document_title: List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players

question_text: who is ranked first in men's tennis

question_tokens: who is ranked first in men 's tennis

text: Ranking method[edit]

text: Since the introduction of the ATP rankings the method used to calculate a player's ranking points has changed several times. As of 2011, the rankings are calculated by totaling the points a player wins in his best eighteen tournaments, subject to certain restrictions. For top players the counting tournaments are the four Grand Slam tournaments, the eight mandatory ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments, the player's best four eligible ATP World Tour 500 series tournaments (the non-mandatory ATP Masters 1000 event in Monte Carlo may be substituted for one of these), and his best two results from ATP World Tour 250 series. Lower-ranked players who are not eligible for some or all of the top tournaments may include additional ATP 500 and ATP 250 events, and also ATP Challenger Series, and Futures Series tournaments. The ranking points of players who qualify for the year-end ATP World Tour Finals also include any points gained at that tournament, increasing their counting tournament total to 19.[6]

text: Records and particularities[edit]

text: Roger Federer holds the records for both the most total weeks at No. 1 (302) and most consecutive weeks at No. 1 (237).[7] Pete Sampras holds the record for the most year-end No. 1 (six, all consecutive).[8][9] Patrick Rafter spent the fewest time at No. 1 (one week).

text: Lleyton Hewitt is both the youngest (20 years, 268 days) world No. 1 and youngest year-end No. 1,[10][11] while Rafael Nadal is the oldest (31 years, 211 days) year-end No. 1. Andre Agassi is the oldest No. 1 (33 years, 131 days).[12][13][14]

text: Only four players have regained the year-end No. 1 ranking after having lost it - Lendl in 1989, Federer in 2009, Nadal in 2010, and Djokovic in 2014. Only one player regained the year-end No. 1 ranking a second and third time, Nadal in 2013 and 2017.

text: Rafael Nadal is the ATP player with the longest time span between first and most recent dates at world No. 1 in the history of the ATP Tour. He regained the top ranking on August 21, 2017, nine years after first becoming No. 1 on August 18, 2008. On 11 September 2017, Nadal and Garbiñe Muguruza made Spain the first country in 14 years to simultaneously top both the ATP and the WTA rankings. The most recent previous such pairing were Andre Agassi and Serena Williams, from 28 April to 11 May 2003.[15]

text: Two players, Ivan Lendl and Marcelo Ríos, have reached No. 1 without previously having won a Grand Slam tournament.[16] Lendl reached No. 1 on February 21, 1983, but did not win his first Grand Slam title until the 1984 French Open.[17] Rios reached No. 1 on March 30, 1998 and is the only No. 1 player who never won a Grand Slam singles title.[18][19]

text: Since 1973 when the ATP ranking started, there have been twelve years when one player held the top spot for the entire year. In contrast, 1999 had the most No. 1 players of any year since the rankings started. There were five players who were No. 1 sometime during that year - Sampras, Carlos Moya, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Agassi and Rafter. John McEnroe held the No. 1 ranking on a record 14 different occasions and Pete Sampras was the only other player to hold it on 10 or more occasions with 11 different stints.

text: Number 1 ranked players[edit]

text:
No.
Country
Player
Start date
End date
Weeks
Total

1
 ROU
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
000000001973-08-23-0000August 23, 1973
000000001974-06-02-0000June 2, 1974
40
40

2
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
000000001974-06-03-0000June 3, 1974
000000001974-07-28-0000July 28, 1974
8
8

3
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
000000001974-07-29-0000July 29, 1974
000000001977-08-22-0000August 22, 1977
160
160

4
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
000000001977-08-23-0000August 23, 1977
000000001977-08-29-0000August 29, 1977
1
1

 USA
Jimmy Connors (2)
000000001977-08-30-0000August 30, 1977
000000001979-04-08-0000April 8, 1979
84
244

 SWE
Björn Borg (2)
000000001979-04-09-0000April 9, 1979
000000001979-05-20-0000May 20, 1979
6
7

 USA
Jimmy Connors (3)
000000001979-05-21-0000May 21, 1979
000000001979-07-08-0000July 8, 1979
7
251

 SWE
Björn Borg (3)
000000001979-07-09-0000July 9, 1979
000000001980-03-02-0000March 2, 1980
34
41

5
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
000000001980-03-03-0000March 3, 1980
000000001980-03-23-0000March 23, 1980
3
3

 SWE
Björn Borg (4)
000000001980-03-24-0000March 24, 1980
000000001980-08-10-0000August 10, 1980
20
61

 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (2)
000000001980-08-11-0000August 11, 1980
000000001980-08-17-0000August 17, 1980
1
4

 SWE
Björn Borg (5)
000000001980-08-18-0000August 18, 1980
000000001981-07-05-0000July 5, 1981
46
107

 USA
John McEnroe (3)
000000001981-07-06-0000July 6, 1981
000000001981-07-19-0000July 19, 1981
2
6

 SWE
Björn Borg (6)
000000001981-07-20-0000July 20, 1981
000000001981-08-02-0000August 2, 1981
2
109

 USA
John McEnroe (4)
000000001981-08-03-0000August 3, 1981
000000001982-09-12-0000September 12, 1982
58
64

 USA
Jimmy Connors (4)
000000001982-09-13-0000September 13, 1982
000000001982-10-31-0000October 31, 1982
7
258

 USA
John McEnroe (5)
000000001982-11-01-0000November 1, 1982
000000001982-11-07-0000November 7, 1982
1
65

 USA
Jimmy Connors (5)
000000001982-11-08-0000November 8, 1982
000000001982-11-14-0000November 14, 1982
1
259

 USA
John McEnroe (6)
000000001982-11-15-0000November 15, 1982
000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983
11
76

 USA
Jimmy Connors (6)
000000001983-01-31-0000January 31, 1983
000000001983-02-06-0000February 6, 1983
1
260

 USA
John McEnroe (7)
000000001983-02-07-0000February 7, 1983
000000001983-02-13-0000February 13, 1983
1
77

 USA
Jimmy Connors (7)
000000001983-02-14-0000February 14, 1983
000000001983-02-27-0000February 27, 1983
2
262

6
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
000000001983-02-28-0000February 28, 1983
000000001983-05-15-0000May 15, 1983
11
11

 USA
Jimmy Connors (8)
000000001983-05-16-0000May 16, 1983
000000001983-06-05-0000June 5, 1983
3
265

 USA
John McEnroe (8)
000000001983-06-06-0000June 6, 1983
000000001983-06-12-0000June 12, 1983
1
78

 USA
Jimmy Connors (9)
000000001983-06-13-0000June 13, 1983
000000001983-07-03-0000July 3, 1983
3
268

 USA
John McEnroe (9)
000000001983-07-04-0000July 4, 1983
000000001983-10-30-0000October 30, 1983
17
95

 TCH
Ivan Lendl (2)
000000001983-10-31-0000October 31, 1983
000000001983-12-11-0000December 11, 1983
6
17

 USA
John McEnroe (10)
000000001983-12-12-0000December 12, 1983
000000001984-01-08-0000January 8, 1984
4
99

 TCH
Ivan Lendl (3)
000000001984-01-09-0000January 9, 1984
000000001984-03-11-0000March 11, 1984
9
26

 USA
John McEnroe (11)
000000001984-03-12-0000March 12, 1984
000000001984-06-10-0000June 10, 1984
13
112

 TCH
Ivan Lendl (4)
000000001984-06-11-0000June 11, 1984
000000001984-06-17-0000June 17, 1984
1
27

 USA
John McEnroe (12)
000000001984-06-18-0000June 18, 1984
000000001984-07-08-0000July 8, 1984
3
115

 TCH
Ivan Lendl (5)
000000001984-07-09-0000July 9, 1984
000000001984-08-12-0000August 12, 1984
5
32

 USA
John McEnroe (13)
000000001984-08-13-0000August 13, 1984
000000001985-08-18-0000August 18, 1985
53
168

 TCH
Ivan Lendl (6)
000000001985-08-19-0000August 19, 1985
000000001985-08-25-0000August 25, 1985
1
33

 USA
John McEnroe (14)
000000001985-08-26-0000August 26, 1985
000000001985-09-08-0000September 8, 1985
2
170

 TCH
Ivan Lendl (7)
000000001985-09-09-0000September 9, 1985
000000001988-09-11-0000September 11, 1988
157
190

7
 SWE
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988
000000001989-01-29-0000January 29, 1989
20
20

 TCH
Ivan Lendl (8)
000000001989-01-30-0000January 30, 1989
000000001990-08-12-0000August 12, 1990
80
270

8
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
000000001990-08-13-0000August 13, 1990
000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991
24
24

9
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
000000001991-01-28-0000January 28, 1991
000000001991-02-17-0000February 17, 1991
3
3

 SWE
Stefan Edberg (2)
000000001991-02-18-0000February 18, 1991
000000001991-07-07-0000July 7, 1991
20
44

 GER
Boris Becker (2)
000000001991-07-08-0000July 8, 1991
000000001991-09-08-0000September 8, 1991
9
12

 SWE
Stefan Edberg (3)
000000001991-09-09-0000September 9, 1991
000000001992-02-09-0000February 9, 1992
22
66

10
 USA
Courier, JimJim Courier
000000001992-02-10-0000February 10, 1992
000000001992-03-22-0000March 22, 1992
6
6

 SWE
Stefan Edberg (4)
000000001992-03-23-0000March 23, 1992
000000001992-04-12-0000April 12, 1992
3
69

 USA
Jim Courier (2)
000000001992-04-13-0000April 13, 1992
000000001992-09-13-0000September 13, 1992
22
28

 SWE
Stefan Edberg (5)
000000001992-09-14-0000September 14, 1992
000000001992-10-04-0000October 4, 1992
3
72

 USA
Jim Courier (3)
000000001992-10-05-0000October 5, 1992
000000001993-04-11-0000April 11, 1993
27
55

11
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
000000001993-04-12-0000April 12, 1993
000000001993-08-22-0000August 22, 1993
19
19

 USA
Jim Courier (4)
000000001993-08-23-0000August 23, 1993
000000001993-09-12-0000September 12, 1993
3
58

 USA
Pete Sampras (2)
000000001993-09-13-0000September 13, 1993
000000001995-04-09-0000April 9, 1995
82
101

12
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
000000001995-04-10-0000April 10, 1995
000000001995-11-05-0000November 5, 1995
30
30

 USA
Pete Sampras (3)
000000001995-11-06-0000November 6, 1995
000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996
12
113

 USA
Andre Agassi (2)
000000001996-01-29-0000January 29, 1996
000000001996-02-11-0000February 11, 1996
2
32

13
 AUT
Muster, ThomasThomas Muster
000000001996-02-12-0000February 12, 1996
000000001996-02-18-0000February 18, 1996
1
1

 USA
Pete Sampras (4)
000000001996-02-19-0000February 19, 1996
000000001996-03-10-0000March 10, 1996
3
116

 AUT
Thomas Muster (2)
000000001996-03-11-0000March 11, 1996
000000001996-04-14-0000April 14, 1996
5
6

 USA
Pete Sampras (5)
000000001996-04-15-0000April 15, 1996
000000001998-03-29-0000March 29, 1998
102
218

14
 CHI
Ríos, MarceloMarcelo Ríos
000000001998-03-30-0000March 30, 1998
000000001998-04-26-0000April 26, 1998
4
4

 USA
Pete Sampras (6)
000000001998-04-27-0000April 27, 1998
000000001998-08-09-0000August 9, 1998
15
233

 CHI
Marcelo Ríos (2)
000000001998-08-10-0000August 10, 1998
000000001998-08-23-0000August 23, 1998
2
6

 USA
Pete Sampras (7)
000000001998-08-24-0000August 24, 1998
000000001999-03-14-0000March 14, 1999
29
262

15
 ESP
Moyá, CarlosCarlos Moyá
000000001999-03-15-0000March 15, 1999
000000001999-03-28-0000March 28, 1999
2
2

 USA
Pete Sampras (8)
000000001999-03-29-0000March 29, 1999
000000001999-05-02-0000May 2, 1999
5
267

16
 RUS
Kafelnikov, YevgenyYevgeny Kafelnikov
000000001999-05-03-0000May 3, 1999
000000001999-06-13-0000June 13, 1999
6
6

 USA
Pete Sampras (9)
000000001999-06-14-0000June 14, 1999
000000001999-07-04-0000July 4, 1999
3
270

 USA
Andre Agassi (3)
000000001999-07-05-0000July 5, 1999
000000001999-07-25-0000July 25, 1999
3
35

17
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
000000001999-07-26-0000July 26, 1999
000000001999-08-01-0000August 1, 1999
1
1

 USA
Pete Sampras (10)
000000001999-08-02-0000August 2, 1999
000000001999-09-12-0000September 12, 1999
6
276

 USA
Andre Agassi (4)
000000001999-09-13-0000September 13, 1999
000000002000-09-10-0000September 10, 2000
52
87

 USA
Pete Sampras (11)
000000002000-09-11-0000September 11, 2000
000000002000-11-19-0000November 19, 2000
10
286

18
 RUS
Safin, MaratMarat Safin
000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000
000000002000-12-03-0000December 3, 2000
2
2

19
 BRA
Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten
000000002000-12-04-0000December 4, 2000
000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001
8
8

 RUS
Marat Safin (2)
000000002001-01-29-0000January 29, 2001
000000002001-02-25-0000February 25, 2001
4
6

 BRA
Gustavo Kuerten (2)
000000002001-02-26-0000February 26, 2001
000000002001-04-01-0000April 1, 2001
5
13

 RUS
Marat Safin (3)
000000002001-04-02-0000April 2, 2001
000000002001-04-22-0000April 22, 2001
3
9

 BRA
Gustavo Kuerten (3)
000000002001-04-23-0000April 23, 2001
000000002001-11-18-0000November 18, 2001
30
43

20
 AUS
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
000000002001-11-19-0000November 19, 2001
000000002003-04-27-0000April 27, 2003
75
75

 USA
Andre Agassi (5)
000000002003-04-28-0000April 28, 2003
000000002003-05-11-0000May 11, 2003
2
89

 AUS
Lleyton Hewitt (2)
000000002003-05-12-0000May 12, 2003
000000002003-06-15-0000June 15, 2003
5
80

 USA
Andre Agassi (6)
000000002003-06-16-0000June 16, 2003
000000002003-09-07-0000September 7, 2003
12
101

21
 ESP
Ferrero, Juan CarlosJuan Carlos Ferrero
000000002003-09-08-0000September 8, 2003
000000002003-11-02-0000November 2, 2003
8
8

22
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003
000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004
13
13

23
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
000000002004-02-02-0000February 2, 2004
000000002008-08-17-0000August 17, 2008
237 ↑
237

24
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
000000002008-08-18-0000August 18, 2008
000000002009-07-05-0000July 5, 2009
46
46

  SUI
Roger Federer (2)
000000002009-07-06-0000July 6, 2009
000000002010-06-06-0000June 6, 2010
48
285

 ESP
Rafael Nadal (2)
000000002010-06-07-0000June 7, 2010
000000002011-07-03-0000July 3, 2011
56
102

25
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
000000002011-07-04-0000July 4, 2011
000000002012-07-08-0000July 8, 2012
53
53

  SUI
Roger Federer (3)
000000002012-07-09-0000July 9, 2012
000000002012-11-04-0000November 4, 2012
17
302 ↑

 SRB
Novak Djokovic (2)
000000002012-11-05-0000November 5, 2012
000000002013-10-06-0000October 6, 2013
48
101

 ESP
Rafael Nadal (3)
000000002013-10-07-0000October 7, 2013
000000002014-07-06-0000July 6, 2014
39
141

 SRB
Novak Djokovic (3)
000000002014-07-07-0000July 7, 2014
000000002016-11-06-0000November 6, 2016
122
223

26
 GBR
Andy Murray
000000002016-11-07-0000November 7, 2016
000000002017-08-20-0000August 20, 2017
41
41

 ESP
Rafael Nadal (4)
000000002017-08-21-0000August 21, 2017
Present
15
156

No.
Country
Player
Start date
End date
Weeks
Total

text:
Key

*
Current No. 1 player as of November 27, 2017[update][20][21]

↑
ATP Ranking record

text: Weeks at No. 1[edit]

text: By player[edit]

text: The table on the left shows the total number of weeks that each player has been ranked No. 1 in their career by the ATP.[7]

text: The table on the right shows the number of consecutive weeks that each indicated player has been ranked No. 1 by the ATP. [7]

text:
Rank
Player
Total

1.
 Federer, RogerRoger Federer
302

2.
 Sampras, PetePete Sampras
286

3.
 Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
270

4.
 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
268

5.
 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
223

6.
 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
170

7.
 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
156

8.
 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
109

9.
 Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
101

10.
 Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
80

11.
 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
72

12.
 Courier, JimJim Courier
58

13.
 Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten
43

14.
 Murray, AndyAndy Murray
41

15.
 Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
40

16.
 Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
20

17.
 Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
13

18.
 Becker, BorisBoris Becker
12

19.
 Safin, MaratMarat Safin
9

20.
 Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
8

 Ferrero, Juan CarlosJuan Carlos Ferrero

22.
 Muster, ThomasThomas Muster
6

 Ríos, MarceloMarcelo Ríos

 Kafelnikov, YevgenyYevgeny Kafelnikov

25.
 Moyá, CarlosCarlos Moyá
2

26.
 Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
1

*
active players - current No. 1 in bold

Rank
Player
Consecutive

1.
 Federer, RogerRoger Federer
237

2.
 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
160

3.
 Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
157

4.
 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
122

5.
 Sampras, PetePete Sampras
102

6.
 Jimmy Connors (2)
84

7.
 Pete Sampras (2)
82

8.
 Ivan Lendl (2)
80

9.
 Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
75

10.
 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
58

11.
 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
56

12.
 John McEnroe (2)
53

 Novak Djokovic (2)

14.
 Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
52

15.
 Roger Federer (2)
48

 Novak Djokovic (3)

17.
 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
46

 Rafael Nadal (2)

19.
 Murray, AndyAndy Murray
41

20.
 Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
40

*
current streak in bold

text: as of November 27, 2017[update]

text: By country[edit]

text:
Country
No. of
players
No. of
weeks
Players
Ref

1.
 United States
6
896
Jimmy Connors, John McEnroe, Jim Courier, Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi, Andy Roddick
[22]

2.
  Switzerland
1
302
Roger Federer
[22]

3.
 Czechoslovakia
1
270
Ivan Lendl
[22]

4.
 Serbia
1
223
Novak Djokovic
[22]

5.
 Sweden
3
201
Björn Borg, Mats Wilander, Stefan Edberg
[22]

6.
 Spain
3
166
Carlos Moyá, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Rafael Nadal *
[22]

7.
 Australia
3
89
John Newcombe, Patrick Rafter, Lleyton Hewitt
[22]

8.
 Brazil
1
43
Gustavo Kuerten
[22]

9.
 United Kingdom
1
41
Andy Murray
[22]

10.
 Romania
1
40
Ilie Năstase
[22]

11.
 Russia
2
15
Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Marat Safin
[22]

12.
 Germany
1
12
Boris Becker
[22]

13.
 Austria
1
6
Thomas Muster
[22]

 Chile
1
6
Marcelo Ríos
[22]

text:
Active players are in bold.
* Current number 1 as of November 27, 2017[update].

text: Year-end No. 1[edit]

text: The ATP year-end No. 1 ranked player is determined as the player at the head of the ATP rankings following the completion of the final tournament of the calendar year, usually in November or December. Pete Sampras holds the record of six year-end No. 1 rankings, which were in consecutive years from 1993 through 1998.

text: Six players have stayed at ATP No. 1 in the rankings every week of a calendar year. Roger Federer is the only player to have been ranked No. 1 every week for three consecutive calendar years.

text: Only four players (Ivan Lendl, Federer, Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal) have achieved the year-end No. 1 ranking in non-consecutive years.

text:
Key

(1)
Time as year-end number 1/Total times as year-end number 1

§
Ranked number 1 during every week of the calendar year

Active players [23][24]

text:
Year
Player
Ref(s)

1973
 Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
[25]

1974
 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (1/5)
[26][27]

1975
 Jimmy Connors § (2/5)
[26][27]

1976
 Jimmy Connors § (3/5)
[26][27]

1977
 Jimmy Connors (4/5)
[28]

1978
 Jimmy Connors § (5/5)
[28]

1979
 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg (1/2)
[28]

1980
 Björn Borg (2/2)
[28]

1981
 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (1/4)
[28][29]

1982
 John McEnroe (2/4)
[28][29]

1983
 John McEnroe (3/4)
[28][29]

1984
 John McEnroe (4/4)
[28][29]

1985
 Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl (1/4)
[28][30]

1986
 Ivan Lendl § (2/4)
[30]

1987
 Ivan Lendl § (3/4)
[30]

1988
 Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
[29]

1989
 Ivan Lendl (4/4)
[29]

1990
 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (1/2)
[31]

1991
 Stefan Edberg (2/2)
[31][32]

1992
 Courier, JimJim Courier
[33]

1993
 Sampras, PetePete Sampras (1/6)
[9]

1994
 Pete Sampras § (2/6)
[34]

1995
 Pete Sampras (3/6)
[9]

1996
 Pete Sampras (4/6)
[9]

1997
 Pete Sampras § (5/6)
[34]

1998
 Pete Sampras (6/6)
[9]

1999
 Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
[35]

2000
 Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten
[32][36]

2001
 Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt (1/2)
[37]

2002
 Lleyton Hewitt § (2/2)
[10][38]

2003
 Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
[39]

2004
 Federer, RogerRoger Federer (1/5)
[40]

2005
 Roger Federer § (2/5)
[41]

2006
 Roger Federer § (3/5)
[42]

2007
 Roger Federer § (4/5)
[43][44]

2008
 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (1/4)
[45]

2009
 Roger Federer (5/5)
[46]

2010
 Rafael Nadal (2/4)
[47][48]

2011
 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (1/4)
[49]

2012
 Novak Djokovic (2/4)
[50]

2013
 Rafael Nadal (3/4)
[51]

2014
 Novak Djokovic (3/4)
[52]

2015
 Novak Djokovic § (4/4)
[53][54]

2016
 Andy Murray
[55]

2017
 Rafael Nadal (4/4)
[56]

Year
Number of Year-end No. 1 Player

6
 Sampras, PetePete Sampras

5
 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors

 Federer, RogerRoger Federer

4
 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe

 Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl

 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic

 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal

2
 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg

 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg

 Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt

1
 Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase

 Wilander, MatsMats Wilander

 Courier, JimJim Courier

 Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi

 Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten

 Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick

 Murray, AndyAndy Murray

text: No. 1 ranked players without a previous Grand Slam tournament title[edit]

text:
Player
Date of first No. 1 position
First Grand Slam final reached
First Grand Slam title
Ref

 Ivan Lendl
February 28, 1983
1981 French Open (June 1981) (1st of 19)
1984 French Open (1st of 8)

 Marcelo Ríos
March 30, 1998
1998 Australian Open (January 1998)
None (retired in 2004)
[16]


document_title: Tetraethyllead

question_text: when did they take lead out of gas

question_tokens: when did they take lead out of gas

root

text: Tetraethyllead

text: Synthesis and properties[edit]

text: TEL is produced by reacting chloroethane with a sodium–lead alloy.[9]

tag: p

text: The product is recovered by steam distillation, leaving a sludge of lead and sodium chloride. TEL is a viscous colorless liquid. Because TEL is charge neutral and contains an exterior of alkyl groups, it is highly lipophilic and soluble in petrol (gasoline).

text: Despite decades of research, no reactions were found to improve upon this rather difficult process that involves metallic sodium and converts only 25% of the lead to TEL. A related compound, tetramethyllead, was commercially produced by a different electrolytic reaction.[9] A process with lithium was developed, but never put into practice.

text: TEL can also be synthesized by reacting ethylmagnesium iodide (a Grignard reagent) with lead(II) chloride.[citation needed]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: A noteworthy feature of TEL is the weakness of its four C–Pb bonds. At the temperatures found in internal combustion engines, (CH3CH2)4Pb decomposes completely into lead and lead oxides as well as combustible, short-lived ethyl radicals. Lead and lead oxide scavenge radical intermediates in combustion reactions. Engine knock is caused by a cool flame, an oscillating low-temperature combustion reaction that occurs before the proper, hot ignition. Lead quenches the pyrolysed radicals and thus kills the radical chain reaction that would sustain a cool flame, preventing it from disturbing the smooth ignition of the hot flame front. Lead itself is the reactive antiknock agent, and TEL serves as a gasoline-soluble lead carrier.[9] When (CH3CH2)4Pb burns, it produces not only carbon dioxide and water, but also lead:

text: This lead can oxidize further to give species such as lead(II) oxide:

text: Pb and PbO would quickly over-accumulate and destroy an engine. For this reason, the lead scavengers 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane are used in conjunction with TEL—these agents form volatile lead(II) bromide and lead(II) chloride, respectively, which are flushed from the engine and into the air.

text: In motor fuel[edit]

text: TEL was extensively used as a gasoline additive beginning in the 1920s,[10] wherein it served as an effective antiknock agent and prevented exhaust valve and valve seat wear. Concerns were raised in reputable journals almost immediately of likely health outcomes of fine particles of lead in the atmosphere.[11]

text: Valve wear preventive[edit]

text: Tetraethyllead works as a buffer against microwelds forming between the hot exhaust valves and their seats.[12] Once these valves reopen, the microwelds pull apart and leave the valves with a rough surface that would abrade the seats, leading to valve recession. When lead began to be phased out of motor fuel, the automotive industry began specifying hardened valve seats and upgraded exhaust valve materials to prevent valve recession without lead.[13]

text: Antiknock agent[edit]

text: A gasoline-fueled reciprocating engine requires fuel of sufficient octane rating to prevent uncontrolled combustion known as engine knocking (knock or ping).[9] Antiknock agents allow the use of higher compression ratios for greater efficiency[14] and peak power.[15] Adding varying amounts of additives like low percentage TEL or high percentage ethanol to gasoline, allowed easy, inexpensive control of octane ratings. TEL offered the business advantage of being commercially profitable because it could be patented.[10] Aviation spirits with TEL used in WWII reached 150 octane to enable supercharged engines such as the Rolls-Royce Merlin and Griffon to reach high horse power ratings at altitude.[16] In military aviation, TEL manipulation allowed a range of different fuels to be tailored for particular flight conditions.

text: In 1935 the licence to produce TEL was given to I.G.Farben enabling the newly formed German Luftwaffe to use high-octane gasoline. A company, Ethyl GmbH, was formed that produced TEL at two sites in Germany with a government contract from 10 June 1936.[17]

text: Phaseout and ban[edit]

text: In most industrialized countries, a phaseout of TEL from road vehicle fuels was completed by the early 2000s because of concerns over air and soil lead levels and the accumulative neurotoxicity of lead. The use of catalytic converters, mandated in the US for 1975 and newer model-year cars to meet tighter emissions regulations, started a gradual phase-out of leaded gasoline in the US.[5] The need for TEL was lessened by several advances in automotive engineering and petroleum chemistry. Safer methods for making higher octane blending stocks such as reformate and iso-octane reduced the need to rely on TEL, as did other antiknock additives of varying toxicity including metallic compounds such as MMT as well as oxygenates including MTBE, TAME, and ETBE.

text: Lead-replacement additives were scientifically tested and some were approved by the Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs at the UK's Motor Industry Research Association in 1999.

text: In Europe, Professor Derek Bryce-Smith was among the first to highlight the potential dangers of TEL and became a leading campaigner for removal of lead additives from petrol.[18] However, leaded motor fuel re-entered the UK market in small quantities from 2000 in response to lobbying from classic-car organisations who contended their vehicles would be rendered useless without leaded fuel. The lead content is up to 0.15 grams per litre; Bayford & Co is the only wholesale supplier.[citation needed]

text: Vehicles designed and built to run on leaded fuel may require modification to run on unleaded gasoline or autogas. These modifications fall into two categories: those required for physical compatibility with unleaded fuel, and those performed to compensate for the relatively low octane of early unleaded fuels. Physical compatibility requires the installation of hardened exhaust valves and seats. Compatibility with reduced octane was addressed by reducing compression, generally by installing thicker cylinder head gaskets and/or rebuilding the engine with compression-reducing pistons. The availability of high-octane unleaded gasoline (or LPG) has reduced or eliminated the need to decrease compression ratios.

text: Leaded gasoline remained legal as of late 2014[19] in parts of Algeria, Iraq, Yemen, Myanmar, North Korea, and Afghanistan. It was available at the pump in most of these countries as of 2011, but very little was used in North Korea and it was not clear whether it was sold in Afghanistan.[20][21] Specialty chemical company Innospec says that it is the world's only manufacturer of TEL[22] and sells it for automotive use nowhere except to Algeria as of late 2014.[19] Innospec previously sold TEL to Iraq and Yemen as of 2011, but remains unclear after head executives were charged for bribing various government state owned oil companies, to approve the sale of their TEL products.[21][23] North Korea and Myanmar buy their TEL from China.[7] The governments of Algeria and Iraq have scheduled the final elimination of leaded gasoline in their countries in 2015, after refinery upgrades. The status in Afghanistan, Yemen, and Myanmar is unclear.

text: As of June 2016[update] UNEP-sponsored phase-out is nearly complete: only Algeria, Yemen, and Iraq continue widespread use of leaded gasoline. None use it exclusively.[8]

text: In the European Union, tetraethyllead has been classified as a Substance of Very High Concern and placed on the Candidate List for Authorisation under REACH.[24] Potential use of TEL would need to be authorised through the REACH authorisation procedure. While not a complete ban, it introduces significant obligations such as a mandatory analysis of alternatives and socioeconomic analysis.

text: Leaded-fuel bans[edit]

text: Leaded-fuel bans for road vehicles came into effect as follows:

text:
Europe

Austria: 1989
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 2009
Czech Republic: 2001[25]
Denmark: 1994[26]
EU: 1 January 2000 (Member states which had not already withdrawn it from sale. Earlier regulation had prevented the sale or production of cars using leaded petrol after 1992)
France: 2000[27]
Germany: after 1994
Greece: 2002[28]
Hungary: 1999
Ireland: 1 January 2000
Italy: 1 January 2002[29]
Monaco: 2000
Netherlands: 1998[30]
Norway: 1988
Poland: 2005
Slovenia: 2001[31]
Spain: 2001[32]
Portugal: 1999
Romania: 2005[33]
Russia: 2002[34]
Serbia: 2010[citation needed]
Sweden: 1992
Switzerland: 2000
Ukraine: 2003
United Kingdom: 2000[35]

North America

Canada: 1993
USA: 1996

California: 1992

Bahamas:
Belize:
Bermuda:
Costa Rica:
Dominican Republic:
El Salvador:
Guatemala:
Haiti:
Honduras:
Mexico: 1998
Nicaragua:
Puerto Rico: 1 January 1996 (USA)
Trinidad and Tobago: 2000

South America

Argentina: 1998
Bolivia:
Brazil: 1989
Chile: 2001[36]
Colombia: 1991[37]
Peru: 2004
Venezuela: 2005

Asia

Japan: 1986
Hong Kong: 1999
Malaysia: 2000
Singapore: 1998
South Korea: 1993
Sri Lanka: 1999
Thailand: 1996
Bangladesh:
Taiwan: 2000
Turkey: 2006
China: 2000
Philippines: 2000
India: March 2000[38]
Iran: 2003
Nepal: 2000
Pakistan: 2001[39]
Indonesia: 2006

Oceania

Australia: 2002[40]
New Zealand: 1996
Guam: 1 January 1996 (USA)

tag: table

text: Africa[edit]

text: Leaded petrol was supposed to be completely phased out continent-wide on 1 January 2006, following a ban initiated from the 2002 Earth Summit.[41] However, in Algeria refineries needed to be altered; as a result, leaded fuel remains available in parts of Algeria,[21] with phaseout scheduled for 2015.[42]

text: In race vehicles[edit]

text: Leaded fuel was commonly used in professional auto racing, until its phase out beginning in the 1990s.

text: Since 1993, Formula One racing cars have been required to use normal unleaded super petrol compliant with EU standards—the same petrol provided by ordinary petrol stations.[43]

text: NASCAR began experimentation in 1998 with an unleaded fuel, and in 2006 began switching the national series to unleaded fuel, completing the transition at the Fontana round in February 2007 when the premier class switched. This was influenced after blood tests of NASCAR teams revealed elevated blood lead levels.[44][45]

text: Aviation gasoline[edit]

text: TEL remains an ingredient of 100 octane avgas for piston-engine aircraft. The current formulation of 100LL (low lead, blue) aviation gasoline contains 2.12 grams of TEL per gallon, half the amount of the previous 100/130 (green) octane avgas (at 4.24 grams per gallon),[46] but only slightly less than the 2.2 grams per gallon historically permitted in automotive leaded gasoline and substantially greater than the allowed 0.001 grams per gallon in automotive unleaded gasoline sold in the United States today.[47] The United States Environmental Protection Agency, FAA, and others are working on economically feasible replacements for leaded avgas, which still releases 100 tons of lead every year.[48]

text: Alternative antiknock agents[edit]

text: Antiknock agents are classed as high-percentage additives, such as alcohol, and low-percentage additives based on heavy elements. Since the main problem with TEL is its lead content, many alternative additives that contain less poisonous metals have been examined. A manganese-carrying additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT or methylcymantrene), was used for a time as an antiknock agent, though its safety is controversial and it has been the subject of bans and lawsuits. Ferrocene, an organometallic compound of iron, is also used as an antiknock agent although with some significant drawbacks.[49]

text: High-percentage additives are organic compounds that do not contain metals, but require much higher blending ratios, such as 20–30% for benzene and ethanol. It had been established by 1921 that ethanol was an effective antiknock agent, but TEL was introduced instead mainly for commercial reasons.[5] Oxygenates such as TAME derived from natural gas, MTBE made from methanol, and ethanol-derived ETBE, have largely supplanted TEL. MTBE has environmental risks of its own and there are also bans on its use.

text: Improvements to gasoline itself decrease the need for antiknock additives. Synthetic iso-octane and alkylate are examples of such blending stocks. Benzene and other high-octane aromatics can be also blended to raise the octane number, but they are disfavored today because of toxicity and carcinogenicity.

text: Formulation of ethyl fluid[edit]

text: TEL was supplied for mixing with raw gasoline in the form of ethyl fluid, which was TEL blended with the lead scavengers 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. Ethyl fluid also contained a reddish dye to distinguish treated from untreated gasoline and discourage the use of leaded gasoline for other purposes such as cleaning.

text: In the 1920s before safety procedures were yet developed, 17 workers for the Ethyl Corporation, DuPont, and Standard Oil died from the effects of exposure to lead.[10]

text: The formula for ethyl fluid is:[9]

text:
Tetraethyllead 61.45%
1,2-Dibromoethane 17.85%
1,2-Dichloroethane 18.80%
Inerts & dye 1.90%

tag: ul

text: Dibromoethane and dichloroethane act in a synergistic manner, where a particular mixing ratio provides the best lead scavenging ability.[9]

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Lead pollution from engine exhaust is dispersed into the air and into the vicinity of roads and easily inhaled.[citation needed] Contact with concentrated TEL leads to acute lead poisoning.[citation needed]

text: Lead is a toxic metal that accumulates in the body and is associated with subtle neurotoxic effects especially at low exposure levels, such as low IQ and antisocial behavior.[50][51][52] It has particularly harmful effects on children. These concerns eventually led to the ban on TEL in automobile gasoline in many countries. Some neurologists have speculated that the lead phaseout may have caused average IQ levels to rise by several points in the US (by reducing cumulative brain damage throughout the population, especially in the young). For the entire US population, during and after the TEL phaseout, the mean blood lead level dropped from 16 μg/dL in 1976 to only 3 μg/dL in 1991.[53] The US Centers for Disease Control considered blood lead levels "elevated" when they were above 10 μg/dL.

text: Lead exposure affects the intelligence quotient (IQ) such that a blood lead level of 30 μg/dL is associated with a 6.9-point reduction of IQ, with most reduction (3.9 points) occurring below 10 μg/dL.[54]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1853, German chemist Karl Jacob Löwig (1803–1890) first prepared what he claimed was Pb2(C2H5)3 from ethyl iodide and an alloy of lead and sodium.[55] In 1859, English chemist George Bowdler Buckton (1818–1905) reported what he claimed was Pb(C2H5)2 from zinc ethyl (Zn(C2H5)2) and lead(II) chloride.[56] Later authors credit both methods of preparation with producing tetraethyl lead.[57]

text: TEL in fuels[edit]

text: Regardless of the details of the chemical discoveries, tetraethyl lead remained unimportant commercially until the 1920s.[5] In 1921, at the direction of Dupont Corporation which manufactured TEL, it was found to be an effective antiknock agent by Thomas Midgley, working under Charles Kettering at General Motors Corporation Research.[58] General Motors patented the use of TEL as an antiknock agent and used the name "Ethyl" that had been proposed by Kettering in its marketing materials, thereby avoiding the negative connotation of the word "lead".[5] Early research into "engine knocking" (also called "pinging" or "pinking") was also led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of their use in the 1920s, and therefore more powerful, higher compression engines.[10] In 1924, Standard Oil of New Jersey (ESSO/EXXON) and General Motors created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Deepwater, NJ across the river from Wilmington, was the site for production of some of DuPont's most important chemicals, particularly tetraethyl lead (TEL). After TEL production at the Bayway Refinery was shut down, Deepwater was the only plant in the Western hemisphere producing TEL up to 1948, when it accounted for the bulk of the Dupont/Deepwater's production.[59]

text: Controversy and phase-out[edit]

text: The toxicity of concentrated TEL was recognized early on, as lead had been recognized since the 19th century as a dangerous substance that could cause lead poisoning. In 1924, a public controversy arose over the "loony gas," after at least 17 workers died, and many others were severely injured, in Standard and DuPont refineries in New Jersey.[60] There had also been a private controversy for two years prior to this controversy; several public health experts, including Alice Hamilton and Yandell Henderson, engaged Midgley and Kettering with letters warning of the dangers to public health.[10] After the death of the workers, dozens of newspapers reported on the issue.[61] The New York Times editorialized in 1924 that the deaths should not interfere with the production of more powerful fuel.[10]

text: To settle the issue, the U.S. Public Health Service conducted a conference in 1925, and the sales of TEL were voluntarily suspended for one year to conduct a hazard assessment.[9][5][62] The conference was initially expected to last for several days, but reportedly the conference decided that evaluating presentations on alternative anti-knock agents was not "its province", so it lasted a single day. Kettering and Midgley stated that no alternatives for anti-knocking were available, although private memos showed discussion of such agents. One commonly discussed agent was ethanol. The Public Health Service created a committee that reviewed a government-sponsored study of workers and an Ethyl lab test, and concluded that while leaded gasoline should not be banned, it should continue to be investigated.[10] The low concentrations present in gasoline and exhaust were not perceived as immediately dangerous. A U.S. Surgeon General committee issued a report in 1926 that concluded there was no real evidence that the sale of TEL was hazardous to human health but urged further study.[5] In the years that followed, research was heavily funded by the lead industry; in 1943, Randolph Byers found children with lead poisoning had behavior problems, but he was threatened with a lawsuit and the research ended.[10]

text: In the late 1920s, Robert A. Kehoe of the University of Cincinnati was the Ethyl Corporation's chief medical consultant and one of the lead industry's staunchest advocates, who would not be discredited until decades later by Dr. Clair Patterson's work on human lead burdens (see below) and other studies.[5] In 1928, Dr. Kehoe expressed the opinion that there was no basis for concluding that leaded fuels posed any health threat.[5] He convinced the Surgeon General that the dose–response relationship of lead was "no effect" below a certain threshold.[63] As the head of Kettering Laboratories for many years, Kehoe would become a chief promoter of the safety of TEL, an influence that did not begin to wane until about the early 1960s. But by the 1970s, the general opinion of the safety of TEL would change, and by 1976 the U.S. government would begin to require the phaseout of this product.

text: In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Clair Cameron Patterson accidentally discovered the pollution caused by TEL in the environment while determining the age of the earth. As he attempted to measure lead content of very old rocks, and the time it took uranium to decay into lead, the readings were made inaccurate by lead in the environment that contaminated his samples. He was then forced to work in a cleanroom to keep his samples uncontaminated by environmental pollution of lead. After coming up with a fairly accurate estimate of the age of the earth, he turned to investigating the lead contamination problem by examining ice cores from countries such as Greenland. He realized that the lead contamination in the environment dated from about the time that TEL became widely used as a fuel additive in gasoline. Being aware of the health dangers posed by lead and suspicious of the pollution caused by TEL, he became one of the earliest and most effective opponents of its use.[64]

text: In the 1960s, the first clinical works were published proving the toxicity of this compound in humans, e.g. by Mirosław Jan Stasik.[65]

text: In the 1970s, Herbert Needleman found that higher lead levels in children were correlated with decreased school performance. Needleman was repeatedly accused of scientific misconduct by individuals within the lead industry, but he was eventually cleared by a scientific advisory council.[10] Needleman also wrote the average US child's blood lead level was 13.7 μg/dl in 1976 and that Patterson believed that everyone was to some degree poisoned by TEL in gasoline.[66]

text: In the U.S. in 1973, the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued regulations to reduce the lead content of leaded gasoline over a series of annual phases, which therefore came to be known as the "lead phasedown" program. EPA's rules were issued under section 211 of the Clean Air Act, as amended 1970. The Ethyl Corp challenged the EPA regulations in Federal court. Although the EPA's regulation was initially dismissed,[10] the EPA won the case on appeal, so the TEL phasedown began to be implemented in 1976. Additional regulatory changes were made by EPA over the next decade (including adoption of a trading market in "lead credits" in 1982 that became the precursor of the Acid Rain Allowance Market, adopted in 1990 for SO2), but the decisive rule was issued in 1985.[67] Then EPA mandated that lead additive be reduced by 91 percent by the end of 1986. A 1994 study had indicated that the concentration of lead in the blood of the U.S. population had dropped 78% from 1976 to 1991.[68] The U.S. phasedown regulations also were due in great part to studies conducted by Philip J. Landrigan.

text: In 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6% of total gasoline sales and less than 2000 short tons (1814 t) of lead per year. From 1 January 1996, the U.S. Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles. Thus, what had begun in the U.S. as a phasedown ultimately ended in a phase-out. Similar bans in other countries have resulted in lowering levels of lead in people's bloodstreams.[69][70]

text: Taking cue from the domestic programs, the U.S. Agency for International Development undertook an initiative to reduce tetraethyl lead use in other countries, notably its efforts in Egypt begun in 1995. In 1996, with the cooperation of the U.S. AID, Egypt took almost all of the lead out of its gasoline. The success in Egypt provided a model for AID efforts worldwide.[71]

text: By 2000, the TEL industry had moved the major portion of their sales to developing countries whose governments they lobbied against phasing out leaded gasoline.[5] Leaded gasoline was withdrawn entirely from the European Union market on 1 January 2000, although it had been banned much earlier in most member states. Other countries also phased out TEL.[72] India banned leaded petrol in March 2000.[38]

text: By 2011, the United Nations announced that it had been successful in phasing out leaded gasoline worldwide. "Ridding the world of leaded petrol, with the United Nations leading the effort in developing countries, has resulted in $2.4 trillion in annual benefits, 1.2 million fewer premature deaths, higher overall intelligence and 58 million fewer crimes," the United Nations Environmental Programme said.[73][74] The announcement was slightly premature, as a few countries still have leaded gasoline for sale as of 2013 (see above).

text: Effect on crime rates[edit]

text: A statistically significant correlation has been found between the usage rate of leaded gasoline and violent crime: taking into account a 22-year time lag, the violent crime curve virtually tracks the lead exposure curve.[53][75] After the ban on TEL, blood lead levels in US children dramatically decreased.[53]

text: Reduction in the average blood lead level is believed[by whom?] to have been a major cause for falling violent crime rates in the United States[76] and South Africa.[77] Researchers including Amherst College economist Jessica Wolpaw Reyes, Department of Housing and Urban Development consultant Rick Nevin, and Howard Mielke of Tulane University, say that declining exposure to lead is responsible for up to a 56% decline in crime from 1992 to 2002.[78] Including other factors that are believed to have increased crime rates over that period Reyes found that this led to an actual decline of 34% over that period.[79]

text: Although leaded gasoline is largely gone in North America, it has left high concentrations of lead in the soil adjacent to roads that were heavily used prior to its phaseout. Children are particularly at risk if they consume this.[80]

text: Further reading[edit]

text: Filella, Montserrat; Bonet, Josep (2017). "Chapter 14. Environmental Impact of Alkyl Lead(IV) Derivatives: Perspective after Their Phase-out". In Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 17. de Gruyter. pp. 471–490. doi:10.1515/9783110434330-014.


document_title: Muskox

question_text: how many musk ox are there in the world

question_tokens: how many musk ox are there in the world

text: Muskox

text: Evolution[edit]

text: Extant relatives[edit]

text: As members of the subfamily Caprinae of the family Bovidae, muskoxen are more closely related to sheep and goats than to oxen; however, they are placed in their own genus, Ovibos (Latin: "sheep-ox"). The muskox is one of the two largest extant members of Caprinae, along with the similarly sized takin.[9] While takin and muskox were once considered possibly related, the takin lacks common ovibonine features, such as the muskox's specialized horn morphology, and genetic analysis shows that their lineages actually separated early in caprine evolution. Instead, the muskox's closest living relatives appear to be the gorals of the genus Naemorhedus, nowadays common in many countries of central and east Asia. The vague similarity between takin and muskox must therefore be considered an example of convergent evolution.[10]

text: Fossil history and extinct relatives[edit]

text: The modern muskox is the last member of a line of ovibovines that first evolved in temperate regions of Asia and adapted to a cold tundra environment late in its evolutionary history. Muskoxen ancestors with sheep-like high-positioned horns (horn cores being mostly over the plane of the frontal bones, rather than below them as in modern muskoxen) first left the temperate forests for the developing grasslands of Central Asia during the Pliocene, expanding into Siberia and the rest of northern Eurasia. Later migration waves of Asian ungulates that included high-horned muskoxen reached Europe and North America during the first half of the Pleistocene. The first well known muskox, the "shrub-ox" Euceratherium, crossed to North America over an early version of the Bering Land Bridge two million years ago and prospered in the American southwest and Mexico. Euceratherium was larger yet more lightly built than modern muskoxen, looking like a giant sheep with massive horns, and preferred hilly grasslands.

text: A genus with intermediate horns, Soergelia, inhabited Eurasia in the early Pleistocene, from Spain to Siberia, and crossed to North America during the Irvingtonian (1.8 million years to 240,000 years ago), soon after Euceratherium. Unlike Euceratherium, which survived in America down to the Pleistocene-Holocene extinction event, Soergelia was a lowland dweller that disappeared fairly early, displaced by more advanced ungulates, such as the "giant muskox" Praeovibos (literally "before Ovibos"). The low-horned Praeovibos was present in Europe and the Mediterranean 1.5 million years ago, colonized Alaska and the Yukon one million years ago and disappeared half a million years ago. Praeovibos was a highly adaptable animal that appears associated with cold tundra (reindeer) and temperate woodland (red deer) faunas alike. During the Mindel glaciation 500,000 years ago, Praeovibos was present in the Kolyma river area in eastern Siberia in association with many Ice Age megafauna that would later coexist with Ovibos, in the Kolyma itself and elsewhere, including wild horses, reindeer, woolly mammoth and stag-moose. It is debated, however, if Praeovibos was directly ancestral to Ovibos, or both genera descended from a common ancestor, since the two occurred together during the middle Pleistocene. Defenders of ancestry from Praeovibos have proposed that Praeovibos evolved into Ovibos in one region during a period of isolation and expanded later, replacing the remaining populations of Praeovibos.[10]

text: Two more Praeovibos-like genera were named in America in the 19th century, Bootherium and Symbos, which are now identified as the male and female forms of a single, sexually dimorphic species, the "woodland muskox", Bootherium bombifrons. Bootherium inhabited open woodland areas of North America during the late Pleistocene, from Alaska to Texas and maybe even Mexico, but was most common in the Southern United States, while Ovibos replaced it in the tundra-steppe to the north, immediately south of the Laurentian ice sheet.[10][11]

text: Modern Ovibos appeared in Germany almost one million years ago and was common in the region through the Pleistocene. By the Mindel, muskoxen had also reached the British Isles. Both Germany and Britain were just south of the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet and covered in tundra during cold periods, but Pleistocene muskoxen are also rarely recorded in more benign and wooded areas to the south like France and Green Spain, where they coexisted with temperate ungulates like red deer and aurochs. Likewise, the muskox is known to have survived in Britain during warm interglacial periods.[10]

text: Today's muskoxen are descended from others believed to have migrated from Siberia to North America between 200,000[12] and 90,000 years ago,[13] having previously occupied Alaska (at the time united to Siberia and isolated periodically from the rest of North America by the union of the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets during colder periods) between 250,000 and 150,000 years ago. After migrating south during one of the warmer periods of the Illinoian glaciation, non-Alaskan American muskoxen would be isolated from the rest in the colder periods. The muskox was already present in its current stronghold of Banks Island 34,000 years ago, but the existence of other ice-free areas in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago at the time is disputed.[10]

text: Along with the bison and the pronghorn,[14] the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene megafauna in North America to survive the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event and live to the present day.[15] The muskox is thought to have been able to survive the Last glacial period by finding ice-free areas (refugia) away from prehistoric peoples.[13]

text: Fossil DNA evidence suggests that muskoxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more genetically diverse.[16] During that time, other populations of muskoxen lived across the Arctic, from the Ural Mountains to Greenland. By contrast, the current genetic makeup of the species is more homogenous. Climate fluctuation may have affected this shift in genetic diversity: research indicates colder periods in Earth's history are correlated with more diversity, and warmer periods with more homogeneity.[15]

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: Both male and female muskoxen have long, curved horns. Muskoxen stand 1.1 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) high at the shoulder, with females measuring 135 to 200 cm (4.4 to 6.6 ft) in length, and the larger males 200 to 250 cm (6.6 to 8.2 ft). The small tail, often concealed under a layer of fur, measures only 10 cm (3.9 in) long. Adults, on average, weigh 285 kg (630 lb) and range from 180 to 410 kg (400 to 900 lb).[9][17] The thick coat and large head suggests a larger animal than the muskox truly is; the bison, to which the muskox is often compared, can weigh up to twice as much.[18] However, heavy zoo-kept specimens have weighed up to 650 kg (1,400 lb).[5] Their coat, a mix of black, gray, and brown, includes long guard hairs that almost reach the ground. Rare "white muskoxen" have been spotted in the Queen Maud Gulf Bird Sanctuary.[19] Muskoxen are occasionally domesticated for wool, meat, and milk.[20][21] The wool, qiviut, is highly prized for its softness, length, and insulation value. Prices for yarn range between $40 and $80 per ounce (28 g).[22][23][24]

text: A muskox can reach speeds of up to 60 km/h (37 mph).[25] Their life expectancy is 12–20 years.

text: Range[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: During the Pleistocene period, muskoxen were much more widespread. Fossil evidence shows that they lived across the Siberian and North American Arctic, from the Urals to Greenland.[15] The ancestors of today's muskoxen came across the Bering Land Bridge to North America between 200,000[12] and 90,000 years ago.[13] During the Wisconsinan, modern muskox thrived in the tundra south of the Laurentide ice sheet, in what is now the Midwest, the Appalachians and Virginia, while distant relatives Bootherium and Euceratherium lived in the forests of the Southern United States and the western shrubland, respectively.[11] Though they were always less common than other Ice Age megafauna, muskox abundance peaked during the Würm II glaciation 20,000 years ago and declined afterwards, especially during the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event, where its range was greatly reduced and only the populations in North America survived. The last known muskox population in Europe died out in Sweden 9,000 years ago,[10] and the last one in Asia, which lived on Siberia's Taymyr Peninsula, about 2,000 years ago.[16]

text: After the disappearance of the Laurentide ice sheet, the muskox gradually moved north across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, arriving in Greenland from Ellesmere Island at about 350 AD, during the late Holocene. Their arrival in northwestern Greenland probably occurred within a few hundred years of the arrival of the Dorset and Thule cultures in the present-day Qaanaaq area. Human predation around Qaanaaq may have restricted muskoxen from moving down the west coast, and instead kept them confined to the northeastern fringes of the island.[26]

text: Recent native range in North America[edit]

text: In modern times, muskoxen were restricted to the Arctic areas of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. The Alaskan population was wiped out in the late 19th or early 20th century. Their depletion has been attributed to excessive hunting, but an adverse change in climate may have contributed.[27][28] However, muskoxen have since been reintroduced to Alaska. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service introduced the muskox onto Nunivak Island in 1935 as a means for subsistence living.[29] Other reintroduced populations are in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge,[30] Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Yukon's Ivvavik National Park, a wildlife conservation center in Anchorage,[31] Aulavik National Park in Northwest Territories, Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge, Gates of the Arctic National Park, and Whitehorse, Yukon's wildlife preserve[32] as well as a local farm in Palmer, Alaska, which has been successful since the mid-1950s.[33]

text: Introductions in Eurasia[edit]

text:
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text: The species was introduced from Banks Island to the Dovre mountain range of Norway in 1932 before they were hunted to extinction during the Second World War. The animal was reintroduced to Norway in 1947; this population expanded into Härjedalen, Sweden in 1971. An introduction attempt in Svalbard was carried out in 1925-26 and 1929; however, this population died out in the 1970s.[34] They were also introduced in Iceland around 1930 but did not survive.[35]

text: In Russia, animals from Banks and Nunivak alike were imported and released in the Taymyr Peninsula between 1974 and 1975, and from Nunivak to Wrangel Island in 1975. Both locations are north of the Arctic Circle. Once established, these populations have been, in turn, used as sources for further introductions in Siberia between 1996 and 2010.[36] One of the last of such actions was the release of six animals within the "Pleistocene Park" project area in the Kolyma River in 2010, where a team of Russian scientists led by Sergey Zimov aims to prove that muskoxen, along with other Pleistocene megafauna that survived into the early Holocene in northern Siberia,[37] did not disappear from the region due to climate change, but because of human hunting.[38]

text: Introductions in eastern Canada[edit]

text: Ancient muskox remains have never been found in eastern Canada, despite the ecological conditions in the northern Labrador Peninsula being suitable for them. In 1967, 14 animals were captured near Eureka, Ellesmere Island, and placed in a wool farm in Kuujjuaq, northern Quebec. Although the animals acclimatized and reproduced with no problem, the farm failed to make a profit. Subsequently, 54 animals from the farm were released in three locations of northern Quebec between 1973 and 1983, while the remaining were ceded to local zoos. Between 1983 and 1986, the released animals increased from 148 to 290, at a rate of 1.25 per year, and by 2003, an estimated 1400 muskoxen were in Quebec. Additionally, 112 adults and 25 calves were counted in the nearby Diana Island in 2005, having arrived there by their own means from the continent. Vagrant adults are sometimes spotted in Labrador, though no herds have been observed in the region.[39]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: During the summer, muskoxen live in wet areas, such as river valleys, moving to higher elevations in the winter to avoid deep snow. Muskoxen will eat grasses, Arctic willows, woody plants, lichens, and mosses. When food is abundant, they prefer succulent and nutritious grasses in an area. Willows are the most commonly eaten plants in the winter. Muskoxen require a high threshold of fat reserves in order to conceive, which reflects their conservative breeding strategy. Winter ranges typically have shallow snow to reduce the energy costs of digging through snow to reach forage.[1] The primary predators of muskoxen are Arctic wolves, which may account for up to half of all mortality for the species. Other occasional predators, likely mainly predators of calves or infirm adults, can include grizzly bears and polar bears.[5]

text: Social behavior and reproduction[edit]

text: Muskoxen live in herds of 12–24 in the winter and 8–20 in the summer.[40] They do not hold territories, but they do mark their trails with preorbital glands.[41] Male and female muskoxen both have separate age-based hierarchies, with mature oxen being dominant over juveniles.[40] Dominant oxen tend to get access to the best resources[5] and will displace subordinates from patches of grass during the winter.[40] Muskoxen bulls assert their dominance in many different ways. One is a "rush and butt", in which a dominant bull rushes a subordinate from the side with its horns, and will warn the subordinate so it can have a chance to get away.[42] Bulls will also roar, swing their heads, and paw the ground.[5] Dominant bulls sometimes treat subordinate bulls like cows. A dominant bull will casually kick a subordinate with its foreleg, something they do to cows during mating.[43] Dominant bulls will also mock copulate subordinates and sniff their genitals.[43] A subordinate bull can change his status by charging a dominant bull.[44]

text: The mating (or "rutting") season of the muskoxen begins in late June or early July. During this time, dominant bulls will fight others out of the herds and establish harems of usually six or seven cows and their offspring. Fighting bulls will first rub their preorbital glands against their legs while bellowing loudly, and then display their horns.[44] The bulls then back up 20 meters, lower their heads, and charge into each other, and will keep doing so until one bull gives up.[42] Subordinate and elderly bulls will leave the herds to form bachelor groups or become solitary.[5] However, when danger is present, the outside bulls can return to the herd for protection.[45] Dominant bulls will prevent cows from leaving their harems.[5] During mating, a bull will casually kick an estrous cow with his foreleg to calm her down and make her more receptive to his advances.[43] The herds reassemble when summer ends.[45]

text: While the bulls are more aggressive during the rutting season and make the decisions in the groups, the females take charge during gestation.[5] Pregnant females are aggressive and decide what distance the herd travels in a day and where they will bed for the night.[46] The herds move more frequently when cows are lactating, to allow them to get enough food to nurse their offspring.[46] Cows have an eight- to nine-month gestation period, with calving occurring from April to June. Cows do not calve every year. When winters are severe, cows will not go into estrus and thus not calve the next year. When calving, cows stay in the herd for protection. Calves are able to keep up with the herd within just a few hours after birth. The calves are welcomed into the herd and nursed for the first two months.[5] After that, a calf then begins eating vegetation and nurses only occasionally. Cows communicate with their calves through braying. The calf's bond with its mother weakens after two years.

text: Muskoxen have a distinctive defensive behavior: when the herd is threatened, the bulls and cows will face outward to form a stationary ring or semicircle around the calves.[47] The bulls are usually the front line for defense against predators with the cows and juveniles gathering close to them.[5] Bulls determine the defensive formation during rutting, while the cows decide the rest of the year.[45]

text: Components of glandular secretions[edit]

text: The preorbital gland secretion of muskoxen has a "light, sweetish, ethereal" odor.[7] Analysis of preorbital gland secretion extract showed the presence of cholesterol (which is nonvolatile), benzaldehyde, a series of straight-chain saturated gamma-lactones ranging from C8H14O2 to C12H22O2 (with C10H18O2 being most abundant), and probably the monounsaturated gamma lactone C12H20O2.[7] The saturated gamma-lactone series has an odor similar to that of the secretion.[7]

text: The odor of dominant rutting males is "strong" and "rank".[7] It derives from the preputial gland and is distributed over the fur of the abdomen via urine. Analysis of extract of washes of the prepuce revealed the presence of benzoic acid and p-cresol, along with a series of straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons from C22H46 to C32H66 (with C24H50 being most abundant).[7]

text: Conservation status[edit]

text: Historically, this species declined because of overhunting, but population recovery has taken place following enforcement of hunting regulations.[1] Management in the late 1900s was mostly conservative hunting quotas to foster recovery and recolonization from the historic declines.[1] The current world population of muskoxen is estimated at between 80,000[48] and 125,000,[29] with an estimated 47,000 living on Banks Island.[49]

text: In Greenland there are no major threats, although populations are often small in size and scattered, which makes them vulnerable to local fluctuations in climate. Most populations are within national parks, where they are protected from hunting.[1] Muskoxen occur in four of Greenland's protected areas, with indigenous populations in Northeast Greenland National Park, and three introduced populations in Arnangarnup Qoorua Nature Reserve, and Kangerlussuaq and Maniitsoq Caribou Reserves. Within these areas, muskoxen receive full protection.[1]


document_title: America's Got Talent (season 13)

question_text: america's got talent judges 2018 guest judge

question_tokens: america 's got talent judges 2018 guest judge

text: America's Got Talent (season 13)

text: Preliminary auditions

text: The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando, Cincinnati, Savannah, Milwaukee, Houston, Las Vegas, New York City, Nashville, and Los Angeles.[5] As in years past, prospective contestants could also submit online auditions.[6]

text: Auditions were taped from March 6-23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles[7] and began to air on May 29, 2018.[8]

text: Golden buzzer

text: The golden buzzer returned for its fifth consecutive season. Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round. In the first episode, Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh.[8] Simon Cowell was second to press it for 40-year-old singer Michael Ketterer. Howie Mandel was third to press it for 13 year old singer Courtney Hadwin. Mel B was fourth to press it for 15 year old singer Amanda Mena. Heidi Klum was the final judge to use the golden buzzer, using it for 15 year old singer Makayla Phillips.

text: Judge Cuts

text: The Judge Cuts rounds began airing on Tuesday, July 17, 2018. Like the previous season, one guest judge will join the judges' panel each show and will be given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Eighteen acts perform each week instead of twenty as in the previous three seasons. Of the eighteen acts performing each week seven acts advance including the guest judge's golden buzzer which immediately advances if used. Guest judges will not be given a red buzzer to use. Any act that will receive all four red buzzers will be immediately eliminated from the competition. The four guest judges are Ken Jeong, Olivia Munn, Martina McBride, and Chris Hardwick, who was also a guest judge in the previous season.[9] The final Judge Cuts episode aired on August 7, 2018. This is the first Judge Cuts rounds in history where no acts received four red buzzers.

text: After the Judge Cuts, three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows: Daniel Emmet, Human Fountains and Front Pictures (who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round).

text: Golden Buzzer

text: The golden buzzer also returned for the Judge Cuts round. Each week during the Judge Cuts a guest judge will have the option to use their golden buzzer on any act. An act that receives the golden buzzer during the Judge Cuts round will not face elimination and will advance automatically to the live shows. In the first week of the Judge Cuts Ken Jeong pressed his golden buzzer for the Voices of Hope Children's Choir. In week 2, Olivia Munn pressed her Golden Buzzer for Angel City Chorale. In the third week, Martina McBride pressed her Golden Buzzer for Quin and Misha, a ballroom dance duo. Chris Hardwick gave the season’s final Golden Buzzer for Flau’jae, a 14-year old rapper, in the final week of the Judge Cuts.

text:
Key

 Buzzed

 Golden buzzer

  Advanced

  Quarterfinal Wildcard

  Eliminated

  Advanced Immediately

text: Week 1

text: Guest judge: Ken Jeong

text: Date: July 17, 2018

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Jeong

Mel B

Mandel

Junior New System

1

Dance Group

Advanced

Harold & Regan

2

Dance Duo

Eliminated

Us the Duo

3

Band

Advanced

Kevin Blake

4

Magician

Eliminated

Mochi

5

Diabolo Artist

Advanced

Lilly Wilker

6

Animal Impressionist

Eliminated

Oscar and Pam

7

Singing Dog & Pianist

Eliminated

Daniel Emmet

8

Opera Singer

Quarterfinal Wildcard

Voices of Hope

9

Choir

Advanced Immediately

Aaron Crow

10

Danger Act

Advanced

Carmen Lynch

11

Stand-up Comedienne

Eliminated

Christina Wells

12

Singer

Advanced

Patches

13

Rapper

Eliminated

Andrew Johnston

14

Singer

Eliminated

Celina and Filiberto

15

Dance Duo

Eliminated

Trinh Tra My

16

Aerialist

Eliminated

Jack Tenney

17

Trampolinist

Eliminated

Duo Transcend

18

Trapeze Duo

Advanced

text: Week 2

text: Guest judge: Olivia Munn

text: Date: July 24, 2018

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Munn

Mel B

Mandel

Human Fountains

1

Novelty Act

Quarterfinal Wildcard

Shin Lim

2

Close-up Magician

Advanced

The Melisizwe Brothers

3

Band

Eliminated

Macey Mac

4

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Sophie Fatu

5

Singer

Eliminated

Reyes del Swing

6

Salsa Dance Troupe

Eliminated

The Future Kingz

7

Dance Group

Advanced

Lioz Shem Tov

8

Comedy Mentalist

Eliminated

Angel City Chorale

9

Choir

Advanced Immediately

Shannon and Reckon

10

Dog Act

Eliminated

EXISDANCE

11

Multimedia Dance Act

Eliminated

Hans

12

Singer/Accordionist/Dancer

Advanced

Vivien Vajda

13

Jump Rope Acrobat

Eliminated

Rob Lake

14

Illusionist

Advanced

Leah Mathies

15

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Hunter Price

16

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Joseph O'Brien[a]

17

Singer/Pianist

Advanced

Vicki Barbolak

18

Stand-up Comedienne

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Joseph O'Brien to stop performing during his act. After given the opportunity, O'Brien chose to perform for a second time. His result is based off the second performance.

tag: ol

text: Week 3

text: Guest judge: Martina McBride

text: Date: July 31, 2018

text: This is the second Judge Cuts episode in the show's history in which an act with at least one "X" buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows.

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

McBride

Mel B

Mandel

The Savitsky Cats

1

Cat Act

Advanced

Blue Tokyo

2

Acrobatic Dance Group

Eliminated

OC Music and Dance

3

Orchestral Band

Eliminated

The PAC Dance Team

4

Dance Group

Advanced

Angel Garcia

5

Singer

Eliminated

Jeffrey Li

6

Singer

Eliminated

Ms. Trysh

7

Singer

Eliminated

Kazi

8

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Bone Hampton

9

Stand-up Comedian

Eliminated

Quin and Misha

10

Ballroom Dance Duo

Advanced Immediately

Noah Guthrie[a]

11

Singer/Guitarist

Advanced

Jules and Jerome

12

Teeterboard Duo

Eliminated

Fratelli Rossi

13

Acrobatic Duo

Eliminated

Bensax International

14

Saxophonist

Eliminated

Oliver Graves

15

Stand-up Comedian

Eliminated

UDI Dance

16

Blacklight Dance Group

Advanced

We Three

17

Band

Advanced

The Sacred Riana

18

Illusionist

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Noah Guthrie to stop performing during his act. After given the opportunity, Guthrie chose to perform for a second time. His result is  based off the second performance.

text: Week 4

text: Guest judge: Chris Hardwick

text: Date: August 7, 2018

text: This is the first time in America's Got Talent Judge Cuts history where two or more acts that have been buzzed went on to the live shows.

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Hardwick

Mel B

Mandel

Brian King Joseph

1

Electric Violinist

Advanced

Yumbo Dump

2

Comedy Duo

Advanced

Academy of Villains

3

Dance Group

Eliminated

Da RepubliK

4

Dance Group

Advanced

Berlin

5

Singer/Pianist

Eliminated

Sergey and Sasha

6

Acrobatic Duo

Eliminated

Flau'jae

7

Rapper

Advanced Immediately

Elijah Holt

8

Trampolinist

Eliminated

Sixto and Lucia

9

Quick Change Duo

Eliminated

Brody Ray

10

Singer/Guitarist

Eliminated

Ronnie Lamarque

11

Singer

Eliminated

Glennis Grace

12

Singer

Advanced

Diabolowalker

13

Diabolo Dance Group

Eliminated

Troy James

14

Contortionist

Eliminated

Street Drum Corps

15

Percussion Group

Eliminated

NUNNABOVE

16

Band

Eliminated

Lord Nil

17

Escape Artist

Advanced

Samuel J. Comroe

18

Stand-up Comedian

Advanced

text: Quarterfinals

text: The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14, 2018 with twelve acts performing each night.[10] The following night the results will be announced to the public with seven of the twelve acts proceeding to the semifinals.[11] Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act, determined by popular vote, using "Google's Instant Save", sometimes also known as the "Dunkin' Save" due to a sponsorship contract with Dunkin Donuts, via the America's Got Talent app or the official website.[12][13] In the first week of the Quarterfinals, Human Fountains received a buzzer from Cowell and Lord Nil received one from Mel B. In the second week of the Quarterfinals, Yumbo Dump received a buzzer from Klum.

text:
Key

 Buzzed

 Judges' Choice

  Advanced (Won Public Vote)

  Advanced (Won Judges' Choice)

  Advanced (Recived Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save)

  Advanced (Received Judges' Wildcard)

  Eliminated

  Eliminated (Lost Judges' Choice)

text: Week 1 (August 14–15)

text: Guest: Darci Lynne Farmer

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

Mochi

1

Diabolo Artist

Lost Judges' Choice

Human Fountains

2

Novelty Act

Eliminated

Angel City Chorale

3

Choir

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

The PAC Dance Team

4

Dance Group

Eliminated

Amanda Mena

5

Singer

Advanced

Junior New System[a]

6

Dance Group

Won Judges' Choice

We Three

7

Band

Advanced

Lord Nil

8

Escape Artist

Eliminated

Flau'jae

9

Rapper

Eliminated

Shin Lim

10

Close-up Magician

Advanced

Vicki Barbolak

11

Stand-up Comedienne

Advanced

Courtney Hadwin

12

Singer

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ After the Judges' choice was split evenly, Junior New System was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the next round.

text: Week 2 (August 21–22)

text: Guests: The Illusionists and Light Balance

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

Makayla Phillips

1

Singer

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

Da RepubliK

2

Dance Group

Won Judges' Choice

Noah Guthrie

3

Singer/Guitarist

Advanced

Yumbo Dump

4

Comedy Duo

X[a]

X[b]

Eliminated

Samuel J. Comroe

5

Stand-up Comedian

Advanced

Voices of Hope

6

Choir

Advanced

The Savitsky Cats

7

Cat Act

Eliminated

Glennis Grace

8

Singer

Advanced

The Sacred Riana

9

Illusionist

Eliminated

Quin and Misha

10

Ballroom Dance Duo

Eliminated

Front Pictures

11

Multimedia Performance Act

Received Judges' Wildcard

Duo Transcend

12

Trapeze Duo

Advanced

text:
Jump up ^ Cowell buzzed the act, but then took his buzzer back at the end.

Jump up ^ Mel B buzzed the act, but then took her buzzer back at the end.

text: Week 3 (August 28–29)

text: Guest: Beautiful Broadway

text:
Act

Order

Performance type

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

The Future Kingz

1

Dance Group

Lost Judges' Choice

Us the Duo

2

Band

Advanced

Daniel Emmet

3

Opera Singer

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

Brian King Joseph

4

Electric Violinist

Advanced

Aaron Crow

5

Danger Act

Won Judges' Choice

Joseph O'Brien

6

Singer/Pianist

Eliminated

Hans

7

Singer/Accordionist/Dancer

Eliminated

UDI Dance

8

Blacklight Dance Group

Eliminated

Christina Wells

9

Singer

Advanced

Zurcaroh

10

Acrobatic Group

Advanced

Rob Lake

11

Illusionist

Eliminated

Michael Ketterer

12

Singer

Advanced

text: Semifinals

text: The live semifinals started on September 4, 2018. They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals, plus the judges' semifinal wildcard pick. Each week, eleven acts performed; five went through to the finals, and six were eliminated.

text:
Key

 Buzzed

 Judges' Choice

  Advanced (Won Public Vote)

  Advanced (Won Judges' Choice)

  Advanced (Recived Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save)

  Eliminated

  Eliminated (Lost Judges' Choice)

text: Week 1 (September 4–5)

text:
Act

Order

Performance description

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

Amanda Mena

1

Singer; performed "Happy" by Pharrell.

Eliminated

Junior New System

2

Dance Group; dancers performed with a basketball themed red stiletto extravaganza to "Work Bitch" by Britney Spears, "Bang Bang" by Jessie J ft. Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj, and "Lose Control" by Missy Elliott ft. Ciara & Fatman Scoop.

Eliminated

Us the Duo

3

Band; performed an original song called "Broke".

Eliminated

Voices of Hope

4

Choir; performed "Defying Gravity" from Wicked by Idina Menzel.

Lost Judges' Choice

Shin Lim

5

Close-up Magician; started the act by placing a card in his back pocket "for later". He asked Heidi to pick a card and sign it. He put the signed card down and after he made a gesture, smoke began to rise from beneath it, at which point the card was shown to be blank. He opened his mouth, smoke came billowing out, and Heidi's card appeared from it. He placed her card in a plastic bag and then asked Tyra to pick a card and sign it. Tyra's card jumped from Shin's hand to his vest pocket, and thence to the card that started in his back pocket. Tyra's card then appeared in his mouth amidst a cloud of smoke, then switched places with Heidi's card in the plastic bag before the two cards switched back. He put both cards into the plastic bag and then vanished them in full view of the audience. Finally, he placed the remaining cards back in the box, and when smoke began pouring from the box he crushed it flat, making the box immediately disappear.

Advanced

Makayla Phillips

6

Singer; performed "Who You Are" by Jessie J.

Eliminated

Front Pictures

7

Multimedia Performance Act; starts in outer space and then gets a low oxygen tank. Ends up swimming with sea creatures such as turtles, dolphins, and whales.

Eliminated

Duo Transcend[a]

8

Trapeze Duo; performed a dangerous trapeze act for half of the performance, and the other half was a fire roller skate act where Mary hung onto Tyce with just her legs wrapped around his neck.

Won Judges' Choice

Samuel J. Comroe

9

Stand-up Comedian; explains about being the only kid out of his six siblings with tourettes. Then talks about how a woman tried to pray away his Tourette Syndrome. He ends with a story about how he was at a party with his black friends and the cops came. The cops told him to blink twice if he was in danger, and having tourettes he is likely to blink, so his black friends had to run.

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

Michael Ketterer

10

Singer; performed "When I Look At You" by Miley Cyrus.

Advanced

Zurcaroh

11

Acrobatic Group; the act was set in Egypt. Start with a dance on the floor, and then began leaping and flipping from the air while other members held gold wings and swung them simultaneously. They ended with two men swinging from a rope that dangled from the ceiling, and then made a human tower where the little girl on the top jumped down.

Advanced

text: Jump up ^ After the Judges' choice was split evenly, Duo Transcend was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the finale.

text: Week 2 (September 11–12)

text: Guest: BTS[14] and A Magical Cirque Christmas

text:
Act

Order

Performance description

Buzzes

Result

Cowell

Klum

Mel B

Mandel

Christina Wells

1

Singer; performed "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" by Aretha Franklin.

Eliminated

Da RepubliK

2

Dance Group; dancers mixed a combination of flipping and dancing to "Get Ugly" by Jason Derulo, "Hit the Floor" by Twista ft. Pitbull, and "Baby Got Back" by Sir Mix-a-Lot.

Eliminated

Noah Guthrie

3

Singer; performed "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston.

Eliminated

Daniel Emmet

4

Opera Singer; performed "Somewhere" from West Side Story by Reri Grist.

Won Judges' Choice

Angel City Chorale

5

Choir; performed "The Rising" by Bruce Springsteen.

Eliminated

Aaron Crow

6

Danger Act; starts the act with a video of Crow asking Howie for his help in this routine. It then cuts back to the main stage with Howie trapped in a box. In total there are four boxes. Crow first asks Heidi to choose a box out of the four, then ask Mel B to do the same. Heidi selected box 3 and Mel B picked box 1. Crow proceeded to cut a rope that crushed box 3. He then did the same thing to box 1. Simon then had to pick a box which turned out to be box 4, Crow then crushed box 4. Finally, Crow opened box 2 and Howie was inside and safe.

Eliminated

Vicki Barbolak

7

Stand-up Comedienne; talks about how she is extra attracted to Italian men. She says the best way to get a guy to notice you is to trace your body. Next, she explains that no diet has worked for her in the past. She ends talking about if a cop caught her drunk in her trailer, she would just trace her body.

Advanced

We Three

8

Band; performed an original song called "Make Up".

Lost Judges' Choice

Glennis Grace

9

Singer; performed "This Woman's Work" by Kate Bush.

Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save

Brian King Joseph

10

Electric Violinist; started in the audience and made his way to the main stage. Performed "Gangsta's Paradise" by Coolio ft. L.V. to an electric mix on the song.

Advanced

Courtney Hadwin

11

Singer; performed "Born to Be Wild" by Steppenwolf.

Advanced

text: Finals

text: The final performances took on September 18, followed by the final results show aired on September 19, 2018. No acts were buzzed.

text: During the finale results, the top 5 acts were revealed first; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place.

text:
Key

  Advanced to the Top 5

  Top 10

text:
Act

Order

Performance Description

Result

Brian King Joseph

1

Electric Violinist; performed "Heartless" by Kanye West to an electric beat on the song. Joseph was surrounded by fire and two drummers.

Advanced

Daniel Emmet

2

Opera Singer; gives an opera take on "Perfect" by Ed Sheeran.

Top 10

Vicki Barbolak

3

Stand-up Comedienne; starts by saying she thought the finale was a bathing suit contest. She proceeds to strip into her bathing suit and talk about her time as a stripper. Chats about all the accomplishments her grandson has in school, to later say he is homeschooled. She says her dad is an ex-football player, and she has the typical looks of a football player's daughter. Ends with talking about Hooter's and how she wants tom open a restaurant for women called, "Woodpeckers".

Top 10

Glennis Grace

4

Singer; performed "Run" by Snow Patrol.

Top 10

Zurcaroh

5

Acrobatic Group; started all lined up in a row. They broke out and performed a ritual dance to "Baba Yetu". Next, they created a human tower, and threw the little girl at the top off. They showed a scene where a little boy sees a girl acrobat and is scared of her appearance. The remaining acrobats do a flag routine. The little boy comes back and isn't scared of the girl anymore. They end the routine by making another human tower and throwing three girls in the air to be caught.

Advanced

Samuel J. Comroe

6

Stand-up Comedian; explains how he met his wife. Tells a story about a guy he met that was squeezing his girlfriend's butt. The guy then walked up to Comroe and said he doesn't really have tourettes because he doesn't cuss. Comroe said when he cusses it is from the heart. He finishes talking about how he does not like rude people. If you honk at him, he will follow you home. If he opens the door and you don't say thank you, he will pull you back in.

Advanced

Courtney Hadwin

7

Singer; performed "River Deep, Mountain High" by Tina Turner.

Top 10

Shin Lim

8

Close-up Magician; played piano for a bit, and talked about how he used to play piano until carpal tunnel made him stop, then got Tyra to randomly select a card. He then made multiple copies of this card appear and disappear, and displayed the name of the card with floating playing cards.

Advanced

Duo Transcend

9

Trapeze Duo; opens with both at the top of the trapeze. Mary blindfolds Tyce, and proceeds to dangle for his leg in the air. She then does many flips by just holding onto his arms. Mary stands on Tyce's shoulders and jumps down with Tyce just barely catching her. They continue to do flips. Mary takes off his blindfold and holds him by just her arms. They conclude by Mary dropping Tyce, on purpose.

Top 10

Michael Ketterer

10

Singer; performed "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell.

Advanced

text: Finale

text: Guest performers in the finale included Kiss, Bebe Rexha, The Struts, Plácido Domingo, and Lindsey Stirling. Other celebrity appearances included David Spade, Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila.[15]

text: The following chart describes the acts, appearances and segments presented during the finale.

text:
Act(s)

Performance Description

Glennis Grace

Singer; Guest performer Bebe Rexha sang a duet with Grace of her song "Meant to Be".

Samuel J. Comroe

Stand-up Comedian; Clips were shown of Comroe performing and acting as a judge to comment on the Mel B's performance as a stand-up comedienne.

Courtney Hadwin

Singer; Guest performer The Struts sang a duet with Hadwin of their song "Could Have Been Me" and Janis Joplin's version of "Piece of My Heart" song.

Daniel Emmet

Opera Singer; Guest performer Plácido Domingo sang a duet with Emmet of Les pêcheurs de perles opera song "Au fond du temple saint" (generally known as "The Pearl Fishers Duet").

Vicky Barbolak

Stand-up Comedienne; Guest performer David Spade performed together with Barbolak.

Michael Ketterer

Singer; Sang "The Courage To Love" by Garth Brooks.

Shin Lim

Close-up Magician; Guest volunteers Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila

Brian King Joseph & Duo Transcend

Electric Violinist and Trapeze Duo; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling and Joseph performed performed "Roundtable Rival" and "The Force of Nature" while Duo Transcend performs.

Zurcaroh

Acrobatic Group; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling

text:
Key

  1st place (Winner)

  2nd place (Runner-ups)

  3rd place

  4th place

  5th place

text:
Act

Result

Shin Lim

Winner

Zurcaroh

Runner-Ups

Brian King Joseph

3rd place

Samuel J. Comroe

4th place

Michael Ketterer

5th place

text: Top 36 acts

text:
Key

     Winner

     Runner-up

     Third Place

     Top 5

     Finalist

     Semifinalist (lost judges' vote)

     Semifinalist (lost audience vote)

     Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote)

     Quarterfinalist (lost audience vote)

 Golden buzzer (Auditions)

 Golden buzzer (Judge Cuts)

 Judges' wild card (quarterfinals)

 Judges' wild card (semifinals)

text:
Name of Act

Age(s)

Genre

Act

Hometown

Quarterfinal

Semifinal

Result

Shin Lim

26

Magic

Close-up Magician

Acton, Massachusetts

1

1

Winner

Zurcaroh

8–39

Acrobatics

Acrobatic Group

 Götzis, Austria

3

1

Runners-Up

Brian King Joseph

27

Music

Electric Violinist

Los Angeles, California

3

2

3rd place

Samuel J. Comroe

30

Comedy

Stand-up Comedian

Los Angeles, California

2

1

4th place

Michael Ketterer

40

Singing

Singer

Anaheim, California

3

1

5th place

Courtney Hadwin

13

Singing

Singer

 County Durham, England

1

2

Finalist (Won Public Vote)

Daniel Emmet

25

Singing

Opera Singer

Las Vegas, Nevada

3

2

Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)

Duo Transcend

29 & 32

Acrobatics

Trapeze Duo

Salt Lake City, Utah

2

1

Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)

Glennis Grace

40

Singing

Singer

 Amsterdam, Netherlands

2

2

Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save)

Vicki Barbolak

60

Comedy

Stand-up Comedienne

Oceanside, California

1

2

Finalist (Won Public Vote)

Voices of Hope

5–17

Singing

Choir

Orange County, California

2

1

Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

We Three

21–27

Singing

Band

McMinnville, Oregon

1

2

Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

Aaron Crow

49

Danger

Danger Act

 Bruges, Belgium

3

2

Eliminated

Amanda Mena

15

Singing

Singer

Boston, Massachusetts

1

1

Eliminated

Angel City Chorale

19–88

Singing

Choir

Los Angeles, California

1

2

Eliminated

Christina Wells

42

Singing

Singer

Houston, Texas

3

2

Eliminated

Da RepubliK

15–32

Dance

Dance Group

 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

2

2

Eliminated

Front Pictures

41 & 43

Variety

Multimedia Performance Act

 Kiev, Ukraine

2

1

Eliminated

Junior New System

18–25

Dance

Dance Group

 Manila, Philippines

1

1

Eliminated

Makayla Phillips

16

Singing

Singer

Canyon Lake, California

2

1

Eliminated

Noah Guthrie

24

Singing

Singer/Guitarist

Greer, South Carolina

2

2

Eliminated

Us the Duo

27 & 28

Singing

Band

Los Angeles, California

3

1

Eliminated

Mochi

29

Variety

Diabolo Artist

 Shizuoka, Japan

1

N/A

Quarterfinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

The Future Kingz

7–23

Dance

Dance Group

Chicago, Illinois

3

N/A

Quarterfinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)

Flau'jae

14

Music

Rapper

Savannah, Georgia

1

N/A

Eliminated

Hans

"19"

Variety

Singer/Accordionist/Dancer

 Adelaide, Australia

3

N/A

Eliminated

Human Fountains

24–29

Variety

Novelty Act

Los Angeles, California

1

N/A

Eliminated

Joseph O'Brien

20

Singing

Singer/Pianist

Columbia, Tennessee

3

N/A

Eliminated

Lord Nil

38

Danger

Escape Artist

 Italy

1

N/A

Eliminated

Quin and Misha

70 & 35

Dance

Ballroom Dance Duo

Orlando, Florida

2

N/A

Eliminated

Rob Lake

35

Magic

Illusionist

Norman, Oklahoma

3

N/A

Eliminated

The PAC Dance Team

15–18

Dance

Dance Group

Sahuarita, Arizona

1

N/A

Eliminated

The Sacred Riana

25

Magic

Illusionist

 Jakarta, Indonesia

2

N/A

Eliminated

The Savitsky Cats

24 & 45

Animal

Cat Act

 Ukraine

2

N/A

Eliminated

UDI Dance

20–37

Dance

Blacklight Dance Group

 Tomsk, Russia

3

N/A

Eliminated

Yumbo Dump

31 & 34

Comedy

Comedy Duo

 Okayama, Japan

2

N/A

Eliminated

text: International broadcast

text: This season is being aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US. It airs on AXN starting May 31, 2018 (UTC+8).[16][17]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland the first episode was brought to Netflix on May 31. In Singapore, the show was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 5 every Thursday starting May 31, 2018.[18]

text: Ratings

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings

text:
Episode

Title

First air date

Timeslot (EDT)

Rating(18–49)

Share(18–49)

Viewers(millions)

NightlyRank

WeeklyRank

1

Auditions Week 1

May 29, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

2.5

11

12.16

1[19]

3[20]

2

Auditions Week 2

June 5, 2018

2.2

10

11.27

1[21]

3[22]

3

Auditions Week 3

June 12, 2018

2.3

10

11.46

1[23]

1[24]

4

Auditions Week 4

June 19, 2018

2.2

10

11.86

1[25]

1[26]

5

Auditions Week 5

June 26, 2018

2.0

9

11.32

1[27]

1[28]

6

Auditions Week 6

July 10, 2018

2.1

9

11.55

1[29]

1[30]

7

Judge Cuts 1

July 17, 2018

2.1

9

11.33

1[31]

1[32]

8

Judge Cuts 2

July 24, 2018

2.0

8

11.68

1[33]

1[34]

9

Judge Cuts 3

July 31, 2018

2.1

9

11.83

1[35]

1[36]

10

Judge Cuts 4

August 7, 2018

1.9

9

11.04

1[37]

1[38]

11

Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Performances)

August 14, 2018

2.1

10

11.10

1[39]

1[40]

12

Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Results)

August 15, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.5

8

9.85

2[41]

2[40]

13

Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Performances)

August 21, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

2.1

9

11.21

1[42]

1[43]

14

Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Results)

August 22, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.6

8

9.69

1[44]

2[43]

15

Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Performances)

August 28, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

1.9

8

10.78

1[45]

1[46]

16

Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Results)

August 29, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.5

7

9.90

2[47]

2[46]

17

Semifinals, Week 1 (Performances)

September 4, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

1.8

8

10.69

1[48]

5[49]

18

Semifinals, Week 1 (Results)

September 5, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.5

7

9.89

2[50]

7[49]

19

Semifinals, Week 2 (Performances)

September 11, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

1.9

8

10.75

1[51]

4[52]

20

Semifinals, Week 2 (Results)

September 12, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

1.6

8

10.15

1[53]

5[52]

21

The Finals

September 18, 2018

Tuesday  8:00 p.m.

2.3

10

12.99

1[54]

2[55]

22

Season Finale

September 19, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

2.1

10

12.88

1[56]

3[55]

text: Special episodes

text:
Specials

Title

First air date

Timeslot (EDT)

Rating(18–49)

Share(18–49)

Viewers(millions)

NightlyRank

WeeklyRank

S1

Best of Auditions

July 11, 2018

Wednesday  8:00 p.m.

0.9

5

5.98

2[57]

4[30]

S2

Road to Lives

August 9, 2018

Thursday  8:00 p.m.

0.7

3

3.82

2[58]

21[38]

text: Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows

text:
Act

Television show

Season

Result

Notes

Academy of Villains

America's Got Talent

7

Semifinalist

Sergey and Sasha

10

Cut Before Judge Cuts

Silicon Valley Girls

11

Cut Before Judge Cuts

Auditioned as "Trio Grace"

Junior New System

Asia's Got Talent

1

Finalist

Received the golden buzzer during the semifinals.[59]

The Sacred Riana

2

Winner

[60]

Yumbo Dump

Semi-Finalist

[61][62]

UDI

Britain's Got Talent

9

Finalist

Wes-P

12

Semi-Finalist

Auditioned as "Mr. Uekusa"

Aaron Crow

7

Semi-Finalist

La France a un incroyable talent

11

Semi-Finalist

Zurcaroh

12

Finalist

Received the golden buzzer during the auditions.[63]

David Pereira

8

Finalist

Got Talent España

1

Finalist

Noah Guthrie

Glee

6

N/A

Played Roderick Meeks[64]Recurring role; 12 episodes.

Lioz Shem Tov

Israel's Got Talent

1

Semi-Finalist

Jeffrey Li

Little Big Shots

1

N/A

Rob Lake

Masters of Illusion

3

N/A

Shin Lim

Penn & Teller: Fool Us

2

Fooler

4

Jimmy Ichihana

Non-Fooler

Flau'jae

The Rap Game

3

Final Four

Troy James

Showtime At The Apollo

1

N/A

Glennis Grace

Eurovision Song Contest

50 (2005)

Semi-Finalist

Dutch contestant with "My Impossible Dream"

Soundmixshow

10 (1994)

Winner

Sang "One Moment in Time" by Whitney Houston

Courtney Hadwin

The Voice Kids (UK)

1

Finalist

One-chair turn from Danny Jones.[65]

Angel Garcia

La Voz Kids (US)

2

Eliminated in the Battles

Auditioned as "Angelito Garcia". One-chair turn from Prince Royce.

Amanda Mena

Winner

Three-chair turner and joined Team Royce.[66]