document_title: Ghost Whisperer (season 4)

question_text: when did jim die in ghost whisperer episode

text: Ghost Whisperer (season 4)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the fourth season, Melinda meets Eli James (Jamie Kennedy) after a fire at Rockland University who, after his own near-death experience, develops the ability to hear ghosts. Melinda says goodbye to her close friend Rick Payne, who leaves Grandview on a research trip for the university. In this season, Jim is shot and killed. He does not "cross over" because he does not want to leave Melinda, and his spirit later enters the body of a man named Sam Lucas, who died in an unrelated accident in Grandview and crossed over. When Jim/Sam regains consciousness, he has no memory of being Jim. Melinda works to get him to remember his past life and her, and succeeds after much difficulty and skepticism on the part of her friends. They soon discover that Melinda is pregnant and that the date of conception was right before Jim died.

text: At the end of the season, Ned and Eli find the Book of Changes, a book written by the Watchers (a benevolent group of ghosts who keep watch over the living). The book tells them of past and future prominent dates, such as Andrea and Jim's deaths. One date is listed as September 25, 2009; Melinda's due date. Melinda learns from a Watcher named Carl that her child is destined to not only inherit her gift, but be far more powerful than her. Melinda and Jim decide to remarry and have a small ceremony on a snowy night, on the street where they first met.

text: Development[edit]

text: Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of "Spirit Communicator" James Van Praagh,[3] who is co-executive producer[4] and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV.[5] The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of "Spirit Communicator" Mary Ann Winkowski.[6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere.[7]

text: The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).

text: The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles.[8] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy, though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits.[9]

text: Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound.[10] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works.[11] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX.[12]

text: Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York, which is not far from Grandview-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River. Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grandview-On-Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional "Rockland University," and perhaps not coincidentally, the actual Grandview, New York is a village located in Rockland County, New York.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Melinda Gordon (23 episodes)
David Conrad as Jim Clancy/Sam Lucas (23 episodes)
Camryn Manheim as Delia Banks (23 episodes)
Jay Mohr as Rick Payne (1 episode)
Christoph Sanders as Ned Banks (13 episodes)
Jamie Kennedy as Eli James (23 episodes)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. inSeries

No. inSeason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

U.S. viewers(millions)

631"Firestarter"Eric LaneuvilleP.K. SimondsOctober 3, 2008 (2008-10-03)9.44[13]
Melinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there, and hurries over, fearful for Professor Rick Payne, but he is revealed to be alive and well. However, a therapist by the name Eli James dies, and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back. This 'near-death' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts. The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli's patients, who was possibly more than that, and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12. Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives, she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers, who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves.
Note: This was Jay Mohr's last appearance as Professor Payne. First appearance of Jamie Kennedy

Guest Star: Alona Tal as Fiona Raine
642"Big Chills"Peter WernerLaurie McCarthyOctober 10, 2008 (2008-10-10)9.69[14]
A woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her. She remembers Melinda's abilities from high school (not that she ever believed it before) and calls on her for help. Mel quickly uncovers the story-Grace, her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead. The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police, the other two stopped him. Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on.
653"Ghost in the Machine"Steven RobmanJeannine RenshawOctober 17, 2008 (2008-10-17)8.97[15]
Melinda watches Ned playing a computer game, and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her, and he appears in her shop, making her realise she has pulled him out of the game. She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself, he died whilst playing the game. After realising that this Ghost/Avatar-'Phoenix' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game, Mel, Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator, and proceed to try and catch him. Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game, and eventually discovers that 'Phoenix' is the girls dad, and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator, who they then have to work together to catch.
664"Save Our Souls"Gloria MuzioMark B. PerryOctober 24, 2008 (2008-10-24)10.14[16]
Melinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage. Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful. Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her. She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was- he happens to be the owner of the ship, and has to get him to help the ghost cross over.

Guest Star: Solange Knowles as cruise singer.
675"Bloodline"Ian SanderMelissa Blake & Joy BlakeOctober 31, 2008 (2008-10-31)9.40[17]
A teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend, and her ghost starts haunting the girl. Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away. After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition, it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth. The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth.
686"Imaginary Friends and Enemies"Eric LaneuvilleVivian LeeNovember 7, 2008 (2008-11-07)11.06[18]
Mel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend, her daughter and her new fiancé, and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl's imaginary friend is actually a ghost. The ghost seems obsessed with the girl's mother, and wants to play a game with her, but the game ends up hurting the mother. It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost (when he was alive and after), and he is trying to warn her about someone, using a clues game they used to play. Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues. Jim is shot.
697"Threshold"John GrayJohn GrayNovember 14, 2008 (2008-11-14)11.57[19]
Jim meets his brother in the in-between state, but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel, since she's not coping without him. She can't see him even though he's there, because her grief is strengthening the veil, but there is another ghost who wants her help, and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim. Eventually he gets through to her, and she tries to convince him to cross over, but he refuses. The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim. At an accident, a man dies and goes into the light, and Jim steps into the body, despite Melinda's warning.
708"Heart & Soul"Ian SanderMark B. Perry & P.K. SimondsNovember 21, 2008 (2008-11-21)11.28[20]
Jim/Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam, and Melinda tries to help, wanting the love of her life back. He visits Sam's family but eventually accepts Mel's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so. Delia doesn't believe Melinda about Jim's spirit stepping into Sam's body.
719"Pieces of You"Jim ChressanthisLaurie McCarthyDecember 5, 2008 (2008-12-05)9.71[21]
Jim/Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda, thinking they were having an affair, and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband. She starts to tell him about the whole Jim/Sam thing, but his reaction stops her. Delia believes Mel about Jim/Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court, and convinces him to stay. Meanwhile, Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well.
7210"Ball & Chain"Eric LaneuvilleChristina M. Kim & Jeannine RenshawDecember 19, 2008 (2008-12-19)10.18[22]
Whilst doing work at a house, Jim/Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot, which he finds weird, but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere. Whilst searching for clues about who he is, he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on/off girlfriend,  bought a month before his accident. Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost's death, since the ghost is convinced she didn't abandon her family.
7311"Life on the Line"Eric LaneuvilleChristina M. Kim & Jeannine RenshawJanuary 9, 2009 (2009-01-09)10.64[23]
Delia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere. Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost, who resends an old 911 call made from the house. This leads Melinda to investigate, and she discovers that a 14-year-old boy was killed by the lawnmower there. She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on. Also, Sam remembers medical procedures, indicating that more of Jim's past is coming up. He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails.
7412"This Joint's Haunted"Mark RosmanMark B. PerryJanuary 16, 2009 (2009-01-16)10.58[24]
Delia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place. Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory. Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way, all without revealing her abilities to Sam. The ghost in Delia's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death. Sam's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia.
7513"Body of Water"Jennifer Love HewittP.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthyJanuary 23, 2009 (2009-01-23)11.18[25]
A girl swims in a lake and is scared away. It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls' father. Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on, and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home, who now has cancer and won't take his medication. Sam's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam, which worries Delia, who urges Mel to fight for him. The Watchers return and warn Mel again, and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living. After his past life regression session with Eli, Sam remembers loving Mel, but he thinks he is remembering Nikki.

Note: This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt's directorial debut.
7614"Slow Burn"Steven RobmanJeannine RenshawFebruary 6, 2009 (2009-02-06)11.41[26]
Delia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned's school dance, and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy. She quickly realises the ghost is the girls' mother, and must figure out why she doesn't want the two to be together, with very little help from the ghost herself. Delia and Eli help her. Sam asks her on a date and she accepts, but helping the ghost causes her to miss it, and leads Sam to think she's not ready to date after losing her husband.

Guest Star: Kendall Schmidt as Jeff
7715"Greek Tragedy"Karen GaviolaChristina M. KimFebruary 13, 2009 (2009-02-13)10.30[27]
A sorority at Rockland University 'hazes' new members with a brutal ritual, and one girl never returns the next day, which is a first. Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business, but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head, immediately thinking it is the missing girl. Eli works with her to figure out how she died, but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all, she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader. Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse, and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in, but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission. He asks her about it and she lies, making him suspicious.
7816"Ghost Busted"John BehringMark B. Perry & P.K. SimondsFebruary 27, 2009 (2009-02-27)11.54[28]
Melinda's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift, and after seeing his sceptical reaction, she holds off on telling him, despite Delia's urging otherwise. Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift, ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit, and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house's previous owner. Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel, and Delia tells him to keep an open mind. Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on, finally tells Sam about her gift, and is crushed when he is sceptical.
7917"Delusions of Grandview"Jefery LevyLaurie McCarthy & Mark B. PerryMarch 6, 2009 (2009-03-06)11.09[29]
Sam wants to see Melinda doing her thing, and follows her to a school where he's been doing work. Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be. One ghost in particular needs her help, she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby. Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda, and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died, which involved electro-shock therapy. Delia and Eli work out that the ghost's doctor was a ghost himself, and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him. Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim, and he refuses to believe it, instead thinking that Mel needs professional help.
8018"Leap of Faith"Ian SanderP.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthyMarch 13, 2009 (2009-03-13)10.58[30]
Sam moved out at Melinda's request, but he forgot something, so tries calling her to ask for it, but she won't answer his calls. Mel is scared by a break-in at her shop, especially when Dr Byrd's ghost shows up again. Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step-in (like what Jim did to Sam). Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step-in's, and works out that he wants another body for himself. Mel realises the other step-in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him, but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water. Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he doesn't trust, but follows him down anyway. Since Eli can't swim, Sam goes to rescue Mel, and after his bag gets trapped on something, Jim's life flashes before his eyes.
8119"Thrilled to Death"Gloria MuzioLaurie McCarthy & Jeannine RenshawApril 10, 2009 (2009-04-10)10.08[31]
A young woman in Eli's apartment building is being haunted, but claims she doesn't know anyone who has died. Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is, and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him, they wonder what else she's been lying about, and quickly discover that she is ill herself. Meanwhile, Jim misses his job and friends but realises that can't be his life anymore, and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School. Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan's story, and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to.

Guest Star: Hilary Duff as Morgan.
8220"Stage Fright"Eric LaneuvilleMark B. PerryApril 24, 2009 (2009-04-24)9.23[32]
A TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda's store. Mel, Delia, Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event, and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor, and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience. They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned. Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show. They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over. After an accident shooting a walk-on part, Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news.

Guest Star: Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis.
8321"Cursed"Kim MosesLaurie McCarthyMay 1, 2009 (2009-05-01)9.79[33]
A little girl comes into the store, searching for a very specific doll, and when the older girl (a cousin) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died, and that the dolls 'talk' to the little girl, Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma's family are trapped in the dollhouse. She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths, leading her to think that the little girls mother (and Emma's Aunt) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma. Mel tells Delia she's pregnant, then discovers that she's lost her wedding bands. Jim proposes again.
8422"Endless Love"Ian SanderP.K. SimondsMay 8, 2009 (2009-05-08)9.50[34]
Melinda is at Delia's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned's study group is being haunted. After a sleepwalking incident, Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants. Eli's friend Zoe (who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths, leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost, and whether she was into Vampires. When she tries to ask her about it, Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real, and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost. The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him, and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out. Also, Mel and Jim plan their second wedding-with Jim as Sam.

Guest Star: Alexa Vega as Serena
8523"The Book of Changes"John GrayJohn GrayMay 15, 2009 (2009-05-15)9.15[35]
Melinda's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want. Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe's house, but is interrupted by Eli. The thief only stole one book- called 'The Book of Changes' by the Watchers. It has important dates in it, such as previous deaths and Melinda's due date, which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book. Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought, the Watchers are trying to protect it. Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel's future is in 'her' hands and that Mel can't save 'her'. Mel is scared for her unborn baby, especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her (with their gift). Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met, with only Delia and Eli in attendance, and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have. Mel is told she has lots of white light around her-spirits protecting her, but if the balance slips, that could change. Eli becomes 'The Book of Changes' new caretaker.


document_title: Fortune Global 500

question_text: list of fortune 500 companies in the world

root

text: Fortune Global 500

text: Methodology[edit]

text: Until 1989, it listed only non-United States industrial corporations under the title "International 500" while the Fortune 500 contained and still contains exclusively United States corporations. In 1990, United States companies were added to compile a truly global list of top industrial corporations as ranked by sales. Since 1995, the list has had its current form, listing also top financial corporations and service providers by revenue.

tag: p

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Several inconsistencies exist in Fortune's ranking of cities with the most Fortune 500 headquarters. On June 3, 2011, the Atlanta Business Chronicle stated examples of Fortune including regional headquarters for some cities, not including regional headquarters for other cities and in some cases not including headquarters that are physically located inside a city limit.[1]

text: Geographical distribution[edit]

text: Since 2001, there has been a significant change in the geographical distribution of the companies in the Global 500 rankings. The number of North American-based companies decreased from 215 in 2001 to 143 in 2017[citation needed] and the contribution of Asian-based companies increased rapidly from 116 in 2001 to 197 in 2017[citation needed]. Most of this growth is accounted for by the rapid increase in the number of Chinese Global 500 companies, of which there were 109 by 2017, increasing from only 10 in 2001. The share of European-based companies also reduced, from 158 to 143, over the same period.[2][3][4]

text: Fortune Global 500 list of year 2018[edit]

text: The following is the list of top 10 companies.[5]

text:
Rank

Company

Country

Industry

Revenue in USD

1

Walmart

 United States

Retail

$500 billion

2

State Grid

 China

Power

$349 billion

3

Sinopec Group

 China

Petroleum

$327 billion

4

China National Petroleum

 China

Petroleum

$326 billion

5

Royal Dutch Shell

 Netherlands United Kingdom

Petroleum

$312 billion

6

Toyota Motor

 Japan

Automobiles

$265 billion

7

Volkswagen

 Germany

Automobiles

$260 billion

8

BP

 United Kingdom

Petroleum

$245 billion

9

Exxon Mobil

 United States

Petroleum

$244 billion

10

Berkshire Hathaway

 United States

Products

$242 billion

tag: table

text: Breakdown by country[edit]

text: As of  July 2018[update], this is the list of the top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies.[5]

text:
Rank
Country
Companies

1
 United States
126

2
 China
120

3
 Japan
52

4
 Germany
32

5
 France
28

6
 United Kingdom †
21

7
 South Korea
16

8
 Netherlands †
15

9
  Switzerland
14

10
 Canada
12

text: † The Global 500 includes Unilever under the heading "Britain/Netherlands", as the company is counted in the tally for both countries.

text: As shown in the table above, 428 (86%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, Germany, France and United Kingdom) are the world's largest economies as estimated by the IMF (List of countries by GDP (nominal)). Among the Global 500, 371 companies (74.2%) are from these six countries.

text: Fortune Global 500 list of year 2017[edit]

text: The following is the list of top 10 companies.[6][7]

text:
Rank

Company

Country

Industry

Revenue in USD

1

Walmart

 United States

Retail

$486 billion

2

State Grid

 China

Power

$315 billion

3

Sinopec Group

 China

Petroleum

$268 billion

4

China National Petroleum

 China

Petroleum

$263 billion

5

Toyota Motor

 Japan

Automobiles

$255 billion

6

Volkswagen

 Germany

Automobiles

$240 billion

7

Royal Dutch Shell

 Netherlands †

Petroleum

$240 billion

8

Berkshire Hathaway

 United States

Products

$242 billion

9

Apple

 United States

Technology

$216 billion

10

Exxon Mobil

 United States

Petroleum

$205 billion

text: † Fortune had previously listed Shell as a British/Dutch company, but as of the 2016 listing it is listed as Dutch.

text: Breakdown by country[edit]

text: As of  November 2017[update], this is the list of the top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies.[8]

text:
Rank
Country
Companies

1
 United States
133

2
 China
109

3
 Japan
51

4
 France
29

5
 Germany
29

6
 United Kingdom †
21

7
 South Korea
15

8
 Netherlands †
15

9
  Switzerland
13

text: As can be seen from the table above, 425 (85.0%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, France, Germany and United Kingdom) are some of the world's largest economies as estimated by the IMF (List of countries by GDP (nominal)). Among the Fortune Global 500, 371 companies (74.2%) are from these six countries.

text: By industry sector[edit]

text: The top-ranked companies in each industry sector are as follows.

text:
Sector
Company
Headquarters
Overall  rank
Revenues  ($M)

Aerospace & Defense
Boeing
 Chicago
0060#60
94,571

Apparel
Christian Dior
 Paris
0234#234
42,113

Business services
The Adecco Group
 Zürich
0434#434
25,112

Chemicals
BASF
 Ludwigshafen
0126#126
63,641

Energy
State Grid Corporation of China
 Beijing
0002#2
315,199

Engineering & Construction
China State Construction Engineering
 Beijing
0024#24
144,505

Financials
Berkshire Hathaway
 Omaha
0008#8
223,604

Food & Drug Stores
Walgreens Boots Alliance
 Deerfield
0037#37
117,351

Food, Beverages & Tobacco
Nestlé
 Vevey
0064#64
90,814

Health Care
UnitedHealth Group
 Minnetonka
0013#13
184,840

Household Products
Procter & Gamble
 Cincinnati
0098#98
71,726

Industrials
General Electric
 Boston
0031#31
126,661

Materials
China Minmetals
 Beijing
0120#120
65,547

Media
The Walt Disney Company
 Burbank
0161#161
55,632

Motor Vehicles & Parts
Volkswagen
 Wolfsburg
0005#5
266,666

Retailing
Walmart
 Bentonville
0001#1
485,873

Technology
Apple
 Cupertino
0009#9
215,639

Telecommunications
AT&T
 Dallas
0019#19
163,786

Transportation
U.S. Postal Service
 Washington, D.C.
0099#99
71,498

Wholesalers
McKesson
 San Francisco
0011#11
198,533

Pharmaceutical
Johnson & Johnson
 New Brunswick, New Jersey
0100#100
76,450

Commodity market
Glencore
 Baar


document_title: Epistle to the Romans

question_text: who was the letter of romans written to

question_tokens: who was the letter of romans written to

text: Epistle to the Romans

text: General presentation[edit]

text: In the opinion of Jesuit scholar Joseph Fitzmyer, the book "overwhelms the reader by the density and sublimity of the topic with which it deals, the gospel of the justification and salvation of Jew and Greek alike by the grace of God through faith in Jesus Christ, revealing the uprightness and love of God the Father."[2]

text: N. T. Wright notes that Romans is

text: ...neither a systematic theology nor a summary of Paul's lifework, but it is by common consent his masterpiece. It dwarfs most of his other writings, an Alpine peak towering over hills and villages. Not all onlookers have viewed it in the same light or from the same angle, and their snapshots and paintings of it are sometimes remarkably unalike. Not all climbers have taken the same route up its sheer sides, and there is frequent disagreement on the best approach. What nobody doubts is that we are here dealing with a work of massive substance, presenting a formidable intellectual challenge while offering a breathtaking theological and spiritual vision.[3]

text: Authorship[edit]

text: The scholarly consensus is that Paul authored the Epistle to the Romans.[additional citation(s) needed]

text: C. E. B. Cranfield, in the introduction to his commentary on Romans, says:

text: The denial of Paul's authorship of Romans by such critics ... is now rightly relegated to a place among the curiosities of NT scholarship. Today no responsible criticism disputes its Pauline origin. The evidence of its use in the Apostolic Fathers is clear, and before the end of the second century it is listed and cited as Paul's. Every extant early list of NT books includes it among his letters. The external evidence of authenticity could indeed hardly be stronger; and it is altogether borne out by the internal evidence, linguistic, stylistic, literary, historical and theological.[4]

text: Dating[edit]

text: The letter was most probably written while Paul was in Corinth, probably while he was staying in the house of Gaius, and transcribed by Tertius his amanuensis.[5] There are a number of reasons why Corinth is considered most plausible. Paul was about to travel to Jerusalem on writing the letter, which matches Acts[Acts 20:3] where it is reported that Paul stayed for three months in Greece. This probably implies Corinth as it was the location of Paul’s greatest missionary success in Greece.[6] Additionally Phoebe was a deacon of the church in Cenchreae, a port to the east of Corinth, and would have been able to convey the letter to Rome after passing through Corinth and taking a ship from Corinth’s west port.[6] Erastus, mentioned in Romans 16:23, also lived in Corinth, being the city's commissioner for public works and city treasurer at various times, again indicating that the letter was written in Corinth.[7]

text: The precise time at which it was written is not mentioned in the epistle, but it was obviously written when the collection for Jerusalem had been assembled and Paul was about to "go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints", that is, at the close of his second visit to Greece, during the winter preceding his last visit to that city.[8] The majority of scholars writing on Romans propose the letter was written in late 55/early 56 or late 56/early 57.[9] Early 55 and early 58 both have some support, while German New Testament scholar Gerd Lüdemann argues for a date as early as 51/52 (or 54/55), following on from Knox, who proposed 53/54. Lüdemann is the only serious challenge to the consensus of mid to late 50s.[10]

text: Subscriptions[edit]

text: Some manuscripts have a subscription at the end of the Epistle:

text:
προς Ρωμαιους ("to the Romans") is found in these manuscripts: Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Vaticanus, Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, Codex Claromontanus;
προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου ("to the Romans it was written from Corinth"): B2, D2 (P);
προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου δια Φοιβης της διακονου ("to the Romans it was written from Corinth by Phoebus the deacon"): 42, 90, 216, 339, 462, 466*, 642;
εγραφη η προς Ρωμαιους επιστολη δια Τερτιου επεμφτη δε δια Φοιβης απο Κορινθιων της εν Κεγχρεαις εκκλησιας ("the epistle to the Romans was written by Tertius and was sent by Phoebus from the Corinthians of the church in Cenchreae"): only in 337;
προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου δια Φοιβης της διακονου της εν Κεγχρεαις εκκλησιας ("to the Romans it was written from Corinth by Phoebus the deacon of the church in Cenchreae"): 101, 241, 460, 466, 469, 602, 603, 605, 618, 1923, 1924, 1927, 1932, followed by Textus Receptus.[11]

tag: ul

text: Paul's life in relation to his epistle[edit]

text: For ten years before writing the letter (approx. 47–57), Paul had traveled around the territories bordering the Aegean Sea evangelizing. Churches had been planted in the Roman provinces of Galatia, Macedonia, Achaia and Asia. Paul, considering his task complete, wanted to preach the gospel in Spain, where he would not "build upon another man’s foundation".[Rom 15:20][12] This allowed him to visit Rome on the way, a long-time ambition of his. The letter to the Romans, in part, prepares them and gives reasons for his visit.[12]

text: In addition to Paul’s geographic location, his religious views are important. First, Paul was a Hellenistic Jew with a Pharisaic background (see Gamaliel), integral to his identity: see Paul the Apostle and Judaism for details. His concern for his people is one part of the dialogue and runs throughout the letter. Second, the other side of the dialogue is Paul’s conversion and calling to follow Christ in the early 30s.

text: The churches in Rome[edit]

text: The most probable ancient account of the beginning of Christianity in Rome is given by a 4th-century writer known as Ambrosiaster:[13]

text: It is established that there were Jews living in Rome in the times of the Apostles, and that those Jews who had believed [in Christ] passed on to the Romans the tradition that they ought to profess Christ but keep the law [Torah] ... One ought not to condemn the Romans, but to praise their faith, because without seeing any signs or miracles and without seeing any of the apostles, they nevertheless accepted faith in Christ, although according to a Jewish rite.[14]

text: From Adam Clarke:

text: The occasion of writing the epistle: ... Paul had made acquaintance with all circumstances of the Christians at Rome ... and finding that it was ... partly of heathens converted to Christianity, and partly of Jews, who had, with many remaining prejudices, believed in Jesus as the true Messiah, and that many contentions arose from the claims of the Gentiles to equal privileges with the Jews, and from absolute refusal of the Jews to admit these claims, unless the Gentile converts become circumcised; he wrote this epistle to adjust and settle these differences.[15]

text: At this time, the Jews made up a substantial number in Rome, and their synagogues, frequented by many, enabled the Gentiles to become acquainted with the story of Jesus of Nazareth. Consequently, churches composed of both Jews and Gentiles were formed at Rome. According to Irenaeus, a 2nd-century Church Father, the church at Rome was founded directly by the apostles Peter and Paul.[16] However, many modern scholars disagree with Irenaeus, holding that while little is known of the circumstances of the church's founding, it was not founded by Paul:[17]

text: Many of the brethren went out to meet Paul on his approach to Rome. There is evidence that Christians were then in Rome in considerable numbers and probably had more than one place of meeting.

text: Note the large number of names in Romans 16:3–15 of those then in Rome, and verses 5, 15 and 16 indicate there was more than one church assembly or company of believers in Rome. Verse 5 mentions a church that met in the house of Aquila and Priscilla. Verses 14 and 15 each mention groupings of believers and saints.[19]

text: Jews were expelled from Rome because of disturbances around AD 49 by the edict of Claudius.[20] Fitzmyer claims that both Jews and Jewish Christians were expelled as a result of their infighting.[21] Claudius died around the year AD 54, and his successor, Emperor Nero, allowed the Jews back into Rome, but then, after the Great Fire of Rome of 64, Christians were persecuted. Fitzmyer argues that with the return of the Jews to Rome in 54 new conflict arose between the Gentile Christians and the Jewish Christians who had formerly been expelled.[22] Keck thinks Gentile Christians may have developed a dislike of or looked down on Jews (see also Antisemitism and Responsibility for the death of Jesus), because they theologically rationalized that Jews were no longer God's people.[23]

text: Style[edit]

text: Scholars often have difficulty assessing whether Romans is a letter or an epistle, a relevant distinction in form-critical analysis:

text: A letter is something non-literary, a means of communication between persons who are separated from each other. Confidential and personal in nature, it is intended only for the person or persons to whom it is addressed, and not at all for the public or any kind of publicity...An Epistle is an artistic literary form, just like the dialogue, the oration, or the drama. It has nothing in common with the letter except its form: apart from that one might venture the paradox that the epistle is the opposite of a real letter. The contents of the epistle are intended for publicity—they aim at interesting "the public."[24]

text: Joseph Fitzmyer argues, from evidence put forth by Stirewalt, that the style of Romans is an "essay-letter."[25] Philip Melanchthon, a writer during the Reformation, suggested that Romans was caput et summa universae doctrinae christianae ("a summary of all Christian doctrine").[26] While some scholars attempt to suggest, like Melanchthon, that it is a type of theological treatise, this view largely ignores chapters 14 and 15 of Romans. There are also many "noteworthy elements" missing from Romans that are included in other areas of the Pauline corpus.[27] The breakdown of Romans as a treatise began with F.C. Baur in 1836 when he suggested "this letter had to be interpreted according to the historical circumstances in which Paul wrote it."[26]

text: Paul sometimes uses a style of writing common in his time called a "diatribe". He appears to be responding to a "heckler" (probably an imaginary one based on Paul's encounters with real objections in his previous preaching), and the letter is structured as a series of arguments. In the flow of the letter, Paul shifts his arguments, sometimes addressing the Jewish members of the church, sometimes the Gentile membership and sometimes the church as a whole.[citation needed]

text: Purposes of writing[edit]

text: To review the current scholarly viewpoints on the purpose of Romans, along with a bibliography, see Dictionary of Paul and His Letters.[28] For a 16th-century "Lollard" reformer view, see the work of William Tyndale. In his prologue to his translation of the book of Romans, which was largely taken from the prologue of German Reformer Martin Luther, Tyndale writes that:

text: ... this epistle is the principal and most excellent part of the new testament, and most pure evangelion, that is to say glad tidings and what we call the gospel, and also a light and a way in unto the whole scripture ... The sum and whole cause of the writings of this epistle, is, to prove that a man is justified by faith only: which proposition whoso denieth, to him is not only this epistle and all that Paul writeth, but also the whole scripture, so locked up that he shall never understand it to his soul's health. And to bring a man to the understanding and feeling that faith only justifieth, Paul proveth that the whole nature of man is so poisoned and so corrupt, yea and so dead concerning godly living or godly thinking, that it is impossible for her to keep the law in the sight of God.[29]

text: Contents[edit]

text: This essay-letter composed by Paul was written to a specific audience at a specific time; to understand it, the situations of both Paul and the recipients must be understood.

text: Prologue (1:1–15)[edit]

text: Greeting (1:1–7)[edit]

text: The introduction[Rom 1:1–16] provides some general notes about Paul. He introduces his apostleship here and introductory notes about the gospel he wishes to preach to the church at Rome. Jesus' human line stems from David.[1:3] Paul, however, does not limit his ministry to Jews. Paul's goal is that the Gentiles would also hear the gospel.[1:5]

text: Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:8–15)[edit]

text: He commends the Romans for their faith.[1:8] Paul also speaks of the past obstacles that have blocked his coming to Rome earlier.[1:11–13]

text: Salvation in the Christ (1:16 –8:39)[edit]

text: Righteousness of God (1:16–17)[edit]

text: Paul's announcement that he is not "ashamed" (epaiscúnomai) of his gospel because it holds power (dúnamis). These two verses form a backdrop for the rest of the book. First, we note that Paul is unashamed of his love for this gospel that he preaches about Jesus Christ. He also notes that he is speaking to the "Jew first."[1:16] There is significance to this, but much of it is scholarly conjecture as the relationship of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still debated. We are hard-pressed to find an answer to such a question without knowing more about the audience in question. Wayne Brindle argues, based on Paul's former writings against the Judaizers in Galatians and 2 Corinthians, that rumors had probably spread about Paul totally negating the Jewish existence in a Christian world (see also Antinomianism in the New Testament and Supersessionism). Paul may have used the "Jew first" approach to counter such a view.[30]

text: Condemnation: The Universal corruption of Gentiles and Jews (1:18 –3:20)[edit]

text: The judgment of God (1:18–32)[edit]

text: Paul now begins into the main thrust of his letter. He begins by suggesting that humans have taken up ungodliness and wickedness for which there will be wrath from God.[1:18] People have taken God's invisible image and made him into an idol. Paul draws heavily here from the Wisdom of Solomon.[31] He condemns unnatural sexual behavior and warns that such behavior will result in a depraved body and mind ("reprobate mind" in the King James Version) [1:26–27] and says that people who do such things (including murder and wickedness [1:29]) are worthy of death.[1:32] Paul stands firmly against the idol worship system which was common in Rome. Several scholars believe the passage is a non-Pauline interpolation.[32]

text: Paul's warning of hypocrites (2:1–4)[edit]

text: On the traditional Protestant interpretation, Paul here calls out Jews who are condemning others for not following the law when they themselves are also not following the law. Stanley Stowers, however, has argued on rhetorical grounds that Paul is in these verses not addressing a Jew at all but rather an easily recognizable caricature of the typical boastful person (ὁ ἀλαζων). Stowers writes, "There is absolutely no justification for reading 2:1–5 as Paul's attack on 'the hypocrisy of the Jew.' No one in the first century would have identified ho alazon with Judaism. That popular interpretation depends upon anachronistically reading later Christian characterizations of Jews as 'hypocritical Pharisees'".[33] See also Anti-Judaism.

text: Justification: The Gift of Grace and Forgiveness through Faith (3:21 –5:11)[edit]

text: Paul says that a righteousness from God has made itself known apart from the law, to which the law and prophets testify, and this righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus to all who believe.[3:21–22] He describes justification – legally clearing the believer of the guilt and penalty of sin – as a gift of God,[3:24] and not the work of man (lest he might boast), but by faith.[3:28]

text: Assurance of salvation (5 –11)[edit]

text: In chapters five through eight, Paul argues that believers can be assured of their hope in salvation, having been freed from the bondage of sin. Paul teaches that through faith,[3:28] [4:3] the faithful have been joined with Jesus[5:1] and freed from sin.[6:1–2] [6:18] Believers should celebrate in the assurance of salvation[12:12] and be certain that no external force or party can take their salvation away from them[8:38-39].[34] This promise is open to everyone since everyone has sinned,[3:23] save the one who paid for all of them.[3:24]

text: In chapters 9–11 Paul addresses the faithfulness of God to the Israelites, where he says that God has been faithful to His promise. Paul hopes that all Israelites will come to realize the truth[9:1–5] since he himself was also an Israelite,[11:1] and had in the past been a persecutor of Early Christians. In Romans 9–11 Paul talks about how the nation of Israel has been cast away, and the conditions under which Israel will be God's chosen nation again: when Israel returns to its faith, sets aside its unbelief.[11:19–24]

text: In Romans 7:1, Paul says that humans are under the law while we live: "Know ye not...that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth?" However, Jesus' death on the cross makes believers dead to the law (7:4, "Wherefore, my brethren, ye are also become dead to the law by the body of Christ"), according to an antinomistic interpretation.

text: Transformation of believers (12 –15:13)[edit]

text: From chapter 12 through the first part of chapter 15, Paul outlines how the Gospel transforms believers and the behaviour that results from such a transformation. This transformation is described as a "renewing of your mind" (12:2),[35] a transformation that Douglas J. Moo characterizes as “the heart of the matter.”[36] It is a transformation so radical that it amounts to a “a transfiguration of your brain,” a "metanoia", a “mental revolution.”[37]

text: Paul goes on to describe how believers should live. Christians are no longer under the law, that is, no longer bound by the law of Moses,[38] but under the grace of God, see Law and grace. We do not need to live under the law because to the extent our minds have been renewed, we will know "almost instinctively" what God wants of us. The law then provides an "objective standard" for judging progress in the "lifelong process" of our mind's renewal.[39]

text: To the extent they have been set free from sin by renewed minds (Romans 6:18),[40] believers are no longer bound to sin. Believers are free to live in obedience to God and love everybody. As Paul says in Romans 13:10, "love (ἀγάπη) worketh no ill to his neighbor: therefore love is the fulfilling of law".[41]

text: Obedience to earthly powers (13:1–7)[edit]

text: The fragment in Romans 13:1–7 dealing with obedience to earthly powers is considered by some, for example James Kallas,[42] to be an interpolation.[43] (See also the Great Commandment and Christianity and politics). Paul Tillich accepts the historical authenticity of Romans 13:1–7, but claims it has been misinterpreted by churches with an anti-revolutionary bias:

text: One of the many politico-theological abuses of biblical statements is the understanding of Paul’s words [Romans 13:1–7] as justifying the anti-revolutionary bias of some churches, particularly the Lutheran. But neither these words nor any other New Testament statement deals with the methods of gaining political power. In Romans, Paul is addressing eschatological enthusiasts, not a revolutionary political movement.[44]

text: Epilogue (15:1 –16:23)[edit]

text:
Admonition (15:1–7)
Summary of the Epistle (15:8)

text: Paul's ministry and travel plans (16:14–27)[edit]

text: The concluding verses contain a description of his travel plans, personal greetings and salutations. One-third of the twenty-one Christians identified in the greetings are women, some of whom played an important role in the early church at Rome. Additionally, none of these Christians answer to the name Peter, although according to the Catholic storyline, he had been ruling as Pope in Rome for about 25 years. Possibly related was the Incident at Antioch between Paul and Cephas.

text:
Personal greetings (16:1–23 [24])
Closing doxology (16:25–27)

text: Hermeneutics[edit]

text: Catholic interpretation[edit]

text: Catholics accept the necessity of faith for salvation but point to Romans 2:5–11 for the necessity of living a virtuous life as well:[45]

text: But by your hard and impenitent heart you are storing up wrath for yourself on the day of wrath when God's righteous judgment will be revealed. For he will render to every man according to his works: to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life; but for those who are factious and do not obey the truth, but obey wickedness, there will be wrath and fury. There will be tribulation and distress for every human being who does evil, the Jew first and also the Greek, but glory and honor and peace for every one who does good, the Jew first and also the Greek. For God shows no partiality.

text: Throughout his writings, St. Augustine strongly affirms the Catholic understanding of this and other such Scriptural admonitions. In his sermons to his Catholic congregations, he is especially careful to warn them against an inordinate desire for a complete assurance of salvation. In his Exposition of Psalm 147 for example, he states:[46]

text: The gospel warned us, "Be on the watch for the last day, the day when the Son of Man will come," because it will spell disaster for those it finds secure as they are now – secure for the wrong reasons, I mean, secure in the pleasures of this world, when they ought to be secure only when they have dominated this world's lusts. The apostle certainly prepares us for that future life in words of which I also reminded you on that occasion.

text: Again, in his Exposition of Psalm 85, Augustine is perhaps even more specific:[47]

text: Let us not expect security while we are on pilgrimage. When we do find ourselves wanting it, what we are looking for is bodily sluggishness rather than personal security.

text: Catholics would also look to the passage in Romans 8:13 for evidence that justification by faith is only valid so long as it is combined with obedient cooperation with The Holy Spirit, and the passage in Romans 11:22 to show that the Christian can lose their justification if they turn away from cooperating with The Holy Spirit and reject Christ through mortal sin.

text: Protestant interpretation[edit]

text: In the Protestant interpretation, the New Testament epistles (including Romans), describes salvation as coming from faith and not from righteous actions. For example, Romans 4:2–5 (underlining added):

text: They also point out that in Romans chapter 2:9, Paul says that God will reward those who follow the law and then goes on to say that no one follows the law perfectly (see also Sermon on the Mount: Interpretation) Romans 2:21–25:

text: Martin Luther described Paul's letter to the Romans as "the most important piece in the New Testament. It is purest Gospel. It is well worth a Christian's while not only to memorize it word for word but also to occupy himself with it daily, as though it were the daily bread of the soul".[48]

text: Luther controversially added the word "alone" (allein in German) to Romans 3:28 so that it read: "thus, we hold, then, that man is justified without doing the works of the law, alone through faith".[49] The word "alone" does not appear in the original Greek text,[50] but Luther defended his translation by maintaining that the adverb "alone" was required both by idiomatic German and Paul's intended meaning. This is a "literalist view" rather than an literal view of the Bible.[51]

text: Apologist James Swan lists numerous Catholic sources that also translated Romans 3:28 with the word "alone," or testified to others doing so before Luther.[52] A Bible commentary published in 1864 reports that:

text: Catholic translators before the time of Luther had given the same translation. So in the Nuremberg Bible, 1483, "Nur durch den glauben." And the Italian Bibles of Geneva, 1476, and of Venice, 1538, per sola fede. The Fathers also often use the expression, "man is justified by faith alone;" [53]

text: The Romans Road (or Roman Road) refers to a set of scriptures from Romans that Christian evangelists use to present a clear and simple case for personal salvation to each person, as all the verses are contained in one single book, making it easier for evangelism without going back and forth through the entire New Testament. The core verses used by nearly all groups using Romans Road are: Romans 3:23, 6:23, 5:8, 10:9, and 10:13.[54]

text: Romans has been at the forefront of several major movements in Protestantism. Martin Luther's lectures on Romans in 1515–1516 probably coincided with the development of his criticism of Roman Catholicism which led to the 95 Theses of 1517. In 1738, while hearing Luther's Preface to the Epistle to the Romans read at St. Botolph Church on Aldersgate Street in London, John Wesley famously felt his heart "strangely warmed", a conversion experience which is often seen as the beginning of Methodism. In 1919 Karl Barth's commentary on Romans, The Epistle to the Romans, was the publication which is widely seen as the beginning of neo-orthodoxy.[citation needed]


document_title: Senate Electoral Tribunal

question_text: who are the members of senate electoral tribunal

text: Senate Electoral Tribunal

text: Cases[edit]

text: Successful electoral protests:

text:
Romero vs. Sanidad electoral protest (1946)
Rodriguez vs. Tan electoral protest (1947)
Recto vs. de Vera electoral protest (1949)
Pimentel vs. Zubiri electoral protest (2007)
De Lima vs. Tolentino electoral protest (2016)

text: Current members[edit]

text: The chairperson of the SET is always the most senior justice of the Supreme Court that's sitting in the tribunal. These are the members as of the 17th Congress, which first convened on July 25, 2016.

text:
17th Congress (August 10, 2016–Present)

Members
Party
Term
Membership

Antonio Carpio
Nonpartisan
November 7, 2009–present
Supreme Court associate justice (Chairperson)

Teresita Leonardo-de Castro
Nonpartisan
June 14, 2011–present
Supreme Court associate justice

Lucas P. Bersamin
Nonpartisan
December 30, 2016–present
Supreme Court associate justice

Grace Poe
Independent
August 10, 2016–present
Senator from the majority bloc

Nancy Binay
UNA
August 10, 2016–present
Senator from the majority bloc

Richard J. Gordon
Independent
August 10, 2016–present
Senator from the majority bloc

Franklin Drilon
Liberal
August 10, 2016–present
Senator from the minority bloc

Antonio Trillanes
Nacionalista
August 10, 2016–present
Senator from the minority bloc

Villanueva, JoelJoel Villanueva
CIBAC
June 30 2017–present
Senator from the majority bloc

text: Former senator members[edit]

text:
Congress (July 1, 1987–June 30, 2016)

Member
Political party
Term of Senators

Cynthia Villar

Nacionalista
August 10, 2016–June 30 2017

Loren Legarda

NPC
July 1, 1998-June 30, 2001; July 1, 2014-August 10, 2016

Bam Aquino

Liberal
July 1, 2013–August 10, 2016

Tito Sotto

NPC
July 1, 2001-June 30, 2004; July 1, 2013-August 10, 2016

Pia Cayetano

Nacionalista
July 1, 2007–June 30, 2016

Sonny Angara

LDP
July 1, 2013–June 30, 2014

Francis Pangilinan

Liberal
July 1, 2001-June 30, 2004; July 1, 2010-June 30, 2013

Bong Revilla

Lakas
July 1, 2004-June 30, 2007; July 1, 2010-June 30, 2013

Gregorio Honasan

UNA
July 1, 2010–June 30, 2013

Lito Lapid

Lakas
July 1, 2010-June 30, 2013

Edgardo Angara

LDP
July 1, 2007-June 30, 2010

Francis Escudero

Independent
July 1, 2007-June 30, 2010

Benigno Aquino III

Liberal
July 1, 2007-June 30, 2010

Panfilo Lacson

Independent
July 1, 2007-June 30, 2010

Manuel Villar

Nacionalista
July 1, 2004-June 30, 2007

Loi Ejercito

PMP
October 16, 2005-June 30, 2007

Jinggoy Estrada

PMP
July 1, 2004-October 15, 2005

Ramon Magsaysay, Jr.

Liberal
July 1, 2004-June 30, 2007

Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.

PDP-Laban
July 1, 2001-June 30, 2007

Juan Flavier

Lakas
July 1, 2001-June 30, 2007

Rodolfo Biazon

Liberal
July 1, 2001-June 30, 2004

Ramon Revilla,

Lakas
July 1, 1998-June 30, 2001

John Henry Osmeña

NPC
July 1, 1998-June 30, 2001

Robert Jaworski,

Lakas
July 1, 1998-June 30, 2001

Raul Roco

Aksyon
July 1, 1995-June 30, 1998

Blas Ople

LAMMP
July 1, 1995-June 30, 1998

Alberto Romulo

LDP
July 1, 1995-June 30, 1998

Miriam Defensor Santiago

PRP
July 1, 1995-June 30, 1998

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Lakas
July 1, 1995-June 30, 1998

Francisco Tatad

PRP
July 1, 1992-June 30, 1995

Nikki Coseteng

LDP
July 1, 1992-June 30, 1995

Leticia Ramos-Shahani

Lakas
July 1, 1992-June 30, 1995

Freddie Webb

LDP
July 1, 1992-June 30, 1995

Juan Ponce Enrile

PMP
July 1, 1988-June 30, 1992

Teofisto Guingona

Liberal
July 1, 1987-June 30, 1995

Neptali A. Gonzales

LDP
July 1, 1987-June 30, 1992

Jose D. Lina, Jr.

LDP
July 1, 1987-June 30, 1992

Joseph Estrada

PMP
July 1, 1987-June 30, 1988

Mamintal A.J. Tamano

Nacionalista
July 1, 1987-June 30, 1992

Victor San Andres Ziga

Liberal
July 1, 1987-June 30, 1992


document_title: Africa Cup of Nations

question_text: where is the african cup of nations being held

text: Africa Cup of Nations

text: History[edit]

text: 1950s–60s: Origin and early years[edit]

text:
The origin of the African Nations Cup dates from June 1956, when the creation of the Confederation of African Football was proposed during the third FIFA congress in Lisbon. There were immediate plans for a continental tournament to be held and, in February 1957, the first African Cup of Nations was held in Khartoum, Sudan. There was no qualification for this tournament, the field being made up of the four founding nations of CAF (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and South Africa). South Africa's insistence on selecting only white players for their squad due to its apartheid policy led to its disqualification, and as a consequence Ethiopia were handed a bye straight to the final.[4]
Hence, only two matches were played, with Egypt being crowned as the first continental champion after defeating hosts Sudan in the semi-final and Ethiopia in the final. Two years later Egypt hosted the second ANC in Cairo with the participation of the same three teams. Host and defending champions Egypt again won, after defeating Sudan.

text: The field grew to include nine teams for the third ANC in 1962 in Addis Ababa, and for the first time there was a qualification round to determine which four teams would play for the title. Host Ethiopia and reigning champion Egypt received automatic berths, and were joined in the final four by Nigeria and Tunisia. Egypt made its third consecutive final appearance, but it was Ethiopia that emerged as victors, after first beating Tunisia and then downing Egypt in extra time.

text: 1960s: Ghanaian domination[edit]

text: In 1963, Ghana made its first appearance as it hosted the event, and won the title after beating Sudan in the final. They repeated that as they became champions two years later in Tunisia—equalling Egypt as two-time winners—with a squad that included only two returning members from the 1963 team.[5]

text: In 1965, the CAF introduced a rule that limit the number of overseas players in each team to two. The rule persisted to 1982.[6]

text: The 1968 competition's final tournament format expanded to include eight of the 22 teams entered in the preliminary rounds. The qualifying teams were distributed in two groups of four to play single round-robin tournaments, with the top two teams of each group advancing to semi-finals, a system that remained in use for the finals until 1992. The Democratic Republic of Congo won its first title, beating Ghana in the final. Starting with the 1968 tournament, the competition has been regularly held every two years in even numbered years. Côte d'Ivoire forward Laurent Pokou led the 1968 and 1970 tournaments in scoring, with six and eight goals respectively, and his total of 14 goals remained the all-time record until 2008. Play was covered for television for the first time during the 1970 tournament in Sudan,[5] as the hosts lifted the trophy after defeating Ghana—who were playing their fourth consecutive final.

text: 1970s: A decade of champions[edit]

text: Six different nations won titles from 1970 to 1980: Sudan, Congo-Brazzaville, Zaire, Morocco, Ghana, and Nigeria. Zaire's second title in the 1974 edition (they won their first as the Democratic Republic of Congo) came after facing Zambia in the final. For the only time to date in the history of the competition, the match had to be replayed as the first contest between the two sides ended in a 2–2 draw after extra time. The final was re-staged two days later with Zaire winning 2–0. Forward Mulamba Ndaye scored all four of Zaire's goals in these two matches: he was also the top scorer of the tournament with nine goals, setting a single-tournament record that remains unmatched. Three months earlier, Zaire had become the first Sub-Saharan African nation to qualify to the FIFA World Cup. Morocco won their first title in the 1976 ANC held in Ethiopia and Ghana took its third championship in 1978, becoming the first nation to win three titles.

text: 1980s: Cameroonian domination[edit]

text:
In 1980, Nigeria hosted the event and beat Algeria to capture its first championship.
Ghana's fourth continental title came in the 1982 cup tournament; they beat Algeria in the semi-finals in extra time, and faced host Libya in the final. The match ended in a 1–1 draw after 120 minutes and Ghana won the penalty shootout to become champions. Cameroon won their first title two years later by beating Nigeria, and in the 1986 cup, they faced Egypt—absent from the final since 1962—with Egypt winning the title on penalty kicks. Cameroon reached its third consecutive final in the 1988 tournament and won their second championship by repeating their 1984 victory over Nigeria.

text: 1990s: The return of South Africa[edit]

text: In 1990, Nigeria lost once again as they made their third final appearance in four tournaments, this time falling to host Algeria. The 1992 Cup of Nations expanded the number of final tournament participants to 12; the teams were divided into four groups of three, with the top two teams of each group advancing to quarter-finals. Ghanaian midfielder Abedi "Pelé" Ayew, who scored three goals, was named the best player of the tournament after his contributions helped Ghana reach the final; he was, however, suspended for that match and Ghana lost to Côte d'Ivoire in a penalty shootout that saw each side make 11 attempts to determine the winner. Côte d'Ivoire set a record for the competition by holding each of their opponents scoreless in the six matches of the final tournament.

text: The 12-team, three-group format was used again two years later, where hosts Tunisia were humiliated by their first round elimination. Nigeria, who had just qualified to the World Cup for the first time in their history, won the tournament, beating Zambia, who a year before had been struck by disaster when most of their national squad died in a plane crash while traveling to play a 1994 World Cup qualification match. Nigerian forward Rashidi Yekini, who had led the 1992 tournament with four goals, repeated as the top scorer with five goals.

text: South Africa hosted the 20th ACN competition in 1996, marking their first ever appearance after a decades long ban was lifted with the end of apartheid in the country and a failed attempt to qualify in 1994. The number of final round participants in 1996 was expanded to the current 16, split into four groups. However, the actual number of teams playing in the final was only 15 as Nigeria withdrew from the tournament at the final moment for political reasons.[7] Bafana Bafana won their first title on home soil, defeating Tunisia in the final.[8]

text: The South Africans would reach the final again two years later in Burkina Faso, but were unable to defend their title, losing to Egypt who claimed their fourth cup.

text: 2000s: Egypt's unprecedented treble[edit]

text: The 2000 edition was hosted jointly by Ghana and Nigeria, who replaced the originally designated host Zimbabwe. Following a 2–2 draw after extra time in the final, Cameroon defeated Nigeria on penalty kicks. In 2002, Cameroon's Indomitable Lions made the second consecutive titles since Ghana had done it in the 1960s and after Egypt had done it before in 1957 and 1959. Again via penalty kicks, the Cameroonians beat first-time finalists Senegal, who also debuted in the World Cup later that year. Both finalists were eliminated in quarter finals two years later in Tunisia, where the hosts won their first title, beating Morocco 2–1 in the final. The 2006 tournament was also won by the hosts, Egypt, who reached a continental-record fifth title. Ahead of the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations several European clubs called for a rethink of the tournament's schedule. As it takes place during the European season, players who are involved miss several matches for their clubs.[9]

text: In January 2008, FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced that he wanted the tournament to be held in either June or July by 2016, to fit in the international calendar, although this would preclude many countries in central and west Africa from hosting the competition (as these months occur during their wet season).[10] The 2008 tournament was hosted by Ghana, and saw Egypt retain the trophy, winning their record-extending sixth tournament by defeating Cameroon 1–0 in the final.[11]

text: Egypt set a new record in the 2010 tournament that was hosted by Angola by winning their third consecutive title in an unprecedented achievement on the African level after defeating Ghana 1–0 in the final, retaining the gold-plated cup indefinitely and extending their record to 7 continental titles (including when Egypt was known as UAR between 1958 and 1961).[12] Egypt became the first African nation to win three consecutive cups and joined Mexico, Argentina, and Iran who also won their continent cup 3 times in a row.

text: On 31 January 2010, Egypt set a new African record, not being defeated for 19 consecutive Cup of Nations matches, since a 2–1 loss against Algeria in Tunisia in 2004,[citation needed] and a record 9 consecutive win streak.[citation needed]

text: In May 2010, it was announced that the tournament would be moved to odd-numbered years from 2013 in order to prevent the tournament from taking place in the same year as the World Cup. It also meant there were two tournaments within twelve months in January 2012[13]  (co-hosted by Gabon and Equatorial Guinea) and January 2013 (hosted by South Africa).[3] The change of FIFA Confederations Cup from a biennial to a quadrennial tournament, and the switching of the African Cup of Nations from even to odd-number years, meant that some previous African Cup of Nations champions such as Egypt, Zambia, and Ivory Coast (winners of the 2010, 2012, and 2015 tournaments respectively) were deprived from participating in the Confederations Cup tournament.

text: On 29 January 2011, Morocco won the bid to host the 2015 edition and Libya won the right to host the 2013 tournament. But due to the 2011 Libyan civil war, Libya and South Africa traded years with South Africa hosting in 2013 and Libya hosting in 2017,[14] (though CAF ultimately decided to hold the 2017 tournament in Gabon due to ongoing fighting in Libya[15])

text: In 2012, Zambia won the final after a penalty shootout against Côte d'Ivoire. This drew increased media attention since the match took place in Gabon, only a few hundred meters from the crash site of the 1993 air disaster of their national team. The 2013 tournament was won by Nigeria, beating first time finalists Burkina Faso.

text: In 2014-15, the West African Ebola virus epidemic disrupted the tournament.[16] The Antoinette Tubman Stadium in Monrovia, Liberia was converted into an Ebola treatment unit.[17] On 24 July Liberia suspended all football activities.[18] The 2015 Africa Cup of Nations was scheduled to be held in Morocco, but they refused to hold the tournament on the allotted dates due to concerns of the Ebola outbreak. The 2015 tournament was then moved to Equatorial Guinea.[19]

text: Reforms[edit]

text: Under Ahmad Ahmad's presidency, there were discussions regarding further changes to the African Cup of Nations. In July 2017, two changes were proposed:[20][21]

text:
Switch the competition from January to Summer
expansion from 16 to 24 teams (effective from the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations)

text: On 20 July 2017, the CAF Executive Commission approved the propositions at a meeting in Rabat, Morocco.[2]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: In July 2016, Total secured the rights to an eight-year sponsorship package to support 10 of CAF's principal competitions. This began with the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations in Gabon which was renamed the "Total Africa Cup of Nations".[22]

text: Trophy[edit]

text: Throughout the history of the African Cup of Nations, three different trophies have been awarded to the winners of the competition. The original trophy, made of silver, was the Abdelaziz Abdallah Salem Trophy, named after the first CAF president, Egyptian Abdelaziz Abdallah Salem. As the first winner of three African Cup of Nations tournaments, Ghana obtained the right to permanently hold the trophy in 1978.[23]

text: The second trophy was awarded from 1980 to 2000, and was named "Trophy of African Unity"[24] or "African Unity Cup".[23] It was given to CAF by the Supreme Council for Sports in Africa prior to the 1980 tournament and it was a cylindrical piece with the Olympic rings over a map of the continent engraved on it. It sat on a squared base and had stylized triangular handles. Cameroon won the Unity Cup indefinitely after they became three-time champions in 2000.

text: In 2001, the third trophy was revealed, a gold-plated cup designed and made in Italy.[23] Cameroon, permanent holders of the previous trophy, were the first nation to be awarded the new trophy after they won the 2002 edition. Egypt won the gold-plated cup indefinitely after they became three-time champions in 2010, in an unprecedented achievement by winning three consecutive continental titles. Unlike previous winners who would have then taken the trophy home, Egypt were presented with a special full size replica that they were allowed to keep. First and second time winners usually get a smaller sized replica for their trophy cabinets.

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.

Year

Host(s)

Teams

Final

Third Place Play-off

Champion

Score

Second Place

Third Place

Score

Fourth Place

1

1957Details

 Sudan

4/3 [1]

Egypt

4–0

Ethiopia

Sudan

N/A [2]

2

1959Details

 United Arab Republic

3

United Arab Republic

N/A [3]

Sudan

Ethiopia

N/A [2]

3

1962Details

 Ethiopia

4

Ethiopia

4–2 (a.e.t.)

United Arab Republic

Tunisia

3–0

Uganda

4

1963Details

 Ghana

6

Ghana

3–0

Sudan

United Arab Republic

3–0

Ethiopia

5

1965Details

 Tunisia

6

Ghana

3–2 (a.e.t.)

Tunisia

Ivory Coast

1–0

Senegal

6

1968Details

 Ethiopia

8

Congo-Kinshasa

1–0

Ghana

Ivory Coast

1–0

Ethiopia

7

1970Details

 Sudan

8

Sudan

1–0

Ghana

United Arab Republic

3–1

Ivory Coast

8

1972Details

 Cameroon

8

Congo

3–2

Mali

Cameroon

5–2

Zaire

9

1974Details

 Egypt

8

Zaire

2–2 (a.e.t.)

Zambia

Egypt

4–0

Congo

Match replay: 2–0

10

1976Details

 Ethiopia

8

Morocco

N/A [4]

Guinea

Nigeria

N/A [4]

Egypt

11

1978Details

 Ghana

8

Ghana

2–0

Uganda

Nigeria

2–0 [5]

Tunisia

12

1980Details

 Nigeria

8

Nigeria

3–0

Algeria

Morocco

2–0

Egypt

13

1982Details

 Libya

8

Ghana

1–1 (a.e.t.)

Libya

Zambia

2–0

Algeria

Penalty Shoot-out: 7–6

14

1984Details

 Ivory Coast

8

Cameroon

3–1

Nigeria

Algeria

3–1

Egypt

15

1986Details

 Egypt

8

Egypt

0–0 (a.e.t.)

Cameroon

Ivory Coast

3–2

Morocco

Penalty Shoot-out: 5–4

16

1988Details

 Morocco

8

Cameroon

1–0

Nigeria

Algeria

1–1 (a.e.t.)

Morocco

Penalty Shoot-out: 4–3

17

1990Details

 Algeria

8

Algeria

1–0

Nigeria

Zambia

1–0

Senegal

18

1992Details

 Senegal

12

Ivory Coast

0–0 (a.e.t.)

Ghana

Nigeria

2–1

Cameroon

Penalty Shoot-out: 11–10

19

1994Details

 Tunisia

12

Nigeria

2–1

Zambia

Ivory Coast

3–1

Mali

20

1996Details

 South Africa

16/15 [6]

South Africa

2–0

Tunisia

Zambia

1–0

Ghana

21

1998Details

 Burkina Faso

16

Egypt

2–0

South Africa

DR Congo

4–4 (a.e.t.)

Burkina Faso

Penalty Shoot-out: 4–1

22

2000Details

 Ghana & Nigeria

16

Cameroon

2–2 (a.e.t.)

Nigeria

South Africa

2–2 (a.e.t.)

Tunisia

Penalty Shoot-out: 4–3

Penalty Shoot-out: 4–3

23

2002Details

 Mali

16

Cameroon

0–0 (a.e.t.)

Senegal

Nigeria

1–0

Mali

Penalty Shoot-out: 3–2

24

2004Details

 Tunisia

16

Tunisia

2–1

Morocco

Nigeria

2–1

Mali

25

2006Details

 Egypt

16

Egypt

0–0 (a.e.t.)

Ivory Coast

Nigeria

1–0

Senegal

Penalty Shoot-out: 4–2

26

2008Details

 Ghana

16

Egypt

1–0

Cameroon

Ghana

4–2

Ivory Coast

27

2010Details

 Angola

16/15 [7]

Egypt

1–0

Ghana

Nigeria

1–0

Algeria

28

2012Details

 Gabon & Equatorial Guinea

16

Zambia

0–0 (a.e.t.)

Ivory Coast

Mali

2–0

Ghana

Penalty Shoot-out: 8–7

29

2013Details

 South Africa

16

Nigeria

1–0

Burkina Faso

Mali

3–1

Ghana

30

2015Details

 Equatorial Guinea

16

Ivory Coast

0–0 (a.e.t.)

Ghana

DR Congo

0–0 (a.e.t.)

Equatorial Guinea

Penalty Shoot-out: 9–8

Penalty Shoot-out: 4–2

31

2017Details

 Gabon

16

Cameroon

2–1

Egypt

Burkina Faso

1–0

Ghana

32

2019Details

 Cameroon

24

To be played

To be played

33

2021Details

 Ivory Coast

TBD

To be played

To be played

34

2023Details

 Guinea

TBD

To be played

To be played

text:
^ South Africa were disqualified from the tournament due to the country's apartheid policies.
^  Only three teams participated.
^  There was no final match; the three teams played each other once, with the winner on points receiving the Cup. It finished: UAR 4pts, Sudan 2, Ethiopia 0.
^  There was no final match; the tournament was decided in a final group contested by the last four teams. It finished: Morocco 5pts, Guinea 4, Nigeria 3, Egypt 0.
^  The third-place match was tied 1–1 when the Tunisian team withdrew from the field in the 42nd minute in protest at the officiating. Nigeria were awarded a 2–0 walkover.[25]
^   Nigeria withdrew prior to the start of the finals. Guinea, as the best side to not qualify, was offered Nigeria's spot in the finals, but declined due to a lack of preparation time.
^  The Togolese team withdrew from the competition after their bus was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda, Angola. Following their departure from Angola, Togo were formally disqualified from the tournament after failing to fulfil their opening Group B game against Ghana on 11 January. On 30 January 2010, CAF banned Togo from participating in the next two Africa Cup of Nations tournaments and fined the team $50,000 due to "government involvement in the withdrawal from the tournament". Togo were unable to compete until the 2015 tournament, but that ban was lifted on 14 May 2010 by a ruling from the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

tag: ol

text:
Key:
a.e.t. – after extra time

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Team

Winners

Runners-up

Third place

Fourth place

Total (top four)

 Egypt

7 (1957, 1959*1, 1986*, 1998, 2006*, 2008, 2010)

2 (19621, 2017)

3 (19631, 19701, 1974*)

3 (1976, 1980, 1984)

15

 Cameroon

5 (1984, 1988, 2000, 2002, 2017)

2 (1986, 2008)

1 (1972*)

1 (1992)

9

 Ghana

4 (1963*, 1965, 1978*, 1982)

5 (1968, 1970, 1992, 2010, 2015)

1 (2008*)

4 (1996, 2012, 2013, 2017)

14

 Nigeria

3 (1980*, 1994, 2013)

4 (1984, 1988, 1990, 2000*)

7 (1976, 1978, 1992, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2010)

–

14

 Ivory Coast

2 (1992, 2015)

2 (2006, 2012)

4 (1965, 1968, 1986, 1994)

2 (1970, 2008)

10

 DR Congo

2 (19682, 19743)

–

2 (1998, 2015)

1 (19723)

5

 Zambia

1 (2012)

2 (1974, 1994)

3 (1982, 1990, 1996)

–

6

 Tunisia

1 (2004*)

2 (1965*, 1996)

1 (1962)

2 (1978, 2000)

6

 Sudan

1 (1970*)

2 (1959, 1963)

1 (1957*)

–

4

 Algeria

1 (1990*)

1 (1980)

2 (1984, 1988)

2 (1982, 2010)

6

 Ethiopia

1 (1962*)

1 (1957)

1 (1959)

2 (1963, 1968*)

5

 Morocco

1 (1976)

1 (2004)

1 (1980)

2 (1986, 1988*)

5

 South Africa

1 (1996*)

1 (1998)

1 (2000)

–

3

 Congo

1 (1972)

–

–

1 (1974)

2

 Mali

–

1 (1972)

2 (2012, 2013)

3 (1994, 2002*, 2004)

6

 Burkina Faso

–

1 (2013)

1 (2017)

1 (1998*)

3

 Senegal

–

1 (2002)

–

3 (1965, 1990, 2006)

4

 Uganda

–

1 (1978)

–

1 (1962)

2

 Guinea

–

1 (1976)

–

–

1

 Libya

–

1 (1982*)

–

–

1

 Equatorial Guinea

–

–

–

1 (2015*)

1

text:
* hosts
1 as United Arab Republic
2 as Congo-Kinshasa
3 as Zaire

text: All-time record[edit]

text:
Tournaments

Matches

Goals Scored

Goals per match

1957

2

7

3.50

1959

3

8

2.67

1962

4

18

4.50

1963

8

33

4.13

1965

8

31

3.88

1968

16

52

3.25

1970

16

51

3.19

1972

16

53

3.31

1974

17

54

3.18

1976

18

54

3.00

1978

16

38

2.38

1980

16

33

2.06

1982

16

32

2.00

1984

16

39

2.44

1986

16

31

1.94

1988

16

23

1.44

1990

16

30

1.88

1992

20

34

1.70

1994

20

44

2.20

1996

29

78

2.69

1998

32

93

2.91

2000

32

73

2.28

2002

32

48

1.50

2004

32

88

2.75

2006

32

73

2.28

2008

32

99

3.09

2010

29

71

2.45

2012

32

76

2.38

2013

32

69

2.16

2015

32

68

2.13

2017

32

66

2.06

text: Champions by region[edit]

text:
Regional federation

Champion(s)

Title(s)

UNAF (North Africa)

Egypt (7), Algeria (1), Morocco (1), Tunisia (1)

10

WAFU (West Africa)

Ghana (4), Nigeria (3), Ivory Coast (2)

9

UNIFFAC (Central Africa)

Cameroon (5), DR Congo (2), Congo (1)

8

CECAFA (East Africa)

Ethiopia (1), Sudan (1)

2

COSAFA (Southern Africa)

South Africa (1), Zambia (1)

2

text: Records and statistics[edit]