document_title: Public key infrastructure

question_text: 9. what are the components of pki

question_tokens: 9 . what are the components of pki

text: Public key infrastructure

text: Design[edit]

text: Public key cryptography is a cryptographic technique that enables entities to securely communicate on an insecure public network, and reliably verify the identity of an entity via digital signatures.[4]

text: A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a system for the creation, storage, and distribution of digital certificates which are used to verify that a particular public key belongs to a certain entity. The PKI creates digital certificates which map public keys to entities, securely stores these certificates in a central repository and revokes them if needed.[5][6][7]

text: A PKI consists of:[6][8][9]

text:
A certificate authority (CA) that stores, issues and signs the digital certificates
A registration authority which verifies the identity of entities requesting their digital certificates to be stored at the CA
A central directory—i.e., a secure location in which to store and index keys
A certificate management system managing things like the access to stored certificates or the delivery of the certificates to be issued.
A certificate policy stating the PKI's requirements concerning its procedures. Its purpose is to allow outsiders to analyze the PKI's trustworthiness.

text: Methods of certification[edit]

text: Broadly speaking, there have traditionally been three approaches to getting this trust: certificate authorities (CAs), web of trust (WoT), and simple public key infrastructure (SPKI).[citation needed]

text: Certificate authorities[edit]

text: The primary role of the CA is to digitally sign and publish the public key bound to a given user. This is done using the CA's own private key, so that trust in the user key relies on one's trust in the validity of the CA's key. When the CA is a third party separate from the user and the system, then it is called the Registration Authority (RA), which may or may not be separate from the CA.[10] The key-to-user binding is established, depending on the level of assurance the binding has, by software or under human supervision.

text: The term trusted third party (TTP) may also be used for certificate authority (CA). Moreover, PKI is itself often used as a synonym for a CA implementation.[11]

text: Issuer market share[edit]

text: In this model of trust relationships, a CA is a trusted third party – trusted both by the subject (owner) of the certificate and by the party relying upon the certificate.

text: According to NetCraft,[12] the industry standard for monitoring Active TLS certificates, states that- "Although the global [TLS] ecosystem is competitive, it is dominated by a handful of major CAs — three certificate authorities (Symantec, Comodo, GoDaddy) account for three-quarters of all issued [TLS] certificates on public-facing web servers. The top spot has been held by Symantec (or VeriSign before it was purchased by Symantec) ever since [our] survey began, with it currently accounting for just under a third of all certificates. To illustrate the effect of differing methodologies, amongst the million busiest sites Symantec issued 44% of the valid, trusted certificates in use — significantly more than its overall market share."

text: Temporary certificates and single sign-on[edit]

text: This approach involves a server that acts as an offline certificate authority within a single sign-on system. A single sign-on server will issue digital certificates into the client system, but never stores them. Users can execute programs, etc. with the temporary certificate. It is common to find this solution variety with X.509-based certificates.[13]

text: Web of trust[edit]

text: An alternative approach to the problem of public authentication of public key information is the web-of-trust scheme, which uses self-signed certificates and third party attestations of those certificates. The singular term "web of trust" does not imply the existence of a single web of trust, or common point of trust, but rather one of any number of potentially disjoint "webs of trust". Examples of implementations of this approach are PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) and GnuPG (an implementation of OpenPGP, the standardized specification of PGP). Because PGP and implementations allow the use of e-mail digital signatures for self-publication of public key information, it is relatively easy to implement one's own web of trust. [14]

text: One of the benefits of the web of trust, such as in PGP, is that it can interoperate with a PKI CA fully trusted by all parties in a domain (such as an internal CA in a company) that is willing to guarantee certificates, as a trusted introducer. If the "web of trust" is completely trusted then, because of the nature of a web of trust, trusting one certificate is granting trust to all the certificates in that web. A PKI is only as valuable as the standards and practices that control the issuance of certificates and including PGP or a personally instituted web of trust could significantly degrade the trustability of that enterprise's or domain's implementation of PKI.[15]

text: The web of trust concept was first put forth by PGP creator Phil Zimmermann in 1992 in the manual for PGP version 2.0:

text: As time goes on, you will accumulate keys from other people that you may want to designate as trusted introducers. Everyone else will each choose their own trusted introducers. And everyone will gradually accumulate and distribute with their key a collection of certifying signatures from other people, with the expectation that anyone receiving it will trust at least one or two of the signatures. This will cause the emergence of a decentralized fault-tolerant web of confidence for all public keys.

text: Simple public key infrastructure[edit]

text: Another alternative, which does not deal with public authentication of public key information, is the simple public key infrastructure (SPKI) that grew out of three independent efforts to overcome the complexities of X.509 and PGP's web of trust. SPKI does not associate users with persons, since the key is what is trusted, rather than the person. SPKI does not use any notion of trust, as the verifier is also the issuer. This is called an "authorization loop" in SPKI terminology, where authorization is integral to its design.[citation needed]

text: Blockchain-based PKI[edit]

text: An emerging approach for PKI is to use the blockchain technology commonly associated with modern cryptocurrency[16]. Since blockchain technology aims to provide a distributed and unalterable ledger of information, it has qualities considered highly suitable for the storage and management of public keys. Emercoin is an example of a blockchain-based cryptocurrency that supports the storage of different public key types (SSH, GPG, RFC 2230, etc.) and provides open source software that directly supports PKI for OpenSSH servers.[citation needed] While blockchain technology can approximate the "proof of work" often underpinning the confidence in trust that relying parties have in a PKI, issues remain such as administrative conformance to policy, operational security and software implementation quality. A Certificate Authority paradigm has these issues regardless of the underlying cryptographic methods and algorithms employed, and PKI that seeks to endow certificates with trustworthy properties must also address these issues.

text: Blockchain as a technology has its own restrictions such as a low throughput which cause possibility of a long response time and high transaction fees. Building an independent distributed PKI protocol with custom consensus and cryptocurrency economy could solve the issue[17].

text: History[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Developments in PKI occurred in the early 1970s at the British intelligence agency GCHQ, where James Ellis, Clifford Cocks and others made important discoveries related to encryption algorithms and key distribution.[18] However, as developments at GCHQ are highly classified, the results of this work were kept secret and not publicly acknowledged until the mid-1990s.

text: The public disclosure of both secure key exchange and asymmetric key algorithms in 1976 by Diffie, Hellman, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman changed secure communications entirely. With the further development of high-speed digital electronic communications (the Internet and its predecessors), a need became evident for ways in which users could securely communicate with each other, and as a further consequence of that, for ways in which users could be sure with whom they were actually interacting.

text: Assorted cryptographic protocols were invented and analyzed within which the new cryptographic primitives could be effectively used. With the invention of the World Wide Web and its rapid spread, the need for authentication and secure communication became still more acute. Commercial reasons alone (e.g., e-commerce, online access to proprietary databases from web browsers) were sufficient. Taher Elgamal and others at Netscape developed the SSL protocol ('https' in Web URLs); it included key establishment, server authentication (prior to v3, one-way only), and so on. A PKI structure was thus created for Web users/sites wishing secure communications.

text: Vendors and entrepreneurs saw the possibility of a large market, started companies (or new projects at existing companies), and began to agitate for legal recognition and protection from liability. An American Bar Association technology project published an extensive analysis of some of the foreseeable legal aspects of PKI operations (see ABA digital signature guidelines), and shortly thereafter, several U.S. states (Utah being the first in 1995) and other jurisdictions throughout the world began to enact laws and adopt regulations. Consumer groups raised questions about privacy, access, and liability considerations, which were more taken into consideration in some jurisdictions than in others.

text: The enacted laws and regulations differed, there were technical and operational problems in converting PKI schemes into successful commercial operation, and progress has been much slower than pioneers had imagined it would be.

text: By the first few years of the 21st century, the underlying cryptographic engineering was clearly not easy to deploy correctly. Operating procedures (manual or automatic) were not easy to correctly design (nor even if so designed, to execute perfectly, which the engineering required). The standards that existed were insufficient.

text: PKI vendors have found a market, but it is not quite the market envisioned in the mid-1990s, and it has grown both more slowly and in somewhat different ways than were anticipated.[19] PKIs have not solved some of the problems they were expected to, and several major vendors have gone out of business or been acquired by others. PKI has had the most success in government implementations; the largest PKI implementation to date is the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) PKI infrastructure for the Common Access Cards program.

text: Uses[edit]

text: PKIs of one type or another, and from any of several vendors, have many uses, including providing public keys and bindings to user identities which are used for:

text:
Encryption and/or sender authentication of e-mail messages (e.g., using OpenPGP or S/MIME)
Encryption and/or authentication of documents (e.g., the XML Signature or XML Encryption standards if documents are encoded as XML)
Authentication of users to applications (e.g., smart card logon, client authentication with SSL). There's experimental usage for digitally signed HTTP authentication in the Enigform and mod_openpgp projects
Bootstrapping secure communication protocols, such as Internet key exchange (IKE) and SSL. In both of these, initial set-up of a secure channel (a "security association") uses asymmetric key—i.e., public key—methods, whereas actual communication uses faster symmetric key—i.e., secret key—methods.
Mobile signatures are electronic signatures that are created using a mobile device and rely on signature or certification services in a location independent telecommunication environment[20]
Internet of things requires secure communication between mutually trusted devices. A public key infrastructure enables devices to obtain and renew X509 certificates which are used to establish trust between devices and encrypt communications using TLS

text: Open source implementations[edit]

text:
OpenSSL is the simplest form of CA and tool for PKI. It is a toolkit, developed in C, that is included in all major Linux distributions, and can be used both to build your own (simple) CA and to PKI-enable applications. (Apache licensed)
EJBCA is a full featured, Enterprise grade, CA implementation developed in Java. It can be used to set up a CA both for internal use and as a service. (LGPL licensed)
OpenCA is a full featured CA implementation using a number of different tools. OpenCA uses OpenSSL for the underlying PKI operations.
XCA is a graphical interface, and database. XCA uses OpenSSL for the underlying PKI operations.
(Discontinued) TinyCA was a graphical interface for OpenSSL.
XiPKI,[21] CA and OCSP responder. With SHA3 support, OSGi-based (Java).
IoT_pki is a simple PKI built using the python cryptography library
DogTag is a full featured CA developed and maintained as part of the Fedora Project.
CFSSL[22][23] open source toolkit developed by CloudFlare for signing, verifying, and bundling TLS certificates. (BSD 2-clause licensed)
Vault[24] tool for securely managing secrets (TLS certificates included) developed by HashiCorp. (Mozilla Public License 2.0 licensed)

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Some argue that purchasing certificates for securing websites by SSL and securing software by code signing is a costly venture for small businesses.[25]. However, the emergence of free alternatives such as Let's Encrypt, has changed this. Presently Symantec holds a major share in PKI certificate market which sold one third of all certificates issued globally in 2013.[26] HTTP/2, the latest version of HTTP protocol allows unsecured connections in theory, in practice major browser companies have made it clear that they would support this state-of-art protocol only over a PKI secured TLS connection.[27] Web browser implementation of HTTP/2 including Edge from Microsoft, Chrome from Google, Firefox from Mozilla, and Opera supports HTTP/2 only over TLS by using ALPN extension of TLS protocol. This would mean that to get the speed benefits of HTTP/2, website owners would be forced to purchase SSL certificates controlled by corporations such as Symantec.

text: Current web browsers carry pre-installed intermediary certificates issued and signed by a Certificate Authority. This means browsers need to carry a large number of different certificate providers, increasing the risk of a key compromise.

text: When a key is known to be compromised it could be fixed by revoking the certificate, but such a compromise is not easily detectable and can be a huge security breach. Browsers have to issue a security patch to revoke intermediary certificates issued by a compromised root certificate authority.[28] Some practical security vulnerabilities of X.509 certificates and known cases where keys were stolen from a major Certificate Authority listed below.

text:
See PKI security issues with X.509
See Breach of Comodo CA
See Breach of Diginotar CA


question_text: who has the most international goals in women's soccer

question_tokens: who has the most international goals in women 's soccer

root

text: List of women's footballers with 100 or more international goals[edit]

text: The first player to reach 100 international goals was Italian Elisabetta Vignotto. Abby Wambach scored 100 goals in 9 years, while Christine Sinclair reached the milestone in just under 10 years. Most played exclusively in the forward position, with Kristine Lilly and Michelle Akers having also played as midfielder. All players scored at a high average rate of more than one goal every three matches. International goals in this list should not include goals scored in penalty-shoot-out; see Penalty shootout (association football). Players who are currently active at international level are indicated in bold type.

tag: p

text:
Indicates the FIFA world top scorer.

Indicates the top scorer of the respective confederation.

Indicates the top scorer of the respective nation.

tag: table

text:
#

Name

Position

Nationalteam

Intlgoals

Caps

Goalspermatch

Activeyears

Date of 100thgoal

1

Abby Wambach

Forward

 United States

184

256

0.72

2001–2015

2009-07-20[1]

2

Christine Sinclair

Forward/Midfielder

 Canada

177

268

0.66

2000–

2010-02-20[3]

3

Mia Hamm

Forward

 United States

158

275

0.57

1987–2004

1998-09-18[4]

4

Kristine Lilly

Forward/Midfielder

 United States

130

352

0.36

1987–2010

2004-10-03[5]

5

Birgit Prinz

Forward

 Germany

128

214

0.59

1994–2011

2006-10-25[6]

6

Julie Fleeting

Forward

 Scotland

116

120

0.97

1996–2011

2007-10-27[7]

7

Patrizia Panico

Forward

 Italy

110

204

0.54

1996–2014

2014-03-10[8]

8

Marta4

Forward

 Brazil

110

120

0.97

2002–

2015-12-13[9]

9

Elisabetta Vignotto1

Forward

 Italy

107

110

0.97

1970–1989

unknown

10

Sun Wen

Forward

 China PR

106

152

0.69

1990–2006

unknown

11

Carli Lloyd

Midfielder

 United States

105

262

0.40

2005–

2018-04-08[10]

12

Michelle Akers

Forward/Midfielder

 United States

105

153

0.68

1985–2000

1999-01-30[11]

13

Carolina Morace2

Forward

 Italy

105

153

0.68

1978–1997

unknown

14

Han Duan3

Forward

 China PR

101

188

0.53

2000–2011

unknown[12][13][14][15]

15

Portia Modise

Forward

 South Africa

101

124

0.81

2000–2015

2014-10-18[16]

16

Tiffeny Milbrett

Forward

 United States

100

204

0.49

1991–2006

2005-7-10[17]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
1 Vignotto reportedly scored 107, or 108 goals and her record was broken by Mia Hamm.[18][11]
FIFA indicates that she made 110 appearances.[19] The Italian Football Federation (FIGC) website lists her record as 97 goals in 95 matchers.[20]

text:
2 Morace reportedly scored 105 goals in 153 games.[21]
The FIGC website lists Morace's record as 94 goals in 136 games.[20]

text: 3Han Duan reportedly scored her one hundredth goal[22] on August 6, 2008 in China's opening match against Sweden at Beijing 2008 Olympics. Another source reported that she scored her goal 101 that day.[12] FIFA Match Report shows that she scored only one goal in that match.[23]

text: 4Some of Marta's 105 goals include goals scored against the USA u-20 women's national team in the 2007 Pan Am Games [24] and in other unofficial matches like a friendly against a combined team of Finland & the Umea club from Sweden.[25] Generally only goals scored in full international matches (senior int'l team v senior int'l team) count toward international goal totals.

text: Number of women's footballers with 100 or more international goals by country[edit]

text:
Footballers

Country

Confederation

6
 United States
CONCACAF

3
 Italy
UEFA

2
 China PR
AFC

1
 Brazil
CONMEBOL

 Canada
CONCACAF

 Germany
UEFA

 Scotland
UEFA

 South Africa
CAF

text: Number of women's footballers with 100 or more international goals by Confederation[edit]

text:
Footballers

Confederation

7
CONCACAF

5
UEFA

2
AFC

1
CAF

1
CONMEBOL

0
OFC

16
Total


document_title: House of Commons of the United Kingdom

question_text: who chairs the debates at the house of commons

question_tokens: who chairs the debates at the house of commons

text: House of Commons of the United Kingdom

text: Role[edit]

text: Relationship with Her Majesty's Government[edit]

text: Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance. By convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Thus, whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant, the Sovereign appoints the person who has the support of the House, or who is most likely to command the support of the House—normally the leader of the largest party in the Commons, while the leader of the second-largest party becomes the Leader of the Opposition. Since 1963, by convention, the prime minister is always a member of the House of Commons, rather than the House of Lords.

text: The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence. Confidence and no confidence motions are phrased explicitly, for instance: "That this House has no confidence in Her Majesty's Government." Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such. In particular, important bills that form a part of the Government's agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. When a Government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, the prime minister is obliged either to resign, making way for another MP who can command confidence, or to request the monarch to dissolve Parliament, thereby precipitating a general election.

text: Parliament normally sits for a maximum term of five years. Subject to that limit, the prime minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament, with the permission of the Monarch. However, since the Fixed-Term Parliaments Act 2011, terms are now a fixed five years, and an early general election can only be brought about either by a two-thirds majority in favour of a motion for a dissolution, or by a vote of no confidence that is not followed within fourteen days by a vote of confidence (which may be for confidence in the same government or a different one). By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without an intervening general election. Only four of the eight last Prime Ministers have attained office as the immediate result of a general election; the others have gained office upon the resignation of a Prime Minister of their own party. The latter four were Jim Callaghan, John Major, Gordon Brown and the current Prime Minister Theresa May; these four inherited the office from Harold Wilson, Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair and David Cameron respectively. In such circumstances there may not even have been an internal party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim, having no electoral rival (as in the case of both Brown and May).

text: A prime minister may resign even if he or she is not defeated at the polls (for example, for personal health reasons). In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons; in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime minister's party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader; when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor, the party was unable to nominate one. It fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers.

text: By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords. A handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all prime ministers have been members of the Commons (the sole exception, the Earl of Home, disclaimed his peerage three days after becoming prime minister, and was immediately elected to the House of Commons as Sir Alec Douglas-Home after twenty days in neither House).

text: In modern times, the vast majority of ministers belong to the Commons rather than the Lords. Few major cabinet positions (except Lord Privy Seal, Lord Chancellor and Leader of the House of Lords) have been filled by a peer in recent times. Notable exceptions are Lord Carrington, who served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982, and Lord Young, who was appointed Employment Secretary in 1985. Lord Mandelson was appointed Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in October 2008; he was also briefly a member of neither the Lords nor the Commons while serving in this capacity. The elected status of members of the Commons, as opposed to the unelected nature of members of the Lords, is seen to lend more legitimacy to ministers. It is also considered important for ministers, and especially senior ministers, to be responsible to the elected house. The prime minister chooses the ministers, and may decide to remove them at any time; the formal appointment or dismissal, however, is made by the Sovereign.

text: The House of Commons scrutinises HM Government through "Prime Minister's Questions", when members have the opportunity to ask questions of the prime minister; there are other opportunities to question other cabinet ministers. Prime Minister's Questions occurs once each week, normally for half an hour each Wednesday. Questions must relate to the responding minister's official government activities, not to his or her activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament. Customarily, members of the Government party and members of the Opposition alternate when asking questions. In addition to questions asked orally during Question Time, Members of Parliament may also make inquiries in writing.

text: In practice, the House of Commons' scrutiny of the Government is fairly weak. Since the first-past-the-post electoral system is employed, the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons, and there is often little need to compromise with other parties. Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs. Also, many ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government. Thus, during the 20th century, the Government has lost confidence issues only three times—twice in 1924, and once in 1979. However, the threat of rebellions by their own party's backbench MPs often forces Governments to make concessions (under the Coalition, over foundation hospitals and under Labour over top-up fees and compensation for failed company pension schemes). Occasionally the Government is defeated by backbench rebellions (Terrorism Act 2006). However, the scrutiny provided by the Select Committees is more serious.

text: The House of Commons technically retains the power to impeach Ministers of the Crown (or any other subject, even if not a public officer) for their crimes. Impeachments are tried by the House of Lords, where a simple majority is necessary to convict. The power of impeachment, however, has fallen into disuse: the House of Commons exercises its checks on the Government through other means, such as No Confidence Motions; the last impeachment was that of Viscount Melville in 1806.

text: Legislative functions[edit]

text: Bills may be introduced in either house, though bills of importance generally originate in the House of Commons. The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the Parliament Acts, under which certain types of bills may be presented to the Queen for Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords. The Lords may not delay a money bill (a bill that, in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons, solely concerns national taxation or public funds) for more than one month. Moreover, the Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two parliamentary sessions, or one calendar year. These provisions, however, only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons. Moreover, a bill that seeks to extend a parliamentary term beyond five years requires the consent of the House of Lords.

text: By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts, only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or Supply. Furthermore, supply bills passed by the House of Commons are immune to amendments in the House of Lords. In addition, the House of Lords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a taxation or supply-related provision, but the House of Commons often waives its privileges and allows the Lords to make amendments with financial implications. Under a separate convention, known as the Salisbury Convention, the House of Lords does not seek to oppose legislation promised in the Government's election manifesto. Hence, as the power of the House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice, the House of Commons is clearly the most powerful branch of Parliament.

text: History[edit]

text: The British Parliament of today largely descends, in practice, from the Parliament of England, although the 1706 Treaty of Union, and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty, created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen Peers to represent Scotland. Later still the Acts of Union 1800 brought about the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members, creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

text: Although popularly considered to refer to the fact its members are commoners, the actual name of the House of Commons comes from the Norman French word for communities – communes.[1][2]

text: Layout and design[edit]

text: The current Commons' layout is influenced by the use of the original St. Stephen's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster.[3]

text: The rectangular shape is derived from the shape of the chapel. Benches were arranged using the configuration of the chapel's choir stalls whereby they were facing across from one another. This arrangement facilitated an adversarial atmosphere that is representative of the British parliamentary approach.[citation needed]

text: The distance across the floor of the House between the government and opposition benches is 3.96 metres (13.0 ft), said to be equivalent to two swords’ length.[4]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The House of Commons underwent an important period of reform during the 19th century. Over the years, several anomalies had developed in borough representation. The constituency boundaries had not been changed since 1660, so many towns that were once important but had declined by the 19th century still retained their ancient right of electing two members, in addition to other boroughs that had never been important, such as Gatton.[citation needed]

text: Among the most notorious of these "rotten boroughs" were Old Sarum, which had only six voters for two MPs, and Dunwich, which had largely collapsed into the sea due to coastal erosion. At the same time, large cities such as Manchester received no separate representation (although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat). Also notable were the pocket boroughs, small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats, whose "nominees" were invariably elected.[citation needed]

text: The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831. At first, the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill, but were forced to relent when the prime minister, Lord Grey, advised King William IV to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers. To avoid this, the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832. The Reform Act 1832, also known as the "Great Reform Act", abolished the rotten boroughs, established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs, and granted representation to populous cities, but still retained many pocket boroughs.[citation needed]

text: In the ensuing years, the Commons grew more assertive, the influence of the House of Lords having been reduced by the Reform Bill crisis, and the power of the patrons reduced. The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities, and it became an accepted political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office.[citation needed]

text: Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century. The Reform Act 1867 lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs, reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs, and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns. The electorate was further expanded by the Representation of the People Act 1884, under which property qualifications in the counties were lowered. The Redistribution of Seats Act of the following year replaced almost all multi-member constituencies with single-member constituencies.[citation needed]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In 1908, the Liberal Government under Asquith introduced a number of social welfare programmes, which, together with an expensive arms race, forced the Government to seek higher taxes. In 1909, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, David Lloyd George, introduced the "People's Budget", which proposed a new tax targeting wealthy landowners. But this measure failed in the heavily Conservative House of Lords, and the government resigned.

text: The resulting general election returned a hung parliament, but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties. Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed. After a further election in December 1910, the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the House with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill.

text: Thus the Parliament Act 1911 came into effect, destroying the legislative equality of the two Houses of Parliament. The House of Lords was permitted only to delay most legislation, for a maximum of three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years (reduced to two sessions or one year by the Parliament Act 1949). Since the passage of these Acts, the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament, both in theory and in practice.

text: In 1918, women over 30 were given the right to vote, quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling women to be eligible for election as members of parliament at the younger age of 21. The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish Sinn Féin candidate, Constance Markievicz, who therefore became the first woman MP. However, due to Sinn Féin's policy of abstention from Westminster, she never took her seat.[5]

text: With effect from the General Election in 1950, various forms of plural voting (i.e. some individuals had the right to vote in more than one constituency in the same election), including University constituencies, were abolished.

text: Since the 17th century, MPs had been unpaid. Most of the men elected to the Commons had private incomes, while a few relied on financial support from a wealthy patron. Early Labour MPs were often provided with a salary by a trade union, but this was declared illegal by a House of Lords judgment of 1909. Consequently, a resolution was passed in the House of Commons in 1911 introducing salaries for MPs. Government ministers had always been paid.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Expenses scandal[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2016)

text: In May and June 2009 revelations of MPs' expenses claims caused a major scandal and loss of confidence by the public in the integrity of MPs,[6] as well as causing the first forced resignation of the Speaker in 300 years.[7][8]

text: Members and elections[edit]

text:
This article is part of a series on the

United Kingdom
House of Commons

House of Commons

Members

Current members of the 57th Parliament

(2017 general election) MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland MPs for constituencies in Scotland MPs for constituencies in England
MPs for constituencies in Wales

Leadership

Speaker of the House

Leader of the House
Shadow Leader of the House

Father of the House

Committees

Committees of the House of Commons

Places

Palace of Westminster

House of Commons Chamber
Portcullis House

v
t
e

text: Since 1950, each Member of Parliament has represented a single constituency. There remains a technical distinction between county constituencies and borough constituencies, but the only effect of this difference is in the amount of money candidates are allowed to spend during campaigns. The boundaries of the constituencies are determined by four permanent and independent Boundary Commissions, one each for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The commissions conduct general reviews of electoral boundaries once every 8 to 12 years, and a number of interim reviews. In drawing boundaries, they are required to take into account local government boundaries, but may deviate from this requirement to prevent great disparities in the populations of the various constituencies. The proposals of the Boundary Commissions are subject to parliamentary approval, but may not be amended. After the next general review of constituencies, the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the Electoral Commission, which was established in 2000. As of 2017, the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies, with 533 in England, 40 in Wales, 59 in Scotland, and 18 in Northern Ireland.

text: General elections occur whenever Parliament is dissolved. The timing of the dissolution was normally chosen by the Prime Minister (see relationship with the Government above); however, as a result of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, Parliamentary terms are now fixed at five years, except in the event of the House of Commons passing a vote of no confidence or an "early election" motion, the latter having to be passed by a two-thirds majority.[9] The first use of this procedure was in April 2017, when MPs voted in favour of Theresa May's call for a snap election to be held that June.

text: All elections in the UK are held on a Thursday. The Electoral Commission is unsure when this practice arose, but dates it to 1931, with the suggestion that it was made to coincide with market day; this would ease voting for those who had to travel into the towns to cast their ballot.[10]

text: A candidate for a constituency must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that constituency, and pay a deposit of £500, which is refunded only if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote. The deposit seeks to discourage frivolous candidates. Each constituency returns one member, using the first-past-the-post electoral system, under which the candidate with a plurality of votes wins. Minors (that is, anyone under the age of 18), members of the House of Lords, prisoners, and insane persons are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons. To vote, one must be a resident of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and a British citizen, or a citizen of a British overseas territory, of the Republic of Ireland, or of a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after moving from the United Kingdom. No person may vote in more than one constituency.

text: Once elected, Members of Parliament normally continue to serve until the next dissolution of Parliament. But if a member dies or ceases to be qualified (see qualifications below), his or her seat falls vacant. It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member, but this power is exercised only in cases of serious misconduct or criminal activity. In each case, the vacancy is filled by a by-election in the constituency, with the same electoral system as in general elections.

text: The term "Member of Parliament" is normally used only to refer to members of the House of Commons, even though the House of Lords is also a part of Parliament. Members of the House of Commons may use the post-nominal letters "MP". The annual salary of each member is £74,962, effective from 1 April 2016.[11] Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold (for instance, the Speakership). Most members also claim for various office expenses (staff costs, postage, travelling, etc.) and, in the case of non-London members, for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital.

text: Qualifications[edit]

text: There are numerous qualifications that apply to Members of Parliament. Most importantly, one must be aged at least 18 (the minimum age was 21 until s.17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 came into force), and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, of a British overseas territory, of the Republic of Ireland, or of a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. These restrictions were introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981, but were previously far more stringent: under the Act of Settlement 1701, only natural-born subjects were qualified. Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons, or even vote in parliamentary elections (just as the Queen does not vote); however, they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates (unlike the Queen, who cannot enter the chamber).

text: A person may not sit in the Commons if he or she is the subject of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order (applicable in England and Wales only), or if he or she is adjudged bankrupt (in Northern Ireland), or if his or her estate is sequestered (in Scotland). Previously, MPs detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 for six months or more would have their seat vacated if two specialists reported to the Speaker that the member was suffering from a mental disorder. However, this disqualification was removed by the Mental Health (Discrimination) Act 2013. There also exists a common law precedent from the 18th century that the "deaf and dumb" are ineligible to sit in the Lower House;[12] this precedent, however, has not been tested in recent years. Jack Ashley continued to serve as an MP for 25 years after becoming profoundly deaf.

text: Anyone found guilty of high treason may not sit in Parliament until he or she has either completed the term of imprisonment or received a full pardon from the Crown. Moreover, anyone serving a prison sentence of one year or more is ineligible. Finally, the Representation of the People Act 1983 disqualifies for ten years those found guilty of certain election-related offences. Several other disqualifications are codified in the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975: holders of high judicial offices, civil servants, members of the regular armed forces, members of foreign legislatures (excluding the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth countries), and holders of several Crown offices. Ministers, even though they are paid officers of the Crown, are not disqualified.

text: The rule that precludes certain Crown officers from serving in the House of Commons is used to circumvent a resolution adopted by the House of Commons in 1623, under which members are not permitted to resign their seats. In practice, however, they always can. Should a member wish to resign from the Commons, he or she may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices: that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds, or that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead. These offices are sinecures (that is, they involve no actual duties); they exist solely to permit the "resignation" of members of the House of Commons. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is responsible for making the appointment, and, by convention, never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons.

text: Officers[edit]

text: At the beginning of each new parliamentary term, the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer, known as the Speaker. If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term, then the House may re-elect him or her merely by passing a motion; otherwise, a secret ballot is held. A Speaker-elect cannot take office until he or she has been approved by the Sovereign; the granting of the royal approbation, however, is a formality. The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers, the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means. The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means. These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means, a body over which the chairman once used to preside; even though the Committee was abolished in 1967, the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained. The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons.

text: Whilst presiding, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker wears ceremonial dress. The presiding officer may also wear a wig, but this tradition was abandoned by a former Speaker, Betty Boothroyd. Michael Martin, who succeeded to the office, also did not wear a wig whilst in the chamber. The current speaker, John Bercow, has chosen to wear a gown over a lounge suit, a decision which has sparked much debate and opposition.

text: The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the House. This chair was designed by Augustus Pugin, who initially built a prototype of the chair at King Edward's School, Birmingham: that chair is called Sapientia, and is where the Chief master sits. The Speaker is also chairman of the House of Commons Commission, which oversees the running of the House, and he or she controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a member believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been breached, he or she may raise a "point of order", on which the Speaker makes a ruling that is not subject to any appeal. The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the House. Thus, the Speaker is far more powerful than his Lords counterpart, the Lord Speaker, who has no disciplinary powers. Customarily, the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan; they do not vote (with the notable exception of tied votes, where the Speaker votes in accordance with Denison's rule), or participate in the affairs of any political party. By convention, a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in his or her constituency by any of the major parties. The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons.

text: The Clerk of the House is both the House's chief adviser on matters of procedure and chief executive of the House of Commons. He or she is a permanent official, not a member of the House itself. The Clerk advises the Speaker on the rules and procedure of the House, signs orders and official communications, and signs and endorses bills. He or she chairs the Board of Management, which consists of the heads of the six departments of the House. The Clerk's deputy is known as the Clerk Assistant. Another officer of the House is the Serjeant-at-Arms, whose duties include the maintenance of law, order, and security on the House's premises. The Serjeant-at-Arms carries the ceremonial mace, a symbol of the authority of the Crown and of the House of Commons, into the House each day in front of the Speaker, and the Mace is laid upon the Table of the House during sittings. The Librarian is head of the House of Commons Library, the House's research and information arm.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: Like the Lords, the Commons meets in the Palace of Westminster in London. The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green, in contrast to the large, lavishly furnished red Lords chamber. There are benches on two sides of the chamber, divided by a centre aisle. This arrangement reflects the design of St Stephen's Chapel, which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834. The Speaker's chair is at one end of the Chamber; in front of it, is the Table of the House, on which the Mace rests. The Clerks sit at one end of the Table, close to the Speaker so that they may advise him or her on procedure when necessary. Members of the Government sit on the benches on the Speaker's right, whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker's left. In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn, which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates. Government ministers and the leader of the Opposition and the Shadow Cabinet sit on the front rows, and are known as frontbenchers. Other members of parliament, in contrast, are known as backbenchers. Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the Chamber at the same time, as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members. It’s always said that there are 427 seats in the Chamber, but according to Sir Robert Rogers, former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive, that figure is an average or a finger in the wind estimate.[13] Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the House if they wish to listen to debates. Sittings in the Chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday, and also on some Fridays. During times of national emergency, the House may also sit at weekends.

text: Sittings of the House are open to the public, but the House may at any time vote to sit in private, which has occurred only twice since 1950. Traditionally, a Member who desired that the House sit privately could shout "I spy strangers" and a vote would automatically follow. In the past, when relations between the Commons and the Crown were less than cordial, this procedure was used whenever the House wanted to keep its debate private. More often, however, this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings; as a result, it was abolished in 1998. Now, Members seeking that the House sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect.

text: Public debates are recorded and archived in Hansard. The post war redesign of the House in 1950 included microphones, and debates were allowed to be broadcast by radio in 1975.[14] Since 1989, they have also been broadcast on television, which is now handled by BBC Parliament.[15]

text: Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the Chamber from the galleries—items thrown include leaflets, manure, flour by the group Fathers 4 Justice, and a canister of chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (tear gas). Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the House. For instance, in 1976, Conservative MP Michael Heseltine seized and brandished the Mace of the House during a heated debate. However, perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by King Charles I, who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest five members for high treason. This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the House, and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons.

text: Each year, the parliamentary session begins with the State Opening of Parliament, a ceremony in the Lords Chamber during which the Sovereign, in the presence of Members of both Houses, delivers an address outlining the Government's legislative agenda. The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod (a Lords official) is responsible for summoning the Commons to the Lords Chamber. When he arrives to deliver his summons, the doors of the Commons Chamber are traditionally slammed shut in his face, symbolising the right of the Lower House to debate without interference. He then knocks on the door three times with his Black Rod, and only then is granted admittance, where he informs the MPs that the Monarch awaits them, after which they proceed to the House of Lords for the Queen's Speech.

text: During debates, Members may speak only if called upon by the Speaker (or a Deputy Speaker, if the Speaker is not presiding). Traditionally, the presiding officer alternates between calling Members from the Government and Opposition. The Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and other leaders from both sides are normally given priority. All Privy Counsellors used to be granted priority; however, the modernisation of Commons procedure in 1998 led to the abolition of this tradition.

text: Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr Speaker", "Madam Speaker", "Mr Deputy Speaker", or "Madam Deputy Speaker". Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in debate; other members must be referred to in the third person. Traditionally, members do not refer to each other by name, but by constituency, using forms such as "the Honourable Member for [constituency]", or, in the case of Privy Counsellors, "the Right Honourable Member for [constituency]". Members of the same party (or allied parties or groups[16]) refer to each other as "my (Right) Honourable friend". (A member of the Armed Forces used to be called "the Honourable and Gallant Member", a barrister "the Honourable and Learned Member", and a woman "the Honourable Lady the Member".[17]) This may not always be the case during the actual oral delivery, when it might be difficult for a member to remember another member's exact constituency, but it is invariably followed in the transcript entered in the Hansard. The Speaker enforces the rules of the House and may warn and punish members who deviate from them. Disregarding the Speaker's instructions is considered a breach of the rules of the House and may result in the suspension of the offender from the House. In the case of grave disorder, the Speaker may adjourn the House without taking a vote.

text: The Standing Orders of the House of Commons do not establish any formal time limits for debates. The Speaker may, however, order a member who persists in making a tediously repetitive or irrelevant speech to stop speaking. The time set aside for debate on a particular motion is, however, often limited by informal agreements between the parties. Debate may also be restricted by the passage of "Allocation of Time Motions", which are more commonly known as "Guillotine Motions". Alternatively, the House may put an immediate end to debate by passing a motion to invoke Closure. The Speaker is allowed to deny the motion if he or she believes that it infringes upon the rights of the minority. Today, bills are scheduled according to a Timetable Motion, which the whole House agrees in advance, negating the use of a guillotine.

text: When the debate concludes, or when the Closure is invoked, the motion in question is put to a vote. The House first votes by voice vote; the Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye!" (in favour of the motion) or "No!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but if his or her assessment is challenged by any member or the voice vote is unclear, a recorded vote known as a division follows. The presiding officer, if he or she believes that the result of the voice vote is clear, may reject the challenge. When a division occurs, members enter one of two lobbies (the "Aye" lobby or the "No" lobby) on either side of the Chamber, where their names are recorded by clerks. A member who wishes to pointedly abstain from a vote may do so by entering both lobbies, casting one vote for and one against. At each lobby are two tellers (themselves members of the House) who count the votes of the members.

text: Once the division concludes, the tellers provide the results to the presiding officer, who then announces them to the House. If there is an equality of votes, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has a casting vote. Traditionally, this casting vote is exercised to allow further debate, if this is possible, or otherwise to avoid a decision being taken without a majority (e.g. voting 'No' to a motion or the third reading of a bill). Ties rarely occur—the last one was in July 1993. The quorum of the House of Commons is 40 members for any vote, including the Speaker and four tellers. If fewer than 40 members have participated, the division is invalid.

text: Formerly, if a member sought to raise a point of order during a division, suggesting that some of the rules governing parliamentary procedure are violated, he was required to wear a hat, thereby signalling that he was not engaging in debate. Collapsible top hats were kept in the Chamber just for this purpose. This custom was discontinued in 1998.

text: The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand, since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote. A party normally entrusts some members of parliament, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired. Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do so jeopardise promotion, or may be deselected as party candidates for future elections. Ministers, junior ministers and parliamentary private secretaries who vote against the whips' instructions usually resign. Thus, the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be low, although "backbench rebellions" by members discontent with their party's policies do occur. A member is also traditionally allowed some leeway if the particular interests of his constituency are adversely affected. In some circumstances, however, parties announce "free votes", allowing members to vote as they please. Votes relating to issues of conscience such as abortion and capital punishment are typically free votes.

text: Pairing is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division, allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend.[18][19]

text: A bisque is permission from the Whips given to a member to miss a vote or debate in the House to attend to constituency business or other matters.[20]

text: House of Commons recess dates[edit]

text: The House of Commons recess dates for the 2017–8 Parliamentary session were announced by the Leader of the House, Andrea Leadsom, in June 2017:[21]

text:
Recess
Rise of the House
Return of the House

Summer 2017
20 July 2017
5 September 2017

Summer 2017
14 September 2017
9 October 2017

Autumn 2017
7 November 2017
13 November 2017

Christmas 2017
21 December 2017
8 January 2018

February 2018
8 February 2018
20 February 2018

Easter 2018
29 March 2018
16 April 2018

State Opening of Parliament 2017[22]
21 June 2017

Prorogation 2017
27 April 2017

text: Committees[edit]

text: The British Parliament uses committees for a variety of purposes, e.g., for the review of bills. Committees consider bills in detail, and may make amendments. Bills of great constitutional importance, as well as some important financial measures, are usually sent to the "Committee of the Whole House", a body that includes all members of the Commons. Instead of the Speaker, the chairman or a Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means presides. The Committee meets in the House of Commons Chamber.

text: Most bills were until 2006 considered by Standing Committees, which consisted of between 16 and 50 members. The membership of each Standing Committee roughly reflected the strength of the parties in the House. The membership of Standing Committees changed constantly; new Members were assigned each time the committee considered a new bill. There was no formal limit on the number of Standing Committees, but usually only ten existed. Rarely, a bill was committed to a Special Standing Committee, which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised. In November 2006, Standing Committees were replaced by Public Bill Committees.

text: The House of Commons also has several Departmental Select Committees. The membership of these bodies, like that of the Standing Committees, reflects the strength of the parties. Each committee elects its own chairman. The primary function of a Departmental Select Committee is to scrutinise and investigate the activities of a particular government department. To fulfil these aims, it is permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence. Bills may be referred to Departmental Select Committees, but such a procedure is seldom used.

text: A separate type of Select Committee is the Domestic Committee. Domestic Committees oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members. Other committees of the House of Commons include Joint Committees (which also include members of the House of Lords), the Committee on Standards and Privileges (which considers questions of parliamentary privilege, as well as matters relating to the conduct of the members), and the Committee of Selection (which determines the membership of other committees).

text: Current composition[edit]

text:
Affiliation
Members[23]

At 2017 election
Current seats

Conservative
317
316

Labour
262
259

SNP
35
35

Liberal Democrat
12
12

DUP
10
10

Sinn Féin
7
6

Plaid Cymru
4
4

Green
1
1

Independent
1
5

Speaker
1
1

Total
650
649

Vacant
1

Seats needed for majority
4
5

Conservative/DUP majority
13
11

text:
For full details of changes during the 57th Parliament, see Defections, suspensions and removal of whip and By-elections.
In addition to the parties listed in the table above, the Co-operative Party is also represented in the House of Commons by 38 Labour MPs sitting with the Labour Co-operative designation.
The "seats needed for a majority" is calculated as the number of seats needed by the Conservative Party to have a majority of one (320). The "Conservative/DUP majority" is calculated as the sum of Conservative and DUP seats, less the sum of all other seats. This calculation excludes the Speaker, Deputy Speakers (two Labour and one Conservative) and Sinn Féin (who follow a policy of abstentionism).

tag: ul

text: Commons symbol[edit]

text: The symbol used by the Commons consists of a portcullis topped by St Edward's Crown. The portcullis has been one of the Royal Badges of England since the accession of the Tudors in the 15th century, and was a favourite symbol of King Henry VII. It was originally a pun on the name Tudor, as in tu-door.[24] The original badge was of gold, but nowadays is shown in various colours, predominantly green or black.

text: In film and television[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1986, the British television production company Granada Television created a near-full size replica of the post-1950 House of Commons debating chamber at its studios in Manchester for use in its adaptation of the Jeffrey Archer novel First Among Equals. The set was highly convincing, and was retained after the production—since then, it has been used in nearly every British film and television production that has featured scenes set in the chamber. From 1988 until 1999 it was also one of the prominent attractions on the Granada Studios Tour, where visitors could watch actors performing mock political debates on the set. The major difference between the studio set and the real House of Commons Chamber is that the studio set has just four rows of seats on either side whereas the real Chamber has five.

text: In 2002, the set was purchased by the scriptwriter Paul Abbott so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial State of Play. Abbott, a former Granada Television staff writer, bought it personally as the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC. Abbott kept the set in storage in Oxford.[25]

text: The post-1941 Commons Chamber was used in the film Ali G Indahouse, the political satire Restart by Komedy Kollective, about a British prime minister seeking re-election, and was mentioned in the Robin Williams stand-up special Robin Williams Live on Broadway in which he describes it as "like Congress, but with a two drink minimum".[citation needed] The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in Shepperton Studios for the Ridley Scott/Richard Loncraine 2002 biographical film on Churchill, The Gathering Storm.


document_title: List of Fairy Tail episodes

question_text: when was the last episode of fairy tail aired

text: List of Fairy Tail episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
48
October 12, 2009 (2009-10-12)
September 27, 2010 (2010-09-27)

2
24
October 11, 2010 (2010-10-11)
March 28, 2011 (2011-03-28)

3
28
April 4, 2011 (2011-04-04)
October 8, 2011 (2011-10-08)

4
25
October 15, 2011 (2011-10-15)
April 7, 2012 (2012-04-07)

5
25
April 14, 2012 (2012-04-14)
September 29, 2012 (2012-09-29)

6
25
October 6, 2012 (2012-10-06)
March 30, 2013 (2013-03-30)

7
90
April 5, 2014 (2014-04-05)
December 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)

Zero
12
January 9, 2016 (2016-01-09)
March 26, 2016 (2016-03-26)

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1 (2009–2010)[edit]

text:
No.
Official English title[a]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[b]
English air date[c]

1
"The Fairy Tail"
"Yōsei no Shippo" (妖精の尻尾)
October 12, 2009
September 30, 2011

2
"Fire Dragon, Monkey, and Bull"
"Karyū to Saru to Ushi" (火竜と猿と牛)
October 19, 2009
October 7, 2011

3
"Infiltrate the Everlue Mansion"
"Sennyū Seyo!! Ebarū Yashiki!!" (潛入せよ!! エバルー屋敷!!)
October 26, 2009
October 17, 2011

4
"Dear Kaby"
"Shin'ai Naru Kābi e" (DEAR KABY 〜親愛なるカービィへ〜)
November 2, 2009
October 21, 2011

5
"The Wizard in Armor"
"Yoroi no Madōshi" (鎧の魔導士)
November 9, 2009
—

6
"Fairies in the Wind"
"Yōsei-tachi wa Kaze no Naka" (妖精たちは風の中)
November 16, 2009
—

7
"Flame and Wind"
"Honō to Kaze" (炎と風)
November 23, 2009
—

8
"The Strongest Team"
"Saikyō Chīmu!!!" (最強チーム!!!)
November 30, 2009
—

9
"Natsu Devours a Village"
"Natsu, Mura o Kū" (ナツ、村を食う)
December 7, 2009
—

10
"Natsu vs. Erza"
"Natsu vs. Eruza" (ナツ vs. エルザ)
December 14, 2009
—

11
"The Cursed Island"
"Norowareta Shima" (呪われた島)
December 21, 2009
—

12
"Moon Drip"
"Mūn Dorippu" (月の雫 (ムーンドリップ))
January 4, 2010
—

13
"Natsu vs. Yuka the Wave User"
"Natsu vs. Hadō no Yūka" (ナツ vs. 波動のユウカ)
January 11, 2010
—

14
"Just Do Whatever!!"
"Katte ni Shiyagare!!" (勝手にしやがれ!!)
January 18, 2010
—

15
"Eternal Magic"
"Eien no Mahō" (永遠の魔法)
January 25, 2010
—

16
"The Final Showdown on Galuna Island"
"Garuna-tō, Saishū Kessen" (ガルナ島 最終決戦)
February 1, 2010
—

17
"Burst"
February 8, 2010
—

18
"Reach the Sky Above"
"Todoke, Ano Sora ni" (届け あの空に)
February 15, 2010
—

19
"Changeling"
"Chenjiringu" (チェンジリング)
February 22, 2010
—

20
"Natsu and the Dragon Egg"
"Natsu to Doragon no Tamago" (ナツとドラゴンの卵)
March 1, 2010
—

21
"The Phantom Lord"
"Yūki no Shihaisha" (幽鬼の支配者)
March 8, 2010
—

22
"Lucy Heartfilia"
"Rūshii Hātofiria" (ルーシィ・ハートフィリア)
March 15, 2010
—

23
"15 Minutes"
"Jūgo-fun" (15分)
March 22, 2010
—

24
"To Keep From Seeing Those Tears"
"Sono Namida o Minai Tame ni" (その涙を見ない為に)
March 29, 2010
—

25
"A Flower Blooms in the Rain"
"Ame no Naka ni Saku Hana" (雨の中に咲く華)
April 12, 2010
—

26
"Wings of Flame"
"Honō no Tsubasa" (炎の翼)
April 19, 2010
—

27
"The Two Dragon Slayers"
"Futari no Doragon Sureiyā" (二人の滅竜魔導士 (ドラゴンスレイヤー))
April 26, 2010
—

28
"Fairy Law"
"Fearī Rō" (フェアリーロウ)
May 3, 2010
—

29
"My Resolve"
"Atashi no Ketsui" (あたしの決意)
May 10, 2010
July 10, 2012[8]

30
"Next Generation"
May 17, 2010
July 17, 2012[9]

31
"A Star Removed from the Sky"
"Sora ni Modorenai Hoshi" (空に戻れない星)
May 24, 2010
July 24, 2012[10]

32
"Celestial Spirit King"
"Seirei-ō" (星霊王)
May 31, 2010
July 31, 2012[11]

33
"The Tower of Heaven"
"Rakuen no Tō" (楽園の塔)
June 7, 2010
August 7, 2012[12]

34
"Jellal"
"Jerāru" (ジェラール)
June 21, 2010
August 14, 2012[13]

35
"Voice of Darkness"
"Yami no Koe" (闇の声)
June 28, 2010
August 21, 2012[14]

36
"Heaven's Game"
"Rakuen Gēmu" (楽園ゲーム)
July 5, 2010
August 28, 2012[15]

37
"Armor of the Heart"
"Kokoro no Yoroi" (心の鎧)
July 12, 2010
September 4, 2012[16]

38
"Destiny"
"Desutinī" (運命 (デスティニー))
July 19, 2010
September 11, 2012[17]

39
"Give Our Prayers to the Sacred Light"
"Seinaru Hikari ni Inori o" (聖なる光に祈りを)
July 26, 2010
September 18, 2012[18]

40
"Titania Falls"
"Titānia, Chiru" (妖精女王 (ティターニア)、散る)
August 2, 2010
September 25, 2012[19]

41
"Home"
August 9, 2010
October 2, 2012[20]

42
"Battle of Fairy Tail"
"Batoru obu Fearī Teiru" (バトル・オブ・フェアリーテイル)
August 16, 2010
October 9, 2012[21]

43
"Defeat Your Friends to Save Your Friends"
"Tomo no Tame ni Tomo o Ute" (友の為に友を討て)
August 23, 2010
October 16, 2012[22]

44
"Thunder Palace"
"Kaminari Den" (神鳴殿)
August 30, 2010
October 23, 2012[23]

45
"Advent of Satan"
"Satan Kōrin" (サタン降臨)
September 6, 2010
October 30, 2012[24]

46
"Clash at Kardia Cathedral!"
"Gekitotsu! Karudia Daiseidō" (激突! カルディア大聖堂)
September 13, 2010
November 6, 2012[25]

47
"Triple Dragons"
"Toripuru Doragon" (トリプル ドラゴン)
September 20, 2010
November 13, 2012[26]

48
"Fantasia"
"Fantajia" (幻想曲 (ファンタジア))
September 27, 2010
November 20, 2012[27]

text: Season 2 (2010–2011)[edit]

text:
No.
Official English title[d]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[e]
English air date[f]

49
"The Day of the Fateful Encounter"
"Unmei no Deai no Hi" (運命の出会いの日)
October 11, 2010
September 3, 2013[28]

50
"Special Request: Watch Out for the Guy You Like!"
"Tokubetsu Irai. Kininaru Kare ni Chūi Seyo!" (特別依頼。気になる彼に注意せよ!)
October 18, 2010
September 10, 2013[29]

51
"Love & Lucky"
October 25, 2010
September 17, 2013[30]

52
"Allied Forces, Assemble!"
"Rengōgun, Shūketsu!" (連合軍、集結!)
November 1, 2010
September 24, 2013[31]

53
"Enter the Oración Seis!"
"Orashion Seisu Arawaru!" (六魔将軍 (オラシオンセイス)現る!)
November 8, 2010
October 1, 2013[32]

54
"Maiden of the Sky"
"Tenkū no Miko" (天空の巫女)
November 15, 2010
October 8, 2013[33]

55
"The Girl and the Ghost"
"Shōjo to Bōrei" (少女と亡霊)
November 22, 2010
October 15, 2013[34]

56
"Dead Grand Prix"
"Deddo Guran Puri" (デッドGP (グランプリ))
November 29, 2010
October 22, 2013[35]

57
"Darkness"
"Yami" (闇)
December 6, 2010
October 29, 2013[36]

58
"Celestial Skirmish"
"Seirei Gassen" (星霊合戦)
December 13, 2010
November 5, 2013[37]

59
"Jellal of Days Gone By"
"Tsuioku no Jerāru" (追憶のジェラール)
December 20, 2010
November 12, 2013[38]

60
"March of Destruction"
"Hametsu no Kōshin" (破滅の行進)
December 27, 2010
November 19, 2013[39]

61
"Super Aerial Battle: Natsu vs. Cobra!"
"Chōkūchūsen! Natsu vs. Kobura" (超空中戦! ナツ vs. コブラ)
January 10, 2011
November 26, 2013[40]

62
"Wizard Saint Jura"
"Seiten no Jura" (聖十のジュラ)
January 17, 2011
December 3, 2013[41]

63
"Your Words"
"Kimi no Kotoba koso" (君の言葉こそ)
January 24, 2011
December 10, 2013[42]

64
"Zero"
"Zero" (ゼロ)
January 31, 2011
December 17, 2013[43]

65
"From Pegasus to Fairies"
"Tenma kara Yōsei-tachi e" (天馬から妖精たちへ)
February 7, 2011
December 24, 2013[44]

66
"The Power of Feelings"
"Omoi no Chikara" (想いの力)
February 14, 2011
December 31, 2013[45]

67
"I'm With You"
"Watashi ga Tsuiteiru" (私がついている)
February 21, 2011
January 7, 2014[46]

68
"A Guild for One"
"Tatta Hitori no Tame no Girudo" (たった一人の為のギルド)
February 28, 2011
January 14, 2014[47]

69
"Call of the Dragon"
"Ryū no Izanai" (竜の誘い)
March 7, 2011
January 21, 2014[48]

70
"Natsu vs. Gray!!"
"Natsu vs. Gurei!!" (ナツ vs. グレイ!!)
March 14, 2011
January 28, 2014[49]

71
"Friendship Overcomes the Dead"
"Tomo wa Shikabane o Koete" (友は屍を越えて)
March 21, 2011
February 4, 2014[50]

72
"A Fairy Tail Wizard"
"Fearī Teiru no Madōshi" (フェアリーテイルの魔導士)
March 28, 2011
February 11, 2014[51]

text: Season 3 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
Official English title[g]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[h]
English air date[i]

73
"Rainbow Cherry Blossoms"
"Niji no Sakura" (虹の桜)
April 4, 2011
May 13, 2014[52]

74
"Wendy's First Big Job!?"
"Wendi, Hajimete no Ōshigoto!?" (ウェンディ、初めての大仕事!?)
April 11, 2011
May 20, 2014[53]

75
"24-Hour Endurance Road Race"
"Nijūyo Jikan Taikyū Rōdo Rēsu" (24時間耐久ロードレース)
April 16, 2011
May 27, 2014[54]

76
"Gildarts"
"Girudātsu" (ギルダーツ)
April 23, 2011
June 3, 2014[55]

77
"Earth Land"
"Āsu Rando" (アースランド)
April 30, 2011
June 10, 2014[56]

78
"Edolas"
"Edorasu" (エドラス)
May 7, 2011
June 17, 2014[57]

79
"Fairy Hunter"
"Yōsei Gari" (妖精狩り)
May 14, 2011
June 24, 2014[58]

80
"Key of Hope"
"Kibō no Kagi" (希望の鍵)
May 21, 2011
July 1, 2014[59]

81
"Fireball"
"Faiabōru" (ファイアボール)
May 28, 2011
July 8, 2014[60]

82
"Welcome Home"
"Okaerinasaimase" (おかえりなさいませ)
June 4, 2011
July 15, 2014[61]

83
"Extalia"
"Ekusutaria" (エクスタリア)
June 11, 2011
July 22, 2014[62]

84
"Fly, to Our Friends!"
"Tobe! Tomo no Moto ni!" (飛べ! 友のもとに!)
June 18, 2011
July 29, 2014[63]

85
"Code ETD"
"Kōdo Ītīdī" (コードETD)
June 25, 2011
August 5, 2014[64]

86
"Erza vs. Erza"
"Eruza vs. Eruza" (エルザ vs. エルザ)
July 2, 2011
August 12, 2014[65]

87
"We're Talking About Lives Here!!!!"
"Inochi Darō ga!!!!" (命だろーが!!!!)
July 9, 2011
August 19, 2014[66]

88
"For Pride's Sake, the River of Stars"
"Hoshi no Taiga wa Hokori no Tame ni" (星の大河は誇りの為に)
July 16, 2011
August 26, 2014[67]

89
"The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon"
"Shūen no Ryūsahō" (終焉の竜鎖砲)
July 23, 2011
September 2, 2014[68]

90
"The Boy Back Then"
"Ano Toki no Shōnen" (あの時の少年)
July 30, 2011
September 9, 2014[69]

91
"Dragon Sense"
August 6, 2011
September 16, 2014[70]

92
"O Living Ones"
"Ikiru Monotachi yo" (生きる者たちよ)
August 13, 2011
September 23, 2014[71]

93
"I'm Standing Right Here"
"Ore wa Koko ni Tatteiru" (オレはここに立っている)
August 20, 2011
September 30, 2014[72]

94
"Bye-Bye Edolas"
"Baibai Edorasu" (バイバイ エドラス)
August 27, 2011
October 7, 2014[73]

95
"Lisanna"
"Risāna" (リサーナ)
September 3, 2011
October 14, 2014[74]

96
"He Who Extinguishes Life"
"Inochi o Kesumono" (生命 (いのち)を消す者)
September 10, 2011
October 21, 2014[75]

97
"Best Partners"
"Besuto Pātonā" (ベストパートナー)
September 17, 2011
October 28, 2014[76]

98
"Who's the Lucky One?"
"Ungaii no wa Dare?" (運がいいのは誰?)
September 24, 2011
November 4, 2014[77]

99
"Natsu vs. Gildarts"
"Natsu vs. Girudātsu" (ナツ vs. ギルダーツ)
October 1, 2011
November 11, 2014[78]

100
"Mest"
"Mesuto" (メスト)
October 8, 2011
November 18, 2014[79]

text: Season 4 (2011–2012)[edit]

text:
No.
Official English title[j]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[k]
English air date[l]

101
"Black Wizard"
"Kuro Madōshi" (黒魔導士)
October 15, 2011
November 25, 2014[80]

102
"Iron Soul"
"Tetsu no Tamashii" (鉄の魂)
October 22, 2011
December 2, 2014[81]

103
"Makarov Charges"
"Shingeki no Makarofu" (進撃のマカロフ)
October 29, 2011
December 9, 2014[82]

104
"Lost Magic"
"Rosuto Majikku" (失われた魔法 (ロスト・マジック))
November 5, 2011
December 16, 2014[83]

105
"Fire Dragon vs. Flame God"
"Karyū vs. Enjin" (火竜 vs. 炎神)
November 12, 2011
December 23, 2014[84]

106
"Grand Magic World"
"Dai Mahō Sekai" (大魔法世界)
November 19, 2011
December 30, 2014[85]

107
"Arc of Embodiment"
"Gugen no Āku" (具現のアーク)
November 26, 2011
January 6, 2015[86]

108
"Human Gate"
"Ningen no Tobira" (人間の扉)
December 3, 2011
January 13, 2015[87]

109
"Lucy Fire"
"Rūshii Faia" (ルーシィファイア)
December 10, 2011
January 20, 2015[88]

110
"Dead-End of Despair"
"Zetsubō no Fukurokōji" (絶望の袋小路)
December 17, 2011
January 27, 2015[89]

111
"Tears of Love and Vitality"
"Ai to Katsuryoku no Namida" (愛と活力の涙)
December 24, 2011
February 3, 2015[90]

112
"The One Thing I Couldn't Say"
"Ienakatta Hitokoto" (言えなかった一言)
January 7, 2012
February 10, 2015[91]

113
"Tenrou Tree"
"Tenrōju" (天狼樹)
January 14, 2012
February 17, 2015[92]

114
"Erza vs. Azuma"
"Eruza vs. Azuma" (エルザ vs. アズマ)
January 21, 2012
February 24, 2015[93]

115
"Freezing Fighting Spirit"
"Kogoeru Tōshi" (凍える闘志)
January 28, 2012
March 3, 2015[94]

116
"Power of Life"
"Seinaru Chikara" (生なる力)
February 4, 2012
March 10, 2015[95]

117
"Rolling Thunder"
"Raimei Hibiku" (雷鳴響く)
February 11, 2012
March 17, 2015[96]

118
"The Man Without an Emblem"
"Monshō o Kizamanu Otoko" (紋章を刻まぬ男)
February 18, 2012
March 24, 2015[97]

119
"Realm of the Abyss"
"Shin'en no Ryōiki" (深淵の領域)
February 25, 2012
March 31, 2015[98]

120
"Daybreak on Tenrou Island"
"Akatsuki no Tenrōjima" (暁の天狼島)
March 2, 2012
April 7, 2015[99]

121
"The Right to Love"
"Aisuru Shikaku" (愛する資格)
March 9, 2012
April 14, 2015[100]

122
"Let's Hold Hands"
"Te o Tsunagō" (手をつなごう)
March 16, 2012
April 21, 2015[101]

123
"Fairy Tail, Year X791"
"Nanahyaku-kyūjū-ichi-nen: Fearī Teiru" (X791年・妖精の尻尾 (フェアリーテイル))
March 23, 2012
April 28, 2015[102]

124
"The Seven Year Gap"
"Kūhaku no Nana-nen" (空白の7年)
March 31, 2012
May 5, 2015[103]

125
"The Magic Ball"
"Mahō Butōkai" (魔法舞踏会)
April 7, 2012
May 12, 2015[104]

text: Season 5 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
Official English title[m]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[n]
English air date[o]

126
"True Scoundrels – The Butt Jiggle Gang"
"Shin no Waru Ketsupuri-dan" (真の悪ケツプリ団)
April 14, 2012
May 19, 2015[105]

127
"The Terror of Invisible Lucy!"
"Tōmei Rūshii no Kyōfu!" (透明ルーシィの恐怖!)
April 21, 2012
June 2, 2015[106]

128
"Father's Memento"
"Chichi no Ihin" (父の遺品)
April 28, 2012
June 9, 2015[107]

129
"Turbulent Showdown! Natsu vs. Laxus"
"Dotō no Taiketsu! Natsu vs. Rakusasu" (怒涛の対決! ナツ vs. ラクサス)
May 5, 2012
June 16, 2015[108]

130
"Target: Lucy"
"Nerawareta Rūshii" (狙われたルーシィ)
May 12, 2012
June 23, 2015[109]

131
"The Fury of Legion"
"Region no Mōi" (レギオンの猛威)
May 19, 2012
June 30, 2015[110]

132
"Key of the Starry Heavens"
"Hoshizora no Kagi" (星空の鍵)
May 26, 2012
July 7, 2015[111]

133
"Travel Companions"
"Tabi no Nakama-tachi" (旅の仲間たち)
June 2, 2012
July 14, 2015[112]

134
"Labyrinth Capriccio"
"Meikyū Kyōsōkyoku" (迷宮狂想曲)
June 9, 2012
July 21, 2015[113]

135
"Footprints of the Myth"
"Shinwa no Ashiato" (神話の足跡)
June 16, 2012
July 28, 2015[114]

136
"True Scoundrels, Once Again"
"Shin no Waru, Futatabi" (真の悪、ふたたび)
June 23, 2012
August 4, 2015[115]

137
"Defying Calculation"
"Keisan o Koeru Mono" (計算をこえるもの)
June 30, 2012
August 11, 2015[116]

138
"The Course of the Holy War"
"Seisen no Yukue" (聖戦のゆくえ)
July 7, 2012
August 18, 2015[117]

139
"Time Begins to Tick"
"Ugoki Hajimeta Toki" (動き始めた刻 (とき))
July 14, 2012
August 25, 2015[118]

140
"Enter the Neo-Oración Seis!"
"Shinsei Orashion Seisu Arawaru!" (新生六魔将軍 (オラシオンセイス)現る!)
July 21, 2012
September 1, 2015[119]

141
"Get the Infinity Clock!"
"Mugen Tokei o Oe" (無限時計を追え)
July 28, 2012
September 8, 2015[120]

142
"Dissonance of Battle"
"Tatakai no Fukyōwaon" (戦いの不協和音)
August 4, 2012
September 15, 2015[121]

143
"Anti-Link"
"Anchi Rinku" (アンチリンク)
August 11, 2012
September 22, 2015[122]

144
"Despair Unleashed"
"Tokihanatareta Zetsubō" (解き放たれた絶望)
August 18, 2012
September 29, 2015[123]

145
"Real Nightmare"
"Riaru Naitomea" (リアルナイトメア)
August 25, 2012
October 6, 2015[124]

146
"Time Spiral"
"Toki no Supairaru" (時のスパイラル)
September 1, 2012
October 13, 2015[125]

147
"To the Infinity Castle!"
"Mugenjō e!" (無限城へ!)
September 8, 2012
October 20, 2015[126]

148
"Angel Tears"
"Tenshi no Namida" (天使の涙)
September 15, 2012
October 27, 2015[127]

149
"I Hear the Voice of My Friend"
"Tomo no Koe ga Kikoeru" (友の声が聴こえる)
September 22, 2012
November 3, 2015[128]

150
"Lucy and Michelle"
"Rūshii to Missheru" (ルーシィとミッシェル)
September 29, 2012
November 10, 2015

text: Season 6 (2012–2013)[edit]

text:
No.
Official English title[p]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[q]
English air date[r]

151
"Sabertooth"
"Seibātūsu" (剣咬の虎 (セイバートゥース))
October 6, 2012
November 17, 2015

152
"And So We Aim for the Top"
"Soshite Ore-tachi wa Chōjō o Mezasu" (そしてオレたちは顶上を目指す)
October 13, 2012
November 24, 2015

153
"Song of the Stars"
"Hoshiboshi no Uta" (星々の歌)
October 20, 2012
December 1, 2015

154
"For All the Time We Missed Each Other"
"Surechigatta Jikan no Bun dake" (すれ违った时间の分だけ)
October 27, 2012
December 8, 2015

155
"Crocus, the Flower-Blooming Capital"
"Hanasaku Miyako: Kurokkasu" (花笑く都・クロッカス)
November 3, 2012
December 15, 2015

156
"Sky Labyrinth"
"Sukai Rabirinsu" (空中迷宮 (スカイラビリンス))
November 10, 2012
December 22, 2015

157
"New Guild"
"Shinki Girudo" (新规ギルド)
November 17, 2012
December 29, 2015

158
"Night of Shooting Stars"
"Hoshi Furu Yoru ni" (星降ル夜ニ)
November 24, 2012
January 5, 2016

159
"Lucy vs. Flare"
"Rūshii vs. Furea" (ルーシィ vs. フレア)
December 1, 2012
January 12, 2016

160
"Portent"
"Kyōzui" (凶瑞)
December 8, 2012
January 19, 2016

161
"Chariots"
"Chariotto" (战车 (チャリオット))
December 15, 2012
January 26, 2016

162
"Elfman vs. Bacchus"
"Erufuman vs. Bakkasu" (エルフマン vs. バッカス)
December 22, 2012
September 1, 2015

163
"Mirajane vs. Jenny"
"Mirajēn vs. Jenī" (ミラジェーン vs. ジェニー)
January 5, 2013
September 1, 2015

164
"Kagura vs. Yukino"
"Kagura vs. Yukino" (カグラ vs. ユキノ)
January 12, 2013
September 1, 2015

165
"Hatred at Nightfall"
"Urami wa Yoru no Tobari ni Tsutsumarete" (怨みは夜の帐に包まれて)
January 19, 2013
September 1, 2015

166
"Pandemonium"
"Pandemoniumu" (伏魔殿 (パンデモニウム))
January 26, 2013
September 1, 2015

167
"100 Against 1"
"Hyaku tai Ichi" (100対1)
February 2, 2013
September 1, 2015

168
"Laxus vs. Alexei"
"Rakusasu vs. Arekusei" (ラクサス vs. アレクセイ)
February 9, 2013
September 1, 2015

169
"Wendy vs. Shelia"
"Wendi vs. Sheria" (ウェンディ vs. シェリア)
February 16, 2013
September 1, 2015

170
"Small Fists"
"Chiisana Kobushi" (小さな拳)
February 23, 2013
September 1, 2015

171
"Naval Battle"
"Nabaru Batoru" (海战 (ナバルバトル))
March 2, 2013
September 1, 2015

172
"A Parfum for You"
"Kimi ni Sasageru Parufamu" (君に捧げる香り (パルファム))
March 9, 2013
September 1, 2015

173
"Battle of Dragon Slayers!"
"Batoru obu Doragon Sureiyā" (バトル・オブ・ドラゴンスレイヤー)
March 16, 2013
September 1, 2015

174
"Four Dragons"
"Yonin no Doragon" (四人の竜 (ドラゴン))
March 23, 2013
September 1, 2015

175
"Natsu vs. the Twin Dragons"
"Natsu vs. Sōryū" (ナツ vs. 双竜)
March 30, 2013
September 1, 2015

text: Season 7 (2014–2015)[edit]

text:
Ep.
Official English title[s]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[t]

176
"King of the Dragons"
"Ryū no Ō" (竜の王)
April 5, 2014

177
"The Eclipse Project"
"Ekuripusu Keikaku" (エクリプス計画)
April 12, 2014

178
"Fairy Tactician"
"Yōsei Gunshi" (妖精軍師)
April 19, 2014

179
"Gray vs. Rufus"
"Gurei vs. Rūfasu" (グレイ vs. ルーファス)
April 26, 2014

180
"The Hungry Wolf Knights"
"Garō Kishidan" (餓狼騎士団)
May 3, 2014

181
"Fairy Tail vs. Executioners"
"Fearī Teiru vs. Shokeinin" (FT (フェアリーテイル) vs. 処刑人)
May 10, 2014

182
"Scorching Earth"
"Moeru Daichi" (燃える大地)
May 17, 2014

183
"Our Place"
"Ore-tachi no Iru Basho" (オレたちのいる国 (ばしょ))
May 24, 2014

184
"The Kingdom 'til Tomorrow"
"Ashita made no Kuni" (明日までの国)
May 31, 2014

185
"Erza vs. Kagura"
"Eruza vs. Kagura" (エルザ vs. カグラ)
June 7, 2014

186
"A Future Racing Toward Despair"
"Zetsubō e Kasoku suru Mirai" (絶望へ加速する未来)
June 14, 2014

187
"Frog"
"Kaeru" (カエル)
June 21, 2014

188
"Roaring Thunder!"
"Gekirai!" (激雷!)
June 28, 2014

189
"Gloria"
July 5, 2014

190
"The One Who Closes the Gate"
"Tobira o Shimeru Mono" (扉を閉めるもの)
July 12, 2014

191
"Natsu vs. Rogue"
"Natsu vs. Rōgu" (ナツ vs. ローグ)
July 19, 2014

192
"For Me, Too"
"Atashi no Bun made" (あたしの分まで)
July 26, 2014

193
"Seven Dragons"
August 2, 2014

194
"Zirconis' Magic"
"Jirukonisu no Mahō" (ジルコニスの魔法)
August 9, 2014

195
"Humans and Humans, Dragons and Dragons, Humans and Dragons"
"Hito to Hito, Ryū to Ryū, Hito to Ryū" (人と人、竜と竜、人と竜)
August 16, 2014

196
"Sin and Sacrifice"
"Tsumi to Gisei" (罪と犠牲)
August 23, 2014

197
"Time of Life"
"Inochi no Jikan" (命の時間)
August 30, 2014

198
"Fields of Gold"
"Ōgon no Sōgen" (黄金の草原)
September 6, 2014

199
"The Grand Banquet"
"Dai Buyō Enbu" (大舞踊演舞)
September 13, 2014

200
"Droplets of Time"
"Seisō no Shizuku" (星霜の雫)
September 20, 2014

201
"A Gift"
"Okurimono" (贈り物)
September 27, 2014

202
"Welcome Back, Frosch"
"Okaeri, Furosshu" (おかえり、フロッシュ)
October 4, 2014

203
"Moulin Rouge"
"Mūran Rūju" (ムーランルージュ)
October 11, 2014

204
"Full Effort Hospitality!"
"Omotenashi, Inochi Kaketemasu!" (おもてなし、命かけてます!)
October 18, 2014

205
"Signal of Rebellion"
"Hangyaku no Noroshi" (反逆の狼煙)
October 25, 2014

206
"Library Panic"
"Panikku obu Raiburarī" (パニック・オブ・ライブラリー)
November 1, 2014

207
"Hisui Rises!"
"Hisui Tatsu!" (ヒスイ立つ!)
November 8, 2014

208
"Astral Spiritus"
"Asutoraru Supiritasu" (アストラル・スピリタス)
November 15, 2014

209
"Wendy vs. Aquarius – Let's Have Fun in the Amusement Park!"
"Wendi vs. Akueriasu, Yūenchi de Asobo!" (ウェンディ vs. アクエリアス、遊園地であそぼ!)
November 22, 2014

210
"Guild Deck vs. Celestial Deck"
"Girudo Dekki vs. Seirei Dekki" (ギルドデッキ vs. 星霊デッキ)
November 29, 2014

211
"Gray vs. Cancer! Dance Battle!"
"Gurei vs. Kyansā, Dansu Batoru!" (グレイ vs. キャンサー、ダンスバトル!)
December 6, 2014

212
"Juvia vs. Aries! Desert Death Match!"
"Jubia vs. Ariesu, Sabaku no Shitō!" (ジュビア vs. アリエス、砂漠の死闘!)
December 13, 2014

213
"Erza vs. Sagittarius! Horseback Showdown!"
"Eruza vs. Sajitariusu, Bajō no Kessen!" (エルザ vs. サジタリウス、馬上の決戦!)
December 20, 2014

214
"Natsu vs. Leo"
"Natsu vs. Reo" (ナツ vs. レオ)
December 27, 2014

215
"Ophiuchus, the Snake Charmer"
"Hebitsukaiza no Ofiukusu" (蛇遣い座のオフィウクス)
January 10, 2015

216
"When the Stars Fall"
"Hoshi Michite Nagaruru Toki" (星満ちて流るる時)
January 17, 2015

217
"Celestial Spirit Beast"
"Seireijū" (星霊獣)
January 24, 2015

218
"Believe"
January 31, 2015

219
"What a Pure Heart Weaves"
"Magokoro ga Tsumugu Mono" (真心が紡ぐもの)
February 7, 2015

220
"413 Days"
February 14, 2015

221
"The Labyrinth of White"
"Hakugin no Meikyū" (白銀の迷宮)
February 21, 2015

222
"Transform!"
"Henshin!" (変身!)
February 28, 2015

223
"It's Kemo-Kemo!"
"Kemokemo ga Kita!" (ケモケモが来た!)
March 7, 2015

224
"The Place You Came To"
"Kimi no Kita Basho" (君の来た場所)
March 14, 2015

225
"Lightning Man"
"Ikazuchi no Otoko" (いかづちの男)
March 21, 2015

226
"Fairy Tail of the Dead Meeeeeeeeen"
March 28, 2015

227
"Morning of a New Adventure"
"Arata na Bōken no Asa" (新たな冒険の朝)
April 4, 2015

228
"Wizards vs. Hunters"
"Madōshi vs. Hantā" (魔導士 vs. ハンター)
April 11, 2015

229
"Art of Regression"
"Taika no Hō" (退化ノ法)
April 18, 2015

230
"The Demon Returns"
"Akuma Kaiki" (悪魔回帰)
April 25, 2015

231
"Gray vs. Doriate"
"Gurei vs. Doriāte" (グレイ vs. ドリアーテ)
May 2, 2015

232
"Voice of the Flame"
"Honō no Koe" (炎の声)
May 9, 2015

233
"Song of the Fairies"
May 16, 2015

234
"Tartaros Chapter, Prologue – The Nine Demon Gates"
"Tarutarosu-hen (Joshō): Kyūkimon" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 【序章】 九鬼門)
May 23, 2015

235
"Tartaros Chapter, Prologue – Fairies vs. Netherworld"
"Tarutarosu-hen (Joshō): Yōsei tai Meifu" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 【序章】 妖精 対 冥府)
May 30, 2015

236
"Tartaros Chapter, Prologue – The White Legacy"
"Tarutarosu-hen (Joshō): Shiroki Isan" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 【序章】 白き遺産)
June 6, 2015

237
"Tartaros Chapter, Prologue – Natsu vs. Jackal"
"Tarutarosu-hen (Joshō): Natsu vs. Jakkaru" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 【序章】 ナツ vs. ジャッカル)
June 13, 2015

238
"Tartaros Chapter – Immorality and Sinners"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Haitoku to Zainin" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 背徳と罪人)
June 20, 2015

239
"Tartaros Chapter – Jellal vs. Oración Seis"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Jerāru vs. Orashion Seisu" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 ジェラール vs. 六魔将軍 (オラシオンセイス))
June 27, 2015

240
"Tartaros Chapter – A Place Reached by Prayer"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Inori ga Todoku Basho" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 祈りが届く場所)
July 4, 2015

241
"Tartaros Chapter – The Demon's Rebirth"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Akuma Tensei" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 悪魔転生)
July 11, 2015

242
"Tartaros Chapter – To Let Live or Die"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Ikasu ka Korosu ka" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 生かすか殺すか)
July 18, 2015

243
"Tartaros Chapter – Wendy vs. Ezel"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Wendi vs. Ezeru" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 ウェンディ vs. エゼル)
July 25, 2015

244
"Tartaros Chapter – Friends Forever"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Zutto Tomodachi de" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 ずっと友達で)
August 1, 2015

245
"Tartaros Chapter – Hell's Core"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Heruzu Koa" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 ヘルズ・コア)
August 8, 2015

246
"Tartaros Chapter – Underworld King"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Mei-ō" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 冥王)
August 15, 2015

247
"Tartaros Chapter – Alegria"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Areguria" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 アレグリア)
August 22, 2015

248
"Tartaros Chapter – A Strike from the Stars"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Hoshiboshi no Ichigeki" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 星々の一撃)
August 29, 2015

249
"Tartaros Chapter – Celestial Spirit King vs. Underworld King"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Seirei-ō vs. Mei-ō" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 星霊王 vs. 冥王)
September 5, 2015

250
"Tartaros Chapter – Erza vs. Minerva"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Eruza vs. Mineruba" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 エルザ vs. ミネルバ)
September 12, 2015

251
"Tartaros Chapter – The Boy's Tale"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Shōnen no Monogatari" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 少年の物語)
September 19, 2015

252
"Tartaros Chapter – Gray vs. Silver"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Gurei vs. Shirubā" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 グレイ vs. シルバー)
September 26, 2015

253
"Tartaros Chapter – A Silver Wish"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Gin'iro no Omoi" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 銀色の想い)
October 3, 2015

254
"Tartaros Chapter – Air"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Air" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 Air)
October 10, 2015

255
"Tartaros Chapter – Steel"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Hagane" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 鋼)
October 17, 2015

256
"Tartaros Chapter – Final Duels"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Saigo no Ikkiuchi" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 最後の一騎討ち)
October 24, 2015

257
"Tartaros Chapter – Wings of Despair"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Zetsubō no Tsubasa" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 絶望の翼)
October 31, 2015

258
"Tartaros Chapter – Fire Dragon Iron Fist"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Karyū no Tekken" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 火竜の鉄拳)
November 7, 2015

259
"Tartaros Chapter – 00:00"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Zero Zero Zero Zero" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 00:00)
November 14, 2015

260
"Tartaros Chapter – The Girl in the Crystal"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Suishō no Naka no Shōjo" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 水晶の中の少女)
November 21, 2015

261
"Tartaros Chapter – Absolute Demon"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Zettai no Akuma" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 絶対の悪魔)
November 28, 2015

262
"Tartaros Chapter – Memento Mori"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Memento Mori" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 メメント・モリ)
December 5, 2015

263
"Tartaros Chapter – Soaring Above Ishgar"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Ishugaru ni Mau" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 イシュガルに舞う)
December 12, 2015

264
"Tartaros Chapter – Drops of Fire"
"Tarutarosu-hen: Honō no Shizuku" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 炎の雫)
December 19, 2015

265
"Tartaros Chapter, Finale – Where the Power of Life Lies"
"Tarutarosu-hen (Shūshō): Sore ga Ikiru Chikara Da" (冥府の門 (タルタロス)編 【終章】 それが生きる力だ)
December 26, 2015

text: Fairy Tail Zero (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Official English title[u]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[v]

266
"The Fairy in Your Heart"
"Kokoro no Naka no Yōsei" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 心の中の妖精)
January 9, 2016

267
"The Adventure Begins"
"Bōken no Hajimari" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 冒険の始まり)
January 16, 2016

268
"Treasure Hunt"
"Torejā Hanto" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ トレジャーハント)
January 23, 2016

269
"Dancing with Blades"
"Yaiba to Odoru" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 刃と踊る)
January 30, 2016

270
"Moonlit Lake"
"Tsukiakari no Mizūmi" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 月明かりの湖)
February 6, 2016

271
"Blue Skull"
"Burū Sukaru" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 青い髑髏 (ブルースカル))
February 13, 2016

272
"Conveyer of Magic"
"Madō o Tsutaeru Mono" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 魔道を伝える者)
February 20, 2016

273
"Treasure"
"Takaramono" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 宝物)
February 27, 2016

274
"Law"
"Rō" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ ロウ)
March 5, 2016

275
"Eternal Adventure"
"Eien no Bōken" (FAIRY TAIL ZERØ 永遠の冒険)
March 12, 2016

276
"Challenger"
"Chōsensha" (挑戦者)
March 19, 2016

277
"Message of Flame"
"Honō no Messēji" (炎のメッセージ)
March 26, 2016

text: Films[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original release
English release

1
"Fairy Tail the Movie: Phoenix Priestess"
"Gekijōban Fearī Teiru: Hōō no Miko" (劇場版 フェアリーテイル 鳳凰の巫女)
August 18, 2012
December 02, 2013

2
"Fairy Tail: Dragon Cry"
"Gekijōban Fearī Teiru: Dragon Cry" (劇場版 フェアリーテイル DRAGON CRY)
May 06, 2017
August 16, 2017

text: Original video animations[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Release date

1
"Welcome to Fairy Hills!!"
"Yōkoso, Fearī Hiruzu!!" (ようこそ フェアリーヒルズ!!)
April 15, 2011

Lucy visits Fairy Tail's all-female dormitory as part of a strange job request where she must search for a missing object while dressed in a skimpy cat costume.

2
"Fairy Academy: Yankee-kun and Yankee-chan"
"Yōsei Gakuen: Yankī-kun to Yankī-chan" (妖精学園 ヤンキーくんとヤンキーちゃん)
June 17, 2011

In an alternate setting, Lucy is a transfer student at Fairy Academy where her friends are her classmates and teachers.

3
"Memory Days"
"Memorī Deizu" (メモリーデイズ)
February 17, 2012

A magical book called Memory Days sends Natsu and his friends six years into the past. While searching for a way to return to the present, the wizards unwittingly affect their younger selves' lives.

4
"Fairies' Training Camp"
"Yōsei-tachi no Gasshuku" (妖精たちの合宿)
November 16, 2012

The Fairy Tail wizards train rigorously for the Grand Magic Games, while Lucy relates the story of how she first found Natsu and Happy's house.

Movie OVA
"The First Morning"
"Hajimari no Asa" (はじまりの朝)
February 15, 2013

In a prologue to Fairy Tail the Movie: Phoenix Priestess, Éclair unwittingly brings a stuffed bird doll to life, creating Momon.

5
"Welcome to Ryuzetsu Land"
"Dokidoki Ryūzetsu Rando" (ドキドキ・リュウゼツランド)
June 17, 2013

On the third night of the Grand Magic Games, Fairy Tail visits a water park with the other tournament competitors.

6
"Fairy Tail x Rave Master"
"Fearī Teiru x Reivu" (フェアリーテイル x レイヴ)
August 16, 2013

In a crossover with Rave Master, Natsu battles Haru Glory when he believes his latest job request involves capturing Haru's friend Elie. When an old adversary emerges, however, Natsu and Haru must set their differences aside to defeat him.

7
"Fairies' Penalty Game"
"Yōsei-tachi no Batsu Gēmu" (妖精たちの罰ゲーム)
May 20, 2016[129]

Makarov upholds a bet between Fairy Tail's "Team A" and "Team B" from the Grand Magic Games where the losing team must follow the winners' demands for an entire day.

8
"Natsu vs. Mavis"
"Natsu vs. Meibisu" (ナツ vs. メイビス)
November 17, 2016

Natsu helps Mavis experience her first warm bath when she complains of her inability to feel heat. When Mavis still feels downcast, Natsu and his friends accept a job request to find a buried keepsake of hers to cheer her up.

9
"Fairies' Christmas"
"Yōsei-tachi no Kurisumasu" (妖精たちのクリスマス)
December 16, 2016

The wizards gather at Lucy's apartment for a Christmas party, where a drunken Erza forces everyone to play an embarrassing game.

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: Japanese[edit]

text:
Pony Canyon (Region 2)

Volume
Episodes
Release date
Ref.

2009 series
1
1–4
January 29, 2010
[130]

2
5–8
February 26, 2010
[131]

3
9–12
March 17, 2010
[132]

4
13–16
April 30, 2010
[133]

5
17–20
May 28, 2010
[134]

6
21–24
June 25, 2010
[135]

7
25–28
July 30, 2010
[136]

8
29–32
August 27, 2010
[137]

9
33–36
October 6, 2010
[138]

10
37–40
November 3, 2010
[139]

11
41–44
December 1, 2010
[140]

12
45–48
December 24, 2010
[141]

13
49–52
February 2, 2011
[142]

14
53–56
March 2, 2011
[143]

15
57–60
April 27, 2011
[144]

16
61–64
May 3, 2011
[145]

17
65–68
June 1, 2011
[146]

18
69–72
July 6, 2011
[147]

19
73–76
August 3, 2011
[148]

20
77–80
September 7, 2011
[149]

21
81–84
October 5, 2011
[150]

22
85–88
November 2, 2011
[151]

23
89–92
December 7, 2011
[152]

24
93–96
January 6, 2012
[153]

25
97–100
February 1, 2012
[154]

26
101–104
March 7, 2012
[155]

27
105–108
April 4, 2012
[156]

28
109–112
May 2, 2012
[157]

29
113–116
June 6, 2012
[158]

30
117–120
July 4, 2012
[159]

31
121–124
August 1, 2012
[160]

32
125–128
September 5, 2012
[161]

33
129–132
October 27, 2012
[162]

34
133–136
November 7, 2012
[163]

35
137–140
December 5, 2012
[164]

36
141–144
January 9, 2013
[165]

37
145–148
February 7, 2013
[166]

38
149–152
March 6, 2013
[167]

39
153–156
April 3, 2013
[168]

40
157–160
May 1, 2013
[169]

41
161–164
June 5, 2013
[170]

42
165–168
July 3, 2013
[171]

43
169–172
August 7, 2013
[172]

44
173–175
September 4, 2013
[173]

2014 series
Vol. 1
176–179
July 7, 2014
[174]

Vol. 2
180–183
August 16, 2014
[175]

Vol. 3
184–187
September 17, 2014
[176]

Vol. 4
188–191
October 17, 2014
[177]

Vol. 5
192–195
November 17, 2014
[178]

Vol. 6
196–199
December 16, 2014
[179]

Vol. 7
200–203
January 16, 2015
[180]

Vol. 8
204–207
February 17, 2015
[181]

Vol. 9
208–211
March 17, 2015
[182]

Vol. 10
212–215
April 16, 2015
[183]

Vol. 11
216–219
May 15, 2015
[184]

Vol. 12
220–223
June 17, 2015
[185]

Vol. 13
224–226
July 17, 2015
[186]

Collections
DVD Collection I
1–48
July 6, 2011
[187]

DVD Collection II
49–98
July 4, 2012
[188]

DVD Collection III
99–144
August 21, 2013
[189]

text: English[edit]

text:
Funimation Entertainment

Volume
Episodes
Release date
Ref.

2009 series
Part 1
1–12
November 22, 2011
[190]

Part 2
13–24
December 27, 2011
[191]

Part 3
25–36
January 31, 2012
[192]

Part 4
37–48
March 20, 2012
[193]

Part 5
49–60
July 23, 2013
[194]

Part 6
61–72
August 20, 2013
[195]

Part 7
73–84
December 10, 2013
[196]

Part 8
85–96
February 4, 2014
[197]

Part 9
97–108
March 25, 2014
[198]

Part 10
109–120
May 20, 2014
[199]

Part 11
121–131
July 15, 2014
[200]

Part 12
132–142
September 16, 2014
[201]

Part 13
143–153
October 28, 2014
[202]

Part 14
154–164
December 2, 2014
[203]

Part 15
165–175
March 10, 2015
[204]

2014 series
Part 16
176–187
August 25, 2015
[205]

Part 17
188–199
September 23, 2015
[206]

Part 18
200–212
December 1, 2015
[207]

Part 19
213–226
March 22, 2016
[208]

Part 20
227–239
June 7, 2016
[209]

Part 21
240–252
September 6, 2016
[210]

Part 22
253–265
December 6, 2016
[211]

Collections
Collection 1
1–24
April 30, 2013
[212]

Collection 2
25–48
July 23, 2013
[213]

Collection 3
49–72
January 6, 2015
[214]

Collection 4
73–96
June 2, 2015
[215]

Collection 5
97–120
November 3, 2015
[216]

Collection 6
121–142
January 17, 2017
[217]

Collection 7
143–164
March 28, 2017
[218]

Collection 8
165–187
June 6, 2017
[219]

Collection 9
188-212
August 15, 2017
[220]

Collection 10
213-239
October 24, 2017
[221]

text:
Manga Entertainment (Parts 1-9) Funimation via Anime Limited (Part 10+) (Region B/2)

Volume
Episodes
Release date
Refs.

Standards
Part 1
1–12
March 5, 2012
[222]

Part 2
13–24
May 21, 2012
[223]

Part 3
25–36
July 16, 2012
[224]

Part 4
37–48
September 17, 2012
[225]

Part 5
49–60
December 2, 2013
[226][227]

Part 6
61–72
February 24, 2014
[228][229]

Part 7
73–84
April 28, 2014
[230][231]

Part 8
85–96
August 11, 2014
[232][233]

Part 9
97–108
February 23, 2015
[234]

Part 10
109–120
November 21, 2016
[235]

Part 11
121–131
December 5, 2016
[236]

Part 12
132–142
January 9, 2017
[237]

Collections
Collection 1
1–24
July 22, 2013 (DVD)
March 10, 2014 (Blu-ray)
[238]
[239]

Collection 2
25–48
September 2, 2013 (DVD)
June 2, 2014 (Blu-ray)
[240]
[241]

Collection 3
49–72
January 19, 2015
[242]

Collection 4
73–96
September 14, 2015
[243]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub.
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub.
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub.
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub.
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub.
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub.
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.

tag: ol