document_title: Gas exchange

question_text: which body structure provides actual diffusion of respiratory gases in lungs

text: Gas exchange

text: Physical principles of gas-exchange[edit]

text: Diffusion and surface area[edit]

text: The exchange of gases occurs as a result of diffusion down a concentration gradient. Gas molecules move from a region in which they are at high concentration to one in which they are at low concentration. Diffusion is a passive process, meaning that no energy is required to power the transport, and it follows Fick’s Law:[citation needed]

text: In relation to a typical biological system, where two compartments ('inside' and 'outside'), are separated by a membrane barrier, and where a gas is allowed to spontaneously diffuse down its concentration gradient:[citation needed]

text:
J is the flux, the amount of gas diffusing per unit area of membrane per unit time. Note that this is already scaled for the area of the membrane.
D is the diffusion coefficient, which will differ from gas to gas, and from membrane to membrane, according to the size of the gas molecule in question, and the nature of the membrane itself (particularly its viscosity, temperature and hydrophobicity).
φ is the concentration of the gas.
x is the position across the thickness of the membrane.
dφ/dx is therefore the concentration gradient across the membrane. If the two compartments are individually well-mixed, then this is simplifies to the difference in concentration of the gas between the inside and outside compartments divided by the thickness of the membrane.
The negative sign indicates that the diffusion is always in the direction that - over time - will destroy the concentration gradient, i.e. the gas moves from high concentration to low concentration until eventually the inside and outside compartments reach equilibrium.

text: Fig. 1. Fick's Law for gas-exchange surface

text: Gases must first dissolve in a liquid in order to diffuse across a membrane, so all biological gas exchange systems require a moist environment.[3] In general, the higher the concentration gradient across the gas-exchanging surface, the faster the rate of diffusion across it. Conversely, the thinner the gas-exchanging surface (for the same concentration difference), the faster the gases will diffuse across it.[4]

text: In the equation above, J is the flux expressed per unit area, so increasing the area will make no difference to its value. However, an increase in the available surface area, will increase the amount of gas that can diffuse in a given time.[4] This is because the amount of gas diffusing per unit time (dq/dt) is the product of J and the area of the gas-exchanging surface, A:

text: Single-celled organisms such as bacteria and amoebae do not have specialised gas exchange surfaces, because they can take advantage of the high surface area they have relative to their volume. The amount of gas an organism produces (or requires) in a given time will be in rough proportion to the volume of its cytoplasm. The volume of a unicellular organism is very small, therefore it produces (and requires) a relatively small amount of gas in a given time. In comparison to this small volume, the surface area of its cell membrane is very large, and adequate for its gas-exchange needs without further modification. However, as an organism increases in size, its surface area and volume do not scale in the same way. Consider an imaginary organism that is a cube of side-length, L. Its volume increases with the cube (L3) of its length, but its external surface area increases only with the square (L2) of its length. This means the external surface rapidly becomes inadequate for the rapidly increasing gas-exchange needs of a larger volume of cytoplasm. Additionally, the thickness of the surface that gases must cross (dx in Fick's Law) can also be larger in larger organisms: in the case of a single-celled organism, a typical cell membrane is only 10 nm thick;[5] but in larger organisms such as roundworms (Nematoda) the equivalent exchange surface - the cuticle - is substantially thicker at 0.5 µm.[6]

text: Interaction with circulatory systems[edit]

text: In multicellular organisms therefore, specialised respiratory organs such as gills or lungs are often used to provide the additional surface area for the required rate of gas exchange with the external environment. However the distances between the gas exchanger and the deeper tissues are often too great for diffusion to meet gaseous requirements of these tissues. The gas exchangers are therefore frequently coupled to gas-distributing circulatory systems, which transport the gases evenly to all the body tissues regardless of their distance from the gas exchanger.[7]

text: Some multicellular organisms such as flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are relatively large but very thin, allowing their outer body surface to act as a gas exchange surface without the need for a specialised gas exchange organ. Flatworms therefore lack gills or lungs, and also lack a circulatory system. Other multicellular organisms such as sponges (Porifera) have an inherently high surface area, because they are very porous and/or branched. Sponges do not require a circulatory system or specialised gas exchange organs, because their feeding strategy involves one-way pumping of water through their porous bodies using flagellated collar cells. Each cell of the sponge's body is therefore exposed to a constant flow of fresh oxygenated water. They can therefore rely on diffusion across their cell membranes to carry out the gas exchange needed for respiration.[8]

text: In organisms that have circulatory systems associated with their specialized gas-exchange surfaces, a great variety of systems are used for the interaction between the two.

text: In a countercurrent flow system, air (or, more usually, the water containing dissolved air) is drawn in the opposite direction to the flow of blood in the gas exchanger. A countercurrent system such as this maintains a steep concentration gradient along the length of the gas-exchange surface (see lower diagram in Fig. 2). This is the situation seen in the gills of fish and many other aquatic creatures.[9] The gas-containing environmental water is drawn unidirectionally across the gas-exchange surface, with the blood-flow in the gill capillaries beneath flowing in the opposite direction.[9][10][11] Although this theoretically allows almost complete transfer of a respiratory gas from one side of the exchanger to the other, in fish less than 80% of the oxygen in the water flowing over the gills is generally transferred to the blood.[9]

text: Alternative arrangements are cross current systems found in birds.[12][13] and dead-end air-filled sac systems found in the lungs of mammals.[14][15] In a cocurrent flow system, the blood and gas (or the fluid containing the gas) move in the same direction through the gas exchanger. This means the magnitude of the gradient is variable along the length of the gas-exchange surface, and the exchange will eventually stop when an equilibrium has been reached (see upper diagram in Fig. 2).[9] Cocurrent flow gas exchange systems are not known to be used in nature.

text: Mammals[edit]

text: The gas exchanger in mammals is internalized to form lungs, as it is in most of the larger land animals.[citation needed] Gas exchange occurs in microscopic dead-end air-filled sacs called alveoli, where a very thin membrane (called the blood-air barrier) separates the blood in the alveolar capillaries (in the walls of the alveoli) from the alveolar air in the sacs.

text: Exchange membrane[edit]

text: The membrane across which gas exchange takes place in the alveoli (i.e. the blood-air barrier) is extremely thin (in humans, on average, 2.2 μm thick).[14] It consists of the alveolar epithelial cells, their basement membranes and the endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillaries (Fig. 4).[14][16] The large surface area of the membrane comes from the folding of the membrane into about 300 million alveoli, with diameters of approximately 75-300 µm each. This provides an extremely large surface area (approximately 145 m2) across which gas exchange can occur.[14]

text: Alveolar air[edit]

text: Air is brought to the alveoli in small doses (called the tidal volume), by breathing in (inhalation) and out (exhalation) through the respiratory airways, a set of relatively narrow and moderately long tubes which start at the nose or mouth and end in the alveoli of the lungs in the chest. Air moves in and out through the same set of tubes, in which the flow is in one direction during inhalation, and in the opposite direction during exhalation.

text: During each inhalation, at rest, approximately 500 ml of fresh air flows in through the nose. Its is warmed and moistened as it flows through the nose and pharynx. By the time it reaches the trachea the inhaled air's temperature is 37 °C and it is saturated with water vapor. On arrival in the alveoli it is diluted and thoroughly mixed with the approximately 2.5–3.0 liters of air that remained in the alveoli after the last exhalation. This relatively large volume of air that is semi-permanently present in the alveoli throughout the breathing cycle is known as the functional residual capacity (FRC).[15]

text: At the beginning of inhalation the airways are filled with unchanged alveolar air, left over from the last exhalation. This is the dead space volume, which is usually about 150 ml.[17] It is the first air to re-enter the alveoli during inhalation. Only after the dead space air has returned to the alveoli does the remainder of the tidal volume (500 ml - 150 ml = 350 ml) enter the alveoli.[15] The entry of such a small volume of fresh air with each inhalation, ensures that the composition of the FRC hardly changes during the breathing cycle (Fig. 5).[15] The alveolar partial pressure of oxygen remains very close to 13–14 kPa (100 mmHg), and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide varies minimally around 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg) throughout the breathing cycle (of inhalation and exhalation).[15] The corresponding partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the ambient (dry) air at sea level are 21 kPa (160 mmHg) and 0.04 kPa (0.3 mmHg) respectively.[15]

text: This alveolar air, which constitutes the FRC, completely surrounds the blood in the alveolar capillaries (Fig. 6). Gas exchange in mammals occurs between this alveolar air (which differs significantly from fresh air) and the blood in the alveolar capillaries. The gases on either side of the gas exchange membrane equilibrate by simple diffusion. This ensures that the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood leaving the alveolar capillaries, and ultimately circulates throughout the body, are the same as those in the FRC.[15]

text: The marked difference between the composition of the alveolar air and that of the ambient air can be maintained because the functional residual capacity is contained in dead-end sacs connected to the outside air by long, narrow, tubes (the airways: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their branches and sub-branches down to the bronchioles). This anatomy, and the fact that the lungs are not emptied and re-inflated with each breath, provides mammals with a "portable atmosphere", whose composition differs significantly from the present-day ambient air.[18]

text: The composition of the air in the FRC is carefully monitored, by measuring the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. If either gas pressure deviates from normal, reflexes are elicited that change the rate and depth of breathing in such a way that normality is restored within seconds or minutes.[15]

text: Pulmonary circulation[edit]

text:
All the blood returning from the body tissues to the right side of the heart flows through the alveolar capillaries before being pumped around the body again. On its passage through the lungs the blood comes into close contact with the alveolar air, separated from it by a very thin diffusion membrane which is only, on average, about 2 μm thick.[14] The gas pressures in the blood will therefore rapidly equilibrate with those in the alveoli, ensuring that the arterial blood that circulates to all the tissues throughout the body has an oxygen tension of 13−14 kPa (100 mmHg), and a carbon dioxide tension of 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg). These arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide are homeostatically controlled. A rise in the arterial

P

C
O

2

{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}

, and, to a lesser extent, a fall in the arterial

P

O

2

{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {O} }_{2}}}

, will reflexly cause deeper and faster breathing till the blood gas tensions return to normal. The converse happens when the carbon dioxide tension falls, or, again to a lesser extent, the oxygen tension rises: the rate and depth of breathing are reduced till blood gas normality is restored.

text:
Since the blood arriving in the alveolar capillaries has a

P

O

2

{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {O} }_{2}}}

 of, on average, 6 kPa (45 mmHg), while the pressure in the alveolar air is 13 kPa (100 mmHg), there will be a net diffusion of oxygen into the capillary blood, changing the composition of the 3 liters of alveolar air slightly. Similarly, since the blood arriving in the alveolar capillaries has a

P

C
O

2

{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}

 of also about 6 kPa (45 mmHg), whereas that of the alveolar air is 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg), there is a net movement of carbon dioxide out of the capillaries into the alveoli. The changes brought about by these net flows of individual gases into and out of the functional residual capacity necessitate the replacement of about 15% of the alveolar air with ambient air every 5 seconds or so. This is very tightly controlled by the continuous monitoring of the arterial blood gas tensions (which accurately reflect partial pressures of the respiratory gases in the alveolar air) by the aortic bodies, the carotid bodies, and the blood gas and pH sensor on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata in the brain. There are also oxygen and carbon dioxide sensors in the lungs, but they primarily determine the diameters of the bronchioles and pulmonary capillaries, and are therefore responsible for directing the flow of air and blood to different parts of the lungs.

text:
It is only as a result of accurately maintaining the composition of the 3 liters alveolar air that with each breath some carbon dioxide is discharged into the atmosphere and some oxygen is taken up from the outside air. If more carbon dioxide than usual has been lost by a short period of hyperventilation, respiration will be slowed down or halted until the alveolar

P

C
O

2

{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}

 has returned to 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg). It is therefore strictly speaking untrue that the primary function of the respiratory system is to rid the body of carbon dioxide “waste”. In fact the total concentration of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is about 26 mM (or 58 ml/100 ml),[19] compared to the concentration of oxygen in saturated arterial blood of about 9 mM (or 20 ml/100 ml blood).[15] This large concentration of carbon dioxide plays a pivotal role in the determination and maintenance of the pH of the extracellular fluids. The carbon dioxide that is breathed out with each breath could probably be more correctly be seen as a byproduct of the body’s extracellular fluid carbon dioxide and pH homeostats

text: If these homeostats are compromised, then a respiratory acidosis, or a respiratory alkalosis will occur. In the long run these can be compensated by renal adjustments to the H+ and HCO3− concentrations in the plasma; but since this takes time, the hyperventilation syndrome can, for instance, occur when agitation or anxiety cause a person to breathe fast and deeply[20] thus blowing off too much CO2 from the blood into the outside air, precipitating a set of distressing symptoms which result from an excessively high pH of the extracellular fluids.[21]

text: Oxygen has a very low solubility in water, and is therefore carried in the blood loosely combined with hemoglobin. The oxygen is held on the hemoglobin by four ferrous iron-containing heme groups per hemoglobin molecule. When all the heme groups carry one O2 molecule each the blood is said to be “saturated” with oxygen, and no further increase in the partial pressure of oxygen will meaningfully increase the oxygen concentration of the blood. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is carried as HCO3− ions in the plasma. However the conversion of dissolved CO2 into HCO3− (through the addition of water) is too slow for the rate at which the blood circulates through the tissues on the one hand, and alveolar capillaries on the other. The reaction is therefore catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme inside the red blood cells.[22] The reaction can go in either direction depending on the prevailing partial pressure of carbon dioxide. A small amount of carbon dioxide is carried on the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecules as carbamino groups. The total concentration of carbon dioxide (in the form of bicarbonate ions, dissolved CO2, and carbamino groups) in arterial blood (i.e. after it has equilibrated with the alveolar air) is about 26 mM (or 58 ml/100 ml),[19] compared to the concentration of oxygen in saturated arterial blood of about 9 mM (or 20 ml/100 ml blood).[15]

text: Other vertebrates[edit]

text: Fish[edit]

text: The dissolved oxygen content in fresh water is approximately 8–10 ml/liter compared to that of air which is 210 ml/liter.[23] Water is 800 times more dense than air[24] and 100 times more viscous.[23] Therefore, oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water.[23] The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would therefore not be efficient enough to sustain life.[23] Rather than using lungs, gaseous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularized gills. Gills are specialised organs containing filaments, which further divide into lamellae. The lamellae contain capillaries that provide a large surface area and short diffusion distances, as their walls are extremely thin.[25] Gill rakers are found within the exchange system in order to filter out food, and keep the gills clean.

text: Gills use a countercurrent flow system that increases the efficiency of oxygen-uptake (and waste gas loss).[9][10][11] Oxygenated water is drawn in through the mouth and passes over the gills in one direction while blood flows through the lamellae in the opposite direction. This countercurrent maintains steep concentration gradients along the entire length of each capillary (see the diagram in the "Interaction with circulatory systems" section above). Oxygen is able to continually diffuse down its gradient into the blood, and the carbon dioxide down its gradient into the water.[10] The deoxygenated water will eventually pass out through the operculum (gill cover). Although countercurrent exchange systems theoretically allow an almost complete transfer of a respiratory gas from one side of the exchanger to the other, in fish less than 80% of the oxygen in the water flowing over the gills is generally transferred to the blood.[9]

text: Amphibians[edit]

text: Amphibians have three main organs involved in gas exchange: the lungs, the skin, and the gills, which can be used singly or in a variety of different combinations. The relative importance of these structures differs according to the age, the environment and species of the amphibian. The skin of amphibians and their larvae is highly vascularised, leading to relatively efficient gas exchange when the skin is moist. The larvae of amphibians, such as the pre-metamorphosis tadpole stage of frogs, also have external gills. The gills are absorbed into the body during metamorphosis, after which the lungs will then take over. The lungs are usually simpler than in the other land vertebrates, with few internal septa and larger alveoli; however, toads, which spend more time on land, have a larger alveolar surface with more developed lungs. To increase the rate of gas exchange by diffusion, amphibians maintain the concentration gradient across the respiratory surface using a process called buccal pumping.[26] The lower floor of the mouth is moved in a "pumping" manner, which can be observed by the naked eye.

text: Reptiles[edit]

text: All reptiles breathe using lungs. In squamates (the lizards and snakes) ventilation is driven by the axial musculature, but this musculature is also used during movement, so some squamates rely on buccal pumping to maintain gas exchange efficiency.[27]

text: Due to the rigidity of turtle and tortoise shells, significant expansion and contraction of the chest is difficult. Turtles and tortoises depend on muscle layers attached to their shells, which wrap around their lungs to fill and empty them.[28] Some aquatic turtles can also pump water into a highly vascularised mouth or cloaca to achieve gas-exchange.[29][30]

text: Crocodiles have a structure similar to the mammalian diaphragm - the diaphragmaticus - but this muscle helps create a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs rather than a tidal flow: this is more similar to the air-flow seen in birds than that seen in mammals.[31] During inhalation, the diaphragmaticus pulls the liver back, inflating the lungs into the space this creates.[32][33] Air flows into the lungs from the bronchus during inhalation, but during exhalation, air flows out of the lungs into the bronchus by a different route: this one-way movement of gas is achieved by aerodynamic valves in the airways.[34][35]

text: Birds[edit]

text: Birds have lungs but no diaphragm. They rely mostly on air sacs for ventilation. These air sacs do not play a direct role in gas exchange, but help to move air unidirectionally across the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs. During inhalation, fresh air is taken from the trachea down into the posterior air sacs and into the parabronchi which lead from the posterior air sacs into the lung. The air that enters the lungs joins the air which is already in the lungs, and is drawn forward across the gas exchanger into anterior air sacs. During exhalation, the posterior air sacs force air into the same parabronchi of the lungs, flowing in the same direction as during inhalation, allowing continuous gas exchange irrespective of the breathing cycle. Air exiting the lungs during exhalation joins the air being expelled from the anterior air sacs (both consisting of "spent air" that has passed through the gas exchanger) entering the trachea to be exhaled (Fig. 10).[13] Selective bronchoconstriction at the various bronchial branch points ensures that the air does not ebb and flow through the bronchi during inhalation and exhalation, as it does in mammals, but follows the paths described above.

text:
The unidirectional airflow through the parabronchi exchanges respiratory gases with a crosscurrent blood flow (Fig. 9).[12][13] The partial pressure of O2 (

P

O

2

{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {O} }_{2}}}

) in the parabronchioles declines along their length as O2 diffuses into the blood. The capillaries leaving the exchanger near the entrance of airflow take up more O2 than capillaries leaving near the exit end of the parabronchi. When the contents of all capillaries mix, the final

P

O

2

{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {O} }_{2}}}

 of the mixed pulmonary venous blood is higher than that of the exhaled air, but lower than that of the inhaled air.[12][13]

text: Plants[edit]

text:
Gas exchange in plants is dominated by the roles of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor. CO
2 is the only carbon source for autotrophic growth by photosynthesis, and when a plant is actively photosynthesising in the light, it will be taking up carbon dioxide, and losing water vapor and oxygen. At night, plants respire, and gas exchange partly reverses: water vapor is still lost (but to a smaller extent), but oxygen is now taken up and carbon dioxide released.[36]

text:
Plant gas exchange occurs mostly through the leaves. Gases diffuse into and out of the intercellular spaces within the leaf through pores called stomata, which are typically found on the lower surface of the leaf. Gases enter into the photosynthetic tissue of the leaf through dissolution onto the moist surface of the palisade and spongy mesophyll cells. The spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed, allowing for an increased surface area, and subsequently an increased rate of gas-exchange. Uptake of carbon dioxide necessarily results in some loss of water vapor,[37] because both molecules enter and leave by the same stomata, so plants experience a gas exchange dilemma: gaining enough CO
2 without losing too much water. Therefore, water loss from other parts of the leaf is minimised by the waxy cuticle on the leaf's epidermis. The size of a stoma is regulated by the opening and closing of its two guard cells: the turgidity of these cells determines the state of the stomatal opening, and this itself is regulated by water stress. Plants showing crassulacean acid metabolism are drought-tolerant xerophytes and perform almost all their gas-exchange at night, because it is only during the night that these plants open their stomata. By opening the stomata only at night, the water vapor loss associated with carbon dioxide uptake is minimised. However, this comes at the cost of slow growth: the plant has to store the carbon dioxide in the form of malic acid for use during the day, and it cannot store unlimited amounts.[38]

text:
Gas exchange measurements are important tools in plant science: this typically involves sealing the plant (or part of a plant) in a chamber and measuring changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide with an infrared gas analyzer. If the environmental conditions (humidity, CO
2 concentration, light and temperature) are fully controlled, the measurements of CO
2 uptake and water release reveal important information about the CO
2 assimilation and transpiration rates. The intercellular CO
2 concentration reveals important information about the photosynthetic condition of the plants.[39][40] Simpler methods can be used in specific circumstances: hydrogencarbonate indicator can be used to monitor the consumption of CO
2 in a solution containing a single plant leaf at different levels of light intensity,[41] and oxygen generation by the pondweed Elodea can be measured by simply collecting the gas in a submerged test-tube containing a small piece of the plant.

text: Invertebrates[edit]

text: The mechanism of gas exchange in invertebrates depends their size, feeding strategy, and habitat (aquatic or terrestrial).

text: The sponges (Porifera) are sessile creatures, meaning they are unable to move on their own and normally remain attached to their substrate. They obtain nutrients through the flow of water across their cells, and they exchange gases by simple diffusion across their cell membranes. Pores called ostia draw water into the sponge and the water is subsequently circulated through the sponge by cells called choanocytes which have hair-like structures that move the water through the sponge.[42]

text: The cnidarians include corals, sea anemones, jellyfish and hydras. These animals are always found in aquatic environments, ranging from fresh water to salt water. They do not have any dedicated respiratory organs; instead, every cell in their body can absorb oxygen from the surrounding water, and release waste gases to it. One key disadvantage of this feature is that cnidarians can die in environments where water is stagnant, as they deplete the water of its oxygen supply.[43] Corals often form symbiosis with other organisms, particularly photosynthetic dinoflagellates. In this symbiosis, the coral provides shelter and the other organism provides nutrients to the coral, including oxygen.

text:
The roundworms (Nematoda), flatworms (Platyhelminthes), and many other small invertebrate animals living in aquatic or otherwise wet habitats do not have a dedicated gas-exchange surface or circulatory system. They instead rely on diffusion of CO
2 and O
2 directly across their cuticle.[44][45] The cuticle is the semi-permeable outermost layer of their bodies.

text: Other aquatic invertebrates such as most molluscs (Mollusca) and larger crustaceans (Crustacea) such as lobsters, have gills analogous to those of fish, which operate in a similar way.

text: Unlike the invertebrates groups mentioned so far, insects are usually terrestrial, and exchange gases across a moist surface in direct contact with the atmosphere, rather than in contact with surrounding water. The insect's exoskeleton is impermeable to gases, including water vapor, so they have a more specialised gas exchange system, requiring gases to be directly transported to the tissues via a complex network of tubes. This respiratory system is separated from their circulatory system. Gases enter and leave the body through openings called spiracles, located laterally along the thorax and abdomen. Similar to plants, insects are able to control the opening and closing of these spiracles, but instead of relying on turgor pressure, they rely on muscle contractions.[46] These contractions result in an insect's abdomen being pumped in and out. The spiracles are connected to tubes called tracheae, which branch repeatedly and ramify into the insect's body. These branches terminate in specialised tracheole cells which provides a thin, moist surface for efficient gas exchange, directly with cells.[47]

text: The other main group of terrestrial arthropod, the arachnids (spiders, scorpion, mites, and their relatives) typically perform gas exchange with a book lung.[48]

text: Summary of main gas exchange systems[edit]

text:
Surface area
Diffusion distance
Maintaining concentration gradient
Respiratory organs

Human
Total alveoli = 70–100 m2[49]
Alveolus and capillary (two cells)
Constant blood flow in capillaries; breathing
Lungs

Fish
Many lamellae and filaments per gill
Usually one cell
Countercurrent flow
Gills

Insects
Specialised tracheole cell
One cell
Buccal pumping
Spiracles

Sponges
Ostia pores
One cell
Water movement
None

Flatworms
Flat body shape
Usually one cell
Countercurrent flow
None

Cnidarians
Oral arms
Usually one cell
Water movement
None

Reptiles
Many lamellae and filaments per gill
Alveolus and capillary (two cells)
Countercurrent flow
Lungs

Amphibians
Many lamellae and filaments per gill
Alveolus and capillary (two cells) or one cell
Countercurrent flow
Lungs, skin and gills

Plants
High density of stomata; air spaces within leaf
One cell
Constant air flow
Stomata


document_title: The Broken Land

question_text: where was the movie the broken land filmed

root

text: The Broken Land

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014)

tag: table

text: The film is about a cowboy who rides into a small town that is ruled with an iron fist by a corrupt sheriff. He becomes involved with a pretty young town girl and some residents who are trying to oust the sheriff, resulting in a robbery, a murder and his being pursued by a vengeful posse.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kent Taylor as Marshal Jim Cogan
Diana Darrin as  Mavera
Jody McCrea as Deputy Ed Flynn
Robert Sampson as Dave Dunson
Jack Nicholson as Will Brocious
Gary Sneed as Billy
Don Orlando as Frenchy Douchette
Helen Joseph as Ruth Flynn
H. Tom Cain as Mr. Flynn
Robert Hinkle as Dave
Bob Pollard

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was filmed at Apache Junction in Arizona during the summer of 1961. It was financed by Robert L. Lippert's Associated Producers. It gave an early role to Jack Nicholson. Nicholson later appeared in and wrote a number of films for Lippert, including Thunder Island and.[3]


document_title: Snyder (surname)

question_text: where does the last name snyder come from

text: Snyder (surname)

text: Snyder is an Anglicized occupational surname derived from Dutch Snijder "tailor" (alternatively spelled "Snyder" in the past, see "ij"/"y"), related to modern Dutch Snijders and Sneijder.  It may also be an Anglicized spelling of the German Schneider or Swiss German Schnyder, which both carry the same meaning.[1]

text: Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Alan Snyder (disambiguation)
Allen Snyder (disambiguation)
Allan Snyder, Australian professor and researcher of the human brain
Allen Snyder (coach), American college sports coach
Bill Snyder (born 1939), the head football coach of Kansas State University
Blake Snyder (1957–2009), American screenwriter and writing mentor
C. B. J. Snyder (1860 – 1945), American Architect (NYC Public Schools)
Charles P. Snyder (1847 – 1915), West Virginia congressman
Chris Snyder (born 1981), American baseball player
Chris Snyder (American football) (born 1974), American football player
C. R. Snyder (Charles Richard "Rick" Snyder) (1944–2006), professor of clinical psychology
Dan Snyder (ice hockey) (1978 – 2003), ice hockey player
Dana Snyder (born 1973), American voice actor
Daniel Snyder (born 1964), the current owner of the Washington Redskins and chairman of Six Flags Inc
Deborah Snyder, film producer
Duke Snider (1926 – 2011), full name Edwin Donald Snider, former baseball player
Edward Snyder (1895 – 1982), American cameraman and cinematographer
Elizabeth Snyder, soap opera writer
Ellsworth Snyder (1931 – 2005), pianist and abstract artist
Esther Snyder (1920–2006), the co-founder of In-N-Out Burger
Gary Snyder, poet, essayist, social and environmental activist
Gene Snyder, pitcher for the 1959 Dodgers
George Snyder, Kentucky blacksmith who invented the first American-made fishing reel
George Snyder (politician) (1929-2017), American politician
Glenn Snyder, scholar of international relations theory
Gordon Taylor Snyder, Canadian politician
Harry Snyder (1913–1976), the co-founder of In-N-Out Burger
Harry Snyder (scientist) (1867–1927), scientist
Henry N. Snyder (1865–1949), Methodist educator, author, and president of Wofford College
J. Buell Snyder (1877–1946), American politician of Pennsylvania
James Snyder (actor) (born 1981), American actor and musician
James Snyder Jr. (born 1945), American author, attorney and politician
James L. Snyder (born 1951), American writer
James S. Snyder (born 1952), American director and historian
Jefferson B. Snyder (1859–1951), American politician of Louisiana
Jerome Snyder (1916 - 1976), American Artist
Jim Snyder (coach) (1923–2013), American businessman and former coach
Jim Snyder (journalist) (born 1965), American journalist
Jim Snyder (second baseman) (born 1932), American baseball player and coach
Jim Snyder (shortstop) (1847–1922), American baseball player
Jimmy Snyder (musician) (born 1934), American musician
Jimmy Snyder (racing driver) (1909–1939), American race car driver
Jimmy Snyder (sports commentator) (1918–1996), American sports commentator
John Snyder (actor) (born c. 1960), American actor – seldom in voice-only roles
John Snyder (baseball) (born 1974), American player
John Snyder (Pennsylvania) (1793–1850), American politician of Pennsylvania
John Snyder (voice actor) (born c. 1960), American actor – usually in voice-only  roles, & a.k.a. Ivan Buckley
John J. Snyder (born 1925), American religious leader
John K. Snyder (1922–1993), Mayor of Alexandria, Louisiana
John Otterbein Snyder (1867–1943), American zoologist
John P. Snyder (1926–1997), American cartographer
John W. Snyder (1895–1985), American business manager & government administrator
Laura J. Snyder (born 1964), American historian, philosopher, and writer
Leon C. Snyder (1908-1897), Horticulturist and co-founder of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum
Louis Leo Snyder, (1907–1993), American-born German scholar
Lucy A. Snyder, author
Kerala J. Snyder (born 1936), American musicologist and classical organist
Kirk Snyder, former professional basketball player in the NBA
Kyle Snyder, Boston Red Sox pitcher
Maria V. Snyder, American fantasy author
Michael James Snyder, American businessman
Mitch Snyder (1943–1990), advocate for the homeless
Patrick Snyder, Wisconsin politician
Principal Snyder, character in Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Rick Snyder (born 1958), American businessman and politician, current Governor of Michigan
Robert C. Snyder, American professor of English
Robert H. Snyder, Louisiana politician
Ross S. Snyder, American recording engineer and inventor
Ruth Brown Snyder (1895–1928), American murderer
Scott Snyder, comic book author
Simon Snyder, the third Governor of Pennsylvania
Sid Snyder, American businessman and politician
Solomon H. Snyder, American neuroscientist
Tara Snyder (born in 1977), American tennis player
Ted Snyder (1881–1965), American lyricist and composer
Timothy Snyder, American historian
Tom Snyder, former host of The Late Late Show on CBS
Virgil Snyder (1869–1950), American mathematician
Wilburn Snyder (1923–2008), Baptist pastor and survivor of the Bataan Death March
Zack Snyder, film director and screenplay writer for the movies 300, Watchmen, Sucker Punch and Man of Steel
Zilpha Keatley Snyder, author of children's books

text: Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Snyder. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text:
showvteSurnames associated with the occupations of tailor/seamsterGermanic
Tayler, Taylor
Schneider, Sneijder, Snijders, Schnyder, Schnider, Schnieder, Schnaider
Anglicized: Snyder, Snyders, Snider; Polonized: Sznajder;  Russified: Shneider
Schröder/Schroeder
Shnaider
Snyman
Znaider (זנאַידער, Yiddish), Kleid (קליידל, Yiddish)
Romance
Sarti, Sarto, Del Sarto, Sartre, Sartori, Sartorius
Sastre
Couturier, Couture, Croitoru, Croitor
Slavic
Kravets (Yiddish calques: Kravits/Kravitz), Kravtsov/Krawtzoff, Kravchenko, Kravchuk
Krawiec, Krawczyk, Krawczak, Krawczuk, Krawczyński (Yiddish calque: Krawtz)
Krajčí (Krajci), Krajčík, Krajčír (Kraicir), Krejčí, Krejčík, Krejčír
Portnoy, Portnov, Portnyagin
Semitic
Chait/Khait
Al Khayat/El Khayat
Ibn Khayyat
Bint Khayyat
Khayat
OtherDarzi, Szabó, Raftis/Ράφτης, Terzioğlu, Quemener, Le Gourrierec


document_title: List of Spanish football champions

question_text: when did atletico madrid win la liga last

text: List of Spanish football champions

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Key

Champions also won the Copa del Rey that season

*
Champions also won the Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League that season

†
Champions also won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League that season

‡
Champions also won the UEFA Cup that season

text:
The "Top scorer(s)" column refers to the player who scored the most goals during that season
The "Goals" column refers to the number of goals scored by the top scorer in the league in that season

text:
Season
Winner[3]
Runner-up[6][7]
Third place[6][7]
Top scorer(s)[8]
Top scorer's club(s)[8]
Goals[8][9]

1929
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Bienzobas, PacoPaco Bienzobas
Real Sociedad
14

1929–30
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Arenas
Gorostiza, GuillermoGuillermo Gorostiza
Athletic Bilbao
19

1930–31
Athletic Bilbao
Racing Santander
Real Sociedad
Arana, Agustín SautoAgustín Sauto Arana
Athletic Bilbao
27

1931–32
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Gorostiza, GuillermoGuillermo Gorostiza
Athletic Bilbao
12

1932–33
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Espanyol
Olivares, ManuelManuel Olivares
Real Madrid
16

1933–34
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Racing Santander
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
27

1934–35
Real Betis
Real Madrid
Real Oviedo
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
26

1935–36
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Real Oviedo
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
27

1936–37
Spanish Civil War (League Cancelled)

1937–38

1938–39

1939–40
Atlético Aviación[A]
Sevilla
Athletic Bilbao
Unamuno, VictorVíctor Unamuno
Athletic Bilbao
22

1940–41
Atlético Aviación
Athletic Bilbao
Valencia
Pruden, Pruden
Atlético Aviación
30

1941–42
Valencia
Real Madrid
Atlético Aviación
Suarez, EdmundoEdmundo Suárez
Valencia
27

1942–43
Athletic Bilbao
Sevilla
Barcelona
Martin, MarianoMariano Martín
Barcelona
32

1943–44
Valencia
Atlético Aviación
Sevilla
Suarez, EdmundoEdmundo Suárez
Valencia
27

1944–45
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Aviación
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
19

1945–46
Sevilla
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
24

1946–47
Valencia
Athletic Bilbao
Atlético Aviación
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
34

1947–48
Barcelona
Valencia
Atlético Madrid
Pahino Pahiño
Celta de Vigo
23

1948–49
Barcelona
Valencia
Real Madrid
AlvarezCésar Rodríguez Álvarez
Barcelona
28

1949–50
Atlético Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Valencia
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
25

1950–51
Atlético Madrid
Sevilla
Valencia
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
38

1951–52
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Pahino Pahiño
Real Madrid
28

1952–53
Barcelona
Valencia
Real Madrid
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
24

1953–54
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
27

1954–55
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Arza, JuanJuan Arza
Sevilla
28

1955–56
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
24

1956–57
Real Madrid†
Sevilla
Barcelona
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
31

1957–58
Real Madrid†
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Badenes, ManuelManuel Badenes
Alfredo Di Stéfano
Ricardo
Valladolid
Real Madrid
Valencia
19

1958–59
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
23

1959–60
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
26

1960–61
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Real Zaragoza
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
27

1961–62
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Seminario, JuanJuan Seminario
Zaragoza
25

1962–63
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Real Oviedo
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
26

1963–64
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Real Betis
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
20

1964–65
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Zaragoza
Re, CayetanoCayetano Ré
Barcelona
25

1965–66
Atlético Madrid
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Vava Vavá
Elche
19

1966–67
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Machado, WaldoWaldo Machado
Valencia
24

1967–68
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Las Palmas
Uriarte, FidelFidel Uriarte
Athletic Bilbao
22

1968–69
Real Madrid
Las Palmas
Barcelona
Amaro, AmancioAmancio Amaro
José Eulogio Gárate
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
14

1969–70
Atlético Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Sevilla
Amaro, AmancioAmancio Amaro
Luis Aragonés
José Eulogio Gárate
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Atlético Madrid
16

1970–71
Valencia
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Garate, Jose EulogioJosé Eulogio Gárate
Carles Rexach
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
17

1971–72
Real Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Porta, EnriqueEnrique Porta
Granada
20

1972–73
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Marianin Marianín
Real Oviedo
19

1973–74
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Zaragoza
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
20

1974–75
Real Madrid
Zaragoza
Barcelona
Herrero, Carlos RuizCarlos Ruiz Herrero
Athletic Bilbao
19

1975–76
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
21

1976–77
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Kempes, MarioMario Kempes
Valencia
24

1977–78
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Kempes, MarioMario Kempes
Valencia
28

1978–79
Real Madrid
Sporting de Gijón
Atlético Madrid
Krankl, HansHans Krankl
Barcelona
29

1979–80
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Sporting de Gijón
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
24

1980–81
Real Sociedad
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Quini, Quini
Barcelona
20

1981–82
Real Sociedad
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Quini, Quini
Barcelona
26

1982–83
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Rincon, HipolitoHipólito Rincón
Real Betis
20

1983–84
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Silva, Jorge daJorge da Silva
Juanito
Valladolid
Real Madrid
17

1984–85
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Atlético Madrid
19

1985–86
Real Madrid‡
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
22

1986–87
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
34

1987–88
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Atlético Madrid
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
29

1988–89
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Baltazar, Baltazar
Atlético Madrid
35

1989–90
Real Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
38

1990–91
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Real Madrid
Butragueno, EmilioEmilio Butragueño
Real Madrid
19

1991–92
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Manolo, Manolo
Atlético Madrid
27

1992–93
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Bebeto, Bebeto
Deportivo La Coruña
29

1993–94
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Zaragoza
Romario Romário
Barcelona
30

1994–95
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Real Betis
Zamorano, IvanIván Zamorano
Real Madrid
28

1995–96
Atlético Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Pizzi, Juan AntonioJuan Antonio Pizzi
Tenerife
31

1996–97
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Ronaldo Ronaldo
Barcelona
34

1997–98
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Real Sociedad
Vieri, ChristianChristian Vieri
Atlético Madrid
24

1998–99
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Mallorca
Raul Raúl
Real Madrid
25

1999–2000
Deportivo La Coruña
Barcelona
Valencia
, Salva (footballer)Salva (footballer)
Racing Santander
27

2000–01
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Mallorca
Raul Raúl
Real Madrid
24

2001–02
Valencia
Deportivo La Coruña
Real Madrid
Tristan, DiegoDiego Tristán
Deportivo La Coruña
21

2002–03
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Deportivo La Coruña
Makaay, RoyRoy Makaay
Deportivo La Coruña
29

2003–04
Valencia‡
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Ronaldo Ronaldo
Real Madrid
25

2004–05
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Villarreal
Forlan, DiegoDiego Forlán
Villarreal
25

2005–06
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Valencia
Eto'o, SamuelSamuel Eto'o
Barcelona
26

2006–07
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Sevilla
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Real Madrid
25

2007–08
Real Madrid
Villarreal
Barcelona
Guiza, DanielDaniel Güiza
Mallorca
27

2008–09
Barcelona*
Real Madrid
Sevilla
Forlan, DiegoDiego Forlán
Atlético Madrid
32

2009–10
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Valencia
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
34

2010–11
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Valencia
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
40

2011–12
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
50

2012–13
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
46

2013–14
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
31

2014–15
Barcelona*
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
48

2015–16
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
Barcelona
40

2016–17
Real Madrid†
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
37

text: Total titles won[edit]

text:
Club
Winners
Runners-up

Real Madrid
33
23

Barcelona
24
25

Atlético Madrid
10
8

Athletic Bilbao
8
7

Valencia
6
6

Real Sociedad
2
3

Deportivo La Coruña
1
5

Sevilla
1
4

Real Betis
1
0

text: Titles won by club (%)

text: By city[edit]

text:
City
Championships
Clubs

Madrid

43

Real Madrid (33), Atlético Madrid (10)

Barcelona

24

Barcelona (24)

Bilbao

8

Athletic Bilbao (8)

Valencia

6

Valencia (6)

San Sebastián

2

Real Sociedad (2)

Seville

2

Real Betis (1), Sevilla (1)

A Coruña

1

Deportivo La Coruña (1)

text: By Autonomous Community[edit]

text:
Community
Championships
Clubs

Madrid

43

Real Madrid (33), Atlético Madrid (10)

Catalonia

24

Barcelona (24)

Basque Country

10

Athletic Bilbao (8), Real Sociedad (2)

Valencia

6

Valencia (6)

Andalusia

2

Real Betis (1), Sevilla (1)

Galicia

1

Deportivo La Coruña (1)

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. a Atlético Madrid were known as Atlético Aviación from 1939 until 1947.


document_title: Ohio State University

question_text: where is ohio state university located in columbus

question_tokens: where is ohio state university located in columbus

text: Ohio State University

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016)

text: The proposal of a manufacturing and agriculture university in central Ohio was initially met in the 1870s with hostility from the state's agricultural interests and competition for resources from Ohio University, which was chartered by the Northwest Ordinance, and Miami University. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, the Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a farming community on the northern edge of Columbus. While some interests in the state had hoped that the new university would focus on matriculating students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines, Hayes manipulated both the university's location and its initial board of trustees towards a more comprehensive end.[citation needed] The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17, 1873. In 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year.[9] Also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to the now-familiar "The Ohio State University", with "The" as part of its official name.[10]

text: Ohio State began accepting graduate students in the 1880s, and in 1891, the school saw the founding of its law school, Moritz College of Law. It would later acquire colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, veterinary medicine, commerce, and journalism in subsequent years. In 1916, Ohio State was elected into membership in the Association of American Universities.

text: Michael V. Drake, former chancellor of the University of California, Irvine, assumed the role of university president on June 30, 2014.[11]

text: In an attack against the campus on November 28, 2016, an unrelated fluorine leak was called in for Watts Hall, resulting in the evacuation of the building to an outside courtyard.[12] As firetrucks began to depart, Abdul Razak Ali Artan drove into the crowd, then emerged and began stabbing those nearby.[13][14] The attack was stopped in under two minutes by OSU Police Officer Alan Horujko, who witnessed the attack after responding to the reported gas leak, and who shot and killed Artan.[15] The university's Buckeye Alert system was triggered and the campus was placed on lockdown. Ten were transported to local hospitals and one suspect was killed according to multiple sources. Local law enforcement and the FBI launched an investigation.[13][16] According to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki.[17]

text: Campus[edit]

text: Ohio State's 1,764-acre (714 ha) main campus is about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of the city's downtown. The historical center of campus is the Oval, quad of about 11 acres (4.5 ha).[18] Four buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Hale Hall (originally Enarson Hall), Hayes Hall, Ohio Stadium, and Orton Hall. Unlike earlier public universities such as Ohio University and Miami University, whose campuses have a consistent architectural style, architecture on the Ohio State campus is a mix of traditional, modern and post-modern styles. The William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library, anchoring the Oval's western end, is Ohio State library's main branch and largest repository. The Thompson Library was designed in 1913 by the Boston firm of Allen and Collens in the Italianate Renaissance Revival style, and its placement on the Oval was suggested by the Olmsted brothers who had designed New York City's Central Park. In 2006, the Thompson Library began a $100 million renovation with the stated aims of becoming a "global benchmark twenty-first century" library while maintaining the building's classical Italian Renaissance architecture.[citation needed]

text: Ohio State operates the North America's 18th-largest university research library with a combined collection of over 5.8 million volumes. Additionally, the libraries regularly receive about 35,000 serial titles. Its recent acquisitions were 16th among university research libraries in North America.[10] Along with 21 libraries on its Columbus campus, the university has eight branches at off-campus research facilities and regional campuses, plus a book storage depository near campus. In all, the Ohio State library system encompasses 55 branches and specialty collections. Some of the more significant collections include The Byrd Polar Research Center Archival Program, which contains the archives of Admiral Richard E. Byrd and other polar research materials; The Hilandar Research Library, which contains the world's largest collection of medieval Slavic manuscripts on microform; the Ohio State Cartoon Library & Museum, the world's largest repository of original cartoons; The Lawrence and Lee Theatre Research Institute; and the archives of Senator John Glenn.

text: Anchoring the traditional campus gateway at the eastern end of the Oval is the 1989 Wexner Center for the Arts. Designed by architects Peter Eisenman of New York and Richard Trott of Columbus, the center was funded in large part by Ohio State alumnus Leslie Wexner's gift of $25 million in the 1980s. The center was founded to encompass all aspects of visual and performing arts with a focus on new commissions and artist residencies. Part of its design was to pay tribute to the armory that formerly had the same location. Its groundbreaking deconstructivist architecture has resulted in it being lauded as one of the most important buildings of its generation. Its design has also been criticized as proving less than ideal for many of the art installations that it has attempted to display. The centerpiece of The Wexner Center's permanent collection is Picasso's Nude on a Black Armchair, which was purchased by alumnus Leslie Wexner at auction for $45 million.

text: To the south of the Oval is another, somewhat smaller, expanse of green space commonly referred to as the South Oval. At its eastern end, it is anchored by the Ohio Union. To the west are Hale Hall, the Kuhn Honors House, Browning Amphitheatre (a traditional stone Greek theatre) and Mirror Lake.

text: Knowlton Hall, dedicated in October 2004, is at the corner of West Woodruff Avenue and Tuttle Park Place, next to Ohio Stadium. Knowlton Hall along with the Fisher College of Business and Hitchcock Hall form an academic nucleus in the Northwestern corner of North campus. Knowlton Hall is home to the KSA Café, the disciplines of Architecture, Landscape Architecture, City and Regional Planning, and about 550 undergraduate and graduate students. Knowlton Hall stands out from the general reddish-brown brick of Ohio State's campus with distinctive white marble tiles that cover the building's exterior. This unique wall cladding was requested by Austin E. Knowlton, the namesake of and main patron to the creation of Knowlton Hall. Knowlton also requested that 5 white marble columns be erected on the site, each column representing one of the classical orders of Architecture.[19]

text: The Ohio State College of Medicine is on the southern edge of the central campus. It is home to the James Cancer Hospital, a cancer research institute and one of the National Cancer Institute's forty-one comprehensive cancer centers, along with the Richard M. Ross Heart Hospital, a research institute for cardiovascular disease.

text: Academics[edit]

text: Rankings and recognition[edit]

text:
University rankings

National

ARWU[20]
42

Forbes[21]
160

U.S. News & World Report[22]
56

Washington Monthly[23]
69

Global

ARWU[24]
79

QS[25]
88

Times[26]
72

U.S. News & World Report[27]
43

text: In 1916, Ohio State became the first university in Ohio to be extended membership into the Association of American Universities, and remains the only public university in Ohio among the organization's 60 members. The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities (2000) by Howard and Matthew Greene listed Ohio State as one of a select number of public universities offering the highest educational quality.

text: In its 2016 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio State as tied for the 16th-best public university in the United States, and tied for 52nd among all national universities.[28]

text: The Academic Ranking of World Universities placed Ohio State 42nd nationally and 79th globally for 2016. In its 2015-16 rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it tied for 90th in the world. In 2016, QS World University Rankings ranked the university 88th in the world.

text: The Lombardi Program on Measuring University Performance at Arizona State University detailed analysis and rankings of American universities in 2007 placed Ohio State as the 24th ranked university in America, the 10th ranked public university in the country and the top overall university in Ohio. Of their nine ranking criteria, Ohio State ranked in the top-25 in four categories and between 26–50 in an additional four categories.[29] The Washington Monthly college rankings, which seek to evaluate colleges' contributions to American society based on factors of social mobility, research, and service to the country by their graduates, in 2016 placed Ohio State 69th in the nation.

text: Ohio State is also the only public university in Ohio to which the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has given both its highest overall classification of R1: Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity and highest undergraduate admissions classification of more selective.[30]

text: Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the undergraduate business program at Ohio State's Fisher College of Business as the 14th best in the nation in its 2016 rankings.[31] U.S. News & World Report ranks the MBA program tied for 30th in America.[28] Fisher's Executive MBA program was ranked 3rd nationally for return on investment by The Wall Street Journal in 2008 citing a 170 percent return on an average of $66,900 invested in tuition and expenses during the 18-month program.[32]

text: The Ohio State law school is ranked by U.S. News & World Report tied for 34th overall in America for 2016, with the nursing school tied for 22nd, public affairs tied for 25th, and the medical school ranked tied for 31st for research and tied for 40th for primary care; the graduate engineering program was ranked 32nd best and the College of Education ranked 15th in America.[28] Nineteen Ohio State graduate programs or specialties were rated among the nation's top ten for 2016.[28]

text: The Ohio State political science department is ranked 15th in the country by U.S. News & World Report for 2016, with the international politics section 8th, American politics 10th, and political methodology 10th.[28] Professor Alexander Wendt was ranked the most influential scholar of international relations in the world in a 2011 survey of American professors of international relations.[33] The history department was recently ranked 18th in the nation (6th among public universities) by the National Research Council.[citation needed]

text: Ohio State is one of a select few American universities to offer multiple area studies programs under "Comprehensive National Resource Center" (often called "Title VI") funding from the U.S. Department of Education. The most notable of these is the Center for Slavic and East European Studies founded in 1965 by Professor Leon Twarog. Subsequently, Ohio State's Middle Eastern Studies Center and East Asian Studies Center also achieved Comprehensive National Resource Center status. The university is also home to the interdisciplinary Mershon Center for International Security Studies, which was founded in 1952 through a bequest of 7 million dollars (54.3 million in 2006 value) from alumnus Colonel Ralph D. Mershon. In 2003, it was decided by the United States Department of Homeland Security to base the National Academic Consortium for Homeland Security at The Mershon Center.

text: U.S. News & World Report ranked the graduate program in interior design 2nd in the nation for 2016.[28] Overall, U.S. News & World Report ranked the graduate art program 18th, with the ceramics program at 4th.[28] In its 2008 edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools, the journal DesignIntelligence ranked the undergraduate Industrial Design program #3 nationwide, and the graduate program in Design #10 nationwide. The DFC conducted their research by polling 270 corporations regarding how design schools were preparing their students for the future of professional practice in design. OSU was in the top ten rankings of the corporate leaders' assessments in all regions (#4 in the south, #2 in the midwest, #7 in the east, and #4 in the west). The graduate program placed at #3 in the south and #2 in the east, resulting in 10th overall in the nation.[34]

text: Research[edit]

text:
OSU schools/colleges

College of Dentistry

College of Education and Human Ecology

College of Engineering

College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences

College of Medicine

College of Nursing

College of Optometry

College of Pharmacy

College of Public Health

College of Social Work

College of Veterinary Medicine

College of Arts and Sciences

Graduate School

John Glenn College of Public Affairs

Max M. Fisher College of Business

Moritz College of Law

text: In a 2007 report released by the National Science Foundation, Ohio State's research expenditures for 2006 were $652 million, placing it 7th among public universities and 11th overall, also ranking 3rd among all American universities for private industry sponsored research. Research expenditures at Ohio State were $720 million in 2007. Ohio State also announced in 2006, that it would be designating at least $110 million of its research efforts to what it termed "fundamental concerns" such as research towards a cure for cancer, renewable energy sources and sustainable drinking water supplies.[35]

text: Research facilities include Aeronautical/Astronautical Research Laboratory, Byrd Polar Research Center, Center for Automotive Research (OSU CAR), Chadwick Arboretum, Biomedical Research Tower, Biological Sciences Building, Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Heart and Lung Research Institute, Electroscience Laboratory, Large Binocular Telescope (LBT, originally named the Columbus Project), Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Museum of Biological Diversity, National Center for the Middle Market, Stone Laboratory on Gibraltar Island, OH, Center for Urban and Regional Analysis and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center.

text: Big Ten Academic Alliance[edit]

text: Ohio State is a participant in the Big Ten Academic Alliance. The Big Ten Academic Alliance (BTAA) is the academic consortium of the universities in the Big Ten Conference. Engaging in $10 billion in research in 2014-2015, BTAA universities provide powerful insight into important issues in medicine, technology, agriculture, and communities. Students at participating schools are also allowed "in-house" borrowing privileges at other schools' libraries.[36] The BTAA uses collective purchasing and licensing, and has saved member institutions $19 million to date.[37] Course sharing,[38] professional development programs,[39] study abroad and international collaborations,[40] and other initiatives are also part of the BTAA.

text: Admissions and tuition[edit]

text:
Fall Freshman Statistics[41][42][43][44][45][46]

2016
2015
2014
2013
2012

Applicants
49,388
45,919
42,791
35,475
28,675

Admits
24,240
22,500
22,679
19,511
18,352

 % Admitted
49.1
49.0
53.0
55.5
64.0

Enrolled
7,885
6,978
7,024
7,083
7,186

text: Undergraduate admissions to Ohio State are classified as "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report and The Princeton Review and according to the data are the most selective for any public university in Ohio. 63% of incoming freshmen in autumn 2016 were ranked in the top 10% of their high school class. The middle 50% range of ACT scores is 27-31, while the middle 50% SAT scores (Critical Reading and Math only) is 1210–1360.[47] Ohio State's freshman class has included at least 100 National Merit Scholars for nine of the last ten years.[48]

text: Tuition and fees for full-time, Ohio residents enrolled at the Columbus campus for the 2014–2015 academic year were $10,037.[49] For the 2006–2007 academic year, tuition at Ohio State for Ohio residents placed it as the fifth-most expensive public university and slightly beneath the weighted average tuition of $8,553 among Ohio's thirteen public four-year universities.[50] In addition to being named a Best in the Midwest selection by The Princeton Review, Ohio State was the only public university in Ohio to make their list of America's 150 Best Value Colleges.

text: Endowment and fundraising[edit]

text: Ohio State was among the first group[51] of four public universities to raise a $1 billion endowment when it passed the $1 billion mark in 1999. At year's end 2005, Ohio State's endowment stood at $1.73 billion, ranking it seventh among public universities and 27th among all American universities.[52] In June 2006, the endowment passed the $2 billion mark.

text: In recent decades, and in response to continually shrinking state funding, Ohio State has conducted two significant multi-year fundraising campaigns. The first concluded in 1987 and raised $460 million—a record at the time for a public university. The "Affirm Thy Friendship Campaign" took place between 1995 and 2000. With an initial goal of raising $850 million, the campaign's final tally was $1.23 billion, placing Ohio State among the small group of public universities to have successfully conducted a $1 billion campaign.[53] At his welcoming ceremony, returning President E. Gordon Gee announced that, in the Fall of 2007, Ohio State would be launching a $2.5 billion fund-raising campaign.

text: Student life[edit]

text: The Office of Student Life is responsible for many of the outside-the-classroom aspects of student life at Ohio State. It has more than 30 departments. Among these are student housing; dining services; health, wellness and counseling offices; the Ohio Union, student activities, organizations and leadership development; recreation and intramural sports. The Office of Student Life has partnership affiliations with the Schottenstein Center, the Blackwell Inn, and the Drake Events Center. Services supporting student wellness include the Wilce Student Health Center, named for university physician John Wilce, The Mary A. Daniels Student Wellness Center and the Counseling and Consultation Service and the Recreational and Physical Activity Center (RPAC).

text: The Office of Student Life also oversees the operation of. The RPAC is the main recreational facility on campus, and offers over half a million square feet of recreation, aquatic, fitness, and meeting space. The RPAC features two on-campus dining locations, a 50-meter competitive pool, 12 wood courts, 10 racquetball courts, 4 squash courts, a four-lane jogging/walking track, five multipurpose rooms, and approximately 27,500 square feet of fitness space with state-of-the-art equipment. is also located inside of the RPAC. The Wellness Center within the (RPAC) offers services such as nutrition counseling, financial coaching, HIV and STI testing, sexual assault services, and alcohol and other drug education.[54] The Outdoor Adventure Center (OAC) is another recreational facility on campus. The OAC features the Tom W. Davis Climbing Center with a 4,000-square-foot, 35-foot tall climbing structure and bouldering cave. The OAC also has an outdoor equipment rental office and a trip-planning resource center. [55] The marching band is also a longstanding tradition at Ohio State. It is the largest all-brass and percussion band in the world. The traditional school songs from "Carmen Ohio" to "Hang on Sloopy" to "Fight the Team Across the Field", are arranged to fit this instrumentation. The band is famous for "Script Ohio", during which the band marches single-file through the curves of the word "Ohio", much like a pen writes the word, all the while playing the French march "Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse." At the end of the performance, the "i" in "Ohio" is "dotted" by a high-stepping senior sousaphone player.

text: "Across the Field", Ohio State's fight song, and "Buckeye Battle Cry" are commonly played and sung at athletic events, as well as commencement and convocation exercises.

text: The tradition of high-quality bands is not limited to the football field. OSU's School of Music contains several high quality concert bands consisting of graduate and undergraduate music majors and non-music majors. The OSU Wind Symphony, frequently receives praise on the national level, having been selected to perform at the 2003 College Band Directors National Association (CBDNA) Convention and at the Ohio Music Educators Association Conference in 2001, 2004, 2006, and 2008; the OSU Symphonic Band performed in 2007. The OSU Wind Symphony released its newest album, Southern Harmony, on the Naxos Label in 2009. The Ohio State Jazz Ensemble performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1975, 1978, 1986, 1996, and 2001. It has also appeared at the Mexico City International Jazz Festival in 1990 and the North Sea Jazz Festival in 1986, 1996, and 2001. There is also an OSU Symphony Orchestra.

text: In addition to strong bands, the university is recognized for outstanding choral performance. The Ohio State University Men's Glee Club was formed in 1875.[56] In 1990, led by Professor James Gallagher, the Men's Glee Club participated in the International Musical Eisteddfod in Llangolen, Wales, and won the male chorus competition by an unprecedented 20 points before, in a unanimous decision of the judges, being named "Choir of the World"—the first American choir to win such an honor. The Glee Club is under the direction of Robert J. Ward. The Ohio State Women's Glee Club was established in 1903.[57] In the group's recent past, under the leadership of Dr. Hilary Apfelstadt, the Glee Club has been selected to sing for state and regional conferences of the Ohio Music Education Association and the American Choral Directors Association. Beginning its season under the direction of Dr. Richard Schnipke, the OSU Women's Glee Club was honored to have the opportunity to sing for the Ohio Choral Directors Association annual conference in June 2010.

text: Ohio State's "Buckeye Bullet" electric car broke the world record for the fastest speed by an electric vehicle on October 3, 2004, with a speed of 271.737 mph (437.3 km/h) at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah.[58] The vehicle also holds the U.S. record for fastest electric vehicle with a speed of 314.958 mph (506.9 km/h), and peak timed mile speed of 321.834 mph (517.9 km/h). The vehicle was designed, built and managed by a team of engineering students at the university's "Center for Automotive Research-Intelligent Transportation" (CAR-IT). In 2007, Buckeye Bullet 2 was launched. This follow-up effort was a collaboration between Ohio State engineering students and engineers from the Ford Motor Company and will seek to break the landspeed record for hydrogen cell powered vehicles.[59]

text: A unique aspect to Ohio State's multibillion-dollar endowment is the Student Investment Management Program. Upperclass finance students taking Business Finance 724 are given the opportunity to manage a twenty million dollar investment fund. Returns from the student managed funds often outperform the S&P 500 and frequently even the university's own professional fund managers.[60]

text: Jon Stewart hosted The Daily Show's "Battlefield Ohio: The Daily Show's Midwest Midterm Midtacular" from Ohio State's Roy Bowen Theatre during the week of October 30 to November 2, 2006.[61]

text: Diversity[edit]

text: Ohio State's main campus has been lauded for the racial diversity of its student body. In various surveys and rankings it has been included among the best campuses in the nation for African Americans.[62] Additionally, Ohio State ranked 10th in the nation in 2006 for the numbers of African American doctors graduated. The Advocate College Guide for LGBT Students lists Ohio State as one of the 20 best campuses in America for LGBT students.[63]

text: Ohio State, despite selective admissions, has also maintained a high amount of socio-economic diversity[clarification needed] among its students. The 2007 freshman class contained 22.7% of first-generation college students, which far exceeded the national norm on American campuses of 15.9%.[64]

text: University housing[edit]

text: Ohio State operates 38 on-campus residence halls divided into three geographic clusters: South Campus (site of the university's original dormitories) (currently include joint dorms known as Smith-Steeb and Park-Stradley), North Campus (largely constructed during the post-war enrollment boom) and West Campus or "The Towers". Within the residence hall system are 40 smaller living and learning environments defined by social or academic considerations. Ohio State also offers three honors residence halls: Bradley Hall, Lincoln Tower, and Taylor Tower.

text: Separate housing for graduate and professional students is maintained on the Southern tier of campus within the Gateway Residential Complex and the William H. Hall Student Residential Complex. Family housing is maintained at Buckeye Village at the far northern edge of campus beyond the athletic complex.

text: Student Life University Housing also administers student residential housing on the OSU Newark, OSU Mansfield and OSU Agricultural Technical Institute (ATI) campuses.

text: The Residence Hall Advisory Council (RHAC), which is a representative body of all students living in the University's residence halls, helps evaluate and improve the living conditions of the residence halls.[65]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

The Ohio State University Residence Halls

North Campus

237 E. 17th Avenue
Archer House
Barrett House
Bowen House
Drackett Tower (offline 2015-16)
Haverfield House
Houck House (offline 2015-16)
Jones Tower
Lawrence Tower
Norton House
Nosker House
Mendoza House
Raney House
Scott House
Taylor Tower
Torres House

South Campus

Baker Hall East
Baker Hall West
Bradley Hall
Canfield Hall
Fechko House
German House
Hanley House
Mack Hall
Morrison Tower
Neil Avenue
Park-Stradley Hall
Paterson Hall
Pennsylvania Place
Pomerene House
Scholars East
Scholars West
Siebert Hall
Smith-Steeb Hall
The Residence on Tenth
Worthington Building
South Campus Gateway Apartments

West Campus

Lincoln Tower
Morrill Tower

text: Honors programs[edit]

text: Ohio State offers two distinct honors programs for high ability undergraduates: Honors and Scholars. The Honors program is open to students in all majors. The Scholars program is centered on thirteen specific programs such as "Architecture Scholars", "Media, Marketing, and Communications Scholars", "Biological Sciences Scholars", "International Affairs Scholars", "Business Scholars" and "Politics, Society and Law Scholars." Students in the Scholars program are expected to live and take select classes with other members of the program. Additionally, Ohio State offers the Honors Collegium with membership extended to ten incoming freshmen and following the Spring of a student's first or second year to the university's top undergraduates. Collegium students try to compete for internships, graduate schools and nationally competitive awards, such as the Marshall, Rhodes, or Truman Scholarships.

text: Ohio State also administers two large-scale scholarship programs to ensure access to the university to high-ability students from low-income or traditionally underrepresented groups. The first of these, The Young Scholars Program, was initiated in 1988. 120 promising minority students from Ohio's nine largest urban public school districts are selected prior to entering high school. The program offers a series of academic camps each summer and counseling throughout the students' high school careers. Upon completion of the program, which also mandates a college preparatory curriculum and minimum grade point average, the students are guaranteed admission to Ohio State as well as any need-based financial aid necessary. The Land Grant Scholarship was initiated in 2005. This program seeks to ensure access to Ohio State to high-ability students from low-income backgrounds. Ohio State has committed to offering a full-ride scholarship each academic year to at least one student from each of Ohio's 88 counties.

text: Ohio State maintains an honors center in the Kuhn Honors and Scholars House, which had served as the University President's residence until the 1960s. Three residence are designated all or in part as honors residences: Taylor Tower, Bradley Hall, and Lincoln House.

text: Activities and organizations[edit]

text: The Ohio Union was the first student union built by an American public university. The Ohio Union is dedicated to the enrichment of the student experience, on and off the university campus. The first Ohio Union, located on the south edge of the South Oval, was constructed in 1909 and was later renamed Enarson Hall. The second Ohio Union was completed in 1950 and was located prominently along High Street, southeast of the Oval. It was a center of student life at Ohio State University for more than 50 years, providing facilities for student activities, organizations and events, and serving as an important meeting place for campus and community interaction. In addition, many student services and programs were housed in the union, along with dining and recreational facilities. The second Ohio Union was demolished in February 2007 to make way for the new Ohio Union, which was finished in 2010. During this time, student activities had been relocated to Ohio Stadium and other academic buildings.[67]

text: Student organizations[edit]

text: Student organizations at Ohio State provide students with opportunities to get involved in a wide variety of interest areas including academic, social, religious, artistic, service-based, diversity and many more. There are over 1,000 registered student organizations that involve many thousands of students.[68] The university's debate team has won the state National Forensics Association tournament several times.[citation needed]

text: Block "O" is currently the largest student-run organization on the campus of Ohio State. With over 2,400 annual members, Block "O" serves as the official student cheering section at athletic events for the University. According to the Student Organization Office in the Ohio Union, Agricultural Education Society is the oldest student organization on campus. That claim is often disputed by Men's Glee Club, but after consultation with Ohio Union Staff, Agricultural Education Society was named as the university's oldest organization.

text: Each year, students may sign-up to participate in BuckeyeThon, Ohio State's student-led philanthropy. The organization hosts events throughout the year to support the hematology/oncology/bone marrow transplant unit[69] at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Although BuckeyeThon is operated entirely by student volunteers, it is embedded within Student Life and the Ohio State University Foundation.[70] The organization receives support, advising, and specialized leadership training from the University. Each February, thousands of students and community members attend BuckeyeThon's signature event, a Dance Marathon consisting of two separate 12-hour shifts. In the past 15 years, students have raised over $5 million to support treatment, research, and various therapies at the hospital.[71] Unique to BuckeyeThon is the use of an operational fund separate from the main philanthropic cancer fund. As a registered non-profit, BuckeyeThon is subject to University audit and issues gift receipts through the Foundation.[72] An annual operational fund relies on University grants, outside sponsors, and event registration fees. This allows the entirety of donations made to the cancer fund to solely support patients without hindrance from outside costs.

text: Ohio State has several student managed publications and media outlets. The Makio is the official yearbook.[73] The Makio's sales plummeted by 60% during the early 1970s; the organization went bankrupt and stopped publication during the late 1970s. The book was revived from 1985 to 1994 and has since been revived again in 2000 thanks to several student organizations. The Lantern is the school's daily newspaper and has operated as a laboratory newspaper in the School of Communication (formerly the School of Journalism) since 1881. Mosaic is a literary magazine published by Ohio State, which features undergraduate fiction, poetry, and art. The Sundial is a student written and published humor magazine. Founded in 1911 it is one of the oldest humor magazines in the country. After a 17-year hiatus in which no magazine was published it has recently been revived, first in print form, and now in an online humor blog, as well as multiple social media outlets.[74][75] Ohio State has two improvisational comedy groups, The 8th Floor Improv and Fishbowl Improv, who regularly perform long and short-form improv around campus and across the U.S.[76][77] There are two student-run radio stations on campus. OHIO.FM is the music station and Scarlet and Gray Sports Radio broadcasts eleven different Ohio State sports.[78] Both stations broadcast on an Internet audio stream (no broadcast signals are available in Columbus). Students also operate a local cable TV channel known as Buckeye TV, which airs primarily on the campus closed cable system operated by the Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO).

text: Leadership and service[edit]

text: The Union's vision is to prepare students to be responsible, engaged leaders committed to community participation for social action and change. Programs with which students can get involved include are the Leadership Collaborative, Leadership Ohio State, Residence Halls Advisory Council, LeaderShape, Buckeye Service Council, Community Commitment Day, SERV team, Service Squad, ImpactOSU, and BUCK I SERV alternative break trips. Additionally, the Service-Learning Institute offers courses that educate students while also helping the greater community. All of these programs have the ultimate goal of making students better leaders, people, and citizens of Ohio.[79]

text: In 1914, with the approval of President William Oxley Thompson and under the watchful eye of Dean Caroline Breyfogle, Ph.D., Mortar Board Senior Honor Society was established by seven senior women. Four years later, the members of the group then became one of the four founding chapters of Mortar Board National College Senior Honor Society, which now has charters at 231 campuses in the U.S. For more than 100 years at Ohio State, members of Mortar Board have been selected for their significant contributions in scholarship, leadership and service.

text: Student government[edit]

text: At The Ohio State University, three recognized student governments represent their constituents.[80]

text:
Undergraduate Student Government (USG), which consists of elected and appointed student representatives who serve as liaisons from the undergraduate student body to university officials. USG seeks to outreach to and work for the students at Ohio State.
Council of Graduate Students (CGS), which promotes and provides academic, administrative, and social programs for the university community in general and for graduate students in particular. The Council provides a forum in which the graduate student body may present, discuss, and set upon issues related to its role in the academic and non-academic aspects of the University community.
Inter-Professional Council (IPC), which is a representative body of all professional students in the colleges of Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Optometry, Pharmacy, and Veterinary Medicine. Its purpose is to act as a liaison between these students and the governing bodies of the University.

text: Athletics[edit]

text: Ohio State's intercollegiate sports teams are called the "Buckeyes" (derived from the colloquial term for people from the state of Ohio and after the state tree, the Ohio Buckeye, Aesculus glabra),[81] and participate in the NCAA's Division I in all sports (Division I FBS in football) and the Big Ten Conference in most sports. (The women's hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association). The school colors are scarlet and gray. Brutus Buckeye is the mascot. Ohio State currently has 36 varsity teams.

text: Ohio State is one of six universities (the University of Michigan, the University of Florida, Stanford University, UCLA, and the University of California at Berkeley being the others) to have won national championships in all three major men's sports (baseball, men's basketball, and football).[82] Ohio State is also one of only two universities to appear in the national championship games in both football and men's basketball in the same calendar year (the other university is the University of Florida.) Ohio State has also won national championships in wrestling, men's volleyball, men's swimming & diving, men's outdoor track & field, men's golf, men's gymnastics, men's fencing, women's rowing, co-ed fencing, and multiple synchronized swimming championships.[83] The Ohio State equestrian team has won eight Intercollegiate Horse Show Association national championships.[84] Since the inception of the Athletic Director's Cup, Ohio State has finished in the top 25 each year, including top 6 finishes in three of the last five years.[85] During the 2005–2006 school year Ohio State became the first Big Ten team to win conference championships in Football, Men's Basketball, and Women's Basketball. Ohio State repeated the feat during the 2006–2007 school year, winning solo championships in all three sports. In 2007, Sports Illustrated nicknamed Ohio State's athletic program as being "The Program" due to the unsurpassed facilities, unparalleled number of men's and women's sport teams, their success, and the financial support of an impressive fan base.[86]

text: Outstanding sports figures that were student athletes at Ohio State include 1936 Olympics gold medalist Jesse Owens "the Buckeye Bullet" (track and field), John Havlicek, Jerry Lucas, Bobby Knight, and Larry Siegfried (basketball), 2010 Olympics silver medalist Ryan Kesler (ice hockey), Katie Smith and the first 3-time player of the year in Big Ten Basketball history Jessica Davenport (women's basketball), Frank Howard (basketball and baseball), Jack Nicklaus (golf); and Chic Harley (three-time All-American football running back). Ohio State football players have combined for seven Heisman Awards including the only two-time winner Archie Griffin in 1974 and 1975, Eddie George in 1995, and most recently Troy Smith in 2006. Hall of Fame coaches at Ohio State have included Paul Brown, Woody Hayes, and Jim Tressel in football, Fred Taylor in basketball, Larry Snyder in track and field, and Mike Peppe in swimming and diving. Hall of fame players, in pro-football, include Sid Gillman, Lou Groza, Dante Lavelli, Jim Parker, Paul Warfield, Dick LeBeau, and Bill Willis.

text: Ohio State-affiliated media[edit]

text: Ohio State operates a public television station, WOSU-TV (virtual channel 34 / DT 38, a local PBS TV station), as well as two public radio stations, WOSU-FM 89.7(NPR/BBC news/talk) and WOSA-FM 101.1 (Classical, "Classical 101") in Columbus.

text: In 2003, the television station began broadcasting in high definition.

text: People[edit]

text: Faculty[edit]

text: Ohio State's faculty currently includes a Nobel Prize-winning physicist, 21 members of the National Academy of Sciences or National Academy of Engineering, four members of the Institute of Medicine,[87] and 177 elected fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2009, 17 Ohio State faculty were elected as AAAS Fellows. Each year since 2002, Ohio State has either led or been second among all American universities in the number of their faculty elected as fellows to the AAAS.[88][89]

text: In a recent study by Harvard University's Graduate School of Education, Ohio State was one of five universities rated as "exemplary" workplaces for junior faculty. In the study, 31 universities and 11 liberal arts colleges were evaluated on tenure clarity and fairness, nature of work including workloads, quality of students, and teaching environment, compensation, work and family balance, collegiality and overall satisfaction.[90]

text: In the last quarter century, 32 Ohio State faculty members have been awarded the prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship, which is more than all other public and private Ohio universities combined. In 2008, three Ohio State faculty were awarded Guggenheim Fellowships, placing Ohio State among the top 15 universities in the nation.[91] Since the 2000–2001 award year, 55 Ohio State faculty members have been named as Fulbright Fellows, the highest of any Ohio university.[92]

text: Alumni[edit]

text: Ohio State currently has over 475,000 living alumni located around the world.[93] Ohio State alumni include Nobel Prize recipients, Pulitzer Prize recipients, Olympic Games gold medalists, and Medal of Honor recipients, ambassadors, as well as Fortune 500 CEOs and members of the Forbes 400 list of the world's wealthiest individuals. Numerous graduates have gone on to become U.S. governors, senators and members of Congress. Ohio State alumni have appeared on the cover of TIME magazine twelve times, with the artwork of alumnus Roy Lichtenstein featured on an additional two TIME covers. George Steinbrenner, former owner of the New York Yankees who won seven World Series with the team, earned his master's degree from Ohio State. One of the founders of Wikipedia, Larry Sanger, and Steve May, Chief Technology Officer at Pixar, both graduated from Ohio State.

text: Ohio State alumni are enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, the NFL Hall of Fame and the Basketball Hall of Fame. Its athletes have won a combined eighty-three Olympic medals and three times received the Sullivan Award as the nation's top amateur athlete. Jack Nicklaus has been called "the greatest golfer in history," while Jesse Owens has been called "the greatest Olympian in history." Twice, Ohio State alumni have appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated as its Sportsman of the Year. Roboticist James S. Albus was named a "Hero of US Manufacturing" by Fortune Magazine in 1997.[94]


document_title: The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!

question_text: who does the voice of the cat in the hat

text: Characters[edit]

text: Major characters[edit]

text:
The Cat in the Hat – Voiced by Martin Short is a knowledgeable, adventurous, anthropomorphic cat. He loves to explore the world and act as Nick and Sally's guide, and he frequently speaks in rhyming patterns reminiscent of the Dr. Seuss character on which he is based.
Nick – Voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk. A seven-year-old boy. He is Sally's next door neighbour and best friend. He wears an orange sweater, white undershirt, blue pants, and gray shoes.
Sally – Voiced by Alexa Torrington. A six-year-old girl. She is Nick's next door neighbour and best friend. She wears a dark pink headband, short-sleeved white T-shirt under a dark pink jumper with two dark pink buttons, and dark pink shoes with maroon soles.
Fish – Voiced by Rob Tinkler. A moderately pessimistic fish who is loosely based on the fish in the original story. Unlike the fish in the book, however, he is red and appears to belong to the Cat instead of Sally or Nick. He is also much more cooperative in the Cat's adventures.
Thing One and Thing Two – Also voiced by Rob Tinkler. The Cat's two zany, energetic helpers.
Sally's mom – Voiced by Tracey Hoyt. Whenever Sally asks permission to go on an adventure with the Cat, her voice is heard responding. In some episodes, she is seen.
Nick's mom – Also voiced by Tracey Hoyt. Whenever Nick asks permission to go on an adventure with the Cat, her voice is heard responding. In some episodes, she is seen. She talks with a Jamaican accent.

text: Animals[edit]

text:
Zhu Zhu – Voiced by Heather Bambrick. Zhu Zhu is a giant panda enlisted by the Cat, Sally, and Nick to find a present for their panda. She appears in "Bamboozled" where she lives in the forest of Bamwamabooboo.
Daphne – A dolphin.
Fifi – A red mouse.
Ralph – Sometimes called a reindeer and sometimes called a caribou who has grey fur. In the Christmas episode, he wins the candy cane hunt and also has been stowed away in the Thingamajigger.
Buster and Brenda – booby birds
Betty the Beaver – Voiced by Angela Lewis. A beaver who has large teeth, just like a real beaver. The Things destroyed her dam.
Betty's Friend – Voiced by Jeffrey Tambor. Betty's friend helped fix her dam. He appeared later in "The Cat In The Hat Knows A Lot About Christmas!".

text: Voice Cast[edit]

text:
Martin Short as the Cat in the Hat
Jacob Ewaniuk as Nick
Alexa Torrington as Sally
Robert Tinkler as Fish, Thing One and Thing Two
Tracey Hoyt as Sally's mom and Nick's mom

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
2012 Parents' Choice Award – Winner in Television
2012 Cynopsis: Kids !magination Awards – Winner, TV Series based on books
2012 Cynopsis: Kids !magination Awards – Winner, Song for a TV Series
2012 Kidscreen Awards – Recognized, Best Integrated Promotion
2012 Teachers' Choice Awards – For the Classroom: "Wings and Things" (DVD NCircle Entertainment)
2012 Young Artist Awards – Nominated, Best Performance in a Voice-Over, TV or Feature Film Young Actor
2012 Parents' Choice Award – Best Website
2012 Kidscreen Awards – Finalist, Best Companion Website
2012 Cynopsis: Kids !magination Awards – Honorable Mention, Website for a TV Series or TV Special
2012 Webby Awards – Website, Official Honoree
2011 – Nomination, Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program (Martin Short)
2011 Daytime Emmy Awards – Nomination, Outstanding Original Song in Children's & Animation
2011 NAPPA Awards – "Told from the Cold" (DVD NCircle Entertainment)
2011 WGC Screenwriting Awards – Winner, Animation
2011 Young Artist Awards – Nominated, Best Performance in a Voice-Over, TV or Feature Film Young Actor
2011 Young Artist Awards – Nominated, Best Performance in a Voice-Over, TV or Feature Film Young Actress
2011 Youth Media Alliance – Nomination, Award of Excellence, Animation Three to Five Years
2011 Parents' Choice Awards – Recommended Seal[6]

text: DVDs[edit]

text: Various DVDs were released by NCircle Entertainment beginning in late October 2010 where every DVD is in region 1, subtitled in English and Spanish, approximately 60 minutes except for a few, in Dolby Digital, in 5.1 surround and Dolby surround stereo in Spanish. Every DVD has the bonus segments from the show.

text:
Wings and Things

Show Me the Honey
Migration Vacation
I Love the Nightlife
Oh Give Me a Home
Many Ants Make Light Work

Up and Away

A Plan for Sand
Whale Music
Flower Power
Dress Up Day
Bathtime

Tales About Tails

A Sticky Situation
Trees Company
Rain Game
You Should Be Dancing
A Tale About Tails

Told from the Cold

Snowman's Land
Flight of the Penguin
A Long Winter's Nap
Reindeer Games

Surprise, Little Guys

Super Secret Digger
Night Lights
Along Came a Spider
Teeny Weeny Adventure
Hold On Tight

Trick and Treats

Batty for Bats
Aye Aye
Trick or Treat

Breeze from the Trees

Nest Best Thing
The Lost Egg
The Tree Doctor

Miles and Miles of Reptiles

Now You See Me
Be Cool
Itty Bitty Water

Ocean Commotion

Reef Magic
Digging The Deep
King Cecil the Seahorse
Ice Is Nice
Help with Kelp

Safari, So Good!

Treetop Tom
Stripy Safari
The King of Swing
Elephant Walk
Follow the Prints