document_title: List of countries by the number of billionaires

question_text: how many billionaires are there in united states

text: Billionaires by continent

text:
Worldrank

Continent

Number ofbillionaires[1]

Richest in the continent

Net worth in billions (USD)

Date updated

–
World
2,208
Jeff Bezos
132.8
May 2018

1
Asia
719
Ma Huateng
51.1
April 2018

2
North America
631
Jeff Bezos
132.8
May 2018

3
Europe
559
Bernard Arnault
83.7
May 2018

4
South America
85
Jorge Paulo Lemann
29.7
January 2018

5
Oceania
35
Gina Rinehart
17.40
2018

6
Africa
25
Aliko Dangote
14.1
March 2018

text: Billionaires by country or dependency

text:
Continents each country resides in:

  Asia  North America  Europe  South America  Oceania  Africa  Transcontinental

text:
Worldrank

Country

Number ofbillionaires

Richest in the country

Richest in the country's net worth in billions USD (year)

1
 China
476 to 819 (Hurun estimate)[3]
Ma Huateng
51.1 (2018)

2
 United States
585
Jeff Bezos
132.8 (2018)

3
 India[4]
131
Mukesh Ambani
40.5 (2018)

4
 Germany
114
Beate Heister and Karl Albrecht Jr.
31.1 (2017)

5
 Russia
96
Leonid Mikhelson
18.4  (2017)

6
 Hong Kong
67
Li Ka-shing
37.7 (2018)

7
 United Kingdom
54
Hinduja family
19.8 (2018)

8
 Brazil
43
Jorge Paulo Lemann
29.7 (2018)

9
 Italy
42
Maria Franca Fissolo
28 (2018)

10
 Canada
39
David Thomson
27.2 (2017)

11
 France
38
Bernard Arnault
83.5 (2018)

 South Korea
38
Lee Kun-hee
20.6 (2018)

13
  Switzerland
36
Ernesto Bertarelli
9 (2017)

14
 Australia
33
Gina Rinehart
17.40 (2018)

 Japan
33
Masayoshi Son
23 (2018)

16
 Sweden
31
Stefan Persson
18.9 (2017)

 Taiwan
31
Terry Gou
10.6 (2017)

18
 Turkey
29
Murat Ülker
3.9 (2017)

19
 Spain
25
Amancio Ortega
68.4 (2018)

20
 Singapore
21
Robert and Philip Ng
9.7 (2017)

21
 Indonesia
20
Robert Budi Hartono
12.6 (2018)

 Thailand
20
Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi
19.9 (2018)

23
 Israel
18
Eyal Ofer
9.7 (2018)

24
 Mexico
15
Carlos Slim Helú
70.5 (2018)

25
 Philippines
14
Henry Sy
19.8 (2018)

 Norway
14
Odd Reitan
4.19 (2017)

27
 Chile
12
Iris Fontbona
16.3 (2018)

 Malaysia
12
Robert Kuok
15.4 (2018)

29
 Netherlands
10
Charlene de Carvalho-Heineken
16.1 (2018)

 Saudi Arabia
10
Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud
18.7

31
 Austria
8
Dietrich Mateschitz
21.2 (2018)

 Ireland
8
Pallonji Mistry
18.7 (2018)

 South Africa
8
Nicky Oppenheimer
7 (2017)

34
 Argentina
7
Alejandro Bulgheroni
3.5 (2017)

 Egypt
7
Nassef Sawiris
5.3 (2016)

 Finland
7
Antti Herlin
4.2 (2016)

 UAE
7
Al Ghurair Family
5.9 (2018)

37
 Cyprus
6
John Fredriksen
7.4 (2018)

 Czech Republic
6
Petr Kellner
11.4

 Denmark
6
Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen
5.5 (2018)

 Ukraine
6
Rinat Akhmetov
4.5

41
 Kazakhstan
5
Bulat Utemuratov
2.3 (2015)

 Peru
5
Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor
2.6 (2017)

43
 Greece
4
Spiros Latsis
3.2 (2018)

 Kuwait
4
Bassam and Kutayba Alghanim
1.4 (2018)

 Lebanon
4
Najib and Taha Mikati
2.7 (2018)

 Monaco
4
Tatiana Casiraghi
2.3 (2017)

 Poland
4
Dominika and Sebastian Kulczyk
3.8 (2018)

 Portugal
4
Américo Amorim
4.8 (2017)

 Vietnam
4
Pham Nhat Vuong
6.9 (2018)

49
 Colombia
3
Luis Carlos Sarmiento
11.3 (2017)

 Morocco
3
Othman Benjelloun
1.67 (2018)

 Nigeria
3
Aliko Dangote
14.1 (2018)

 Oman
3
Suhail Bahwan
3.4 (2018)

54
 Belgium
2
Albert Frère
5.2 (2017)

 New Zealand
2
Graeme Hart
10.3 (2018)

 St. Kitts & Nevis
2
Wu Xu
1.6 (2018)

 Venezuela
2
Juan Carlos Escotet
4.4 (2018)

59
 Algeria
1
Issad Rebrab
4.31 (2017)

 Angola
1
Isabel dos Santos
3.5 (2017)

 Bangladesh
1
Salman F Rahman
8.5 (2018)

 Georgia
1
Bidzina Ivanishvili
4.5 (2017)

 Guernsey
1
Stephen Lansdown
2.4 (2018)

 Hungary
1
Sandor Csanyi
1.14 (2018)

 Iceland
1
Thor Björgólfsson
1.99 (2018)

 Jordan
1
Ziyad Manasir
1.1 (2015)

 Liechtenstein
1
Christoph Zeller
2.5 (2016)

 Macau
1
Hoi Kin Hong
1.58 (2018)

   Nepal
1
Binod Chaudhary
1.5 (2018)

 Romania
1
Ion Țiriac
1.19 (2018)

 Slovakia
1
Ivan Chrenko
1.31 (2018)

 Swaziland
1
Nathan Kirsh
3.9 (2017)

 Tanzania
1
Mohammed Dewji
1.52 (2018)

 Zimbabwe
1
Strive Masiyiwa
1.65 (2018)


document_title: Organization development

question_text: od is concerned with change that helps organizations to

root

text: Organization development

text: Overview[edit]

text: Organization development as a practice involves an ongoing, systematic process of implementing effective organizational change. OD is known[by whom?] both as a field of applied science focused on understanding and managing organizational change and as a field of scientific study and inquiry. It is interdisciplinary in nature and draws on sociology, psychology, particularly industrial and organizational psychology, and theories of motivation, learning, and personality. Although behavioral science has provided the basic foundation for the study and practice of OD, new and emerging fields of study have made their presence felt. Experts in systems thinking, in organizational learning, in the structure of intuition in decision-making, and in coaching (to name a few) whose perspective is not steeped in just the behavioral sciences, but in a much more multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary approach[citation needed], have emerged as OD catalysts or tools.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Organization development, as a growing field, is responsive to many new approaches.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: Kurt Lewin (1898–1947) is widely recognized[by whom?] as the founding father of OD, although he died before the concept became mainstream in the mid-1950s.[2] From Lewin came the ideas of group dynamics and action research which underpin the basic OD process as well as providing its collaborative consultant/client ethos. Institutionally, Lewin founded the "Research Center for Group Dynamics" (RCGD) at MIT, which moved to Michigan after his death. RCGD colleagues were among those who founded the National Training Laboratories (NTL), from which the T-groups and group-based OD emerged.

text: Kurt Lewin played a key role in the evolution of organization development as it is known today. As early as World War II (1939-1945), Lewin experimented with a collaborative change-process (involving himself as consultant and a client group) based on a three-step process of planning, taking action, and measuring results. This was the forerunner of action research, an important element of OD, which will be discussed later. Lewin then participated in the beginnings of laboratory training, or T-groups. After Lewin's death in 1947, his close associates helped to develop survey-research methods at the University of Michigan. These procedures became important parts of OD as developments in this field continued at the National Training Laboratories and in growing numbers of universities and private consulting-firms across the country[which?]. Leading universities offering doctoral-level[3] degrees in OD include Benedictine University and the Fielding Graduate University.

text: Douglas and Richard Beckhard, while "consulting together at General Mills in the 1950s [...] coined the term organization development (OD) to describe an innovative bottom-up change effort that fit no traditional consulting categories" (Weisbord, 1987, p. 112).[4]

text: The failure of off-site laboratory training to live up to its early promise was one of the important forces stimulating the development of OD. Laboratory training is learning from a person's "here and now" experience as a member of an ongoing training group. Such groups usually meet without a specific agenda. Their purpose is for the members to learn about themselves from their spontaneous "here and now" responses to an ambiguous hypothetical situation. Problems of leadership, structure, status, communication, and self-serving behavior typically arise in such a group. The members have an opportunity to learn something about themselves and to practice such skills as listening, observing others, and functioning as effective group members.[5] Herbert A. Shepard conducted the first large-scale experiments in Organization Development in the late fifties.[6]

text: As formerly practiced (and occasionally still practiced for special purposes), laboratory training was conducted in "stranger groups" - groups composed of individuals from different organizations, situations, and backgrounds. A major difficulty developed, however, in transferring knowledge gained from these "stranger labs" to the actual situation "back home". This required a transfer between two different cultures, the relatively safe and protected environment of the T-group (or training group) and the give-and-take of the organizational environment with its traditional values. This led the early pioneers in this type of learning to begin to apply it to "family groups" — that is, groups located within an organization. From this shift in the locale of the training site and the realization that culture was an important factor in influencing group members (along with some other[which?] developments in the behavioral sciences) emerged the concept of organization development.[5]

text: Core values[edit]

text: Underlying Organization Development are humanistic values. Margulies and Raia (1972) articulated the humanistic values of OD as follows:

text:
providing opportunities for people to function as human beings rather than as resources in the productive process
providing opportunities for each organization member, as well as for the organization itself, to develop to their full potential
seeking to increase the effectiveness of the organization in terms of all of its goals
attempting to create an environment in which it is possible to find exciting and challenging work
providing opportunities for people in organizations to influence the way in which they relate to work, the organization, and the environment
treating each human being as a person with a complex set of needs, all of which are important to their work and their life[7]

tag: ol

text: Differentiating OD[clarification needed] from other change efforts such as- 1. Operation management 2. Training and Development 3. Technological innovations....etc.

text: Objectives[edit]

text: The objectives of OD are:

text:
to increase the level of inter-personal trust among employees
to increase employees' level of satisfaction and commitment
to confront problems instead of neglecting them
to effectively manage conflict
to increase cooperation and collaboration among employees
to increase organizational problem-solving
to put in place processes that will help improve the ongoing operation of an organization on a continuous basis

text: As objectives of organizational development are framed[by whom?] keeping in view specific situations, they vary from one situation to another. In other words, these programs[which?] are tailored to meet the requirements of a particular situation. But broadly speaking, all organizational development programs try to achieve the following objectives:

text:
making individuals in the organization aware of the vision of the organization. Organizational development helps in making employees align with the vision of the organization
encouraging employees to solve problems instead of avoiding them
strengthening inter-personal trust, cooperation, and communication for the successful achievement of organizational goals
encouraging every individual to participate in the process of planning, thus making them feel responsible for the implementation of the plan
creating a work atmosphere in which employees are encouraged[by whom?] to work and participate enthusiastically
replacing formal lines of authority with personal knowledge and skill
preparing members to align with changes and to break stereotypes
creating an environment of trust so that employees willingly accept change

text: According to organizational-development thinking, organization development provides managers with a vehicle for introducing change systematically by applying a broad selection of management techniques. This, in turn, leads to greater personal, group, and organizational effectiveness.

text: Change agent[edit]

text: A change agent in the sense used here is not a technical expert skilled in such functional areas as accounting, production, or finance. The change agent is a behavioral scientist who knows how to get people in an organization involved in solving their own problems. A change agent's main strength is a comprehensive knowledge of human behavior, supported by a number of intervention techniques (to be discussed later). The change agent can be either external or internal to the organization. An internal change agent is usually a staff person who has expertise in the behavioral sciences and in the intervention technology of OD. Beckhard reports several cases in which line people have been trained in OD and have returned to their organizations to engage in successful change-assignments.[8] In the natural evolution of change mechanisms in organizations, this would seem to approach the ideal arrangement.[citation needed]

text: Researchers at the University of Oxford found that leaders can be effective change-agents within their own organizations if they are strongly committed to "knowledge leadership" targeted towards organizational development. In their three-year study of UK healthcare organizations, the researchers identified three different mechanisms through which knowledge leaders actively "transposed", "appropriated" or "contended" change concepts, effectively translating and embedding these in organizational practice.[9]

text: The change agent may be a staff or line member of the organization who is schooled in OD theory and technique. In such a case, the "contractual relationship" is an in-house agreement that should probably be explicit with respect to all of the conditions involved except the fee.

text: Sponsoring organization[edit]

text: The initiative for OD programs often comes from an organization that has a problem or anticipates facing a problem. This means that top management or someone authorized by top management is aware that a problem exists and has decided to seek help in solving it. There is a direct analogy here to the practice of psychotherapy: The client or patient must actively seek help in finding a solution to his problems. This indicates a willingness on the part of the client organization to accept help and assures the organization that management is actively concerned.[10]

text: Applied behavioral science[edit]

text: One of the outstanding characteristics of OD that distinguishes it from most other improvement programs is that it is based on a "helping relationship". Some believe that the change agent is not a physician to the organization's ills; that s/he does not examine the "patient", make a diagnosis, and write a prescription. Nor does s/he try to teach organizational members a new inventory of knowledge which they then transfer to the job situation. Using theory and methods drawn from such behavioral sciences as industrial/organizational psychology, industrial sociology, communication, cultural anthropology, administrative theory, organizational behavior, economics, and political science, the change agent's main function is to help the organization define and solve its own problems. The basic method used is known as action research. This approach, which is described in detail later, consists of a preliminary diagnosis, collecting data, feedback of the data to the client, data exploration by the client group, action planning based on the data, and taking action.[11]

text: Systems context[edit]

text: The holistic and futuristic view of organization[edit]

text: OD deals with a total system — the organization as a whole, including its relevant environment — or with a subsystem or systems — departments or work groups — in the context of the total system. Parts of systems — for example, individuals, cliques, structures, norms, values, and products — are not considered in isolation; the principle of interdependency — that change in one part of a system affects the other parts — is fully recognized. Thus OD interventions focus on the total cultures and cultural processes of organizations. The focus is also on groups, since the relevant behavior of individuals in organizations and groups is generally a product of the influences of groups rather than of personalities.[10]

text: Improved organizational performance[edit]

text: The objective of OD is to improve the organization's capacity to handle its internal and external functioning and relationships. This includes improved interpersonal and group processes, more effective communication, and enhanced ability to cope with organizational problems of all kinds. It also involves more effective decision processes, more appropriate leadership styles, improved skill in dealing with destructive conflict, as well as developing improved levels of trust and cooperation among organizational members. These objectives stem from a value system based on an optimistic view of the nature of man — that man in a supportive environment is capable of achieving higher levels of development and accomplishment. Essential to organization development and effectiveness is the scientific method — inquiry, a rigorous search for causes, experimental testing of hypotheses, and review of results.

text: Self-managing work groups allows the members of a work team to manage, control, and monitor all facets of their work, from recruiting, hiring, and new employees to deciding when to take rest breaks. An early analysis of the first-self-managing work groups yielded the following behavioral characteristics (Hackman, 1986):

text:
Employees assume personal responsibility and accountability for outcomes of their work.
Employees monitor their own performance and seek feedback on how well they are accomplishing their goals.
Employees manage their performance and take corrective action when necessary to improve their and the performance of other group members.
Employees seek guidance, assistance, and resources from the organization when they do not have what they need to do the job.
Employees help members of their work group and employees in other groups to improve job performance and raise productivity for the organization as a whole.

tag: ul

text: Organizational self-renewal[edit]

text: The ultimate aim of OD practitioners is to "work themselves out of a job" by leaving the client organization with a set of tools, behaviors, attitudes, and an action plan with which to monitor its own state of health and to take corrective steps toward its own renewal and development. This is consistent with the systems concept of feedback as a regulatory and corrective mechanism.[10]

text: Understanding organizations[edit]

text: Weisbord presents a six-box model for understanding organizations:

text:
Purposes: The organization members are clear about the organization's mission and purpose and goal agreements, whether people support the organization's purpose.
Structure: How is the organization's work divided up? The question is whether there is an adequate fit between the purpose and the internal structure.
Relationship: Between individuals, between units or departments that perform different tasks, and between the people and requirements of their jobs.
Rewards: The consultant should diagnose the similarities between what the organization formally rewarded or punished members for.
Leadership: Is to watch for blips among the other boxes and maintain balance among them.
Helpful mechanism: What must the organization attend to in order to survive and thrive - procedures such as planning, control, budgeting, and other information systems.[12]

text: Modern development[edit]

text: In recent years, serious questioning has emerged about the relevance of OD to managing change in modern organizations. The need for "reinventing" the field has become a topic that even some of its "founding fathers" are discussing critically.[13]

text: With this call for reinvention and change, scholars have begun to examine organization development from an emotion-based standpoint. For example, deKlerk (2007)[14] writes about how emotional trauma can negatively affect performance. Due to downsizing, outsourcing, mergers, restructuring, continual changes, invasions of privacy, harassment, and abuses of power, many employees experience the emotions of aggression, anxiety, apprehension, cynicism, and fear, which can lead to performance decreases. deKlerk (2007) suggests that in order to heal the trauma and increase performance, O.D. practitioners must acknowledge the existence of the trauma, provide a safe place for employees to discuss their feelings, symbolize the trauma and put it into perspective, and then allow for and deal with the emotional responses. One method of achieving this is by having employees draw pictures of what they feel about the situation, and then having them explain their drawings with each other. Drawing pictures is beneficial because it allows employees to express emotions they normally would not be able to put into words. Also, drawings often prompt active participation in the activity, as everyone is required to draw a picture and then discuss its meaning..

text: The use of new technologies combined with globalization has also shifted the field of organization development. Roland Sullivan (2005) defined Organization Development with participants at the 1st Organization Development Conference for Asia in Dubai-2005 as "Organization Development is a transformative leap to a desired vision where strategies and systems align, in the light of local culture with an innovative and authentic leadership style using the support of high tech tools. Bob Aubrey (2015)[15] introduced KDIs (Key Development Indicators) to help organisations go beyond performance and align strategy, organisations and individuals and argued that fundamental challenges such as robotics, artificial intelligence and genetics prefigure a regeneration of the field.

text: Action research[edit]

text: Wendell L French and Cecil Bell defined organization development (OD) at one point as "organization improvement through action research".[11] If one idea can be said to summarize OD's underlying philosophy, it would be action research as it was conceptualized by Kurt Lewin and later elaborated and expanded on by other behavioral scientists. Concerned with social change and, more particularly, with effective, permanent social change, Lewin believed that the motivation to change was strongly related to action: If people are active in decisions affecting them, they are more likely to adopt new ways. "Rational social management", he said, "proceeds in a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of action".[16]

text: Lewin's description of the process of change involves three steps:[16]

text: "Unfreezing": Faced with a dilemma or disconfirmation, the individual or group becomes aware of a need to change.

text: "Changing": The situation is diagnosed and new models of behavior are explored and tested.

text: "Refreezing": Application of new behavior is evaluated, and if reinforced, adopted.

text: Figure 1 summarizes the steps and processes involved in planned change through action research. Action research is depicted as a cyclical process of change. The cycle begins with a series of planning actions initiated by the client and the change agent working together. The principal elements of this stage include a preliminary diagnosis, data gathering, feedback of results, and joint action planning. In the language of systems theory, this is the input phase, in which the client system becomes aware of problems as yet unidentified, realizes it may need outside help to effect changes, and shares with the consultant the process of problem diagnosis.

text: The second stage of action research is the action, or transformation, phase. This stage includes actions relating to learning processes (perhaps in the form of role analysis) and to planning and executing behavioral changes in the client organization. As shown in Figure 1, feedback at this stage would move via Feedback Loop A and would have the effect of altering previous planning to bring the learning activities of the client system into better alignment with change objectives. Included in this stage is action-planning activity carried out jointly by the consultant and members of the client system. Following the workshop or learning sessions, these action steps are carried out on the job as part of the transformation stage.[5]

text: The third stage of action research is the output, or results, phase. This stage includes actual changes in behavior (if any) resulting from corrective action steps taken following the second stage. Data are again gathered from the client system so that progress can be determined and necessary adjustments in learning activities can be made. Minor adjustments of this nature can be made in learning activities via Feedback Loop B (see Figure 1). Major adjustments and reevaluations would return the OD project to the first, or planning, stage for basic changes in the program. The action-research model shown in Figure 1 closely follows Lewin's repetitive cycle of planning, action, and measuring results. It also illustrates other aspects of Lewin's general model of change. As indicated in the diagram, the planning stage is a period of unfreezing, or problem awareness.[16] The action stage is a period of changing, that is, trying out new forms of behavior in an effort to understand and cope with the system's problems. (There is inevitable overlap between the stages, since the boundaries are not clear-cut and cannot be in a continuous process). The results stage is a period of refreezing, in which new behaviors are tried out on the job and, if successful and reinforcing, become a part of the system's repertoire of problem-solving behavior.

text: Action research is problem centered, client centered, and action oriented. It involves the client system in a diagnostic, active-learning, problem-finding, and problem-solving process. Data are not simply returned in the form of a written report but instead are fed back in open joint sessions, and the client and the change agent collaborate in identifying and ranking specific problems, in devising methods for finding their real causes, and in developing plans for coping with them realistically and practically. Scientific method in the form of data gathering, forming hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and measuring results, although not pursued as rigorously as in the laboratory, is nevertheless an integral part of the process. Action research also sets in motion a long-range, cyclical, self-correcting mechanism for maintaining and enhancing the effectiveness of the client's system by leaving the system with practical and useful tools for self-analysis and self-renewal.[5]

text: OD interventions[edit]

text: "Interventions" are principal learning processes in the "action" stage (see Figure 1) of organization development. Interventions are structured activities used individually or in combination by the members of a client system to improve their social or task performance. They may be introduced by a change agent as part of an improvement program, or they may be used by the client following a program to check on the state of the organization's health, or to effect necessary changes in its own behavior. "Structured activities" mean such diverse procedures as experiential exercises, questionnaires, attitude surveys, interviews, relevant group discussions, and even lunchtime meetings between the change agent and a member of the client organization. Every action that influences an organization's improvement program in a change agent-client system relationship can be said to be an intervention.[17]

text: There are many possible intervention strategies from which to choose. Several assumptions about the nature and functioning of organizations are made in the choice of a particular strategy. Beckhard lists six such assumptions:

text:
The basic building blocks of an organization are groups (teams). Therefore, the basic units of change are groups, not individuals.
An always relevant change goal is the reduction of inappropriate competition between parts of the organization and the development of a more collaborative condition.
Decision making in a healthy organization is located where the information sources are, rather than in a particular role or level of hierarchy.
Organizations, subunits of organizations, and individuals continuously manage their affairs against goals. Controls are interim measurements, not the basis of managerial strategy.
One goal of a healthy organization is to develop generally open communication, mutual trust, and confidence between and across levels.
People support what they help create. People affected by a change must be allowed active participation and a sense of ownership in the planning and conduct of the change.[8]

text: Interventions range from those designed to improve the effectiveness of individuals through those designed to deal with teams and groups, intergroup relations, and the total organization. There are interventions that focus on task issues (what people do), and those that focus on process issues (how people go about doing it). Finally, interventions may be roughly classified according to which change mechanism they tend to emphasize: for example, feedback, awareness of changing cultural norms, interaction and communication, conflict, and education through either new knowledge or skill practice.[18]

text: One of the most difficult tasks confronting the change agent is to help create in the client system a safe climate for learning and change. In a favorable climate, human learning builds on itself and continues indefinitely during man's lifetime. Out of new behavior, new dilemmas and problems emerge as the spiral continues upward to new levels. In an unfavorable climate, in contrast, learning is far less certain, and in an atmosphere of psychological threat, it often stops altogether. Unfreezing old ways can be inhibited in organizations because the climate makes employees feel that it is inappropriate to reveal true feelings, even though such revelations could be constructive. In an inhibited atmosphere, therefore, necessary feedback is not available. Also, trying out new ways may be viewed as risky because it violates established norms. Such an organization may also be constrained because of the law of systems: If one part changes, other parts will become involved. Hence, it is easier to maintain the status quo. Hierarchical authority, specialization, span of control, and other characteristics of formal systems also discourage experimentation.[17]

text: The change agent must address himself to all of these hazards and obstacles. Some of the things which will help him are:

text:
A real need in the client system to change
Genuine support from management
Setting a personal example: listening, supporting behavior
A sound background in the behavioral sciences
A working knowledge of systems theory
A belief in man as a rational, self-educating being fully capable of learning better ways to do things.[17]

text: A few examples of interventions include team building, coaching, Large Group Interventions, mentoring, performance appraisal, downsizing, TQM, and leadership development.


document_title: Anglo-Saxon Christianity

question_text: who was the monk that was sent to england to convert the anglo-saxons to christianity

text: Anglo-Saxon Christianity

text: Gregorian mission[edit]

text: Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms began in AD 597, influenced by Celtic Christianity from the north-west and by the Roman church from the south-east, gradually replacing Anglo-Saxon polytheism which had been introduced to what is now England over the course of the 5th and 6th centuries with the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine took office in 597 AD. In 601, he baptized the first Christian Anglo-Saxon king, Æthelberht of Kent. The last pagan Anglo-Saxon/Jutish king, Arwald, died in 686.

text: Æthelberht of Kent's wife Bertha, daughter of Charibert, one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks, had brought a chaplain (Liudhard) with her. Bertha had restored a church from Roman times to the east of Canterbury and dedicated it to Saint Martin of Tours, the patronal saint for the Merovingian royal family. Æthelberht himself, though a pagan, allowed his wife to worship her God. Probably under influence of his wife, Æthelberht asked Pope Gregory I to send missionaries, and in 596 the Pope dispatched Augustine, together with a party of monks.

text: Augustine had served as praepositus (prior) of the monastery of Saint Andrew in Rome, founded by Gregory. His party lost heart on the way and Augustine went back to Rome from Provence and asked his superiors to abandon the mission project. The pope, however, commanded and encouraged continuation, and Augustine and his followers landed on the Island of Thanet in the spring of 597.

text: Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his town of Canterbury. By the end of the year he himself had converted, and Augustine received consecration as a bishop at Arles. At Christmas 10,000 of the king's subjects underwent baptism.

text: Augustine sent a report of his success to Pope Gregory with certain questions concerning his work. In 601 Mellitus, Justus and others brought the pope's replies, with the pallium for Augustine and a present of sacred vessels, vestments, relics, books, and the like. Gregory directed the new archbishop to ordain as soon as possible twelve suffragan bishops and to send a bishop to York, who should also have twelve suffragans. Augustine did not carry out this papal plan, nor did he establish the primatial see at London as Gregory intended, as the Londoners remained heathen. Augustine did consecrate Mellitus as bishop of London and Justus as bishop of Rochester.

text: Pope Gregory issued more practicable mandates concerning heathen temples and usages: he desired that native temples be Christianized and asked Augustine to Christianize pagan practices, so far as possible, into dedication ceremonies or feasts of martyrs, since "he who would climb to a lofty height must go up by steps, not leaps" (letter of Gregory to Mellitus, in Bede, i, 30).

text: Augustine reconsecrated and rebuilt an old church at Canterbury as his cathedral and founded a monastery in connection with it. He also restored a church and founded the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul outside the walls. He died before completing the monastery, but now lies buried in the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul.

text: In 616 Æthelberht of Kent died. The kingdom of Kent and the associated Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which Kent had had influence over relapsed into heathenism for several decades.

text: Synod of Whitby (664)[edit]

text: The Synod of Whitby in 664 forms a significant watershed in that King Oswiu of Northumbria decided to follow Roman rather than Celtic practices. The spokesman of the dominant faction was St. Wilfrid, who had been much impressed by the power and lavish life style of the Roman Church in comparison with the austerity and subservience to local rulers of the Celtic Church. Using subsidiary arguments about Easter and the tonsure, Wilfrid established the model of the Church as not ultimately answerable to the local king but to the Archbishop and to the Pope. It became a tradition for each Archbishop of Canterbury to receive the pallium from the Pope in Rome. This issue was to be frequently revisited until the Reformation.

text: Anglo-Saxon mission on the Continent[edit]

text: The Anglo-Saxon mission on the continent took off in the 8th century, assisting the Christianisation of practically all of the Frankish Empire by AD 800.

text: The Benedictine Movement[edit]

text: The Benedictine reform was led by St. Dunstan over the latter half of the 10th century. It sought to revive church piety by replacing secular canons- often under the direct influence of local landowners, and often their relatives- with celibate monks, answerable to the ecclesiastical hierarchy and ultimately to the Pope. This deeply split England, bringing it to the point of civil war, with the East Anglian nobility (such as Athelstan Half-King, Byrhtnoth) supporting Dunstan and the Wessex aristocracy (Ordgar, Æthelmær the Stout) supporting the secularists. These factions mobilsed around King Eadwig (anti-Dunstan) and his brother King Edgar (pro). On the death of Edgar, his son Edward the Martyr was assassinated by the anti-Dunstan faction and their candidate, the young king Æthelred was placed on the throne. However this "most terrible deed since the English came from over the sea" provoked such a revulsion that the secularists climbed down, although Dunstan was effectively retired.

text: This split fatally weakened the country in the face of renewed Viking attacks.

text: Diocesan organisation[edit]


document_title: Hull classification symbol

question_text: what does dd stand for in the navy

question_tokens: what does dd stand for in the navy

text: Hull classification symbol

text: History[edit]

text: United States Navy[edit]

text: The U.S. Navy began to assign unique Naval Registry Identification Numbers to its ships in the 1890s. The system was a simple one in which each ship received a number which was appended to its ship type, fully spelled out, and added parenthetically after the ship's name when deemed necessary to avoid confusion between ships. Under this system, for example, the battleship Indiana was USS Indiana (Battleship No. 1), the cruiser Olympia was USS Olympia (Cruiser No. 6), and so on. Beginning in 1907, some ships also were referred to alternatively by single-letter or three-letter codes—for example, USS Indiana (Battleship No. 1) could be referred to as USS Indiana (B-1) and USS Olympia (Cruiser No. 6) could also be referred to as USS Olympia (C-6), while USS Pennsylvania (Armored Cruiser No. 4) could be referred to as USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4). However, rather than replacing it, these codes coexisted and were used interchangeably with the older system until the modern system was instituted on 17 July 1920.

text: During World War I, the U.S. Navy acquired large numbers of privately owned and commercial ships and craft for use as patrol vessels, mine warfare vessels,  and various types of naval auxiliary ships, some of them with identical names. To keep track of them all, the Navy assigned unique identifying numbers to them. Those deemed appropriate for patrol work received section patrol numbers (SP), while those intended for other purposes received "identification numbers", generally abbreviated "Id. No." or "ID;" some ships and craft changed from an SP to an ID number or vice versa during their careers, without their unique numbers themselves changing, and some ships and craft assigned numbers in anticipation of naval service never were acquired by the Navy. The SP/ID numbering sequence was unified and continuous, with no SP number repeated in the ID series or vice versa so that there could not be, for example, both an "SP-435" and an "Id. No 435". The SP and ID numbers were used parenthetically after each boat's or ship's name to identify it; although this system pre-dated the modern hull classification system and its numbers were not referred to at the time as "hull codes" or "hull numbers," it was used in a similar manner to today's system and can be considered its precursor.[1]

text: United States Revenue Cutter Service and United States Coast Guard[edit]

text: The United States Revenue Cutter Service, which merged with the United States Lifesaving Service in January 1915 to form the modern United States Coast Guard, began following the Navy's lead in the 1890s, with its cutters having parenthetical numbers called Naval Registry Identification Numbers following their names, such as (Cutter No. 1), etc.  This persisted until the Navy's modern hull classification system's introduction in 1920, which included Coast Guard ships and craft.

text: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey[edit]

text: Like the U.S. Navy, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey – a uniformed seagoing service of the United States Government and a predecessor of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) – adopted a hull number system for its fleet in the 20th century. Its largest vessels, "Category I" oceanographic survey ships, were classified as "ocean survey ships" and given the designation "OSS". Intermediate-sized "Category II" oceanographic survey ships received the designation "MSS" for "medium survey ship," and smaller "Category III" oceanographic survey ships were given the classification "CSS" for "coastal survey ship." A fourth designation, "ASV" for "auxiliary survey vessel," included even smaller vessels. In each case, a particular ship received a unique designation based on its classification and a unique hull number separated by a space rather than a hyphen; for example, the third Coast and Geodetic Survey ship named Pioneer was an ocean survey ship officially known as USC&GS Pioneer (OSS 31).[2][3] The Coast and Geodetic Survey's system persisted after the creation of NOAA in 1970, when NOAA took control of the Survey's fleet, but NOAA later changed to its modern hull classification system.

text: The modern hull classification system[edit]

text: United States Navy[edit]

text: The U.S. Navy instituted its modern hull classification system on 17 July 1920, doing away with section patrol numbers, "identification numbers", and the other numbering systems described above.  In the new system, all hull classification symbols are at least two letters; for basic types the symbol is the first letter of the type name, doubled, except for aircraft carriers.

text: The combination of symbol and hull number identifies a modern Navy ship uniquely. A heavily modified or re-purposed ship may receive a new symbol, and either retain the hull number or receive a new one. For example, the heavy gun cruiser USS Boston (CA-69) was converted to a gun/missile cruiser, changing the hull number to CAG-1. Also, the system of symbols has changed a number of times both since it was introduced in 1907 and since the modern system was instituted in 1920, so ships' symbols sometimes change without anything being done to the physical ship.[4]

text: Hull numbers are assigned by classification. Duplication between, but not within, classifications is permitted. Hence, CV-1 was the aircraft carrier USS Langley and BB-1 was the battleship USS Indiana.

text: Ship types and classifications have come and gone over the years, and many of the symbols listed below are not presently in use. The Naval Vessel Register maintains an online database of U.S. Navy ships showing which symbols are presently in use.

text: After World War II until 1975, the U.S. Navy defined a "frigate" as a type of surface warship larger than a destroyer and smaller than a cruiser.  In other navies, such a ship generally was referred to as a "flotilla leader", or "destroyer leader".  Hence the U.S. Navy's use of "DL" for "frigate" prior to 1975, while "frigates" in other navies were smaller than destroyers and more like what the U.S. Navy termed a "destroyer escort", "ocean escort", or "DE".  The United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification of cruisers, frigates, and ocean escorts brought U.S. Navy classifications into line with other nations' classifications, at least cosmetically in terms of terminology, and eliminated the perceived "cruiser gap" with the Soviet Navy by redesignating the former "frigates" as "cruisers".

text: Military Sealift Command[edit]

text: If a U.S. Navy ship's hull classification symbol begins with "T-", it is part of the Military Sealift Command, has a primarily civilian crew, and is a United States Naval Ship (USNS) in non-commissioned service – as opposed to a commissioned United States Ship (USS) with an all-military crew.

text: United States Coast Guard[edit]

text: If a ship's hull classification symbol begins with "W", it is a ship of the United States Coast Guard.  Until 1965, the Coast Guard used U.S. Navy hull classification codes, prepending a "W" to their beginning.  In 1965, it retired some of the less mission-appropriate Navy-based classifications and developed new ones of its own, most notably WHEC for "high endurance cutter" and WMEC for "medium endurance cutter".

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[edit]

text: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a component of the United States Department of Commerce, includes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (or "NOAA Corps"), one of the seven uniformed services of the United States, and operates a fleet of seagoing research and survey ships. The NOAA fleet also uses a hull classification symbol system, which it also calls "hull numbers," for its ships.

text: After NOAA took over the former Coast and Geodetic Survey fleet in 1970 along with research vessels of other government agencies, it adopted a new system of ship classification. In its system, the NOAA fleet is divided into two broad categories, research ships and survey ships.  The research ships, which include oceanographic and fisheries research vessels, are given hull numbers beginning with "R", while the survey ships, generally hydrographic survey vessels, receive hull numbers beginning with "S". The letter is followed by a three-digit number; the first digit indicates the NOAA "class" (i.e., size) of the vessel, which NOAA assigns based on the ship's gross tonnage and horsepower, while the next two digits combine with the first digit to create a unique three-digit identifying number for the ship.

text: Generally, each NOAA hull number is written with a space between the letter and the three-digit number, as in, for example, NOAAS Nancy Foster (R 352) or NOAAS Thomas Jefferson (S 222).[5]

text: Unlike the Navy, once an older NOAA ship leaves service, a newer one can be given the same hull number; for example, "S 222" was assigned to NOAAS Mount Mitchell (S 222), then assigned to NOAAS Thomas Jefferson (S 222), which entered NOAA service after Mount Mitchell was stricken.

text: United States Navy hull classification codes[edit]

text: The U.S. Navy's system of alpha-numeric ship designators, and its associated hull numbers, have been for several decades a unique method of categorizing ships of all types: combatants, auxiliaries and district craft. Though considerably changed in detail and expanded over the years, this system remains essentially the same as when formally implemented in 1920. It is a very useful tool for organizing and keeping track of naval vessels, and also provides the basis for the identification numbers painted on the bows (and frequently the sterns) of most U.S. Navy ships.

text: The ship designator and hull number system's roots extend back to the late 1880s, when ship type serial numbers were assigned to most of the new-construction warships of the emerging "Steel Navy". During the course of the next thirty years, these same numbers were combined with filing codes used by the Navy's clerks to create an informal version of the system that was put in place in 1920. Limited usage of ship numbers goes back even earlier, most notably to the "Jeffersonian Gunboats" of the early 1800s and the "Tinclad" river gunboats of the Civil War Mississippi Squadron.

text: It is important to understand that hull number letter prefixes are not acronyms, and should not be carelessly treated as abbreviations of ship type classifications. Thus, "DD" does not stand for anything more than "Destroyer". "SS" simply means "Submarine". And "FF" is the post-1975 type code for "Frigate."[6]

text: The hull classification codes for ships in active duty in the United States Navy are governed under Secretary of the Navy Instruction 5030.8B (SECNAVINST 5030.8B).

text: Warships[edit]

text: Warships are designed to participate in combat operations.

text: The origin of the 2 letter code derives from the need to distinguish various cruiser subtypes.[7]

text:
Cruiser

armored (1921–1931)heavy (1931–)

CA

large

CB

battle (prior to 1961)command

CC

light

CL

aviation or voler

CV

Destroyer

ship

DD

escort

DE

tag: table

text: Aircraft carrier type[edit]

text: Aircraft carriers are ships designed primarily for the purpose of conducting combat operations by aircraft which engage in attacks against airborne, surface, sub-surface and shore targets.  Contrary to popular belief, the "CV" hull classification symbol does not stand for "carrier vessel". "CV" derives from the cruiser designation, with the v for French voler, "to fly"[citation needed]. Aircraft carriers are designated in two sequences: the first sequence runs from CV-1 USS Langley to the very latest ships, and the second sequence, "CVE" for escort carriers, ran from CVE-1 Long Island to CVE-127 Okinawa before being discontinued.

text:
AV: Seaplane Tender (retired)
AVG: Auxiliary Aircraft Ferry (Escort carrier) (1941–42)
AVD: Seaplane Tender Destroyer (retired)
AVP: Seaplane Tender, Small (retired)
AVT (i) Auxiliary Aircraft Transport (retired)
AVT (ii) Auxiliary Training Carrier (retired)
ACV: Auxiliary Aircraft Carrier (Escort carrier) (1942)
CV: Fleet aircraft carrier (1921–1975), multi-purpose aircraft carrier (1975–present)
CVA: Aircraft Carrier, Attack (category merged into CV, 30 June 1975)
CV(N): Aircraft Carrier, Night (Deck equipped with lighting and pilots trained and for nighttime fights) (1944) (retired)
CVAN: Aircraft Carrier, Attack, Nuclear-powered (category merged into CVN, 30 June 1975)
CVB: Aircraft Carrier, Large (Original USS Midway class, category merged into CVA, 1952)
CVE: Escort aircraft carrier (retired) (1943–retirement of type)
CVHA: Aircraft Carrier, Helicopter Assault (retired in favor of several LH-series amphibious assault ship hull codes)
CVHE: Aircraft Carrier, Helicopter, Escort (retired)
CVL: Light aircraft carrier or Aircraft Carrier, Small (retired) [8][9][10]
CVN: Aircraft Carrier, Nuclear-powered
CVS: Antisubmarine Aircraft Carrier (retired)
CVT: Aircraft Carrier, Training (changed to AVT (Auxiliary))
CVU: Aircraft Carrier, Utility (retired)
CVG: Aircraft Carrier, Guided Missile (retired)
CVV:[11] Aircraft Carrier, Vari-Purpose, Medium (retired unused)

text: Surface combatant type[edit]

text: Surface combatants are ships which are designed primarily to engage enemy forces on the high seas.  The primary surface combatants are battleships, cruisers and destroyers.  Battleships are very heavily armed and armored; cruisers moderately so; destroyers and smaller warships, less so.  Before 1920, ships were called "<type> no. X", with the type fully pronounced.  The types were commonly abbreviated in ship lists to "B-X", "C-X", "D-X" et cetera—for example, before 1920, USS Minnesota (BB-22) would have been called "USS Minnesota, Battleship number 22" orally and "USS Minnesota, B-22" in writing.  After 1920, the ship's name would have been both written and pronounced "USS Minnesota (BB-22)". In generally decreasing size, the types are:

text:
ACR: Armored Cruiser (pre-1920)
AFSB: Afloat Forward Staging Base (also AFSB(I) for "interim", changed to ESB for Expeditionary Mobile Dock)
B: Battleship (pre-1920)
BB: Battleship
BBG: Battleship, Guided Missile or Arsenal Ship (theoretical only, never assigned)[A 1]
BM: Monitor (1920–retirement)
C: Cruiser (pre-1920 Protected Cruisers and Peace Cruisers)
CA: (first series) Cruiser, Armored (retired, comprised all surviving pre-1920 Armored and Protected Cruisers)
CA: (second series) Heavy Cruiser, category later renamed Gun Cruiser (retired)
CAG: Cruiser, Guided Missile (retired)
CB:  Large cruiser (retired)
CBC: Large Command Cruiser (retired, never used operationally)[A 2]
CC: Battlecruiser (retired, never used operationally)[A 3]
CC: (second usage) Command Ship (retired)[A 4]
CLC: Command Cruiser[A 4]
CG: Cruiser, Guided Missile
CGN: Cruiser, Guided Missile, Nuclear-powered
CL: Light Cruiser Cruiser Light (retired)
CLAA: Cruiser, Light, Anti-aircraft (retired)
CLG: Cruiser, Light, Guided Missile (retired)
CLGN: Cruiser, Light, Guided Missile, Nuclear-powered (retired)
CLK: Cruiser, Hunter-Killer (abolished 1951)[A 5]
CM: Cruiser-minelayer (retired)
CS: Scout Cruiser (retired)
CSGN: Strike Cruiser Cruiser, Strike, Guided Missile, Nuclear-powered
D: Destroyer (pre-1920)
DD: Destroyer
DDC: Corvette (briefly proposed in the mid-1950s)[12]
DDE: Escort Destroyer, a Destroyer (DD) converted for antisubmarine warfare – category abolished 1962. (not to be confused with Destroyer Escort DE)
DDG: Destroyer, Guided Missile
DDK: Hunter-Killer Destroyer (category merged into DDE, 4 March 1950)
DDR: Destroyer, Radar Picket (retired)

text:
DE: Destroyer Escort (World War II, later became Ocean escort)
DE: Ocean escort (abolished 30 June 1975)
DEG: Guided Missile Ocean Escort (abolished 30 June 1975)
DER: Radar Picket Destroyer Escort (abolished 30 June 1975)

There were two distinct breeds of DE, the World War II Destroyer Escorts (some of which were converted to DERs) and the postwar DE/DEG classes, which were known as Ocean Escorts despite carrying the same type symbol as the World War II Destroyer Escorts.  All DEs, DEGs, and DERs were reclassified as FFs, FFGs, or FFRs, 30 June 1975.

DL: Destroyer Leader (later Frigate) (retired)[A 5]
DLG: Frigate, Guided Missile (abolished 30 June 1975)
DLGN: Frigate, Guided Missile, Nuclear-Propulsion (abolished 30 June 1975)

The DL category was established in 1951 with the abolition of the CLK category.  CLK 1 became DL 1 and DD 927–930 became DL 2–5.  By the mid-1950s the term Destroyer Leader had been dropped in favor of Frigate.  Most DLGs and DLGNs were reclassified as CGs and CGNs, 30 June 1975.  However, DLG 6–15 became DDG 37–46.  The old DLs were already gone by that time.

text:
DM: Destroyer, Minelayer (retired)
DMS: Destroyer, Minesweeper (retired)

text:
FF: Frigate
PF: Patrol Frigate (retired)
FFG: Frigate, Guided Missile
FFH: Frigate with assigned Helicopter[13]
FFL: Frigate, Light
FFR: Frigate, Radar Picket (retired)
FFT: Frigate (Reserve Training) (retired)

The FF, FFG, and FFR designations were established 30 June 1975 as new type symbols for ex-DEs, DEGs, and DERs.  The first new-built ships to carry the FF/FFG designation were the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates.  In January 2015, it was announced that the LCS ship types would be redesignated as FF.

text:
PG: Patrol Gunboat (retired)
PCH: Patrol Craft. Hydrofoil (retired)
PHM: Patrol, Hydrofoil, Missile (retired)
K: Corvette (retired)

text:
LCS: Littoral Combat Ship

In January 2015, the Navy announced that the up-gunned LCS will be reclassified as a frigate, since the requirements of the SSC Task Force was to upgrade the ships with frigate-like capabilities.  Hull designations will be changed from LCS to FF; existing LCSs back-fitted with modifications may also earn the FF label.[14] The Navy is hoping to start retrofitting technological upgrades onto existing and under construction LCSs before 2019.[15]

text:
M: Monitor (1880s–1920)
TB: Torpedo boat

text: Submarine type[edit]

text: Submarines are all self-propelled submersible types (usually started with SS) regardless of whether employed as combatant, auxiliary, or research and development vehicles which have at least a residual combat capability. While some classes, including all diesel-electric submarines, are retired from USN service, non-U.S. navies continue to employ SS, SSA, SSAN, SSB, SSC, SSG, SSM, and SST types.[16] With the advent of new Air Independent Propulsion/Power (AIP) systems, both SSI and SSP are used to distinguish the types within the USN, but SSP has been declared the preferred term. SSK, retired by the USN, continues to be used colloquially and interchangeably with SS for diesel-electric attack/patrol submarines within the USN, and, more formally, by the Royal Navy and British firms such as Jane's Information Group.

text:
SC: Cruiser Submarine (retired)
SF: Fleet Submarine (retired)
SM: Submarine Minelayer (retired)
SS: Submarine, Attack Submarine[17]
SSA: Submarine Auxiliary, Auxiliary/Cargo Submarine
SSAN: Submarine Auxiliary Nuclear, Auxiliary/Cargo Submarine, Nuclear-powered
SSB: Submarine Ballistic, Ballistic Missile Submarine
SSBN: Submarine Ballistic Nuclear, Ballistic Missile Submarine, Nuclear-powered
SSC: Coastal Submarine, over 150 tons
SSG: Guided Missile Submarine
SSGN: Guided Missile Submarine, Nuclear-powered
SSI: Attack Submarine (Diesel Air-Independent Propulsion)[18]
SSK: Hunter-Killer/ASW Submarine (retired)[19]
SSM: Midget Submarine, under 150 tons
SSN: Attack Submarine, Nuclear-powered
SSNR: Special Attack Submarine [note 1]
SSO: Submarine Oiler (retired)
SSP: Attack Submarine (Diesel Air-Independent Power) (alternate use), formerly Submarine Transport
SSQ: Auxiliary Submarine, Communications (retired)
SSQN: Auxiliary Submarine, Communications, Nuclear-powered (retired)[20]
SSR: Radar Picket Submarine (retired)
SSRN: Radar Picket Submarine, Nuclear-powered (retired)
SST: Training Submarine

text:
AGSS: Auxiliary Submarine
AOSS: Submarine Oiler (retired)
ASSP: Transport Submarine (retired)
APSS: Transport Submarine (retired)
LPSS: Amphibious Transport Submarine (retired)
SSLP: Transport Submarine (retired)

SSP, ASSP, APSS, and LPSS were all the same type, redesignated over the years.

text:
IXSS: Unclassified Miscellaneous Submarine
MTS:  Moored Training Ship (Naval Nuclear Power School Training Platform; Reconditioned SSBNs)

text: Patrol combatant type[edit]

text: Patrol combatants are ships whose mission may extend beyond coastal duties and whose characteristics include adequate endurance and sea keeping, providing a capability for operations exceeding 48 hours on the high seas without support. This notably included Brown Water Navy/Riverine Forces during the Vietnam War. Few of these ships are in service today.

text:
PBR: Patrol Boat, River, Brown Water Navy (Pibber or PBR-Vietnam)
PC: Coastal Patrol, originally Sub Chaser
PCF: Patrol Craft, Fast; Swift Boat, Brown Water Navy (Vietnam)
PE: Eagle Boat of World War I
PF: World War II Frigate, based on British River class.
PFG: Original designation of USS Oliver Hazard Perry (FFG-7)
PG: Gunboat, later Patrol combatant
PGH: Patrol Combatant, Hydrofoil
PHM: Patrol, Hydrofoil Missile
PR: Patrol, River, such as the USS Panay (PR-5)
PT: Motor Torpedo Boat (World War II)
PTF: Patrol Torpedo Fast, Brown Water Navy (Vietnam)
PTG: Patrol Torpedo Gunboat
Monitor: Heavily gunned riverine boat, Brown Water Navy (Vietnam)
ASPB: Assault Support Patrol Boat, "Alpha Boat", Brown Water Navy; also used as riverine minesweeper (Vietnam)
PACV: Patrol, Air Cushion Craft, Brown Water Navy (Vietnam)
SP: Section Patrol, used indiscriminately for patrol vessels, mine warfare vessels, and some other types (World War I; retired 1920)

text: Amphibious warfare type[edit]

text: Amphibious warfare vessels include all ships having organic capability for amphibious warfare and which have characteristics enabling long duration operations on the high seas.  There are two classifications of craft: amphibious warfare ships which are built to cross oceans, and landing craft, which are designed to take troops from ship to shore in an invasion.

text: Ships

text:
AKA: Attack Cargo Ship (To LKA, 1969)
APA: Attack Transport (To LPA, 1969)
APD: High speed transport  (Converted Destroyer or Destroyer Escort) (To LPR, 1969)
AGC: Amphibious Force Flagship (To LCC, 1969)
LCC: Amphibious Command Ship
LHA: General-Purpose Amphibious Assault Ship also known as Landing Helicopter Assault
LHD: Multi-Purpose Amphibious Assault Ship also known as Landing Helicopter Dock
LKA: Amphibious Cargo Ship (out of commission)
LPA: Amphibious Transport
LPD: Amphibious transport dock
LPH: Landing Platform Helicopter
LPR: High speed transport
LSD: Landing Ship, Dock
LSH: Landing Ship, Heavy
LSIL: Landing Ship, Infantry (Large) (formerly LCIL)
LSL: Landing Ship, Logistics
LSM: Landing Ship, Medium
LSM(R): Landing Ship, Medium (Rocket)
LSSL: Landing Ship, Support (Large) (formerly LCSL)
LST: Landing Ship, Tank
LST(H): Landing Ship, Tank (Hospital)
LSV: Landing Ship, Vehicle

text: Landing Craft

text:
LCA: Landing Craft, Assault
LCAC: Landing Craft Air Cushion
LCFF: (Flotilla Flagship)
LCH: Landing Craft, Heavy
LCI: Landing Craft, Infantry, World War II era classification further modified by
(G) – Gunboat
(L) – Large
(M) – Mortar
(R) – Rocket
LCL: Landing Craft, Logistics (UK)
LCM: Landing Craft, Mechanized
LCP: Landing Craft, Personnel
LCP(L): Landing Craft, Personnel, Large
LCP(R): Landing Craft, Personnel, Ramped
LCPA: Landing Craft, Personnel, Air-Cushioned
LCS(L): Landing Craft, Support (Large) changed to LSSL in 1949
LCT: Landing Craft, Tank (World War II era)
LCU: Landing Craft, Utility
LCVP: Landing Craft, Vehicle and Personnel
LSH: Landing Ship Heavy (Royal Australian Navy)

text: Expeditionary Support[edit]

text: Operated by Military Sealift Command, have ship prefix "USNS", hull code begins with "T-".

text:
ESD: Expeditionary Transfer Dock
ESB: Expeditionary Mobile Base (a variant of ESD, formerly AFSB)
EPF: Expeditionary Fast Transport
MLP: Mobile Landing Platform (changed to ESD)
JHSV: Joint High Speed Vessel (changed to EPF)
HST: High Speed Transport (similar to JHSV, not to be confused with WWII-era High speed transport (APD))
HSV: High Speed Vessel

text: Combat Logistics Type[edit]

text: Ships which have the capability to provide underway replenishment to fleet units.

text:
AC: Collier (retired)
AE: Ammunition Ship
AF: Stores Ship (retired)
AFS: Combat Stores Ship
AKE: Advanced Dry Cargo Ship
AKS: General Stores Ship
AO: Fleet Oiler
AOE: Fast Combat Support Ship
AOR: Replenishment Oiler
AW: Distilling Ship (retired)

text: Mine warfare type[edit]

text: Mine warfare ships are those ships whose primary function is mine warfare on the high seas.

text:
ADG: Degaussing Ship
AM: Minesweeper
AMb: Harbor Minesweeper
AMc: Coastal Minesweeper
AMCU: Underwater Mine Locater
AMS: Motor Minesweeper
CM: Cruiser (i.e., Large) Minelayer
CMc: Coastal Minelayer
DM: High Speed Minelayer (Converted Destroyer)
DMS: High Speed Minesweeper (Converted Destroyer)
MCM: Mine Countermeasures Ship
MCS: Mine Countermeasures Support Ship
MH(C)(I)(O)(S): Minehunter, (Coastal) (Inshore) (Ocean) (Hunter and Sweeper, General)
MLC: Coastal Minelayer
MSC: Minesweeper, Coastal
MSO: Minesweeper, Ocean
PCS: Submarine Chasers (wooden) fitted for minesweeping[21]
YDG: District Degaussing Vessel

text: Coastal defense type[edit]

text: Coastal defense ships are those whose primary function is coastal patrol and interdiction.

text:
FS: Corvette
PB: Patrol boat
PBR:  Patrol Boat, River
PC: Patrol, Coastal
PCE: Patrol Craft, Escort
PCF: Patrol Craft, Fast, (Swift Boat)
PF: Frigate, in a role similar to World War II Commonwealth corvette
PG: Patrol Gunboat
PGM: Motor Gunboat (To PG, 1967)
PR: Patrol, River
SP: Section Patrol

text: Mobile logistics type[edit]

text: Mobile logistics ships have the capability to provide direct material support to other deployed units operating far from home ports.

text:
AD: Destroyer Tender
AGP: Patrol Craft Tender
AR: repair ship
AS: Submarine tender
AV: Seaplane Tender

text: Auxiliary type[edit]

text: An auxiliary ship is designed to operate in any number of roles supporting combatant ships and other naval operations.

text:
AN: Net Laying Ship
ARL: Auxiliary Repair Light—light craft or landing craft repair ship (World War II-era, out of commission)
ATF: Fleet Ocean Tug
AGHS: Patrol Combatant Support Ship—Ocean or Inshore

text: Airships[edit]

text: Although technically an aircraft, pre-World War II rigid airships (e.g., zeppelins) were treated like commissioned surface warships and submarines, flew the U.S. ensign from their stern and carried a United States Ship (USS) designation.  Non-rigid airships (e.g., blimps) continued to fly the U.S. ensign from their stern, but were always considered to be primarily aircraft.

text:
ZMC: Airship Metal Clad
ZNN-G: G-Class Blimp
ZNN-J: J-Class Blimp
ZNN-L: L-Class Blimp
ZNP-K: K-Class Blimp
ZNP-M: M-Class Blimp
ZNP-N: N-Class Blimp
ZPG-3W: surveillance patrol blimp
ZR: Rigid Airship
ZRS: Rigid Airship Scout

text: Support ships[edit]

text: Support ships are not designed to participate in combat, and are generally not armed.  For ships with civilian crews (owned by and/or operated for Military Sealift Command and the Maritime Administration), the prefix T- is placed at the front of the hull classification.

text: Support type[edit]

text: Support ships are designed to operate in the open ocean in a variety of sea states to provide general support to either combatant forces or shore based establishments. They include smaller auxiliaries which, by the nature of their duties, leave inshore waters.

text:
AC: Collier (retired)
ACS: Auxiliary Crane Ship
AG: Miscellaneous Auxiliary
AGDE: Testing Ocean Escort
AGDS: Deep Submergence Support Ship
AGER (i): Miscellaneous Auxiliary, Electronic Reconnaissance
AGER (ii): Environmental Research Ship
AGF: Miscellaneous Command Ship
AGFF: Testing Frigate
AGL: Auxiliary vessel, lighthouse tender
AGM: Missile Range Instrumentation Ship
AGOR: Oceanographic Research Ship
AGOS: Ocean Surveillance Ship
AGP: Motor Torpedo Boat Tender
AGS: Surveying Ship
AGSE: Submarine and Special Warfare Support
AGSS: Auxiliary Research Submarine
AGTR: Technical research ship
AH: Hospital ship
AK: Cargo Ship
AKR: Vehicle Cargo Ship
AKS: Store Issue Ship
AO: Oiler
AOE: Fast Combat Support Ship
AOR: Replenishment oiler (retired)
AOG: Gasoline Tanker
AOT: Transport Oiler
AP: Transport
ARC: Cable Repair Ship (see also Cable layer)
ARG: Internal Combustion Engine repair ship
APB: Self-propelled Barracks Ship
APL: Barracks Craft
ARB: Battle Damage Repair Ship
ARL: Small Repair Ship
ARS: Salvage Ship
AS: Submarine tender
ASR: Submarine Rescue Ship
AT: Ocean-Going Tug
ATA: Auxiliary Ocean Tug
ATF: Fleet Ocean Tug
ATLS Drone Launch Ship
ATS: Salvage and Rescue Ship
AVB(i): Aviation Logistics Support Ship
AVB(ii):Advance Aviation Base Ship
AVS: Aviation Stores Issue Ship
AVT(i): Auxiliary Aircraft Transport
AVT(ii): Auxiliary Aircraft Landing Training Ship
EPCER: Experimental – Patrol Craft Escort – Rescue
ID or Id. No.: Civilian ship taken into service for auxiliary duties, used indiscriminately for large ocean-going ships of all kinds and coastal and yard craft (World War I; retired 1920)
PCER: Patrol Craft Escort – Rescue [22]
SBX: Sea-based X-band Radar – a mobile active electronically scanned array early-warning radar station.

text: Service type craft[edit]

text: Service craft are navy-subordinated craft (including non-self-propelled) designed to provide general support to either combatant forces or shore-based establishments.  The suffix "N" refers to non-self-propelled variants.

text:
AB: Crane Ship
AFDB: Large Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock
AFD/AFDL: Small Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock
AFDM: Medium Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock
APB: Self-Propelled Barracks Ship
APL: Barracks Craft
ARD: Auxiliary Repair Dry Dock
ARDM: Medium Auxiliary Repair Dry Dock  USS Oak Ridge (ARDM-1)
ATA: Auxiliary Ocean Tug
DSRV: Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle
DSV: Deep Submergence Vehicle
JUB/JB : Jack Up Barge
NR: Submersible Research Vehicle
YC: Open Lighter
YCF: Car Float
YCV: Aircraft Transportation Lighter
YD: Floating Crane
YDT: Diving Tender
YF: Covered Lighter
YFB: Ferry Boat or Launch
YFD: Yard Floating Dry Dock
YFN: Covered Lighter (non-self propelled)
YFNB: Large Covered Lighter (non-self propelled)
YFND: Dry Dock Companion Craft (non-self propelled)
YFNX: Lighter (Special purpose) (non-self propelled)
YFP: Floating Power Barge
YFR: Refrigerated Cover Lighter
YFRN: Refrigerated Covered Lighter (non-self propelled)
YFRT: Range Tender
YFU: Harbor Utility Craft
YG: Garbage Lighter
YGN: Garbage Lighter (non-self propelled)
YH: Ambulance boat/small medical support vessel
YLC: Salvage Lift Craft
YM: Dredge
YMN: Dredge (non-self propelled)
YNG: Gate Craft
YNT: Net Tender
YO: Fuel Oil Barge
YOG: Gasoline Barge
YOGN: Gasoline Barge (non-self propelled)
YON: Fuel Oil Barge (non-self propelled)
YOS: Oil Storage Barge
YP:  Patrol Craft, Training
YPD: Floating Pile Driver
YR: Floating Workshop
YRB: Repair and Berthing Barge
YRBM: Repair, Berthing and Messing Barge
YRDH: Floating Dry Dock Workshop (Hull)
YRDM: Floating Dry Dock Workshop (Machine)
YRR: Radiological Repair Barge
YRST: Salvage Craft Tender
YSD: Seaplane Wrecking Derrick
YSR: Sludge Removal Barge
YT: Harbor Tug (craft later assigned YTB, YTL, or YTM classifications)
YTB: Large Harbor Tug
YTL: Small Harbor Tug
YTM: Medium Harbor Tug
YTT: Torpedo Trials Craft
YW: Water Barge
YWN: Water Barge (non-self propelled)
ID or Id. No.: Civilian ship taken into service for auxiliary duties, used indiscriminately for large ocean-going ships of all kinds and coastal and yard craft  (World War I; retired 1920)
IX: Unclassified Miscellaneous Unit
X: Submersible Craft
"none": To honor her unique historical status, USS Constitution, formerly IX 21, was reclassified to "none", effective 1 September 1975.

text: United States Coast Guard craft[edit]

text: Prior to 1965, U.S. Coast Guard ships used the same designation as naval ships, but preceded by a "W" to indicate Coast Guard subordination.

text:
CG: all Coast Guard Ships in the 1920s (retired)
WAGB: Coast Guard Polar-class icebreaker
WAGL: Auxiliary vessel, lighthouse tender (retired 1960's)
WAVP: seagoing Coast Guard seaplane tenders (retired 1960s)
WDE: seagoing Coast Guard destroyer escorts (retired 1960s)
WHEC: Coast Guard High Endurance Cutters
WIX: Coast Guard Barque Eagle
WLB: Coast Guard buoy tenders
WLBB: Coast Guard seagoing buoy tenders/ice breaker
WLM: Coast Guard coastal buoy tenders
WLI: Coast Guard inland buoy tenders
WLIC: Coast Guard inland construction tenders
WLR: Coast Guard river buoy tenders
WMEC: Coast Guard Medium Endurance Cutters
WMSL: Coast Guard Maritime Security Cutter, Large (referred to as National Security Cutters)
WPC: Coast Guard patrol craft—later reclassed under WHEC
WPB: Coast Guard Patrol Boats
WPG: seagoing Coast Guard gunboats (retired 1960s)
WTGB: Coast Guard Tug Boat (140' icebreakers)
WYTL: Small harbor Tug

text: Temporary designations[edit]

text: United States Navy Designations (Temporary) are a form of U.S. Navy ship designation, intended for temporary identification use. Such designations usually occur during periods of sudden mobilization, such as that which occurred prior to, and during, World War II or the Korean War, when it was determined that a sudden temporary need arose for a ship for which there was no official Navy designation.

text: During World War II, for example, a number of commercial vessels were requisitioned, or acquired, by the U.S. Navy to meet the sudden requirements of war. A yacht acquired by the U.S. Navy during the start of World War II might seem desirable to the Navy whose use for the vessel might not be fully developed or explored at the time of acquisition.

text: On the other hand, a U.S. Navy vessel, such as the yacht in the example above, already in commission or service, might be desired, or found useful, for another need or purpose for which there is no official designation.

text:
IX: Unclassified Miscellaneous Auxiliary Ship, for example yacht Chanco acquired by the U.S. Navy on 1 October 1940. It was classified as a minesweeper AMc-5, but instead, mainly used as a patrol craft along the New England coast. When another assignment came, and it could not be determined how to classify the vessel, it was redesignated IX-175 on 10 July 1944.
IXSS: Unclassified Miscellaneous Submarines, such as the USS Cod (IXSS-224), the USS Angler (IXSS-240) and the USS Croaker (IXSS-246).
YAG: Miscellaneous Auxiliary Service Craft, such as the USS George Eastman (YAG-39), USS Butternut (YAG-60) and USS Christiana (YAG-32) which, curiously, was earlier known as IX-80.

text: Numerous other U.S. Navy vessels were launched with a temporary, or nominal, designation, such as YMS or PC, since it could not be determined, at time of construction, what they should be used for. Many of these were vessels in the 150 to 200 feet length class with powerful engines, whose function could be that of a minesweeper, patrol craft, submarine chaser, seaplane tender, tugboat, or other. Once their destiny, or capability, was found or determined, such vessels were reclassified with their actual designation.

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration hull codes[edit]

text:
R: Research ships, including oceanographic and fisheries research ships
S: Survey ships, including hydrographic survey ships

text: The letter is paired with a three-digit number. The first digit of the number is determined by the ship's "power tonnage," defined as the sum of its shaft horsepower and gross international tonnage, as follows:

text:
If the power tonnage is 5,501 through 9,000, the first digit is "1".
If the power tonnage 3,501 through 5,500, the first digit is "2."
If the power tonnage is 2,001 through 3,500, the first digit is "3."
If the power tonnage is 1,001 through 2,000, the first digit is "4."
If the power tonnage is 501 through 1,000, the first digit is "5."
If the power tonnage is 500 or less and the ship is at least 65 feet (19.8 meters) long, the first digit is "6."[23]

text: The second and third digits are assigned to create a unique three-digit hull number.


document_title: See the USA in Your Chevrolet

question_text: who sang see the usa in a chevrolet

question_tokens: who sang see the usa in a chevrolet

text: See the USA in Your Chevrolet

text: The song "See The U.S.A. In Your Chevrolet" (title as filed for 1950 copyright)[1] is a commercial jingle from c. 1949, with lyrics and music by Leo Corday (ASCAP) and Leon Carr (ASCAP),[2] written for the Chevrolet Division of General Motors.[1] The song was the Chevrolet jingle sung on the show Inside U.S.A. with Chevrolet by Chevrolet's real-life husband-wife duo, Peter Lind Hayes and Mary Healy,[1] years before it became associated with Dinah Shore through Chevrolet's decade-long sponsorship of her television shows. Dinah Shore sang the song after 1952,[1] and it became something of a signature song for her. Later the song was also sung by male spokesman Pat Boone on his Pat Boone-Chevy Showroom (ABC) from 1957 through 1960. When the games of the Los Angeles Dodgers were televised in the 1960s, commercials were aired with the song sung by John Roseboro and Don Drysdale, whose singing careers, announcer Vin Scully said, were "destined to go absolutely nowhere."[this quote needs a citation]

text: Missing punctuation, the song is also titled as "See the USA in Your Chevrolet" on IMDb.[2] The title has been catalogued for ASCAP since year 2001, as "See The U S A In Your Chevrolet (Chevrolet)" (listed without publisher in the 2001 ASCAP ACE Database).[1]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Over the years, this song has also been customized by local Chevrolet dealerships, incorporating the dealer name, brands and/or area they service. One example can be found in Honolulu, Hawaii, where The JN Automotive Group used the Dinah Shore commercial footage in a 2011 TV commercial on YouTube that featured their customers singing the song.

text: Automotive dealership Ellis Brooks Chevrolet (now Ellis Brooks Auto Center) in San Francisco, California adapted the song into "See Ellis Brooks Today for Your Chevrolet". The radio and television advertisement became iconic throughout the San Francisco Bay Area.[3][4]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: On February 6, 2011, during Fox's coverage of Super Bowl XLV, the cast of Glee did a cross-promotion with Chevrolet which involved Sue Sylvester enticing the glee club to do a commercial in which they would receive a Chevrolet Cruze if they participated, knowing that doing so would disqualify the New Directions from competing in any contests. Although the song was used in a dream sequence that involved a big budget production number, the group (in reality) declined Sue's bribe upon Rachel Berry's realization of Sue's ulterior motive, which had previously caused trouble for the Glee club in a season 1 episode, "Mattress".[5] Chevrolet ran several Super Bowl advertisements, one of which was this 30-second ad.[6] The ad served as a teaser for a 2 minute and 20 second ad featuring the Glee cast as singers and dancers during a Lea Michele-led rendition of "See the USA in Your Chevrolet" that aired during the Super Bowl lead-out program, which was "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle" episode of Glee. A 60-second version of the ad was aired along with movie trailers at nationwide movie theaters. The commercial was also to promote the 2011 Glee Live! In Concert! tour. The "See the USA" ad was directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon. Russell Carpenter was the director of photography.[7] Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys talks about "the theme from The Dinah Shore Show" in the short talking song "Night of The Living Rednecks", and asks someone if they want to play the part of Shore, commenting the reluctant audience member's fist "didn't go up so quickly this time".

text: During the Vietnam War, soldiers in the U.S. army sang a revised version of the song as a military cadence that, according to one account[8], included the lines "See the DMZ from your APC; America is asking you to die. So grab your M-16 with your magazine; America is asking you to die." A second account[9] recalls the opening line as being "See the DMZ, from your APC; America is sending you to Nam." The DMZ was the demilitarized zone separating North Vietnam from South Vietnam, an APC was and is an armored personnel carrier, and the M-16 was the standard-issue rifle used by soldiers in the U.S. army.


document_title: List of awards and nominations received by Angelina Jolie

question_text: what movie did angelina jolie won an oscar for

text: Major film awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Key

Year

Denotes the year of release for the film honored

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Best Supporting Actress[1]

Won

2008

Changeling

Best Actress[2]

Nominated

text: British Academy Film Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

2008

Changeling

Best Leading Actress[3]

Nominated

2018

First They Killed My Father

Best Film Not in the English Language

Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

1997

George Wallace

Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV[4]

Won

1998

Gia

Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV[4]

Won

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture[4]

Won

2007

A Mighty Heart

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama[4]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama[4]

Nominated

2010

The Tourist

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical[4]

Nominated

2011

In the Land of Blood and Honey

Best Foreign Language Film[5]

Nominated

2018

First They Killed My Father

Best Foreign Language Film[4]

Nominated

text: Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

1997

George Wallace

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie[6]

Nominated

1998

Gia

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie[7]

Nominated

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

1998

Gia

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a TV Movie or Miniseries[8]

Won

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role[9]

Won

2007

A Mighty Heart

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role[10]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role[11]

Nominated

text: Other film awards and nominations[edit]

text: Blockbuster Entertainment Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Favorite Supporting Actress—Drama[12]

Won

1999

The Bone Collector

Favorite Actress—Suspense[13]

Nominated

2000

Gone in 60 Seconds

Favorite Actress—Action[14]

Won

text: Empire Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Best Actress[15]

Nominated

2007

A Mighty Heart

Best Actress[16]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Best Actress[17]

Nominated

text: MTV Movie Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

2001

Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

Best Female Performance[18]

Nominated

2001

Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

Best Fight[18]

Nominated

2005

Mr & Mrs Smith

Best Fight[19]

Won

2005

Mr & Mrs Smith

Best Kiss (shared with Brad Pitt)[19]

Nominated

2007

Beowulf

Best Villain[20]

Nominated

2008

Wanted

Best Female Performance[21]

Nominated

2008

Wanted

Best WTF Moment[21]

Nominated

2008

Wanted

Best Kiss (shared with James McAvoy)[21]

Nominated

2010

Salt

Biggest Badass Star[22]

Nominated

text: NAACP Image Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

2007

A Mighty Heart

Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture[23]

Nominated

2011

In the Land of Blood and Honey

Outstanding Foreign Motion Picture[24]

Won

2011

In the Land of Blood and Honey

Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture – Theatrical or Television[25]

Nominated

text: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

2001

Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

Favorite Female Action Hero[citation needed]

Nominated

2015

Maleficent

Best Actress[26]

Nominated

2015

Maleficent

Best Villain[26]

Won

text: People's Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

2004

Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow

Favorite Female Action Star[27]

Won

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Favorite Female Action Star[28]

Nominated

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Favorite Female Movie Star[28]

Nominated

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Favorite On-Screen Match-Up (shared with Brad Pitt)[28]

Nominated

2008

Wanted

Favorite Female Action Star[29]

Won

2008

Wanted

Favorite Female Movie Star[29]

Nominated

2010

Salt

Favorite Action Star[30]

Nominated

2010

Salt

Favorite Female Movie Star[30]

Nominated

2014

Maleficent

Favorite Action Movie Actress[31]

Nominated

2014

Maleficent

Favorite Movie Actress[31]

Nominated

text: Golden Raspberry Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

2001

Lara Croft: Tomb Raider and Original Sin

Worst Actress[32]

Nominated

2002

Life or Something Like It

Worst Actress[33]

Nominated

2003

Beyond Borders and Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life

Worst Actress[34]

Nominated

2004

Alexander and Taking Lives

Worst Actress[35]

Nominated

text: Satellite Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

1998

Gia

Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film[36]

Won

2007

A Mighty Heart

Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama[37]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama[38]

Won

text: Saturn Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

2001

Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

Best Actress[39]

Nominated

2004

Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow

Best Supporting Actress[40]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Best Actress[41]

Won

2010

Salt

Best Actress[42]

Nominated

2015

Maleficent

Best Actress[43]

Nominated

2015

Unbroken

Best Action or Adventure Film[43]

Won

text: Teen Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Category

Result

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Choice Movie Actress: Drama[44]

Nominated

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Choice Movie: Hissy Fit[44]

Nominated

2001

Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

Choice Movie Actress: Action[45]

Nominated

2004

Taking Lives

Choice Movie: Scary Scene[46]

Nominated

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Choice Movie Actress: Action[46]

Won

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Choice Movie: Chemistry[46]

Nominated

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Choice Movie: Dance Scene[46]

Nominated

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Choice Movie: Liar[46]

Won

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Choice Movie: Liplock[46]

Nominated

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Choice Movie: Rumble[46]

Won

2007

A Mighty Heart

Choice Movie Actress: Drama[47]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Choice Movie Actress: Drama[48]

Nominated

2010

Salt

Choice Summer Movie Star: Female[49]

Nominated

2010

The Tourist

Choice Movie Actress: Action[50]

Won

2014

Maleficent

Choice Movie Actress: Action[51]

Nominated

text: Film critic awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress[52]

Nominated

1999

Girl, Interrupted

Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress[53]

Won

1999

Girl, Interrupted

San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress[54]

Nominated

2007

A Mighty Heart

Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress[53]

Nominated

2007

A Mighty Heart

Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress[53]

Nominated

2007

A Mighty Heart

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress[55]

Nominated

2007

A Mighty Heart

Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress[citation needed]

Nominated

2007

A Mighty Heart

London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actress of the Year[56]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

African-American Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress[57]

Won

2008

Changeling

Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress[53]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress[53]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress[58]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

International Online Film Critics' Poll Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role[59]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actress of the Year[53]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

St. Louis Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role[60]

Nominated

2011

In the Land of Blood and Honey

Women Film Critics Circle Award for Best Woman Storyteller[61]

Nominated

2014

Unbroken

Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Director[62]

Nominated

2014

Unbroken

Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture[62]

Nominated

2018

First They Killed My Father

Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film[63]

Nominated

text: Film festival awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

1998

Gia

L.A. Outfest Grand Jury Award for Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film[64]

Won

1999

Girl Interrupted

Hollywood Film Festival Award for Actress of the Year[65]

Won

1999

Girl, Interrupted

ShoWest Convention Supporting Actress of the Year[66]

Won

2006

The Good Shepherd

Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear for Outstanding Artistic Achievement[67]

Won

2007

A Mighty Heart

Santa Barbara International Film Festival Award for Outstanding Performance of the Year[68]

Won

2014

Unbroken

Heartland Film Festival Truly Moving Picture Award[69]

Won

text: Miscellaneous film awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominated work

Award

Result

1997

George Wallace

CableAce Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Miniseries[70]

Nominated

1998

Playing by Heart

National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Breakthrough Performance Award[71]

Won

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

NRJ Ciné Award for Best Fight[72]

Won

2005

Mr. & Mrs. Smith

NRJ Ciné Award for Best Kiss (shared with Brad Pitt)[72]

Won

2007

A Mighty Heart

Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead[53]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Golden Schmoes Award for Best Actress of the Year[73]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Irish Film & Television Best International Actress Award – People's Choice[74]

Nominated

2008

Changeling

Italian Online Movie Award for Best Actress[75]

Nominated

2008

Wanted

National Movie Award for Best Performance – Female[76]

Nominated

2008

Wanted

Scream Award for Best Actress in a Fantasy Movie or TV Show[77]

Won

2010

Salt

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Best Female Action Star[78]

Nominated

2010

Salt

Rembrandt Award for Best International Actress[79]

Won

2011

In the Land of Blood and Honey

Cinema for Peace Award for Most Valuable Movie of the Year[80]

Won

2011

In the Land of Blood and Honey

Cinema for Peace Honorary Award for Opposing War and Genocide[80]

Won

2011

In the Land of Blood and Honey

Producers Guild of America Stanley Kramer Award[81]

Won

2011

Kung Fu Panda 2

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Best Animated Female[82]

Nominated

2011

Kung Fu Panda 2

Behind the Voice Actors Awards Best Female Vocal Performance in a Feature Film[83]

Nominated

2011

Kung Fu Panda 2

Behind the Voice Actors Awards Best Vocal Ensemble in a Feature Film[83]

Won

2011

Kung Fu Panda 2

BTVAA Peoples' Choice Best Female Vocal Performance in a Feature Film[83]

Won

2014

Unbroken

American Film Institute Movie of the Year[84]

Won

2014

Unbroken

National Board of Review Top 10 Film of the Year[85]

Won

2017

First They Killed My Father

Hollywood Film Awards for Hollywood Foreign Language Film Award

Won

2017

First They Killed My Father

National Board of Review Freedom of Expression Award

Won

2017

First They Killed My Father

Online Film Critics Society for Best Foreign Language Film

Nominated

2018

First They Killed My Father

Satellite Award for Best Foreign Language Film

Nominated

2018

First They Killed My Father

Women's Image Network Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

Nominated

text: Humanitarian and other awards[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Result

2013

Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award[86]

Won

text: Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Result

2007

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Humanitarian Activism[87]

Won

2008

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Humanitarian Activism[88]

Nominated

2009

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Humanitarian Activism[89]

Nominated

2010

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Humanitarian Activism[78]

Nominated

2011

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Humanitarian Activism[90]

Won

2013

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Female Icon of the Year[91]

Won

2014

Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award for Female Icon of the Year[92]

Nominated

text: Other awards[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Result

2002

Church World Service Immigration and Refugee Program Humanitarian Award[93]

Awarded

2003

United Nations Correspondents Association's Sergio Vieira de Mello Citizen of the World Award[94]

Awarded

2004

Premiere Women in Hollywood Icon Award[95]

Awarded

2005

United Nations Association of the United States of America's Global Humanitarian Action Award[96]

Awarded

2007

International Rescue Committee's Freedom Award[97]

Awarded

2007

Glamour Inspiration Award[98]

Awarded

2007

Women Film Critics Circle Award for Acting and Activism[99]

Awarded

2011

Sarajevo Film Festival Heart of Sarajevo Honorary Award[100]

Awarded

2011

Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (DCMG)[101]

Appointed

2015

Living Legend of Aviation Award for Aviation Inspiration and Patriotism[102]

Awarded

2015

Named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of their 2015 LGBT History Month[103]

Awarded

2015

WSJ. Magazine Innovator Award for Entertainment and Film[104]

Awarded


document_title: Allu Arjun

question_text: what is the first movie of allu arjun

question_tokens: what is the first movie of allu arjun

text: Allu Arjun

text: Personal life

text: Allu Arjun was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu to producer Allu Aravind and Nirmala. His paternal grandfather was the film comedian Allu Rama Lingaiah, while his paternal aunt is married to Chiranjeevi.

text: On 6 March 2011, Arjun married Sneha Reddy in Hyderabad.[11] He has a son named Ayaan and a daughter named Arha. In 2016, Allu Arjun started a nightclub named 800 Jubilee in collaboration with M Kitchens and Buffalo Wild Wings.[12]

text: Career

text: Career beginnings (2001–2008)

text: After playing as a child artist in Vijetha and as a dancer in Daddy, Arjun made his adult debut in Gangotri.[2][3]

text: Arjun then appeared in Sukumar's comedy Arya.[4][5] His role in Arya was his breakthrough, earning a first Filmfare Best Telugu Actor Award nomination and he won a Special Jury award at the Nandi Awards ceremony, two CineMAA Awards for Best Actor and Best Actor Jury[6] and the film was a critical and commercial success.[7]

text: He next starred in V. V. Vinayak's Bunny playing the role of Bunny, a college student. Critics praised his efforts, mannerisms and dancing.[8] His next film was A. Karunakaran's musical love story Happy.[9] He then starred in Puri Jagannadh's action film Desamuduruin which he played the role of Bala Govindam, a fearless journalist who falls with a woman with a darker past.[10]

text: Further success and experimentation of genres (2008–2013)

text: His next film was Bhaskar's Parugu, where he played the role of Krishna, a happy-go-lucky guy from Hyderabad who helps his friend to elope with his love, only to experience the wrath of the woman's father and the emotional struggle he felt. idlebrain.com wrote: "Allu Arjun is pretty excellent in the first half as the characterization in the first half is vibrant and needs loads of energy. He carried the entire first half on his shoulders. He excelled in the emotional scenes in the second half."[13]

text: After playing in a guest role in Shankar Dada Zindabad, he starred in Sukumar's psychological love story Arya 2. He played the role of Arya, an orphan who is behaviorally sick in that he is consumed with possessiveness for his friend Ajay, who never accepts him. Sify wrote: "Allu Arjun is full of energy as the guy caught in the powerful current of love. Though he plays the part with negative shades, his characterization could evoke a lot of sympathy from the audiences. His dances are mind-blowing and he excels in emotional scenes."[14] idlebrain.com wrote: "Allu Arjun is perfect as Arya. His character in the movie has the qualities of a psychotic and he portrayed the character flawlessly. He shined in emotional scenes in the second half of the movie. Allu Arjun is probably the best dancer of current era in Tollywood. That is the reason why he made hugely difficult dances appear fluid and effortless in the first four songs of the movie."[15]

text: Arjun starred in two experimental films in 2010. The first was Gunasekhar's Varudu. Rediff wrote: "Allu Arjun has put in a competent performance, subdued when necessary and volatile when needed." While Rediff stated: "He's a good dancer and does justice to his role."[16] His next film was Krish's Vedam.

text: His next release was V. V. Vinayak's action film Badrinath. He played the role of Badri, a warrior who is assigned to protect the shrine of Badrinath by his Guru, to whom he is very loyal. idlebrain.com wrote: "Allu Arjun has taken tremendous pain in traveling to Vietnam to learn south-east-Asian martial arts for this movie. All his hard work shows up in the movie where he appears more like a warrior from south-east-Asian regions (Chinese or Japanese) with a pony tail and leather gear (chest belt and shoes). He is amazing with fluid movements in the dances. He is good with fights."[17] The movie completed a 50-day run in 187 centers.[18]

text: After Badrinath, Arjun appeared in the film Julayi, a heist drama which released in 2012. Arjun played the role of Ravindra Narayan, a street-smart yet spoilt brat whose life takes a drastic turn after he becomes the witness of a huge bank robbery. The Times of India wrote: "Allu Arjun puts in a confident performance as the loveable rogue. It's a role that is right up his alley and he carries it off with a characteristic panache. He lights up the screen with his dancing in particular, pulling off some pretty challenging dance moves."[19] He was nominated for the SIIMA Award for Best Actor.[citation needed] He later starred in Puri Jagannadh's romantic love story Iddarammayilatho, playing the role of Sanju Reddy, a guitarist with a dark past. The Times of India wrote: "True to his tag of "stylish star", Allu Arjun looks trendier than ever before. His character of a guitarist, who is a street performer in Barcelona, was at its best sketchy, and looks completely different from his previous films. He once again proves that he is a good actor and probably because of the action director's meticulous planning, he makes perfect expressions in all the fight scenes."[20]

text: In 2014, he appeared in a cameo in Vamsi Paidipally's Yevadu.[21] The Hindu wrote: "Allu Arjun shows what an actor can do even in a short role, in the few minutes he packs his experience, internalises the character and makes an impressive exit even as he loses his identity."[22] His next film was Surender Reddy's Race Gurram, in which he played the role of a carefree guy.[23] The Deccan Chronicle wrote: "Allu Arjun definitely steals the show with his energetic performance. He is good with his comedy timing and has also improved a lot as an actor. He actually carries the film on his shoulders. His dancing skills are utilised well too."[24] He won his third Filmfare Best Telugu Actor Award.[25]

text: Arjun produced and acted in a short film I Am That Change (2014), to spread awareness on individual social responsibility. The movie was directed by Sukumar, which was screened in theatres across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana on 15 August 2014. He acted in Trivikram Srinivas's S/O Satyamurthy, which was released on 9 April 2015.[26] Later, he acted in Guna Sekhar's Rudhramadevi, which is the first Indian 3D historical film.[27][28] For Rudhramadevi, he won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu and became the only actor to win both the Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Telugu. Later, he acted in Sarainodu, directed by Boyapati Srinu.[29] In 2016, he collaborated with producer Dil Raju for the third time for Duvvada Jagannadham. In 2018, his film under the direction of writer turned director Vakkantham Vamsi, Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India was released. In the film he acted as an Indian Army soldier who has anger management issues.[30]

text: Trivia

text: Allu Arjun is the only South Indian celebrity who has 1.25 crore followers on Facebook.[31] The Times of India praised Allu Arjun's dancing skills stating that he is the best dancer not only in Tollywood, but also in India.[32] He has been honoured with the "Pravasi Ratna Puraskaram"(PRP) by the Popular Malayalam TV channel Asianet. He is the first Telugu star of this generation to receive an award for work in the neighbouring film industry. By this award, Bunny created a new record in the Tollywood industry.[33] Allu Arjun was the most googled Tollywood star in 2016.[34] Allu Arjun was ranked 80th in the Forbes India Celebrity 100 List in 2014, 42nd in 2015 and 43rd in 2016 in earnings and 59th in fame.[35]

text: Filmography

text: Awards and nominations