document_title: List of massacres in Great Britain

question_text: when was the last time uk had a school shooting

root

text: List of massacres in Great Britain

text: This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria. (Discuss) (August 2015)

tag: table

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This is a list of incidents that happened in Great Britain and commonly called massacres.

tag: p

text: This list does not include massacres on the island of Ireland from times when there was United Kingdom jurisdiction on that island. For those massacres, see List of massacres in Ireland.

text: List[edit]

text:
Date
Name
Location
Deaths
Injuries
Notes

61 AD
Menai Massacre
Anglesey, North Wales
unknown

Roman suppression of Druid religion

60 or 61 AD
Boudica's attacks on the Romans
Camulodunum (modern-day Colchester), Londinium and Verulamium (modern-day St Albans)
70,000–80,000 (Mostly Britons)

Forces led by Boudica, Queen of the British Iceni tribe, massacred both Romans and Britons in Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium. Her forces were later defeated by the Romans at the Battle of Watling Street.[1]

686
Caedwalla's attack on Wihtwara
Isle of Wight
All but one

According to Bede, King Caedwalla of Wessex "endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants" of the island for reverting to paganism.

13 November 1002
St. Brice's Day massacre
Throughout the Kingdom of England
Unknown

The St. Brice's Day massacre was the mass killing of Danes in the Kingdom of England on orders of King Æthelred the Unready.[2]

1069–1070
Harrying of the North
The North of England between the Humber and the Tees
100,000

William the Conqueror's men burnt whole villages and slaughtered the inhabitants. Foodstores and livestock were destroyed so that anyone surviving the initial massacre would starve over the winter.[3][4]

16 March 1190
Massacre of the Jews at York[5]
York, England
0150 !150

'A wave of anti-Semitic riots culminated in the massacre of an estimated 150 Jews – the entire Jewish community of York – who had taken refuge in the royal castle where Clifford’s Tower now stands. The chronicler William of Newburgh described the rioters in York as acting “without any scruple of Christian conscientiousness” in wiping out the Jewish community'.[6][7]

30 March 1296
Massacre of Berwick
Berwick-upon-Tweed, Scotland (at the time)
7,500–16,000
unknown
English troops massacred the civilian and military population, including women and children, after besieging the Scottish town.[8]

10-12 February 1355
St Scholastica Day riot
Oxford, England
93
Unknown
A riot culminating from tensions between the city of Oxford and the academic community of the university.

21 October 1490
Massacre of Monzievaird
Monzievaird, Scotland
possibly 120

Clan warfare

1577
Eigg Massacre
Isle of Eigg, Scotland
395

Clan warfare
According to the Clanranald legend all but one of the Isle of Eigg's MacDonald clan were asphyxiated by their rival MacLeod clan in Massacre Cave on the south coast of the island.[9] [10]

28 May 1644
Bolton Massacre
Bolton, England
1600 !1,600

During the English Civil War, Royalist Forces under Prince Rupert of the Rhine slaughtered a large population of the strongly Roundhead town of Bolton.

1646
Dunoon Massacre
Dunoon, Scotland
200

Clan warfare

May 1647
Battle of Dunaverty
Kintyre, Scotland
300

More than 300 MacDougalls and MacDonald's followers, men, women and children, were slaughtered at Dunaverty after being promised quarter (mercy) by the Covenanters.

13 February 1692
Massacre of Glencoe
Glen Coe, Scotland
0078 !78

Committed by the Clan Campbell under Captain Robert Campbell of Glenlyon, ostensibly due to irregularities concerning the swearing of an oath of allegiance to William II of Scotland.

10 May 1768
Massacre of St George's Fields
London, England
0006 !6–7

Committed by the military during a riot.

29 October 1797
Massacre of Tranent
Tranent, East Lothian, Scotland
12

Townsfolk, including women and children, were killed by members of the Cinque Ports Dragoons, a fencible cavalry regiment, during a protest against the Act of Parliament to raise a Scots militia by a form of conscription.

16 August 1819
Peterloo Massacre
Manchester, Lancashire, England
015 !15
0400 !400–700
Committed by the military during a large outdoor protest.

May - 7 June 1831
Merthyr Rising
Merthyr Tydfil, Wales
0024-26 !24-26
070+ !70+
Described by historian John Davies as "the most ferocious and bloody event in the history of industrialised Britain", the rebellion in Merthyr Tydfil and surrounding areas broke out following protests against falling wages, the price of bread, and forced redundancy. During the bloodiest incident, Highland troops sent to retake Merthyr fired on protesters during a fight against a large crowd.

4 November 1839
Newport Rising
Newport, Wales
0022 !22
050+ !50+
Led by John Frost, between 1,000 and 5,000 Chartist sympathisers armed with home-made weapons marched on Newport, intent on liberating fellow Chartists who had been reportedly taken prisoner. About 22 demonstrators were killed when troops opened fire on them. The leaders of the rebellion were convicted of high treason, and sentenced to transportation for life.

12/13 August 1842
Preston Strike of 1842
Preston, Lancashire, England
0004 !4
0003 !3+
The Mayor Samuel Horrocks read the Riot Act. This gave local authorities the right to use force if necessary to disperse unlawful assemblies and stop riots. When violence escalated and the crowd did not disperse, the military then fired, shooting at least eight men.

30 January 1972
Bloody Sunday
Derry, Northern Ireland
14
14+
During a peaceful protest march against internment, 28 unarmed civilians are shot by British soldiers.

22 February 1972
Aldershot Bombing
Aldershot, England
7
18
A car bomb outside the headquarters of the British Army's 16th Parachute Regiment by Official IRA member Noel Jenkinson.

4 February 1974
M62 coach bombing
West Yorkshire, England
12
38
A bombing on a coach carrying servicemen and their families by the Provisional IRA.

5 October 1974
Guildford pub bombings
Guildford, England
5
65
Two bombs detonated in two separate Guildford pubs by the Provisional IRA who targeted them because they were popular with British servicemen.

21 November 1974
Birmingham pub bombings
Birmingham, England
21
182
Two bombs detonated in two separate Birmingham pubs by the Provisional IRA.

16 August 1980
Denmark Place fire
London, England
0037 !37

An arson attack against a night club on Denmark Street by patron who was angry at being barred from the club for arguing with a bartender. Described as the deadliest mass murder in modern British history.

19 August 1987
Hungerford massacre
Hungerford, England
0016 !16
0015 !15
A spree shooting/murder–suicide.

21 December 1988
Lockerbie Bombing
Lockerbie, Scotland
00270 !270

A bombing on the Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie by Libyan terrorist Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, the wreckage of the destroyed plane fell onto the town of Lockerbie. All passengers and crew members on the flight died, and eleven people on the ground.

13 March 1996
Dunblane school massacre
Dunblane, Scotland
0018 !17
0015 !15
A school shooting/murder–suicide.

7 July 2005
7 July 2005 London bombings
London, England
0052 !52
0700 !700+
A series of coordinated terrorist suicide attacks throughout central London between 08:50-09:47. It was the United Kingdom's worst terrorist incident since the 1988 Lockerbie bombing, as well as the country's first ever suicide attack.

2 June 2010
Cumbria shootings
Cumbria, England
0012 !12
0011 !11
A killing spree/murder–suicide.

22 March 2017
2017 Westminster attack
London, England
6
49
A vehicle and knife attack. Islamist terror attack.

22 May 2017
Manchester Arena Bombing
Manchester, England
0022 !23
0059 !400+
Islamist terror attack/suicide attack.[11]

3 June 2017
June 2017 London Bridge attack
London, England
0008 !8
0048 !48
Islamist terror/vehicle and knife attack.[12]


document_title: List of Witches of East End characters

question_text: who plays dash in witches of east end

question_tokens: who plays dash in witches of east end

text: List of Witches of East End characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Joanna Beauchamp[edit]

text: Julia Ormond portrays Joanna Beauchamp, Ingrid and Freya's mother.[1] She is an immortal witch who has lived for thousands of years,[2] and has the powers of healing, telekinesis and limited weather control.[3] Joanna and her sister Wendy (Mädchen Amick) originate from the magical world of Asgard, but they were banished by their father who became corrupt after coming into power.[4] She also has a son named Frederick, who was left behind in Asgard.[4] Joanna is cursed to watch her daughters Ingrid (Rachel Boston) and Freya (Jenna Dewan-Tatum) die young over and over again, but only to fall spontaneously pregnant again so the endless cycle can begin anew.[1] After their thirteenth incarnation, Joanna decided to keep her daughters in the dark about their magical abilities in an attempt to protect them from the curse.[2]

text: At the beginning of season one, evil shape shifter Penelope Gardiner (Virginia Madsen) disguises herself as Joanna and kills local elderly man Bill Thatcher.[2] When Joanna gets arrested for the murder, she tells Ingrid that she and Freya are witches.[5] After Bill's wife Maura (Gillian Barber) says she saw Joanna kill him,[6] Wendy uses a memory spell to erase Maura's memory of the murderer.[7] She is then discredited as a witness in her husband's murder and Joanna is exonerated.[8] Her ex-husband and the father of her children, Victor (Joel Gretsch) returns to East End and they sleep together. In the season finale, she falls into Penelope Gardiner's trap. The woman reveals herself as Athena Browning, the daughter of Archibald Browning, the man Joanna killed in 1906, and injects her body with poisonous argentium. With Wendy's help, Joanna manages to kill Penelope and later witnesses Ingrid open the portal to Asgard.

text: In season two, Joanna is severely weakened by argentium. Her long-lost son, Frederick, appears on her doorstep and cures her, effectively winning back her trust and love. She introduces Frederick to her daughters and is happy to once again have her family back together, though Wendy is very distrustful of Frederick. Joanna later finds out that Freya and Victor have been kidnapped by two evil witches and goes to find them. Though she finds them, she finds Freya tied to deadly explosives and is forced to sacrifice one of her loved ones to save the other. In the end, Victor sacrifices himself, breaking Joanna's heart. When Ingrid and Freya die—again—she attempts to commit suicide, forcing Wendy to bring their father, Nikolaus, to their world to resurrect her daughters. Though he holds his end of the bargain, Joanna and the others are still distrustful of the man and travel back in time to collect a weapon to kill him. Her father sends Mason Tarkoff after them and she ends up only escaping with her life intact. However, by combining her powers with Freya's, Ingrid's and Wendy's, they manage to kill Nikolaus once and for all.

text: Wendy Beauchamp[edit]

text: Mädchen Amick portrays Wendy Beauchamp, Joanna's long-estranged sister.[5] Wendy is a witch and is cursed with the ability to change into a black cat.[9] She has died several times but comes back to life in a matter of hours, due to her having nine lives.[9] Her powers are healing, telekinesis and limited weather control.[3] Wendy and her sister Joanna (Julia Ormond) originate from the magical world of Asgard, but they were banished by their father who became corrupt after coming into power.[4] When she accidentally kills Joanna's daughter Ingrid (Rachel Boston) in 1906, Joanna tells Wendy to leave East End and never come back.[10][11]

text: At the beginning of season one, Wendy returns to East End to warn Joanna that her life is in danger, and that she will need help from Ingrid and Freya (Jenna Dewan-Tatum) to save her.[2] After Joanna's daughters discover that they are witches, Wendy teaches them how to use their powers.[3] Wendy later begins a romantic fling with an entomologist named Leo Wingate (Freddie Prinze, Jr.), after she steals his prized Himalayan Stamped Crown butterfly to use for a spell.[6][12] When evil shape shifter Penelope Gardiner (Virginia Madsen) reanimates the corpse of Ingrid from 1906, she sends past Ingrid after Wendy and kills her. Although Wendy was eventually revived, Joanna notices that her necklace has turned red, which means she is now on her ninth and final life.[13]

text: In the beginning of season two, Wendy meets a paramedic named Tommy Cole and instantly form a liking to one another. When her nephew appears, she is incredibly suspicious of his motives, which are further encouraged by mysterious murders that started around the time Frederick arrived. She eventually comes to trust him when he saves her from the Mandragora, but loses her trust again when she finds out he was still in alliance with her father—the man who cursed her and her family. When Joanna attempts to commit suicide after facing Ingrid and Freya's death, she reluctantly agrees to bring Nikolaus to Earth in hopes of resurrecting the girls. She gives up her last life to save her boyfriend, and her spirit was taken to the Underworld where she is greeted by her "other sister."

text: The character of Wendy does not appear in the book version like the other main characters.[14] In an interview with Collider.com, Mädchen Amick revealed that Wendy was originally brought into the show as a guest for the pilot episode, but after it was filmed, Lifetime decided to make Wendy a permanent character.[15] Amick described her as a troublemaker who is "very loyal to her family."[15] Amick said that during the first week filming Witches of East East, she noticed that Wendy is quite similar to the character Serena from Bewitched, and thinks that Serena "is an inspiration for Wendy".[15]

text: Ingrid Beauchamp[edit]

text: Rachel Boston portrays Ingrid Beauchamp, Freya's older sister.[5] Ingrid works as a librarian.[1] She did a dissertation on witchcraft and historical occult practices in post-colonial New York towns, but she never believed in magic before finding out she was a witch.[2][16] Ingrid has lived many past lives, and in each one she dies young, only to be reborn again.[1] She has the powers of healing, telekinesis and limited weather control, and has the ability to write new spells.[3][17]

text: At the beginning of season one, when Joanna (Julia Ormond) gets arrested for murder she tells Ingrid that she and her sister are witches.[16] Ingrid finds the family's grimoire to look for a spell to save Freya (Jenna Dewan-Tatum) who is trapped inside a painting, and a resurrection spell to revive  Wendy (Mädchen Amick) who was killed by the evil shape shifter Penelope Gardiner (Virginia Madsen).[18] However, when she comes back to life, Wendy tells Ingrid that the spell comes with a price — "If you resurrect someone you love, someone you love has to die."[18] She dates detective Adam Noble (Jason Winston George) but their relationship ends when Adam dies as a result of Ingrid's resurrection spell.[6] Ingrid later meets a novel writer named Mike (Enver Gjokaj), who believes that witches exist in East End and that they came from the magical world of Asgard.[19] In the season one finale, Mike holds Ingrid at gunpoint to make her open the portal to Asgard, but the light within kills him instantly.[20]

text: In season two, Ingrid starts working as a curator for documentary preservation of witchcraft. She finds herself blacking out repeatedly and unable to remember that she has been visiting a creature known as the Mandragora. Meanwhile, Ingrid confesses to Dash that she is a witch and he is a warlock after witnessing him kill a man and chooses to help him hide the secret. At the end of the series, she finds out she is pregnant though unsure who the father was: Dash or the Mandragora.

text: In an interview with TV Wise, Rachel Boston revealed that before filming the pilot episode, she read many books on witchcraft to prepare for the role of Ingrid.[21] Boston described Ingrid as smart and sensitive,[21] and said that she "is ruled by her mind, intellect, and invention".[17] When Boston was asked if there were any similarities between her and Ingrid, she said that there was because she relate to being out of her "comfort zone and in an unfamiliar land figuring it out step by step".[21]

text: Freya Beauchamp[edit]

text: Jenna Dewan-Tatum portrays Freya Beauchamp, Ingrid's younger sister.[5] She works as a bartender at The Bent Elbow.[18] Freya has lived many past lives, and in each one she dies young, only to be reborn again.[1] She has the powers of premonition, healing, telekinesis and limited weather control, and is particularly talented with making potions.[3][22]

text: At the beginning of season one, Freya learns she is a witch when her ex-boyfriend from one of her past lives, Doug (Neil Hopkins), tries to kill her inside a painting.[23] Freya's engagement to Dash Gardiner (Eric Winter) is threatened by her erotic dreams involving a mysterious stranger who turns out to be Dash's long-lost brother Killian (Daniel Di Tomasso).[1] She becomes attracted to Killian and they share a kiss during her and Dash's engagement party.[16] Dash later finds out about the kiss when he overhears Freya and Killian talking about it, but he eventually forgives her.[19][24] In the season one finale, Freya finds out from her father Victor (Joel Gretsch) that she and Killian loved each other in a past life.[20] When she realizes that she loves Killian, Freya calls off her wedding to Dash to be with him.[20] Freya's powers were taken from her by Dash and Killian's mother Penelope (Virginia Madsen) in the season one episode "Snake Eyes",[19] but after Penelope's death in the finale, Freya's powers return to her.[20]

text: In season two, Freya meets Frederick, her twin brother, and utilizes their gifts to find Killian, who had gone missing, and successfully locates him in Santo Domingo. She manages to find him, but is distraught to hear that he is married.

text: Dash Gardiner[edit]

text: Eric Winter portrays Dash Gardiner, Freya's fiancé and Killian's elder brother.[5] He works as a doctor at the local hospital.[6] Dash has a bad relationship with Killian (Daniel Di Tomasso) because he had sex with Dash's ex-fiancée, Elyse (Kaitlin Doubleday).[8] He is unaware of Freya's (Jenna Dewan-Tatum) powers, and is also unaware that his mother Penelope (Virginia Madsen) is a witch who is out to kill Freya's mother Joanna (Julia Ormond).[25] Dash was born a warlock, but Penelope took his powers at birth to use for herself.[20]

text: At the beginning of season one, Dash and Freya are engaged.[5] However, during their engagement party, Freya kisses Killian due to her having dreams about him.[16] When Dash overhears the two talking about the kiss, he punches Killian and leaves for London.[24] He eventually returns and forgives Freya.[19] In the season one finale, Freya calls off the wedding and tells Dash that she is in love with Killian.[26] Meanwhile, after Joanna kills Penelope, Dash's powers return to him.[26] Dash finds Killian at the docks about to leave and, when he tries to hit him, he attacks Killian with his powers, leaving him unconscious on his boat.[26] Unsure what to do, Dash unties the boat and sends it into the sea.[26]

text: Dash initially experiences traumatizing hallucinations of Killian coming back to haunt him while still learning to control his powers. With Ingrid's help, he finds out that he is a warlock and begins to learn how to utilize his gifts. He is especially happy when he finds Killian alive and well.

text: Killian Gardiner[edit]

text: Daniel Di Tomasso portrays Killian Gardiner, Dash's younger brother.[5] He does not get along with Dash (Eric Winter) because he had sex with Dash's ex-fiancé Elyse (Kaitlin Doubleday), three months before their wedding day.[3] Killian was born a warlock, but his mother Penelope (Virginia Madsen) took his powers at birth to use for herself.[20]

text: At the beginning of season one, Killian unexpectedly returns to East End during Dash and Freya's (Jenna Dewan-Tatum) engagement party.[5] Before he met Freya, he had a dream about her.[16] When they meet at the party, sparks (literally) fly, and Killian kisses Freya.[16] He later gets a job at The Bent Elbow, where Freya works.[3] Dash eventually finds out about Killian and Freya's kiss and punches him.[24] In the season one episode "Electric Avenue", Killian almost dies when the ghost of Elyse gets him electrocuted, but he is saved by Dash.[27] Killian dates Dash's co-worker Amy Matthews (Tiya Sircar), but she breaks up with him when she realizes he has feelings for Freya.[19]

text: In the season one episode "A Parching Imbued", Killian reveals he is leaving town for good.[25] He confesses his love for Freya and asks her to run away with him,[25] but she chooses to stay with Dash.[26] In the season one finale, it is revealed that Killian was Freya's lover Henry in one of her past lives.[26] After Penelope's death, Killian and Dash's powers return to them, but due to Freya calling off her wedding to be with Killian, Dash attacks him with his powers and sets him adrift in the sea.[26]

text: Killian finds out that he is a warlock in season two through new love interest, Eva, also a witch. They stay in Santo Domingo until Freya informs him that his mother died, prompting him to return home, and find out that his brother is a warlock as well.

text: Frederick Beauchamp[edit]

text: Frederick Beauchamp, portrayed by Christian Cooke, is Joanna and Victor's son, Ingrid's younger brother, and Freya's fraternal twin.[28] He was left behind by his family in Asgard centuries ago, after he was turned against them by his grandfather and Joanna was forced to leave him behind.

text: In the beginning of season 2, Frederick comes through the portal after Ingrid opened it, and shows up on his family's doorstep, though his motives are still questionable. He takes note that Joanna is poisoned by Argentium and cures her. His mother and sisters are excited to have him back in the family, but Wendy remains distrustful and suspicious of his actions. Her suspicions are encouraged by the mysterious murders occurring around town. He eventually gains her trust when he saves her from the Mandragora, but later loses it again, along with the rest of his family's, when they find out he had been working with Nikolaus, whom he was led to believe to have changed for the better. At the end of the series, he sides with his family against Nikolaus and helps Ingrid create a time portal to save Joanna, Wendy and Freya. He was eventually murdered by a mysterious woman, with his blood drawing "Death to Witches" on the floor.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Penelope Gardiner / Athena Browning[edit]

text: Penelope Gardiner (born Athena Browning)[10] appears in eight episodes of season one; she is portrayed by Virginia Madsen.[1] Penelope is a powerful witch and the mother of Dash (Eric Winter) and Killian (Daniel Di Tomasso).[20] As a child, she witnessed Joanna Beauchamp (Julia Ormond) kill her father Archibald Browning in 1906, and had been awaiting the chance for revenge ever since.[10] At the beginning of season one, Penelope disguises herself as Joanna and kills local elderly man Bill Thatcher when he sees her performing a spell in the park.[2] She also frees a man from a painting in Joanna's house, and sends him to exact revenge on Joanna's daughter Freya (Jenna Dewan-Tatum).[2] In the episode "Unburied", Penelope reanimates the corpse of Joanna's other daughter Ingrid (Rachel Boston) from 1906, and sends her after Joanna's sister Wendy (Mädchen Amick).[13] In the episode "Snake Eyes", Penelope disguises herself as a courier and gives Freya a box of roses which she cast a spell on.[19] When Freya falls asleep, as a result of touching the roses, Penelope casts a spell on her and steals her powers.[19] In the season finale, Penelope reveals her true identity to Joanna and that she stole Dash and Killian's powers when they were babies to make herself stronger.[20] After Joanna kills her, Dash, Killian and Freya all regain their powers.[20]

text: Hudson Rafferty[edit]

text: Hudson Rafferty, played by Tom Lenk, is Ingrid's friend who works at the local library with her.

text: He is attacked by the Mandragora in Season 2. Frederick tries to save him from the venom with a Spell but Wendy refuses to let him because she still does not fully trust him. Hudson dies in Ingrid's arms after she apologizes for putting him in harm's way.

text: Barb[edit]

text: Barb, played by Kellee Stewart, is Ingrid's pregnant best friend who works at the local library with her. She was originally unable to conceive, but Ingrid performed a fertility spell on her. Ingrid still didn't know she was a witch, and only cast the spell to make her feel better, but it ended up being successful.

text: Adam Noble[edit]

text: Adam Noble, played by Jason Winston George, is Ingrid's love interest. A while after she cast a resurrection spell to revive Wendy, the spell's side-effect takes Adam's life and his spirit lingered in the physical world until Ingrid sent him away.

text: Harrison Welles[edit]

text: Harrison Welles, played by Anthony Lemke, is a powerless yet immortal warlock friend of Joanna's, working as a lawyer. Harrison comes to east end in season 1 episode 2 to be Joanna's Lawyer when she's accused of murder. In episodes 4 and 5 he is working on Joanna's case until the charges are dropped against Joanna in episode 5. After the charges are dropped Joanna and Harrison have sex, though Joanna runs away from him right after stating that he should go back to help his other client, Harrison seems to want more and seems disappointed by Joanna's reaction to him. Harrison leaves town and as of yet has not returned to the show.

text: Maura Thatcher[edit]

text: Maura Thatcher, played by Gillian Barber, is an old woman whose husband was killed by Penelope disguised as Joanna. She tried to send Joanna to jail, but Wendy used a memory spell, which is irreversible, to erase her memory of the murderer. However, the spell had unintended consequences and caused Maura to begin hallucinating, eventually leading to her being committed to a psychiatric facility. Joanna and Wendy cast another spell, allowing her mind to remain in a peaceful dream world where her husband was still alive and the attack had never happened.

text: Amy Matthews[edit]

text: Amy Matthews, played by Tiya Sircar, is Dash's partner at the hospital. She dated Killian briefly until she found out that he had feelings for Freya, and was later killed by Penelope using liquefied Ramus Mortium.

text: Victor[edit]

text: Victor, played by Joel Gretsch,[29] is Joanna's ex-husband and Freya, Ingrid and Frederick's father. He had kept his distance for all of the centuries, only to be sought out by Wendy when Freya loses her powers. In the season one finale, he recognizes Killian as Henry, Freya's lover from one of her past lives, and tells her this.

text: Victor is killed in Season 2 by the Zurkas, who are trying to open the Portal to Asgard.

text: King Nikolaus[edit]

text: King Nikolaus, played by Steven Berkoff, the patriarch of the Beauchamp family.[30]

text: During their lifetime in Asgard, the king became corrupted by an enchanted key and wreaked havoc to the world. His family opposed him, minus his grandson Frederick, who sided with him. When he forced them out of Asgard, he cursed his daughters and granddaughters. His younger daughter Wendy then cut off his arm to seize the key and used it to close the portal to Asgard.

text: Mason Tarkoff[edit]

text: Played by James Marsters, Mason Tarkoff is a powerful telepath who is deeply loyal to the king. His telepathic powers are so strong that he has been able to communicate to the king for centuries about the goings on Earth.

text: Guest characters[edit]

text:
Freddie Prinze, Jr. as Leo Wingate, a butterfly collector who is infatuated with Wendy.
Bianca Lawson as Eva Gardiner, a witch who casts a spell on Killian which causes him to fall in love and marry her so that she may another baby. She dies of old age. Her great-granddaughter, Selina, appears also played by Bianca Lawson.
Brianne Davis as Caitlin, her role was supposed to appear in the pilot episode, but she was removed for unknown reasons.
Matt Frewer as Vidar, an old warlock who turned in Freya and Ingrid in the 17th century and Joanna cut off his ear as a result. Centuries later, he was sought out by Penelope Gardiner for a revenge plot against Joanna, which leads to his destruction.
Neil Hopkins as Doug, an old warlock boyfriend of Freya's trapped in a desert painting before Penelope freed him. He was eventually re-captured in another painting.
Enver Gjokaj as Mike, a researcher set out to find the entrance to Asgard, and risks losing his own life to reveal Ingrid's identity as a witch. In the season finale, he holds Ingrid at gunpoint to make her open the portal to Asgard, but the light within destroys him instantly, thus ends his quest midway.
Matthew Del Negro as Archibald Browning, the warlock founder of Fairhaven and father of Penelope Gardiner, formerly known as Athena Browning. He was a cult leader who was in love with Ingrid, and was destroyed by Joanna when Ingrid was killed. His death led Penelope to plot a vengeful plan against the Beauchamps.
Kaitlin Doubleday as Elyse, Dash's ex-fiancée. She slept with Killian three months before her wedding with Dash, which cost her her marriage. Killian refused to accept her, and she killed herself. When Ingrid performed a spell to summon Adam Noble's spirit, Elyse followed to find the Gardiner brothers again and almost kills Killian. She is eventually sent back to the spirit realm by Freya.
Michelle Hurd as Alex, Joanna's lover from the 70's who returns to help stop the mandragora while also rekindling her relationship.
Ignacio Serricchio as Tommy Cole, a paramedic who takes a liking to Wendy. They first meet at the East End Public Library looking for the same book and fight over it, and again when Ingrid accidentally dislocates her shoulder. Though they bicker, they really like each other. It doesn't take long before Tommy asks Wendy out, and though the date goes disastrous, Tommy insists on being with her. He eventually finds out Wendy is a witch, and while frightened at first, he remained infatuated with her and tried to make their relationship work. Unfortunately, his knowledge caught the attention of Mason Tarkoff, who used his body as a vessel to revive King Nikolaus.
Anthony Konechny as the Mandragora, a humanoid beast with blue skin, a long tail and tentacles. The creature came through the portal from Asgard around the time it was opened, and has a connection with Ingrid Beauchamp.
Renee Victor as Alma, Eva's favorite daughter in her nineties who passes herself off as her mother's grandmother in order to carry out their plans. She dies of a heart attack.
Shaun Smyth as Dr. Frank Foster, a professor who studies the history of witchcraft and the occult. He was forced to hire Ingrid before he was killed.
Rachel Nichols and Callard Harris as Isis and Ivar of the Zurka witch clan from Asgard. According to Frederick, they are low-born shape-shifters who used to follow him around and support his brash endeavours, getting into trouble and mocking those in charge. This reckless behaviour eventually got them banished from Asgard, and they return to East End to find the portal key and travel back by any means necessary, even if they have to torture the Beauchamps to get it.
Casey Manderson as Kyle Hutton, a spoiled young man who witnessed Dash's powers the night he attacked Killian, and filmed the whole incident to blackmail Dash later. While at first obligable to his demands, Kyle's greed for more money forced Dash to take action. This angered Kyle and sought him out to blackmail him personally, which fatally backfired.
Eddie McClintock  as Ronan/Seamus, Wendy's ex-husband and mysterious artist who shows up in Season 2/Episode 7, Art of Darkness to profess his love for Wendy. They have been married three turbulent times and Wendy says the last time she saw him was in the 90's. He says that all his paintings of her are his love letter to her. It is clear Wendy feels conflicted as she initially spurns his advances but after reminiscing with him they share a moment of passion. However, after Ronan reveals that every painting he has made has a piece of Wendy, she is perturbed and tells him to leave her alone forever.

tag: ul


document_title: List of Miami Dolphins head coaches

question_text: who are the coaches for the miami dolphins

text: List of Miami Dolphins head coaches

text: Key[edit]

text:
#
Number of coaches[N 1]

GC
Games coached

W
Wins

L
Losses

T
Ties

Win%
Winning percentage

00†
Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach

00‡
Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player

00*
Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Dolphins

text: Coaches[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct through the 2016 NFL season.

text:
#
Name
Term[N 2]
Regular season
Playoffs
Achievements
Ref.

GC
W
L
T
Win%
GC
W
L

1
George Wilson
1966–1969
56
15
39
2
.278

[3]

2
Don Shula †
1970–1995
392
257
133
2
.659
31
17
14
2 Super Bowl championships (1972, 1973)
5 AFC championships (1971, 1972, 1973, 1982, 1984)
1970, 1972 UPI NFL Coach of the Year
11 AFC East Division Champion (1971–1974, 1979, 1981–1985, 1992,1994)
[4]
[7]

3
Jimmy Johnson
1996–1999
64
36
28
0
.563
5
2
3

[8]

4
Dave Wannstedt
2000–2004
73
42
31
0
.575
3
1
2
1 AFC East Division Champion (2000)
[9]

5
Jim Bates*[a]
2004
7
3
4
0
.429

[10]

6
Nick Saban*
2005–2006
32
15
17
0
.469

[11]

7
Cam Cameron*
2007
16
1
15
0
.063

[12]

8
Tony Sparano
2008–2011[3]
61
29
32
0
.475
1
0
1
1 AFC East Division Champion (2008)
[13]

9
Todd Bowles[b]
2011
3
2
1
0
.667

[14]

10
Joe Philbin*
2012–2015
52
24
28
0
.462

[15]

11
Dan Campbell*[c]
2015
12
5
7
0
.417

[16]

12
Adam Gase*
2016–present
16
10
6
0
.625
1
0
1

[17]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A running total of the number of coaches of the Dolphins. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once.
Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article about that particular NFL season.

tag: ol

text:
a Wannstedt was fired 9 games into the 2004 season. Bates served as interim head coach for the remaining 7 games.
b Sparano was fired 13 games into the 2011 season. Bowles served as interim head coach for the remaining 3 games.
c Philbin was fired 4 games into the 2015 season.[6] Campbell served as interim head coach for the remaining 12 games.


document_title: Ocean's 8

question_text: how much money did it cost to make oceans 8

text: Ocean's 8

text: Plot[edit]

text: Following her release from prison, Debbie Ocean, younger sister of the late Danny Ocean, meets with her former partner-in-crime Lou to convince her to join a heist that she planned while serving her sentence. Debbie and Lou assemble the rest of their team: Rose Weil, a disgraced fashion designer who is deeply in debt with the IRS; Amita, a jewelry maker and friend of Debbie's who is eager to move out of her mother's house and start her own life; Nine Ball, a computer hacker; Constance, a street hustler and pickpocket; and Tammy, a profiteer and another friend of Debbie's who has been secretly selling stolen goods out of her family's suburban home.

text: Debbie plans to steal the Toussaint, a $150 million Cartier necklace, from the Met Gala in three-and-a-half weeks, and use Met Gala co-host Daphne Kluger, a famous actress known for her long neck, as an unwitting mule who will wear the necklace into the gala. The team manipulates Daphne into choosing Weil as her stylist, and Weil and Amita go to Cartier to convince them to let Daphne wear the Toussaint. They also surreptitiously digitally scan the necklace in order to manufacture a cubic zirconia duplicate.

text: Debbie seeks out Claude Becker, an art dealer who ratted her out to the police when they were discovered for art fraud, which led to her arrest and imprisonment. Debbie manipulates Daphne to invite Becker as her date to the gala. Lou realizes that Debbie is out for revenge on Becker, but Debbie reassures her that everything will be fine.

text: Weil discovers a flaw in the plan: The Toussaint can only be unclasped using a special magnet carried by the bodyguards hired by Cartier. Nine Ball enlists her younger sister, Veronica, to build a similar magnet in time for the gala. As the gala begins, Daphne consumes soup that Lou spiked, causing her to vomit in the restroom, where Constance takes the necklace. When the necklace is discovered to be missing, the museum is evacuated and searched; Tammy "finds" the duplicate necklace in order to end the search before Amita, who has retrieved the real necklace and is disassembling it, is discovered in the kitchen restroom. Amita retools the Toussaint into several pieces of jewelry, and gives them to Constance to slip to the members of the team. Debbie plants one of the parts of the necklace on Becker.

text: Soon after the gala the necklace is returned to Cartier and identified as a fake. John Frazier, an insurance fraud investigator, arrives to investigate. Frazier, who has a history with the Ocean family, notices Debbie's presence at the gala and suspects her involvement in the heist, although he is unable to find any evidence against her. Debbie assures Frazier that she does not know where the necklace is, but she may know where part of it is. Daphne is revealed to have been in on the plan, tipped off by Weil's bad acting, and Debbie and Lou invited her in to keep her from turning them in. Daphne visits Becker for a romantic evening, and she finds the diamonds planted on him by Debbie during the gala. She sends a picture to Frazier so that he can obtain an arrest warrant, and Becker is arrested for stealing the necklace. To further frame Becker, Debbie hires actresses disguised as elderly socialites to sell pieces of the necklace and deposit the money into an account in Becker's name.

text: As the eight celebrate their victory, Daphne asks Debbie and Lou how all the shares could be paid from the lesser-amount made from the sale of separate parts of the necklace. Lou reveals that while the gala was being evacuated, Lou and "The Amazing" Yen were stealing some of the Royal jewels on display during the Gala, which makes their cuts higher than expected. Each member of the team goes her separate way with her money: Amita goes to Paris with a man she met on Tinder; Weil pays off her debts and opens her own store; Constance buys a spacious loft in the city and becomes a YouTuber; Tammy expands her business in selling stolen goods; Nine Ball opens a pool bar; Daphne becomes a director; Lou goes on a cross-country road trip; and Debbie returns to Danny's grave to raise a toast to him with a martini in his honor.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sandra Bullock as Debbie Ocean, a professional thief and Danny Ocean's sister.
Cate Blanchett as Lou, Debbie's former partner-in-crime.
Anne Hathaway as Daphne Kluger, a famous actress.
Mindy Kaling as Amita, a jewelry maker.
Sarah Paulson as Tammy, a suburban mom and profiteer.
Awkwafina as Constance, a loudmouthed street hustler and pickpocket.
Rihanna as Nine Ball/Leslie, a talented hacker.
Helena Bonham Carter as Rose Weil, a ditzy, disgraced fashion designer.
Richard Armitage as Claude Becker, an art dealer who framed Debbie for a crime he instigated.
James Corden as John Frazier, an insurance fraud investigator.

text: Additionally, Dakota Fanning appears as Penelope Stern, a celebrity who Kluger is jealous of, and Nathanya Alexander appears as Veronica, Nine Ball's younger sister.[6] Elliott Gould and Shaobo Qin reprise their roles from the previous films as Reuben Tishkoff and "The Amazing" Yen, respectively. Matt Damon and Carl Reiner were also set to reprise their respective characters Linus Caldwell and Saul Bloom, but their scenes were cut.[7][8] Marlo Thomas, Dana Ivey, Mary Louise Wilson and Elizabeth Ashley appear as elderly actresses who help the crew shift their stolen gems.[9] Celebrities who cameo as themselves in the film include Anna Wintour, Zayn Malik, Katie Holmes, Maria Sharapova, Serena Williams, Kim Kardashian, Adriana Lima, Desiigner, Kylie Jenner, Alexander Wang, Nina Cuso, Kendall Jenner, Gigi Hadid, Lily Aldridge, Olivia Munn, Jaime King, Zac Posen, Hailey Baldwin, Derek Blasberg, Sofia Richie, Heidi Klum, Kelly Rohrbach, and Lauren Santo Domingo.[10][11]

text: Production[edit]

text: After the release of Ocean's Thirteen, Steven Soderbergh stated that there would not be an Ocean's Fourteen, noting that George Clooney wanted "to go out strong" with the third film.[12] In December 2008, Soderbergh again said that a fourth film in the franchise was unlikely, this time citing the recent death of Bernie Mac, who had appeared in the earlier films.[13] However, a female focused spin-off starring Sandra Bullock was in development as of October 2015.[14][15] Helena Bonham Carter, Cate Blanchett, Mindy Kaling, and Elizabeth Banks were later announced to star in the film,[16] though Banks' presence turned out to be a rumor that did not materialize.[17]

text: In August 2016, Bullock, Blanchett, Bonham Carter and Kaling were confirmed to star, with Anne Hathaway, Rihanna, Awkwafina, and Sarah Paulson closing deals to fill the cast.[18][19] During production on the film, Dakota Fanning and Damian Lewis were spotted on set, with Lewis's casting being confirmed in December 2016 and Fanning confirming her casting in March 2017. However, Lewis does not appear in the finished film.[20][21][22]

text: On November 11, 2016, Richard Robichaux was also cast in the film.[23] That same month, Matt Damon stated he would appear in the film, reprising his role from the Ocean's Trilogy;[24][25][26] however, his scene was not included in the finished film. In January 2017, James Corden joined the cast as an insurance broker who begins to grow suspicious of the group.[27] That same month, it was revealed Anna Wintour, Alexander Wang, Zac Posen, Derek Blasberg, Lauren Santo Domingo, Kim Kardashian, Kendall Jenner, Kylie Jenner, Katie Holmes, Olivia Munn, Hailey Baldwin and Zayn Malik were announced to cameo in the film.[28][29][30][31][32] That same month, Richard Armitage joined the cast of the film.[33]

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 25, 2016, in New York City.[34][35] In March 2017, Blanchett said production had officially been completed.[36]

text: On May 5, 2017, it was announced that filming would continue on Staten Island at the former Arthur Kill Correctional Facility, which Broadway Stages was in the process of acquiring after an initial rejection.[37]

text: Box office[edit]

text: After premiering at Alice Tully Hall in New York City on June 5, 2018,[38] Ocean's 8 was released by Warner Bros. to theaters in North America on June 8.[39][40] Ocean's 8 grossed $139.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $157.5 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $296.9 million, against a production budget of $70 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, Ocean's 8 was released alongside Hotel Artemis and Hereditary, and was projected to gross around $45 million from 4,145 theaters in its opening weekend, although some tracking firms had it debuting with as low as $30 million. Deadline Hollywood noted that it was tracking on-par with the 2016 all-female Ghostbusters reboot (which opened to $46 million), and had more interest from audiences than the likes of fellow female-led comedies The Heat ($39.1 million debut), Spy ($29.1 million) and Girls Trip ($31.2 million).[41] The film made $4 million from Thursday night previews, including $100,000 from additional early screenings Wednesday night, and $15.8 million on its first day (including previews). It went on to debut to $41.6 million, the highest of the franchise, not factoring in inflation; 69% of its audience was female.[42][43] In its second weekend the film made $19 million, finishing second behind newcomer Incredibles 2.[44] In its third weekend the film earned $11.7 million, finishing third behind Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and Incredibles 2.[45]

text: Overseas the film was released in 16 countries alongside the United States and made $12.2 million in its opening weekend. Its largest markets were Australia ($4.7 million), Mexico ($2.6 million) and Brazil ($1.7 million).[46] By its third week of release (where it made $26.9 million), the film had an international total of $70.9 million. Its largest markets were United Kingdom ($14 million), Australia ($13.6 million), Japan ($11.7 million), South Korea ($10.8 million), Germany ($7.4 million), Mexico ($6.3 million), and Brazil ($5.6 million).[47]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Ocean's 8 was first released on Digital HD on August 21, 2018.[48] Warner Bros. Home Entertainment then released the film on DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K UHD Combo Pack on September 11, 2018.[49]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: According to several media outlets, Ocean's 8 received a generally lukewarm response from critics.[50] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 68% based on 277 reviews, and an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ocean's 8 isn't quite as smooth as its predecessors, but still has enough cast chemistry and flair to enjoyably lift the price of a ticket from filmgoers up for an undemanding caper."[51] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[52] According to BBC News, while critical reviews of the film were "broadly positive", "most had some reservations".[53] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by Ocean's Eleven and Thirteen.[42]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the cast, saying, "Ocean's 8 is a heist caper that looks gorgeous, keeps the twists coming and bounces along on a comic rhythm that's impossible to resist. What more do you want in summer escapism?"[54] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap called the film "slick, charming and funny," though added it never quite kicks into high gear" and said, "Cinematographer Eigil Bryld gives the proceedings the high-gloss of a SkyMall catalog, which is appropriate for a movie about robbing a legendary Cartier necklace at fashion's most exclusive event...And between the sheen and the talented performers, Ocean's 8 does eventually coast on froth and good will."[55]

text: Variety's Owen Gleiberman said it is "clever enough to get by" and wrote "Ocean's 8 is a casually winning heist movie, no more and no less, but like countless films devoted to the exploits of cool male criminals, it lingers most...as a proudly scurrilous gallery of role models."[56] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and said, "Some movies are more about parallel play than actual playground interaction, and despite a screenful of terrifically skillful talents, Ocean's 8 never quite gets its ensemble act together. It's smooth, and far from inept. But it isn't much fun. That's all you want from a certain kind of heist picture, isn't it? Fun?"[57]

text: Response from actors[edit]

text: Kaling and Blanchett attributed the lukewarm reception to the dominance of male critics and a lack of diversity among mainstream film reviewers. In an interview with Yahoo! Movies, Kaling cited actress Meryl Streep's criticism of Rotten Tomatoes and said, "There is obviously an audience out there who want to watch things like [Ocean's 8], what I work on, what Sarah [Paulson] works on ... I think white men, critics would enjoy [the movie], would enjoy my work, but often I think there is a critic who will damn it in a way because they don't understand it, because they come at it at a different point of view, and they're so powerful, Rotten Tomatoes."[50]

text: Several film journalists strongly disagreed with claims that the reception had been dictated by the gender and ethnicity of the critics. Guy Lodge, a chief film critic for Variety, highlighted the fact that several female reviewers, including Emily Yoshida from Vulture and Time magazine's Stephanie Zacharek, concurred with the general lukewarm response.[50] Justin Chang, an Asian-American critic for the Los Angeles Times, argued that film criticism needed increased diversity, but "We negate the possibility of sympathetic imagination when we assume that someone’s particular affinity for a work of art will be dictated in advance by specifics of race, gender and age." He instead argued that the benefits would be a broader pool of talent and perspectives.[58] Donald Clarke from The Irish Times pointed out that film had received a "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[59]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Summer Movie

Ocean's 8

Nominated

[60]

Choice Summer Movie Star: Female

Sandra Bullock

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

November 11, 2018

The Action Movie of 2018

Ocean's 8

Pending

[61]

Female Movie Star

Sandra Bullock

Pending

Anne Hathaway

Pending


document_title: Judgement of Paris

question_text: who did zeus select to be the judge of which goddess was the fairest

text: Judgement of Paris

text: Sources of the episode[edit]

text: As with many mythological tales, details vary depending on the source. The brief allusion to the Judgement in the Iliad (24.25–30) shows that the episode initiating all the subsequent action was already familiar to its audience; a fuller version was told in the Cypria, a lost work of the Epic Cycle, of which only fragments (and a reliable summary[1]) remain. The later writers Ovid (Heroides 16.71ff, 149–152 and 5.35f), Lucian (Dialogues of the Gods 20), Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, E.3.2) and Hyginus (Fabulae 92), retell the story with skeptical, ironic or popularizing agendas. It appeared wordlessly on the ivory and gold votive chest of the 7th-century BC tyrant Cypselus at Olympia, which was described by Pausanias as showing:

text: The subject was favoured by painters of red-figure pottery as early as the sixth century BC,[3] and remained popular in Greek and Roman art, before enjoying a significant revival, as an opportunity to show three female nudes, in the Renaissance.

text: Mythic narrative[edit]

text: It is recounted[4] that Zeus held a banquet in celebration of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis (parents of Achilles). However, Eris, goddess of discord was not invited, for it was believed she would have made the party unpleasant for everyone. Angered by this snub, Eris arrived at the celebration with a golden apple from the Garden of the Hesperides, which she threw into the proceedings as a prize of beauty.[5] According to some later versions, upon the apple was the inscription καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, "To/for the fairest one").[6]

text: Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. They asked Zeus to judge which of them was fairest, and eventually he, reluctant to favor any claim himself, declared that Paris, a Trojan mortal, would judge their cases, for he had recently shown his exemplary fairness in a contest in which Ares in bull form had bested Paris's own prize bull, and the shepherd-prince had unhesitatingly awarded the prize to the god.[7]

text: Thus it happened that, with Hermes as their guide, the three candidates bathed in the spring of Ida, then confronted Paris on Mount Ida in the climactic moment that is the crux of the tale. After failing to judge their beauty with their clothing on, the three goddesses stripped nude to convince Paris of their worthiness. While Paris inspected them, each attempted with her powers to bribe him; Hera offered to make him king of Europe and Asia, Athena offered wisdom and skill in war, and Aphrodite, who had the Charites and the Horai to enhance her charms with flowers and song (according to a fragment of the Cypria quoted by Athenagoras of Athens), offered the world's most beautiful woman (Euripides, Andromache, l.284, Helena l. 676). This was Helen of Sparta, wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Paris accepted Aphrodite's gift and awarded the apple to her, receiving Helen as well as the enmity of the Greeks and especially of Hera. The Greeks' expedition to retrieve Helen from Paris in Troy is the mythological basis of the Trojan War.

text: The story of the Judgement of Paris naturally offered artists the opportunity to depict a sort of beauty contest between three beautiful female nudes, but the myth, at least since Euripides, rather concerns a choice among the gifts that each goddess embodies. The bribery involved is ironic and a late ingredient.

text: According to a tradition suggested by Alfred J. Van Windekens,[8] objectively, "cow-eyed" Hera was indeed the most beautiful, not Aphrodite. However, Hera was the goddess of the marital order and of cuckolded wives, amongst other things. She was often portrayed as the shrewish, jealous wife of Zeus, who himself often escaped from her controlling ways by cheating on her with other women, mortal and immortal. She had fidelity and chastity in mind and was careful to be modest when Paris was inspecting her. Aphrodite, though not as objectively beautiful as Hera, was the goddess of sexuality, and was effortlessly more sexual and charming before him. Thus, she was able to sway Paris into judging her the fairest. Athena's beauty is rarely commented in the myths, perhaps because Greeks held her up as an asexual being, being able to "overcome" her "womanly weaknesses" to become both wise and talented in war (both considered male domains by the Greeks). Her rage at losing makes her join the Greeks in the battle against Paris' Trojans, a key event in the turning point of the war.

text: In post-Classical art[edit]

text: The subject became popular in art from the late Middle Ages onwards. All three goddesses were usually shown nude, though in ancient art only Aphrodite is ever unclothed, and not always.[9] The opportunity for three female nudes was a large part of the attraction of the subject. It appeared in illuminated manuscripts and was popular in decorative art, including 15th-century Italian inkstands and other works in maiolica, and cassoni.[10] As a subject for easel paintings, it was more common in Northern Europe, although Marcantonio Raimondi's engraving of c. 1515, probably based on a drawing by Raphael, and using a composition derived from a Roman sarcophagus, was a highly influential treatment, which made Paris's Phrygian cap an attribute in most later versions.[11]

text: The subject was painted many (supposedly 23) times by Lucas Cranach the Elder, and was especially attractive to Northern Mannerist painters. Rubens painted several compositions of the subject at different points in his career. Watteau and Angelica Kauffman were among the artists who painted the subject in the 18th century. The Judgement of Paris was painted frequently by academic artists of the 19th century, and less often by their more progressive contemporaries such as Renoir and Cézanne. Later artists who have painted the subject include André Lhote, Enrique Simonet (El Juicio de Paris 1904) and Salvador Dalí.

text: Ivo Saliger (1939), Adolf Ziegler (1939) and Joseph Thorak (1941) also used the classic myth to propagate German renewal during the Nazi period.[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Paintings[edit]

text:
Miniature, c. 1495

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. between 1512-1514

Niklaus Manuel, c. 1520

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1528

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1530

Joan de Joanes, c. approx. 1523-1579

Frans Floris, c. 1548

Frans Floris, c. 1550s

Hans von Aachen, c. 1588

Hans von Aachen, c. 1593.

Hendrick van Balen the Elder, c. 1599

Joachim Wtewael, c. 1605

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1606

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1625

Anthony van Dyck, c.1628

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1638-1639

Cornelis Cornelisz. van Haarlem, c. 1628

Claude Lorrain, c. 1645-1646

Carel van Savoyen, c. 1650-1660

Luca Giordano, c. between 1681-1683

Adriaen van der Werff, c. 1712

Adriaen van der Werff, c. 1716

Michele Rocca, c. between 1710-1720

Antoine Watteau, c. 1720

Anton Raphael Mengs, c. 1757

Angelica Kauffman, c. 1770-1797

François-Xavier Fabre, c. 1808

Guillaume Guillon Lethière, c. 1812

Joseph Hauber, c. 1819

Jean-Baptiste Regnault, c. 1820

Henri-Pierre Picou, c. between 1824-1895

Paul Cézanne, c. 1862-1864

Anselm Feuerbach, c. 1869-1870

Max Klinger, c. 1886-1887

El Juicio de Paris by Enrique Simonet, c. 1904 (Museo de Málaga)

Eduard Lebiedzki, c. by 1906

Eduard Veith, c. by 1925

text: Mosaïc[edit]

text:
Unknown, 115–150 AD, Louvre Museum (Ma 3443)

Unknown, 115–150 AD, detail, Louvre Museum (Ma 3443)

text: Sculptures and engravings[edit]

text:
An Etruscan bronze mirrorback, 4th-3rd century BCE (Louvre)

The Judgement of Paris, Capodimonte porcelain, Capitoline Museums, Rome

Willem Isaacsz van Swanenburg, c. 1609

Dorman Hering, c. 1529

text: Kallistēi[edit]

text: Kallistēi is the word of the Ancient Greek language inscribed on the Golden Apple of Discord by Eris. In Greek, the word is καλλίστῃ (the dative singular of the feminine superlative of καλος, beautiful). Its meaning can be rendered "to the fairest one".

text: Calliste (Καλλίστη; Mod. Gk. Kallisti) is also an ancient name for the isle of Thera.

text: Use in Discordianism[edit]

text: The word Kallisti (Modern Greek) written on a golden apple, has become a principal symbol of Discordianism, a post-modernist religion. In non-philological texts (such as Discordian ones) the word is usually spelled as καλλιστι. Most versions of Principia Discordia actually spell it as καλλιχτι, but this is definitely incorrect; in the afterword of the 1979 Loompanics edition of Principia, Gregory Hill says that was because on the IBM typewriter he used, not all Greek letters coincided with Latin ones, and he didn't know enough of the letters to spot the mistake. Zeus' failure to invite Eris is referred to as The Original Snub in Discordian mythology.

text: Dramatizations[edit]

text: The story is the basis of an opera, The Judgement of Paris, with a libretto by William Congreve, that was set to music by four composers in London, 1700–1701. Thomas Arne composed a highly successful score to the same libretto in 1742. The opera Le Cinesi (The Chinese Women) by Christoph Willibald Gluck (1754) concludes with a ballet, The Judgement of Paris, sung as a vocal quartet. Francesco Cilea's 1902 opera Adriana Lecouvreur also includes a Judgement of Paris ballet sequence.

text: Novelist Gore Vidal named his 1952 book, The Judgment of Paris, after this story.

text: The Judgement of Paris was burlesqued in the 1954 musical The Golden Apple. In it, the three goddesses have been reduced to three town biddies in smalltown Washington state. They ask Paris, a traveling salesman, to judge the cakes they have made for the church social. Each woman (the mayor's wife, the schoolmarm, and the matchmaker) makes appeals to Paris, who chooses the matchmaker. The matchmaker, in turn, sets him up with Helen, the town floozy, who runs off with him.

text: The Judgement of Paris is featured in the 2003 TV miniseries Helen of Troy. The event is brief, and only Hera and Aphrodite offer bribes. All three goddesses remain fully clothed. Aphrodite gives Paris a vision of Helen, while Helen has a reciprocal vision of Paris.

text: In the Hercules: The Legendary Journeys series, the contest is altered somewhat with Aphrodite and Athena entering but Artemis is the third goddess contestant instead of Hera (offering the one who chooses her the chance to be renowned as a great warrior). The Golden Apple appears as a gift from Aphrodite with the ability to make any mortal woman fall in love with the man holding it and to make a mortal man and woman soul mates if they simultaneously touch it. The other major differences beside the presence of Artemis and the role of the apple are the fact that it is Iolaus who is the judge and the goddesses appear in swimsuits and not nude.


document_title: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

question_text: who is the most followed person on twitter in the world

text: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

text: This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social media platform Twitter.[1] As of November 7, 2017, the most followed account is Katy Perry, with over 106 million followers. Her account was also the first to exceed 100 million followers.[2]

text: Top accounts[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.

text:
Rank
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country

1.
@katyperry[3]
Katy Perry
106
Musician
 United States

2.
@justinbieber[4]
Justin Bieber
103
 Canada

3.
@BarackObama[5]
Barack Obama
97
Former U.S. President
 United States

4.
@taylorswift13[6]
Taylor Swift
86
Musician

5.
@rihanna[7]
Rihanna
82
 Barbados

6.
@TheEllenShow[8]
Ellen DeGeneres
75
Comedian
 United States

7.
@ladygaga[9]
Lady Gaga
73
Musician

8.
@YouTube[10]
YouTube
70
Social media platform

9.
@jtimberlake[11]
Justin Timberlake
63
Musician and actor

10.
@Cristiano[12]
Cristiano Ronaldo
63
Footballer
 Portugal

11.
@twitter[13]
Twitter
62
Social media platform
 United States

12.
@KimKardashian[14]
Kim Kardashian West
57
Reality TV personality

13.
@britneyspears[15]
Britney Spears
56
Musician

14.
@ArianaGrande[16]
Ariana Grande
55

15.
@selenagomez[17]
Selena Gomez
54
Musician and actress

16.
@cnnbrk[18]
CNN Breaking News
53
News

17.
@ddlovato[19]
Demi Lovato
51
Musician and actress

18.
@jimmyfallon[20]
Jimmy Fallon
50
Comedian

19.
@shakira[21]
Shakira
49
Musician
 Colombia

20.
@JLo[22]
Jennifer Lopez
44
Musician and actress
 United States

21.
@realDonaldTrump[23]
Donald Trump
42
U.S. President and Reality TV personality

22.
@BillGates[24]
Bill Gates
41
Businessman

23.
@nytimes[25]
The New York Times
40
Newspaper

24.
@Oprah[26]
Oprah Winfrey
40
Businesswoman

25.
@instagram[27]
Instagram
39
Social media platform

26.
@KingJames[28]
LeBron James
39
Basketball player

27.
@CNN[29]
CNN
38
Television channel

28.
@MileyCyrus[30]
Miley Cyrus
38
Musician and actress

29.
@BrunoMars[31]
Bruno Mars
37
Musician

30.
@narendramodi[32]
Narendra Modi
36
Prime Minister of India
 India

31.
@Drake[33]
Drake
36
Rapper
 Canada

32.
@NiallOfficial[34]
Niall Horan
36
Musician
 Ireland

33.
@BBCBreaking[35]
BBC Breaking News
36
News
 United Kingdom

34.
@SportsCenter[36]
SportsCenter
35
Television channel
 United States

35.
@KevinHart4real[37]
Kevin Hart
35
Comedian

36.
@neymarjr[38]
Neymar
35
Footballer
 Brazil

37.
@espn[39]
ESPN
34
Television channel
 United States

38.
@wizkhalifa[40]
Wiz Khalifa
32
Rapper

39.
@LilTunechi[41]
Lil Wayne
32
Rapper

40.
@onedirection[42]
One Direction
32
Band
 United Kingdom /
 Ireland

41.
@Harry_Styles[43]
Harry Styles
31
Musician
 United Kingdom

42.
@Pink[44]
P!nk
31
 United States

43.
@SrBachchan[45]
Amitabh Bachchan
31
Actor
 India

44.
@iamsrk[46]
Shah Rukh Khan
30

45.
@Louis_Tomlinson[47]
Louis Tomlinson
30
Musician
 United Kingdom

46.
@LiamPayne[48]
Liam Payne
29

47.
@aliciakeys[49]
Alicia Keys
29
 United States

48.
@Adele[50]
Adele
29
 United Kingdom

49.
@KAKA[51]
Kaká
29
Footballer
 Brazil

50.
@BeingSalmanKhan[52]
Salman Khan
28
Actor
 India

As of November 7, 2017


document_title: Books of Kings

question_text: who wrote the book of 1 & 2 kings

question_tokens: who wrote the book of 1 & 2 kings

text: Books of Kings

text: Contents[edit]

text: In David's old age, Adonijah proclaims himself his successor but Solomon's supporters arrange for David to proclaim Solomon as his successor, and so he comes to the throne after David's death.[2] At the beginning of his reign he assumes God's promises to David and brings splendour to Israel and peace and prosperity to his people.[3] The centrepiece of Solomon's reign is the building of the First Temple: the claim that this took place 480 years after the Exodus from Egypt marks it as a key event in Israel's history.[4] At the end, however, he follows other gods and oppresses Israel.[5]

text: As a consequence of Solomon's failure to stamp out the worship of gods other than Yahweh, the kingdom of David is split in two in the reign of his own son Rehoboam, who becomes the first to reign over the kingdom of Judah.[6] The kings who follow Rehoboam in Jerusalem continue the royal line of David (i.e., they inherit the promise to David); in the north, however, dynasties follow each other in rapid succession, and the kings are uniformly bad (meaning that they fail to follow Yahweh alone). At length God brings the Assyrians to destroy the northern kingdom, leaving Judah as the sole custodian of the promise.

text: Hezekiah, the 14th king of Judah, does "what was right in the eyes of the Lord" and institutes a far reaching religious reform, centralising sacrifice at the temple at Jerusalem and destroying the images of other gods. Yahweh saves Jerusalem and the kingdom from an invasion by Assyria. But Manasseh, the next king, reverses the reforms, and God announces that he will destroy Jerusalem because of this apostasy by the king. Manasseh's righteous grandson Josiah reinstitutes the reforms of Hezekiah, but it is too late: God, speaking through the prophetess Huldah, affirms that Jerusalem is to be destroyed.

text: God brings the Babylonians against Jerusalem; Yahweh deserts his people, Jerusalem is razed and the Temple destroyed, and the priests, prophets and royal court are led into captivity. The final verses record how Jehoiachin, the last king, is set free and given honour by the king of Babylon.[7]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Textual history[edit]

text: In the original Hebrew Bible (the Bible used by Jews), First and Second Kings are a single book, as are the First and Second Books of Samuel. When this was translated into Greek in the last few centuries BCE, Kings was joined with Samuel in a four-part work called the Book of Kingdoms. The Greek Orthodox branch of Christianity continues to use the Greek translation (the Septuagint), but when a Latin translation (called the Vulgate) was made for the Western church, Kingdoms was first retitled the Book of Kings, parts One to Four, and eventually both Kings and Samuel were separated into two books each.[8]

text: Then, what it is now commonly known as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel are called by the Vulgate, in imitation of the Septuagint, 1 Kings and 2 Kings respectively. What it is now commonly known as 1 Kings and 2 Kings would be 3 Kings and 4 Kings in old Bibles before the year 1516 such as the Vulgate and the Septuagint respectively.[9] The division we know today, used by Protestant Bibles and adopted by Catholics, came into use in 1517. Some Bibles still preserve the old denomination, for example, Douay Rheims bible.[10]

text: The Deuteronomistic history[edit]

text: According to Jewish tradition the author of Kings was Jeremiah, who would have been alive during the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BCE.[11] The most common view today accepts Martin Noth's thesis that Kings concludes a unified series of books which reflect the language and theology of the Book of Deuteronomy, and which biblical scholars therefore call the Deuteronomistic history.[12] Noth argued that the History was the work of a single individual living in the 6th century BCE, but scholars today tend to treat it as made up of at least two layers,[13] a first edition from the time of Josiah (late 7th century BCE), promoting Josiah's religious reforms and the need for repentance, and (2) a second and final edition from the mid 6th century BCE.[14][15] Further levels of editing have also been proposed, including: a late 8th century BCE edition pointing to Hezekiah of Judah as the model for kingship; an earlier 8th century BCE version with a similar message but identifying Jehu of Israel as the ideal king; and an even earlier version promoting the House of David as the key to national well-being.[16]

text: Sources[edit]

text: The editors/authors of the Deuteronomistic history cite a number of sources, including (for example) a "Book of the Acts of Solomon" and, frequently, the "Annals of the Kings of Judah" and a separate book, "Chronicles of the Kings of Israel". The "Deuteronomic" perspective (that of the book of Deuteronomy) is particularly evident in prayers and speeches spoken by key figures at major transition points: Solomon's speech at the dedication of the Temple is a key example.[14] The sources have been heavily edited to meet the Deuteronomistic agenda,[17] but in the broadest sense they appear to have been:

text:
For the rest of Solomon's reign the text names its source as "the book of the acts of Solomon", but other sources were employed, and much was added by the redactor.
Israel and Judah: The two "chronicles" of Israel and Judah provided the chronological framework, but few details apart from the succession of monarchs and the account of how the Temple of Solomon was progressively stripped as true religion declined. A third source, or set of sources, were cycles of stories about various prophets (Elijah and Elisha, Isaiah, Ahijah and Micaiah), plus a few smaller miscellaneous traditions. The conclusion of the book (2 Kings 25:18–21, 27–30) was probably based on personal knowledge.
A few sections were editorial additions not based on sources. These include various predictions of the downfall of the northern kingdom, the equivalent prediction of the downfall of Judah following the reign of Manasseh, the extension of Josiah's reforms in accordance with the laws of Deuteronomy, and the revision of the narrative from Jeremiah concerning Judah's last days.[18]

text: Themes and genre[edit]

text: Kings is "history-like" rather than history in the modern sense, mixing legends, folktales, miracle stories and "fictional constructions" in with the annals, and its primary explanation for all that happens is God's offended sense of what is right; it is therefore more fruitful to read it as theological literature in the form of history.[19] The theological bias is seen in the way it judges each king of Israel on the basis of whether he recognises the authority of the Temple in Jerusalem (none do, and therefore all are "evil"), and each king of Judah on the basis of whether he destroys the "high places" (rivals to the Temple in Jerusalem); it gives only passing mention to important and successful kings like Omri and Jeroboam II and totally ignores one of the most significant events in ancient Israel's history, the battle of Qarqar.[20]

text: The major themes of Kings are God's promise, the recurrent apostasy of the kings, and the judgement this brings on Israel:[21]

text:
Promise: In return for Israel's promise to worship Yahweh alone, Yahweh makes promises to David and to Israel – to David, the promise that his line will rule Israel forever, to Israel, the promise of the land they will possess.
Apostasy: the great tragedy of Israel's history, meaning the destruction of the kingdom and the Temple, is due to the failure of the people, but more especially the kings, to worship Yahweh alone (Yahweh being the God of Israel).
Judgement: Apostasy leads to judgement. Judgement is not punishment, but simply the natural (or rather, God-ordained) consequence of Israel's failure to worship Yahweh alone.

text: Another and related theme is that of prophecy. The main point of the prophetic stories is that God's prophecies are always fulfilled, so that any not yet fulfilled will be so in the future. The implication, the release of Jehoiachin and his restoration to a place of honour in Babylon in the closing scenes of the book, is that the promise of an eternal Davidic dynasty is still in effect, and that the Davidic line will be restored.[22]

text: Textual features[edit]

text: Chronology[edit]

text: The standard Hebrew text of Kings presents an impossible chronology.[23] To take just a single example, Omri's accession to the throne of Israel in the 31st year of Asa of Judah (1 Kings 16:23) cannot follow the death of his predecessor Zimri in the 27th year of Asa (1 Kings 16:15).[24] The Greek text corrects the impossibilities but does not seem to represent an earlier version.[25] A large number of scholars have claimed to solve the difficulties, but the results differ, sometimes widely, and none has achieved consensus status.[26]

text: Kings and 2 Chronicles[edit]

text: 2 Chronicles covers much the same time-period as Kings, but it ignores the northern Kingdom of Israel almost completely, David is given a major role in planning the Temple, Hezekiah is given a much more far-reaching program of reform, and Manasseh of Judah is given an opportunity to repent of his sins, apparently to account for his long reign.[27] It is usually assumed that the author of Chronicles used Kings as a source and re-wrote history as he would have liked it to have been.[27]


document_title: Margaret Brown

question_text: who played the unsinkable molly brown in titanic

text: Margaret Brown

text: Early life[edit]

text: Margaret Tobin was born in a two-room cottage, near the Mississippi River in Hannibal, Missouri, on what is now known as Denkler's alley. Her parents were Irish Catholic immigrants John Tobin (1823–1899) and Johanna Tobin (née Collins; 1825–1905); her siblings were Daniel Tobin (born 1863), Michael Tobin (born 1866), William Tobin (born 1869), and Helen Tobin (born 1871). Brown also had two half-sisters: Catherine Bridget Tobin (born 1856), by her father's first marriage, and Mary Ann Collins (born 1857), by her mother's first marriage. Both of Margaret's parents had been widowed young.

text: At age 18, Margaret relocated to Leadville, Colorado, with her siblings Daniel Tobin, Mary Ann Collins Landrigan, and Mary Ann's husband John Landrigan; Margaret and her brother Daniel shared a two-room log cabin, and she found a job in a department store.[3] In Leadville, she met and married James Joseph Brown (1854–1922), nicknamed "J.J.", an enterprising, self-educated man. He wasn't a rich man, but she married J.J. for love. She said,

text: I wanted a rich man, but I loved Jim Brown. I thought about how I wanted comfort for my father and how I had determined to stay single until a man presented himself who could give to the tired old man the things I longed for him. Jim was as poor as we were, and had no better chance in life. I struggled hard with myself in those days. I loved Jim, but he was poor. Finally, I decided that I'd be better off with a poor man whom I loved than with a wealthy one whose money had attracted me. So I married Jim Brown.

text: Margaret and J.J. were married in Leadville's Annunciation Church on September 1, 1886.[3] They had two children:

text:
Lawrence Palmer Brown (known as Larry), was born on August 30, 1887 in Hannibal, Missouri. He married Eileen[4] Elizabeth Horton (1890–1985) on January 1, 1911, in Kansas City, Missouri, with whom he had two children: Lawrence Palmer "Pat" Brown, Jr. (1911–1976) and Eileen Elizabeth "Betty" Brown (1913–1974). The marriage failed, and Larry married Hollywood actress, Mildred Gregory (1895–1956) on November 17, 1926, in Beverly Hills, California. This marriage produced no other children. Larry died on April 2, 1949.
Catherine Ellen Brown (known as Helen), was born on July 22, 1889 in Leadville, Colorado. She married George Joseph Peter Adelheid Benziger (1877– 1970) on April 7, 1913 in Chicago, Illinois and had two children: James George Benziger (1914–1995) and George Peter Joseph Adelrich Benziger (1917–1985). Her grandchildren include Bradford Benziger (born December 13, 1944), Katherine Benziger (born July 12, 1947), and Vincent Benziger (born August 3, 1950). Helen died on October 17, 1969.

text: The Brown family acquired great wealth when in 1893 J.J.'s mining engineering efforts proved instrumental in the production of a substantial ore seam at the Little Jonny Mine of his employers, Ibex Mining Company, and he was awarded 12,500 shares of stock and a seat on the board. In Leadville, Margaret helped by working in soup kitchens to assist miners' families.

text: In 1894, the Browns bought a $30,000 Victorian mansion in Denver, Colorado, and in 1897, they built a summer house, Avoca Lodge in Southwest Denver near Bear Creek, which gave the family more social opportunities. Margaret became a charter member of the Denver Woman's Club, whose mission was the improvement of women's lives by continuing education and philanthropy. Adjusting to the trappings of a society lady, Brown became well-immersed in the arts and fluent in French, German, Italian, and Russian. Brown co-founded a branch in Denver of the Alliance Française to promote her love of French culture.[5][6]

text: After 23 years of marriage, Margaret and J.J. privately signed a separation agreement in 1909. Although they never reconciled, they continued to communicate and cared for each other throughout their lives. The agreement gave Margaret a cash settlement, and she maintained possession of the house on Pennsylvania Street in Denver and the summer house, Avoca Lodge. She also received a $700 monthly allowance (equivalent to $18,659 today) to continue her travels and social work.

text: Brown assisted in fundraising for Denver's Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, which was completed in 1911. She also worked with Judge Ben Lindsey to help destitute children and establish the United States' first juvenile court, which helped form the basis of the modern U.S. juvenile courts system.

text: Brown ran for Senate in 1914 but ended her campaign to return to France to work with the American Committee for Devastated France during World War I.

text: Passenger on the Titanic[edit]

text: Brown had spent the first months of 1912 travelling in Egypt as part of the John Jacob Astor IV party, until she received word from Denver that her eldest grandchild Lawrence Palmer Brown Jr. was seriously ill. She immediately booked passage on the first available liner leaving for New York, the Titanic. Originally her daughter Helen was supposed to accompany her, but she decided to stay on in Paris, where she was studying at the Sorbonne. Brown was conveyed to the passenger liner RMS Titanic as a first class passenger on the evening of April 10, aboard the tender SS Nomadic at Cherbourg, France.

text: The Titanic sank early on April 15, 1912, at around 2:20 a.m., after striking an iceberg at around 11:40 p.m. Brown helped others board the lifeboats but was finally persuaded to leave the ship in Lifeboat No. 6.[1] Brown was later called "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" by authors because she helped in the ship's evacuation, taking an oar herself in her lifeboat and urging that the lifeboat go back and save more people. Her urgings were met with opposition from Quartermaster Robert Hichens, the crewman in charge of Lifeboat 6. Hichens was fearful that if they went back, the lifeboat would either be pulled down due to suction or the people in the water would swamp the boat in an effort to get inside. After several attempts to urge Hichens to turn back, Brown threatened to throw the crewman overboard.[1] Sources vary as to whether the boat went back and if they found anyone alive but Brown's efforts sealed her place in history, regardless.

text: Upon being rescued by the ship ''RMS Carpathia'', Brown proceeded to organize a survivors' committee with other first class survivors. The committee worked to secure basic necessities for the second and third class survivors and even provided informal counseling.[7]

text: Later life[edit]

text: At the time of J.J. Brown's death on September 5, 1922, Margaret told newspapers, "I've never met a finer, bigger, more worthwhile man than J.J. Brown." J.J. died intestate, and five years of disputation between Margaret and her two children were required to finally settle the estate. Due to their lavish spending, J.J. left an estate valued at only $238,000, equal to $3,405,340 today. Maggie was to receive $20,000 in cash and securities (equal to $286,163 today), and the interest on a $100,000 trust fund (equal to $1,430,815 today) in her name. $118,000 was to be divided between her two children, who each received a $59,000 (equal to $844,181 today) trust fund. A court case against Catherine and Lawrence was settled privately, and Margaret and her children were reconciled at the time of Margaret's death in 1932.

text: Margaret's fame as a well-known Titanic survivor helped her promote the issues she felt strongly about: the rights of workers and women, education and literacy for children, historic preservation, and commemoration of the bravery and chivalry displayed by the men aboard the Titanic. During World War I in France, she worked with the American Committee for Devastated France to rebuild areas behind the front line, and helped wounded French and American soldiers. She was awarded the French Légion d'Honneur for her good citizenship, activism, and philanthropy in America.

text: During the last years of her life, she was an actress.

text: Death[edit]

text: Margaret Brown died in her sleep at 10:55 p.m. on October 26, 1932, at the Barbizon Hotel in New York City, New York. Subsequent autopsy revealed a brain tumor. Her body was buried along with J.J. in the Cemetery of the Holy Rood in Westbury, New York,[8] following a small ceremony on October 31, 1932, attended only by family members. There was no eulogy.[2]

text: Portrayals[edit]

text:
Thelma Ritter (1953) (Titanic). Brown's name was changed to Maude Young, and her Colorado gold mining fortune became a Montana lead mining fortune.
Cloris Leachman (1957) (Telephone Time) ("The Unsinkable Molly Brown")
Tucker McGuire (1958) (A Night to Remember)
Tammy Grimes (1960) (The Unsinkable Molly Brown) (Broadway musical) Grimes won a Tony Award for her performance.
Debbie Reynolds (1964) (The Unsinkable Molly Brown). Reynolds received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.
Cloris Leachman (1979) (S.O.S. Titanic) (TV movie)
Fionnula Flanagan (1983) (Voyagers!) ("Voyagers of the Titanic")
Marilu Henner (1996) (Titanic) (TV miniseries)
Kathy Bates (1997) (Titanic)
Judy Prestininzi (2003) (Ghosts of the Abyss) (Documentary)
Linda Kash (2012) (Titanic) (TV series/2 episodes)


document_title: Hereditary monarchy

question_text: who becomes king after the previous one dies in the hereditary ruler system

text: Hereditary monarchy

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Part of a series of articles on

Monarchy

Central concepts[show]

Monarch
Monarchism

Divine right of kings
Mandate of Heaven

Types[show]

Absolute
Composite
Constitutional
Diarchy
Dual
Elective
Emirate
Ethnarch
Federal
Hereditary
Legalist (Chinese)
Non-sovereign
Popular
Regency
Tetrarch
Universal

History[show]

Birth of the Roman Empire
Magna Carta
Foundation of the Ottoman Empire

Glorious Revolution
French Revolution

Trienio Liberal
First French Empire

Liberal Wars
Second French Empire

Italian unification
Meiji Restoration

German unification
5 October 1910 Revolution
Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil

Xinhai Revolution
Russian Revolution

Siamese revolution of 1932
Birth of the Italian Republic
Spanish transition to democracy

Iranian Revolution
Modern Cambodia

Nepalese Civil War

Related topics[show]

Aristocracy
Autocracy
Crowned republic
Conservatism
Thomas Hobbes
Legitimists
Oligarchy
Philosopher king
Primogeniture
Royalism
Regicide
Regnal number
Royal family
Ultra-royalist

Politics portal

v
t
e

text: A hereditary monarchy is one in which the crown or throne passes from one member of a royal family to another member of the same family. It represents an institutionalised form of nepotism.[1]

text: It is historically the most common type of monarchy and remains the dominant form in extant monarchies. It has the advantages of continuity of the concentration of power and wealth and predictability of who one can expect to control the means of governance and patronage. Provided that a monarch is competent, not oppressive, and maintains an appropriate royal dignity, it might also offer the stabilizing factors of popular affection for and loyalty to a royal family.[citation needed] The adjudication of what constitutes oppressive, dignified and popular tends to remain in the purview of the monarch. The main disadvantage of hereditary monarchy arises when the heir apparent may be physically or temperamentally unfitted to rule. Other disadvantages include the inability of a people to choose their head of state, the ossified distribution of wealth and power across a broad spectrum of society, and the continuation of outmoded religious and social-economic structures mainly for the benefit of monarchs, their families, and supporters.

text: Theoretically, when the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or abdicates, the crown typically passes to the next generation of the family. If no qualified child exists, the crown may pass to a brother, sister, nephew, niece, cousin, or other relative, in accordance with a predefined order of succession, often enshrined in legislation. Such a process establishes who will be the next monarch beforehand and avoids disputes among members of the royal family. In practice, there is an almost irresistible drive amongst the claimants to the throne. Few if any monarchies have not acquired and defended their hold on power through deceit, murder, war and oppression.[citation needed] Usurpers may resort to inventing semi-mythical genealogies to bolster their respectability.[2]

text: In most current monarchies, the typical order of succession uses some form of primogeniture, but there exist other methods such as seniority, tanistry (in which an heir-apparent is nominated from among qualified candidates) and rotation[clarification needed], which were more common in the past.

text: Historically, there have been differences in systems of succession, mainly revolving around the question of whether succession is limited to males, or whether females are also eligible (historically, the crown often devolved on the eldest male child, as ability to lead an army in battle was a requisite of kingship). Agnatic succession refers to systems where females are neither allowed to succeed nor to transmit succession rights to their male descendants (see Salic Law). An agnate is a kinsman with whom one has a common ancestor by descent in an unbroken male line. Cognatic succession once referred to any succession which allowed both males and females to be heirs, although in modern usage it specifically refers to succession by seniority regardless of sex[citation needed] (absolute primogeniture as in Sweden since 1980). Another factor which may be taken into account is the religious affiliation of the candidate or the candidate's spouse, specifically where the monarch also has a religious title or role; for example the British monarch has the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England and may not profess Roman Catholicism.

text: Elective monarchy can function as de facto hereditary monarchy. A specific type of elective monarchy known as tanistry limits eligibility to members of the ruling house. But hereditary succession can also occur in practice despite any such legal limitations. For example, if the majority of electors belong to the same house, then they may elect only family members. Or a reigning monarch might have sole power to elect a relative. Many late-medieval countries of Europe were officially elective monarchies, but in fact pseudo-elective; most transitioned into officially hereditary systems in the early modern age. Exceptions such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth prove the rule.