document_title: Kennedy and Heidi

question_text: who is the girl tony soprano meets in vegas

text: Kennedy and Heidi

text: Starring[edit]

text:
James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano
Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi
Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano
Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti
Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano, Jr. *
Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante
Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri
Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr.
Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano
Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri
Steven R. Schirripa as Bobby Baccalieri
Frank Vincent as Phil Leotardo
John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco
Ray Abruzzo as Little Carmine Lupertazzi
Dan Grimaldi as Patsy Parisi
Sharon Angela as Rosalie Aprile
Katherine Narducci as Charmaine Bucco

text: * = credit only

text: Guest starring[edit]

text:
Julianna Margulies as Julianna Skiff
Sarah Shahi as Sonya Aragon
Daniel Baldwin as Himself
Gregory Antonacci as Butch DeConcini
Max Casella as Benny Fazio
Cara Buono as Kelli Lombardo Moltisanti
Michael Countryman as Dr. Richard Vogel
Michael Drayer as Jason Parisi
Frances Ensemplare as Nucci Gualtieri
Frank John Hughes as Walden Belfiore
Marianne Leone as Joanne Moltisanti
Arthur Nascarella as Carlo Gervasi
Dennis Paladino as Al Lombardo
Joseph Perrino as Jason Gervasi
Bambadjan Bamba as Cyclist
Al Roffe as Operations Manager
Phyllis Kay as Rita Lombardo
Mark La Mura as Alan Kaplan
Joey Perillo as John Stefano
Elizabeth Dennis as Andrea
Chris Bashinelli as Kevin
Lindsay Campbell as Professor Kline
Christiana Anbri as Heidi
Leah Bezozo as Kennedy
Gregory Zaragoza as Croupier
William DeMeo as Jason Molinaro
Artie Pasquale as Burt Gervasi
John Wu as Morgan Yam
Matt Sauerhoff as Victor Mineo
Edward Furs as Driver
Alexander Flores as Kid
Ray DeMattis as Gerry Gaultieri
Maureen Van Zandt as Gabriella Dante
Denise Borino-Quinn as Ginny Sacrimoni
Elizabeth Bracco as Marie Spatafore
Danielle Di Vecchio as Barbara Soprano Giglione
Anthony J. Ribustello as Dante Greco
John Cenatiempo as Anthony Maffei
John "Cha Cha" Ciarcia as Albie Cianflone
Jonathan LaPaglia as Himself
Vinnie Orofino as Bryan Spatafore
Ed Vassallo as Tom Giglione
Joe Pucillo as Beppy Scerbo
Michelle Maryk as Jo Lewis
Dina Pearlman as Ellen Reinstein
Mickey Pizzo as Sal Pisano
Sejal Shah as Chandrakanta Pisano
Zuzanna Szadkowski as Elżbieta
Marc Wolf as Mark Lewis

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The heads of the Lupertazzi and DiMeo families meet to discuss the removal of asbestos from a building project. Tony rejects Phil's demand of a 25% cut of the money from the illegal dumping. While driving Tony home, Christopher is agitated and repeatedly changes the radio station, finally settling for a CD soundtrack of The Departed. As the road curves and Chris ups the stereo volume, he drives into the opposite lane and swerves to avoid a car, causing his Cadillac Escalade EXT to go off the road and rollover. Tony suffers minor injuries, but Chris is seriously injured and has difficulty breathing. He tells Tony he will not pass the drug test. Tony begins to call for help, but after noticing that a tree branch has impaled Chris' vehicle directly where his daughter would have been seated had she been in it, Tony suffocates him before calling an ambulance. At the hospital, he leads the staff and his family to believe that Chris died in the crash.

text: In a dream, Tony admits to Dr. Melfi that he killed Chris along with Pussy and Tony B. He also regrets ever placing Chris in a position of power, and is relieved that his death has now eliminated his "biggest blunder." After he awakens the next day, Tony asks Carmela if she feels any relief at Chris' death, which she denies. During his actual session with Melfi, he simply recalls Chris as a liability and an embarrassment, and says he resents having to feign remorse in front of his family. At Chris' wake, Tony is disgusted by the ostentatious display of sorrow. He and Carmela make an appearance at the wake of Paulie's adoptive mother Nucci, who has died of a stroke; Paulie is angered by the poor attendance and thinks Chris has upstaged him once again.

text: A.J. continues to spend time with Jason Parisi and Jason Gervasi at their frat house. They are amused to learn that Victor, whom they injured with sulfuric acid, had to have two toes amputated. A.J. impresses his therapist by telling him he is taking college courses again. After Jason and his friends assault a Somalian student while A.J. stands by, he relapses into depression. Tony eavesdrops on Joane, Carmela and Kelli discussing Chris' death. On a private trip to Las Vegas, he receives another call from Phil, who refuses to assist with the asbestos removal and mocks him over Chris' death. Tony meets Sonya, a stripper Chris knew, and tells her about his death. They have sex and smoke marijuana; she tells him he seems sad. They take peyote and win in roulette. Tony mumbles "he's dead" and collapses on the floor laughing, seemingly attributing his winning streak to the fact Chris is no longer in his life. In Jersey, the asbestos is dumped into a lake. Tony and Sonya watch the sunrise over the Red Rock Canyon, where Tony cries: "I get it!"

text: Deceased[edit]

text:
Christopher Moltisanti: seriously injured in a car crash and then murdered by suffocation by Tony by squeezing his nose shut when he was gasping for air; he dies after choking on his own blood pouring down his airways. According to Tony, killed for using drugs again, being a danger to him and his crime family and generally disappointing Tony in the last few years.
Marianucci Gualtieri: stroke.

text: Title reference[edit]

text:
Kennedy and Heidi are the names of the teenage girls driving the car that nearly collides with Christopher's vehicle. Heidi refuses to stop after the accident for fear of losing her learner's permit for the curfew violation.
Tony remarks that Chris's wife, Kelli, behaves and dresses like Jackie Kennedy at Christopher's wake.

text: References to prior episodes[edit]

text:
Tony and Phil mention the Barone Sanitation sale, which happened in "The Fleshy Part of the Thigh."
Tony has been involved in a number of car accidents in the past, and, as in this episode, was not harmed seriously in any of them. He crashed his truck when escaping hitmen in "Isabella," crashed it when passing out from a panic attack in "Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist's Office...," and, in "Irregular Around the Margins", when a wild animal runs in front of an Escalade during a nighttime ride, Tony and Adriana flip the truck and it is totalled.
In the pilot episode, when Christopher is first introduced, he is wearing a baseball cap and driving Tony to New York City. Right before he dies, he is wearing a baseball cap and driving Tony back from New York. According to an article in TV Guide, Michael Imperioli states that he does not know if this is intentional or a coincidence.
Christopher dies in large part due to his drug addiction (it both contributed to him crashing the car, as he was intoxicated, and as one of the motives for his murder by Tony). Christopher struggled with his drug addiction for many years, most notably since the trip to Naples, Italy, seen in the Season 2 episode "Commendatori", where he picked up the habit of injecting heroin from the Italian gangster Tanno. Following the drug intervention in "The Strong, Silent Type" (Season 4) and his stay in rehab, Christopher's life was marked with periods of being clean and relapses after particularly stressful experiences. Additionally, in "The Strong, Silent Type," Tony asks Junior for advice on how he should deal with Christopher, after having learned of his addiction. Junior tells him that he should be "put out of his misery," as it used to be done by the mob in the old days.
In "The Strong, Silent Type", when Tony discovers during the intervention that Christopher accidentally sat on and suffocated Adriana's dog Cosette, he remarks that he "ought to suffocate" Christopher. Coincidentally, Christopher dies suffocating on his own blood as Tony smothers him.
In "Long Term Parking," in one of his rants complaining about Tony in front of Adriana, Christopher says: "That’s the guy, Adriana. My uncle Tony. The guy I’m going to hell for." Throughout the series, Christopher did work for Tony and followed his orders, committing numerous criminal acts. Christopher was ultimately killed by Tony himself, upon his boss' decision. And if he did die, Christopher believed he would go to hell, as once, near death (clinically dead), in "From Where to Eternity" (Season 2) he said he already went to the afterlife, which he believed was hell.
Right after the scene when Christopher's death is confirmed to Carmela, Tony awakes suddenly from a dream of Kelli hearing the news to the sound of a crow cawing, just prior to Silvio and Paulie's entering Tony's room to offer condolences. Christopher saw a crow at his making ceremony initiating him into the mafia in "Fortunate Son", which he interpreted as a bad omen.
Carmela tells Tony that it was Christopher who comforted her in the hospital when Tony got shot by Junior ("Join the Club").
At the end of the episode, Tony sees a flash of light over the canyon with the sunrise, and shouts, "I get it!" This may be the same flash of light he sees (but looks away from) in his hotel room during his coma at the end of "Join the Club".
In "Chasing It", Carlo relates to Tony the Twilight Zone episode, "A Nice Place to Visit", in which a dead gangster, Rocky Valentine, finds himself unable to lose when gambling and able to have any woman or any other pleasure he desires. Originally, he believes himself in Heaven, until it is revealed he is actually in Hell. In this episode, Tony finds himself in a similar situation while in Las Vegas, winning at roulette and having sex while high on peyote. Also, at one point during this trip, he encounters a flashing red devil logo on a slot machine.

text: Other cultural and historical references[edit]

text:
Al Lombardo, angry, says that Syracuse is losing a basketball game when in the family gathering after Christopher's death.
Hanging out with the Jasons, A.J. and a girl compare antidepressants Lexapro and Wellbutrin.
A.J.'s English professor talks about Wordsworth.
A.J. says he took a class about and is interested in the Arab-Israeli conflict, and remarks that "nobody knew who started it."
Carmela is watching an old episode of The Dick Cavett Show wherein Cavett is interviewing Katharine Hepburn.
At Christopher's wake, Tony comments, "fucking James Brown", when Joanne breaks down crying. He also says the mourning Kelli looks like Jackie Kennedy with her appearance and the sunglasses.
After witnessing the savage beating of the unarmed black cyclist, A.J., distressed, asks his therapist, "Why can't we all get along?" Rodney King, a black man beaten by racist Los Angeles police in an incident that sparked national protests and riots, famously asked the same question.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The song that Christopher puts on the car stereo and on full volume as he is driving Tony right before the crash is Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb", performed by Roger Waters featuring Van Morrison & The Band, the first track from the soundtrack of The Departed.
The song playing when Tony is first being driven in a taxi in Las Vegas is "Are You Alright?" by Lucinda Williams.
The song playing in the background when Tony first meets Sonya is "Outta My Head" by M. Ward.
The song playing in the background as Tony and Sonya are having sex is "The Adultress" by The Pretenders.
The song playing in the background when Tony and Sonya are talking in bed is "Space Invader" by The Pretenders, which was also featured in the season 2 episode "House Arrest."
The song played over the end credits is "Minas de Cobre (for Better Metal)" by Calexico.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The episode's director, Alan Taylor, won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards.


document_title: Education in Canada

question_text: what grade is a 16 year old in canada

question_tokens: what grade is a 16 year old in canada

root

text: Education in Canada

text: Canada-wide[edit]

text: Elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education in Canada is a provincial responsibility and there are many variations between the provinces. The federal government's responsibilities in education are limited to the Royal Military College of Canada, and funding the education of indigenous peoples.

tag: p

text: About one out of ten Canadians does not have a high school diploma – one in seven has a university degree – the adult population that is without a high school diploma is a combination of both immigrant and Canadian-born. In many places, publicly funded high school courses are offered to the adult population. The ratio of high school graduates versus non diploma-holders is changing rapidly, partly due to changes in the labour market[20] that require people to have a high school diploma and, in many cases, a university degree. Nonetheless, more than 51% of Canadians have a college degree, the highest rate in the world by far.[21] The majority of schools, at 67%, are co-educational.

text: Canada spends about 5.4% of its GDP on education.[12] The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more than 20 000 USD per student).[22] Recent reports suggest that from 2006 the tuition fees of Canadian universities have increased by 40 percent.[23] Since the adoption of section 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982, education in both English and French has been available in most places across Canada (if the population of children speaking the minority language justifies it), although French Second Language education/French Immersion is available to anglophone students across Canada.

text: According to an announcement of Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Canada is introducing a new, fast-track system to let foreign students and graduates with Canadian work experience become permanent eligible residents in Canada.[24]

text: Most schools have introduced one or more initiatives such as programs in Native studies, antiracism, Aboriginal cultures and crafts; visits by elders and other community members; and content in areas like indigenous languages, Aboriginal spirituality, indigenous knowledge of nature, and tours to indigenous heritage sites.[25] Although these classes are offered, most appear to be limited by the area or region in which students reside. "The curriculum is designed to elicit development and quality of people's cognition through the guiding of accommodations of individuals to their natural environment and their changing social order"[26]

text: Subjects that typically get assessed (i.e., language arts, mathematics, and science) assume greater importance than non-assessed subjects (i.e., music, visual arts, and physical education) or facets of the curriculum (i.e., reading and writing versus speaking and listening).[27]

text: Some scholars view academics as a form of "soft power" helping to educate and to create positive attitudes,[28] although there is criticism that educators are merely telling students what to think, instead of how to think for themselves, and using up a large proportion of classroom time in the process.[29][30] Efforts to keep students happy and socially conscious often come at the expense of academic achievement. Social promotion policies, grade inflation, lack of corrective feedback for students, teaching methods that slow the development of basic skills compared to past decades, reform mathematics, and failure to objectively track student progress have collectively forced high schools and colleges to lower their academic standards.[31][32][33]

text: Divisions by religion and language[edit]

text: The Constitution of Canada provides constitutional protections for some types of publicly funded religious-based and language-based school systems.

text: The Constitution Act, 1867 contains a guarantee for publicly funded religious-based separate schools, provided the separate schools were established by law prior to the province joining Confederation. Court cases have established that this provision did not apply to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island, since those provinces did not provide a legal guarantee for separate schools prior to Confederation. The provision did originally apply to Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Newfoundland and Labrador, since these provinces did have pre-existing separate schools. This constitutional provision was repealed in Quebec by a constitutional amendment in 1997, and for Newfoundland and Labrador in 1998. The constitutional provision continues to apply to Ontario, Saskatchewan and Alberta. There is a similar federal statutory provision which applies to the Northwest Territories.

text: Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right of citizens who were educated in the minority language in a particular province to have their children educated in the minority language in publicly funded schools. In practice, this guarantee means that there are publicly funded English schools in Quebec, and publicly funded French schools in the other provinces and the territories.

text: Quebec students must attend a French school up until the end of high school unless one of their parents qualifies as a rights-holder under s.23 of the Charter. In Ontario, French language schools automatically admit students recognized under section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and may admit non-francophone students through the board's admissions committee consisting of the school principal, a school superintendent and a teacher.

text: Length of study[edit]

text: Most education programs in Canada begin in kindergarten (age five) or grade one (age six) and go to grade twelve (age 17 or 18), except in Quebec, where students finish a year earlier. After completion of a secondary school diploma, students may go on to post-secondary studies.

text: Authorities[edit]

text: Normally, for each type of publicly funded school (such as Public English or Public French), the province is divided into districts (or divisions). For each district, board members (trustees) are elected only by its supporters within the district (voters receive a ballot for just one of the boards in their area). Normally, all publicly funded schools are under the authority of their local district school board. These school boards would follow a common curriculum set up by the province the board resides in. Only Alberta allows public charter schools, which are independent of any district board. Instead, they each have their own board, which reports directly to the province.

text: Pre-university[edit]

text: Primary education and secondary education combined are sometimes referred to as K-12 (Kindergarten through Grade 12). Secondary schooling, known as high school, collegiate institute, école secondaire or secondary school, consists of different grades depending on the province in which one resides. Furthermore, grade structure may vary within a province or even within a school division and may or may not include middle school or junior high school.

text: Kindergarten (or its equivalent) is available for children in all provinces in the year they turn five (except Ontario and Quebec, where it begins a year earlier), but the names of these programs, provincial funding, and the number of hours provided varies widely. For example, the Department of Education in Nova Scotia refers to Kindergarten as Grade Primary.[34]

text: Ontario offers two years of optional kindergarten (junior kindergarten for four-year-olds and senior kindergarten for five-year-olds). At French schools in Ontario, these programs are called Maternelle and Jardin.[35] In 2010, Ontario increased both years to full-day programs, while BC's single year of kindergarten became full-day in 2012. Quebec offers heavily subsidized preschool programs and introduced an early kindergarten program for children from low-income families in 2013. Students in the Prairie provinces are not required by statute to attend kindergarten. As a result, kindergarten often is not available in smaller towns.

text: Dependent on the province the age of mandatory entry to the education system is at 4–7 years. Starting at grade one, at age six or seven, there is universal publicly funded access up to grade twelve (age seventeen to eighteen), except in Quebec, where secondary school ends one year earlier. Children are required to attend school until the age of sixteen (eighteen in Manitoba, Ontario, and New Brunswick). In Quebec, the typical high school term ends after Secondary V/Grade eleven (age sixteen to seventeen); following this, students who wish to pursue their studies to the university level have to attend college (see Education in Quebec). Quebec is currently the only province where Grade 12 is part of postsecondary, though Grade 11 was also the end of secondary education in Newfoundland and Labrador prior to the introduction of grade 12 in 1983.

text: Ontario had a "Grade 13" known as Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) year, but this was abolished in 2003 by the provincial government to cut costs. As a result, the curriculum has been compacted, and the more difficult subjects, such as mathematics, are comparatively harder than before. However, the system is now approximately equivalent to what has been the case outside of Quebec and Ontario for many years.

text: Students may continue to attend high school until the ages of 19 to 21 (the cut-off age for high school varies between provinces). Those 19 and over may attend adult school. Students of high school age who have received long-term suspensions or have been expelled, or are otherwise unable or unwilling to attend conventional schools may be offered alternative learning options to complete their secondary education, such as drop-in programs, night school, or distance/online classes.

text: An increasing number of international students are attending pre-university courses at Canadian high schools.

text: History[edit]

text: Post-secondary education[edit]

text: Post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. Those governments provide the majority of funding to their public post-secondary institutions, with the remainder of funding coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and research grants. Compared to other countries in the past, Canada has had the highest tertiary school enrollment as a percentage of their graduating population.[37]

text: Nearly all post-secondary institutions in Canada have the authority to grant academic credentials (i.e., diplomas or degrees). Generally speaking, universities grant degrees (e.g., bachelor's, master's or doctorate degrees) while colleges, which typically offer vocationally oriented programs, grant diplomas and certificates. However, some colleges offer applied arts degrees that lead to or are equivalent to degrees from a university. Private career colleges are overseen by legislative acts for each province. For example, in British Columbia training providers will be registered and accredited with the (PCTIA) Private Career Training Institutions Agency regulated under the Private Career Training Institutions Act (SBC 2003) [38] Each province with their own correlating agency. Unlike the United States, there is no "accreditation body" that oversees the universities in Canada. Universities in Canada have degree-granting authority via an Act or Ministerial Consent from the Ministry of Education of the particular province.

text: Post-secondary education in Quebec begins with college following graduation from Grade 11 (or Secondary V). Students complete a two- or three-year general program leading to admission to a university, or a professional program leading directly into the labour force. In most cases, bachelor's degree programs in Quebec are three years instead of the usual four; however, in many cases, students attending a university in Quebec that did not graduate from college must complete an additional year of coursework. When Ontario had five years of high school, a three-year bachelor's degree was common, but these degrees are being phased out in favour of the four-year degree.

text: The main variation between the provinces, with respect to the universities, is the amount of funding they receive and the amount of tuition and other fees they charge.

text: The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), is the military academy of the Canadian Forces and is a full degree-granting university. RMC is the only federal institution with degree-granting powers.

text: Private schools[edit]

text: About 5.6% of students are in private schools.[39] A minority of these are elite private schools, which are attended by only a small fraction of students, but do have a great deal of prestige and prominence. A far larger portion of private schools are religious based institutions. Private schools are also used to study outside the country. For example, Canadian College Italy has an Ontario curriculum, but the school is located in Italy.

text: Private schools have historically been less common on the Canadian Prairies and were often forbidden under municipal and provincial statutes enacted to provide equality of education to students regardless of family income. This is especially true in Alberta, where successive Social Credit (or populist conservative) governments denounced the concept of private education as the main cause of denial of opportunity to the children of the working poor.

text: Private universities[edit]

text: In the past, private universities in Canada maintained a religious history or foundation. However, since 1999, the Province of New Brunswick passed the Degree Granting Act[40] allowing private universities to operate in the Province.[41][42] The University of Fredericton is the newest university to receive designation in New Brunswick.

text: Trinity Western University, in Langley British Columbia, was founded in 1962 as a junior college and received full accreditation in 1985. In 2002, British Columbia's Quest University became the first privately funded liberal arts university without a denominational affiliation (although it is not the first private liberal arts university). Many provinces, including Ontario and Alberta, have passed legislation allowing private degree-granting institutions (not necessarily universities) to operate there.

text: Many Canadians remain polarized on the issue of permitting private universities into the Canadian market. On the one hand, Canada's top universities find it difficult to compete with the private American powerhouses because of funding, but on the other hand, the fact that the price of private universities tends to exclude those who cannot pay that much for their education could prevent a significant portion of Canada's population from being able to attend these schools.

text: In addition to the issue of access, some Canadians find issue with protections instituted within the Charter of Rights and Freedoms as ruled by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2001 and consistent with federal and provincial law that (private) faith-based universities in Canada based on the long established principles of freedom of conscience and religion can exempt itself from more recent human rights legislation when they insist in their “community covenant” code signed by staff, faculty and students that they act in accordance with the faith of the school. The covenant may require restraint from those acts considered in contradiction with the tenets of their faith such as homosexual relationships, sex outside marriage or more broadly abstain from consuming alcohol on campus or viewing pornography.[43] However, private-Christian based schools do not preclude homosexual or lesbian students from attending.[44] Some faith-based universities have been known to fire staff and faculty which refused to adhere or whose actions were in opposition with the tenets of the faith, although in some provinces, their dismissals have been successfully challenged in court based on the circumstances.[45]

text: Religious schools[edit]

text: Each province deals differently with private religious schools. In Ontario the Catholic system continues to be fully publicly funded while other faiths are not. Ontario has several private Jewish, Islamic, and Christian schools all funded through tuition fees. Since the Catholic schools system is entrenched in the constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that this system is constitutional. However, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has ruled that Ontario's system is discriminatory, suggesting that Ontario either fund no faith-based schools, or all of them.[46] In 2002 the government of Mike Harris introduced a controversial program to partially fund all private schools, but this was criticized for undermining the public education system and the program was eliminated after the Liberals won the 2003 provincial election.

text: In other provinces privately operated religious schools are funded. In British Columbia the government pays independent schools that meet rigorous provincial standards up to 50% of the per-student operating cost of public schools. The province has a number of Sikh, Hindu, Christian, and Islamic schools. Alberta also has a network of charter schools, which are fully funded schools offering distinct approaches to education within the public school system. Alberta charter schools are not private and the province does not grant charters to religious schools. These schools have to follow the provincial curriculum and meet all standards, but are given considerable freedom in other areas. In all other provinces private religious schools receive some funding, but not as much as the public system.

text: An example of how schools can be divided by religion, Toronto has two English boards; Toronto Catholic District School Board and Toronto District School Board, and two French boards; Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud and Conseil scolaire Viamonde.

text: History of religious schools[edit]

text: Levels in education[edit]

text: Canada outside Quebec[edit]

text: As the education system in Canada is managed by the varying provincial governments in Canada, the way the educational stages are grouped and named may differ from each region, or even between districts and individual schools. The ages are the age of the students when they end the school year in June.

text:
Early childhood education

Junior Kindergarten or Pre-Kindergarten (ages 3–5) (Ontario only)[47]
Grade Primary or Kindergarten (ages 5–6)

Elementary education

Grade 1 (ages 6–7)
Grade 2 (ages 7–8)
Grade 3 (ages 8–9)
Grade 4 (ages 9–10)
Grade 5 (ages 10–11)
Grade 6 (ages 11–12)
Grade 7 (ages 12–13) (outside Ontario, most provinces and territories group grades 7, 8 and 9 into junior high, others include grade 5 or 6 through grade 8 into middle school, in B.C. high school starts in Grade 8)
Grade 8 (ages 13–14)

Secondary education

Grade 9 (ages 14–15)
Grade 10 (ages 15–16)
Grade 11 (ages 16–17)
Grade 12 (ages 17–18)
Grade 12+ (ages 18–21) (Ontario only)b

Tertiary education

College: In Canada, the term college usually refers to a community college or a technical, applied arts, or applied science school. These are post-secondary institutions granting certificates, diplomas, associates degree, and bachelor's degrees.
University: A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education.
Graduate school: A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic certificates, diplomas and degrees (i.e. master's degree, Ph.D.)

tag: ul

text: Quebec[edit]

text:
Pre-school ((in French):Garderie); under 5
Kindergarten ((in French):Maternelle); 5-6
Grade School ((in French):école primaire, literally Primary school, equivalent to Elementary School)

Grade 1; 6-7
Grade 2; 7-8
Grade 3; 8-9
Grade 4; 9-10
Grade 5; 10-11
Grade 6; 11-12

High School ((in French): école secondaire, literally Secondary school)grade names

Grade 7/Secondary 1; 12-13
Grade 8/Secondary 2; 13-14
Grade 9/Secondary 3; 14-15
Grade 10/Secondary 4; 15-16
Grade 11/Secondary 5; 16-17

College

Pre-university program, two years (typically Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, or Arts)
Professional program, three years (e.g. Paralegal, Dental Hygienist, Nursing, etc.)

University (Usually requires a College degree (DCS (in French):'DEC) or equivalent)

Undergraduate

Three years for most programs (or four years for Engineering, Education, Medicine, and Law) leading to a Bachelor's degree. Non-Quebec students require an extra year to complete the same degree because of the extra year in college.

Graduate (or postgraduate)

One or two years leading to a Master's degree.
three or more years leading to a Doctoral degree.

text: English schools in Quebec have the same grade system as French schools, but with English names. For example, "elementary school" is not called "école primaire" in an English school, but has the same grading system.

text: Grade structure by province[edit]

text: The following table shows how grades are organized in various provinces. Often, there will be exceptions within each province, both with terminology for groups, and which grades apply to each group.

text:
Alberta
(source)

Elementary
Junior High
Senior High

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

British Columbia
(source)[not in citation given]

Primary
Intermediate

Secondary

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Manitoba[48]

Early Years
Middle Years
Senior Years

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

New Brunswick
(source)

Elementary
Middle School
High School

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Newfoundland and Labrador
(source)

Primary
Elementary
Junior High
Senior High

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Level I (10)
Level II (11)
Level III (12)

Northwest Territories
(source)

Primary
Intermediate
Junior Secondary
Senior Secondary

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Nova Scotia
(source)

Elementary
Junior High
Senior High

Primary
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Ontario[49]
Elementary
Secondary

Junior Kindergarten
Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

PEI
(source)

Elementary
Intermediate School
Senior High

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Quebec

Primary School
Secondary School
College

Garderie
Maternelle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 (Sec I)
8 (Sec II)
9 (Sec III)
10 (Sec IV)
11 (Sec V)
first
second
third

Saskatchewan
(source[permanent dead link])

Elementary Level
Middle Level
Secondary Level

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Yukon
(source)

Elementary
Junior Secondary
Senior Secondary

Kindergarten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

tag: table

text: Notes:

text:
In British Columbia some schools may group together the higher Elementary and lower Secondary Grades. These schools are referred to as Middle Schools or Jr. Secondary Schools. Some Elementary Schools consist solely of grades K-5. Likewise, some Secondary Schools may only have grades 11 and 12. In addition, some school districts may use just elementary (K-7) and secondary (8-12) schools. British Columbia informally subcategorizes the Elementary level into "Primary" (K-3) and "Intermediate" (4-6 or 7).
In Ontario, the terms used in French schooling consist of Maternelle in regards to Junior Kindergarten, Kindergarten is then referred to as Jardin. This differs from Quebec's Maternelle which is the equivalent of Ontario's Kindergarten.
In Manitoba, grade-9 - grade 12 was for a short time referred to as Senior 1-Senior 4;
In Nova Scotia the terms for groups, and grades they apply to varies significantly throughout the province. A common, but not universal, organization is shown.
In Quebec college is two or three years, depending on what a student selects, based usually on what their post-secondary plans are. College in Quebec overlaps what other provinces consider the boundary between secondary education (high school) and post-secondary education (college and university). "Sec I" = "Secondary Year One" = "Grade 7"
In Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, schools are now set up as elementary schools with grades K-5, middle schools with grades 6-8, and high schools with grades 9-12. However, high school graduation requirements only include courses taken in grades 10-12.
In Saskatchewan Elementary school is most often from k-8 and high school from 9-12, High school graduation requirements only taken grades 10-12 and require 24 credits to graduate.

text: Provincial and Territorial Departments and Ministries[edit]

text:
Provincial and Territorial Departments and Ministries

Provincial Education(Wikipedia)
Provincial Department Or Ministry(External Link)

Education in Alberta
Alberta Education

Education in British Columbia
Ministry of Education

Education in Manitoba
Ministry of Education

Education in New Brunswick
Ministry of Education, Ministère de l'Éducation

Education in Newfoundland and Labrador
Ministry of Education

Education in Northwest Territories
Department of Education, Culture and Employment

Education in Nova Scotia
Department of Education

Education in Nunavut
Department of Education

Education in Ontario
Ministry of Education

Education in Prince Edward Island
Department of Education

Education in Quebec
Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport

Education in Saskatchewan
Ministry of Education

Education in Yukon
Department of Education, Culture and Employment


document_title: Australia Day

question_text: when was australia day first celebrated as a public holiday

text: Australia Day

text: History[edit]

text: Arrival of the First Fleet[edit]

text: On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland. Under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America.[9] The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable.

text: On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement. They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney. They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people.

text: They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January. That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January. However, during 24 January, they spotted the ships Astrolabe and Boussole, flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out.[citation needed]

text: On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but only HMS Supply made it out, carrying Arthur Phillip, Philip Gidley King, some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon. On 26 January, early in the morning, Phillip along with a few dozen marines, officers and oarsmen, rowed ashore and took possession of the land in the name of King George III. The remainder of the ship's company and the convicts watched from on board Supply.[citation needed]

text: Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, Captain John Hunter of HMS Sirius made contact with the French ships, and he and the commander, Captain de Clonard, exchanged greetings. Clonard advised Hunter that the fleet commander was Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse. Sirius successfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty. Charlotte was blown dangerously close to rocks; Friendship and Prince of Wales became entangled, both ships losing booms or sails; Charlotte and the Friendship actually collided; and Lady Penrhyn nearly ran aground. Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January. The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm.[10]

text: The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed. It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip's governorship were read out. The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788.[11][12][13]

text: First fifty years: 1788 to 1838[edit]

text: Although there was no official recognition of the colony's anniversary, with the New South Wales Almanacks of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January,[14] by 1808 the date was being used by the colony's immigrants, especially the emancipated convicts, to "celebrate their love of the land they lived in"[15] with "drinking and merriment".[16] The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sundown on 25 January, and lasted into the night, the chief toast of the occasion being Major George Johnston. Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict James Ruse. Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to Annandale, Johnston led the officers of the New South Wales Corps in arresting Governor William Bligh on the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the "Rum Rebellion".

text: In 1817 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of Isaac Nichols:

text: On Monday the 27th ult. a dinner party met at the house of Mr. Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan. 1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following. The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number. At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated. After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded.

text: 1818 was the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and Governor Lachlan Macquarie chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration.[18] The Governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of "one pound [c. 450g] of fresh meat", and ordered a 30-gun salute at Dawes Point – one for each year that the colony had existed.[19] This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow.[15]

text: Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events.[18] One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day regatta was held on Sydney Harbour.[15][20] Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels to watermen's skiffs, and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including the steamboat Australian and the Francis Freeling—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day.[21] Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make in an annual event.[20] However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the "United Australians" dinner being limited to those born in Australia.[15] In describing the dinner, the Sydney Herald justified the decision, saying:

text: The parties who associated themselves under the title of "United Australians" have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness. It is not fair so to censure them. If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate. That was a good reason. The "Australians" had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain.

text: The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia's first public holiday was declared. The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (Maitland, Experiment, Australia, Rapid, and the miniature steamer Firefly) to view the proceedings from the water. At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes' Battery as the Royal Standard was raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky.[23] The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837,[22][23] and the anniversary as a whole was described as a "day for everyone".[18]

text: Centenary celebration: 1839 to 1935[edit]

text: Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had their own commemorations for their founding. In Tasmania, Regatta Day occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of Abel Tasman.[24] South Australia celebrated Proclamation Day on 28 December. Western Australia had their own Foundation Day (now Western Australia Day) on 1 June.[15]

text: In 1888, all colonial capitals except Adelaide celebrated "Anniversary Day". In 1910, South Australia adopted January 26 as "Federation Day".[15]

text: In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July,[25] on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort.[26] It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916,[26] 27 July 1917,[27] and 26 July 1918.[28]

text: Victoria adopted January 26 as Australia Day in 1931,[18] and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales).[15] The name "Foundation Day" persisted in local usage.[29]

text: Sesquicentenary[edit]

text: The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated.[15] Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council.[15] In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the actual anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January.[15] The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as "Australia Day" in 1946,[30] although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the actual anniversary.[31]

text: Bicentennial year[edit]

text: In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale, with many significant events taking place in all major cities.[15] Over 2.5 million people attended the event in Sydney.[18] These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of the Powerhouse Museum at its new location. A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part.[15][18]

text: Contemporary celebrations[edit]

text: Since 1988, participation in Australia Day has increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on the actual day for the first time.[32] Research conducted in 2007 reported that 27.6% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 25.6% celebrated with family and friends.[33] This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005.[34]

text: Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia. These official events are presented by the National Australia Day Council, an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees.[35]

text: In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race. In Adelaide, the key celebrations are "Australia Day in the City" which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder park and the traditional International Cricket match played at the Adelaide Oval. Featuring the People's March and the Voyages Concert, Melbourne's events[36] focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism.[37] Despite a drop in attendance in 2010, but with audiences still estimated at 400,000,[38] the Perth Skyworks is the largest single event presented each Australia Day.[39]

text: Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of Australian citizenship. On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship.[40] In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an affirmation by existing citizens. Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78.6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day.[33]

text: The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations. In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations.[41] The Order of Australia awards are also a feature of the day. The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations. The Governor-General and Prime Minister both address the nation. On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a "significant contribution to the Australian community and nation" and is an "inspirational role model for the Australian community".[42] Subcategories of the award include Young Australian of the Year and Senior Australian of the Year, and an award for Australia's Local Hero.

text: Various music festivals are held on Australia Day, such as the Big Day Out, and the Australia Day Live Concert which is televised nationally. For many years an international cricket match has been held on Australia Day at the Adelaide Oval. These matches have included both Test matches and One Day Internationals.[43]

text: Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day. Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards "our future", while 13% thought it was important to "think about the present at this time" and 3% were unsure.[44] Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme. There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader's participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies.[45]

text: Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians' understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity, Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed "it was important to recognise Australia's indigenous people and culture" as part of Australia Day celebrations. A similar proportion (89%) agreed that "it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation".[46] Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion.

text: Controversies and issues[edit]

text: Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia's Indigenous peoples.[47][48] The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning. A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an "Invasion Day" commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture.[6] Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as "Invasion Day", and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events.[49] Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cites on Invasion Day/Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne range into tens of thousands.[50][51][52]

text: The anniversary is also termed by some as "Survival Day" and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination.[53] In 2016, National Indigenous Television chose the name "Survival Day" as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term "recognises the invasion", but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people.[54]

text: In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present.[55]

text: In August 2017 the council of the City of Yarra, a district of Melbourne, resolved unanimously that it would no longer refer to 26 January as Australia Day and would cease to hold citizenship ceremonies on that day; an event acknowledging Aboriginal culture and history was to be held instead.[56] The City of Darebin later followed suit. The federal government immediately deprived the councils of their powers to hold citizenship ceremonies.[57][58][59][60]

text: Suggested changes to the date[edit]

text: Both before the establishment of Australia Day as the national day of Australia, and in the years after its creation, several dates have been proposed for its celebration and, at various times, the possibility of moving Australia Day to an alternative date has been mooted. Some reasons put forward are that the current date, celebrating the foundation of the Colony of New South Wales, lacks national significance;[61] that the day falls on school holidays which limits the engagement of schoolchildren in the event;[61] and that it fails to encompass members of the indigenous community and some others who perceive the day as commemorating the date of an invasion of their land.[61] Connected to this is the suggestion that moving the date would be seen as a significant symbolic act.[62]

text: Amongst those calling for change have been Tony Beddison, then chairman of the Australia Day Committee (Victoria), who argued for change and requested debate on the issue in 1999;[61] and Mick Dodson, Australian of the Year in 2009, who called for debate as to when Australia Day was held.[63]

text: Such a move would have to be made by a combination of the Australian Federal and State Governments,[64] and has lacked sufficient political and public support. In 2001 Prime Minister John Howard stated that he acknowledged Aboriginal concerns with the date, but that it was nevertheless a significant day in Australia's history, and thus he was in favour of retaining the current date. He also noted that 1 January, which was being discussed in light of the Centenary of Federation, was inappropriate as it coincided with New Year's Day.[65] Prime Minister Kevin Rudd gave a "straightforward no" to a change of date, speaking in response to Mick Dodson's suggestion to reopen the debate. The Leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Turnbull, echoed Rudd's support of 26 January, but, along with Rudd, supported the right of Australians to raise the issue.[66] At the State level, New South Wales Premier Nathan Rees stated that he was yet to hear a "compelling argument" to support change; and Queensland Premier Anna Bligh expressed her opposition to a change.[66]

text: In 2004, a Newspoll that asked if the date of Australia Day should be moved to one that is not associated with European settlement found 79% of respondents favoured no change, 15% favoured change, and 6% were uncommitted.[67] Historian Geoffrey Blainey said he believed 26 January worked well as Australia Day and that: "My view is that it is much more successful now than it's ever been."[68]

text: A September 2017 poll conducted for The Guardian revealed that only 26% of Australians supported changing the date of Australia Day,[69] while a January 2018 poll conducted by The Australia Institute found that 37% believed the current date was offensive and 56% do not mind what day it is held.[70] A January 2017 Guardian poll found that 68% of Australians felt positive about Australia Day, 19% were indifferent and 7% had mixed feelings, with 6% feeling negative about Australia Day. Among Indigenous Australians, however, only 23% felt positive about Australia Day, 31% were negative and 30% had mixed feelings, with 54% favouring a change of date.[8] In June 2017 the annual National General Assembly of the Australian Local Government Association voted (by a majority of 64–62) for councils to consider how to lobby the federal government for a date change.[71]

text: Historically, alternative dates have been proposed:


document_title: El Clásico

question_text: who has more el clasico goals messi or ronaldo

text: El Clásico

text: Rivalry

text: History

text: The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension,[13][14] so that elections to the clubs' presidencies are strongly politicized.[15] Phil Ball, the author of Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football, says about the match; "they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider".[16]

text: As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid".[17][18] In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops[15] (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid).[17]

text: Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction, just after communists, anarchists, and independentists.[15][19] During the Franco dictatorship, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like régime. During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained. In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs.[20] During Franco's regime, however, Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him.[21] The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable;[15] for most of the Catalans, Real Madrid was regarded as "the establishment club", despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra, suffered at the hands of Franco's supporters in the Spanish Civil War.[17][22][23]

text: The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups, some of which became hooligans. In 1980, Ultras Sur was founded as a far-right-leaning Real Madrid ultras group, followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left-leaning and later on far-right, Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois. Both groups became known for their violent acts,[15][24][25] and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters, the Casuals, became a full-fledged criminal organisation.[26]

text: For many people, Barcelona is still considered as "the rebellious club", or the alternative pole to "Real Madrid's conservatism".[27][28] According to polls released by CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas), Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents, while Barcelona stands in the second position. In Catalonia, forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona. Nevertheless, the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region, earning its best results among young people, sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left-wing ideology, in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right-wing views.[29][30]

text: 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals

text: On 13 June 1943, Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco.[31] The first leg, played at Barcelona's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia, had ended with Barcelona winning 3–0. Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona,[32] with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout, whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics, and Fombona for allowing them to. A campaign began in Madrid. Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled: "The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies, really terrible things, winding up the Madrid fans like never before". Former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus, who admitted that Madrid had "above all played hard", wrote in a newspaper: "the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals, goals that were totally unfair".[33]

text: Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid. Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president (1985–1995) Ramón Mendoza explained, "The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid's social center was. There, they were given a whistle. Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets." The day of the second leg, the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel. Barcelona's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incident, "Five minutes before the game had started, our penalty area was already full of coins." Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line—when he did, he was armed with stones. As Francisco Calvet told the story, "They were shouting: Reds! Separatists!... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him. It was all set up."[34]

text: Real Madrid went 2–0 up within half an hour. The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a "completely normal tackle". Madrid's José Llopis Corona recalled, "At which point, they got a bit demoralized," while Mur countered, "at which point, we thought: 'go on then, score as many as you want'." Madrid scored in minutes 31', 33', 35', 39', 43' and 44', as well as two goals ruled out for offside, made it 8–0. Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals. In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications, it was humanly impossible to play... If the azulgranas had played badly, really badly, the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure. The point is that they did not play at all." Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and, although Barcelona appealed, it made no difference. Piñeyro resigned in protest, complaining of "a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín".[35][36]

text: The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona's only goal as a "reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon, it was not exactly their fault".[37] Another newspaper called the scoreline "as absurd as it was abnormal".[32] According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history. This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims."[32] Fernando Argila, Barcelona's reserve goalkeeper from the game, said, "There was no rivalry. Not, at least, until that game."[38]

text: Di Stéfano transfer

text: The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano. Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina.[39] Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and, due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike, both clubs claimed to own his registration.[39] After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero, it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons. Barcelona's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board, with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano's contract.[39] This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano, as he moved definitively to Real Madrid.[39]

text: Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona. With him, Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup, Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961.

text: Luís Figo Transfer

text: In 2000, Real Madrid's then-presidential candidate, Florentino Pérez, offered Barcelona's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections. If the player broke the deal, he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation. When his agent confirmed the deal, Figo denied everything, insisting, "I'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses." He accused the presidential candidate of "lying" and "fantasizing". He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad.[40]

text: On 9 July, Sport ran an interview in which he said, "I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona's fans, for whom I always have and always will feel great affection. I want to assure them that Luís Figo will, with absolute certainty, be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season... I’ve not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid. No. I'm not so mad as to do a thing like that."[40]

text: The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause, $30 million. That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player. Barcelona's new president, Joan Gaspart, called the media and told them, "Today, Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things: get richer and stay at Barça." Only one of them happened. The following day, 24 July, Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano. His buyout clause was set at $180 million. Gaspart later admitted, "Figo's move destroyed us."[41]

text: On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt, banners with "Judas", "Scum" and "Mercenary" were hung around the stadium. Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image, were among the missiles of oranges, bottles, cigarette lighters, even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him.[42] In his third season with Real Madrid, the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry. Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout; missiles of coins, a knife, a whisky bottle, were raining down from the stands, mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner. Among the debris was a pig's head.[43][44]

text: Recent issues

text: During the last three decades, the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo, where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team, once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place. This has happened in three occasions. First, during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988, where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round. Then, three years later, when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991.[45] The last pasillo, and most recent, took place on 7 May 2008, and this time Real Madrid had won the championship.[46]

text: The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002, with Real Madrid winning 2–0 in Barcelona and a 1–1 draw in Madrid, resulting in a 3–1 aggregate win for Madrid. The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the "Match of the Century".[47]

text: While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football, there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team. In 1980, Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou; after excelling during the match, and with Madrid winning 2–0, Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals.[48][49] On 26 June 1983, during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid, having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper, Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post, before Maradona slotted the ball into the net.[48] The manner of Maradona's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding.[48][50] In November 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.[48] After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3–0 win, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause.[51][52] On 21 November 2015, Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4–0 away win, with Iniesta scoring Barça's third – it should be noted however that Iniesta was already a popular figure throughout Spain for scoring the nation’s World Cup winning goal in 2010.[53]

text: A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32% of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid, while 25% supported Barcelona. In third place came Valencia, with 5%.[54] According to an Ikerfel poll in 2011, Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44% of preferences, while Real Madrid is second with 37%. Atlético Madrid, Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five.[55]

text: Both clubs have a global fanbase: they are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media—on Facebook, as of July 2018, Real Madrid has 107 million fans, Barcelona has 103 million fans, on Instagram, Real Madrid has 60 million followers, Barcelona has 57 million followers.[11][56]

text: The rivalry intensified in 2011 where, due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League, Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days. Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards. Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was "concerned" that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs, that this could cause friction in the Spain team.[57]

text: In recent years, the rivalry has been "encapsulated" by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.[58] Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona, and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid, the rivalry was expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios, BBC (Bale, Benzema, Cristiano) against MSN (Messi, Suárez, Neymar).[59]

text: Results

text:
Matches

Wins

Draws

Goals

Home Wins

Home Draws

Away Wins

M

B

M

B

M

B

M

B

M

B

La Liga

176
72
70
34
286
282
52
49
15
19
20
21

Copa del Rey

33
12
14
7
64
63
5
7
5
2
3
5

Copa de la Liga

6
0
2
4
8
13
0
1
2
2
0
1

Supercopa de España

14
8
4
2
30
18
6
4
1
1
2
0

Champions League

8
3
2
3
13
10
1
1
2
1
2
1

All competitions

237
95
92
50
401
386
64
61
25
25
27
28

Friendly

34
4
20
10
44
86
3
11
4
6
1
8

All matches

271
99
112
60
445
472
67
72
29
31
28
36

text: Records

text: Biggest wins (5+ goals)

text:
10

Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona

19 June 1943

Copa del Rey

6

Real Madrid 8–2 Barcelona

3 February 1935

La Liga

5

Barcelona 7–2 Real Madrid

24 September 1950

La Liga

Barcelona 6–1 Real Madrid

19 May 1957

Copa del Rey

Real Madrid  6–1 Barcelona

18 September 1949

La Liga

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid

21 April 1935

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid

25 March 1945

Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona

5 October 1953

Real Madrid 0–5 Barcelona

17 February 1974

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid

8 January 1994

Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona

7 January 1995

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid

29 November 2010

text: Longest runs

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Games

Club

Period

6
Barcelona
25 January 1948 – 15 January 1949

6
Real Madrid
30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965

5
Real Madrid
5 March 1933 – 3 February 1935

5
Barcelona
13 December 2008 – 29 November 2010

text: Most consecutive draws

text:
Games

Period

3
11 September 1991 – 7 March 1992

3
1 May 2002 – 20 April 2003

text: Most consecutive matches without a draw

text:
Games

Period

18
25 January 1948 – 21 November 1954

17
23 November 1960 – 19 March 1967

14
4 December 1977 – 4 June 1983

12
19 May 1957 – 27 April 1960

10
5 March 1933 – 28 January 1940

text: Longest undefeated runs

text:
Games

Club

Period

14
Real Madrid
31 January 1931 – 3 February 1935

13
Barcelona
1 November 1917 – 3 June 1928

text: Longest undefeated runs in the league

text:
Games

Club

Period

7 (5 Wins)
Real Madrid
31 January 1932 – 3 February 1935

7 (5 Wins)
Barcelona
13 December 2008 – 10 December 2011

6 (6 Wins)
Real Madrid
30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965

6 (4 Wins)
Barcelona
11 May 1997 – 13 October 1999

6 (3 Wins)
Barcelona
28 November 1971 – 17 February 1974

5 (4 Wins)
Barcelona
30 March 1947 – 15 January 1949

5 (3 Wins)
Barcelona
11 May 1975 – 30 January 1977

text: Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal

text:
Games

Club

Period

5
Barcelona
3 April 1972 – 17 February 1974

3
Barcelona
10 January 1914 – 7 March 1916

3
Real Madrid
29 June 1974 – 11 May 1975

3
Barcelona
29 November 2009 – 29 November 2010

text: Most consecutive games scoring

text:
Games

Club

Period

23
Barcelona
27 April 2011 – 13 August 2017

18
Real Madrid
3 May 2011 – 22 March 2015

17
Barcelona
27 November 1982 – 31 January 1987

14
Real Madrid
15 February 1959 – 21 January 1962

14
Real Madrid
5 December 1990 – 16 December 1993

13
Real Madrid
1 December 1946 – 23 November 1952

13
Real Madrid
22 April 1962 – 9 April 1968

12
Barcelona
26 March 1916 – 26 April 1926

11
Barcelona
11 September 1991 – 7 May 1994

10
Barcelona
30 January 1997 – 13 October 1999

text: Goalscoring

text: Top goalscorers

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Player
Club
La Liga
Copa
Super Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total

 Lionel Messi

Barcelona

18

—

6

—

2

26[note 1]

  Alfredo Di Stéfano

Real Madrid

14

2

2

—

—

18

 Cristiano Ronaldo

Real Madrid

9

5

4

—

—

18

 Raúl

Real Madrid

11

—

3

—

1

15

 César

Barcelona

12

2

—

—

—

14

 Francisco Gento

Real Madrid

10

2

—

—

2

14

  Ferenc Puskás

Real Madrid

9

2

—

—

3

14

 Santillana

Real Madrid

9

2

—

1

—

12

 Hugo Sánchez

Real Madrid

8

—

2

—

—

10

 Juanito

Real Madrid

8

—

—

2

—

10

 Josep Samitier

Barca / Real

4

6

—

—

—

10

 Estanislao Basora

Barcelona

8

1

—

—

—

9

 Jaime Lazcano

Real Madrid

8

—

—

—

—

8

 Karim Benzema

Real Madrid

6

1

1

—

—

8

 Iván Zamorano

Real Madrid

4

2

2

—

—

8

 Eulogio Martínez

Barcelona

2

5

—

—

1

8

 Luis Suárez

Barcelona

2

4

—

—

2

8

 Santiago Bernabéu

Real Madrid

—

8

—

—

—

8

text: Consecutive goalscoring

text:
Player

Club

Consecutive matches

Total goals in the run

Start

End

 Cristiano Ronaldo

Real Madrid

6

7

2011–12 Copa del Rey (1st leg)

2012–13 La Liga (7th round)

 Iván Zamorano

Real Madrid

5

5

1992–93 La Liga (20th Round)

1993 Supercopa de España (2nd leg)

 Simón Lecue

Real Madrid

4

5

1935–36 La Liga (7th Round)

1939–40 La Liga (9th Round)

 Ronaldinho

Barcelona

4

5

2004–05 La Liga (12th Round)

2005–06 La Liga (31st Round)

 Giovanni

Barcelona

4

4

1997 Supercopa de España (1st leg)

1997–98 La Liga (28th Round)

text: Most hat-tricks

text: Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick: Jaime Lazcano, Santiago Bernabéu, Paulino Alcántara, Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat-tricks in El Clásico history (2).

text: Most assists

text: Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history (14).[61]

text: Most appearances

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Appearances

Player

Club

43

Manuel Sanchís

Real Madrid

42

Francisco Gento

Real Madrid

42

Xavi

Barcelona

38

Lionel Messi

Barcelona

38

Sergio Ramos

Real Madrid

38

Andrés Iniesta

Barcelona

37

Fernando Hierro

Real Madrid

37

Raúl

Real Madrid

37

Iker Casillas

Real Madrid

text: Players who played for both clubs

text:
1902:  Alfonso Albéniz
1906:  José Quirante
1911:  Alfonso Albéniz
1911:  Arsenio Comamala
1913:  Walter Rozitsky
1930:  Ricardo Zamora (via Espanyol)
1932:  Josep Samitier
1950:  Alfonso Navarro
1961:  Justo Tejada
1962:  Evaristo
1965:  Fernand Goyvaerts
1988:  Bernd Schuster
1990:  Luis Milla
1992:  Nando
1994:  Michael Laudrup
1995:  Miquel Soler (via Sevilla)
2000:  Luís Figo
2000:  Albert Celades (via Celta Vigo)
2002:  Ronaldo (via Inter Milan)
2007:  Javier Saviola

text:
1905:  Luciano Lizarraga
1939:  Hilario (via Valencia)
1961:  Jesús María Pereda (via Real Valladolid, then Sevilla)
1965:  Lucien Muller
1980:  Lorenzo Amador (via Hércules)
1994:  Gheorghe Hagi (via Brescia)
1994:  Julen Lopetegui (via Logroñés)
1995:  Robert Prosinečki (via Real Oviedo)
1996:  Luis Enrique
1999:  Dani García (via Mallorca)
2000:  Alfonso Pérez (via Real Betis)
2004:  Samuel Eto'o (via Mallorca)

text:
From Barcelona to Madrid
16

From Barcelona to another club before Madrid

4

Total

20

From Madrid to Barcelona

3

From Madrid to another club before Barcelona

9

Total

12

Total Switches

32

text: Honours

text: The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 95–91 in terms of official overall trophies.[62] While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record.[63] However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour.[64]

text:
Real Madrid

Competition

Barcelona

Domestic

33
La Liga
25

19
Copa del Rey
30

10
Supercopa de España
13

1
Copa Eva Duarte (defunct)
3

1
Copa de la Liga (defunct)
2

64
Aggregate
73

European and Worldwide

13
UEFA Champions League
5

—
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)
4

2
UEFA Europa League
—

4
UEFA Super Cup
5

—
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (defunct)
3

3
Intercontinental Cup (defunct)
—

2
Latin Cup (defunct)
2

3
FIFA Club World Cup
3

27
Aggregate
22

91
Total Aggregate
95

text: Note: FIFA recognized the winner of the Intercontinental Cup as a World Champion.

text: Note: The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is not recognized in the  UEFA records and statistics


document_title: The Contrast (play)

question_text: where does the action of royall tylers play the contrast take place

text: The Contrast (play)

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Charlotte: Colonel Manly's sister, lives with her uncle in New York, has friends and good social standing; a coquette
Letitia: friend of Charlotte and ward of Charlotte's uncle; possesses monetary wealth, which makes her attractive to Dimple
Mr. Billy Dimple: the villain, a dandy, attempts to manage relationships with Charlotte, Letitia, and Maria at once; in need of money, an Anglophile fop
Maria Van Rough: daughter of Van Rough, sentimental and virtuous
Colonel Henry Manly: contrasting character to Mr. Dimple, a persona of America; a gentleman, patriot, and hero
Van Rough: Maria's father
Jessamy: Dimple's waiter/servant, as snobbish as his master, a persona of Europe
Jonathan: Manly's waiter/servant, represents the New England Yankee, an unsophisticated country bumpkin, honest and patriotic
Jenny: Maria's waiter/servant, Jessamy's friend
Servants

text: Plot[edit]

text: Setting: New York City, New York

text: The play begins with the coquettish Charlotte and Letitia talking about the forthcoming marriage and Maria’s distress due to her father’s marriage plans for her. Billy Dimple's father was Van Rough's business partner. Before the death of Dimple’s father, a marriage between Van Rough’s Daughter, Maria, and Dimple was settled. While Dimple becomes snobbish in England, Maria betakes herself to books that "improve her taste": "The contrast was so striking betwixt the good sense of her books, and the flimsiness of her love-letters, that she discovered that she had unthinkingly engaged her hand without her heart."

text: In the second scene, Maria bemoans the "helpless situation of [her] sex": "Reputation is the life of a woman - and the only safe asylum a woman of delicacy can find, is in the arms of a man of honor." Even though Maria reveals to her father a lack of love towards Dimple, old Van Rough still wants her to marry Dimple, stressing that “money makes the mare go”. For him his daughter’s feelings are nonsense and money is the most important thing she should look out for. In a time when women usually were detained from enlightening their opinions by means of literature (biographies were acceptable, but no novels, since they were thought to produce a wrong world view), her father concludes that her sadness comes from “these vile books”. Not wanting to disappoint her father, Maria consents.

text: In Act II, Charlotte discovers that her brother, the good and honorable Colonel Manly, is in town. Manly fought in the Revolutionary War and is dressed in a soldier’s coat, which seems totally unfashionable to the city’s high society. Without knowing from each other’s affair, Letitia and Charlotte, secretly reveal to the audience that they are also courted by Dimple. Snobbish Jessamy meets simple Jonathan, who has never been to such a big town and almost kissed a “harlot” without realizing it. Jessamy convinces “almost married” Jonathan to pursue some maids in the city. Jessamy introduces Jonathan to Jenny, and after the former takes his leave, Manly’s manservant tries to kiss the girl. Jenny refuses angrily, since she thinks Jonathan much too unfashionable for her.

text: In Act III, Dimple says he loves Charlotte for her lively character, but needs Letitia's money. He also wants Maria to decline the match. Then Dimple, the villain, meets Manly and finds out that the Colonel is Charlotte’s brother – just in time to prevent himself from telling Manly about his detestable attitude towards women. Dimple has an extensive monologue where he declares his love for European culture, despite living in America.

text: In Act IV, Maria tells Charlotte that Dimple insults and disgusts her and that she met a lovely man full of honor (Manly) this morning. Charlotte, being interested in Dimple, unsuccessfully “endeavour[s] to excite her to discharge him.” Manly and Dimple enter and the family relations are revealed to all characters. Van Rough meanwhile finds out about Dimple having lost seventeen-thousand pounds due to gambling and decides not to have his daughter been married to such a fool. In that moment he more or less accidentally overhears a conversation between Manly and Maria revealing their love and affections to each other.

text: In Act V, Jessamy fails to teach high society’s rules of laughing to Jonathan, who just laughs too naturally. Dimple meets Letitia, telling her that he loves just her and that Charlotte is nothing else than a “trifling, gay, flighty coquette”. Charlotte enters and Letitia pretends to leave. She observes the following happenings. After Letitia seemed to be gone, Dimple tells Charlotte that he is in love with her and that Letitia is an “ugly creature!” When Dimple forcefully tries to kiss her, Charlotte screams and Manly comes in to help her quarrelling Dimple. Old Van Rough prevents the men from stabbing each other and Letitia enters to reveal the happenings to everyone. After Dimple is gone dishonored, Van Rough agrees to Manly’s marriage proposal and Maria ends up with Manly.