesn't approve.
Jack employs Robert and another boy to keep an eye on Tom's hiding place, from a nearby pigeon coup.
Jack and Matt return from a day at the pit, to find themselves locked out by Dolly. Jack bursts his way back in, warning her never to do it again.
Lizzie expresses her concerns about her developing relationship with Matt, who proposes marriage. She tells Matt that there's no room in her life for new man.
Jack has arranged a safe route to the docks for Tom. Green and Edgar catch up with Tom, but they have a surprise in store: a "tin panning", which means they're hounded home by the womenfolk, bashing pots and pans.
Jack returns home to find Dolly apologetic and a hearty meal on the table. Lizzie arrives with a letter from Mr Gibson: she's been offered a cleaning job paying a very respectable "fifteen bob a week...half a man's wages".
Irish actor Shay Gorman (who plays Mr Gibson) appeared in several key drama series during the 1960s and 1970s, including Danger Man (The Sanctuary), The Saint (Little Girl Lost), Softly Softly (No Life For A Woman), and The Sweeney (Taste of Fear). He's also appeared in Minder (Why Pay Tax) and Boys from the Blackstuff (1982, as Malloy). Horror fans may recognise him from the 1966 film Island of Terror, or his voice from his uncredited narration on Jacques Tourneur's 1957 classic Night of the Demon (aka Curse of the Demon). More recently he featured as Father Jim Sutton in the 1995 Father Ted episode Grant Unto Him Eternal Rest.
Actress Val McLane played Dennis' sister Norma Patterson in the second season of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, but is, in fact, the sister of Jimmy "Oz" Nail. She's appeared in a couple of Catherine Cookson Tyne Tees TV mini-series (The Rag Nymph and The Moth in 1997, playing Aggie Winkovski, and in 1991's The Black Velvet Gown, as Annie Griston). She was also in LWT's 1997 adaptation of Jane Eyre (which starred Samantha Morton and Ciarán Hinds), and featured in the landmark 1996 BBC drama series Our Friends in the North in 1996, as Rita Cox.

13
"Kind Hearted Rat With A Lifebelt"
Paul Ciappessoni
James Mitchell
Paul Joel

Les Mallow – John Woodvine
Mrs Downey – Pamela Ruddock
Mrs Downey's Children – Margaret Leonard, Tommy Pender
Poskett – John Malcolm
Herbie – Andy Mulligan
Martin Hopkins – John Graham
Magistrate – Gerald Case
Policeman – Neil McCaul
Musicians – The Boldon Colliary Band

1 April 1976 (1976-04-01)

A strike is brewing at Whitely's Shipyard. Union Branch Chairman Les Mallow offers Jack the position of District Secretary. Discovering that Jack's not interested, Les asks if Jack will run as his deputy, a post that pays £5 a week.
Stolen goods have been found in Tom's possession: the police had been tipped off ("hunger breeds envy, Jessie, and envy breeds anonymous letters"). Tom is making his situation more difficult by refusing to reveal where other items lost in the same robberies are. He claims he sold the rest to a man in a pub.
Dolly visits a God-fearing widower, Mrs Downey, and her two children, who are living off a handout of twenty shillings a week. She's in danger of being evicted. Dolly brings Downey's situation to the attention of Les Mallow.
The miners are put on notice: short-time for two weeks, then the sack. Mallow calls a strike meeting, to discuss taking strike action.
Jessie visits Jack, to let him know about Tom's predicament.
At the branch committee meeting, Jack tables a motion preventing industrial action, seconded by Matt. As Chairman, Les' hands are tied to intervene. The workers vote against striking. Jack brings Mrs Downey's plight to the meeting's attention. Jack's advocacy wins him the support of the rank and file members. It may count for nothing: Downey's landlord has locked her out. Jack seizes a hammer, and sets off to reclaim her furniture.
As Jack prepares to break into Downey's home he discovers that she wrote the letter to the police, informing on Tom. After clearing the flat, Jack waits for the landlord, and the police (to give Matt time to get away with the reclaimed furniture).
Jack is arrested, and put in a cell with Tom. The next day Tom is brought before the court, and, despite the best efforts of his solicitor, Martin Hopkins, is sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Jack is next to be tried, and the magistrate simply repeats, word-for-word, his summary of Tom's trial. Jack refuses to accept the validity of the court: "It's all very well to say we're equal under the law, but when you're starving you're only equal to the next poor bugger who's starving". Jack is sentenced to one month in prison: a martyr. Jessie is impressed: "Bastard! You wonderful, cunning bastard!"
Jack and Tom are taken to H.M. Prison Durham.
Mallow visits Dolly with an offer of financial assistance from the Union, but Matt senses that Mallow is looking to take political advantage of the situation, and turns down the offer. Matt tells Dolly that Jack helped Downey to manoeuvre himself into a position where he can be elected as District Secretary.
After serving his sentence, Jack is released from prison. Matt has arranged for a welcoming procession, including a colliery band! Jack is paraded through the streets as a "The People's Friend", hammer in hand.
Jessie tells Jack she doesn't entirely approve of his newfound power, or the way he got it, hoping that he won't forget the people he's going to represent. "Don't you worry, bonnie lass, they'll get their share... eventually".
Jack makes yet more references to the sheep-stealing raids in Fish In Woolly Jumpers. There's also a veiled reference to Tom strikebreaking in episode 4, Swords and Pick Handles. Dolly says that Jack still has some of the money given to him by Sir Horatio in King For A Day.
Mrs Downey's husband Joe died of consumption. He was a union member for seventeen years.
The title is derived from Jessie's appraisal of Jack's survival instincts: "When the ship sinks, he'll be the only rat with a lifebelt".
Jack is tried using his real name, John (I believe this is the first time in the series that this is stated).
The previous District secretary was named Norman Taylor.
Les Mallow was a pacifist during the war, and went to prison for it.

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
#
Title
Director
Writer
Designer
Additional cast
Original air date

14
"Ask for Twopence, Take a Penny"
Terence Williams
James Mitchell
Bernard Lloyd-Jones

Les Mallow – Alan Browning
Baines – Noel Collins

29 October 1976 (1976-10-29)

Jack conducts his first wage negotiation.

15
"Tram Ride to the Bluebell"
Bill Hays
James Mitchell
Oliver Bayldon

John McNeil – Roddy McMillan

5 November 1976 (1976-11-05)

Tom is being blackmailed by his former prison-mates.

16
"A Pillowful of Buttercups"
Michael Hayes
James Mitchell
Peter Brachacki

Chater – David Daker
Stobart – Colin Douglas
Barford – Paul Darrow
Aspinall – Paul Lavers

12 November 1976 (1976-11-12)

An army friend of Jack's has impregnated his 15-year-old girlfriend.

17
"Roubles for the Promised Land"
Michael Hayes
James Mitchell
Peter Brachacki

Kaganovich – David Graham
Mendel – Cyril Shaps
Sol Greenberg – David Hargreaves
Hostel manager – Martin Matthews

19 November 1976 (1976-11-19)

18
"Some Bulbs to Keep the Garden Bright"
Bill Hays
James Mitchell
Oliver Bayldon

Les Mallow – Alan Browning

26 November 1976 (1976-11-26)

19
"God & Love & Wellesley Street"
Terence Williams
James Mitchell
Susan Spence

Father Courtnay – Ralph Michael
Man patient – Gordon Faith

3 December 1976 (1976-12-03)

20
"Whatever Made You Think the War Was Over?"
Michael Hayes
James Mitchell
Susan Spence & Richard Morris

Buell – Edmund Pegge

10 December 1976 (1976-12-10)

Jack has to replay the favour he owes…

21
"Ladies, Women, Sweethearts & Wives"
Bill Hays
James Mitchell
Oliver Bayldon

Guest – Wendy Williams

17 December 1976 (1976-12-17)

Jack's social ambitions make his wife uncomfortable.

22
"After the Bonfire"
Gilchrist Calder
James Mitchell
Oliver Bayldon
TBA
7 January 1977 (1977-01-07)

Jack's wife leaves him.

23
"A Wreath with Our Names On"
Michael Hayes
James Mitchell
Susan Spence

Reilly – Tim Healy
Sergeant Storey – Don McKillop
Mr. Armstrong – John Ringham

14 January 1977 (1977-01-14)

An industrial accident.

24
"The Way It Was in Murmansk"
Terence Williams
James Mitchell
Peter Brachacki

Geordie Watson – Ian Cullen
Stan Liddell – Roger Avon

21 January 1977 (1977-01-21)

Jack's house is burgled.

25
"In the Front Line You Get Shot At"
Gilchrist Calder
James Mitchell
Bernard Lloyd-Jones

Colfax – John Savident
Boothroyd – John Bryans
Man In Pub – Richard Henry
Chief Constable - Geoffrey Toone

28 January 1977 (1977-01-28)

Jack is offered a massive bribe to "loose" an industrial dispute.

26
"The Simple Pleasures of the Rich"
Michael Hayes
James Mitchell
Peter Brachacki
TBA
4 February 1977 (1977-02-04)

Jack is asked to demolish a stately home.

text: Series 3[edit]

text:
#
Title
Director
Writer
Designer
Additional cast
Original air date

27
"A House Divided"
Gilchrist Calder
James Mitchell

Peter Brachacki
Daphne Shortman

Channing – Christopher Benjamin

8 September 1977 (1977-09-08)

28
"A Tiger, a Lamb and a Basket of Fruit"
Terence Williams
James Mitchell
Bernard Lloyd-Jones

Channing – Christopher Benjamin

15 September 1977 (1977-09-15)

29
"My Bonnie Lass Goodbye"
Michael Hayes
James Mitchell
Peter Brachacki

Channing – Christopher Benjamin

22 September 1977 (1977-09-22)

Arthur drops a bombshell.

30
"A Ticket to Care for the Wounded"
Gilchrist Calder
Jeremy Burnham
Daphne Shortman

Freidrich Von Peltzer – Michael Bangerter
Taylor – Noel Collins
Baines – Terry Adams

29 September 1977 (1977-09-29)

Matt stands for election as union Branch Secretary.

31
"Travel Light, Travel Far"
Terence Williams
Jeremy Burnham
Bernard Lloyd-Jones

Father Courtney – Ralph Michael

6 October 1977 (1977-10-06)

32
"Requiem for a Loser"
Michael Hayes
Jeremy Burnham
Barrie Dobbins

Father Courtney – Ralph Michael
Pritchard – Neville Jason

13 October 1977 (1977-10-13)

33
"Debts Owed, Debts Paid"
Terence Williams
James Mitchell
Rochelle Selwyn

Geordie Watson – Ian Cullen
Stan Liddell – Roger Avon
Dave – Gordon Faith

20 October 1977 (1977-10-20)

34
"The Empire Builders"
Vere Lorrimer
James Mitchell
David Spode

Stan Liddell – Roger Avon
Mr. Maxwell – John Hollis

27 October 1977 (1977-10-27)

35
"Look Up and See the Sky"
Michael Hayes
James Mitchell
(none credited)

Ten Bob Tiverton – Frederick Treves

3 November 1977 (1977-11-03)

36
"Letters from Afar"
Terence Williams
Colin Morris
Bernard Lloyd-Jones

Ryder – Colin Douglas
Jones – Roy Pattison

10 November 1977 (1977-11-10)

37
"The Father of Lies"
Michael Hayes
Colin Morris
Rochelle Selwyn

Ryder – Colin Douglas
Accountant – George Little

17 November 1977 (1977-11-17)

Dolly's baby is born.

38
"Diamond Cut Diamond"
Terence Williams
Colin Morris
Bernard Lloyd-Jones

Ryder – Colin Douglas
Jones – Roy Pattison
Sam Cross – Richard Steele
Accountant – George Little
Gatekeeper - Harry Herring

24 November 1977 (1977-11-24)

A shareholder's meeting.

39
"A Marriage and a Massacre"
Gilchrist Calder
James Mitchell
Tim Gleeson

Milburn – Joby Blanshard
Dixon – W. Morgan Sheppard

1 December 1977 (1977-12-01)

A poacher turns violent.

40
"High Life and Hunger"
Michael Hayes
James Mitchell
Rochelle Selwyn

Milburn – Joby Blanshard
Dixon – W. Morgan Sheppard
Mr. Murcheson – Robert James

8 December 1977 (1977-12-08)

A poacher turns violent.

41
"Please Say Goodbye Before You Go"
Terence Williams
James Mitchell
Bernard Lloyd-Jones

Milburn – Joby Blanshard
Dixon – W. Morgan Sheppard
Mr. Murcheson – Robert James

15 December 1977 (1977-12-15)

Jack announces his intention to emigrate to the USA.

text: Series 4[edit]

text: The opening and closing credits for the final series were different from those of the other three, reflecting Jack's relocation to London.

tag: p

text:
#
Title
Director
Writer
Designer
Additional cast
Original air date

42
"Back to Dear Old Blighty"
David Askey
James Mitchell
Ken Ledsham

Rowse – Bernard Horsfall
Starkie – Colin McCormack
Captain Moore – Tom Georgeson
Morty Black – David Graham

17 February 1981 (1981-02-17)

Jack returns to England, in a rough state.

43
"A Gift from Heaven"
Vere Lorrimer
James Mitchell
Austin Ruddy

Tommy Price – George A. Cooper
Harry Lytton – Neil Daglish
Joe – Kevin White

24 February 1981 (1981-02-24)

Jack learns that Matt is dead; and deals with a blackmailer.

44
"A Medal for the Argentine"
David Askey
James Mitchell
Raymond Cusick

Geordie Watson – Ian Cullen
Danny Lockhart – Richard Henry
John Hartley – William Squire
Ossie Edwards – Arthur Blake

3 March 1981 (1981-03-03)

The shipyards are closed, but Jack may have a customer, and a fitter, for them. It is explained that the Seaton family have moved away "and now vote Tory".

45
"Flies and Spiders"
Vere Lorrimer
James Mitchell
Ken Ledsham

John Hartley – William Squire
Bauer – Paul Shelley

10 March 1981 (1981-03-10)

Jack buys a consignment of tinned stew.

46
"Oh, My Charming Billy Boy"
David Askey
James Mitchell
Austin Ruddy

Sid Meek – David Daker
Mr. Reamer – Kevin Stoney
Bonnington – Angus MacKay
Joe Pierce – Roy Pattison

17 March 1981 (1981-03-17)

Jack buys a consignment of tinned stew.

47
"Friends, Romans, Countrymen"
David Reynolds
James Mitchell
Ray Cusick

Geordie Watson – Ian Cullen
Stan Liddell – Roger Avon
Robin Cunningham – Christopher Neame

24 March 1981 (1981-03-24)

Jack meets an old flame.

48
"The Bright Young Things"
Jonathan Alwyn
James Mitchell

Ray Cusick[2]
Ken Ledsham

Morty Black – David Graham
Croupier – John Slavid
Beggar – George Tovey

31 March 1981 (1981-03-31)

Jack buys an empress' necklace.

49
"Action!"
David Reynolds
James Mitchell

Austin Ruddy
Ray Cusick

Stan Liddell – Roger Avon

7 April 1981 (1981-04-07)

Jack crosses swords with the British Union of Fascists.

50
"Comrades in Arms"
Jonathan Alwyn
James Mitchell
Ray Cusick

Fred Randall – Colin Douglas
Nigel Scott-Paliser – Clive Merrison
Savory – Michael Melia
Porter – Pat Gorman
Fascist – Harry Fielder
Fascist – Steve Ismay

14 April 1981 (1981-04-14)

Jack is asked to smuggle guns to Spain.

51
"Roll of Honour"
David Reynolds
James Mitchell

Ken Ledsham
Ray Cusick

Captain Bennett – Peter Childs
Nigel Scott-Paliser – Clive Merrison
Savory – Michael Melia

21 April 1981 (1981-04-21)

While fighting the fascists in Spain, Jack is shot and killed. The episode ends without the theme tune, just the sound of wind and a Chiffchaff singing.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ There is a real Lord Lambton, the Earl of Durham
Jump up ^ credited as "Ray", unlike his previous credits as "Raymond"

tag: ol

text: Lists of British period drama television series episodes

text: Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2011All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attentionArticles needing additional references from July 2011All articles needing additional referencesUse dmy dates from May 2013Use British English from May 2013Episode list using the default LineColorAll articles that may contain original researchArticles that may contain original research from July 2011


document_title: The Big Country

question_text: where is blanco canyon from the movie the big country

text: The Big Country

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Successful sea captain James McKay (Gregory Peck) travels to the American West to join his fiancée Patricia (Carroll Baker) at the enormous ranch owned by her father, Henry Terrill (Charles Bickford), referred to by all as "The Major." Terrill has been feuding with Rufus Hannassey (Burl Ives), the patriarch of a poorer, less refined ranching clan, over water rights in the arid grazing lands of the high plains.

text: Patricia's friend, schoolteacher Julie Maragon (Jean Simmons), owns the "Big Muddy", a large ranch itself, with a source of water that is vital to both Hannassey and Terrill in times of drought. Julie allows all to water their cattle and refuses to sell or lease the Big Muddy to either side, so as to keep the fragile peace.

text: McKay brings a pair of dueling pistols to the Major as a gift. But he repeatedly refuses to be provoked into proving his manhood; he tells the Major that his father died in a meaningless duel. He does nothing when Hannassey's trouble-making son Buck (Chuck Connors) and his shiftless companions harass him. He also declines an invitation by Terrill's foreman, Steve Leech (Charlton Heston), to ride a broncy horse named "Old Thunder." Consequently, everyone, including Patricia, considers him a coward.

text: When the Major and his men ride to the Hannassey ranch in retribution for Buck's harassment of a Terrill guest, McKay declines to participate. He confronts Terrill, speculating that Terrill is acting out of his own personal reasons. Terrell's posse doesn't find Buck, and proceed to terrorize the Hannassey family, to include women and children. Terrill's men shoot holes into the family's water tower, forcing the Hannassey family to rush forward to salvage the water and shore up the tower when Terrill's men leave. Buck makes his escape from Terrill's men while others in his posse are punished and beaten senseless. Alone at Terrill's ranch except for ranch hand Ramon (Alfonso Bedoya), McKay then rides Old Thunder, after being thrown to the ground numerous times. He swears Ramon, the only witness, to secrecy.

text: Terrill hosts a Grand Gala to formally announce Patricia's upcoming wedding. A ruffled and grizzled Hannassey, armed with a shotgun, spoils the festive mood when he confronts Terrill in front of all his guests over how Terrill's men went beyond just seeking retribution against Buck and his men, but also how Terrill mistreated women and children in the Hannassey family. He threatens to start a range war over Terrill's steadfast practice of denying water to Hannassey's cattle.

text: McKay rides out to the Big Muddy and persuades Julie to sell him the land, promising to continue her policy of unrestricted access to the river. A search party, led by Leech, spends two days looking for McKay, believing he has become lost. McKay explains that he was never in danger, but Leech calls him a liar. Again refusing to be goaded into a fight, McKay sees that both Patricia and her father are disappointed; they agree to reconsider their engagement. Early the next morning, before anybody else is up, McKay seeks out Leech to settle their quarrel. They fight, without witnesses, to an exhausted draw. McKay quietly asks Leech exactly what they proved by fighting. Leech has a new understanding and respect of McKay.

text: Julie tells her friend Patricia that McKay bought the Big Muddy for her. Patricia is excited because her father will be so pleased with her wedding gift. Once she learns McKay plans to give Hannassey access to his water, however, Patricia leaves, understanding their engagement is over.

text: Acting on Terrill's orders, Leech and his men chase Hannassey's cattle away from the Big Muddy. Hannassey, in retaliation, kidnaps Julie and uses her as bait to lure Terrill into an ambush in the narrow canyon leading to Hannassey's homestead. Buck tries to force himself on Julie, but his father stops him. Buck, furious, tries to strangle his father, but is overpowered. His father states, "Someday, I'll have to kill you."

text: McKay finds out about Julie and rides to the Hannassey place, where he shows Hannassey the deed to Big Muddy and promises him equal access to the water. Hannassey says he intends to fight Terrill anyway, whereupon McKay tells him that it is plain that this is just a personal vendetta between two old men.

text: When it becomes obvious that McKay and Julie have feelings for each other, Buck attacks McKay. They fight, but Hannassey steps in when Buck draws his gun on the unarmed McKay and insists on a fair, formal duel. After walking apart ten paces, Buck fires before the signal, grazing McKay's forehead. Hannassey is furious. McKay slowly takes aim, but Buck drops to the ground in terror and crawls behind a wagon wheel. McKay fires into the dirt, ending the duel, and Hannassey spits on Buck in disgust. McKay and Julie are about to leave when Buck grabs a gun, forcing Hannassey to shoot his son dead.

text:
"The Big Country"

Main theme from the film by Jerome Moross.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Terrill insists on riding into Blanco Canyon for a final confrontation. Leech and the rest of his men initially refuse to accompany him, but after Terrill rides out alone, Leech joins him, followed by the rest of the outfit. They are quickly pinned down. Hannassey, acknowledging the truth of McKay's accusation, orders his men to stop shooting and challenges Terrill to a one-on-one showdown. Terrill promptly agrees. Armed with rifles, the two old men advance and kill one another.

text: McKay and Julie ride off to start a new life together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gregory Peck as James McKay
Jean Simmons as Julie Maragon
Carroll Baker as Patricia Terrill
Charlton Heston as Steve Leech
Burl Ives as Rufus Hannassey
Charles Bickford as Maj. Henry Terrill
Alfonso Bedoya as Ramón Gutierrez
Chuck Connors as Buck Hannassey
Chuck Hayward as Rafe Hannassey
Buff Brady as Dude Hannassey
Jim Burk as Blackie / Cracker Hannassey
Dorothy Adams as Hannassey Woman
Chuck Roberson as Terrill Cowboy
Bob Morgan as Terrill Cowboy
John McKee as Terrill Cowboy
Peter Lawman as Terrill Cowboy

text: Production[edit]

text: Before principal photography was complete, Wyler left for Rome to start work on Ben-Hur, delegating creation of the final scenes involving McKay and Julie to his assistant Robert Swink, whose resulting scenes pleased Wyler so much that he wrote Swink a letter stating: "I can't begin to tell you how pleased I am with the new ending... The shots you made are complete perfection."[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was a big hit, being the second most popular movie in Britain in 1959.[4] On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film currently has an approval rating of 100% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10.

text: Ives won the Academy Award as Best Supporting Actor as well as the Golden Globe Award. The film was also nominated for an Academy Award for the musical score by Jerome Moross.

text: President Dwight D. Eisenhower liked the movie very much and screened it on four successive evenings in the White House during his second administration.[5]

text: In a poll of 500 films held by Empire magazine, it was voted 187th Greatest Movie of all time.[6]

text: Preservation[edit]

text: The Academy Film Archive preserved The Big Country in 2006.[7]

text: Comic book[edit]

text: A comic book adaptation of the novel and tie-in to the movie was first released in 1957.[citation needed]

text: Locations[edit]

text: The Blanco Canyon scenes were filmed in California's Red Rock Canyon State Park. The ranch and field scenes with greenery were filmed in the central California Sierra foothills near the town of Farmington.[8]