document_title: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

question_text: lord of the rings the two towers budget

question_tokens: lord of the rings the two towers budget

text: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

text: Plot[edit]

text: After awakening from a dream of Gandalf the Grey fighting the Balrog, Frodo Baggins and his friend Samwise Gamgee continue their journey to Mordor to destroy the One Ring by throwing it into Mount Doom. They are attacked in the night by Gollum, former owner of the Ring, but they capture him. Sympathising with Gollum for what he perceives as their shared burden, Frodo asks Gollum to lead them safely to Mordor, despite Sam’s objections. Meanwhile, Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli pursue the Uruk-hai who kidnapped their friends Merry and Pippin. The Uruk-hai are slaughtered by the Rohirrim, army of Rohan, but the two Hobbits escape into Fangorn Forest where they meet the Ent Treebeard. Aragorn’s group later meet the Rohirrim who have been banished by their king Théoden, who is being manipulated by Saruman’s servant Grima Wormtongue. Tracking the Hobbits in Fangorn, Aragorn’s group encounter a resurrected Gandalf who perished in Moria, but was revived to help save Middle-earth.

text: Gollum leads Frodo and Sam through the Dead Marshes while evading the Nazgûl. They reach the Black Gate to Mordor but Gollum stops them, saying it's too risky and that there is another entrance, finding himself becoming loyal to Frodo for his kindness. The trio later are captured by the Rangers of Ithilien, led by Faramir, brother of the late Boromir. When Faramir discovers Frodo has the Ring, he intends on taking him to Gondor, capturing Gollum when Frodo exposes him. Aragorn, Gandalf, Legolas, and Gimli travel to Rohan’s capital Edoras where Gandalf releases Théoden from Saruman’s power and Wormtongue is banished. Learning Saruman plans on wiping out Rohan with an army of Uruk-hai, Théoden decides to move his citizens to the protection of Helm's Deep, but Gandalf departs to find the Rohirrim who are led by Théoden's nephew Éomer. Aragorn strikes up a friendship with Théoden’s niece Éowyn who quickly becomes infatuated with him. During a Warg attack, Aragorn falls off a cliff into a river, but is found by his horse and taken to Helm’s Deep.

text: In Fangorn, Merry and Pippin attend an Ent council where they learn Treebeard and the others will not participate in the war. They convince them otherwise after showing them the destruction Saruman has unleashed on the forests around Isengard. The Ents storm Isengard and release the dam placed upon the nearby river, which gushes into Isengard, drowning the Uruk-hai, quenching the fires of its industry, and stranding Saruman in his tower. The Uruk-hai army arrive at Helm’s Deep, finding a makeshift army of civilians and Elves from Rivendell waiting for them. A great battle follows with Théoden losing hope until Aragorn convinces him to ride out and meet them. Gandalf and the Rohirrim arrive, turning the tide of the battle and destroying the Uruk-hai.

text: Frodo, Sam, and Gollum are taken to the fallen Gondor city Osgiliath but they are attacked by the Nazgûl and Mordor army. Sam informs Faramir of how the Ring nearly drove Boromir mad, stunning Faramir. Frodo is nearly captured by the Nazgûl but Sam tackles him down a flight of stairs, saving him. After the attack ends, Faramir frees the trio and sends them on their way. Gollum, hurt by Frodo’s seeming betrayal, decides to reclaim the Ring by leading Frodo and Sam to a creature he refers to as “Her”, leading them away towards Mordor.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Like the other films in the series, The Two Towers has an ensemble cast,[11] and the cast and their respective characters include:

text:
Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins: a young hobbit sent on a quest to destroy the One Ring, the burden of which is becoming heavier.
Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn: the heir-in-exile to Gondor's throne who has come to Rohan's defence.
Sean Astin as Samwise "Sam" Gamgee: Frodo's loyal hobbit gardener and companion.
Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey / Gandalf the White: an Istari wizard who fell fighting a Balrog and has now returned, more powerful than ever, to finish his task.
Billy Boyd as Peregrin "Pippin" Took: a hobbit mistakenly captured by the Uruk-hai.
Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck: a distant cousin of Frodo's who is mistakenly captured along with Pippin by the Uruk-hai.
John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: a dwarf warrior and one of Aragorn's companions.

Also voices Treebeard: the leader of the ents, who is roused to anger after seeing that Saruman had decimated a large part of Fangorn Forest.

Orlando Bloom as Legolas: an elven archer and one of Aragorn's companions.
Bernard Hill as Théoden: the King of Rohan, who is under Saruman's spell until Gandalf heals him so he can lead his people once more.
Christopher Lee as Saruman the White: an Istari wizard waging war upon Rohan and devastating Fangorn Forest, who allied himself with Sauron in the previous film.
Hugo Weaving as Elrond: the Elven-Lord of Rivendell who expresses doubt over his daughter's love for Aragorn.
Liv Tyler as Arwen: an elven princess of Rivendell and Aragorn's true love.
Miranda Otto as Éowyn: Théoden's niece, who is in love with Aragorn.
David Wenham as Faramir: a prince of the Stewards of Gondor and captain of the Ithilien Rangers, who captures Frodo, Sam and Gollum.
Brad Dourif as Gríma Wormtongue: an agent of Saruman at Edoras, who renders Théoden incapable of decisions, and desires Éowyn.
Karl Urban as Éomer: Théoden's nephew and previous Chief Marshal of the Riddermark who was exiled by Gríma.
Andy Serkis as Gollum/Sméagol: a wretched hobbit-like[12] creature who owned the Ring for five centuries and now guides Frodo on his quest; voice and motion capture.
Cate Blanchett as Galadriel: the Elven-Queen of Lothlórien, who discusses Middle-earth's future with Elrond.
Craig Parker as Haldir: the leader of the Lórien Elves sent by Elrond and Galadriel to defend Helm's Deep.
John Leigh as Háma: the loyal doorwarden of the Golden Hall and a majordomo of Théoden.
Bruce Hopkins as Gamling: Théoden's chief lieutenant and a skilled member of the Royal Guard of Rohan.
John Bach as Madril: Faramir's closest aide, who informs him of battle preparations.

text:
John Noble as Denethor II, the Steward of Gondor and Boromir and Faramir's father.
Sean Bean as Boromir: Faramir's older brother and a fallen member of the Fellowship who appears in flashbacks since his death.

text: In the Battle of Helm's Deep, Peter Jackson has a cameo appearance as one of the men on top of the gate, throwing a spear at the attacking Uruk-hai. His children and Elijah Wood's sister also cameo as young refugees in the caves behind the Hornburg, and Alan Lee and Dan Hennah also cameo as soldiers preparing for the battle. The son of a producer's friend, Hamish Duncan, appears as a reluctant young Rohirrim warrior. Daniel Falconer has a cameo as an Elvish archer at the battle.[13]

text: Comparison to the source material[edit]

text: The screenwriters did not originally script The Two Towers as its own film: instead, parts of it were the conclusion to The Fellowship of the Ring, the first of two planned films under Miramax.[14] However, as the two films became a trilogy under New Line, Jackson, Walsh and Boyens shuffled their scripts. The Two Towers was the most difficult of the Rings films to make, having neither a clear beginning nor end to focus the script.[15] Nonetheless, they had a clear decision with making the Battle of Helm's Deep the climax, a decision affecting the whole story's moods and style.

text: The most notable difference between the book and the film is the structure. Tolkien's The Two Towers is split into two parts; one follows the war in Rohan, while the other focuses on the journey of Frodo and Sam. The film omits the book's opening, Boromir's death, which was used as a linear climax at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring. Also, the film climaxes with the Battle of Helm's Deep, while the book ends with the Fellowship going to Isengard and Frodo's confrontation with Shelob, scenes which were left for the film adaptation of The Return of the King. This was done partly to fit more closely the timeline indicated by the book.

text: One notable change in plotting is that in the film Théoden is possessed by Saruman, whereas in the book he is simply depressed and deluded by Wormtongue. Afterwards, in the film, Théoden is still unsure of what to do, and flees to Helm's Deep. In the book he rides out to war, only ending up besieged when he considers helping Erkenbrand. Erkenbrand does not exist in the films: his character is combined with Éomer as the Rohirrim general who arrives with Gandalf at the film's end. Éomer himself is present during the entire battle in the book.

text: On the way to Helm's Deep, the refugees from Edoras are attacked by Wargs. The scene is possibly inspired by one in the book cut from The Fellowship of the Ring where it is the Fellowship who battle them. Here, a new subplot is created where Aragorn falls over a cliff, and is assumed to be dead; Jackson added it to create tension.[16] This scene also resonates with a new subplot regarding Arwen, where she decides to leave Middle-earth after losing hope in the long-term possibilities of her love. In the book, Arwen's role is primarily recorded in the Appendices, and she is never depicted as considering such an act.

text: A larger change was originally planned: Arwen and Elrond would visit Galadriel, and Arwen would accompany an army of Elves to Helm's Deep to fight alongside Aragorn. During shooting, the script changed, both from writers coming up with better ideas to portray the romance between Aragorn and Arwen, as well as poor fan reaction.[15][17] The new scene of Arwen leaving for the West was created, and the conversation scene remains, edited to be a flashback to a conversation between them in Rivendell, on the evening before the Fellowship's departure.[15] A conversation between Elrond and Galadriel in Lothlórien was edited to be a telepathic one.[18] Nonetheless, one major change (already filmed) remained that could not be reversed: the Elven warriors fighting at Helm's Deep, although Jackson and Boyens found this romantic and stirring and a reference to how, in the Appendices of The Return of the King, Galadriel and the Elves of Lothlórien, and Thranduil of Mirkwood were first attacked by an army out of Dol Guldur in Mirkwood, and then later counter-attacked and assaulted the fortress itself.[15]

text: Another change is the fact Treebeard does not immediately decide to go to war. This adds to the tension, and Boyens describes it as making Merry and Pippin "more than luggage".[16] Here, the Hobbits show Treebeard what Saruman has done to the forest, prompting his decision to act. Another structural change is that the Hobbits meet Gandalf the White early on, explaining why the Hobbits do not react to his return when they meet him again following Isengard's destruction. This was explained in the book by Gandalf arriving at Isengard in the middle of the night to talk to Treebeard.

text: The filmmakers' decision to leave Shelob for the third film meant that Faramir had to become an obstacle for Frodo and Sam.[15] In the book, Faramir (like Aragorn) quickly recognizes the Ring as a danger and a temptation, and does not hesitate long before letting Frodo and Sam go. In the film, Faramir first decides that the Ring shall go to Gondor and his father Denethor, as a way to prove his worth. In the film, Faramir takes Frodo, Sam and the Ring to the Battle of Osgiliath — they do not go there in the book. Jackson winks to readers with Sam's line, "By all rights we shouldn't even be here, but we are." After seeing how strongly the Ring affects Frodo during the Nazgûl attack, Faramir changes his mind and lets them go. These changes reshape the book's contrast between Faramir and Boromir, who in The Fellowship of the Ring attempted to take the Ring for himself. On the other hand, (which can be seen only in the film's extended version), it is actually their father who wants the Ring and urges Boromir to get it, while Faramir only wants to prove himself to his father. Boyens contends these plot changes were needed to keep the Ring menacing. Wenham commented on the DVD documentaries that he had not read the book prior to reading the script, so the film's version of Faramir was the Faramir he knew. When he later read the book and noticed the major difference, he approached the writers about it, and they explained to him that if he did say "I wouldn't pick that thing up even if it lay by the wayside", it would basically strip the One Ring of all corruptive power.[15]

text: The meaning of the title itself, 'The Two Towers', was changed. While Tolkien considered several possible sets of towers[19] he eventually created a final cover illustration[20] and wrote a note included at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring which identified them as Minas Morgul and Orthanc.[21] Jackson's film names them as Orthanc and Barad-dûr, symbolic of an evil alliance out to destroy Men that forms the film's plot point. The film depicted Saruman openly presenting himself outright as Sauron's servant, whereas this association was not explicitly stated in the novel (and indeed analysis by Gandalf and Aragorn in the chapter "The White Rider" stated that there was a rivalry instead, as Saruman was afraid of the prospect of being at war with Sauron, if Rohan and Gondor fell).

text: Production[edit]

text: Production design[edit]

text: When Alan Lee joined the project in late 1997, Helm's Deep was the first structure he was tasked to design. At 1:35 scale, it was one of the first miniatures built, and part of the 45 minute video that sold the project to New Line. It was primarily drawn from an illustration Lee had once done for the book, though fellow illustrator and designer John Howe suggested a curved wall. Used in the film for longshots, Jackson also used this miniature to plan the battle with 40,000 toy soldiers.[22]

text: As a pivotal part of the story, Helm's Deep was built at Dry Creek Quarry with the Gate, a ramp, and a wall with a removable section and the tower on a second level. Most importantly, there was the 1:4 scale miniature of Helm's Deep that ran 50 feet wide. It was used for forced perspective shots,[23] as well as the major explosion sequence.[22]

text: The film explores the armies of Middle-earth. John Howe was the basic designer of the forces of evil. The Uruk-hai were the first army approved by Jackson, and Howe also designed a special crossbow for the characters, one without the redundancy of opening to reload, the realization of a 15th-century manuscript. Also created were 100 Elven suits of armour, with emphasis on Autumnal colours due to the theme of Elves leaving Middle-earth. 250 suits were made for the Rohirrim. The Rohan designs were based on Germanic and Anglo-Saxon patterns. Most of the weapons were designed by John Howe, and forged by Peter Lyon. Each sword took 3–6 days to make.[24]

text: The Rohirrim's capital of Edoras took six months to build on Mount Sunday, with thatched roofs, but that was simply the exterior: the buildings doubled as offices and lunch halls. The army created a road to the location, whilst the interior was filmed at Stone Street Studios with tapestries designed by Lee, and Théoden's wooden throne partly created by his daughter.[23] Hill endured heavy make-up for the possession scene where his skin was pulled back and released for increased wrinkles. Dourif shaved off his eyebrows and put potato flakes as dandruff in his hair for unnerving effect.

text: The film also provides a look at Mordor and Gondor, in terms of Frodo and Sam's story. Barad-dûr is seen fully in a tracking shot, a design which Howe called a mockery of Gothic Cathedrals. He and Lee fully created the Black Gate (though a typo in the script made the miniature into two) [22] and Osgiliath, the ruined city reflecting London during the Blitz or Berlin in 1945.[25] The set on a backlot was based around a bridge and reused some of Moria.[23]

text: Principal photography[edit]

text: The Two Towers shared principal photography with The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King between 11 October 1999 to 22 December 2000. Scenes in Rohan were shot early on, and Viggo Mortensen, Orlando Bloom and John Rhys-Davies' scale double Brett Beattie sustained many injuries. Mortensen broke two toes when he kicked an Orc helmet upon finding the remains of the Uruk-hai and believing Merry and Pippin to be dead; this take is the one in the finished film. Bloom fell off his horse and cracked three ribs, whilst Beattie dislocated his knee. Because of these injuries the actors suffered two days in pain during the running sequence leading Jackson to jokingly refer to them as "The Walking Wounded."[25]

text: Afterwards, they went on for three months filming the Battle of Helm's Deep. John Mahaffie handled most of the night shoots. Mortensen got his tooth chipped during the nightshoots, and Bernard Hill also got his ear slashed.[25] Nonetheless, the 700 extras had fun, insulting each other in Māori[26] and improvising scenes, such as the Uruk-hai stamping their spears before the battle begins.[25] They did get annoyed by the Art Department's craftsmanship: the Gates were too reinforced for the Battering Ram scene.[23] Mortensen greatly respected the stunt team, and head butting them became a sign of that respect.[26]

text: Wood and Astin were joined by Serkis on 13 April 2000.[27]

text: Special effects[edit]

text: For The Two Towers, Weta Digital doubled their staff[28] of 260.[29] In total, they would produce 73 minutes of digital effects with 799 shots.[28] The film would feature their first challenge in creating a battle scene, as well as creating two digital characters who needed to act rather than be a set piece, unlike the previous film's Cave Troll and Balrog.[24]

text: Weta began animating Gollum in late 1998 to convince New Line they could achieve the effect. Andy Serkis "played" Gollum by providing his voice and movements on set, as well as performing within the motion capture suit later on. His scenes were filmed twice, with and without him. Originally, Gollum was set to solely be a CG character, but Jackson was so impressed by Serkis' audition tape that they used him on set as well.

text: Gollum's CG model was also redesigned during 2001 when Serkis was cast as Sméagol, Gollum's former self, so as to give the impression Andy Serkis as Sméagol transforms into the CG Gollum. The original model can still be glimpsed briefly in the first film. Over Christmas 2001, the crew proceeded to reanimate all the previous shots accordingly within two months. Another problem was that the crew realized that the cast performed better in the takes which physically included Serkis. In the end, the CG Gollum was rotoscoped and animated on top of these scenes.

text: Serkis' motion capture was generally used to animate Gollum's body, except for some difficult shots such as him crawling upside down. Gollum's face was animated manually, often using recordings of Serkis as a guide. Gino Acevedo supervised realistic skin tones, which took four hours per frame to render.[30]

text: While the novel alludes to a division within his mind, the film depicts him as having a split personality. The two personas—the childlike Smeágol and the evil Gollum—are established during a scene in which they argue over remaining loyal to Frodo. The two personalities talk to each other, as established by contrasting camera angles and by Serkis altering his voice and physicality for each persona.

text: Treebeard took between 28 and 48 hours per frame to render.[28] For scenes where he interacts with Merry and Pippin, a 14-foot-tall puppet was built on a wheel. Weta took urethane moulds of tree bark and applied them to the sculpt of Treebeard to create his wooden skin. Dominic Monaghan and Billy Boyd sat on bicycle seats concealed into Treebeard's hands to avoid discomfort and were left alone on set sitting in the puppet's hands during breaks. The puppet was shot against bluescreen.[24]

text: Score[edit]

text: The musical score for The Two Towers was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, who also composed the music for the other two films in the series. While the scores for its predecessor and sequel won the Academy Award for Best Score, the soundtrack for The Two Towers was not nominated. (Initially there was confusion over the score's eligibility due to a new rule applying to sequels, but the Academy did declare it eligible.[31])

text: The funeral song Éowyn sings during her cousin Théodred's entombment in the extended edition is styled to be a traditional song of the Rohirrim, and has lyrics in their language, Rohirric (represented by Old English). The song does not appear in the book, and the tune is a variation upon a theme of the rímur Icelandic folk tradition; it can be heard as part of track 7 in the 1999 recording of a musical version of the Edda by Sequentia.[32]

text: The soundtrack was recorded at Abbey Road Studios. The soundtrack has a picture of Peter Jackson (barefoot), the composer, and two producers crossing Abbey Road, referencing The Beatles' album of the same name.

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Two Towers was released on VHS and DVD in August 2003 in the United States. The date was originally intended to be a simultaneous worldwide release, but due to a Bank holiday weekend in the United Kingdom, some British stores began selling DVDs as much as four days earlier, much to the ire of the film's U.K. distributor, which had threatened to withhold advance supplies of subsequent DVD releases.[33]

text: As with The Fellowship of the Ring, an extended edition of The Two Towers was released on VHS and DVD in November 2003 with 45 minutes of new material, added special effects and music, plus 11 minutes of fan-club credits. The runtime expanded to 223 minutes.[34][35] The 4-disc DVD set included four commentaries along with hours of supplementary material.

text: In August 2006, a limited edition of The Two Towers was released on DVD. The set included both the film's theatrical and extended editions on a double-sided disc along with all-new bonus material.

text: The theatrical Blu-ray version of The Lord of the Rings was released in the United States in April 2010.[36] The individual Blu-ray disc of The Two Towers was released in September 2010 with the same special features as the complete trilogy release, except there was no digital copy.[37]

text: The extended editions for Blu-ray were released in the U.S. and Canada in June 2011.[38] This version has a runtime of 235 minutes.[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Two Towers opened in theaters on 18 December 2002. It made $64.2 million in its opening weekend in the U.S. and Canada. The movie went on to gross $342,551,365 in North America and $583,495,746 internationally for a worldwide total of $926,047,111 against a budget of $94 million.[6] It was the highest-grossing film of 2002 worldwide.[40] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 57 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[41]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film holds a 96% "Fresh" rating on the aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 249 reviews, with an average score of 8.5/10. The site's main consensus reads, "The Two Towers balances spectacular action with emotional storytelling, leaving audiences both wholly satisfied and eager for the final chapter".[42] The films holds a Metacritic score of 88 out of 100, based on 38 reviews, indicating "Universal Acclaim".[43] The Battle of Helm's Deep has been named as one of the greatest screen battles of all time,[44] while Gollum was named as the third favorite computer-generated film character by Entertainment Weekly in 2007.[45]

text: In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[46]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Academy Awards[47]

Winner: Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Editing.
Nominee: Best Picture, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing and Best Sound (Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Michael Hedges and Hammond Peek).

British Academy Film Awards: Best Costume Design, Best Special Visual Effects, Orange Film of the Year (voted on by the public)
Empire Awards: Best Picture
Grammy Awards: Best Score (Howard Shore)
Hugo Awards (World Science Fiction Society): Best Dramatic Presentation — Long Form
2003 MTV Movie Awards: Best virtual performance (Gollum)
Saturn Awards: Best Fantasy Film, Best Costume (Ngila Dickson), Best Supporting Actor (Andy Serkis)

text: American Film Institute Recognition[edit]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"My precious." – #85

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated


document_title: List of lunar features

question_text: what is the name for the dark spots on the moon

root

text: List of lunar features

text: Valleys[edit]

text: Among many lunar features are several large valleys that have been given names. Most of these valleys are named after a nearby crater; see the list of craters on the Moon for more information.

tag: p

text:
Valley
Coordinates
Dimension
Eponym
Crater

Vallis Alpes
48°30′N 3°12′E / 48.5°N 3.2°E / 48.5; 3.2
166 km
Latin name meaning "Alpine valley"
None

Vallis Baade
45°54′S 76°12′W / 45.9°S 76.2°W / -45.9; -76.2
203 km
Walter Baade
Baade

Vallis Bohr
12°24′N 86°36′W / 12.4°N 86.6°W / 12.4; -86.6
80 km
Niels Bohr
Bohr

Vallis Bouvard
38°18′S 83°06′W / 38.3°S 83.1°W / -38.3; -83.1
284 km
Alexis Bouvard
None

Vallis Capella
7°36′S 34°54′E / 7.6°S 34.9°E / -7.6; 34.9
49 km
Martianus Capella
Capella

Vallis Inghirami
43°48′S 72°12′W / 43.8°S 72.2°W / -43.8; -72.2
148 km
Giovanni Inghirami
Inghirami

Vallis Palitzsch
26°24′S 64°18′E / 26.4°S 64.3°E / -26.4; 64.3
132 km
Johann Palitzsch
Palitzsch

Vallis Planck
58°24′S 126°06′E / 58.4°S 126.1°E / -58.4; 126.1
451 km
Max Planck
Planck

Vallis Rheita
42°30′S 51°30′E / 42.5°S 51.5°E / -42.5; 51.5
445 km
Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita
Rheita

Vallis Schrödinger
67°00′S 105°00′E / 67.0°S 105.0°E / -67.0; 105.0
310 km
Erwin Schrödinger
Schrödinger

Vallis Schröteri
26°12′N 50°48′W / 26.2°N 50.8°W / 26.2; -50.8
168 km
Johann Hieronymus Schröter
Schröter

Vallis Snellius
31°06′S 56°00′E / 31.1°S 56.0°E / -31.1; 56.0
592 km
Willebrord Snell
Snellius

tag: table

text: Water features[edit]

text: This is a list of maria (singular mare) on the Moon. Lunar Maria are the large, dark, regions of the moon. They do not actually contain any water, however they are believed to have been formed from molten rock from the moon's mantle coming out onto the surface of the moon. It also includes the one oceanus and the features known by the names lacus, palus and sinus. The modern system of lunar nomenclature was introduced in 1651 by Riccioli.[1] Riccioli's map of the moon was drawn by Francesco Maria Grimaldi, who has a crater named after him.[2]

text: Maria and Oceanus[edit]

text:
Lunar Maria

Latin Name
English Name
Lat.
Long.
Diameter

Mare Anguis
Serpent Sea
22.6° N
67.7° E
150 km

Mare Australe
Southern Sea
38.9° S
93.0° E
603 km

Mare Cognitum
Sea that has become known
10.0° S
23.1° W
376 km

Mare Crisium
Sea of Crisis
17.0° N
59.1° E
555 km

Mare Fecunditatis
Sea of Fecundity
7.8° S
51.3° E
909 km

Mare Frigoris
Sea of Cold
56.0° N
1.4° E
1596 km

Mare Humboldtianum
Sea of Alexander von Humboldt
56.8° N
81.5° E
273 km

Mare Humorum
Sea of Moisture
24.4° S
38.6° W
389 km

Mare Imbrium[3]
Sea of Showers
32.8° N
15.6° W
1123 km

Mare Ingenii
Sea of Cleverness
33.7° S
163.5° E
318 km

Mare Insularum
Sea of Islands
7.5° N
30.9° W
513 km

Mare Marginis
Sea of the Edge
13.3° N
86.1° E
420 km

Mare Moscoviense
Sea of Muscovy
27.3° N
147.9° E
277 km

Mare Nectaris
Sea of Nectar
15.2° S
35.5° E
333 km

Mare Nubium
Sea of Clouds
21.3° S
16.6° W
715 km

Mare Orientale
Eastern Sea
19.4° S
92.8° W
327 km

Mare Serenitatis
Sea of Serenity
28.0° N
17.5° E
707 km

Mare Smythii
Sea of William Henry Smyth
1.3° N
87.5° E
373 km

Mare Spumans
Foaming Sea
1.1° N
65.1° E
139 km

Mare Tranquillitatis
Sea of Tranquility
8.5° N
31.4° E
873 km

Mare Undarum
Sea of Waves
6.8° N
68.4° E
243 km

Mare Vaporum
Sea of Vapors
13.3° N
3.6° E
245 km

Oceanus Procellarum
Ocean of Storms
18.4° N
57.4° W
2568 km

text: There was also a region on the Lunar farside that was briefly misidentified as a mare and named Mare Desiderii (Sea of Dreams). It is no longer recognized. Other former maria include:

text:
Mare Parvum[4] ("Small Sea"), immediately to the east of Inghirami
Mare Incognitum ("Unknown Sea")
Mare Novum[4] ("New Sea"), northeast of Plutarch
Mare Struve ("Struve's Sea"), near Messala

tag: ul

text: Lacus[edit]

text: A related set of features are the Lunar lacus (singular lacus, Latin for "lake"), which are smaller basaltic plains of similar origin:

text:
Lunar Lacus

Latin Name
English Name
Lat.
Long.
Diameter

Lacus Aestatis
Lake of Summer
15.0° S
69.0° W
90 km

Lacus Autumni
Lake of Autumn
9.9° S
83.9° W
183 km

Lacus Bonitatis
Lake of Goodness
23.2° N
43.7° E
92 km

Lacus Doloris
Lake of Sorrow
17.1° N
9.0° E
110 km

Lacus Excellentiae
Lake of Excellence
35.4° S
44.0° W
184 km

Lacus Felicitatis
Lake of Happiness
19.0° N
5.0° E
90 km

Lacus Gaudii
Lake of Joy
16.2° N
12.6° E
113 km

Lacus Hiemalis
Lake of Winter
15.0° N
14.0° E
50 km

Lacus Lenitatis
Lake of Softness
14.0° N
12.0° E
80 km

Lacus Luxuriae
Lake of Luxury
19.0° N
176.0° E
50 km

Lacus Mortis
Lake of Death
45.0° N
27.2° E
151 km

Lacus Oblivionis
Lake of Forgetfulness
21.0° S
168.0° W
50 km

Lacus Odii
Lake of Hatred
19.0° N
7.0° E
70 km

Lacus Perseverantiae
Lake of Perseverance
8.0° N
62.0° E
70 km

Lacus Solitudinis
Lake of Solitude
27.8° S
104.3° E
139 km

Lacus Somniorum
Lake of Dreams
38.0° N
29.2° E
384 km

Lacus Spei
Lake of Hope
43.0° N
65.0° E
80 km

Lacus Temporis
Lake of Time
45.9° N
58.4° E
117 km

Lacus Timoris
Lake of Fear
38.8° S
27.3° W
117 km

Lacus Veris
Lake of Spring
16.5° S
86.1° W
396 km

text: Sinus and Paludes[edit]

text: A related set of features are the sinus (singular sinus, Latin for "bay") and paludes (singular palus, Latin for "marsh"):

text:
Lunar Sinus and Paludes

Latin Name
English Name
Lat.
Long.
Diameter

Palus Epidemiarum
Marsh of Epidemics
32.0° S
28.2° W
286 km

Palus Putredinis
Marsh of Decay
26.5° N
0.4° E
161 km

Palus Somni
Marsh of Sleep
14.1° N
45.0° E
143 km

Sinus Aestuum
Seething Bay
10.9° N
8.8° W
290 km

Sinus Amoris
Bay of Love
18.1° N
39.1° E
130 km

Sinus Asperitatis
Bay of Roughness
3.8° S
27.4° E
206 km

Sinus Concordiae
Bay of Harmony
10.8° N
43.2° E
142 km

Sinus Fidei
Bay of Trust
18.0° N
2.0° E
70 km

Sinus Honoris
Bay of Honor
11.7° N
18.1° E
109 km

Sinus Iridum
Bay of Rainbows
44.1° N
31.5° W
236 km

Sinus Lunicus
Lunik Bay
31.8° N
1.4° W
126 km

Sinus Medii
Bay of the center
2.4° N
1.7° E
335 km

Sinus Roris
Bay of Dew
54.0° N
56.6° W
202 km

Sinus Successus
Bay of Success
0.9° N
59.0° E
132 km

text: Some sources also list a Palus Nebularum ("Marsh of Mists") at 38.0° N, 1.0° E. However the designation for this feature has not been officially recognized by the IAU.

text: Mountains[edit]

text: These are isolated mountains or massifs.

text: Note that the heights listed below are not consistent across sources. In the 1960s, the US Army Mapping Service used elevation relative to 1,737,988 meters from the center of the Moon. In the 1970s, the US Defense Mapping Agency used 1,730,000 meters. The Clementine topographic data published in the 1990s uses 1,737,400 meters.

text: Also note that this table is not comprehensive, and does not list the highest places on the Moon. Clementine data show a range of about 18,100 meters from lowest to highest point on the Moon. The highest point, located on the far side of the Moon, is approximately 6500 meters higher than Mons Huygens (usually listed as the tallest mountain).

text:
Name
Lat./Long.
Dia.
Ht.
Name Origin

Mons Agnes
18°40′N 5°20′E / 18.66°N 5.34°E / 18.66; 5.34
0.65 km
0.03 km
Greek feminine name

Mons Ampère
19°19′N 3°43′W / 19.32°N 3.71°W / 19.32; -3.71
30 km
3.0 km
André-Marie Ampère, physicist

Mons André
5°11′N 120°34′E / 5.18°N 120.56°E / 5.18; 120.56
10 km

French masculine name

Mons Ardeshir
5°02′N 121°02′E / 5.03°N 121.04°E / 5.03; 121.04
8 km

Ardeshir (Ardashir), Persian male name

Mons Argaeus
19°20′N 29°01′E / 19.33°N 29.01°E / 19.33; 29.01
50 km

Mount Erciyes, Asia Minor

Mont Blanc
45°25′N 0°26′E / 45.41°N 0.44°E / 45.41; 0.44
25 km
3.6 km
Mont Blanc, the Alps

Mons Bradley
21°44′N 0°23′E / 21.73°N 0.38°E / 21.73; 0.38
30 km
4.2 km
James Bradley, astronomer

Mons Delisle
29°25′N 35°47′W / 29.42°N 35.79°W / 29.42; -35.79
30 km

Named after nearby crater Delisle

Mons Dieter
5°00′N 120°18′E / 5.00°N 120.30°E / 5.00; 120.30
20 km

German masculine name

Mons Dilip
5°35′N 120°52′E / 5.58°N 120.87°E / 5.58; 120.87
2 km

Indian masculine name

Mons Esam
14°37′N 35°43′E / 14.61°N 35.71°E / 14.61; 35.71
8 km

Arabic masculine name

Mons Ganau
4°47′N 120°35′E / 4.79°N 120.59°E / 4.79; 120.59
14 km

African masculine name

Mons Gruithuisen Delta
36°04′N 39°35′W / 36.07°N 39.59°W / 36.07; -39.59
20 km

Named after nearby crater Gruithuisen

Mons Gruithuisen Gamma
36°34′N 40°43′W / 36.56°N 40.72°W / 36.56; -40.72
20 km

Named after nearby crater Gruithuisen

Mons Hadley
26°41′N 4°07′E / 26.69°N 4.12°E / 26.69; 4.12
25 km
4.6 km
John Hadley, inventor

Mons Hadley Delta
25°43′N 3°43′E / 25.72°N 3.71°E / 25.72; 3.71
15 km
3.5 km
Named after nearby Mount Hadley

Mons Hansteen
12°11′S 50°13′W / 12.19°S 50.21°W / -12.19; -50.21
30 km

Named after nearby crater Hansteen

Mons Herodotus
27°30′N 52°56′W / 27.50°N 52.94°W / 27.50; -52.94
5 km

Named after nearby crater Herodotus

Mons Huygens
19°55′N 2°52′W / 19.92°N 2.86°W / 19.92; -2.86
40 km
4.7 km
Christiaan Huygens, astronomer

Mons La Hire
27°40′N 25°31′W / 27.66°N 25.51°W / 27.66; -25.51
25 km
1.5 km
Philippe de la Hire, astronomer

Mons Maraldi
20°20′N 35°30′E / 20.34°N 35.50°E / 20.34; 35.50
15 km
1.3 km
Named after nearby crater Maraldi

Mons Moro
11°50′S 19°50′W / 11.84°S 19.84°W / -11.84; -19.84
10 km

Antonio Lazzaro Moro, Earth scientist

Mons Penck
10°00′S 21°44′E / 10.0°S 21.74°E / -10.0; 21.74
30 km
4.0 km
Albrecht Penck, geographer

Mons Pico
45°49′N 8°52′W / 45.82°N 8.87°W / 45.82; -8.87
25 km
2. km
Spanish for "peak"

Mons Piton
40°43′N 0°55′W / 40.72°N 0.92°W / 40.72; -0.92
25 km
2.3 km
El Pitón, a summit of Mount Teide, Tenerife

Mons Rümker
40°46′N 58°23′W / 40.76°N 58.38°W / 40.76; -58.38
70 km
0.5 km
Karl Ludwig Christian Rümker, astronomer

Mons Usov
11°55′N 63°16′E / 11.91°N 63.26°E / 11.91; 63.26
15 km

Mikhail Usov, geologist

Mons Vinogradov[5]
22°21′N 32°31′W / 22.35°N 32.52°W / 22.35; -32.52
25 km
1.4 km
Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov, chemist

Mons Vitruvius
19°20′N 30°44′E / 19.33°N 30.74°E / 19.33; 30.74
15 km
2.3 km
Named after nearby crater Vitruvius

Mons Wolff
16°53′N 6°48′W / 16.88°N 6.80°W / 16.88; -6.80
35 km
3.5 km
Baron Christian von Wolff, philosopher

text: Mountain ranges[edit]

text:
Name
Lat./Long.
Dia.
Name Origin

Montes Agricola
29°04′N 54°04′W / 29.06°N 54.07°W / 29.06; -54.07
141 km
Georgius Agricola, Earth scientist

Montes Alpes
48°22′N 0°35′W / 48.36°N 0.58°W / 48.36; -0.58
281 km
The Alps, Europe

Montes Apenninus
19°52′N 0°02′W / 19.87°N 0.03°W / 19.87; -0.03
401 km
The Apennine Mountains, Italy

Montes Archimedes
25°23′N 5°15′W / 25.39°N 5.25°W / 25.39; -5.25
163 km
Named after nearby crater Archimedes

Montes Carpatus
14°34′N 23°37′W / 14.57°N 23.62°W / 14.57; -23.62
361 km
The Carpathian Mountains, Europe

Montes Caucasus
37°31′N 9°56′E / 37.52°N 9.93°E / 37.52; 9.93
445 km
The Caucasus Mountains, Europe

Montes Cordillera
17°30′S 79°30′W / 17.5°S 79.5°W / -17.5; -79.5
574 km
Spanish for "mountain chain"

Montes Haemus
17°07′N 12°02′E / 17.11°N 12.03°E / 17.11; 12.03
560 km
Greek name for the Balkan Mountains

Montes Harbinger
26°53′N 41°17′W / 26.89°N 41.29°W / 26.89; -41.29
90 km
Harbingers of dawn on the crater Aristarchus

Montes Jura
47°29′N 36°07′W / 47.49°N 36.11°W / 47.49; -36.11
422 km
The Jura Mountains, Europe

Montes Pyrenaeus
14°03′S 41°31′E / 14.05°S 41.51°E / -14.05; 41.51
164 km
The Pyrenees Mountains, Europe

Montes Recti
48°18′N 19°43′W / 48.3°N 19.72°W / 48.3; -19.72
90 km
Latin for "straight range"

Montes Riphaeus
7°29′S 27°36′W / 7.48°S 27.60°W / -7.48; -27.60
189 km
Greek name for the Ural Mountains, Russia

Montes Rook
20°36′S 82°30′W / 20.6°S 82.5°W / -20.6; -82.5
791 km
Lawrence Rook, astronomer

Montes Secchi
2°43′N 43°10′E / 2.72°N 43.17°E / 2.72; 43.17
50 km
Named after nearby crater Secchi

Montes Spitzbergen
34°28′N 5°13′W / 34.47°N 5.21°W / 34.47; -5.21
60 km
Named after German for "sharp peaks" and for resemblance to the Spitsbergen islands

Montes Taurus
27°19′N 40°20′E / 27.32°N 40.34°E / 27.32; 40.34
172 km
Taurus Mountains, Asia Minor

Montes Teneriffe
47°53′N 13°11′W / 47.89°N 13.19°W / 47.89; -13.19
182 km
Tenerife island

text: Other features[edit]

text: The Moon's surface is covered in many interesting geological features. In addition to mountains, valleys, and craters, the following surface features have received names in the Lunar nomenclature. Many of these features are named after a nearby crater or mountain.

text: The listed diameter for these features is the longest dimension that contains the entire geological formation. The latitude and longitude are in selenographic coordinates.

text: Albedo[edit]

text: These features are notable for their high albedo compared to the surrounding terrain.

text:
Name
Coordinates
Diameter
Name Origin

Reiner Gamma
7°30′N 59°00′W / 7.5°N 59.0°W / 7.5; -59.0
70.0 km
After nearby crater Reiner

text: Note: On the far side of the Moon there are unnamed albedo features on Mare Ingenii and Mare Marginis. These are located antipodal to the Mare Imbrium and Mare Orientale impact basins.

text: Catena[edit]

text: A catena is a chain of craters.

text:
Name
Coordinates
Diameter
Name Origin

Catena Abulfeda
16°54′S 17°12′E / 16.9°S 17.2°E / -16.9; 17.2
219 km
After nearby crater Abulfeda

Catena Artamonov
26°00′N 105°54′E / 26.0°N 105.9°E / 26.0; 105.9
134 km
After nearby crater Artamonov

Catena Brigitte
18°30′N 27°30′E / 18.5°N 27.5°E / 18.5; 27.5
5 km
French feminine name

Catena Davy
11°00′S 7°00′W / 11.0°S 7.0°W / -11.0; -7.0
50 km
After nearby crater Davy

Catena Dziewulski
19°00′N 100°00′E / 19.0°N 100.0°E / 19.0; 100.0
80 km
After nearby crater Dziewulski

Catena Gregory
0°36′S 129°54′E / 0.6°S 129.9°E / -0.6; 129.9
152 km
After nearby crater Gregory

Catena Humboldt
21°30′S 84°36′E / 21.5°S 84.6°E / -21.5; 84.6
165 km
After nearby crater Humboldt

Catena Krafft
15°00′N 72°00′W / 15.0°N 72.0°W / 15.0; -72.0
60 km
After nearby crater Krafft

Catena Kurchatov
37°12′N 136°18′E / 37.2°N 136.3°E / 37.2; 136.3
226 km
After nearby crater Kurchatov

Catena Leuschner
4°42′N 110°06′W / 4.7°N 110.1°W / 4.7; -110.1
364 km
After nearby crater Leuschner

Catena Littrow
22°12′N 29°30′E / 22.2°N 29.5°E / 22.2; 29.5
10 km
After nearby crater Littrow

Catena Lucretius
3°24′S 126°06′W / 3.4°S 126.1°W / -3.4; -126.1
271 km
After nearby crater Lucretius

Catena Mendeleev
6°18′N 139°24′E / 6.3°N 139.4°E / 6.3; 139.4
188 km
After nearby crater Mendeleev

Catena Michelson
1°24′N 113°24′W / 1.4°N 113.4°W / 1.4; -113.4
456 km
After nearby crater Michelson

Catena Pierre
19°48′N 31°48′W / 19.8°N 31.8°W / 19.8; -31.8
9 km
French masculine name

Catena Sumner
37°18′N 112°18′E / 37.3°N 112.3°E / 37.3; 112.3
247 km
After nearby crater Sumner

Catena Sylvester
81°24′N 86°12′W / 81.4°N 86.2°W / 81.4; -86.2
173 km
After nearby crater Sylvester

Catena Taruntius
3°00′N 48°00′E / 3.0°N 48.0°E / 3.0; 48.0
100 km
After nearby crater Taruntius

Catena Timocharis
29°00′N 13°00′W / 29.0°N 13.0°W / 29.0; -13.0
50 km
After nearby crater Timocharis

Catena Yuri
24°24′N 30°24′W / 24.4°N 30.4°W / 24.4; -30.4
5 km
Russian masculine name

text: Dorsa[edit]

text: These features are wrinkle-ridge systems commonly found on lunar maria.

text:
Name
Coordinates
Dia.
Name Origin

Dorsa Aldrovandi
24°00′N 28°30′E / 24.0°N 28.5°E / 24.0; 28.5
136 km
Ulissi Aldrovandi (1522–1605)

Dorsa Andrusov
1°00′S 57°00′E / 1.0°S 57.0°E / -1.0; 57.0
160 km
Nicolai Ivanovich Andrusov (1861–1924)

Dorsa Argand
28°06′N 40°36′W / 28.1°N 40.6°W / 28.1; -40.6
109 km
Emile Argand (1879–1940)

Dorsa Barlow
15°00′N 31°00′E / 15.0°N 31.0°E / 15.0; 31.0
120 km
William Barlow (1845–1934)

Dorsa Burnet
28°24′N 57°00′W / 28.4°N 57.0°W / 28.4; -57.0
194 km
Thomas Burnet (1635–1715)

Dorsa Cato
1°00′N 47°00′E / 1.0°N 47.0°E / 1.0; 47.0
140 km
Cato the Elder (234-149 B.C.)

Dorsa Dana
3°00′N 90°00′E / 3.0°N 90.0°E / 3.0; 90.0
70 km
James Dwight Dana (1813–1895)

Dorsa Ewing
10°12′S 39°24′W / 10.2°S 39.4°W / -10.2; -39.4
141 km
William Maurice Ewing (1906–1974)

Dorsa Geikie
4°36′S 52°30′E / 4.6°S 52.5°E / -4.6; 52.5
228 km
Sir Archibald Geikie (1835–1924)

Dorsa Harker
14°30′N 64°00′E / 14.5°N 64.0°E / 14.5; 64.0
197 km
Alfred Harker (1859–1939)

Dorsa Lister
20°18′N 23°48′E / 20.3°N 23.8°E / 20.3; 23.8
203 km
Martin Lister (1639–1712)

Dorsa Mawson
7°00′S 53°00′E / 7.0°S 53.0°E / -7.0; 53.0
132 km
Douglas Mawson (1882–1958)

Dorsa Rubey
10°00′S 42°00′W / 10.0°S 42.0°W / -10.0; -42.0
100 km
William Walden Rubey (1898–1974)

Dorsa Smirnov
27°18′N 25°18′E / 27.3°N 25.3°E / 27.3; 25.3
156 km
Sergei Sergeevich Smirnov (1895–1947)

Dorsa Sorby
19°00′N 14°00′E / 19.0°N 14.0°E / 19.0; 14.0
80 km
Henry Clifton Sorby (1826–1908)

Dorsa Stille
27°00′N 19°00′W / 27.0°N 19.0°W / 27.0; -19.0
80 km
Hans Stille (1876–1966)

Dorsa Tetyaev
19°54′N 64°12′E / 19.9°N 64.2°E / 19.9; 64.2
176 km
Mikhail Mikhailovich Tetyaev (1882–1956)

Dorsa Whiston
29°24′N 56°24′W / 29.4°N 56.4°W / 29.4; -56.4
85 km
William Whiston (1667–1752)

text: Dorsum[edit]

text: These features are wrinkle ridges commonly found on lunar mare

text:
Name
Coordinates
Dia.
Name Origin

Dorsum Arduino
24°54′N 35°48′W / 24.9°N 35.8°W / 24.9; -35.8
107 km
Giovanni Arduino (1714–1795)

Dorsum Azara
26°42′N 19°12′E / 26.7°N 19.2°E / 26.7; 19.2
105 km
Félix Manuel de Azara (1746–1811)

Dorsum Bucher
31°00′N 39°00′W / 31.0°N 39.0°W / 31.0; -39.0
90 km
Walter Hermann Bucher (1889–1965)

Dorsum Buckland
20°24′N 12°48′E / 20.4°N 12.8°E / 20.4; 12.8
380 km
William Buckland (1784–1856)

Dorsum Cayeux
1°36′N 51°12′E / 1.6°N 51.2°E / 1.6; 51.2
84 km
Lucien Cayeux (1864–1944)

Dorsum Cloos
1°00′N 91°00′E / 1.0°N 91.0°E / 1.0; 91.0
100 km
Hans Cloos (1885–1951)

Dorsum Cushman
1°00′N 49°00′E / 1.0°N 49.0°E / 1.0; 49.0
80 km
Joseph Augustine Cushman (1881–1949)

Dorsum Gast
24°00′N 9°00′E / 24.0°N 9.0°E / 24.0; 9.0
60 km
Paul Werner Gast (1930–1973)

Dorsum Grabau
29°24′N 15°54′W / 29.4°N 15.9°W / 29.4; -15.9
121 km
Amadeus William Grabau (1870–1946)

Dorsum Guettard
10°00′S 18°00′W / 10.0°S 18.0°W / -10.0; -18.0
40 km
Jean-Etienne Guettard (1715–1786)

Dorsum Heim
32°00′N 29°48′W / 32.0°N 29.8°W / 32.0; -29.8
148 km
Albert Heim (1849–1937)

Dorsum Higazy
28°00′N 17°00′W / 28.0°N 17.0°W / 28.0; -17.0
60 km
Riad Higazy (1919–1967)

Dorsum Nicol
18°00′N 23°00′E / 18.0°N 23.0°E / 18.0; 23.0
50 km
William Nicol (1768–1851)

Dorsum Niggli
29°00′N 52°00′W / 29.0°N 52.0°W / 29.0; -52.0
50 km
Paul Niggli (1888–1953)

Dorsum Oppel
18°42′N 52°36′E / 18.7°N 52.6°E / 18.7; 52.6
268 km
Albert Oppel (1831–1865)

Dorsum Owen
25°00′N 11°00′E / 25.0°N 11.0°E / 25.0; 11.0
50 km
George Owen (1552–1613)

Dorsum Scilla
32°48′N 60°24′W / 32.8°N 60.4°W / 32.8; -60.4
108 km
Agostino Scilla (1639–1700)

Dorsum Termier
11°00′N 58°00′E / 11.0°N 58.0°E / 11.0; 58.0
90 km
Pierre-Marie Termier (1859–1930)

Dorsum Thera
24°24′N 31°24′W / 24.4°N 31.4°W / 24.4; -31.4
7 km
Greek feminine name

Dorsum Von Cotta
23°12′N 11°54′E / 23.2°N 11.9°E / 23.2; 11.9
199 km
Carl Bernard von Cotta (1808–1879)

Dorsum Zirkel
28°06′N 23°30′W / 28.1°N 23.5°W / 28.1; -23.5
193 km
Ferdinand Zirkel (1838–1912)

text: Promontorium[edit]

text: These features form a cape or headland on a mare.

text:
Name
Coordinates
Dia.
Name Origin

Promontorium Agarum
14°00′N 66°00′E / 14.0°N 66.0°E / 14.0; 66.0
70 km
Named from a cape in the Sea of Azov

Promontorium Agassiz
42°00′N 1°48′E / 42.0°N 1.8°E / 42.0; 1.8
20 km
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (1807–1873)

Promontorium Archerusia
16°42′N 22°00′E / 16.7°N 22.0°E / 16.7; 22.0
10 km
Named from a cape on the Black Sea

Promontorium Deville
43°12′N 1°00′E / 43.2°N 1.0°E / 43.2; 1.0
20 km
Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville (1814–1876)

Promontorium Fresnel
29°00′N 4°42′E / 29.0°N 4.7°E / 29.0; 4.7
20 km
Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788–1827)

Promontorium Heraclides
40°18′N 33°12′W / 40.3°N 33.2°W / 40.3; -33.2
50 km
Heraclides Ponticus

Promontorium Kelvin
27°00′S 33°00′W / 27.0°S 33.0°W / -27.0; -33.0
50 km
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907)

Promontorium Laplace
46°00′N 25°48′W / 46.0°N 25.8°W / 46.0; -25.8
50 km
Pierre Simon Laplace (1749–1827)

Promontorium Taenarium
19°00′S 8°00′W / 19.0°S 8.0°W / -19.0; -8.0
70 km
Named from cape in Greece[6]

text: Rima[edit]

text: These features are lunar rilles.

text:
Name
Coordinates
Dia.
Name Origin

Rima Agatharchides
20°00′S 28°00′W / 20.0°S 28.0°W / -20.0; -28.0
50 km
Named from nearby crater Agatharchides

Rima Agricola
29°00′N 53°00′W / 29.0°N 53.0°W / 29.0; -53.0
110 km
Named from nearby Montes Agricola

Rima Archytas
53°00′S 3°00′E / 53.0°S 3.0°E / -53.0; 3.0
90 km
Named from nearby crater Archytas

Rima Ariadaeus
6°24′N 14°00′E / 6.4°N 14.0°E / 6.4; 14.0
250 km
Named from nearby crater Ariadaeus

Rima Billy
15°00′S 48°00′W / 15.0°S 48.0°W / -15.0; -48.0
70 km
Named from nearby crater Billy

Rima Birt
21°00′S 9°00′W / 21.0°S 9.0°W / -21.0; -9.0
50 km
Named from nearby crater Birt

Rima Bradley
23°48′N 1°12′W / 23.8°N 1.2°W / 23.8; -1.2
161 km
Named from nearby Mons Bradley

Rima Brayley
21°24′N 37°30′W / 21.4°N 37.5°W / 21.4; -37.5
311 km
Named from nearby crater Brayley

Rima Calippus
37°00′N 13°00′E / 37.0°N 13.0°E / 37.0; 13.0
40 km
Named from nearby crater Calippus

Rima Cardanus
11°24′N 71°30′E / 11.4°N 71.5°E / 11.4; 71.5
175 km
Named from nearby crater Cardanus

Rima Carmen
19°48′N 29°18′E / 19.8°N 29.3°E / 19.8; 29.3
10 km
Spanish feminine name

Rima Cauchy
10°30′N 38°00′E / 10.5°N 38.0°E / 10.5; 38.0
140 km
Named from nearby crater Cauchy

Rima Cleomedes
27°00′N 57°00′E / 27.0°N 57.0°E / 27.0; 57.0
80 km
Within crater Cleomedes

Rima Cleopatra
30°00′N 53°48′W / 30.0°N 53.8°W / 30.0; -53.8
14 km
Greek feminine name

Rima Conon
18°36′N 2°00′E / 18.6°N 2.0°E / 18.6; 2.0
30 km
Named from nearby crater Conon

Rima Dawes
17°30′N 26°36′E / 17.5°N 26.6°E / 17.5; 26.6
15 km
Named from nearby crater Dawes

Rima Delisle
31°00′N 32°00′W / 31.0°N 32.0°W / 31.0; -32.0
60 km
Named from nearby crater Delisle

Rima Diophantus
29°00′N 33°00′W / 29.0°N 33.0°W / 29.0; -33.0
150 km
Named from nearby crater Diophantus

Rima Draper
18°00′N 25°00′W / 18.0°N 25.0°W / 18.0; -25.0
160 km
Named from nearby crater Draper

Rima Euler
21°00′N 31°00′W / 21.0°N 31.0°W / 21.0; -31.0
90 km
Named from nearby crater Euler

Rima Flammarion
2°48′S 5°36′W / 2.8°S 5.6°W / -2.8; -5.6
80 km
Named from nearby crater Flammarion

Rima Furnerius
35°00′S 61°00′E / 35.0°S 61.0°E / -35.0; 61.0
50 km
Within crater Furnerius

Rima G. Bond
33°18′N 35°30′E / 33.3°N 35.5°E / 33.3; 35.5
168 km
Named from nearby crater G. Bond

Rima Galilaei
11°54′N 58°30′W / 11.9°N 58.5°W / 11.9; -58.5
89 km
Named from nearby crater Galilaei

Rima Gärtner
59°00′N 63°00′E / 59.0°N 63.0°E / 59.0; 63.0
30 km
Within crater Gärtner

Rima Gay-Lussac
13°00′N 22°00′W / 13.0°N 22.0°W / 13.0; -22.0
40 km
Named from nearby crater Gay-Lussac

Rima Hadley
25°00′N 3°00′E / 25.0°N 3.0°E / 25.0; 3.0
80 km
Named from nearby Mons Hadley

Rima Hansteen
12°00′S 53°00′W / 12.0°S 53.0°W / -12.0; -53.0
25 km
Named from nearby crater Hansteen

Rima Hesiodus
30°00′S 20°00′W / 30.0°S 20.0°W / -30.0; -20.0
256 km
Named from nearby crater Hesiodus

Rima Hyginus
7°24′N 7°48′E / 7.4°N 7.8°E / 7.4; 7.8
219 km
Named from nearby crater Hyginus

Rima Jansen
14°30′N 29°00′E / 14.5°N 29.0°E / 14.5; 29.0
35 km
Named from nearby crater Jansen

Rima Krieger
29°00′N 45°36′W / 29.0°N 45.6°W / 29.0; -45.6
22 km
Named from nearby crater Krieger

Rima Mairan
38°00′N 47°00′W / 38.0°N 47.0°W / 38.0; -47.0
90 km
Named from nearby crater Mairan

Rima Marcello
18°36′N 27°42′E / 18.6°N 27.7°E / 18.6; 27.7
2 km
Italian masculine name

Rima Marius
16°30′N 48°54′W / 16.5°N 48.9°W / 16.5; -48.9
121 km
Named from nearby crater Marius

Rima Messier
1°00′S 45°00′E / 1.0°S 45.0°E / -1.0; 45.0
100 km
Named from nearby crater Messier

Rima Milichius
8°00′N 33°00′W / 8.0°N 33.0°W / 8.0; -33.0
100 km
Named from nearby crater Milichius

Rima Oppolzer
1°42′S 1°00′E / 1.7°S 1.0°E / -1.7; 1.0
94 km
Named from nearby crater Oppolzer

Rima Réaumur
3°00′S 3°00′E / 3.0°S 3.0°E / -3.0; 3.0
30 km
Named from nearby crater Réaumur

Rima Reiko
18°36′N 27°42′E / 18.6°N 27.7°E / 18.6; 27.7
2 km
Japanese feminine name

Rima Rudolf
19°36′N 29°36′E / 19.6°N 29.6°E / 19.6; 29.6
8 km
German masculine name

Rima Schröter
1°00′N 6°00′W / 1.0°N 6.0°W / 1.0; -6.0
40 km
Named from nearby crater Schröter

Rima Sharp
46°42′N 50°30′W / 46.7°N 50.5°W / 46.7; -50.5
107 km
Named from nearby crater Sharp

Rima Sheepshanks
58°00′N 24°00′E / 58.0°N 24.0°E / 58.0; 24.0
200 km
Named from nearby crater Sheepshanks

Rima Siegfried
25°54′S 103°00′E / 25.9°S 103.0°E / -25.9; 103.0
14 km
German masculine name

Rima Suess
6°42′N 48°12′E / 6.7°N 48.2°E / 6.7; 48.2
165 km
Named from nearby crater Suess

Rima Sung-Mei
24°36′N 11°18′E / 24.6°N 11.3°E / 24.6; 11.3
4 km
Chinese feminine name

Rima T. Mayer
13°00′N 31°00′W / 13.0°N 31.0°W / 13.0; -31.0
50 km
Named from nearby crater T. Mayer

Rima Vladimir
25°12′N 0°42′W / 25.2°N 0.7°W / 25.2; -0.7
14 km
Slavic masculine name

Rima Wan-Yu
20°00′N 31°30′W / 20.0°N 31.5°W / 20.0; -31.5
12 km
Chinese feminine name

Rima Yangel'
16°42′N 4°36′E / 16.7°N 4.6°E / 16.7; 4.6
30 km
Named from nearby crater Yangel'

Rima Zahia
25°00′N 29°30′W / 25.0°N 29.5°W / 25.0; -29.5
16 km
Arabic feminine name

text: Rimae[edit]

text: These features are lunar rille systems.

text:
Name
Coordinates
Dia.
Name Origin

Rimae Alphonsus
14°00′S 2°00′W / 14.0°S 2.0°W / -14.0; -2.0
80 km
Within crater Alphonsus

Rimae Apollonius
5°00′N 53°00′E / 5.0°N 53.0°E / 5.0; 53.0
230 km
Named from nearby crater Apollonius

Rimae Archimedes
26°36′N 4°06′W / 26.6°N 4.1°W / 26.6; -4.1
169 km
Named from nearby crater Archimedes

Rimae Aristarchus
26°54′N 47°30′W / 26.9°N 47.5°W / 26.9; -47.5
121 km
Named from nearby crater Aristarchus

Rimae Arzachel
18°00′S 2°00′W / 18.0°S 2.0°W / -18.0; -2.0
50 km
Within crater Arzachel

Rimae Atlas
47°30′N 43°36′E / 47.5°N 43.6°E / 47.5; 43.6
60 km
Within crater Atlas

Rimae Bode
10°00′N 4°00′W / 10.0°N 4.0°W / 10.0; -4.0
70 km
Named from nearby crater Bode

Rimae Boscovich
9°48′N 11°06′E / 9.8°N 11.1°E / 9.8; 11.1
40 km
Within crater Boscovich

Rimae Chacornac
29°00′N 32°00′E / 29.0°N 32.0°E / 29.0; 32.0
120 km
Named from nearby crater Chacornac

Rimae Daniell
37°00′N 26°00′E / 37.0°N 26.0°E / 37.0; 26.0
200 km
Named from nearby crater Daniell

Rimae Darwin
19°18′S 69°30′W / 19.3°S 69.5°W / -19.3; -69.5
143 km
Named from nearby crater Darwin

Rimae Doppelmayer
25°54′S 45°06′W / 25.9°S 45.1°W / -25.9; -45.1
162 km
Named from nearby crater Doppelmayer

Rimae Focas
28°00′S 98°00′W / 28.0°S 98.0°W / -28.0; -98.0
100 km
Named from nearby crater Focas

Rimae Fresnel
28°00′N 4°00′E / 28.0°N 4.0°E / 28.0; 4.0
90 km
Named from nearby Promontorium Fresnel

Rimae de Gasparis
24°36′S 51°06′W / 24.6°S 51.1°W / -24.6; -51.1
93 km
Named from nearby crater de Gasparis

Rimae Gassendi
18°00′S 40°00′W / 18.0°S 40.0°W / -18.0; -40.0
70 km
Within crater Gassendi

Rimae Gerard
46°00′N 84°00′W / 46.0°N 84.0°W / 46.0; -84.0
100 km
Named from nearby crater Gerard

Rimae Goclenius
8°00′S 43°00′E / 8.0°S 43.0°E / -8.0; 43.0
240 km
Named from nearby crater Goclenius

Rimae Grimaldi
9°00′N 64°00′W / 9.0°N 64.0°W / 9.0; -64.0
230 km
Named from nearby crater Grimaldi

Rimae Hypatia
0°24′S 22°24′E / 0.4°S 22.4°E / -0.4; 22.4
206 km
Named from nearby crater Hypatia

Rimae Janssen
45°36′S 40°00′E / 45.6°S 40.0°E / -45.6; 40.0
114 km
Named from nearby crater Janssen

Rimae Kopff
17°24′S 89°36′W / 17.4°S 89.6°W / -17.4; -89.6
41 km
Named from nearby crater Kopff

Rimae Liebig
20°00′S 45°00′W / 20.0°S 45.0°W / -20.0; -45.0
140 km
Named from nearby crater Liebig

Rimae Littrow
22°06′N 29°54′E / 22.1°N 29.9°E / 22.1; 29.9
115 km
Named from nearby crater Littrow

Rimae Maclear
13°00′S 20°00′E / 13.0°S 20.0°E / -13.0; 20.0
110 km
Named from nearby crater Maclear

Rimae Maestlin
2°00′N 40°00′W / 2.0°N 40.0°W / 2.0; -40.0
80 km
Named from nearby crater Maestlin

Rimae Maupertuis
52°00′N 23°00′W / 52.0°N 23.0°W / 52.0; -23.0
84 km
Named from nearby crater Maupertuis

Rimae Menelaus
17°12′N 17°54′E / 17.2°N 17.9°E / 17.2; 17.9
131 km
Named from nearby crater Menelaus

Rimae Mersenius
21°30′S 49°12′W / 21.5°S 49.2°W / -21.5; -49.2
84 km
Named from nearby crater Mersenius

Rimae Opelt
13°00′S 18°00′W / 13.0°S 18.0°W / -13.0; -18.0
70 km
Named from nearby crater Opelt

Rimae Palmieri
28°00′S 47°00′W / 28.0°S 47.0°W / -28.0; -47.0
150 km
Named from nearby crater Palmieri

Rimae Parry
6°06′S 16°48′W / 6.1°S 16.8°W / -6.1; -16.8
82 km
Named from nearby crater Parry

Rimae Petavius
25°54′S 58°54′E / 25.9°S 58.9°E / -25.9; 58.9
80 km
Named from nearby crater Petavius

Rimae Pettit
23°00′S 92°00′W / 23.0°S 92.0°W / -23.0; -92.0
450 km
Named from nearby crater Pettit

Rimae Pitatus
28°30′S 13°48′W / 28.5°S 13.8°W / -28.5; -13.8
94 km
Named from nearby crater Pitatus

Rimae Plato
52°54′N 3°12′W / 52.9°N 3.2°W / 52.9; -3.2
87 km
Named from nearby crater Plato

Rimae Plinius
17°54′N 23°36′E / 17.9°N 23.6°E / 17.9; 23.6
124 km
Named from nearby crater Plinius

Rimae Posidonius
32°00′N 28°42′E / 32.0°N 28.7°E / 32.0; 28.7
70 km
Named from nearby crater Posidonius

Rimae Prinz
27°00′N 43°00′W / 27.0°N 43.0°W / 27.0; -43.0
80 km
Named from nearby crater Prinz

Rimae Ramsden
33°54′S 31°24′W / 33.9°S 31.4°W / -33.9; -31.4
108 km
Named from nearby crater Ramsden

Rimae Repsold
50°36′N 81°42′W / 50.6°N 81.7°W / 50.6; -81.7
166 km
Named from nearby crater Repsold

Rimae Riccioli
2°00′N 74°00′W / 2.0°N 74.0°W / 2.0; -74.0
400 km
Named from nearby crater Riccioli

Rimae Ritter
3°00′N 18°00′W / 3.0°N 18.0°W / 3.0; -18.0
100 km
Named from nearby crater Ritter

Rimae Römer
27°00′N 35°00′W / 27.0°N 35.0°W / 27.0; -35.0
110 km
Named from nearby crater Römer

Rimae Secchi
1°00′N 44°00′W / 1.0°N 44.0°W / 1.0; -44.0
35 km
Named from nearby crater Secchi

Rimae Sirsalis
15°42′S 61°42′W / 15.7°S 61.7°W / -15.7; -61.7
426 km
Named from nearby crater Sirsalis

Rimae Sosigenes
8°36′N 18°42′E / 8.6°N 18.7°E / 8.6; 18.7
190 km
Named from nearby crater Sosigenes

Rimae Sulpicius Gallus
21°00′N 10°00′E / 21.0°N 10.0°E / 21.0; 10.0
90 km
Named from nearby crater Sulpicius Gallus

Rimae Taruntius
5°30′N 46°30′E / 5.5°N 46.5°E / 5.5; 46.5
25 km
Named from nearby crater Taruntius

Rimae Theaetetus
33°00′N 6°00′E / 33.0°N 6.0°E / 33.0; 6.0
50 km
Named from nearby crater Theaetetus

Rimae Triesnecker
4°18′N 4°36′E / 4.3°N 4.6°E / 4.3; 4.6
215 km
Named from nearby crater Triesnecker

Rimae Vasco da Gama
10°00′N 82°00′E / 10.0°N 82.0°E / 10.0; 82.0
60 km
Named from nearby crater Vasco da Gama

Rimae Zupus
15°00′S 53°00′W / 15.0°S 53.0°W / -15.0; -53.0
120 km
Named from nearby crater Zupus

text: Rupis[edit]

text: These are escarpments in the surface.

text:
Name
Coordinates
Dia.
Name Origin

Rupes Altai
24°18′S 22°36′E / 24.3°S 22.6°E / -24.3; 22.6
427.0 km
Altai Mountains

Rupes Boris
30°30′N 33°30′W / 30.5°N 33.5°W / 30.5; -33.5
4.0 km
Named from nearby crater Boris

Rupes Cauchy
9°00′N 37°00′E / 9.0°N 37.0°E / 9.0; 37.0
120.0 km
Named from nearby crater Cauchy

Rupes Kelvin
27°18′S 33°06′W / 27.3°S 33.1°W / -27.3; -33.1
78.0 km
Named from nearby Promontorium Kelvin

Rupes Liebig
25°00′S 46°00′W / 25.0°S 46.0°W / -25.0; -46.0
180.0 km
Named from nearby crater Liebig

Rupes Mercator
31°00′S 22°18′W / 31.0°S 22.3°W / -31.0; -22.3
93.0 km
Named from nearby crater Mercator

Rupes Recta
22°06′S 7°48′W / 22.1°S 7.8°W / -22.1; -7.8
134.0 km
Latin for "straight cliff"[7]

Rupes Toscanelli
27°24′N 47°30′W / 27.4°N 47.5°W / 27.4; -47.5
70.0 km
Named from nearby crater Toscanelli

text: Terra[edit]

text: The continental areas between the seas were given comparable names by Giovanni Battista Riccioli,[8] but were opposite the names used for the seas. Thus there were the lands of sterility (Terra Sterilitatis), heat (Terra Caloris), and liveliness (Terra Vitae). However these names for the highland regions are no longer used on recent maps, and Terrae are not officially recognized as standard lunar nomenclature by the International Astronomical Union.[9]

text:
Name
Name Origin
Near side position

Insula Ventorum
Island of Winds

Peninsula Fulminu
Peninsula of Thunder
Between Mare Humorum and Oceanus Procellarum.[10]

Terra Caloris
Land of Heat
Southwest rim of the near side.[10]

Terra Fertilitatis
Land of Fertility
Southeastern rim of the near side.[10]

Terrae Grandinis
Land of Hail
Northeast border of Mare Imbrium.[10]

Terrae Manna
Land of Manna
Region between Mare Tranquillitatis, Mare Fecunditatis and Mare Nectaris.[10]

Terra Niuiu (Terra Nivium)
Land of Snows
Southeast border of Mare Imbrium.[10]

Terra Pruinæ
Land of Frost
Northwest border of Mare Imbrium.[10]

Terra Sanitatis
Land of Healthiness
Central region between Mare Nubium and Mare Tranquillitatis.[10]

Terra Siccitatis
Land of Dryness
Northwest rim of the near side.[10]

Terra Sterilitatis
Land of Sterility

Terra Vigoris
Land of Cheerfulness
Region southeast of Mare Crisium.[10]

Terra Vitæ
Land of Liveliness
Northeast rim of the near side.[10]

text: Craters[edit]

text: The large majority of these features are impact craters. The crater nomenclature is governed by the International Astronomical Union, and this listing only includes features that are officially recognized by that scientific society.

text: The lunar craters are listed in the following subsections. Where a formation has associated satellite craters, these are detailed on the main crater description pages.

text:
List of craters on the Moon

A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · X · Y · Z


document_title: Final Space

question_text: when does season 2 come out for final space

text: Final Space

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows a rogue astronaut named Gary and his sidekick, a planet-destroying alien named Mooncake. Together, the two embark on serialized journeys through space in order to unlock the mystery of where the universe actually ends, and if it actually does exist.[9]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Olan Rogers – Gary Goodspeed, Mooncake, Tribore Menendez, additional voices[10]
Fred Armisen – KVN[11]
Tom Kenny – H.U.E.[12]
David Tennant – Lord Commander/Jack[13]
Tika Sumpter – Quinn Airgone, Nightfall
Steven Yeun[11] – Little Cato
Coty Galloway – Avocato, Bhero[14]
Caleb McLaughlin – Young Gary[11]
Ron Perlman[15] – John Goodspeed
John DiMaggio[11] – Terk, Superior Stone, additional voices
Gina Torres – Additional voices
Shannon Purser[11] – Additional voices
Keith David[11] – Bolo
Andy Richter[11] – Gatekeeper, additional voices
Conan O'Brien – Clarence, Chuck, additional voices[11]
Tobias Conan Trost – Order of the Twelve Announcer, additional voices
Xzibit

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea for the show originated in mid-2010. Olan Rogers uploaded the first episode of a planned ten-part animated web-series titled Gary Space to his personal YouTube channel.[16] The project went on hiatus three episodes in, and Rogers eventually explained on Facebook that both he and the series' artist, Dan Brown, were tending to separate projects at the time, but were in talks of continuing.[17] On April 30, 2013, Rogers confirmed that he was rebooting and producing a season of Gary Space episodes to release at once.[18] Over two years later, Rogers revealed that a new short for the reboot for Gary Space was planned to be pitched to Cartoon Network, in addition to premiering the episode at Buffer Festival if nothing came from the pitch.[19]

text: In early 2016, Rogers announced that his project had been retitled Final Space, and revealed screenshots of the short via a vlog on his YouTube channel.[20] The pilot for Final Space was posted on Rogers' YouTube channel.[21] The video caught the attention of Conan O'Brien, who invited him to Los Angeles to pitch Final Space to TBS as a full series and also joined production as an executive producer alongside Rogers and 3rd Rock from the Sun writer and producer David Sacks. Other members of O'Brien's company, Conaco (David Kissinger, Larry Sullivan and Jeff Ross), and members of New Form who executive produced the pilot short (Kathleen Grace, Melissa Schneider and Matt Hoklotubbe) joined as executive producers as well. To balance out Rogers' inexperience in the industry, Conaco brought in Sacks to also serve as the showrunner for the series.[9][22] After two weeks of working with Sacks and Jake Sidwell (co-composer of the series alongside Shelby Merry)[23] on the pitch, Rogers and Sacks pitched the show to TBS; as well as Comedy Central, Fox, FX, YouTube, and Fullscreen; all six companies wanted the series and resulted in a bidding war between the studios over the series, with TBS acquiring the series.[24][25]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Olan Rogers announced in December 2016 that he voices the main characters, Gary and Mooncake. In July 2017, an additional cast list of Fred Armisen, Conan O'Brien, Keith David, Coty Galloway, Tom Kenny, Caleb McLaughlin, John DiMaggio, Ron Perlman, Shannon Purser, Andy Richter, David Tennant, and Steven Yeun was revealed.

text: Animation[edit]

text: The animation is produced in Los Angeles at ShadowMachine and outsourced in Canada at Ottawa's Jam Filled studio using the  Toon Boom Harmony software. The show uses NASA space imagery for the space backgrounds.[26]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilotApril 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)110February 15, 2018 (2018-02-15)May 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)2132019 (2019)TBA

text: Pilot (2016)[edit]

text: TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date Viewers(millions)"Final Space"Olan RogersOlan Rogers & Jake SidwellApril 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)1.4

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateOnline airdateUS viewers(millions)1"Chapter One"Mike RobertsOlan Rogers & David SacksFebruary 17, 2018 (2018-02-17) (TNT) February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26) (TBS)February 15, 20181.27 (TNT)[27] 0.48 (TBS)[28]
Gary, after five lonely years in a space prison, meets an alien he calls Mooncake, and vows to keep it safe. What Gary doesn't know, however, is that Mooncake is also a planet destroyer.
2"Chapter Two"Mike Roberts & Dan O'ConnorOlan Rogers, David Sacks & Jane BeckerFebruary 17, 2018 (2018-02-17) (TNT) March 5, 2018 (2018-03-05) (TBS)February 15, 20181.27 (TNT)[27]  0.58 (TBS)[29]
Gary and Avocato must stop a bounty hunter named Terk from telling Lord Commander that Mooncake is on the Galaxy One.
3"Chapter Three"Ben BjelajacOlan Rogers, David Sacks, Alyssa Lane & Alex ShermanMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)February 26, 20180.43 (TBS)[30]
Gary and Avocato try to hide Mooncake safely away on the planet Yarno, but instead they’re trapped in a terrifying mind-puzzle; Mooncake is forced to fight in a combat arena called the Deathcropolis; Quinn investigates the gravitational disturbance.
4"Chapter Four"Mike RobertsOlan Rogers & David SacksMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)March 13, 20180.44 (TBS)[31]
After the Galaxy One is hacked, Gary has to harvest energy from a nearby star to reignite the engines and escape; the radiation poisoning from the star sends Gary into a trance of painful memories; Gary and Quinn are finally reunited.
5"Chapter Five"Chris PaluszekAdam Stein, Christopher Amick, Ben Mekler, & Jane BeckerMarch 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)March 20, 20180.54 (TBS)[32]
Gary, Quinn, and Avocato, trace the gravitational disturbance to an eerie bioluminescent planet.
6"Chapter Six"Ben BjelajacAlyssa Lane, Alex Sherman, & Cameron SquiresApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)March 26, 20180.51 (TBS)[33]
Gary and Avocato go on a mission to save Avocato's son, Little Cato, from the Lord Commander's Prison Planet.
7"Chapter Seven"Chris PaluszekChristopher Amick & Ben MeklerApril 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)April 9, 20180.39 (TBS)[34]
Gary grapples with his future when he learns that his prison sentence is up.
8"Chapter Eight"Mike RobertsOlan Rogers & David SacksApril 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)April 16, 20180.43 (TBS)[35]
Gary and the Crew encounter a Titan named Bolo, who tells them how to close the breach in the fabric of space.
9"Chapter Nine"Ben BjelajacAdam SteinApril 30, 2018 (2018-04-30)April 23, 20180.39 (TBS)[36]
Gary and Quinn go back to Earth to find an anti-gravitational bomb that they hope can save the universe.
10"Chapter Ten"Mike RobertsOlan Rogers & David SacksMay 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)April 30, 20180.40 (TBS)[37]
Gary, Quinn and the team battle the Lord Commander to decide the fate of Final Space and the universe.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season was announced on May 7, 2018 and will consist of 13 episodes.

text: Promotion and release[edit]

text: When responding to a question on Twitter, Olan Rogers revealed that Final Space would be showcased by TBS at San Diego Comic-Con and VidCon in 2017.[38]

text: Final Space premiered on Reddit on February 15, 2018, followed by an AMA with Rogers. This would mark a first for a TV network to premiere a series on the site.[1] TBS's sister network TNT aired a sneak peek premiere of the show on February 17, 2018, after the 2018 NBA All-Star Weekend. After airing on TBS, the pilot aired two hours later on TBS' sister channel Cartoon Network under its adult-oriented programming block Adult Swim. (The rest of the season also aired on Adult Swim in a similar pattern.) On February 20, 2018, the first two episodes were released on iTunes; "Chapter One" was released for free while "Chapter Two" reached #1 in the Animation category.[39] Over a month later, the entire season reached #3.[40] Netflix carries the international distribution to the show and released on July 20, 2018.[41]

text: On February 24, 2018, a premiere event of the first two episodes was held in Nashville, Tennessee, selling out four of the five showings.[42]

text: Final Space is also available on TBS's app.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Final Space has received a generally positive response, with critics and audiences praising the show's cast, (especially David Tennant's voice performance as Lord Commander, the show's main villain) animation, originality, drama, serialized continuity and humor.

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season currently holds a critics' score of 70%.[43] On Metacritic, the critics' score is 60 based on five reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[44]

text: Impressions about the first episodes were mixed, but predominantly positive, with criticism focused on Gary's humor. Collider's Dave Trumbore gave the series four out of five stars, praising the cast, the series' uniqueness and its originality.[45] The Hollywood Reporter said "the new animated series from TBS misses the mark, and will likely will float off into space".[46] The A.V. Club gave the series a C+ grade.[47] Reviewing the first two episodes, Den of Geek gave them a score of 3.5 out of 5 stars.[48] IndieWire gave a B+ grade.[49] The Daily Beast received the series favorably, comparing its potential with Adventure Time and BoJack Horseman.[50] Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times praised the show for the space backgrounds and Gary's relationship with Mooncake, but criticized for being "not as clever as Futurama or The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy or Galaxy Quest, series with which it shares certain features" and for the comedy which "leans toward things adolescent boys find funny."[51] Screen Rant was favorable for the series, praising TBS' decision to release the first two episodes 11 days before the series premiere, and describing it as a "very silly comedy," comparing Gary to Homer Simpson and Philip J. Fry.[52]

text: Future[edit]

text: When asked on Twitter about the series' longevity, Olan Rogers had stated that he had at least six seasons worth of material thought up for the show including an ending for Final Space in case the series gets cancelled in the future.[53]

text: On May 7, 2018, Final Space was renewed for a second season, which was later confirmed by Rogers to consist of 13 episodes.


document_title: List of Disney Channel series

question_text: what was the first series to air on disney channel

text: List of Disney Channel series

text: The Disney Channel series

text:
Year
Series
Premiere date
End date

1983
Good Morning, Mickey!
April 18, 1983
November 28, 1992

Welcome to Pooh Corner
April 18, 1983
May 30, 1986

You and Me Kid
April 18, 1983
1986

Contraption
April 18, 1983
October 25, 1989

EPCOT Magazine
1983
1999

Donald Duck Presents
September 1, 1983
1992

1984
Symbol
1984
1991

Disney Family Album
June 1984
January 20, 1986

1985
Dumbo's Circus
May 6, 1985
February 28, 1997

1987
Videopolis
1987
1989

1988
Good Morning, Miss Bliss
November 30, 1988
March 18, 1989

1989
The All-New Mickey Mouse Club
April 24, 1989
March 7, 1996

Teen Win, Lose or Draw
April 29, 1989
September 26, 1992

1992
The Secret of Lost Creek
February 1, 1992
March 1, 1992

Adventures in Wonderland
March 23, 1992
1997

text: Disney Channel original series

text:
Key

Upcoming series

text:
Year
Series
Premiere date
End date

1995
Flash Forward
December 14, 1995
1999

1997
Mad Libs
February 1997
1999

Going Wild with Jeff Corwin
September 14, 1997
February 14, 1999

1998
Bug Juice
February 28, 1998
October 15, 2001

Off the Wall
1998
1999

The Famous Jett Jackson
October 25, 1998
June 22, 2001

1999
So Weird
January 18, 1999
September 28, 2001

The Jersey
January 30, 1999
March 23, 2004

2000
Totally Circus
June 16, 2000
September 24, 2000

Even Stevens
June 17, 2000
June 13, 2003

In a Heartbeat
August 26, 2000
March 25, 2001

2001
Totally Hoops
January 7, 2001
April 15, 2001

Lizzie McGuire
January 12, 2001
February 14, 2004

The Proud Family
September 15, 2001
August 19, 2005

2002
Kim Possible
June 7, 2002
September 7, 2007

Totally in Tune
June 23, 2002
August 18, 2002

2003
That's So Raven
January 17, 2003
November 10, 2007

Lilo & Stitch
September 20, 2003
July 29, 2006

2004
Dave the Barbarian
January 23, 2004
January 22, 2005

Phil of the Future
June 18, 2004
August 19, 2006

Brandy and Mr. Whiskers
August 21, 2004
August 25, 2006

2005
American Dragon: Jake Long
January 21, 2005
September 1, 2007

The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
March 18, 2005
September 1, 2008

The Buzz on Maggie
June 17, 2005
May 27, 2006

2006
The Emperor's New School
January 27, 2006
November 20, 2008

Hannah Montana
March 24, 2006
January 16, 2011

Shorty McShorts' Shorts
July 28, 2006
May 25, 2007

The Replacements
July 28, 2006
March 30, 2009

2007
Cory in the House
January 12, 2007
September 12, 2008

Phineas and Ferb
August 17, 2007
June 12, 2015

Wizards of Waverly Place
October 12, 2007
January 6, 2012

2008
The Suite Life on Deck
September 26, 2008
May 6, 2011

2009
Sonny with a Chance
February 8, 2009
January 2, 2011

Jonas
May 2, 2009
October 3, 2010

2010
Good Luck Charlie
April 4, 2010
February 16, 2014

Fish Hooks
September 3, 2010
April 4, 2014

Shake It Up
November 7, 2010
November 10, 2013

Take Two with Phineas and Ferb
December 3, 2010
November 25, 2011

2011
A.N.T. Farm
May 6, 2011
March 21, 2014

So Random!
June 5, 2011
March 25, 2012

PrankStars
July 15, 2011
November 22, 2016

Jessie
September 30, 2011
October 16, 2015

Austin & Ally
December 2, 2011
January 10, 2016

2012
Gravity Falls[note 1]
June 15, 2012
February 15, 2016

Code: 9
July 26, 2012
September 28, 2012

Dog with a Blog
October 12, 2012
September 25, 2015

2013
Mickey Mouse
June 28, 2013
present

Liv and Maddie
July 19, 2013
March 24, 2017

Wander Over Yonder[note 2]
August 16, 2013
June 27, 2016

2014
I Didn't Do It
January 17, 2014
October 16, 2015

Win, Lose or Draw
January 17, 2014
May 21, 2014

Girl Meets World
June 27, 2014
January 20, 2017

2015
K.C. Undercover
January 18, 2015[1]
present

Best Friends Whenever
June 26, 2015
December 11, 2016

Bunk'd
July 31, 2015[2][3]
present

Descendants: Wicked World
September 18, 2015[4]
present

2016
Stuck in the Middle
February 14, 2016[5][6][7]
present

Bizaardvark
June 24, 2016[8][9]
present

Elena of Avalor
July 22, 2016[10]
present

2017
Tangled: The Series
March 24, 2017[11][12][13]
present

Andi Mack
April 7, 2017[14][15]
present

Hotel Transylvania: The Television Series
June 25, 2017[16][17]
present

Raven's Home
July 21, 2017[18][19][20][21]
present

text: Playhouse Disney/Disney Junior original series

text: Playhouse Disney original series

text:
Year
Series
Premiere date
End date

1997
Bear in the Big Blue House
October 20, 1997
April 28, 2006

Discover Spot
October 21, 1997
June 17, 2005

1998
PB&J Otter
March 15, 1998
October 15, 2000

Rolie Polie Olie
October 4, 1998
February 24, 2004

Out of the Box
October 10, 1998
September 27, 2004

2001
The Book of Pooh
February 9, 2001
July 8, 2003

Stanley
September 15, 2001
November 26, 2004

The Wiggles
June 17, 2002
August 19, 2005

2003
JoJo's Circus
September 28, 2003
February 14, 2007

2004
Higglytown Heroes
September 12, 2004
January 7, 2008

2005
Breakfast with Bear
June 20, 2005
2006

Johnny and the Sprites
October 9, 2005
January 4, 2009

Little Einsteins
October 9, 2005
December 22, 2009

2006
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
May 5, 2006
November 6, 2016

Handy Manny
September 16, 2006
February 14, 2013

2007
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
May 12, 2007
October 9, 2010

Bunnytown
November 3, 2007
November 8, 2008

2008
Imagination Movers
September 6, 2008
April 14, 2013

2009
Special Agent Oso
April 4, 2009
May 17, 2012

Where Is Warehouse Mouse?
August 29, 2009
February 2, 2010

Jungle Junction
October 5, 2009
October 25, 2012

text: Disney Junior original series

text:
Key

Upcoming series

text:
Year
Series
Premiere date
End date

2011
Jake and the Never Land Pirates
February 14, 2011
November 6, 2016

2012
Doc McStuffins
March 23, 2012[22]
present

Tales of Friendship with Winnie the Pooh
2012[23]

Sofia the First
November 18, 2012[24]
present

2013
Henry Hugglemonster
April 15, 2013
November 30, 2015

2014
Sheriff Callie's Wild West
January 20, 2014[25]
November 7, 2016

2015
Miles from Tomorrowland
February 6, 2015
present

Goldie & Bear
September 12, 2015[26]
present

The Lion Guard
November 22, 2015[27]
present

2016
Elena of Avalor
July 22, 2016[28]
present

2017
Mickey and the Roadster Racers
January 15, 2017[29][30]
present

Fancy Nancy
2017[31]

Puppy Dog Pals
April 14, 2017[32]
present

Vampirina
October 1, 2017[33]
present

2018
Muppet Babies
2018[34]

text: Toon Disney/Disney XD original series

text: Toon Disney original series

text:
Year
Series
Premiere date
End date

2002
Teacher's Pet [note 3]
January 11, 2002
May 10, 2002

Disney's House of Mouse [note 4]
September 2, 2002
December 24, 2003

Teamo Supremo [note 5]
September 2002
March 7, 2004

The Weekenders [note 6]
September 2002
February 29, 2004

2003
Recess
September 3, 2003
February 12, 2009

2004
Fillmore!
January 2, 2004
January 23, 2004

2005
Power Rangers S.P.D. [note 7]
July 16, 2005
February 2, 2006

2006
Power Rangers Mystic Force
February 20, 2006
November 13, 2006

2007
Power Rangers Operation Overdrive
February 26, 2007
November 12, 2007

2008
Power Rangers Jungle Fury
February 18, 2008
November 3, 2008

Cars Toons
October 28, 2008
February 13, 2009

text: Disney XD original series

text:
Key

Upcoming series

text:
Year
Series
Premiere date
End date

2009
Phineas and Ferb
February 13, 2009
June 12, 2015

Aaron Stone
February 13, 2009
July 30, 2010

Yin Yang Yo!
February 14, 2009
April 18, 2009

Zeke and Luther
June 15, 2009
April 2, 2012

I'm in the Band
November 27, 2009
December 9, 2011

2010
Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil
February 13, 2010
December 2, 2012

The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes
September 22, 2010
May 5, 2013

Pair of Kings
September 22, 2010
February 18, 2013

2011
Kickin' It
June 13, 2011
March 25, 2015

2012
Lab Rats: Bionic Island
February 27, 2012
February 3, 2016

Ultimate Spider-Man
April 1, 2012
January 7, 2017

Motorcity
April 30, 2012
January 7, 2013

Tron: Uprising
May 18, 2012
January 28, 2013

Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja
August 13, 2012
July 27, 2015[35]

Crash & Bernstein
October 8, 2012
August 11, 2014

2013
Avengers Assemble
May 26, 2013
present

Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.
August 13, 2013
June 28, 2015

Mighty Med
October 7, 2013
September 9, 2015

2014
Wander Over Yonder[note 8]
March 31, 2014
June 27, 2016

The 7D
July 7, 2014
November 5, 2016

Gravity Falls[note 9]
August 4, 2014
February 15, 2016

Star Wars Rebels
October 3, 2014
present

Kirby Buckets
October 20, 2014
present

Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero
December 5, 2014
July 28, 2017

2015
Star vs. the Forces of Evil
January 18, 2015[note 10]
present

Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything
July 22, 2015
January 2, 2017[36]

Pickle and Peanut
September 2, 2015[37]
present

Guardians of the Galaxy
September 5, 2015
present

2016
Lab Rats: Elite Force
March 2, 2016
October 22, 2016

Walk the Prank[note 11]
April 1, 2016[38]
present

Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures
June 20, 2016[39]
present

Future-Worm!
August 1, 2016[40]
present

Right Now Kapow
September 19, 2016
May 31, 2017

Milo Murphy's Law
October 3, 2016[41]
present

Mech-X4[note 11]
December 5, 2016[42]
present

2017
Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer
June 3, 2017[43]
present

DuckTales
August 12, 2017[44]

Big Hero 6
2017[45]

2018
Country Club
2018[43]


document_title: Danny McNulty

question_text: who plays harley keiner in boy meets world

text: Danny McNulty

text: Danny Brian McNulty (born May 28, 1972) is an American actor and producer who is best known for playing Harvey "Harley" Keiner on Boy Meets World and later on its spinoff Girl Meets World.[1]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Television

Year
Show
Role
Notes

1993
Street Justice
Brad Turner
Guest Star (1 episode)

1994–1995
Boy Meets World
Harvey "Harley" Keiner
Recurring Character (8 episodes)

2014–2017
Girl Meets World
Janitor Harley Keiner
Disney Channel Original Series
Recurring Character (5 episodes)

2014
Live4 2day
The Refugee
Short
Writer and Producer

2017
John the Thief
John
Mini series
Pre-production


question_text: total number of national highways in himachal pradesh

text: This is a list of State Highways in Himachal Pradesh, India.

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Himachal Pradesh state has a good road network. There are 9 national highways with total length of 1,250 km, 20 state highways with total length of 1,625 km and 45 major district roads  with total length of 1753.05 km.

text: List of state highways in Himachal Pradesh[edit]

text:
State Highway №

Route

Passes through - district(s)

Length (in km)

HP SH 1
Lal Dhank Paonta Rajban Hatkoti (except NH portion and RD 133/0 to 171/0 in Uttrakhand)
Shimla
52875687

HP SH 2
Kumarhatti-Sarahan-Nahan (Dosarka)
Sirmour Solan
2525727

HP SH 6
Chhaila Neripul Yashwant Nagar Oachghat Kumarhatti
Shimla Sirmour Solan
86.3

HP SH 8
Sainj Chopal Nerwa Shallu
Shimla
90

HP SH 9
Shalaghat Arki Kunihar Brotiwala
Solan
80.4

HP SH 10
Theog Kotkhai Hatkoti Rohru
Shimla
80.450

HP SH 11
Sainj Ani Banjar Aut
Kullu  Mandi
96

HP SH 13
Shimla Tatapani Mandi
Shimla  Mandi
55

HP SH 16
Shimla Kunihar Ramshehar  Nalagarh Ghanoli
Shimla Solan
568

HP SH 17
Dharamshala Dadh Palampur Holta Chadhiar Sandhol (Except NH portion)
Kangra Mandi
90

HP SH 19
Jogindarnagar Sarkaghat Ghumarwin (except NH portion)
Mandi Bilaspur
45478

HP SH 22
Jawalamukhi Dehra Jawali Raja-ka-Talab
Kangra
12

HP SH 23
32 mile Ranital
Kangra
40 km
via Harchakian Lunj

HP SH 25
Mehatpur Una Mubarikpur Daulatpur H.P. Boundary (except NH portion)
Una
4578

HP SH 27
Pong Dam Fatehpur Jassur
Kangra
53

HP SH 28
Nurpur Lahru Tunuhatti
Kangra Chamba
42.2

HP SH 32
Una-Aghar Barsar Jahu Bhambla Nerchowk
Una Hamirpur Mandi
126.3

HP SH 33
Pathankot Banikhet Chamba Tissa
Chamba
139

HP SH 39
Hamirpur Sujanpur Thural Maranda
Hamirpur  Kangra
59.6

HP SH 43
Shahpur Sihunta Chowari
Chamba
52

Total
1625.70