document_title: Nashville, Tennessee

question_text: what is the population of nashville tennessee 2018

question_tokens: what is the population of nashville tennessee 2018

text: Nashville, Tennessee

text: History[edit]

text: The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and a party of Overmountain Men in 1779, near the original Cumberland settlement of Fort Nashborough. It was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its strategic location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River; and its later status as a major railroad center. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks.[11] In 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee.

text: The city government of Nashville owned 24 slaves by 1831, and 60 prior to the war. They were "put to work to build the first successful water system and maintain the streets."[12]

text: By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The city's significance as a shipping port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river and railroad transportation routes. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops. The state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. The Battle of Nashville (December 15–16, 1864) was a significant Union victory and perhaps the most decisive tactical victory gained by either side in the war; it was also the war's final major military action. Afterward, the Confederates conducted a war of attrition, making guerrilla raids and engaging in small skirmishes, with the Confederate forces in the Deep South almost constantly in retreat.

text: Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton.[13]

text: Meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and Davidson County. These healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, including the Parthenon in Centennial Park, near downtown.[14]

text: On April 30, 1892, Ephraim Grizzard, an African-American man, was lynched in front of a white mob of 10,000 in Nashville.[15] It was described by journalist Ida B. Wells as "A naked, bloody example of the blood-thirstiness of the nineteenth century civilization of the Athens of the South."[16] From 1877 to 1950, a total of six lynchings of blacks were conducted in Davidson County, most in Nashville near the turn of the century.[17]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Circa 1950 the state legislature approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts, rather than at-large voting. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority population's political power in the city. They could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice.[citation needed]

text: Apportionment under the single-member districts meant that some districts had black majorities. In 1951, after passage of the new charter, African-American attorneys Z. Alexander Looby and Robert E. Lillard were elected to the city council.[18]

text: Rapid suburbanization occurred during the years immediately after World War II, as new housing was being built outside city limits. This resulted in a demand for many new schools and other support facilities, which the county found difficult to provide. At the same time, suburbanization led to a declining tax base in the city, although many suburban residents used unique city amenities and services supported only by city taxpayers. After years of discussion, a referendum was held in 1958 on the issue of consolidating city and county government. It failed to gain approval although it was supported by elected leaders of both jurisdictions: County Judge Beverly Briley of Davidson and Mayor Ben West of Nashville.[19]

text: Following the referendum's failure, Nashville annexed some 42 square miles of suburban jurisdictions to expand its tax base. This increased uncertainty among residents, and created resentment among many suburban communities. Under the second charter for metropolitan government, which was approved in 1962, two levels of service provision were proposed: the General Services District and the Urban Services District, to provide for a differential in tax levels. Residents of the Urban Services District had a full range of city services. The areas that made up the General Services District, however, had a lower tax rate until full services were provided.[19] This helped reconcile aspects of services and taxation among the differing jurisdictions within the large metro region.

text: On April 19, 1960, the house of Z. Alexander Looby, an African-American attorney and council member, was bombed by segregationists.[20] Protesters marched to the city hall the next day. Mayor Ben West said he supported the desegregation of lunch counters, which civil rights activists had called for.[21]

text: In 1963, Nashville consolidated its government with Davidson County, forming a metropolitan government. The membership on the Metro Council, the legislative body, was increased from 21 to 40 seats. Of these, five members are elected at-large and 35 are elected from single-member districts, each to serve a term of four years.[19]

text: On April 8, 1967, a riot broke out on the college campuses of Fisk University and Tennessee State University after Stokely Carmichael spoke at Vanderbilt University.[22] Although it was viewed as a "race riot", it had classist characteristics.[22]

text: In 1979, the Ku Klux Klan burnt crosses outside two African-American sites in Nashville, including the city headquarters of the NAACP.[23]

text: Since the 1970s, the city and county have undergone tremendous growth, particularly during the economic boom of the 1990s under the leadership of then-Mayor and later-Tennessee Governor, Phil Bredesen. Making urban renewal a priority, Bredesen fostered the construction or renovation of several city landmarks, including the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, the downtown Nashville Public Library, the Bridgestone Arena, and Nissan Stadium.[citation needed]

text: Nissan Stadium (formerly Adelphia Coliseum and LP Field) was built after the National Football League's (NFL) Houston Oilers agreed to move to the city in 1995. The NFL team debuted in Nashville in 1998 at Vanderbilt Stadium, and Nissan Stadium opened in the summer of 1999. The Oilers changed their name to the Tennessee Titans and finished the season with the Music City Miracle and a close Super Bowl game. The St. Louis Rams won in the last play of the game.[citation needed]

text: In 1997, Nashville was awarded a National Hockey League expansion team; this was named the Nashville Predators. Since the 2003–04 season, the Predators have made the playoffs in all but three seasons. In 2017, they made the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in franchise history, but ultimately fell to the Pittsburgh Penguins, 4 games to 2, in the best-of-seven series.[citation needed]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The city bounced back after the Great Recession. In March 2012, a Gallup poll ranked Nashville in the top five regions for job growth.[24] In 2013, Nashville was described as "Nowville" and "It City" by GQ, Forbes, and The New York Times.[25][26][27]

text: Nashville elected its first female mayor, Megan Barry, on September 25, 2015.[28] As a council member, Barry had officiated at the city's first same-sex wedding on June 26, 2015.[29] In 2017, Nashville's economy was deemed the third fastest-growing in the nation,[30] and the city was named the "hottest housing market in the US" by Freddie Mac realtors.[31]

text: On March 6, 2018, Mayor Barry resigned before the end of her term, triggering the need for a special election. Following a ruling by the Tennessee Supreme Court, the Davidson County Election Commission set the special election for May 24, 2018, to meet the requirement of 75 to 80 days from the date of resignation.[32]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Topography[edit]

text: Nashville lies on the Cumberland River in the northwestern portion of the Nashville Basin. Nashville's elevation ranges from its lowest point, 385 feet (117 m) above sea level at the Cumberland River,[33] to its highest point, 1,163 feet (354 m) above sea level in the Radnor Lake State Natural Area.[34][35]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 527.9 square miles (1,367 km2), of which 504.0 square miles (1,305 km2) of it is land and 23.9 square miles (62 km2) of it (4.53%) is water.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Nashville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa),[36] with hot, humid summers and generally cool to mild winters typical of the Upper South.[37][38][39] Monthly averages range from 37.7 °F (3.2 °C) in January to 79.4 °F (26.3 °C) in July, with a diurnal temperature variation of 18.2 to 23.0 °F (10.1 to 12.8 °C).

text: Snowfall occurs during the winter months, but it is usually not heavy. Average annual snowfall is about 6.3 inches (16 cm), falling mostly in January and February and occasionally in March and December.[40] The largest snow event since 2003 was on January 22, 2016, when Nashville received 8 inches (20 cm) of snow in a single storm; the largest overall was 17 inches (43 cm), received on March 17, 1892, during the St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm.[41]

text: Rainfall is typically greater in November and December, and spring, while August to October are the driest months on average. Spring and fall are prone to severe thunderstorms, which occasionally bring tornadoes—with recent major events on April 16, 1998; April 7, 2006; February 5, 2008; April 10, 2009; and May 1–2, 2010. Relative humidity in Nashville averages 83% in the mornings and 60% in the afternoons,[42] which is considered moderate for the Southeastern United States.[43] In recent decades, due to urban development, Nashville has developed an urban heat island (UHI); especially on cool, clear nights, temperatures are up to 10 °F (5.6 °C) warmer in the heart of the city than in rural outlying areas. The Nashville region lies within USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7a.[44]

text: Nashville's long springs and autumns combined with a diverse array of trees and grasses can often make it uncomfortable for allergy sufferers.[45] In 2008, Nashville was ranked as the 18th-worst spring allergy city in the U.S. by the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.[46]

text: The coldest temperature ever recorded in Nashville was −17 °F (−27 °C) on January 21, 1985, and the highest was 109 °F (43 °C) on June 29, 2012.[47]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Nashville (Nashville Int'l), 1981–2010 normals,[b] extremes 1871−present[c]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
78
(26)
84
(29)
89
(32)
91
(33)
96
(36)
109
(43)
107
(42)
106
(41)
105
(41)
94
(34)
88
(31)
79
(26)
109
(43)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
68.0
(20)
73.0
(22.8)
80.2
(26.8)
85.1
(29.5)
88.7
(31.5)
94.2
(34.6)
97.1
(36.2)
96.5
(35.8)
93.0
(33.9)
85.5
(29.7)
77.7
(25.4)
68.5
(20.3)
98.3
(36.8)

Average high °F (°C)
46.9
(8.3)
51.8
(11)
61.0
(16.1)
70.5
(21.4)
78.2
(25.7)
86.0
(30)
89.3
(31.8)
89.0
(31.7)
82.4
(28)
71.7
(22.1)
60.3
(15.7)
49.5
(9.7)
69.7
(20.9)

Average low °F (°C)
28.4
(−2)
31.6
(−0.2)
39.0
(3.9)
47.5
(8.6)
56.8
(13.8)
65.4
(18.6)
69.5
(20.8)
68.4
(20.2)
60.7
(15.9)
48.9
(9.4)
39.4
(4.1)
31.3
(−0.4)
48.9
(9.4)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
8.8
(−12.9)
13.5
(−10.3)
22.5
(−5.3)
31.2
(−0.4)
42.7
(5.9)
54.3
(12.4)
61.6
(16.4)
59.4
(15.2)
45.4
(7.4)
32.7
(0.4)
23.8
(−4.6)
13.8
(−10.1)
4.7
(−15.2)

Record low °F (°C)
−17
(−27)
−13
(−25)
2
(−17)
23
(−5)
34
(1)
42
(6)
51
(11)
47
(8)
36
(2)
26
(−3)
−1
(−18)
−10
(−23)
−17
(−27)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.75
(95.3)
3.94
(100.1)
4.11
(104.4)
4.00
(101.6)
5.50
(139.7)
4.14
(105.2)
3.64
(92.5)
3.17
(80.5)
3.41
(86.6)
3.04
(77.2)
4.31
(109.5)
4.24
(107.7)
47.25
(1,200.1)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
2.6
(6.6)
2.3
(5.8)
0.9
(2.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
trace
0
(0)
0.5
(1.3)
6.3
(16)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.3
10.3
10.7
10.8
11.7
10.0
10.2
8.4
7.5
8.0
9.8
11.2
118.9

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
2.1
2.3
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0
1.0
6.2

Average relative humidity (%)
70.4
68.5
64.6
63.2
69.5
70.4
72.8
73.1
73.7
69.4
70.2
71.4
69.8

Mean monthly sunshine hours
139.6
145.2
191.3
231.5
261.8
277.7
279.0
262.1
226.4
216.8
148.1
130.6
2,510.1

Percent possible sunshine
45
48
52
59
60
64
63
63
61
62
48
43
56

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990),[40][48][49] Weather.com[50]

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Nashville's downtown area features a diverse assortment of entertainment, dining, cultural and architectural attractions. The Broadway and 2nd Avenue areas feature entertainment venues, night clubs and an assortment of restaurants. North of Broadway lie Nashville's central business district, Legislative Plaza, Capitol Hill and the Tennessee Bicentennial Mall. Cultural and architectural attractions can be found throughout the city.

text: Three major interstate highways (I-40, I-65 and I-24) converge near the core area of downtown, and many regional cities are within a day's driving distance.

text: Nashville's first skyscraper, the Life & Casualty Tower, was completed in 1957 and launched the construction of other high rises in downtown Nashville. After the construction of the AT&T Building (commonly referred to by locals as the "Batman Building") in 1994, the downtown area saw little construction until the mid-2000s. The Pinnacle, a high rise office building, opened in 2010, the first Nashville skyscraper completed in more than 15 years.[51] Ten more skyscrapers have since been constructed or are under construction.

text: Many civic and infrastructure projects are being planned, in progress, or recently completed. A new MTA bus hub was recently completed in downtown Nashville, as was the Music City Star pilot project. Several public parks have been constructed, such as the Public Square. Riverfront Park is scheduled to be extensively updated. The Music City Center opened in May 2013. It is a 1,200,000 square foot (110,000 m2) convention center with 370,000 square feet (34,000 m2) of exhibit space.

text: Neighborhoods[edit]

text:
Antioch
Bellevue
Cane Ridge
Donelson
East Nashville
Germantown
Green Hills
The Gulch
Hermitage
Hillsboro Village
Inglewood
Joelton
Lakewood
Lockeland Springs
Madison
Old Hickory
Pasquo
Tusculum
Woodbine
Whites Creek
West Nashville

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1810
1,100

—

1820
3,410

210.0%

1830
5,566

63.2%

1840
6,929

24.5%

1850
10,165

46.7%

1860
16,988

67.1%

1870
25,865

52.3%

1880
43,350

67.6%

1890
76,168

75.7%

1900
80,865

6.2%

1910
110,364

36.5%

1920
118,342

7.2%

1930
153,866

30.0%

1940
167,402

8.8%

1950
174,307

4.1%

1960
170,874

−2.0%

1970
448,003

162.2%

1980
477,811

6.7%

1990
510,784

6.9%

2000
569,891

11.6%

2010
626,681

10.0%

Est. 2017
691,243
[3]
10.3%

Sources:[3][52][53][54]
Notes:[55]

text: The data below is for all of Metropolitan Nashville-Davidson County, including other incorporated cities within the consolidated city-county (such as Belle Meade and Berry Hill). See Nashville-Davidson (balance) for demographic data on Nashville-Davidson County excluding separately incorporated cities.

text: According to the 2016 American Community Survey, there were 667,885 people residing in the city. The population density was 1,325 inhabitants per square mile (512/km2). There were 294,794 housing units at an average density of 584.9 per square mile (225.8/km2).[56]

text:
[hide]Racial composition
2017[57]
2010[58]
1990[59]
1980[59]
1970[59]

White
65.2%
65.5%
73.8%
75.7%
80.1%

—Non-Hispanic
56.4%
58.6%
73.2%
75.2%
79.5%[60]

Black or African American
28.1%
28.6%
24.3%
23.3%
19.6%

Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
10.1%
9.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.6%[60]

Asian
3.7%
3.5%
1.4%
0.5%
0.1%

American Indian and Alaska Native
0.5%
0.8%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
0.1%
0.1%
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: At the 2010 census, the racial makeup of the city was 65.5% White (58.6% non-Hispanic white), 28.6% African American, 0.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.5% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 1.4% from two or more races. 9.0% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[58] The non-Hispanic White population was 79.5% in 1970.[59]

text: There were 254,651 households and 141,469 families (55.6% of households). Of households with families, 37.2% had married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present. 27.9% of all households had children under the age of 18, and 18.8% had at least one member 65 years of age or older. Of the 44.4% of households that are non-families, 36.2% were individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.16.[61]

text: The age distribution was 22.2% under 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 or older. The median age was 34.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.[62]

text: The median income for a household in the city was $46,141, and the median income for a family was $56,377. Males with a year-round, full-time job had a median income of $41,017 versus $36,292 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,372. About 13.9% of families and 18.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.5% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.[63] Of residents 25 or older, 33.4% have a bachelor's degree or higher.[3]

text: Because of its relatively low cost of living and large job market, Nashville has become a popular city for immigrants.[64] Nashville's foreign-born population more than tripled in size between 1990 and 2000, increasing from 12,662 to 39,596. The city's largest immigrant groups include Mexicans, Kurds,[65] Vietnamese, Laotians, Arabs, and Somalis. There are also smaller communities of Pashtuns from Afghanistan and Pakistan concentrated primarily in Antioch.[66] Nashville has the largest Kurdish community in the United States, numbering approximately 11,000.[67] In 2009, about 60,000 Bhutanese refugees were being admitted to the U.S., and some were expected to resettle in Nashville.[68] During the Iraqi election of 2005, Nashville was one of the few international locations where Iraqi expatriates could vote.[69] The American Jewish community in Nashville dates back over 150 years, and numbered about 8,000 in 2015, plus 2,000 Jewish college students.[70]

text: Metropolitan area[edit]

text: As of 2017[update], Nashville has the largest metropolitan area in the state of Tennessee, spanning 13 counties and an estimated population of 1,903,045.[4] The Nashville metropolitan statistical area encompasses 13 of 41 Middle Tennessee counties: Cannon, Cheatham, Davidson, Dickson, Hickman, Macon, Robertson, Rutherford, Smith, Sumner, Trousdale, Williamson, and Wilson.[71] The 2017 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area was estimated at 2,027,489.[10]

text: Economy[edit]

text: As the "home of country music", Nashville has become a major music recording and production center. The Big Four record labels, as well as numerous independent labels, have offices in Nashville, mostly in the Music Row area.[72] Nashville has been the headquarters of guitar company Gibson since 1984. Since the 1960s, Nashville has been the second-largest music production center (after New York) in the United States.[73] As of 2006, Nashville's music industry is estimated to have a total economic impact of $6.4 billion per year and to contribute 19,000 jobs to the Nashville area.[74]

text: In recent times Nashville has been described as a "southern boomtown" by numerous publications,[75][76] with it having the third fastest growing economy in the United States as of 2017.[77] It has been stated by the US Census bureau that Nashville "adds an average of 100 people a day to its net population increase".[78] The Nashville region was also stated to be the "Number One" Metro Area for Professional and Business Service Jobs in America,[79] as well as having the "hottest Housing market in America" as stated by Zillow.[80]

text: Although Nashville is renowned as a music recording center and tourist destination, its largest industry is health care. Nashville is home to more than 300 health care companies, including Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), the world's largest private operator of hospitals.[81][82] As of 2012[update], it is estimated the health care industry contributes US$30 billion per year and 200,000 jobs to the Nashville-area economy.[83]

text: CoreCivic, formerly known as Corrections Corporation of America and one of the largest private corrections company in the United States, was founded in Nashville in 1983.[84][85] Vanderbilt University was one of its investors prior to the company's initial public offering.[86] The City of Nashville's pension fund includes "a $921,000 stake" in the company as of 2017.[9] The Nashville Scene notes that, "A drop in CoreCivic stock value, however minor, would have a direct impact on the pension fund that represents nearly 25,000 current and former Metro employees."[9]

text: The automotive industry is also becoming important for the Middle Tennessee region. Nissan North America moved its corporate headquarters in 2006 from Gardena, California (Los Angeles County) to Franklin, southwest of Nashville. Nissan also has its largest North American manufacturing plant in Smyrna, Tennessee. Largely as a result of the increased development of Nissan and other Japanese economic interests in the region, Japan moved its former New Orleans consulate-general to Nashville's Palmer Plaza.

text: Bridgestone has a strong presence with their North American headquarters located in Nashville, with manufacturing plants and a distribution center in nearby counties.

text: Other major industries in Nashville include insurance, finance, and publishing (especially religious publishing). The city hosts headquarters operations for several Protestant denominations, including the United Methodist Church, Southern Baptist Convention, National Baptist Convention USA, and the National Association of Free Will Baptists.

text: Nashville is also known for some of their famously popular Southern confections, including Goo Goo Clusters (which have been made in Nashville since 1912).[87]

text: Fortune 500 companies with offices within Nashville include Bridgestone, Community Health Systems, Dell,[88] Dollar General, Hospital Corporation of America, Nissan North America, Philips,[89] Tractor Supply Company, and UBS. Of these, Community Health Systems, Dollar General, Hospital Corporation of America, and Tractor Supply Company are headquartered in the city.

text: In 2013, the city ranked No. 5 on Forbes' list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.[90] In 2015, Forbes put Nashville as the 4th Best City for White Collar Jobs.[91]

text: In 2015, Business Facilities' 11th Annual Rankings report named Nashville the number one city for Economic Growth Potential.[92]

text: Real estate is becoming a driver for the city's economy. Based on a survey of nearly 1,500 real estate industry professionals conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Urban Land Institute, Nashville ranked 7th nationally in terms of attractiveness to real estate investors for 2016.[93] As of October 2015[update], according to city figures, there is more than $2 billion in real estate projects underway or projected to start in 2016. Due to high yields available to investors, Nashville has been attracting a lot of capital from out-of-state. A key factor that has been attributed to the increase in investment is the adjustment to the city's zoning code. Developers can easily include a combination of residential, office, retail and entertainment space into their projects. Additionally, the city has invested heavily into public parks. Centennial Park is undergoing extensive renovations. The change in the zoning code and the investment in public space is consistent with the millennial generation's preference for walkable urban neighborhoods.[94]

text: Top employers[edit]

text: According to the city's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:[95]

text:
#
Employer
# of Employees

1
Vanderbilt University and Medical Center
24,719

2
Metropolitan Nashville-Davidson County government and public schools
18,820

3
State of Tennessee
17,219

4
U.S. federal government
12,225

5
Nissan North America
10,900

6
Saint Thomas Health
7,100

7
HCA
7,000

8
Community Health Systems
4,300

9
Asurion
4,175

10
Randstad U.S.
4,100

text: Culture[edit]

text: Much of the city's cultural life has revolved around its large university community. Particularly significant in this respect were two groups of critics and writers who were associated with Vanderbilt University in the early 20th century: the Fugitives and the Agrarians.

text: Popular destinations include Fort Nashborough and Fort Negley, the former being a reconstruction of the original settlement, the latter being a semi-restored Civil War battle fort; the Tennessee State Museum; and The Parthenon, a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens. The Tennessee State Capitol is one of the oldest working state capitol buildings in the nation. The Hermitage, the former home of President Andrew Jackson, is one of the largest presidential homes open to the public, and is also one of the most visited.[96][97]

text: Dining[edit]

text: Some of the more popular types of local cuisine include hot chicken, hot fish, barbecue, and meat and three. Thanks in part to Nashville's foodie culture, the city was ranked as the 13th "snobbiest" city in America according to Travel + Leisure magazine.[98]

text: Entertainment and performing arts[edit]

text: Nashville has a vibrant music and entertainment scene spanning a variety of genres. The Tennessee Performing Arts Center is the major performing arts center of the city. It is the home of the Nashville Repertory Theatre, the Nashville Opera, the Music City Drum and Bugle Corps, and the Nashville Ballet. In September 2006, the Schermerhorn Symphony Center opened as the home of the Nashville Symphony.

text: As the city's name itself is a metonym for the country music industry, many popular tourist attractions involve country music, including the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, Belcourt Theatre, and Ryman Auditorium. The Ryman was home to the Grand Ole Opry until 1974 when the show moved to the Grand Ole Opry House, 9 miles (14 km) east of downtown. The Opry plays there several times a week, except for an annual winter run at the Ryman.

text: A multitude of music clubs and honky-tonk bars can be found in downtown Nashville, particularly the area encompassing Lower Broadway, Second Avenue, and Printer's Alley, which is often referred to as "the District".[99][100]

text: Each June, the CMA Music Festival (formerly known as Fan Fair) brings thousands of country fans to the city. The Tennessee State Fair is also held annually in September.

text: Nashville was once home of television shows such as Hee Haw and Pop! Goes the Country, as well as The Nashville Network and later, RFD-TV. Country Music Television and Great American Country currently operate from Nashville. The city was also home to the Opryland USA theme park, which operated from 1972 to 1997 before being closed by its owners (Gaylord Entertainment Company) and soon after demolished to make room for the Opry Mills mega-shopping mall.

text: The Contemporary Christian music industry is based along Nashville's Music Row, with a great influence in neighboring Williamson County. The Christian record companies include EMI Christian Music Group, Provident Label Group and Word Records.

text: Music Row houses many gospel music and Contemporary Christian music companies centered around 16th and 17th Avenues South. On River Road, off Charlotte Pike in West Nashville, the CabaRay opened its doors on January 18, 2018. The performing venue of Ray Stevens it offers a Vegas style dinner and a show atmosphere. There is also a piano bar and a gift shop.[101]

text: Although Nashville was never known as a major jazz town, it did have many great jazz bands, including The Nashville Jazz Machine led by Dave Converse and its current version, the Nashville Jazz Orchestra, led by Jim Williamson, as well as The Establishment, led by Billy Adair. The Francis Craig Orchestra entertained Nashvillians from 1929 to 1945 from the Oak Bar and Grille Room in the Hermitage Hotel. Craig's orchestra was also the first to broadcast over local radio station WSM-AM and enjoyed phenomenal success with a 12-year show on the NBC Radio Network. In the late 1930s, he introduced a newcomer, Dinah Shore, a local graduate of Hume Fogg High School and Vanderbilt University.

text: Radio station WMOT-FM in nearby Murfreesboro, which formerly programmed jazz almost exclusively and still does so on the weekends, aided significantly in the recent revival of the city's jazz scene, as has the non-profit Nashville Jazz Workshop, which holds concerts and classes in a renovated building in the north Nashville neighborhood of Germantown. Fisk University also maintains a jazz station, WFSK.

text: Nashville has an active theatre scene and is home to several professional and community theatre companies. Nashville Children's Theatre, Nashville Repertory Theatre, the Nashville Shakespeare Festival, the Dance Theatre of Tennessee and the Tennessee Women's Theater Project are among the most prominent professional companies. One community theatre, Circle Players, has been in operation for over 60 years.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Perhaps the biggest factor in drawing visitors to Nashville is its association with country music. Many visitors to Nashville attend live performances of the Grand Ole Opry, the world's longest-running live radio show. The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is another major attraction relating to the popularity of country music. The Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, the Opry Mills regional shopping mall and the General Jackson showboat, are all located in what is known as Music Valley.

text: Civil War history is important to the city's tourism industry. Sites pertaining to the Battle of Nashville and the nearby Battle of Franklin and Battle of Stones River can be seen, along with several well-preserved antebellum plantation houses such as Belle Meade Plantation, Carnton plantation in Franklin, and Belmont Mansion.[102]

text: Nashville has many arts centers and museums, including the Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art, the Tennessee State Museum, the Johnny Cash Museum, Fisk University's Van Vechten and Aaron Douglas Galleries, Vanderbilt University's Fine Art Gallery and Sarratt Gallery, and the full-scale replica of the Parthenon.

text: Major annual events[edit]

text:
Event
Month held and location

Nashville Film Festival
A weeklong festival in April that features hundreds of independent films. It is one of the largest film festivals in the Southern United States.

Nashville Fashion Week
A citywide event typically held in March or April, this is a celebration of Nashville's fashion and retail community featuring local, regional and national design talent in fashion events and shows.[103]

Rock 'n' Roll Nashville Marathon
Marathon, half marathon, and 5k race held in April with runners from around the world. In 2012, participation surpassed 30,000 runners.

Iroquois Steeplechase
Annual steeplechase horse racing event held in May at Percy Warner Park.

CMA Music Festival
A four-day event in June featuring performances by country music stars, autograph signings, artist/fan interaction, and other activities for country music fans.

Nashville Pride
A festival held in June at Public Square Park that fosters awareness of and for the LGBT community and culture in Middle Tennessee. The 2015 festival drew an estimated 15,000-20,000 people, possibly making it the event's largest gathering since the festival began.[104]

Let Freedom Sing!
Held every Fourth of July at Riverfront Park, featuring a street festival and live music, and culminating in one of the largest fireworks shows in the country.[105] An estimated 280,000 people attended the 2014 celebration.[106]

Tomato Art Festival
Held each August in East Nashville, this event celebrates the Tomato as a Unifier.[107]

African Street Festival
Held in September on the campus of Tennessee State University. It is committed to connecting and celebrating the extensions of Africa to America.[108]

Live on the Green Music Festival
A free concert series held in August and September at Public Square Park by local radio station Lightning 100.

Tennessee State Fair
The State Fair held in September at the State Fairgrounds, which lasts nine days and includes rides, exhibits, rodeos, tractor pulls, and numerous other shows and attractions.

Celebrate Nashville Cultural Festival
A free event held the first Saturday in October at Centennial Park, it is Middle Tennessee's largest multicultural festival and includes music and dance performances, ethnic food court, children's area, teen area, and marketplace.[citation needed]

Art Nashville International Art Fair
An annual Art Fair in downtown Nashville. Includes galleries and dealers from around the world. Open to the public.[109]

Nashville Oktoberfest
A free event held in the historic Germantown neighborhood since 1980 celebrating the culture and customs of Germany.[110] Oktoberfest is Nashville's oldest annual festival and is one of the largest in the South.[111] In 2015, over 143,000 people attended the three-day event which raised $60,000 for Nashville non-profits.[112]

Southern Festival of Books
A festival held in October, featuring readings, panels, and book signings.[113]

Country Music Association Awards
Award ceremony normally held in November at the Bridgestone Arena and televised to a national audience.

Veterans Day Parade
A parade running down Broadway on 11/11 at 11:11.11 am since 1951. Features include 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), Tennessee National Guard, veterans from wars past and present, military plane fly-overs, tanks, motorcycles, first responder vehicles, marching bands and thousands of spectators.[114]

text: Nicknames[edit]

text: Nashville is a colorful, well-known city in several different arenas. As such, it has earned various sobriquets, including:

text:
Music City, U.S.A.: WSM-AM announcer David Cobb first used this name during a 1950 broadcast and it stuck. It is now the official nickname used by the Nashville Convention and Visitors Bureau. Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels.[115] This name also dates back to 1873, where after receiving and hearing a performance by the Fisk Jubilee Singers, Queen Victoria of England is reported as saying that "These young people must surely come from a musical city."[116]
Athens of the South: Home to 24 post-secondary educational institutions, Nashville has long been compared to Athens, the ancient city of learning and site of Plato's Academy. Since 1897, a full-scale replica of the Athenian Parthenon has stood in Nashville, and many examples of classical and neoclassical architecture can be found in the city.[117] The term was popularized by Philip Lindsley (1786–1855), President of the University of Nashville, though it is unclear whether he was the first person to use the phrase.
The Protestant Vatican[118] or The Buckle of the Bible Belt:[119] Nashville has over 700 churches,[120] several seminaries, a number of Christian music companies, and is the headquarters for the publishing arms of the Southern Baptist Convention (LifeWay Christian Resources), the United Methodist Church (United Methodist Publishing House) and the National Baptist Convention (Sunday School Publishing Board). It is also the seat of the National Baptist Convention, the National Association of Free Will Baptists, the Gideons International, the Gospel Music Association, and Thomas Nelson, the world's largest producer of Bibles.[121]
Cashville: Nashville native Young Buck released a successful rap album called Straight Outta Cashville that has popularized the nickname among a new generation.[122]
Little Kurdistan: Nashville has the United States' largest population of Kurdish people, estimated to be around 11,000.[67][123]
Nash Vegas or Nashvegas[124]

text: Nashville has additionally earned the moniker "The Hot Chicken Capital",[125] becoming known for the local specialty cuisine hot chicken.[126][127] The Music City Hot Chicken Festival is hosted annually in Nashville and several restaurants make this spicy version of southern fried chicken.[128]

text: Sports[edit]

text: Professional[edit]

text: Nashville is home to five professional sports franchises. Two play at the highest professional level of their respective sports: the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League and the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League. A yet-to-be-named Major League Soccer franchise is scheduled to begin play in 2020. The city is also home to two minor league teams: the Nashville Sounds of Minor League Baseball's Pacific Coast League and Nashville SC of the United Soccer League.

text:
Club
Sport
League
Venue
Founded

Tennessee Titans
American football
NFL
Nissan Stadium
1960/1997

Nashville Predators
Hockey
NHL
Bridgestone Arena
1997

Nashville Sounds
Baseball
PCL
First Tennessee Park
1978

Nashville SC
Soccer
USL
First Tennessee Park
2016

Nashville MLS team
Soccer
MLS
Nashville Fairgrounds Stadium
2019

text: The Tennessee Titans moved to Nashville in 1998. Previously known as the Houston Oilers that began play in 1960 in Houston, Texas, the Oilers relocated to Tennessee in 1997. They played at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis for one season, then moved to Nashville in 1998 and played in Vanderbilt Stadium for one season. During those two years, the team was known as the Tennessee Oilers, but changed its name to Titans in 1999. The team now plays at Nissan Stadium in Nashville, which opened in 1999. Since moving to Nashville, the Titans have won three division championships (2000, 2002, and 2008) and one conference championship (1999). They competed in 1999's Super Bowl XXXIV, losing to the St. Louis Rams, 23–16.[129] The city previously hosted the 1939 Nashville Rebels of the American Football League and two Arena Football League teams named the Nashville Kats (1997–2001 and 2005–2007).

text: The Nashville Predators joined the National Hockey League as an expansion team in the 1998–99 season. The team plays its home games at Bridgestone Arena. The Predators have won one division championship (2017–18) and one conference championship (2016–17).[130]

text: The Nashville Sounds were established in 1978 as expansion franchise of the Double-A Southern League. The Sounds won the league championship in 1979 and 1982. In 1985, the Double-A Sounds were replaced by a Triple-A team of the American Association. After the American Association dissolved in 1997, the Sounds joined the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in 1998 and won the league championship in 2005. The Sounds left their original ballpark, Herschel Greer Stadium, in 2015 for First Tennessee Park, a new ballpark built on the former site of Sulphur Dell ballpark. In total, the Sounds have won ten division titles, two conference titles, and three league championships.[131]

text: Nashville SC, which began play in 2018, is an expansion club of the United Soccer League. They play their home matches at First Tennessee Park.[132] A yet-to-be-named Major League Soccer franchise is scheduled to begin play in 2020 at the planned Nashville Fairgrounds Stadium.[133]

text: Nashville hosts the second-oldest continually operating race track in the United States, the Fairgrounds Speedway.[134] It hosted NASCAR Winston Cup races from 1958 to 1984, NASCAR Busch Series and NASCAR Truck Series in the 1980s and 1990s, and later the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series and ARCA Racing Series.[135]

text: The Nashville Invitational was a golf tournament on the PGA Tour from 1944 to 1946. The Sara Lee Classic was part of the LPGA Tour from 1988 to 2002. The Music City Championship at Gaylord Opryland of the Champions Tour was held from 1994 to 2003. The Nashville Golf Open is part of the Web.com Tour since 2016. The 1961 Women's Western Open and 1980 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship were also held in Nashville.

text: College and amateur[edit]

text: Nashville is also home to four Division I athletic programs. Nashville is also home to the NCAA college football Music City Bowl.

text:
Program
Division
Conference

Vanderbilt Commodores
Division I (FBS)
Southeastern Conference

Tennessee State Tigers
Division I (FCS)
Ohio Valley Conference

Belmont Bruins
Division I (non-football)
Ohio Valley Conference

Lipscomb Bisons
Division I (non-football)
Atlantic Sun Conference

text: The Nashville Rollergirls are Nashville's only women's flat track roller derby team. Established in 2006, Nashville Rollergirls compete on a regional and national level. They play their home games at the Nashville Fairgrounds Sports Arena. In 2014, they hosted the WFTDA Championships at Municipal Auditorium.

text: The Nashville Kangaroos are an Australian Rules Football team that compete in the United States Australian Football League. The Kangaroos play their home games at Elmington Park. The team is the reigning USAFL Central Region Champions.

text: Three Little League Baseball teams from Nashville (one in 1970; one in 2013; and, one in 2014) have qualified for the Little League World Series. A team from neighboring Goodlettsville qualified for the 2012 series, giving the metropolitan area teams in three consecutive years to so qualify.

text: Parks and gardens[edit]

text: Metro Board of Parks and Recreation owns and manages 10,200 acres (4,100 ha) of land and 99 parks and greenways (comprising more than 3% of the total area of the county).

text: Warner Parks, situated on 2,684 acres (1,086 ha) of land, consists of a 5,000-square-foot (460 m2) learning center, 20 miles (32 km) of scenic roads, 12 miles (19 km) of hiking trails, and 10 miles (16 km) of horse trails. It is also the home of the annual Iroquois Steeplechase.

text: The United States Army Corps of Engineers maintains parks on Old Hickory Lake and Percy Priest Lake. These parks are used for activities such as fishing, water skiing, sailing and boating. The Harbor Island Yacht Club makes its headquarters on Old Hickory Lake, and Percy Priest Lake is home to the Vanderbilt Sailing Club and Nashville Shores.

text: Other parks in Nashville include Centennial Park, Shelby Park, Cumberland Park, and Radnor Lake State Natural Area.

text: On August 27, 2013, Nashville mayor Karl Dean revealed plans for two new riverfront parks on the east and west banks of the Cumberland River downtown. Construction on the east bank park began in the fall of 2013, and the projected completion date for the west bank park is 2015. Among many exciting benefits of this Cumberland River re-development project is the construction of a highly anticipated outdoor amphitheater. Located on the west bank, this music venue will be surrounded by a new 12-acre (4.9 ha) park and will replace the previous thermal plant site. It will include room for 6,500 spectators with 2,500 removable seats and additional seating on an overlooking grassy knoll. In addition, the 4.5-acre (1.8 ha) east bank park will include a river landing, providing people access to the river. In regard to the parks' benefits for Nashvillian civilians, Mayor Dean remarked that "if done right, the thermal site can be an iconic park that generations of Nashvillians will be proud of and which they can enjoy".[136]

text: Law and government[edit]

text: The city of Nashville and Davidson County merged in 1963 as a way for Nashville to combat the problems of urban sprawl. The combined entity is officially known as "the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County", and is popularly known as "Metro Nashville" or simply "Metro". It offers services such as police, fire, electricity, water and sewage treatment. When the Metro government was formed in 1963, the government was split into two service districts—the "urban services district" and the "general services district." The urban services district encompasses the 1963 boundaries of the former City of Nashville, approximately 72 square miles (190 km2),[137] and the general services district includes the remainder of Davidson County. There are six smaller municipalities within the consolidated city-county: Belle Meade, Berry Hill, Forest Hills, Oak Hill, Goodlettsville (partially), and Ridgetop (partially). These municipalities use a two-tier system of government, with the smaller municipality typically providing police services and the Metro Nashville government providing most other services. Previously, the city of Lakewood also had a separate charter. However, Lakewood residents voted in 2010 and 2011 to dissolve its city charter and join the metropolitan government, with both votes passing.[138]

text: Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council. It uses the strong-mayor form of the mayor–council system.[139] The current mayor of Nashville is David Briley.[1] The Metropolitan Council is the legislative body of government for Nashville and Davidson County. There are five council members who are elected at large and 35 council members that represent individual districts. The Metro Council has regular meetings that are presided over by the vice-mayor, who is currently Sheri Weiner. The Metro Council meets on the first and third Tuesday of each month at 6:00 pm, according to the Metropolitan Charter.

text: Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee and the Estes Kefauver Federal Building and United States Courthouse, home of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.

text: Politics[edit]

text: Nashville has been a Democratic stronghold since at least the end of Reconstruction, and has remained staunchly Democratic even as the state as a whole has trended strongly Republican. Pockets of Republican influence exist in the wealthier portions of the city, but they are usually no match for the overwhelming Democratic trend in the rest of the city. The issue of school busing roiled politics for years but subsided after the 1990s.[140] While local elections are officially nonpartisan, nearly all of the city's elected officials are publicly known as Democrats. The city is split between 10 state house districts, all but one of which are held by Democrats (Republican Speaker of the House Beth Harwell holds the only Republican house seat). Three state senate districts and part of a fourth are within the county; two are held by Democrats and two by Republicans.[141]

text: In the state legislature, Nashville politicians serve as leaders of both the Senate and House Democratic Caucuses. Representative Mike Stewart serves as Chairman of the House Caucus. Senator Jeff Yarbro serves as Chairman of the Senate Caucus.

text: Democrats are no less dominant at the federal level. Democratic presidential candidates have only failed to carry Davidson County five times since reconstruction; in 1928, 1968, 1972, 1984 and 1988.[142] In most years, Democrats have carried Nashville at the presidential level with relatively little difficulty, even in years when they lose Tennessee as a whole. This has been especially true in recent elections. In the 2000 presidential election, Tennessean Democrat Al Gore carried Nashville with over 59% of the vote even as he narrowly lost his home state. In the 2004 election, Democrat John Kerry carried Nashville with 55% of the vote even as George W. Bush won the state by 14 points. In 2008, Barack Obama carried Nashville with 60% of the vote even as Republican John McCain won Tennessee by 15 points.

text: Despite its large size, Nashville has been in a single congressional district for most of the time since Reconstruction; it is currently the 5th District, represented by Democrat Jim Cooper. A Republican has not represented a significant portion of Nashville since 1874. Republicans made a few spirited challenges in the mid-1960s and early 1970s. The Republicans almost won it in 1968; only a strong showing by a candidate from Wallace's American Independent Party kept the seat in Democratic hands. However, they have not made a serious bid for the district since 1972, when the Republican candidate gained only 38% of the vote even as Nixon carried the district in the presidential election by a large margin. The district's best-known congressman was probably Jo Byrns, who represented the district from 1909 to 1936 and was Speaker of the House for much of Franklin Roosevelt's first term as President. Another nationally prominent congressman from Nashville was Percy Priest, who represented the district from 1941 to 1956 and was House Majority Whip from 1949 to 1953. Former mayors Richard Fulton and Bill Boner also sat in the U.S. House before assuming the Metro mayoral office.

text: From 2003 to 2013, a sliver of southwestern Nashville was located in the 7th District, represented by Republican Marsha Blackburn. This area was roughly coextensive with the portion of Nashville she'd represented in the state senate from 1998 to 2002. However, the 5th regained all of Nashville after the 2010 census.

text: Education[edit]

text: Public schools[edit]

text: The city is served by Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools.

text: Private schools[edit]

text:
Christ Presbyterian Academy
Davidson Academy
Donelson Christian Academy
Ensworth School
Father Ryan High School
Franklin Road Academy
Goodpasture Christian School
Harding Academy
Harpeth Hall School
Lipscomb Academy
Madison Academy
Montgomery Bell Academy
Nashville Christian School
Pope John Paul II High School
St. Cecilia Academy
St. Paul Christian Academy
University School of Nashville

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: Nashville is often labeled the "Athens of the South" due to the many colleges and universities in the city and the metropolitan area.[117] The colleges and universities in Nashville include:

text:
Name
Affiliation
Enrollment

American Baptist College

Aquinas College
Roman Catholic

Belmont University

6,647

Daymar College

Fisk University
United Church of Christ (HBCU)
800

John A. Gupton College

Lipscomb University
Churches of Christ
4,278

Meharry Medical College
United Methodist Church (HBCU)
700

Nashville School of Law

Nashville Auto Diesel College (a NAFTC Training Center)

Nashville State Community College

9,853

Tennessee State University
HBCU
10,389

Trevecca Nazarene University
Nazarene
3,221[143]

Vanderbilt University

12,567

Watkins College of Art, Design & Film

400

Welch College
Free Will Baptists
338

text: Within 30 miles (48 km) of Nashville in Murfreesboro is Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), a full-sized public university with Tennessee's second largest undergraduate population. Enrollment in post-secondary education in Nashville is around 43,000. Within the Nashville Metropolitan Statistical Area—which includes MTSU, Cumberland University (Lebanon), Volunteer State Community College (Gallatin), Daymar College, and O'More College of Design (Franklin)—total enrollment exceeds 74,000. Within a 40 miles (64 km) radius are Austin Peay State University (Clarksville) and Columbia State Community College (Columbia), enrolling an additional 13,600.

text: Nashville is home to four historically black institutions of higher education: Fisk University, Tennessee State University, Meharry Medical College, and American Baptist College.[144]

text: Media[edit]

text: The daily newspaper in Nashville is The Tennessean, which until 1998 competed with the Nashville Banner, another daily paper that was housed in the same building under a joint-operating agreement. The Tennessean is the city's most widely circulated newspaper. Online news service NashvillePost.com competes with the printed dailies to break local and state news. Several weekly papers are also published in Nashville, including The Nashville Pride, Nashville Business Journal, Nashville Scene and The Tennessee Tribune. Historically, The Tennessean was associated with a broadly liberal editorial policy, while The Banner carried staunchly conservative views in its editorial pages; The Banner's heritage had been carried on, to an extent, by The City Paper which folded in August 2013 after having been founded in October 2000. The Nashville Scene is the area's alternative weekly broadsheet. The Nashville Pride is aimed towards community development and serves Nashville's entrepreneurial population. Nashville Post is an online news source covering business, politics and sports.

text: Nashville is home to eleven broadcast television stations, although most households are served by direct cable network connections. Comcast Cable has a monopoly on terrestrial cable service in Davidson County (but not throughout the entire media market). Nashville is ranked as the 29th largest television market in the United States.[145] Major stations include WKRN-TV 2 (ABC), WSMV-TV 4 (NBC), WTVF 5 (CBS), WNPT 8 (PBS), WZTV 17 (Fox), WNPX-TV 28 (ion), WPGD-TV 50 (TBN), WLLC-LP 42 (Univision), WUXP-TV 30 (MyNetworkTV), and WNAB 58 (CW).[146]

text: Nashville is also home to cable networks Country Music Television (CMT), among others. CMT's master control facilities are located in New York City with the other Viacom properties. The Top 20 Countdown and CMT Insider are taped in their Nashville studios. Shop at Home Network was once based in Nashville, but the channel signed off in 2008.

text: Several dozen FM and AM radio stations broadcast in the Nashville area, including five college stations and one LPFM community radio station. Nashville is ranked as the 44th largest radio market in the United States. WSM-FM is owned by Cumulus Media and is 95.5 FM. WSM-AM, owned by Gaylord Entertainment Company, can be heard nationally on 650 AM or online at WSM Online from its studios located inside the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center. WSM is famous for carrying live broadcasts of the Grand Ole Opry, through which it helped spread the popularity of country music in America, and continues to broadcast country music throughout its broadcast day. WLAC, whose over-the-air signal is heard at 1510 AM, is a iHeartMedia-owned talk station which was originally sponsored by the Life and Casualty Insurance Company of Tennessee, and its competitor WWTN is owned by Cumulus.

text: Several major motion pictures have been filmed in Nashville, including The Green Mile, The Last Castle, Gummo, The Thing Called Love, Two Weeks, Coal Miner's Daughter, Nashville,[147] and Country Strong, as well as the ABC television series Nashville.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 78.1% of working Nashville residents commuted by driving alone, 9.8% carpooled, 2% used public transportation, and 2.2% walked. About 1.1% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 6.7% of working Nashville residents worked at home.[148] In 2015, 7.9% of city of Nashville households were without a car; this figure decreased to 5.9% in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Nashville averaged 1.72 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[149]

text: Road[edit]

text: Nashville is centrally located at the crossroads of three Interstate Highways: I-40, I-24, and I-65. Interstate 440 is a bypass route connecting I-40, I-65, and I-24 south of downtown Nashville. Briley Parkway connects the north side of the city and its interstates. Interstate 840 provides a southern Bypass for the city, and a Bypass for I-40 for the city and its suburbs. A number of arterial surface roads called "pikes" radiate from the city center; many carry the names of nearby towns to which they lead. Among these are Clarksville Pike, Gallatin Pike, Lebanon Pike, Murfreesboro Pike, Nolensville Pike, and Franklin Pike.

text: Public transit[edit]

text: The Metropolitan Transit Authority provides bus transit within the city. Routes utilize a hub and spoke method, centered around the Music City Central transit station in downtown.[150] A rejected expansion plan included use of bus rapid transit and light rail service at some point in the future.[151]

text: Nashville is considered a gateway city for rail and air traffic for the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion.[152]

text: Air[edit]

text: The city is served by Nashville International Airport (BNA), and is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and was a hub for American Airlines between 1986 and 1995. During 2016, Nashville International was the 33rd busiest passenger airport in the U.S. with a total of 6,338,517 passenger boardings.[153] In late 2014, BNA became the first major U.S. airport to authorize ridesharing services with dedicated pick-up and drop-off areas.[154]

text: Rail[edit]

text: Amtrak[edit]

text: Although a major freight hub for CSX Transportation, Nashville is not currently served by Amtrak, the second-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. to have this distinction.[155] Amtrak's Floridian (Chicago to Miami and St. Petersburg, Florida via Louisville and Nashville) served Nashville until its cancellation on October 9, 1979 due to poor track conditions resulting in late trains and low ridership.

text: While there have been no proposals to restore Amtrak service to Nashville, there have been repeated calls from residents.[156] However, Tennessee state officials have advised it will not be happening anytime soon due to scarce federal funding. "It would be wonderful to say I can be in Memphis and jump on a train to Nashville, but the volume of people who would do that isn't anywhere close to what the cost would be to provide the service", said Ed Cole, chief of environment and planning with the Tennessee Department of Transportation.[156] Ross Capon, executive director of the National Association of Railroad Passengers, said rail trips would catch on if routes were expanded, but conceded that it would be nearly impossible to resume Amtrak service to Nashville without a substantial investment from the state because federal money has dried up.[156]

text: Commuter[edit]

text: Nashville launched a passenger commuter rail system called the Music City Star on September 18, 2006. The only currently operational leg of the system connects the city of Lebanon to downtown Nashville at the Nashville Riverfront station. Legs to Clarksville, Murfreesboro and Gallatin are currently in the feasibility study stage. The system plan includes seven legs connecting Nashville to surrounding suburbs.

text: Bridges[edit]

text: Bridges within the city include:

text:
Official name
Other names
Length
Date opened

Korean War Veterans Memorial Bridge
Gateway Bridge
1,660 feet (510 m)
May 19, 2004

Kelly Miller Smith Bridge
Jefferson Street Bridge

March 2, 1994

Old Hickory Bridge

1929

Martin Luther King Jr. Bridge
Bordeaux Bridge

September 18, 1980

John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge
Shelby Street Bridge
3,150 feet (960 m)
July 5, 1909

Silliman Evans Bridge

2,362 feet (720 m)
1963

Victory Memorial Bridge

July 2, 1956

William Goodwin Bridge
Hobson Pike Bridge
2,215 feet (675 m)

Woodland Street Bridge

639 feet (195 m)

text: Sister cities[edit]

text: Nashville is an active participant in the sister cities program and has relationships with the following towns and cities:[157]

text:
Belfast, Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)
Caen (France)[158]
Edmonton, Alberta (Canada)
Kamakura (Japan)
Magdeburg (Germany)[159]
Mendoza (Argentina)
Taiyuan, Shanxi (China)
Tamworth, New South Wales (Australia)

text: Gwangjin-gu (South Korea)

text: Crouy (France)

text: El Port de la Selva (Spain)


document_title: McDonnell Douglas

question_text: when did mcdonnell douglas go out of business

root

text: McDonnell Douglas

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The company was formed from the firms of James Smith McDonnell and Donald Wills Douglas in 1967. Both men were of Scottish ancestry, graduates of MIT and had worked for the aircraft manufacturer Glenn L. Martin Company.[3]

tag: p

text: Douglas had been chief engineer at Martin before leaving to establish Davis-Douglas Company in early 1920 in Los Angeles. He bought out his backer and renamed the firm the Douglas Aircraft Company in 1921.[4]

text: McDonnell founded J.S. McDonnell & Associates in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1926. His idea was to produce a personal aircraft for family use. The economic depression from 1929 ruined his ideas and the company collapsed. He worked at three companies with the final being Glenn Martin Company in 1933. He left Martin in 1938 to try again with his own firm, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, this time based at Lambert Field, outside St. Louis, Missouri.[5]

text: World War II was a major earner for Douglas. The company produced almost 30,000 aircraft (Douglas DC-3) from 1942 to 1945 and the workforce swelled to 160,000. Both companies suffered at the end of hostilities, facing an end of government orders and a surplus of aircraft.

text: After the war Douglas continued to develop new aircraft, including the DC-6 in 1946 and the DC-7 in 1953.[6][7] The company moved into jet propulsion, producing its first for the military – the conventional F3D Skyknight in 1948 and then the more 'jet age' F4D Skyray in 1951.[8] In 1955, Douglas introduced the first attack jet of the United States Navy with the A4D Skyhawk.[9] Designed to operate from the decks of the World War II Essex class aircraft carriers, the Skyhawk was small, reliable, and tough. Variants of it continued in use in the Navy for almost 50 years,[10] finally serving in large numbers in a two-seat version as a jet trainer.[11]

text: Douglas also made commercial jets, producing the DC-8 in 1958 to compete with the Boeing 707.[12][13] McDonnell was also developing jets, but being smaller it was prepared to be more radical, building on its successful FH-1 Phantom to become a major supplier to the Navy with the F2H Banshee and F3H Demon; and producing the F-101 Voodoo for the United States Air Force (USAF).[14][15] The Korean War-era Banshee and later the F-4 Phantom II produced during the Vietnam War helped push McDonnell into a major military fighter supply role.[16] Douglas created a series of experimental high-speed jet aircraft in the Skyrocket family, with the Skyrocket DB-II being the first aircraft to travel at twice the speed of sound in 1953.

text: Both companies were eager to enter the new missile business, Douglas moving from producing air-to-air rockets and missiles to entire missile systems under the 1956 Nike program and becoming the main contractor of the Skybolt ALBM program and the Thor ballistic missile program.[17][18] McDonnell made a number of missiles, including the unusual ADM-20 Quail,[19] as well as experimenting with hypersonic flight, research that enabled it to gain a substantial share of the NASA projects Mercury and Gemini. Douglas also gained contracts from NASA, notably for part of the enormous Saturn V rocket.[20][21]

text: The two companies were now major employers, but both were having problems. Douglas was strained by the cost of the DC-8 and DC-9, while McDonnell suffered lean times during any downturns in military procurement. The two companies began to sound each other out about a merger. Inquiries began in 1963; Douglas offered bid invitations from December 1966 and accepted that of McDonnell.[22] The two firms were officially merged on April 28, 1967 as the McDonnell Douglas Corporation (MDC).[23] The two companies seemed to be a good fit for each other; McDonnell was primarily a defense contractor while Douglas sold mostly civil aircraft.

text: Formation[edit]

text: McDonnell Douglas retained McDonnell Aircraft's headquarters location at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, in Berkeley, Missouri,[24][25][26][27] near St. Louis.

text: In 1967, with the merger of McDonnell and Douglas Aircraft, David Lewis, then president of McDonnell, was named chairman of what was called the Long Beach, Douglas Aircraft Division. At the time of the merger, Douglas Aircraft was estimated to be less than a year from bankruptcy. Flush with orders, the DC-8 and DC-9 aircraft were 9 to 18 months behind schedule, incurring stiff penalties from the airlines. Lewis was active in DC-10 sales in an intense competition with Lockheed's L-1011, a rival tri-jet aircraft.[28][29][30] In two years, Lewis had the operation back on track and in positive cash flow. He returned to the company's St. Louis headquarters where he continued sales efforts on the DC-10 and managed the company as a whole as President and chief operating officer through 1971.

text: The DC-10 began production in 1968 with the first deliveries in 1971.[31] Several artists impressions exist of an aircraft named the "DC-10 Twin" or DC-X which McDonnell Douglas considered in the early 1970s but never built.[32][33] This would have been an early twinjet similar to the later Airbus A300, but never progressed to a prototype. This could have given McDonnell Douglas an early lead in the huge twinjet market that subsequently developed, as well as commonality with much of the DC-10's systems.[34]

text: In 1977, the next generation of DC-9 variants, dubbed the "Super 80" (later renamed the MD-80) series, was launched.[35]

text: In 1977, the KC-10 Extender was the second McDonnell Douglas transport aircraft to be selected for use by the US Air Force;[36] the first being the C-9 Nightingale/Skytrain II.

text: Through the years of the Cold War McDonnell Douglas had introduced and manufactured dozens of successful military aircraft, including the F-15 Eagle in 1974,[37] the F/A-18 Hornet in 1978,[38] and other products such as the Harpoon and Tomahawk missiles. The oil crisis of the 1970s was a serious shock to the commercial aviation industry, as a major manufacturer of commercial aircraft at the time, McDonnell Douglas was hit by the economic shift and forced to contract heavily while diversifying into new areas to reduce the impact of potential future downturns.[citation needed]

text: In 1984, McDonnell Douglas expanded into helicopters by purchasing Hughes Helicopters from the Summa Corporation for $470 million.[39] Hughes Helicopters was made a subsidiary initially and renamed McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems in August 1984.[40] McDonnell Douglas Helicopters's most successful product was the Hughes-designed AH-64 Apache attack helicopter.[41][42]

text: In 1986, MD-11 was launched, an improved and upgraded version of DC-10.[43][44][45][46] The MD-11 was the most advanced trijet aircraft to be developed. It sold 200 units, but was discontinued in 2001 after the merger with Boeing as it competed with the Boeing 777.[43][47][48][49] The final commercial aircraft design to be made by McDonnell Douglas came in 1988. The MD-90 was a stretched version of the MD-80,[45] equipped with International Aero Engines V2500 turbofans, the largest rear-mounted engines ever on a commercial jet. The MD-95, a modern regional airliner closely resembling the DC-9-30, was the last McDonnell Douglas designed commercial jet produced.[50][51]

text: On January 13, 1988, McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics won the US Navy Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) contract. The US$4.83 billion contract was to develop the A-12 Avenger II, a stealth, carrier-based, long-range flying wing attack aircraft that would replace the A-6 Intruder.

text: In January 1989 Robert Hood was appointed to lead McDonnell Douglas, replacing retiring Worsham. McDonnell Douglas then introduced a major reorganization called the Total Quality Management System (TQMS). TQMS ended the functional setup where engineers with specific expertise in aerodynamics, structural mechanics, materials, and other technical areas worked on several different aircraft. This was replaced by a product-oriented system where they focus on one specific airplane. As part of reorganization, 5,000 managerial and supervisory positions were eliminated at Douglas. The former managers could apply for 2,800 newly created posts; the remaining 2,200 would lose their managerial responsibilities.[52] The reorganization reportedly led to widespread loss of morale at the company and TQMS was nicknamed "Time to Quit and Move to Seattle" by employees referring to the competitor Boeing headquartered in Seattle, WA.[53]

text: Technical issues, development cost overruns, growing unit costs, and delays led to the termination of the A-12 Avenger II program on January 13, 1991 by Defense Secretary Dick Cheney. Years of litigation would proceed over the contract's termination: the government claimed that the contractors had defaulted on the contract and were not entitled to the final progress payments, while McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics believed that the contract was terminated out of convenience and thus the money was owed.[54] The case was contested through litigation until a settlement was reached in January 2014. The chaos and financial stress created by the collapse of the A-12 program led to the layoff of 5,600 employees.[55] The advanced tactical aircraft role vacated by the A-12 debacle would be filled by another McDonnell Douglas program, the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.[38][56]

text: However the purchasing of aircraft was curtailed as the Cold War came to an abrupt end in the 1990s. This curtailment in military procurements combined with the loss of the contracts for two major projects, the Advanced Tactical Fighter and Joint Strike Fighter, severely hurt McDonnell Douglas.[47][57] McDonnell Douglas built only a small wind tunnel test model.[58][59]

text: In 1991, MD-11 was not quite a success, ongoing tests of the MD-11 revealed a significant shortfall in the aircraft's performance. An important prospective carrier, Singapore Airlines, required a fully laden aircraft that could fly from Singapore to Paris, against strong headwinds during mid-winter; the MD-11 did not have sufficient range for this at the time.[60] Due to the less-than-expected performance figures, Singapore Airlines cancelled its 20-aircraft MD-11 order on August 2, 1991, and ordered 20 A340-300s instead.[61]

text: In 1992, McDonnell Douglas unveiled a study of a double deck jumbo-sized aircraft designated MD-12.[34][62] Despite briefly leaving the market, the study was perceived as merely a public relations exercise to disguise the fact that MDC was struggling under intense pressure from Boeing and Airbus. It was clear to most in the industry that MDC had neither the resources nor the money to develop such a large aircraft,[63] and the study quickly sank without a trace. A similar double deck concept was used in Boeing's later Ultra-Large Aircraft study intended to replace the 747,[64][65] but ultimately the double deck concept would not see the light of day until the Airbus A380 in the 2000s.[66][67]

text: Following Boeing's 1996 acquisition of Rockwell's North American division, McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing in August 1997 in a US $13 billion stock swap, with Boeing as the surviving company.[1][57] Boeing adopted the McDonnell Douglas logo, which shows the globe being encircled in tribute to the first aerial circumnavigation which was accomplished in 1924 using Douglas aircraft.

text: Products[edit]

text: Military airplanes[edit]

text:
McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk (started under Douglas Aircraft, used by the Blue Angels)

McDonnell Douglas A-4G Skyhawk
Project Kahu

McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II (started under McDonnell Aircraft, used by the Blue Angels and Thunderbirds)

List of McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II variants

McDonnell Douglas C-9
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle
McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD

McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II (based on the British Aerospace Harrier)
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet (used by the Blue Angels)

McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet
High Alpha Research Vehicle

McDonnell Douglas YC-15
McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk jet trainer (based on the British Aerospace Hawk)
McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender
McDonnell Douglas C-17 Globemaster III (Design and early production)
McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II
F/A-18E/F Super Hornet (Initial design and early production)

tag: ul

text: Commercial airplanes[edit]

text:
McDonnell Douglas DC-8 (started under Douglas Aircraft)
McDonnell Douglas DC-9 (started under Douglas Aircraft)
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (with cockpit upgrade designated MD-10)

DC-10 Air Tanker

McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (stretched and modernized version of the DC-10)
McDonnell Douglas MD-80 (stretched and modernized version of the DC-9)
McDonnell Douglas MD-90 (stretched and modernized version of the MD-80)
MD-95 (latest evolution of the DC-9, sold as Boeing 717)

text: Experimental aircraft[edit]

text: McDonnell Douglas X-36

text: Proposed models[edit]

text:
McDonnell Douglas MD-12, a double-decker plane similar to the Airbus A380 and Boeing NLA.
McDonnell Douglas MD-94X

text: Helicopters[edit]

text:
AH-64 Apache (started under Hughes Helicopters)
MD 500 series (started under Hughes Helicopters)
MD 600
MD 901/902/902 Explorer

text: Manned spacecraft[edit]

text:
Big Gemini
Skylab space station
Skylab B
McDonnell Douglas DC-X

text: Computer systems[edit]

text:
Sequel
Spirit
Reality OS
Series 18 Model 6
Series 18 Model 9
Sovereign
6200
6400
7000
9000
9200
9400

text: The corporation also produced the Sovereign (later M7000) series of systems in the UK, which used the Sovereign operating system developed in the UK and which was not based on Pick, unlike the "Reality" family of systems listed above. Sovereign, largely a Data Entry solution, had a reasonable market in the United States supporting data entry shops.[68]

text: Missiles and rockets[edit]

text:
BGM-109 Tomahawk missile
Harpoon missile
LIM-49 Spartan
M47 Dragon
Delta II rocket

text: Commercial deliveries[edit]

text:
Delivery of McDonnell Douglas-designed
commercial airplanes by year and model[69]

DC-8
DC-9
DC-10
MD-80
MD-90
MD-11
Total

1959
21

21

1960
91

91

1961
42

42

1962
22

22

1963
19

19

1964
20

20

1965
31
5

36

1966
32
69

101

1967
41
153

194

1968
102
202

304

1969
85
122

207

1970
33
51

84

1971
13
46
13

72

1972
4
32
52

88

1973

29
57

86

1974

48
47

95

1975

42
43

85

1976

50
19

69

1977

22
14

36

1978

22
18

40

1979

39
35

74

1980

18
41
5

64

1981

16
25
61

102

1982

10
11
34

55

1983

12
51

63

1984

10
44

54

1985

11
71

82

1986

17
85

102

1987

10
94

104

1988

10
120

130

1989

1
117

118

1990

139

3
142

1991

140

31
171

1992

84

42
126

1993

43

36
79

1994

23

17
40

1995

18
13
18
49

1996

12
25
15
52

1997

16
26
12
54

1998

8
34
12
54

1999

26
13
8
47

2000

5
4
9

2001

2
2

Total
556
976
446
1,191
116
200
3,485

Active[70][71]
2
32
50
404
65
123
676

DC-8
DC-9
DC-10
MD-80
MD-90
MD-11

tag: table

text: Key people[edit]

text:
James Smith McDonnell
John McDonnell (businessman)
Sanford N. McDonnell
Harry Stonecipher

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Boeing Chronology, 1997–2001 Archived January 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. at boeing.com.
Jump up ^ Welcome!, the former McDonnell Douglas Technical Services Company's homepage (January 24, 1997; retrieved June 4, 2009).
Jump up ^ Yenne 1985, pp. 6–9.
Jump up ^ Yenne 1985, pp. 10–12.
Jump up ^ Leiser, Ken. "St. Louis aviation honored". St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 28, 2009. Archived August 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Stanley (February 17, 1946). "Douglas DC-4 and DC-6 Skymasters". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ "DC-7, newest Douglas Airliner, takes to sky". Los Angeles Times. May 19, 1953.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Jet set mark, flies 753.4 M.P.H: Navy Hero recaptures World Speed leadership – Bests week-old British record". New York Times. October 4, 1953.
Jump up ^ "Bantam Jet Bomber is unveiled by Navy". Hartford Courant. June 8, 1954.
Jump up ^ "Saying goodbye to the A-4 Skyhawk". The Virginian. July 17, 1993.
Jump up ^ Ray, Nancy (September 16, 1991). "Aircraft pioneer, 83, savors bold designs that still fly". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Miles, Marvin (May 31, 1958). "Douglas Jetliner, most advanced of nation, debuts in test flight". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Miles, Marvin (August 24, 1961). "A DC-8 is first Airliner to top speed of Sound". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Navy awards contract for new jet fighter". Hartford Courant. August 17, 1952.
Jump up ^ "Navy accepts first Demon jet". Los Angeles Times. January 9, 1954.
Jump up ^ O'neil, Tim (May 24, 2009). "The Phantom of the factory: A Look Back – The F-4 Phantom II, rolled out in late May 1958, became one of the great success stories of military aviation and supported thousands of families". St Louis Post.
Jump up ^ "Skybolt fired Successfully". Kentucky New Era. December 20, 1962.
Jump up ^ Shannon, Don (May 9, 1958). "Thor hinted as favorite missile". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Witkin, Richard (May 8, 1960). "Missiles extend life of bomber: Jets, once thought obsolete, will soon carry deadly Air-Ground rockets". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Douglas Saturn contract grows $48 Million". Los Angeles Times. December 22, 1963.
Jump up ^ Schonberger, Ernest A (October 5, 1967). "$170.5-Million job won by McDonnell Douglas". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Wright, Robert (January 26, 1967). "McDonnell and Douglas take a giant step". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "McDonnell Douglas merger cleared". Fort Scott Tribune. April 27, 1967.
Jump up ^ Ealy, Charles and Andy Dworkin. "Texas Instruments may sell defense unit McDonnell Douglas among 1st to show interest." The Dallas Morning News. November 6, 1996. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Berkeley city, Missouri[permanent dead link]." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Berkeley, MO (1990) Tiger Map." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bower, Carolyn. "TESTS FIND RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. December 9, 1988. News 2F. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wood, Charles (June 6, 1972). "DC-10 deal also pleases Lockheed". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Wright, Robert (March 11, 1974). "Lockheed seeking greater range for Tristar; hopes to make its jet more competitive". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Wood, Robert (June 12, 1971). "L-1011 Customers admit concessions by Douglas". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Steiger, Paul (July 30, 1971). "Airlines take over 1st DC-10s as McDonnell Gibes Lockheed". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Getze, John (November 22, 1972). "Douglas takes 1st Step toward Twin Engine version of DC-10". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Buck, Thomas (April 14, 1973). "Douglas plans wide-bodied jet with short-medium ranges". Chicago Tribune.
^ Jump up to: a b "Clipped Wings". Flight International. December 20, 2005.
Jump up ^ Redburn, Tom (October 3, 1977). "McDonnell to build larger, quieter DC-9". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "US Air Force using McDonnell Douglas KC-10 advanced tanker-cargo aircraft for 5 years". PR Newswire. March 17, 1986.
Jump up ^ Williams, Bob (May 10, 1981). "7 Aerospace Firms Take $50-Million Gamble on Advanced F-15 Fighter". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pentagon gives Navy Go-Ahead on costly Douglas F-18 fighter". Los Angeles Times. June 30, 1981.
Jump up ^ "McDonnell Douglas completes Hughes Helicopter acquisition". Chicago Tribune. January 8, 1984.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Doug and Lindsay Peacock. Combat Aircraft AH-64, pp. 14–15. London: Salamander Books, 1992. ISBN 0-86101-675-0.
Jump up ^ Western, Ken (March 22, 1997). "McDonnell Douglas' Apache Longbow makes its debut". Arizona Republic.
Jump up ^ Flannery, William (April 8, 1995). "Mcdonnell wins big helicopter contract but layoffs are looming at commercial air unit". St Louis Post.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aircraft profile: MD-11". Al Jazeera. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Nancy (December 18, 1986). "McDonnell gets order it needs to launch MD-11 SAS request for 12 new jets brings total to 26". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohen, Aubrey (December 28, 2009). "Did subsidies drive MD and Lockheed from commercial jet biz?". Seattle PI.
Jump up ^ Wiener, Eric (February 14, 1990). "McDonnell's less costly new jet". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Pae, Peter (February 22, 2001). "Last Plane Out for Aerospace Pioneer; Aviation: Ceremony today marks the delivery of the last commercial aircraft built under the McDonnell Douglas name". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "American Airlines retires last MD-11 from fleet". Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. October 16, 2001.
Jump up ^ Demarco, Peter (September 19, 2000). "MD-11 Jet has highest crash rate". New York Daily Times.
Jump up ^ Lane, Polly (November 3, 1997). "MD-95'S future uncertain – Boeing to phase uut MD-80, MD-90". Seattle Times.
Jump up ^ Weintraub, Richard (February 14, 1993). "MD-90 Airliner unveiled by McDonnell Douglas: firm seeks to stay in civilian aircraft business". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Henkoff, Ronald. "BUMPY FLIGHT AT MCDONNELL DOUGLAS Even before two DC-10 crashes, it was beset by defense cutbacks and factory foul-ups. Now managers must unsnarl a new reorganization to get airborne again.". Fortune.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Richard (September 29, 1991). "Breathing Easier at McDonnel Douglas". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "A-12 Avenger II". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ "McDonnell Air gets president". New York Times. August 3, 1991. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ Gepfert, Ken (October 30, 1979). "McDonnell trying to hog F-18 sales, Northrop suit says". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Schneider, Greg (February 4, 1997). "Merger or no, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas linked". Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ http://www.jsf.mil/gallery/gal_photo_cddr_mda-ngc-bae.htm
Jump up ^ "MD JSF - Aircraft of the Month - May 2000". alexstoll.com.
Jump up ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 66
Jump up ^ Norris, & Wagner 2001, p. 59
Jump up ^ "MDC brochures for undeveloped versions of the MD-11 and MD-12". md-eleven.net. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Black, Larry (August 11, 1992). "McDonnell Douglas in shake-up as profits drop". The Independent. London.
Jump up ^ Wallace, James (October 24, 2007). "Airbus all in on need for jumbo – but Boeing still doubtful". Seattle PI. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Norris, Guy (September 10, 1997). "Boeing looks again at plans for NLA". Flight International.
Jump up ^ "Boeing, partners expected to scrap Super-Jet study". Los Angeles Times. July 10, 1995.
Jump up ^ Madslien, Jorn (January 18, 2005). "Giant plane a testimony to 'old Europe'". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Elleray, Dick (July 16, 1986). "The Reality Operating System Revealed (1986/09)". Project Management Bulletin (paper original)|format= requires |url= (help). Project Management Group, McDonnell Douglas Information Systems Group.  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Time Period Reports. boeing.com
Jump up ^ "Production summary - Airfleets aviation". airfleets.net.
Jump up ^ "World Airliner Census 2016" (PDF). http://pic.carnoc.com.  External link in |work= (help)

tag: ol