document_title: Santa Claus: The Movie

question_text: who plays cornelia in santa claus the movie

text: Santa Claus: The Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sometime in the 14th century, Claus is a woodcarver in his mid-50s who, with his wife Anya, delivers his gifts to the children of local villages. One night, Claus, Anya and their two reindeer, Donner and Blitzen, are caught in a blizzard and succumb to the cold weather. In death, they are transported to the vast "ice mountains, way up at the top of the world." Their expected arrival is heralded with the appearance of several elves, or as Claus's people call them in their legends, the Vendequm, led by the venerable and wise elf named Dooley. Claus and Anya also meet inventive elf Patch, and the more down-to-earth Puffy. Dooley tells Claus it is his destiny to deliver toys to the children of the world every Christmas Eve, which the elves will make in their large workshops. Donner and Blitzen are joined by six other reindeer and fed magic food that allows them to fly. When Christmas Eve comes, Claus is approached by the oldest of elves, the Ancient One, who renames him as "Santa Claus".

text: Centuries pass as the mythology of Santa is created, until the 20th century, where Santa is exhausted by the continuous workload he must do every year due to the world's increasing population. Anya suggests he enlist an assistant, to which Patch and Puffy compete to earn via a competition to produce the most toys in a limited amount of time. Patch uses a machine he has invented, and although he wins, it begins to produce shoddy works without his knowledge (due to putting the machines on a faster speed). During his annual deliveries, Santa befriends a homeless 10-year-old orphan boy named Joe in New York City and takes him for a flight around the skyscrapers of Manhattan in his sleigh. Santa lets Joe take the reins, who flies the sleigh underneath the Brooklyn Bridge much to Santa's horror, who then playfully gets his own back on Joe by having his reindeer perform the "Super Duper Looper", around the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center - an aerial trick that involves them doing a complete 360 degree turn, but Donner always fails due to acrophobia. Santa takes Joe on his deliveries where they meet 9-year-old Cornelia, a wealthy child and also an orphan who fed Joe one previous night.

text: On Christmas Day, Patch's toys begin to fall apart, prompting him to quit his job and let Puffy take over. Traveling to New York, Patch meets B.Z., Cornelia's step-uncle and a scheming executive of a toy company that faces a total shutdown by Congressional investigation due to unsafe products. Believing B.Z.'s toys are popular due to witnessing several toys being removed from a shop window, Patch decides to help B.Z. make better toys, using some of the reindeer feed to create lollipops which can make people fly and giving them to children for free (the latter fact causing B.Z. to sputter and yell, "FOR FREEEEE?!"). Patch also constructs a hovercraft called the Patchmobile to deliver the products like Santa and helps create a new holiday on March 25, which B.Z. deems "Christmas 2". Santa disapproves of Patch's actions (unaware the plan is to make Santa appreciate him again) and feels disheartened about continuing his job if the children of the world do not care anymore. Meanwhile, Patch is disturbed when B.Z. plans to turn himself into the face of Christmas, and asks Patch to develop candy canes which enable flight.

text: While Patch works at night, B.Z.'s assistant, Dr. Eric Towzer, appears at his house and reveals the candy canes will explode if exposed to heat. B.Z. proposes they flee to Brazil and let Patch take the fall for their criminal neglect, which Towzer eventually approves of, despite initially urging B.Z. to reconsider his actions as children are involved. Joe and Cornelia eavesdrop on the conversation, but Joe is caught and locked up in the basement of B.Z.'s factory. Patch finds Joe and discovers Santa made a carving for Joe that resembles him (which was unintentional, but pointed out by Anya). Thrilled that Santa remembers him, Patch and Joe set off in the Patchmobile to the North Pole. Cornelia sends a letter to Santa informing him of the situation. Despite Comet and Cupid having the Flu, Santa gathers up the other six reindeer and he arrives to pick Cornelia up. Santa and Cornelia pursue the Patchmobile, which is carrying a huge supply of candy canes on the verge of exploding. Santa convinces his reindeer to perform the Super Duper Looper in order to catch Patch and Joe as the Patchmobile explodes. Meanwhile, B.Z.'s crimes are uncovered when Cornelia calls the police. As Dr. Towzer and B.Z.'s chauffeur, Grizzard, are arrested, B.Z. attempts to evade the cops by eating several candy canes and tries to fly out of his office window only to fly up into the sky.

text: The film ends with the inhabitants of the North Pole celebrating the triumph with a joyous dance party, where Cornelia and Joe have been adopted by Santa, his wife and his elves, whilst B.Z., in spite of his pleas for help, is doomed to float off into the depths of space, among the equally-affected remains of the Patchmobile as the end credits roll.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
David Huddleston as Santa Claus, the Christmas figure who delivers presents to every child in the world on Christmas Eve.
Dudley Moore as Patch, a creative, inventive elf whose passion for and faith in the 20th Century is put to the test throughout the story.
John Lithgow as B.Z., the main antagonist – an unscrupulous toy manufacturer who uses Patch in a larger scheme to take over Christmas.
Judy Cornwell as Anya Claus, Santa's caring and supportive wife.
Burgess Meredith as the Ancient One, the oldest and wisest of the elves.
Jeffrey Kramer as Dr. Eric Towzer, B.Z.'s head of Research & Development.
Christian Fitzpatrick as Joe, a homeless 10-year-old orphan boy living on the hard streets of New York who befriends Santa and becomes Cornelia's best friend and conscience.
Carrie Kei Heim as Cornelia, B.Z.'s 9-year-old step-niece and orphan, who becomes Joe's conscience and best friend.
John Barrard as Dooley, Santa's #2 at the North Pole.
Anthony O'Donnell as Puffy, a bearded elf whose methodicalness foils against Patch's more radical progressiveness.
Melvyn Hayes as Goober, head of the Sewing Department.
Don Estelle as Groot, the elves' Senior Chef.
Tim Stern as Boog, first of Patch's three best friends.
Peter O'Farrell as Honka, second of Patch's three best friends.
Christopher Ryan as Vout, third of Patch's three best friends.
Keith Hayden as an Elf.
Shannon Spruill as Bratty Kid at Ballet Class
Nigel Paterson as bass-playing Elf in 'Season's Greetings' scene.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and Filming[edit]

text: Conceived by Ilya Salkind in the wake of the apparently waning critical and U.S. box office success of 1983's Superman III and its immediate follow-up, 1984's Supergirl, Santa Claus: The Movie was directed by Jeannot Szwarc, who had directed Supergirl, from a story by David and Leslie Newman. David Newman, however, took sole screenplay credit. Pierre Spengler, Ilya's longtime partner, and the third key element of Team Salkind, joined Alexander's son as the project's producer. John Carpenter was originally offered the chance to direct, but also wanted a say in the writing, musical score and final cut of the movie. Carpenter's original choice for the role of Santa was Brian Dennehy.

text: Among the original choices to direct the film other than Carpenter were Lewis Gilbert, who, despite initial interest, could not agree with the Salkinds over certain aspects of the script. Robert Wise was also offered the chance to direct, but Wise had a different approach to the story. Guy Hamilton, who'd had to withdraw from directing Superman: The Movie in 1976 (because he was a tax exile, and, as such, could only spend 30 days in England, where the movie would be filming), was very interested in directing and lobbied hard for the chance to do so, but only on the condition that the film be shot either in Los Angeles, Vancouver or Rome. Ultimately, the Salkinds chose Szwarc because of their excellent working relationship on Supergirl which many executives at TriStar Pictures believed was a masterpiece and would also become a mega hit.

text: Santa Claus: The Movie was filmed in Buckinghamshire, England at Pinewood Studios, between August and November 1984. The film was photographed by Arthur Ibbetson, whose credits, among others, included the original Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971). Santa Claus: The Movie was his final feature film. Serving as film editor was Peter Hollywood.

text: The production was designed by Anthony Pratt, with costume design concepts by Bob Ringwood. The visual effects unit, as well as several of the production staff, were Salkind stalwarts from the Superman films: Derek Meddings, director of visual and miniature effects; Roy Field, optical visual effects supervisor; and David Lane, flying and second unit director.

text: The documentary, Santa Claus: The Making of The Movie, which chronicles the film's production, is introduced by David Huddleston, speaking straight to the camera in character as Santa, with Dudley Moore serving as on-screen host. The voice over commentary is performed by Ted Maynard, who had also done voice-overs for the film's original UK trailer. The documentary originally aired in the United States on ABC, on Christmas Eve, 1987. Anchor Bay Entertainment's now-out-of-print 20th anniversary DVD of the film included this documentary as a bonus feature; the Lionsgate DVD and Blu-ray versions currently feature the 50-minute feature as well. The Blu-ray version, however, also features a brief chronicle of the filming of the " 'Christmas II' Press Conference" sequence, as well as additional deleted scenes cut from the original theatrical version.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Moore had always been the top choice to play the lead Elf in the movie, Ilya Salkind having remembered a scene in Arthur in which Liza Minnelli's character asks Moore if he is Santa's Little Helper. Moore was attached to the project virtually from the outset, and therefore had a say on both scripting and choice of director. Originally, David Newman's first-draft script called for the character to be named Ollie; but Moore decided instead that the name should be changed to Patch, Patch being the nickname of his own young son, Patrick. Moore was briefly considered to play the role of the 5th dimension imp "Mr. Mxyzptlk" in the Salkind's aborted original script from Superman III and for the role of Nigel in Supergirl. He turned down that role, but suggested his long time friend and comic partner Peter Cook for the part. Ilya Salkind, from the very beginning, had wanted an American actor to portray Santa Claus because he felt that the movie focused on a primary piece of Americana in much the same way that Superman: The Movie did. Brian Dennehy was the top choice of John Carpenter when he discussed the possibility of directing the film with the Salkinds. Jeannot Szwarc, however, felt that he needed an actor with more warmth than Dennehy, and toward that end, he had screen-tested such actors as David White (who, being in his late 60's, was considered too old for the role), and Moore's Arthur co-star Barney Martin. For a while, Ilya Salkind actively pursued Carroll O'Connor for the role before Szwarc showed him David Huddleston's screen-test, which won Salkind over.

text: For the role of B.Z., the producers wanted a star with a similar stature to Gene Hackman when he had played Lex Luthor in Superman: The Movie. To this end, they offered the role to Harrison Ford who turned them down. They made offers to Dustin Hoffman, Burt Reynolds and Johnny Carson --- all of whom, for one reason or another, turned the part down. Eventually, John Lithgow was settled on after Salkind watched Terms of Endearment and realised that he had a Grinch-type look to him. The role of the Ancient Elf was written with James Cagney in mind; however, with Cagney being very weak in his old age, the legendary actor could not adequately assume the role, despite the fact that he liked the film's overall idea. Nonetheless, Cagney had no other choice but to turn the offer down, so Fred Astaire was considered. When this eventually came to nothing, Dudley Moore suggested his friend Burgess Meredith for the role, which he in the end won. At the time of the movie's announcement in the middle of 1983, the British Press carried reports that diminutive actors such as David Jason, Patrick Troughton and Norman Wisdom would be cast alongside Dudley as fellow Elves. This ultimately came to nothing.

text: Santa's elves[edit]

text: The elves in the film are portrayed as legendary beings known as the Vendequm. According to the Santa Claus: The Movie novelization written by science fiction/fantasy novelist Joan D. Vinge, the elves keep watch over all that happens in the world that borders their own magical realm. The Vendequm are described as being extremely fond of children since, after all, only children can see them, due to the innocence of their youth. The elves are fond of making things for children, and so they often journeyed out into the children's world, leaving their newly crafted toys where children would find them. According to the novel, with the passing of each new century, and as civilizations continued to rise and fall, it became more and more difficult and dangerous for the elves to venture too far out into the human world. Thus, the vast majority of the toys the elves made could not be given out, and were left to gather dust in their magnificent storeroom, the Toy Tunnel.

text: The novel also describes how, on a certain long-winter's night, the oldest and wisest elf of all, the Ancient One, foresaw the arrival of a man whose love for children would be equal to that of the elves. The Ancient One believed that this man would be the one to whom the elves would grant full immortality, along with the ability to deliver the elves' gifts to children all over the world.

text: In addition to Patch, Dooley, Puffy, Boog, Honka, and Vout, the film's screenplay and cast listing features three additional elves: Groot, the Elves' Senior Chef; Goober, the head of the Elves' tailoring shop, who crafts Santa's full red robes; and Goobler, who trains several of his fellow elves in the art of painting toys with their own beards.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Santa Claus: The Movie received negative reviews upon release, with a rating of 17% on Rotten Tomatoes, from the 17 reviews counted.[1] Box Office Mojo lists the film's total United States box office gross as $23,717,291,[2] less than its $30–50 million production budget.[3]

text: Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert noted some positive points to the film, writing that the film "does an interesting job of visualizing Santa's workshop" and Santa's elves. He also praised the film's special effects, particularly the New York City fly-over sequence involving Santa. Ebert also had some praise for Lithgow's "nice, hateful performance", but wrote that "the villain is not drawn big enough." He ceded that young children would probably like most of the film, but that older children and adults are "likely to find a lot of it a little thin."[4]

text: Vincent Canby of The New York Times was less positive than Ebert, calling the production "elaborate and tacky". He described the film as having "the manner of a listless musical without any production numbers". Unlike Ebert, he offered little praise for the film's production design. Canby quipped that "Santa's workshop must be the world's largest purchaser of low-grade plywood" and that the flyover sequences with Santa "aren't great." The only praise he had for the film's acting was for John Lithgow, who Canby wrote "(gave) the film's only remotely stylish performance."[5] A more recent review by William Mager on BBC.co.uk's review section echoed Canby and Ebert's comments.[6]

text: In his book Have Yourself a Movie Little Christmas, critic Alonso Duralde lists Santa Claus: The Movie in his chapter of worst Christmas movies ever. His reasons include weak plot, garish production design, blatant product placement (particularly for McDonald's, though Coke and Pabst Blue Ribbon are also prominent), and scenery-chewing overacting on the part of Lithgow. Duralde ultimately concludes that the film is "a train-wreck of a Christmas movie that's so very wrong that you won't be able to tear yourself away from it."[7]

text: Despite all this though the film has developed a cult following amongst those who have grown up with it, and become one of the definitive films to watch at Christmas, often being a seasonal television staple.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack score was composed and conducted by Henry Mancini, composer of the themes from The Pink Panther and Peter Gunn, with veteran lyricist and screenwriter Leslie Bricusse contributing five original songs. The song "It's Christmas (All Over The World)" was written by Bill House and John Hobbs with Freddie Mercury in mind. While it is known that Mercury recorded a demo for the House/Hobbs song at Pinewood Studios, he was never to make a full commitment to the project, as he and his Queen bandmates had already committed themselves to the Highlander soundtrack. In the end, Mercury turned down the project, stating that he felt that Queen had become overcrowded with requests to work on film soundtracks; as a result, Sheena Easton was ultimately chosen to record the tune. As mentioned on the DVD commentary of the movie by Jeannot Szwarc, Paul McCartney was asked to compose songs for the film. It is unknown why he did not do so in the end, but his song "Once Upon a Long Ago" had been indeed originally composed with the movie in mind.[8]

text:
"Main Title: Every Christmas Eve 1 and Santa's Theme (Giving)" (Mancini/Bricusse)
"Arrival of the Elves" (Mancini)
"Making Toys" (Mancini/Bricusse)2
"Christmas Rhapsody: Deck the Halls/Joy to the World/Hark! The Herald Angels Sing/12 Days of Christmas/O Tannenbaum/The First Noel/Silent Night"
"It's Christmas Again" (Mancini/Bricusse)2
"March of the Elves" (Mancini)
"Patch, Natch!" (Mancini/Bricusse) 3
"It's Christmas (All Over The World)" (Bill House, John Hobbs)5
"Shouldn't Do That" (Nick Beggs, Stuart Croxford, Neal Askew, Steve Askew) 4
"Sleigh Ride over Manhattan" (Mancini)
"Sad Patch" (Mancini)
"Patch Versus Santa" (Mancini)
"Thank You, Santa" (Mancini/Bricusse) 2

tag: ol

text:
1Sung by Aled Jones
2Performed by the Ambrosian Children's Choir.
3Performed by the Ambrosian Singers
4Produced by Ken Scott and performed by Kaja
5Produced by Keith Olsen for Pogologo Corporation, and performed by Sheena Easton.

text: The soundtrack was originally released on record and cassette by EMI Records in 1985. Soon after, it went out of print and remained unavailable until 2009 when it was released on CD by Singular Soundtrack of Spain. This was a limited run of 1000 copies which sold out immediately upon release. In a rare situation for the label, this production suffered from several issues, most notably a master which had been subjected to heavy noise reduction resulting in a loss of sound quality. Additionally, the left & right channels had been erroneously flipped, a superficial re-edit had been performed on "It's Christmas (All Over the World)", and the song "Shouldn't Do That" by Kaja (Kajagoogoo) had been omitted due to licensing issues. These issues necessitated a replacement pressing to correct many of the problems, save for the licensing issue. The replacement pressing had the unfortunate side-effect of introducing the lossy copies into the secondary market. (To differentiate, the original lossy edition has SER 808 #1 stamped in the center. The replacement disc has SER 879 #1 stamped in the center.[9])

text: At the time of the 2009 release, Singular Soundtrack became merged with Quartet Records, allowing the label to produce increasingly high-profile projects. Though problematic, the Singular edition had been well-received and had garnered enough ongoing interest to warrant an expansion. In 2012, following a run of successful releases, Quartet Records revisited the earlier release of Santa Claus: The Movie, this time with an ambitious goal: a complete score release from the original scoring tapes.

text: The resultant December 2012 release was an unlimited deluxe three-disc set including sixty-four tracks totaling just under three hours of music, and a 32-page analysis by celebrated historian Jeff Bond.[10] Every piece of score music used in the film was included, as well as several outtakes and alternates. The original soundtrack, which differs from the music recorded for the film, was remastered from the original source material, and the pop songs found on the original soundtrack were all represented, including the Kaja song "Shouldn't Do That."

text: Comic book adaptation[edit]

text: Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Sid Jacobson and artist Frank Springer in Marvel Super Special #39.[11][12]


document_title: List of Caribbean islands by area

question_text: what is the second largest island in the caribbean

root

text: List of Caribbean islands by area

text: Islands[edit]

text: Islands 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) and greater[edit]

text:
Rank
Island
Area (km²)
Area (sq mi)
Country or Countries

1
Cuba
105,806
40,852
 Cuba

2
Hispaniola
76,479
29,529
 Haiti and  Dominican Republic

3
Jamaica
11,188
4320
 Jamaica

4
Puerto Rico
8,896
3435
 Puerto Rico

5
Trinidad
4,827
1864
 Trinidad and Tobago

6
North Andros Island
3,439
1328
 Bahamas

7
Isla de la Juventud
2,237
864
 Cuba

8
Great Inagua Island
1,543
596
 Bahamas

9
South Andros Island
1,447
559
 Bahamas

10
Grand Bahama Island
1,373
530
 Bahamas

11
Great Abaco Island
1,144
442
 Bahamas

12
Martinique
1,128
436
 Martinique

13
Isla Margarita
1,020
394
 Venezuela

tag: table

text: Islands 300–999 km2 (116–386 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island
Area (km²)
Area (sq mi)
Country or Countries

14
Basse-Terre
848
327
 Guadeloupe

15
Cayo Romano
777
300
 Cuba

16
Dominica
750
290
 Dominica

17
Gonâve
743
287
 Haiti

18
Cozumel
647
250
 Mexico

19
Saint Lucia
616
238
 Saint Lucia

20
Grande-Terre
587
226
 Guadeloupe

21
Little Abaco Island
559
216
 Bahamas

22
Eleuthera
518
200
 Bahamas

23
Acklins Island
497
192
 Bahamas

24
Long Island
448
173
 Bahamas

25
Curaçao
444
171
 Curaçao

26
Barbados
431
167
 Barbados

27
Cat Island
389
150
 Bahamas

28
Cayo Coco
370
143
 Cuba

29
Saint Vincent
345
133
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

30
Cayo Sabinal
335
129
 Cuba

31
Grenada
310
120
 Grenada

32
Tobago
300
116
 Trinidad and Tobago

text: Islands 100–299 km2 (39–115 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island
Area (km²)
Area (sq mi)
Country or Countries

33
Bonaire
294
113
 Caribbean Netherlands

34
Mayaguana
280
110
 Bahamas

35
Antigua
279
108
 Antigua and Barbuda

36
Saint Croix
214
82
 United States Virgin Islands

37
New Providence
207
80
 Bahamas

38
Grand Cayman
196
76
 Cayman Islands

39
Aruba
180
74
 Aruba

40
Tortuga
178
69
 Haiti

41
Saint Kitts
168
65
 Saint Kitts and Nevis

42
San Salvador Island
163
63
 Bahamas

43
Barbuda
161
61
 Antigua and Barbuda

44
Marie Galante
158
61
 Guadeloupe

45
Great Exuma
158
61
 Bahamas

46
La Tortuga Island
156.6
61
 Venezuela

47
Crooked Island
148
57
 Bahamas

48
Middle Caicos
144.2
56
 Turks and Caicos Islands

49
Vieques
135
52
 Puerto Rico

50
Little Inagua
127
49
 Bahamas

51
Roatan
125
48
 Honduras

52
North Caicos
116.4
45
 Turks and Caicos Islands

53
Saona Island
110
42
 Dominican Republic

54
Cayo Guajaba
107
41
 Cuba

55
Montserrat
102
39
 Montserrat

56
Cayo Fragoso
101
39
 Cuba

text: Islands 30–99 km2 (12–38 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island
Area (km²)
Area (sq mi)
Country or Countries

57
Providenciales
98
38
 Turks and Caicos Islands

58
Nevis
93
36
 Saint Kitts and Nevis

59
Anguilla
91
35
 Anguilla

60
East Caicos
90.6
34
 Turks and Caicos Islands

61
Saint Martin
87
37
 Saint Martin and  Sint Maarten

62
Saint Thomas
80.91
31.23
 United States Virgin Islands

63
Rum Cay
78
30
 Bahamas

64
Ambergris Caye
65
25
 Belize

65
Blanquilla Island
64
-
 Venezuela

66
Colón Island
61
-
 Panama

67
Isla Mona
57
22
 Puerto Rico

68
Coche Island
55
-
 Venezuela

69
Tortola
55.7
21.5
 British Virgin Islands

70
Guanaja
55
-
 Honduras

71
Popa Island
53
-
 Panama

72
Bastimentos Island
52
-
 Panama

73
Île à Vache
52
20
 Haiti

74
Saint John
51
19.6
 United States Virgin Islands

75
Útila
49
-
 Honduras

76
Samana Cay
45
17
 Bahamas

77
Cayo Saetia
42
-
 Cuba

78
La Orchila
40
-
 Venezuela

79
Anegada
38
15
 British Virgin Islands

80
Cayo Largo del Sur
37.5
-
 Cuba

81
Cristóbal Island
37
-
 Panama

82
Cayman Brac
36
14
 Cayman Islands

83
Carriacou
34
13
 Grenada

84
Culebra
30.1
-
 Puerto Rico

text: Islands 10–29 km2 (3.9–11.2 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island
Area (km²)
Area (sq mi)
Country or Countries

85
Little Exuma
29
11
 Bahamas

86
West Caicos
28
11
 Turks and Caicos Islands

87
Beata Island
27
10
 Dominican Republic

88
San Andrés
26
10
 Colombia

89
Little Cayman
26
10
 Cayman Islands

90
Cayo Cruz
26
-
 Cuba

91
Cubagua
24
-
 Venezuela

92
Ragged Island
23
9
 Bahamas

93
South Caicos
21.2
8
 Turks and Caicos Islands

94
Saint Barthélemy
21
8
 Saint Barthélemy

95
Sint Eustatius
21
8.1
 Caribbean Netherlands

96
Virgin Gorda
21
8
 British Virgin Islands

97
Long Cay
21
8
 Bahamas

98
La Désirade
20.64
-
 Guadeloupe

99
Tierra Bomba Island
19.8
-
 Colombia

100
Bequia
18.1
7
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

101
Grand Turk Island
17.39
6.71
 Turks and Caicos Islands

102
Providencia
17
-
 Colombia

103
Cayo Agua Island
16
-
 Panama

104
Cayo Grande
15.1
5.8
 Venezuela

105
Key West
13.65
5.27
 United States

106
Cayo Guillermo
13
-
 Cuba

107
Saba
13
5
 Caribbean Netherlands

108
Canouan
13
5
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

109
Big Corn Island
10
-
 Nicaragua

text: Islands 5–9 km2 (1.9–3.5 sq mi)[edit]

text:
Rank
Island
Area (km²)
Area (sq mi)
Country or Countries

110
Little San Salvador Island
9.7
-
 Bahamas

111
Catalina Island
9.6
-
 Dominican Republic

112
Terre-de-Bas
9
-
 Guadeloupe

113
Conception Island
8.5
3
 Bahamas

114
Jost Van Dyke
8
3
 British Virgin Islands

115
Union Island
8
3
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

116
Solarte Island
8
3
 Panama

117
Isleta de San Juan
7.8
3
 Puerto Rico

118
Salt Cay
6.74
2.60
 Turks and Caicos Islands

119
Mustique
5.7
2.2
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

120
Navassa Island
5.2
2
 United States (Claimed by  Haiti)

121
Terre-de-Haut
5.2
-
 Guadeloupe

122
Isla Mujeres
5.2
2
 Mexico


document_title: List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio

question_text: which state has more females than males in india

text:
States and union
territories of India
ordered by

Area
Population

Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage

v
t
e

text: Sex ratio is used to describe the number of females per 1000 of males. In the Population Census of 2011 it was revealed that the population ratio of India 2011 is 940[1] females per 1000 of males. The Sex Ratio 2011 shows an upward trend from the census 2001 data. Census 2001 revealed that there were 933 females to that of 1000 males.

tag: p

text: The major cause of the decrease of the female birth ratio in India is considered to be the violent treatments meted out to the girl child at the time of the birth. The Sex Ratio in India was almost normal during the phase of the years of independence, but thereafter it started showing gradual signs of decrease.

text: Ranking of States and Union Territories - Population Census 2011-2001[edit]

text: This is of the States and Union territories of India ranked in order of sex ratio for the years 2001 and 2011. The following data is based on the Population Census of 2011 and 2001.[2] Interactive map visualizing below data is available here.[3]

text: In India, the Child Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males in the age group 0–6 years in a human population.

text:
2011 Census
2001 Census

Rank
State
Sex Ratio
Child Sex Ratio
Sex Ratio
Child Sex Ratio

1
Kerala
1084
964
1058
960

2
Puducherry
1037
967
1001
967

3
Tamil Nadu
996
943
987
942

4
Andhra Pradesh
993
939
978
961

5
Chhattisgarh
991
960
989
975

6
Meghalaya
989
970
972
973

7
Manipur
987
930
974
957

8
Telangana
985

9
Odisha
979
941
972
953

10
Mizoram
976
970
935
964

11
Goa
973
942
961
938

12
Karnataka
973
948
965
946

13
Himachal Pradesh
972
909
968
896

14
Uttarakhand
963
890
962
908

15
Tripura
960
957
948
966

16
Assam
958
962
935
965

17
West Bengal
950
956
934
960

18
Jharkhand
948
948
941
965

19
Lakshadweep
946
911
948
959

20
Arunachal Pradesh
938
972
893
964

21
Nagaland
931
943
900
964

22
Madhya Pradesh
931
918
919
932

23
Maharashtra
929
894
922
913

24
Rajasthan
928
888
921
909

25
Gujarat
919
890
920
883

26
Bihar
918
935
919
942

27
Uttar Pradesh
912
902
898
916

28
Punjab
895
846
876
798

29
Sikkim
890
957
875
963

30
Jammu and Kashmir
889
862
892
941

31
Haryana
879
834
861
819

32
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
876
968
846
957

33
Delhi
868
871
821
868

34
Chandigarh
818
880
777
845

35
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
774
926
812
979

36
Daman and Diu
618
904
710
926


document_title: Trivial Pursuit

question_text: what is the genus edition of trivial pursuit

text: Trivial Pursuit

text: History[edit]

text: The game was created in December 1979 in Montreal in Quebec, by Canadian Chris Haney, a photo editor for Montreal's The Gazette, and Scott Abbott, a sports editor for The Canadian Press.[1] After finding pieces of their Scrabble game missing, they decided to create their own game.[2] With the help of John Haney and Ed Werner, they completed development of the game, which was released in 1981.[1]

text: In North America, the game's popularity peaked in 1984, a year in which over 20 million games were sold.[3] The rights to the game were initially licensed to Selchow and Righter in 1982, then to Parker Brothers (now part of Hasbro) in 1988, after initially being turned down by the Virgin Group; in 2008 Hasbro bought the full rights, for US$80 million.[4] As of 2004[update], nearly 88 million games had been sold in 26 countries and 17 languages. Northern Plastics of Elroy, Wisconsin produced 30,000,000 games between 1983 and 1985. In December 1993, Trivial Pursuit was named to the "Games Hall of Fame" by Games magazine. An online version of Trivial Pursuit was launched in September 2003.[5]

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The object of the game is to move around the board by correctly answering trivia questions. Questions are split into six categories, with each one having its own color to readily identify itself; in the classic version of Trivial Pursuit, these are Geography (blue), Entertainment (pink), History (yellow), Arts & Literature (originally brown, later purple), Science & Nature (green), and Sports & Leisure (orange). The game includes a board, playing pieces, question cards, a box, small plastic wedges to fit into the playing pieces, and a die.

text: Playing pieces used in Trivial Pursuit are round and divided into six sections, similar to a cheese triangle. A small plastic wedge, sometimes called cheese,[6] can be placed into each of these sections to mark each player's progress.

text: During the game, players move their playing pieces around a track which is shaped like a wheel with six spokes. This track is divided into spaces of different colors, and the center of the board is a hexagonal "hub" space. At the end of each spoke is a "category headquarters" space. When a player's counter lands on a square, the player answers a question according to the color of the square, which corresponds to one of the six categories. If the player answers the question correctly, his turn continues; if the player's piece was on one of the category headquarters spaces, he/she collect a wedge of the same color, which fits into the playing piece. Some spaces say "roll again," giving an extra roll of the die to the player. The hub is a "wild" space; a player landing here may answer a question in the category of his choice. Questions must be answered without any outside assistance. Any number of playing pieces may occupy the same space at the same time. A variant rule ends a player's turn on collecting a wedge, preventing a single knowledgeable player from running the board.

text: Once a player has collected one wedge of each color and filled up his playing piece, he must return to the hub and answer a question in a category selected by the other players. If this question is answered correctly, that player wins the game. Otherwise, the player must leave the center of the board and try again on the next turn.

text: Editions[edit]

text: Over the years, numerous editions of Trivial Pursuit have been produced, usually specializing in various fields. The original version is known as the Genus edition (or Genus I). Several other general knowledge editions (such as Genus II) have followed. Some include, Junior Edition (1985), All-Star Sports, Baby Boomers, 1980s, All About the 80s, and 1990s.

text: In the United Kingdom, Trivial Pursuit players complained that the 2006 version of the game was "dumbed down" in comparison to previous editions, with easier questions and more focus on celebrities and show business.[7]

text: Legal action[edit]

text: Fred Worth lawsuit[edit]

text: In October 1984, Fred L. Worth, author of The Trivia Encyclopedia, Super Trivia, and Super Trivia II, filed a $300 million lawsuit against the distributors of Trivial Pursuit. He claimed that more than a quarter of the questions in the game's Genus Edition had been taken from his books, even to the point of reproducing typographical errors and deliberately placed misinformation. One of the questions in Trivial Pursuit was "What was Columbo's first name?" with the answer "Philip". That information had been fabricated to catch anyone who might try to violate his copyright.[8]

text: The inventors of Trivial Pursuit acknowledged that Worth's books were among their sources, but argued that this was not improper and that facts are not protected by copyright. The district court judge agreed, ruling in favor of the Trivial Pursuit inventors. The decision was appealed, and in September 1987 the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the ruling.[9] Worth asked the Supreme Court of the United States to review the case, but the Court declined, denying certiorari in March 1988.[10]

text: David Wall lawsuit[edit]

text: In 1994, David Wall of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, launched a lawsuit against the game's creators. He claimed that in the fall of 1979, he and a friend were hitchhiking near Sydney, Nova Scotia, when they were picked up by Chris Haney. Wall claimed that he told Haney about his idea for the game in detail, including the shape of the markers.

text: Wall's mother testified she found drawings of his that looked like plans for a Trivial Pursuit-like game, but the drawings had since been destroyed. Wall's friend, who was allegedly hitchhiking with him that day, never testified. Haney said he never met Wall.

text: Over the years, there was much legal wrangling, notably around whether the suit should be decided by a judge or jury. On June 25, 2007, the Nova Scotia Supreme Court ruled against Wall.[11]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: A version of Trivial Pursuit, hosted by Wink Martindale, aired on The Family Channel in the United States from 1993 to 1995 (Jay Wolpert had attempted a pilot in 1987, but it was not picked up). A syndicated version entitled Trivial Pursuit: America Plays aired from 2008 to 2009 and hosted by Christopher Knight. In September 2004, Roger Lodge hosted a sports trivia game show on ESPN entitled ESPN Trivial Pursuit, which aired five episodes.

text: BBC Television produced a Trivial Pursuit game show based on the game in the UK hosted by Rory McGrath. Another British version (with rules/format similar to the Wink Martindale version, and also using the same theme tune as the Wink Martindale version) was hosted on The Family Channel (now Challenge) by Tony Slattery. Birgit Lechtermann hosted a version for VOX in Germany from 1993 to 1994.

text: In 1988, a made-for-television movie entitled Breaking all the Rules: The Creation of Trivial Pursuit aired. Treated largely as a comedy, the movie featured the music of Jimmy Buffett and portrayed the creators of the game as three beer-loving Canadians.

text: In Spain, a version of the show called Trivial Pursuit: Spain Plays premiered in September 2008 on Antena 3.[12]

text: Arcade game[edit]

text: In 1984, Bally Sente released a Trivial Pursuit arcade game.[13] Like the board game, several variants were also released.

text: Home computer games[edit]

text: British software company Domark released a home computer version (billed as Trivial Pursuit: The Computer Game) for multiple formats during the 1980s.[14][15][16][17] This version included pictorial and musical questions[18] but was otherwise mostly faithful to the mechanics of the original board game.

text: Later, Domark released another version called Trivial Pursuit: A New Beginning, also across multiple formats.[19][20] This version featured a plot about the dying Earth[21] and significantly altered gameplay mechanics.[20]

text: Hasbro Interactive released a "Millennium Edition" in 1999 with three different modes, and different categories:

text:
Classic Pursuit: Played just like the board game. A "QUICKPLAY" option was also available, where, to speed the game up, every question would be a wedge question. Up to six can play. The winner is the first one to earn all six wedges, land back in the center hub by exact count, and then give a correct answer.
Party Pursuit: Up to three can play. The computer randomly spins categories until there are three to choose from. A correct answer by the first player to buzz in earns the wedge; a wrong answer gives the opposition a chance, as well as take away any wedges earned in a category. The first player to earn all six wedges wins the game. After 20 questions, the computer begins selecting categories for the players.
Point Pursuit: Same as Party Pursuit, except point scores are kept, and questions range from 250 to 1,000 points. Players can also wager any or all of their scores on one final question. Bonus points are earned for a wedge and for how much or how little time it took to answer a question.

tag: ul

text: There are also three different ways to answer the questions:

text:
Multiple choice, where players choose from numbers 1, 2, 3, or 4;
Spelling accuracy: loose, where imperfect spelling is accepted by the program;
Spelling accuracy: strict, where spelling must be precise.

text: This game featured a total of seven voice-overs, one host, and one for each of the six categories: People & Places (blue wedge), Arts & Entertainment (pink wedge), History (yellow wedge), Science & Nature (brown wedge), Sports & Leisure (green wedge), and Wild Card (orange wedge).

text: Video games[edit]

text: Trivial Pursuit was released for a number of home video systems, including Sega CD,[22] Wii, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4.[23] The board game was also adapted into a mobile game called Trivia Crack.


document_title: South of Broad

question_text: what is the central idea of south of broad

text: South of Broad

text:
South of Broad
First editionAuthor
Pat ConroyCountry
United StatesLanguage
EnglishPublisher
DoubledayPublication date
August 11, 2009Pages
528ISBN
978-0-385-41305-3OCLC
264669827Dewey Decimal
813/.54 22LC Class
PS3553.O5198 S68 2009Preceded by
My Losing Season

text: South of Broad is a 2009 novel by Pat Conroy.  The novel follows the life of Leopold Bloom King in Charleston, South Carolina. It ranges from his troubled childhood to his adult life with his close group of friends.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The story is divided into five parts.

text: Part one focuses on introducing the reader to Leopold Bloom King (Leo), his family, and his set of friends who he meets on a fateful Bloomsday (June 16, 1969). Leo is the narrator of the story who gradually reveals his troubled childhood which was traumatized by the sudden and unforeseen suicide of his older brother Steve. He reveals himself to be a paper-boy for the South of Broad delivery area, thus introducing the reader to the Charleston neighborhood. Hints at a previous run-in with the law are given and he will exit his parole period that summer. He then introduces the reader to his loving father and strict mother and how their life stories shaped their characters. An influential Catholic priest named Monsignor Max is also introduced, and he proves to be lifelong companion to Leo's mother after Leo's father passes away.

text: On Bloomsday, 1969, Leo performs a series of tasks that leads him to meet his soon-to-be friends.  He bakes cookies for his new dramatic neighbors Sheba and Trevor Poe and their alcoholic mother. He then meets the two orphans Niles and Starla who he finds tied down to chairs and wins their confidence by untying them. He then appears with his mother at a gathering at the Charleston yacht club where he meets Chad, Molly, and Fraser; three affluent teens, two of whom were kicked out of their respective private schools. Lastly, he meets his new high school football coach (the coach is black and will coach the first ever integrated team at Peninsula High) and later will meet Ike, the coach's fiery and talented son who will co-captain the team with Leo. Eventually, all the characters (including Betty, another orphan) will meet each other and become friendly, despite the major differences and cultural struggles between black and white, city and country, and rich and poor.

text: Part two of the story occurs twenty years later, when Leo (who is now a newspaper columnist) is interrupted from work by Sheba Poe, who is now a famous actress who flew back to Charleston from Hollywood. After a series of embarrassing moments and behavior for Sheba during which time Leo's old high school friends unite, Sheba reveals that she has lost contact with her brother Trevor, whom she suspects is dying of AIDS in San Francisco at the height of its outbreak among the gay community. Leo, who had since that time married and separated from a mentally-ill Starla, reveals his love for Molly, who has grown apart from her philandering husband Chad.

text: Part three is set in San Francisco, where Leo and his friends go to find Trevor. After volunteering with a food bank, the characters discover the shocking conditions of people with AIDS and the devastating effects the virus has on its victims. A tip from an unlikely source results in a daring rescue attempt to find Trevor, who is found close to death and trapped in a crumbling building in the Tenderloin area. The friends then return to Charleston with Trevor, but not after a frightening encounter with Trevor and Sheba's father, who terrorizes the friends with his mystery and his violent antics.  Leo and Molly become increasingly close to one another.

text: Part four is a flashback to 1969 which follows the success of Peninsula High's football team and retraces Leo and his friends' ever-strengthening friendships.  A series of incidents involving Chad's behavior stretches the friendships at times and reveals hints at future problems and character flaws for several characters. The histories of Sheba, Trevor, Niles, and Starla are revealed and are emotionally damaging. Leo reveals a positive story from his life: his luck when a lonely antique store shopkeeper he cared for during his parole died and left Leo with a home on Tradd Street and a large fortune from the inheritance.

text: Part five returns to Charleston in 1989, where the friends' success in finding Trevor is darkened by increasing fears because of threats made by Sheba and Trevor's father through terrifying correspondence. Sheba informs Leo that she is seeking a normal life and begs him to marry her. Meanwhile, Starla returns to Charleston and in a severe moment informs Leo that she had aborted two fetuses that would have been Leo's children. It is in that moment that Leo decides after years of steadily clinging to his marriage due to Catholic vows that he and Starla can no longer be a husband and wife. Leo later finds out from police that a pregnant Starla has committed suicide.

text: In spite of increasing fears for her safety and security due to her father's threats, Sheba refuses to leave her teenage home and her dementia-crippled mother, though Leo convinces her to let Trevor live with him. Soon, Sheba is found murdered one morning with her mother appearing to be the assailant (it is later determined that her father was the murderer). Following a massive funeral, the friends must turn their attention to the menacing Hurricane Hugo which is headed for Charleston. Following the catastrophic storm, the friends soon discover the remains of a person who had been hiding out in a shed behind Niles and Fraser's house. It is later discovered to be Sheba and Trevor's father, who had the intention of killing the group during the hurricane but wound up drowning due to the storm surge.

text: As the city recovers and rebuilds, Leo and Molly go out to Sullivan's Island together to find Molly's grandmother's house in ruins, though they rescue a porpoise.  During that moment, Leo and Molly reach the conclusion that they can never be together romantically and that their relationship would remain platonic.  In the months following the hurricane, Leo continues to take care of Trevor, who seems healthy but continues to lose weight. Trevor reveals a desire to get back to San Francisco. Leo's mother decides to return to a nun's convent and Leo begins to experience a normalizing of relations between mother and son.

text: Just as it appears Leo's life is coming together, Trevor reveals a most damaging revelation - in his pornographic video collection, Trevor finds an old tape inside a sealed case that shows a young Monsignor Max raping Steve around the time of his suicide. Enraged, Leo confronts a dying Monsignor Max the night before the priest passes away. After a week of tributes, Leo writes a detailed column revealing Max's criminality before entering a mental hospital at the recommendation of a psychiatrist. The story ends with a series of dreams Leo has about his deceased family and friends who encourage him to live his life, even if it must be an act of normalcy. He awakens from the dreams to befriend a female nurse as he prepares to leave the institution and the traumatic experiences of his life, looking boldly into the future.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reception for South of Broad has been mixed, though generally more positive than negative.  The Washington Post called the book "a big sweeping novel of friendship and marriage" with "passages in the novel that are lush and beautiful and precise."[1] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch called it "brilliant", evoking "anger, joy, and sorrow".[2] The New York Times praised Conroy as "[a] magician of the page" but found Conroy's technique to be "constricting" for the novel.[3] The Dallas Morning News called it a "gushy mess",[4] while the Los Angeles Times suggested that "[p]art of the problem is the pacing of the story... tragic twists just appear, lacking the kind of buildup that makes them work."[5]


document_title: Justin Bruening

question_text: who plays chef jeff on switched at birth

text: Justin Bruening

text: Early life[edit]

text: Justin Bruening was born on September 24, 1979 in St. Helena, Nebraska.[1] Raised in the small town of St. Helena, Nebraska (a then-population of 85), he graduated from high school with only nine classmates.[2]

text: Career[edit]

text: Following graduation, Bruening moved to San Diego, California. It was there that he was discovered by Sue Nessel, a talent scout for Scott Copeland International, at McDonald's in Escondido just north of San Diego.[2] Soon afterwards, Copeland got him his first modeling job for Abercrombie & Fitch.[2]

text: Following his first commercial job, Bruening was encouraged to study acting by Copeland and was noticed by All My Children casting director Judy Wilson.[2] Bruening originally auditioned for the role of JR Chandler on All My Children, but was eventually cast in the role of James "Jamie" Martin in July 2003.[1] For a brief time, in 2004 and 2005, Bruening also portrayed Jamie Martin on One Life to Live during a crossover storyline. During his role of Jamie, Bruening was featured as Daytime's Hottest Star in Teen People, Us Weekly, Star and J-14 magazines.[3]

text: In addition to his work on soap operas, he has had a guest appearance on Hope & Faith[1] and a small part in the film Fat Girls. He was up for the role of Superman in Superman Returns, but the part was won by Brandon Routh instead.[4] He also appeared in the Britney Spears music video "Boys".[1] On October 21, 2007 he appeared on CBS's Cold Case, in the episode "Thick As Thieves".

text: On November 2, 2007, it was announced that Bruening would be starring in a new rendition of the original Knight Rider series, portraying the original Knight Rider's son, Mike Traceur, for a two-hour film on NBC. NBC decided after successful ratings for the film to continue the story as a series, and commissioned an official series for its debut for the 2008-2009 television season.[5]

text: In 2011, Bruening began a recurring role on the CW mystery series, Ringer.[6] In 2012, he began a recurring role on the ABC family drama, Switched at Birth. In 2013, he had a recurring role on the ABC drama, Grey's Anatomy as Paramedic Matt, and he played a vampire on the current Ford Focus commercial. He is now featured in the limited season run of the Pretty Little Liars' spin-off Ravenswood.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Bruening proposed to former All My Children co-star Alexa Havins on the set of the soap opera. They were married on June 5, 2005. The two were friends first before becoming romantically involved.[7] After Bruening left All My Children, Havins exited shortly after and the couple moved to Los Angeles. On August 10, 2010, he and Havins welcomed their first child, daughter Lexington Grace Bruening.[8]

text: In his spare time, Bruening collects Converse All-Star sneakers. In 2007, he had 15 or 16 pairs of the shoe brand.[7]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2006
Fat Girls
Bobby
Debut film

2008
Knight Rider
Mike Traceur
Television film

2010
Class
Whitt Sheffield
Television film

2012
Blue Eyed Butcher
Jeff Wright
Television film

2013
The Thanksgiving House
Everett Mather
Television film

2017
The Monster Project
Devon
Video On Demand

2017
He's Out There

Filming

text: TV[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2003–2007, 2011
All My Children
James Edward "Jamie" Martin
Portrayed the role from September 8, 2003–August 22, 2007, September 21, 2011–September 23, 2011; 163 episodes

2004–2005
One Life to Live
Jamie Martin
8 episodes from October 20, 2004-February 21, 2005

2004
Hope & Faith
Jake
Episodes: "Hold the Phone" & "Do I Look Frat In This?"

2006
3 lbs
Personal trainer
Episode: "The Cutting Edge"

2007
Cold Case
Spencer Mason
Episode: "Thick as Thieves"

2007
CSI: Miami
Craig Abbott
Episode: "My Nanny"

2008–2009
Knight Rider
Mike Traceur
Lead role

2011
Wonder Woman
Steve Trevor
"Pilot" (Never aired)

2011
Castle
Rod Tredwyck
Episode: "The Dead Pool"

2011
State of Georgia
Brad
Episode: "Flavor of the Week"

2011
CSI: NY
Hank Frazier
Episode: "Air Apparent"

2011–2012
Ringer
Tyler Barrett
9 episodes

2012–2013
Switched at Birth
Chef Jeff Reycraft
9 episodes

2013
Grey's Anatomy
Paramedic Matthew Taylor
12 episodes

2013
Hawaii Five-0
Lt. Commander William "Billy" Harrington
5 episodes

2013–2014
Ravenswood
Benjamin Price
4 episodes

2014
Royal Pains
Chase
Episode: "A Bigger Boat"

2015
CSI: Cyber
Evan Wescott
Episode: "The Evil Twin"

2015
The Messengers
Leo Travers
3 episodes

2015
Blood & Oil
Richard Ford
Episode: "Pilot"

2016-2017
Good Behavior
Kyle Dash
5 episodes

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Awards won

Year
Award

2005
Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Male Newcomer for All My Children[1]

Pre-Nomination

Year
Award

2005
Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actor for All My Children[2]


document_title: Maria (West Side Story)

question_text: who is maria brother in west side story

question_tokens: who is maria brother in west side story

text: Maria (West Side Story)

text: Character summary[edit]

text: Maria is in her late teens when she arrives on the US mainland. Her older brother Bernardo is the leader of the Puerto Rican gang, the Sharks. He has a girlfriend, Anita, who Maria is friends with and looks up to. Maria is eager to start a new life in New York, but Bernardo is protective and keeps a close eye on her. He intends for Maria to marry his friend Chino, but Maria is uninterested. She meets Tony who used to be part of the Sharks’ enemy gang, the Jets, at a community dance at the gym. They immediately fall in love. The couple meet several times after (on her balcony, at Anita’s shop, and at Doc’s, Tony’s workplace) before deciding to run away together after the rumble. They are about to leave when Chino shoots Tony for killing Bernardo. Whatever happens to Maria after Tony dies is left a mystery.

text: Maria is based on Shakespeare’s Juliet, who falls in love with Romeo after their first encounter, just like Maria did with Tony.

text: Best known portrayal[edit]

text: The best known portrayal of Maria was by Natalie Wood in the 1961 film, although the singing voice was provided by Marni Nixon.[1][2]

text: Songs[edit]

text: The songs sung by Maria include:

text:
"Tonight" sung with Tony. Tony visits Maria on her balcony after the dance they had met at. The song acknowledges their new relationship:"Tonight, tonight / It all began tonight!"[3]
"I Feel Pretty" is sung with Maria’s co-workers (except Anita) in the dress shop. The song is about Maria feeling pretty, as well as “dizzy” “witty” “charming” because:"I'm loved / By a pretty wonderful boy."[4]
After the girls leave the shop, Tony meets Maria there, and they sing "One Hand, One Heart." This is sung after they pretend to get married."Now it begins, Now we start / One Hand, One Heart. / Even death won't part us now."[5]
The Quintet is a medley that the Sharks, the Jets, Anita, Tony, and Maria sing in. Tony and Maria sing a continuation of "Tonight."
"Somewhere" is also sung with Tony. He returns to Maria's house after he killed Bernardo at the rumble. The song represents their decision to flee from the city to:"Peace and quiet and open air"[6]
"A Boy Like That / I Have a Love" is sung with Anita after she discovers that Maria was with Tony after the rumble. She tries to convince Maria to find another love, but Maria fights back with:"I have a love and it's all that I have / Right or wrong, what else can I do?"[7]

text: In both the film and the play is a song named "Maria", which is sung by Tony in both. He sings this right after he meets and kisses Maria for the first time. Her name is sung 29 times in total.[8]

text: 1961 actress choices[edit]

text: Natalie Wood was not the first choice to play Maria in the 1961 film version. Audrey Hepburn was considered, but she did not take it due to her pregnancy.[9] Like Wood, Hepburn was not Puerto Rican; she was British, Dutch, and Austrian.[10]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Maria is referenced in the chorus of the song "Maria Maria" by the band Santana:“Oh Maria, Maria / She remind me of a West Side story.”[11]
West Bank Story, an Academy-award winning short film, is based on West Side Story. The rivalry is between Palestinians and the Hummus Hut stand versus the Jews and the Kosher King stand. Fatima, a Hummus Hut employee, is infatuated with David, a Kosher King employee, who feels the same way about Fatima. Fatima and David represent Maria and Tony.
A dance battle movie called Boogie Town is also based on West Side Story. It is set in 2015 New York City where dance battles are illegal. There are two rival dance crews, one led by Jay and the other by Micah. Micah falls in love with Jay’s sister, Natalie, who represents Maria.


document_title: One Direction

question_text: when did one direction go on a hiatus

question_tokens: when did one direction go on a hiatus

text: One Direction

text: History

text: 2010–11: The X Factor

text: In 2010, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor.[15] They failed to progress to the "Boys" category at "judges' houses" but were put together to form a five-piece boy band at Wembley Arena, in London, England, in July 2010, during the "bootcamp" stage of the competition,[16] thus qualifying for the "Groups" category. Nicole Scherzinger, a guest judge,[15][17][18] and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band. In 2013, Cowell said that it "took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group".[19] Subsequently, the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice.[20][21] Styles came up with the name One Direction.[20] For their qualifying song at "judges' houses", and their first song as a group, One Direction sang an acoustic version of "Torn".[22] Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they "were confident, fun, like a gang of friends, and kind of fearless as well."[23] Within the first four weeks of the live shows, they were his last act in the competition.[24] The group quickly gained popularity in the UK.[23]

text: One Direction achieved third place in the competition and immediately after the final, their song "Forever Young", which would have been released if they had won The X Factor, was leaked onto the internet.[25] Shortly afterwards it was confirmed that One Direction had been signed by Cowell to a reported £2 million Syco Records record contract.[26][27] Recording for their debut album began in January 2011, as they flew to Los Angeles to work with RedOne, a record producer.[28] A book licensed by One Direction, One Direction: Forever Young (Our Official X Factor Story), was published by HarperCollins in February 2011,[29] subsequently topping The Sunday Times Best Seller list.[30] The same month, the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour.[31] During the tour, the group performed for 500,000 people throughout the UK.[32] After the tour concluded in April 2011, the group continued working on their debut album.[28] Recording took place in Stockholm, London and Los Angeles, as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk, Savan Kotecha, Steve Mac, and Rami Yacoub, among others.[33][34]

text: Performances on The X Factor

text:
Episode
Song choice
Theme
Result

Auditions

Harry Styles: "Isn't She Lovely"
Free choice (caught singing while driving)
Through to bootcamp

Zayn Malik: "Let Me Love You"

Liam Payne: "Cry Me a River"

Niall Horan: "So Sick"

Louis Tomlinson: "Hey There Delilah"

Bootcamp (Hollywood)

Harry: —
Solo performances (dance rounds)
Through to judges' houses

Zayn: —

Liam: "Your Smile"

Niall: —

Louis: —

Judges' houses (top 24)

1D: Final showdown song, "Torn"
Free choice (semi-finalists)
Eliminated, but through to live shows as 1D

Call-backs (top 16)
Formed One Direction[35]

Live show 1/top 12
"Viva la Vida"
Number-one singles
Safe

Live show 2/top 11
"My Life Would Suck Without You"
Heroes
Safe

Live show 3/top 10
"Nobody Knows"
Guilty pleasures
Safe

Live show 4/top 9
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Halloween
Safe

Live show 5/top 8
"Kids in America"
American anthems
Safe

Live show 6/top 7
"Something About the Way You Look Tonight"
Songs by Elton John
Safe

Live show 7/top 6
"All You Need Is Love"
Songs by The Beatles
Safe

Live show 8/top 5
"Summer of '69"
Rock
Safe

"You Are So Beautiful"

Semi-final/top 4
"Only Girl (In the World)"
Club classics
Safe

"Chasing Cars"
Song to get you to the final

"Torn"
Final showdown

Final and finale live shows/top 3

"Your Song"
Contestant's choice
Safe

"She's the One" (with Robbie Williams)
Celebrity duet

"Forever Young"
Winner's single
Eliminated

"Heroes"
Top 3 finalists' charity single

text: 2011–12: Up All Night

text: Released in September 2011, One Direction's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful", reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history.[36][37] Subsequent singles, "Gotta Be You" and "One Thing", peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten.[38][39] In November 2011, they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America.[40] Steve Barnett, the co-chairman of Columbia Records, said it was not a difficult decision to sign One Direction; "I just thought there was a void, and maybe they could seize and hold it."[41] "What Makes You Beautiful" was released in the United States in February 2012,[42] where it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28, becoming the highest debut for a British act since 1998.[43] It has sold over 4 million copies in the US[44] Upon arrival in the US in February 2012, One Direction embarked on a radio promotion spree, as well as their first North American concert tour as an opening act for Big Time Rush.[45][46] They made their first US television appearance on The Today Show, at the Rockefeller Center; an estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza.[47] Critically commended for its appeal to the teenage audience,[48][49][50] One Direction's first studio album, Up All Night, was released globally in early 2012. It became the UK's fastest-selling debut album of 2011,[51] and topped the charts in sixteen countries.[52] The album bowed atop the Billboard 200 chart, making One Direction the first British group in US chart history to enter at number one with their debut album.[53] They were inducted into the Guinness World Records as a result.[54] Up All Night also became the first album by a boy band to sell 500,000 digital copies in the US and, by August 2012, had sold over 3 million copies worldwide.[55][56]

text: In April 2012, an American band that went by the same name filed a trademark infringement lawsuit.[57] According to the lawsuit, the US band had been using the name since 2009, recorded two albums and filed an application to register the trademark name in the US in February 2011.[57] The US band said they were entitled to three times the profits made by the UK band, as well as compensatory damages in excess of US$1million.[57] The lawsuit claimed that Syco and Sony Music "chose to ignore the plaintiff's rights and wilfully infringed them" after they realised in early 2011 that the two bands shared the same name.[57] Syco Records subsequently counter-sued, suggesting the US group was trying to make money from One Direction's success and that the boy band was the first to use the name in US interstate commerce.[58] The BBC reported in September 2012 that the UK group won the legal dispute over the right to keep using their band name; the US band changed its name to Uncharted Shores.[58] The change of name was announced in a joint statement that also noted both groups were happy with the outcome.[58]

text: In December 2011, One Direction embarked on their first headlining UK concert tour, the Up All Night Tour.[59] In early 2012, they announced Australasian and North American legs of the concert tour, with dates from April to July 2012.[60][61] The tour, comprising 62 shows, was met with positivity both critically and commercially.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68] A recording of a concert from the tour, Up All Night: The Live Tour, was released in May 2012.[69] In addition to the DVD topping the charts in twenty-five countries, its global sales had exceeded 1 million copies by August 2012.[56][70] One Direction's first book to be licensed in America, Dare to Dream: Life as One Direction, published in the United States in May 2012, topped The New York Times Best Seller list.[71] In June 2012, Nick Gatfield, the chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Music Entertainment UK, stated how he expects One Direction to represent a $100 million business empire over 2013.[72] Gatfield was quoted as saying, "What you might not know about One Direction is that they already represent a $50 million business and that's a figure we expect to double next year".[72] In August 2012, the group's record sales exceeded 8 million singles, 3 million albums, and 1 million DVDs, and they performed "What Makes You Beautiful" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[56][73] One Direction were the biggest winners of the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards winning their three nominations on 6 September 2012, including Best New Artist.[74]

text: 2012–13: Take Me Home

text: One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home, was released in November 2012.[75] Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track. Savan Kotecha, Rami Yacoub, and Carl Falk, who composed One Direction's hits "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing", spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album, and were able to shape melodies around their tones.[76] One Direction began recording the album in May 2012, in Stockholm at Kinglet Studios.[77][78][79] The album cover artwork features the group surrounding a traditional British K2 red telephone box, a familiar sight on the streets of the UK.[80] Take Me Home garnered mixed reviews from music critics. There was praise for its quality of production, while it was criticised for its generic, rushed nature.[81][82][83][84][85][86] The album's lead single, "Live While We're Young", released in September 2012, reached the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one-week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist in the US[87] The album and its second single, "Little Things", both debuted at number one in the UK simultaneously; something that One Direction became the youngest act in British chart history to achieve.[88] Take Me Home sold 540,000 copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than thirty-four other countries.[89][90] Additionally, Up All Night and Take Me Home were the number three and number four best-selling albums of 2012 globally, each album selling over 5 million units worldwide.[91]

text: One Direction performed "Little Things" at the 2012 Royal Variety Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, and headlined a sold-out show at New York City's Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012.[92][93] In February 2013, One Direction released a cover version of "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks", "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)", as the 2013 Comic Relief single.[94] As part of their involvement with the UK charity, One Direction travelled to Ghana to volunteer at a children's hospital, visit a school and make donations.

text: The Official Charts Company revealed that One Direction had sold 2,425,000 records in the UK by February 2013.[95] One Direction embarked on their second concert tour in February 2013, the Take Me Home Tour.[96] The concert tour consists of over 100 shows in Europe, North America and Australasia. Ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release in the UK and Ireland, which included a six-date sell-out at London's The O2 Arena.[97] In the Australian and New Zealand markets, tickets grossed US$15.7 million, with all 190,000 tickets being sold for the eighteen shows to be held.[98] The tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised the band's live vocals and their performance abilities and was a commercial success, selling 1,635,000 tickets from 134 shows.[99]

text: 2013–14: Midnight Memories and This Is Us

text: One Direction: This Is Us, a 3D documentary and concert film about the group directed by Morgan Spurlock and produced by Spurlock, Ben Winston, Adam Milano and Simon Cowell, was released by TriStar Pictures on 30 August 2013.[100] The film features the song "Best Song Ever", released on 22 July 2013. "Best Song Ever" was the lead single of the group's third studio album Midnight Memories.[101][102] The film was a box office success, topping the UK and US box offices and grossing over $60 million worldwide, and became the fourth highest-grossing concert movie.[103] "Best Song Ever" broke the 24-Hour Vevo Record with 10.9 million views on YouTube (this was the second time the band held the record with "Live While We're Young" attaining 8.2 million views on 20 September 2012).[104][105] On 16 May 2013, the band announced their first stadium tour, the Where We Are Tour, which began in April 2014. On 30 May 2013, the band announced a partnership with Office Depot on a limited-edition capsule collection of back to school supplies. They also confirmed that a portion of the proceeds from the alliance would go toward an anti-bullying educational program intended to promote kinder behaviour in schools.[106]

text: On 23 November 2013, in support of Midnight Memories, the band participated in "1D Day",[107][108] a day dedicated to One Direction fans. The day constituted of a landmark 7.5-hour socially interactive YouTube live-stream featuring live band performances, celebrity guests including, Simon Cowell, Cindy Crawford, Piers Morgan, Jerry Springer and many more. The event was unique not only because of its long runtime but the unprecedented use of social media whereby fans got to participate in the show interact directly with the band via Google+ Hangout.

text: Midnight Memories was released globally on 25 November 2013. It debuted at number one in the UK and in the US, making them the first group to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 with its first three albums, and the second to reach the top after The Monkees in 1967.[109] The album was described by the band as edgier and as having a "slightly rockier tone" than their previous efforts.[110] "Story of My Life" was revealed as the second single of the album with each member posting a photo from their childhood.[111][112] To promote the album, the band performed on both the American and British versions of The X Factor.[113]

text: In December 2013, One Direction broke yet another UK sales record with the DVD and Blu-ray release of their 3-D concert film This is Us. Nearly 270,000 copies of the film were sold in the UK within three days of its release, beating the record previously set by Michael Jackson's This Is It in 2010 by 10,000 copies.[114] The group was named among the Top Global artists of 2013 by the IFPI because of strong digital downloads, physical albums, on-demand streams, and music videos.[115]

text: 2014–15: Four and Malik's departure

text: On 21 July 2014, One Direction announced One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film, a film which documents the concerts of 28 and 29 June 2014 that took place in San Siro Stadium during their Where We Are Tour. After the announcement, the band announced the film would also have a limited 10–11 October 2014 international cinema release before its home media release in November 2014.[116] The group also released an autobiography book titled Who We Are on 25 September 2014.[117]

text: On 8 September 2014, One Direction announced their fourth studio album to be titled Four, set to be released on 17 November 2014.[118][119][120] As part of the announcement, one of the songs from the album, "Fireproof" was released for free download for 24 hours on their official website.[118][119][120] "Steal My Girl", the album's lead single, was released on 29 September 2014,[121] and the music video was released on 24 October 2014. The second single from the album, "Night Changes", was released on 14 November, three days before the album's release.[122] Four was released on 17 November 2014, topping the Billboard 200 and the UK Album Chart.[123][124]

text: On 22 November 2014, Paul Higgins, the group's tour manager who has been with them since its formation, parted ways with the band.[125] The band confirmed at the BBC Music Awards that following the success of Four, they had hopes to continue to go "somewhere else" on their fifth album.[126] In support of Midnight Memories and Four, the band's Where We Are Tour was the highest-grossing concert tour in 2014, and the highest-grossing tour ever by a vocal group, generating $282 million.[9]

text: On 25 March 2015, the band released a statement announcing Malik's departure.[127][128][129] They admitted that they were angry at first because of Zayn Malik's decision.[130] The group made their first official public appearance as a four-piece on The Late Late Show with James Corden on 14 May, where they confirmed that they would continue working without a new fifth member.[131] Since leaving the band, Malik has gone on to have solo success with his number one debut single "Pillowtalk" and album Mind of Mine.[132]

text: 2015–17: Made in the A.M. and hiatus

text: On 31 July 2015, the group released "Drag Me Down" without promotional material or announcement. The single is the first single from their fifth studio album, Made in the A.M., and the first material released by the group after Malik's departure.[133] Following the release, it was revealed that the group would going on hiatus in 2016 to take a break.[134] On 22 September, the title for the fifth studio album, Made in the A.M., was officially announced along with promotional single "Infinity" being released.[135] The group began to reveal the track listing on their Snapchat stories to which it was later confirmed on iTunes.[136] The album was released on 13 November 2015.[137] At the 2015 American Music Awards on 22 November, One Direction won the award for Artist of the Year for the second year in succession.[138] Louis Tomlinson later confirmed that the break would be around 18 months. On 13 December, One Direction performed on The X Factor final. Their last televised performance as a group, before their hiatus, was on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on 31 December 2015.[139]

text: On 13 January 2016, Us Weekly published a report claiming that the group's hiatus would become a permanent split, with a "source" citing that each of the four remaining group members did not renew their contracts following the completion of the on the Road Again Tour in October 2015.[140] Representatives for the group denied said-report in a statement to Billboard, stating, "nothing has changed regarding hiatus plans for the group, and all will be revealed in due time from the band members' own mouths."[141][142] By May 2017, all members of the group had released solo singles.[143] Despite saying the hiatus would last 18 months, the band still are yet to confirm when they will reform.

text: At the 2017 Brit Awards, One Direction won the Video of the Year award for their song "History". Payne accepted the award on the behalf of the band.[144]

text: Artistry

text:
"What Makes You Beautiful"

One Direction's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful", features a prominent guitar-based chorus and riff.[145] It also contains cowbell instrumentation,[146] and the middle eight consists of an "oh na na na" hook.[147] It is among the best-selling singles of all time, selling over 5 million copies.[148]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: One Direction's debut studio album, Up All Night (2011), is predominantly a pop music record, containing elements of teen pop, dance-pop, pop rock, with electropop and rock influences.[149][150][151][152] Digital Spy's Robert Copsey described the album as a "collection of PG pop rock with killer choruses",[153] while The New York Times considered it "full of easy rock-inflected pop, blithe and sometimes clever."[154] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard acknowledged that the album demonstrates an originality in sound that was "necessary for the revitalization of the boy band movement".[152] The songs "One Thing" and "What Makes You Beautiful" were particularly noted for the genres of power pop and pop rock, for their "powerhouse" guitar riffs and "forceful" choruses.[145][146][149][155]

text: Their second studio album, Take Me Home (2012), is characterised by rock-inherited pop, prominent electric guitar riffs, bright synthesisers, a homogeneous sound and message, and the pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune.[84][85][86][156][157] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian interpreted its signature sound as a "peppy, synth-bolstered take on early-80s new-wave pop, heavy on clipped rhythms and chugging guitars," which, he said, is at least an improvement on the substitute contemporary R&B "that was once the grim lot of the boyband."[85] Jon Caramanica, writing in The New York Times, considered the album "far more mechanical" than their debut album, although noted that it is sonically and lyrically similar.[84] The album's lyricism speaks of falling in love, unrequited love, the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique, commitment, jealousy and longing for past significant others.[84][85][86][158]

text: Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone favoured their live acoustic performances as both showing, "Horan's ability to play guitar, as well as One Direction's admirable live vocals. There was no need to worry about a backing track or a bum note, a pleasant realization at a pop show."[159] Herald Sun's Cameron Adams opined that One Direction have "strong pop voices".[160] Melody Lau of the National Post wrote, "It's easy to get lost in inherent appeal of their perfectly coiffed dos and almost-too-put-together preppy style but somewhere in the midst of all the love-struck squeals of teenage girls are guys who can actually sing and, to a certain extent, entertain."[161] Jane Stevenson of the portal site Canoe concurred: "What I didn't really prepare myself for was that they all can actually sing in concert."[162] Chris Richards, writing in The Washington Post, dissented from the approval: "As the five traded couplets, it was tough to imagine a future Justin Timberlake, Ricky Martin or Bobby Brown emerging from the pack. No one voice stood out."[163] Mike Wass of Idolator felt One Direction's "surprisingly accomplished effort" of Kings of Leon's "Use Somebody" proved that One Direction are "more than capable" of evolving their sound.[164]

text: Their third album Midnight Memories (2013) is a pop rock record, a slight departure from the band's original teen pop sound. Liam Payne called Midnight Memories a "slightly rockier and edgier" album than their previous material. The album is heavily influenced by 80's rock[165] and folk music and briefly integrates elements of dubstep, notably in "Little White Lies". The album's lyrical themes primarily revolve around love, heartbreak and sexual intercourse. Many critics praised its lyrical depth and musical composition, as well as the group's level of involvement in the production process.[166]

text: Their fourth album Four (2014) was released on 17 November 2014. Payne once again claimed that the album would be "edgier" and that the group had written most of the songs for it; Horan came up with the name of the album, commemorating the fact that it is One Direction's fourth record to date and that it has been four years since the band's formation. Signifying a further maturation of their pop sound, the album's first single, Steal My Girl, was dubbed by Billboard as "no What Makes You Beautiful, but its Coldplay-like piano pop could be a good direction",[167] and that the band was "not entirely ready to let go of its bubble-gum days". Rolling Stone described the record as "saturated with retro vibes"; its songs "split the difference between big, splashy Eighties pop rock and more elegant Seventies flavours – a very pesky whipper-snapper move that's not so far from what Haim's hit Days Are Gone did last year."[168]

text: Philanthropy

text: In 2011, the band performed on the BBC's Children in Need 2011 charity telethon, helping raise over 26 million pounds.[169] In 2012 they extended their involvement with Children in Need as they opened the telecast with a performance of their single "Live While We're Young". A prominent annual event in British culture, the group said it was "incredible" to be involved in Children in Need as it was something that they had "always watched as children".[170]

text: In February 2013, One Direction released "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)" (a medley of "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks") as the 2013 single for the UK's other major charity telethon Comic Relief.[94] For ITV's Santa charity Christmas campaign, they filmed a set of pleas to their fans and the general public, asking them to donate £2.[171] The band have made numerous other appearances for charitable causes, including the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards where they presented 13-year-old quadruple amputee Danielle Bailey the Child of Courage award at her school assembly, and the 2014 Royal Variety Performance where they played in front of Prince William and Catherine at the London Palladium.[172][173]

text: In September 2012, Niall Horan organised an event to raise money for Irish Autism Action and another charity, called Temporary Emergency Accommodation Mullingar, based in his hometown. Due to overwhelming demand to participate in the fundraising, the ticket website for the event broke down. Horan's brother Greg commented on the website crash, saying that "there were 500 tickets and they were all snapped up pretty quick".[174]

text: In 2013, band members Liam Payne and Harry Styles partnered with Trekstock, a leading cancer charity to help raise money for cancer research.[175] As ambassadors of the charity, the duo collaborated to offer the chance for one fan and a friend to win an evening out with them in return for a donation to the charity as part of an exclusive "#HangwithLiam&Harry" global campaign. They had originally set a goal of raising $500,000 and ended up raising $784,984. Trekstock later added that this amount would allow them to "complete funding of their Hodgkin's lymphoma trial, in the hope of offering a much brighter future to thousands of children and young people affected by this form of disease." One Direction were named the most charitable in 2013 behind Taylor Swift by social change organisation DoSomething.org.[176]

text: In 2014, One Direction donated £600,000 for the Stand up to Cancer campaign by giving portions of their ticket sales revenues from their Where We Are Tour.[177] On 15 November 2014, One Direction joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in Western Africa.[178]

text: Image

text: Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph, in an article on One Direction's success in North America, notes that Americans had left a gap in the market and it took the prominence of Justin Bieber to demonstrate that there still was a market for "clean cut, wholesome, whiter-than-white, middle class parent friendly pop: cute boys advocating puppy love. And what could be better than one cute boy, if not five?"[179] One Direction have been described as sparking a resurgence in the interest in boy bands, and as forming part of a new "British Invasion" in the United States.[180][181][182][183][184][185] Bill Werde, a representative of Billboard magazine, commented, "There's a lot of possibility here, there's a lot of upside, that level of talent with those kinds of looks, it's really a perfect storm for a massive, massive successful phenomenon."[186]

text: Sonny Takhar, the chief executive officer of Syco Records, attributes the breakthrough to the power of social media. "Sometimes you feel the song's the star, but it's not like that here – it's the act," he said. "It's a real moment. Social media has become the new radio, it's never broken an act globally like this before."[186] Will Bloomfield, the group's manager, added, "These guys live online, and so do their fans."[185] Their management employs a social media team and the members all tweet themselves, "which helps create the illusion that they couldn't be any closer to their fans," according to Caspar Llewellyn Smith, writing for The Guardian.[186] One Direction's Twitter account had amassed 10 million followers by February 2013, with the account gaining followers at an average of 21,000 per day.[187] In an approach pioneered by The Beatles, each member is known for his feature; Horan is "the cute one", Malik is "the quiet and mysterious one", Payne is "the sensible one", Styles is "the charming one" and Tomlinson is "the funny one".[188] Each member's individual identity is reinforced by their intentionally different personal styles. Caroline Watson, the band's original stylist, spoke about styling the band, "At the beginning I didn't want them all in black or all in leather—that whole stereotypical boy band thing." Instead, her original idea was for them to be the "male equivalent to the Spice Girls", with each member being a part of the group but still having his own individual style.[189] Horan commented on One Direction as a boy band, "People think that a boy band is air-grabs and [being] dressed in all one colour. We're boys in a band. We're trying to do something different from what people would think is the typical kind of boy band. We're trying to do different kinds of music and we're just trying to be ourselves, not squeaky clean."[190] Leah Collins, writing for the National Post, remarked that One Direction had succeeded on the latter front,[190] "For the most part, that just means the group presents themselves as typical, goofy and uncensored teenage boys – posting jokey YouTube videos, for instance, or boozing at awards shows."[190] Writing for The Observer, Kitty Empire opined, "One Direction fulfill a great many boy band prerequisites (looks, soppy lyrics, tune-grasp, fame-lust) but their lack of routines points to the subtle digressions afoot here".[191]

text: Band members

text: Current

text:
Niall Horan – guitar, vocals (2010–2016)
Liam Payne – vocals (2010–2016)
Harry Styles – vocals (2010–2016)
Louis Tomlinson – vocals (2010–2016)

text: Former

text: Zayn Malik – vocals (2010–2015)

text: Discography

text:
Up All Night (2011)
Take Me Home (2012)
Midnight Memories (2013)
Four (2014)
Made in the A.M. (2015)

text: Filmography

text:
The X Factor series 7 (finalists)
Up All Night: The Live Tour
One Direction: This Is Us
One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film

text: Tours

text:
Headlining

Up All Night Tour (2011–12)
Take Me Home Tour (2013)
Where We Are Tour (2014)
On the Road Again Tour (2015)

Opening act

X Factor Tour 2011 (2011)[192]
Better with U Tour (Big Time Rush) (2012)[193]

text: Awards and nominations

text: One Direction has received five BRIT Awards—winning their first with "What Makes You Beautiful" for Best British Single at the 2012 BRIT Awards,[194] three NME awards,[195] two Kids' Choice Awards,[196] and four MTV Video Music Awards,[74] among other awards. One Direction won 27 awards from 29 they have been nominated for at the Teen Choice Awards.[197] One Direction also won two American Music Awards out of their two nominations for Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group, respectively.


document_title: Don't judge a book by its cover

question_text: who said don't judge a book by its cover

question_tokens: who said do n 't judge a book by its cover

text: Don't judge a book by its cover

text:
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Don't judge a book by its cover" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The English idiom "don't judge a book by its cover" is a metaphorical phrase which means "you shouldn't prejudge the worth or value of something by its outward appearance alone". For example "That man may look very small and insignificant, but don't judge a book by its cover – he's a very powerful man in his circle".[1]

text: Early reference[edit]

text:
In George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss (1860), Mr Tulliver uses the phrase in discussing Daniel Defoe's The History of the Devil, saying how it was beautifully bound.
The preceding version was then publicised by the 1946 murder mystery novel by Edwin Rolfe (de) and Lester Fuller, Murder in the Glass Room, in the form of "You can never tell a book by its cover."


document_title: Farm Credit Administration

question_text: what did the fca do in the new deal

question_tokens: what did the fca do in the new deal

text: Farm Credit Administration

text: History[edit]

text: The Farm Credit Administration was established by Executive Order 6084, which transferred most of the functions of the Federal Farm Board to the new Agricultural Adjustment Administration. The Federal Farm Board was then renamed the Farm Credit Administration.[2]

text: The Farm Credit Act of 1933 provides for organizations within the Farm Credit Administration. The Farm Credit Act of 1933 was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, to help farmers refinance mortgages over a longer time at below-market interest rates at regional and national banks. This helped farmers recover from the Dust Bowl. The Emergency Farm Mortgage Act loaned funds to farmers in danger of losing their properties. The campaign refinanced 20% of farmer's mortgages.

text: An Executive order by Roosevelt in 1933 placed all existing agricultural credit organizations under the supervision of a new agency, the Farm Credit Administration.[3] This included the Federal Farm Board. The Farm Credit Administration was independent until 1939, when it became part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but became an independent agency again under the Farm Credit Act of 1953. This Act created a Federal Farm Credit Board with 13 members (one from each of the 12 agricultural districts and one appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture) to develop policy for the Farm Credit Administration.

text: The Farm Credit Act of 1971 recodified all previous acts governing the Farm Credit System.