document_title: Indian peafowl

question_text: when did peacock became national bird of india

text: Indian peafowl

text: Taxonomy and naming[edit]

text: Carl Linnaeus in his work Systema Naturae in 1758 assigned to the Indian peafowl the technical name of Pavo cristatus (means "crested peafowl" in classical Latin).

text: The earliest usage of the word in written English is from around 1300 and spelling variants include pecok, pekok, pecokk, peacocke, peocock, pyckock, poucock, pocok, pokok, pokokke, and poocok among others. The current spelling was established in the late 17th century. Chaucer (1343–1400) used the word to refer to a proud and ostentatious person in his simile "proud a pekok" in Troilus and Criseyde (Book I, line 210).[2]

text: The Greek word for peacock was taos and was related to the Persian "tavus" (as in Takht-i-Tâvus for the famed Peacock Throne[3]). The Hebrew word tuki (plural tukkiyim) has been said to have been derived from the Tamil tokei but sometimes traced to the Egyptian tekh.[4][5]

text: Description[edit]

text: Peacocks are a larger sized bird with a length from bill to tail of 100 to 115 cm (39 to 45 in) and to the end of a fully grown train as much as 195 to 225 cm (77 to 89 in) and weigh 4–6 kg (8.8–13.2 lb). The females, or peahens, are smaller at around 95 cm (37 in) in length and weigh 2.75–4 kg (6.1–8.8 lb). Indian peafowl are among the largest and heaviest representatives of the Phasianidae. Their size, colour and shape of crest make them unmistakable within their native distribution range. The male is metallic blue on the crown, the feathers of the head being short and curled. The fan-shaped crest on the head is made of feathers with bare black shafts and tipped with bluish-green webbing. A white stripe above the eye and a crescent shaped white patch below the eye are formed by bare white skin. The sides of the head have iridescent greenish blue feathers. The back has scaly bronze-green feathers with black and copper markings. The scapular and the wings are buff and barred in black, the primaries are chestnut and the secondaries are black. The tail is dark brown and the "train" is made up of elongated upper tail coverts (more than 200 feathers, the actual tail has only 20 feathers) and nearly all of these feathers end with an elaborate eye-spot. A few of the outer feathers lack the spot and end in a crescent shaped black tip. The underside is dark glossy green shading into blackish under the tail. The thighs are buff coloured. The male has a spur on the leg above the hind toe.[6][7]

text: The adult peahen has a rufous-brown head with a crest as in the male but the tips are chestnut edged with green. The upper body is brownish with pale mottling. The primaries, secondaries and tail are dark brown. The lower neck is metallic green and the breast feathers are dark brown glossed with green. The remaining underparts are whitish.[6] Downy young are pale buff with a dark brown mark on the nape that connects with the eyes.[8] Young males look like the females but the wings are chestnut coloured.[8][9]

text: The most common calls are a loud pia-ow or may-awe. The frequency of calling increases before the Monsoon season and may be delivered in alarm or when disturbed by loud noises. In forests, their calls often indicate the presence of a predators such as the tiger.[6][9] They also make many other calls such as a rapid series of ka-aan..ka-aan or a rapid kok-kok.[9][10] They often emit an explosive low-pitched honk! when agitated.

text: Mutations and hybrids[edit]

text: There are several colour mutations of Indian peafowl. These very rarely occur in the wild, but selective breeding has made them common in captivity. The black-shouldered or Japanned mutation was initially considered as a subspecies P. c. nigripennis (or even a species),[11] and was a topic of some interest during Darwin's time. It is however only a case of genetic variation within the population. In this mutation, the adult male is melanistic with black wings.[8][12] Young birds with the nigripennis mutation are creamy white with fulvous tipped wings. The gene produces melanism in the male and in the peahen it produces a dilution of colour with creamy white and brown markings. Other variations include the pied and white forms all of which are the result of allelic variation at specific loci.[13][14]

text: Cross between a male green peafowl, Pavo muticus and a female Indian peafowl, P. cristatus, produces a stable hybrid called a "spalding", named after Mrs. Keith Spalding, a bird fancier in California.[15] There can be problems if birds of unknown pedigree are released into the wild, as the viability of such hybrids and their offspring is often reduced (see Haldane's Rule and outbreeding depression).[16][17]

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: The Indian peafowl is a resident breeder across the Indian subcontinent and is found in the drier lowland areas of Sri Lanka. In South Asia, it is found mainly below an altitude of 1,800 metres (1.1 mi) and in rare cases seen at about 2,000 metres (1.2 mi).[18] It is found in moist and dry-deciduous forests, but can adapt to live in cultivated regions and around human habitations and is usually found where water is available. In many parts of northern India, they are protected by religious practices and will forage around villages and towns for scraps. Some have suggested that the peacock was introduced into Europe by Alexander the Great,[19] while others say the bird had reached Athens by 450 BCE and may have been introduced even earlier.[20] It has since been introduced in many other parts of the world and has become feral in some areas.[9]

text: Besides its native habitat, the bird has been introduced by humans to the United States, Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, South Africa, Portugal, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Croatia (Split, island of Lokrum), and elsewhere.[21] In isolated cases, the Indian peafowl has been known to be able to adapt to harsher climates, such as those of northern Canada. The species has been spotted by Hunters as far north as Huntsville, Ontario,[citation needed] thriving in its newly adapted northern climate.

text: Behaviour and ecology[edit]

text: Peafowl are best known for the male's extravagant display feathers which, despite actually growing from their back, are thought of as a tail. The "train" is in reality made up of the enormously elongated upper tail coverts. The tail itself is brown and short as in the peahen. The colours result not from any green or blue pigments but from the micro-structure of the feathers and the resulting optical phenomena.[22] The long train feathers (and tarsal spurs) of the male develop only after the second year of life. Fully developed trains are found in birds older than four years. In northern India, these begin to develop each February and are moulted at the end of August.[23] The moult of the flight feathers may be spread out across the year.[24]

text: Peafowl forage on the ground in small groups, known as musters, that usually have a cock and 3 to 5 hens. After the breeding season, the flocks tend to be made up only of females and young. They are found in the open early in the mornings and tend to stay in cover during the heat of the day. They are fond of dust-bathing and at dusk, groups walk in single file to a favourite waterhole to drink. When disturbed, they usually escape by running and rarely take to flight.[9]

text: Peafowl produce loud calls especially in the breeding season. They may call at night when alarmed and neighbouring birds may call in a relay like series. Nearly seven different call variants have been identified in the peacocks apart from six alarm calls that are commonly produced by both sexes.[25]

text: Peafowl roost in groups during the night on tall trees but may sometimes make use of rocks, buildings or pylons. In the Gir forest, they chose tall trees in steep river banks.[26][27] Birds arrive at dusk and call frequently before taking their position on the roost trees.[28] Due to this habit of congregating at the roost, many population studies are made at these sites. The population structure is not well understood. In a study in northern India (Jodhpur), the number of males was 170–210 for 100 females but a study involving evening counts at the roost site in southern India (Injar) suggested a ratio of 47 males for 100 females.[10]

text: Sexual selection[edit]

text: The colours of the peacock and the contrast with the much duller peahen were a puzzle to early thinkers. Charles Darwin wrote to Asa Gray that the "sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" as he failed to see an adaptive advantage for the extravagant tail which seemed only to be an encumbrance. Darwin developed a second principle of sexual selection to resolve the problem, though in the prevailing intellectual trends of Victorian Britain, the theory failed to gain widespread attention.[29]

text: The American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer tried to show, from his own imagination, the value of the eyespots as disruptive camouflage in a 1907 painting.[30] He used the painting in his 1909 book Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, denying the possibility of sexual selection and arguing that essentially all forms of animal coloration had evolved as camouflage.[31] He was roundly criticized in a lengthy paper by Theodore Roosevelt, who wrote that Thayer had only managed to paint the peacock's plumage as camouflage by sleight of hand, "with the blue sky showing through the leaves in just sufficient quantity here and there to warrant the author-artists explaining that the wonderful blue hues of the peacock's neck are obliterative because they make it fade into the sky."[32]

text: In the 1970s a possible resolution to the apparent contradiction between natural selection and sexual selection was proposed. Amotz Zahavi argued that peacocks honestly signalled the handicap of having a large and costly train. However, the mechanism may be less straightforward than it seems – the cost could arise from depression of the immune system by the hormones that enhance feather development.[33][34]

text: The ornate train is believed to be the result of sexual selection by the females. Males use their ornate trains in a courtship display: they raise the feathers into a fan and quiver them. However, recent studies have failed to find a relation between the number of displayed eyespots and mating success.[35] Marion Petrie tested whether or not these displays signaled a male's genetic quality by studying a feral population of peafowl in Whipsnade Wildlife Park in southern England. She showed that the number of eyespots in the train predicted a male's mating success, and this success could be manipulated by cutting the eyespots off some of the male's ornate feathers.[36] Although the removal of eyespots makes males less successful in mating,[36] eyespot removal substantially changes the appearance of male peafowls. It is likely that females mistake these males for sub-adults, or perceive that the males are physically damaged. Moreover, in a feral peafowl population, there is little variation in the number of eyespots in adult males. It is rare for adult males to lose a significant number of eyespots. Therefore, females' selection might depend on other sexual traits of males' trains. The quality of train is an honest signal of the condition of males; peahens do select males on the basis of their plumage. A recent study on a natural population of Indian peafowls in the Shivalik area of India has proposed a "high maintenance handicap" theory. It states that only the fittest males can afford the time and energy to maintain a long tail. Therefore, the long train is an indicator of good body condition, which results in greater mating success.[37] While train length seems to correlate positively with MHC diversity in males, females do not appear to use train length to choose males.[38] A study in Japan also suggests that peahens do not choose peacocks based on their ornamental plumage, including train length, number of eyespots and train symmetry.[39] Another study in France brings up two possible explanations for the conflicting results that exist. The first explanation is that there might be a genetic variation of the trait of interest under different geographical areas due to a founder effect and/or a genetic drift. The second explanation suggests that "the cost of trait expression may vary with environmental conditions," so that a trait that is indicative of a particular quality may not work in another environment.[36]

text: Fisher's runaway model proposes positive feedback between female preference for elaborate trains and the elaborate train itself. This model assumes that the male train is a relatively recent evolutionary adaptation. However, a molecular phylogeny study on peacock-pheasants shows the opposite; the most recently evolved species is actually the least ornamented one.[40] This finding suggests a chase-away sexual selection, in which "females evolve resistance to male ploys".[41] A study in Japan goes on to conclude that the "peacocks' train is an obsolete signal for which female preference has already been lost or weakened".[39]

text: However, some disagreement has arisen in recent years concerning whether or not female peafowl do indeed select males with more ornamented trains. In contrast to Petrie's findings, a seven-year Japanese study of free-ranging peafowl came to the conclusion that female peafowl do not select mates solely on the basis of their trains. Mariko Takahashi found no evidence that peahens expressed any preference for peacocks with more elaborate trains (such as trains having more ocelli), a more symmetrical arrangement, or a greater length.[42] Takahashi determined that the peacock's train was not the universal target of female mate choice, showed little variance across male populations, and, based on physiological data collected from this group of peafowl, do not correlate to male physical conditions. Adeline Loyau and her colleagues responded to Takahashi's study by voicing concern that alternative explanations for these results had been overlooked, and that these might be essential for the understanding of the complexity of mate choice.[43] They concluded that female choice might indeed vary in different ecological conditions.

text: A 2013 study that tracked the eye movements of peahens responding to male displays found that they looked in the direction of the upper train of feathers only when at long distances and that they looked only at the lower feathers when males displayed close to them. The rattling of the tail and the shaking of the wings helped in keeping the attention of females.[44]

text: Breeding[edit]

text: Peacocks are polygamous, and the breeding season is spread out but appears to be dependent on the rains. Peafowls usually reach sexual maturity at the age of 2 to 3 years old.[45] Several males may congregate at a lek site and these males are often closely related.[46] Males at lek appear to maintain small territories next to each other and they allow females to visit them and make no attempt to guard harems. Females do not appear to favour specific males.[47] The males display in courtship by raising the upper-tail coverts into an arched fan. The wings are held half open and drooped and it periodically vibrates the long feathers producing a ruffling sound. The cock faces the hen initially and struts and prances around and sometimes turns around to display the tail.[9] Males may also freeze over food to invite a female in a form of courtship feeding.[48] Males may display even in the absence of females. When a male is displaying, females do not appear to show any interest and usually continue their foraging.[10] The peak season in southern India is April to May, January to March in Sri Lanka and June in northern India. The nest is a shallow scrape in the ground lined with leaves, sticks and other debris. Nests are sometimes placed on buildings[49] and in earlier times have been recorded using the disused nest platforms of the white-rumped vultures. The clutch consists of 4–8 fawn to buff white eggs which are incubated only by the female. The eggs take about 28 days to hatch. The chicks are nidifugous and follow the mother around after hatching.[6] Downy young may sometimes climb on their mothers' back and the female may carry them in flight to a safe tree branch.[50] An unusual instance of a male incubating a clutch of eggs has been reported.[9][51]

text: Feeding[edit]

text: Peafowl are omnivorous and eat seeds, insects, fruits, small mammals and reptiles. They feed on small snakes but keep their distance from larger ones.[52] In the Gir forest of Gujarat, a large percentage of their food is made up of the fallen berries of Zizyphus.[53] Around cultivated areas, peafowl feed on a wide range of crops such as groundnut, tomato, paddy, chili and even bananas.[10] Around human habitations, they feed on a variety of food scraps and even human excreta.[9] In the countryside, it is particularly partial to crops and garden plants.

text: Mortality factors[edit]

text: Adult peafowl can usually escape ground predators by flying into trees. Large animals such as leopards, dholes and tigers can sometimes ambush them however, and in some areas such as the Gir forest, peafowl are fairly common prey for such formidable predators.[27][54][55] Foraging in groups provides some safety as there are more eyes to look out for predators.[56] They are also sometimes hunted by large birds of prey such as the crested hawk-eagle and rock eagle-owl.[57][58] Chicks are somewhat more prone to predation than adult birds. Adults living near human habitations are sometimes hunted by domestic dogs or by humans in some areas (southern Tamil Nadu) for folk remedies involving the use of "peacock oil".[10]

text: In captivity, birds have been known to live for 23 years but it is estimated that they live for only about 15 years in the wild.[59]

text: Conservation and status[edit]

text: Indian peafowl are widely distributed in the wild across South Asia and protected both culturally in many areas and by law in India. Conservative estimates of the population put them at more than 100,000.[60] Illegal poaching for meat however continues and declines have been noted in parts of India.[61] Peafowl breed readily in captivity and as free-ranging ornamental fowl. Zoos, parks, bird-fanciers and dealers across the world maintain breeding populations that do not need to be augmented by the capture of wild birds.

text: Poaching of peacocks for their meat and feathers and accidental poisoning by feeding on pesticide treated seeds are known threats to wild birds.[62] Methods to identify if feathers have been plucked or have been shed naturally have been developed as Indian law allows only the collection of feathers that have been shed.[63]

text: In parts of India, the birds can be a nuisance to agriculture as they damage crops.[9] Its adverse effects on crops, however, seem to be offset by the beneficial role it plays by consuming prodigious quantities of pests such as grasshoppers. They can also be a problem in gardens and homes where they damage plants, attack their reflections breaking glass and mirrors, perch and scratch cars or leave their droppings. Many cities where they have been introduced and gone feral have peafowl management programmes. These include educating citizens on how to prevent the birds from causing damage while treating the birds humanely.[64][65][66]

text: In culture[edit]

text: Prominent in many cultures, the peacock has been used in numerous iconic representations, including being designated the national bird of India in 1963.[9] The peacock, known as mayura in Sanskrit, has enjoyed a fabled place in India since and is frequently depicted in temple art, mythology, poetry, folk music and traditions.[67] A Sankrit derivation of mayura is from the root mi for kill and said to mean "killer of snakes".[3] Many Hindu deities are associated with the bird, Krishna is often depicted with a feather in his headband, while worshippers of Shiva associate the bird as the steed of the God of war, Kartikeya (also known as Skanda or Murugan). A story in the Uttara Ramayana describes the head of the Devas, Indra, who unable to defeat Ravana, sheltered under the wing of peacock and later blessed it with a "thousand eyes" and fearlessness from serpents.[3] Another story has Indra who after being cursed with a thousand ulcers was transformed into a peacock with a thousand eyes.[68] In Buddhist philosophy, the peacock represents wisdom.[69] Peacock feathers are used in many rituals and ornamentation. Peacock motifs are widespread in Indian temple architecture, old coinage, textiles and continue to be used in many modern items of art and utility.[20] A folk belief found in many parts of India is that the peacock does not copulate with the peahen but that she is impregnated by other means. The stories vary and include the idea that the peacock looks at its ugly feet and cries whereupon the tears are fed on by the peahen causing it to be orally impregnated while other variants incorporate sperm transfer from beak to beak.[70] Similar ideas have also been ascribed to Indian crow species.[71] In Greek mythology the origin of the peacocks plumage is explained in the tale of Hera and Argus.[15] The main figure of the Yazidi religion Yezidism, Melek Taus, is most commonly depicted as a peacock.[72][73] Peacock motifs are widely used even today such as in the logos of the US NBC and the PTV television networks and the Sri Lankan Airlines.

text: These birds were often kept in menageries and as ornaments in large gardens and estates. In medieval times, knights in Europe took a "Vow of the Peacock" and decorated their helmets with its plumes. Feathers were buried with Viking warriors[74] and the flesh of the bird was said to cure snake venom and many other maladies. Numerous uses in Ayurveda have been documented. Peafowl were said to keep an area free of snakes.[75] In 1526, the legal issue as to whether peacocks were wild or domestic fowl was thought sufficiently important for Cardinal Wolsey to summon all the English judges to give their opinion, which was that they are domestic fowl.[76]

text: In Anglo-Indian usage of the 1850s, to peacock meant making visits to ladies and gentlemen in the morning. In the 1890s, the term "peacocking" in Australia referred to the practice of buying up the best pieces of land ("picking the eyes") so as to render the surrounding lands valueless.[77] The English word "peacock" has come to be used to describe a man who is very proud or gives a lot of attention to his clothing.[78]


document_title: People's Postcode Lottery

question_text: who presents the people's postcode lottery advert

question_tokens: who presents the people 's postcode lottery advert

root

text: People's Postcode Lottery

text: History[edit]

text: The Postcode Lottery format was introduced by the Dutch company Novamedia BV, which launched its first postcode lottery in the Netherlands in 1989. Novamedia now runs six lotteries using cause marketing: Nationale Postcode Loterij, Vrienden Loterij and BankGiro Loterij in the Netherlands, Svenska Postkod Lotteriet in Sweden, People's Postcode Lottery in Great Britain and, since July 2016, Deutsche Postcode Lotterie in Germany. Together, they claim to have contributed over €8.6 billion to charitable organisations around the world.[2]

tag: p

text: People's Postcode Lottery was launched in the north of England in 2005 as a pilot scheme. After a successful launch, it expanded into Scotland in 2007 and Wales in July 2010. The lottery uses cause marketing, claiming to have been established to raise money for charity and to increase awareness of the work of the various charities and causes supported by its players.

text: Process[edit]

text: People's Postcode Lottery is a subscription lottery. Players sign up to pay monthly in advance by direct debit, debit card or PayPal. There are ten draws each month with prizes every day.

text: A player's tickets are based on their playing postcode, which is most commonly their home postcode. A given postcode in Britain will usually represent a group of houses. If more than one resident has tickets in a winning postcode, all playing neighbours collect prizes.

text: In accordance with restrictions under the Gambling Act 2005, the maximum amount which can be won by a single ticket is £400,000 or 10% of the total draw proceeds.

text: Beneficiaries[edit]

text: A minimum of 32% of the ticket price from players' £10 monthly subscriptions goes to various trusts, which in turn provide funding to charities and community projects across Great Britain and internationally. Some £330 million has been donated.[3] As an external lottery manager, People's Postcode Lottery manages a number of society lotteries promoted by different charities.[4]. Each month, specific trusts and charities are supported by the prize draws.[5] Over 4,000 causes have received support. Charities receiving funding from players include:

text:
Charity
Player Funding Received (At August 2018)[6]

 Maggie's
£11,931,691

WWF-UK
£11,149,474

Dogs Trust
£9,563,452

War Child
£9,144,837

Woodland Trust
£8,976,329

The Wildlife Trusts
£8,488,627

Royal Voluntary Service
£8,360,627

WaterAid
£8,264,106

Save the Children
£6,004,008

tag: table

text: Ambassadors[edit]

text: People's Postcode Lottery has a number of celebrity "ambassadors". In March 2018, these included David Attenborough, Clare Balding, Brian Blessed, Judi Dench, Shobna Gulati, Tim Healy, Stephen Jardine, Ellen MacArthur, Aggie MacKenzie, Carey Mulligan, John Stapleton and Emma Thompson[7]. Fiona Phillips became an ambassador for People's Postcode Lottery at the end of 2012, leading the organisation's DRTV campaigns.

text: Presenters Judie McCourt, Danyl Johnson, Jeff Brazier and Matt Johnson visit People's Postcode Lottery winners to present them with their cheques, attend Postcode Million events and take part in People's Postcode Lottery advertising campaigns.

text: Postcode Challenge[edit]

text: From 2008 to 2010, People's Postcode Lottery sponsored Postcode Challenge, a quiz show hosted by Angus Purden on STV.

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: Novamedia has worked with a number of leading TV production companies and public and commercial broadcasters to support the promotion of its lotteries. Novamedia inspired and paid Endemol to produce TV game shows such as Deal or No Deal[citation needed] and 1 vs 100.[citation needed]


document_title: List of Rebelde characters

question_text: who does roberta end up with in rebelde

question_tokens: who does roberta end up with in rebelde

text: List of Rebelde characters

text: Ladies[edit]

text: Mía Colucci Cáceres[edit]

text: Played by: Anahi

tag: ul

text: Mía Colucci Caceres is Franco Colucci's only daughter with his first wife, Marina Caceres. The most popular girl at Elite Way School, she comes from a wealthy and privileged family who lives in Mexico City. Spoiled and self-centered, she however can be very loyal, attentive and tender towards those she loves. Her best friends are Celina and Victoria "Vico", but she's also very close friends with Lupita and Roberta. Mía starts RBD with her boyfriend Miguel and their friends Roberta, Diego, Giovanni and Lupita, and acts as a songwriter for the band. She also loves fashion and acts as a stylist for her friends.

text: Mía falls in love with Miguel at first sight, but keeps quiet, since he starts dating her friend Celina. However, Mía is unaware that Miguel came to Elite Way in an attempt to grow close to her in order to exact revenge on her father, Franco, who Miguel holds responsible for his father's death.  Despite her strong feelings for Miguel, Mía and Miguel argue constantly when they first meet. During this time, Mía starts a relationship with Gastón, who works at the school and, knowing Mía and Miguel are interested in each other, tries hard to turn them against each other. Miguel is aware of Mía's relationship with Gastón and helps them protect their secret by telling Franco that he's dating Mía when Franco finds out about his daughter dating an older man who works at her school, even kissing her in front of her father, Gastón and the school's principal.

text: They start dating later on and declare their love for each other, with Miguel growing increasingly divided between going through with his plans and letting go of his past and moving on with Mía. However, Mía uncovers the truth about Miguel's real reasons to approach her and, devastated, breaks up with Miguel. It is later revealed that Miguel's father's death was caused by Mía's Uncle Carlo. Miguel apologizes to Mía and her father and puts his past behind him. In the first season's finale, Mía surprises Miguel by joining him on his flight to Monterrey, where his family is originally from.

text: The second season their relationship is more unified than ever, with only a few bumpy roads.  The couple takes a romantic trip to Cancun, and grows closer when stranded in an island.

text: In the third season, problems hit the couple's path in the shape of Sabrina. Sabrina is the spoiled daughter of RBD's producer whose crush on Miguel knows no boundaries. Sabrina's persistence in flirting with Miguel makes Mía jealous and puts a strain in their relationship; they eventually break up when Sabrina tells everyone she and Miguel slept together. In truth, Miguel got drunk and fell asleep; Sabrina snuck into his bed barely clothed and when he woke up told him they had sex.

text: After their breakup, Mía grows deeply depressed. However, she finds comfort in her newfound friendship with Roberta, who is going through a similar rough patch with Diego and her mother. The two girls, who were at odds when they first met, grow close and start caring sincerely about each other.

text: While struggling to come to terms with the end of her relationship with Miguel, Mía finds out that, instead of dying in a car crash like Franco told Mía, her mother is actually alive. Marina left her husband and toddler Mía because she was addicted, but, now that she has recovered from her issues, she's back and wants a relationship with her daughter. At first, Mía is hurt and resentful that her father has lied to her about her mother for most of her life, but eventually understands that Franco did that out of love for her, trying to protect her from hurt and pain. Mía and Marina slowly form a relationship, bonding over the fact that Marina was also a singer when she was young, having passed her talent and love for the stage to her daughter.

text: Near the end of the series, the truth between Miguel and Sabrina is revealed. However, since Miguel's in a coma, Mía blames herself for her harsh treatment of her boyfriend and pleads with him to wake up and come back to her. He eventually does during one of her daily visits to him but, as a consequence of his coma, he has memory problems and can only remember he has a girlfriend. When Mía asks him who is his girlfriend's name, he mistakenly says Sabrina, leaving Mía once again heartbroken and depressed. He finally remembers everything about Mía and their relationship during a RBD concert, while Mía's singing 'Sálvame', a song she wrote for him, but Miguel has decided to leave Mexico City and go back to his family in Monterrey. They finally talk when he's finishing packing for his trip, with Miguel telling Mía that her song brought his memory back. Mía tearfully pleads with Miguel not to leave, saying she can't live without him; Miguel starts crying and they kiss, finally making up for good.

text: Mía's family grows in the end of the series: Franco marries Roberta's mother Alma, and together they adopt Roberta's best friend Jose Luján. Miguel proposes to Mía before the graduation ceremony at Elite Way, asking her if she accepts being with him forever. She happily accepts, and later tells him she's ready to have her first time with him.

text: Roberta Alejandra María Pardo Rey Reverte Colucci[edit]

text: Played by: Dulce Maria

text: Most likely the most rebellious student in Elite Way, Roberta is the only daughter of Alma Rey (Ninel Conde), a famous singer who gave birth to Roberta when she was very young, supposedly with her first husband, Mr. Pardo. However, Roberta eventually finds out that her biological father is Martín Reverte, a teacher at Elite Way, who joined the school in order to find his child. Roberta is a reckless, strong young girl with a short temper and a big heart. She has the tendency to find problem wherever she goes, not only for herself, but for others too, but she always finds inventive ways to work her problems out. She's the co-female lead of RBD along with Mía, with whom she at first has a difficult and conflicted relationship (Roberta thinks Mía's too ditzy, dumb and shallow). Her best friends are her roommates, Lupita and Jose Luján.

text: Roberta recruits a popular and handsome classmate, Diego Bustamante, to the band she's forming with Mía, Miguel, Lupita and Giovanni, but, in order to keep Diego's father León from finding out about the band, and to give Roberta an excuse to blow her mother off, they pretend they're dating. However, her strong personality and short fuses lead to a volatile relationship, with Roberta and Diego fighting a lot and hating each other. But, eventually, they fall deeply in love, although they both fight against their feelings and refuse to admit to it. They finally start dating for real, but eventually break up.

text: In season one, Roberta leaves against her will for a month in Spain with her adoptive father and is angry at herself when she spends a lot of time thinking about Diego. However, when she comes back, Diego has a new girlfriend: Paola, who really is a prostitute hired by León Bustamante to keep Diego away from Roberta, who León sees as inadequate for his son. After Diego breaks up with Paola, he makes a bet with his friends that he'll get Roberta to date him, and is successful. His friend Tomás tells Roberta the truth, and she dumps him, furious and heartbroken with his lie. However, Diego has sincerely fallen in love with Roberta during their relationship and tells her so, but she doesn't believe him.

text:
To get Diego out of her head and her heart, Roberta becomes a serial dater throughout the series: she has relationships with Joquin,
Teo, Simon, Roger, Iñaki and Javier, who is Diego's nemesis and León's girlfriend's son. Javier actually helps León keep Diego away from Roberta, although he claims he wants to date her only to break her heart, since she publicly humiliated him by turning him down. However, during this time Roberta and Diego become real friends, with Roberta helping Diego sort out his issues and solve his problems. Diego is outspoken about his love for Roberta, telling her he loves her whenever he has a chance; Roberta, however, won't confess to feeling the same.

text: During the third season, Roberta and Alma's unstable relationship explodes when Martín Reverte is revealed as Roberta's father. Roberta finally admits she's hurt that her mother was always away, working, when she was a child, and didn't have time to be with her. She also admits that she was hurt that Alma acted more as a sister than as a mother when she was growing up. However, with Martín's help, she starts realizing that her mother truly loves her, and did everything there was in her power to give her the best life she could.

text: It's during this time that Roberta finally becomes friends with Mía, with Mía telling Roberta Alma and Franco are dating (and plan on marrying), and Roberta comforting Mía during her relationship problems with Miguel. It's Roberta who explains to Miguel why Mía was so hurt when Miguel said his girlfriend was Sabrina (after waking up from his coma). After a rocky patch in their relationship (Jose was jealous of Roberta having a growing family), best friends Roberta and Jose finally work out their problems and become family when Alma and Franco decide to adopt Jose.

text: Roberta also helps Diego break free of León's toxic influence and orchestrates Diego's mother Mabel's return from abroad. León forced Mabel to abandon their house and their son, and Roberta secretly works to bring Mabel back to Diego's life. When Roberta tells him what she has done, he's stunned and demands her reasons for it. Roberta finally admits that she did it because she loves him, and they make up for good. During the graduation after-party, Roberta and Diego discuss their nervousness about sex, with Diego anxious because Roberta's supposedly more experienced than he is (he has some experience, but she has dated more than he has). Roberta shyly admits she's a virgin, and the couple happily decides to take their time before that step.

text: Lupita Fernandez[edit]

text: Played by: Maite Perroni

text: Guadalupe "Lupita" Fernandez is the good-girl-next-door in the series. She's shy, sweet and tries to be nice and friendly to everyone. She always chooses to do what is right. Her family is lower middle class, and she's at Elite Way thanks to a scholarship obtained to her by her aunt, who works at the school's cafeteria. Lupita gets along well with everyone, being close friends with Mía and best friends and roommates with Roberta and Jose Luján.

text: Lupita's character is reportedly inspired partially on a friend of the writers, named Lupita Martínez.

text: Lupita is sweet and quiet, but she has a complicated relationship with family and puts too much pressure on herself because of her scholarship and because she doesn't want to disappoint her aunt. This often leads to Lupita angrily telling people off whenever things are too much to her. However, she likes to be helpful. She's part of RBD alongside Mía, Miguel, Diego, Roberta and Giovanni, and she comes up with the band's name. She's a victim of La Logia, a secret society that strives to keep the school 'pure' and 'clean' of scholarship students.

text: Throughout the first season, Lupita's in a relationship with Nico, a rich Jewish boy who studies at Elite Way. Although they're in love with each other, Nico's family opposes to the relationship, mainly because Lupita isn't Jewish. They even bring an old girlfriend of Nico back to Mexico, hoping the girl will break Nico and Lupita up. In the end of the first season, because Nico's family is sending him away to Israel to study, Nico and Lupita have a symbolic marriage, witnessed by all of their friends. Nico leaves to Israel, promising to write to Lupita and to come back as soon as possible to marry her for real. Lupita is heartbroken that he's leaving, but has confidence that they'll work out in the end.

text: In the second season, Lupita finds out her father remarried and has two new daughters with his second wife. Lupita's middle half-sister, Lola, is spoiled and jealous that Lupita is apparently their father's favorite. However, Lupita works hard to have a good relationship with her sister. Meanwhile, Lupita starts believing Nico has forgotten about her while in Israel, for he hasn't written to her at all since leaving. What she doesn't know is that Nico's mother has been holding his letters to Lupita back. Devastated, Lupita grows close to Santos, a classmate who has a secret crush on her.

text: However, Santos' feelings for Lupita worsens her relationship with Lola. Lola has a crush on Santos, and believes Lupita's pursuing him out of spite. With time, the sisters work out their problems (with Lola beating her former best friend Sol in Lupita's defense when Sol calls Lupita a bitch) and grow close. Lupita starts to accept she has fallen in love with Santos, and they seem posed to start their relationship... When Nico comes back, ready to pick up where he left it off with Lupita, leaving her stunned and utterly confused.

text: Nico's return puts a strain on Lupita's relationship with Santos, but, after a while, she realizes it's Santos who she loves and firmly tells Nico that she is over him and only wants him as a friend. Nico is heartbroken, but accepts Lupita's decision.

text: Jóse Luján Landeros/Jóse Lujan Colucci Rey[edit]

text: Played by: Zoraida Gómez

text: Alma and Franco's adoptive daughter. Mia and Roberta's adoptive sister. The quintessential female athlete, raised in a foster home because her wealthy mom didn't want to raise her. Her tuition is paid by an anonymous benefactor.

text: She dated Teo briefly at the beginning of the series.  She is Roberta and Lupita's best friend and roommate. She shares with Roberta an explosive attitude and overall rudeness. She has been under the harassment of the school Prefect, Gaston for quite a while, leading her to investigate on the reason why Gaston's grudge towards her. However, due to her meddling in Gaston's obscure past, she gets extremely upset and desperately wants her out of the way. Lujan not only finds out that Gaston is her co-benefactor, but also her personal guardian since she was just a little girl. Jose Lujan comes to appreciate Gaston's efforts, and even justifies Gaston's harsh methods and constant abuse. However their time together is cut short when Gaston dies after enduring a severe car crash. She begins acting hostile towards Roberta since she is jealous that Roberta has both parents (Alma and Martin) in her life while Jose Luján doesn't have a single parental figure.  She is later adopted by Franco and Alma. At the end of the series she gets back together with Teo.

text: Victoria "Vico" Paz[edit]

text: Played by: Angelique Boyer

text:
Victoria is Celina and Mia's best friend.  She has a reputation for being "easy."  At the beginning of the series, she is dating Diego Bustamante. She likes to tease guys and toy with their emotions. She dates Miguel at some point during the first season but breaks up with him because she is threatened by "La Logia". She then wants to get back with him but Miguel refuses her. She later finds love with Giovanni and becomes his girlfriend, but they eventually break up because of Pilar. She made Vico believe that Giovanni was cheating on her. Vico comes from a family with a twisted background: her father left them because he got Roxana pregnant
. Vico's mom leaves her to go and live with her boyfriend and her brother hates her. In the second season, Vico was at the blunt end of her father's physical abuse and psychological torment. While at school she felt helpless and unloved, at one point attempted taking pills to take her mind off things.  Mia, her best friend, helped her get past it.  Thanks to Rocco and professor Martin Reverte they manage to put Vico's father in rehab, which puts Rocco under a new light in Vico's eyes and finally starts dating him. Rocco finds Vico's mom and brings them back together.

text: Celina Ferrer[edit]

text: Played by: Estefania Villarreal

text: An overweight girl who often wallows in self-pity because she has never had a boyfriend. She is often insecure, although noble at heart. She is best friends with Vico and Mia, though she eventually became friends with Sol de la Riva, despite her being Mia's sworn rival.  Sol later tries to steal away Celina's love interest, Max and end her friendship with Mia.

text: All the women in her family are slim, and make Celina feel bad about being overweight.  Her mother is ashamed of her for being overweight, because Celina never stops eating and her mother wants to put a stop to it. She claims she wishes Celina had never been born.  Celina begins throwing up her food in order to lose weight, though she later ends up in the hospital and stops.

text: In season three, Celina meets  and falls in love with Max, who in turn becomes enamored with her. They later consummate their relationship, resulting in Celina getting pregnant. Max accepts it and says he will be a responsible father because he loves Celina. Only Celina's father accepts her pregnancy with Max and her mother disowns her.

text: Pilar Gandía[edit]

text: Played by: Karla Cossío

text: She is the daughter of the school principal and disliked by most of the students for that reason and because she is nosy and likes to gossip. She has a habit of getting even in a drastic way when men scorn her. She often speaks in English.

text: At the beginning of the series she used to write an anonymous newspaper filled with gossip called Anónimos ("anonymous") about her peers. At first, she is cold and ruthless (especially towards Mia and her friends).  It is later revealed that Pilar is the only female member of La Logia. Pilar is also romantically linked to Joaquín until he leaves school after having sex with her in her father's office.

text: In the second season she joins the equally malicious Sol de la Riva, along with Raquel and Michelle, in a group called "Top Girls." However, in season three, due to the Gandías' divorce and her relationship with Tomas, she comes to her senses and begins to socialize a bit more, eventually becoming closer to her classmates. But at the end she does end up with Tomas.

text: Sol de la Riva[edit]

text: Played by: Fuzz/María Fernanda Malo

text: Sol is a pretty girl, she gets a lot of attention from students of Elite Way School and makes a very attractive impression, which first makes her a threat to Mia's popularity, but her cynical and deceptive personality quickly gets people to dislike her. Sol wants things to go her way no matter what and could be considered the only student at Elite Way whose intentions are not noble, no matter what the situation is. She is willing to ruin people's lives without regard of their personal feelings and does so via a multitude of convincing lies (although most of the time her plans tend to backfire).

text: She hates Mia and wants her to feel inferior at all costs. She briefly dated Diego in order to gain popularity in his Class President campaign. She also tried to make Miguel (Mia's boyfriend) fall for her, it did not work.

text: She has an affinity for the heartagram, a trademarked symbol of Finnish rock band HIM. She thinks she can do better than every girl in the school. She is often called Polly Pocket because of her height.

text: Her dream is to become a supermodel but her father will not let her. Although beautiful and having a nice body, she's too short and not skinny enough for the model standards, but she thinks she's very skinny and perfect, but doesn't realize that model agencies do not think of her as model worthy. She is jealous of Mia because all the modeling agencies want Mia to be a model.

text: At the end of the third season, Sol appears in a magazine and her father is furious and enrolls her in a public school.

text: Raquel Byron-Sender[edit]

text: Played by: Fernanda Polin

text: Recurring character in the first season, but becomes principal in the second season.

text: In the first season she is seen to be friends with a group of recurring character e.g. Michelle and Belen. She seems to be extremely stuck up and thinks she is superior to others but in the second season we truly see how cruel she is. She becomes friends with Sol which definitely has a bad influence on her. She breaks Teo and Jose Lujan and also tried to ruin Tomas and Anita's relationships. She mistreats people below her and doesn't care about people's feelings. After a while she gets tired of Sol's bad treatment to everyone and leaves her. At the end of the third series she is asked to model.

text: Michelle Pineda[edit]

text: Played by: Michelle Renaud

text: Michelle is Raquel's best friend. The two of them join Sol and Pilar in a group named "Top Girls", though the group is eventually disbanded after Michelle, Raquel and Pilar get tired of Sol's attitude. Originally Michelle is mostly seen to be manipulated by Raquel. but she develops her own personality and becomes more caring towards her classmates.

text: Lola Fernández[edit]

text: Played by: Viviana Ramos

text: Lola's parents pressured her to be like her half sister Lupita, which has made her dislike Lupita. Lola does not lose an opportunity to insult and scorn Lupita and blames her for most of her problems. She often uses her friend, Bianca to do her dirty work.

text: She had a short affair with Leonardo, Santos and Diego which ended quickly due to her immaturity. Lola considers herself to be all alone in this world and  thinks that no one could ever love her. It is later revealed that Lola is adopted and therefore, not biologically related to Lupita or her parents. After having a lengthy talk with Roberta, Lola has a new perspective on her life, and a new relationship with her sister.

text: Bianca Delight[edit]

text: Played by: Allisson Lozano

text: Lola's shy best friend who does whatever Lola says. She helps Lola and other friends. She eventually becomes tired of Lola mistreating her and pushing her around and she becomes more independent. She also had a crush on Rocco.

text: Augustina Salasar[edit]

text: Played By: Georgina Salgado

text: Although we don't know much about her, we do know that she is obsessed with Giovanni and buys him expensive gifts to get him to like her (they also dated for some time). She is good friends with Lola and Bianca, and like Bianca, she lets Lola make all decisions for her. Her father made her stop dating Giovanni. She is seen as the naive girl and soon learns about Giovanni flirting with other girls, so she begins flirting with Iñaki, much to Giovanni's dismay. She acts like they're friends until the La Gran Final when she makes out with Iñaki right in front of Giovanni and Lola.

text: Sabrina Guzman[edit]

text: Played By: Claudia Schimdt

text: Daughter of RBD's producer Johnny Guzman. She had a huge obsession with Miguel (Mia's boyfriend) and tries to make Miguel feel bad for her. Sabrina does everything to break Mia and Miguel apart, even lie.

text: One night she gets Miguel drunk and later makes him believe that he slept with her.  She later tells him that she is carrying his child. She tells Sol about what happened and Sol spreads the rumors through school.  Mia and Miguel have a huge fight and a very nasty break-up.   Miguel later finds out that he didn't sleep with her and he confronts her, telling her that he doesn't love her and never will because he only loves Mia.

text: In the end, her dad finds out about her lies and manipulation and sends her to Boston.

text: Boys[edit]

text: Miguel Arango[edit]

text: Played by: Alfonso Herrera

text: Miguel Arango is a noble, down to earth, handsome, but "short-fused" young man. He is originally from Monterrey, Nuevo León (Mexico) which is where his mother and younger sister live in, but he can never afford to visit because his family is not very wealthy. Miguel is on a scholarship causing him to be harassed by a secret society of students known as "La Logia", a sort of gang or mob organized to eliminate the "becados" (students with scholarships). He is in the Elite Way School to get revenge on Franco Colucci(since he believes Franco obligated his father to kill himself), not knowing he would fall for the man's daughter (Mia Colucci). He later found out it was really Franco's brother Carlo who led Miguel's father to his death. When Miguel finds out he feels horrible (because he started dating Mia), and forgets his vengeful plans. Miguel has a constant on-again, off-again relationship with Mia, but they still and always have been madly in love from the first time they saw each other, even though they pretended that they hated each other. Miguel is friends with Roberta and is always helping her with anything she needs help on. Miguel has a strong sense of pride and dignity that often gets in the way of common sense. He finds himself in huge trouble with Mia after allegedly cheating on her with Sabrina Guzman (RBD's manager, event planner and the daughter of their producer) who has an extreme obsession with him and taking him away from Mia. She pretends to be his friend and after a heavy drinking session she makes him believe that they slept together and that she is pregnant (although this presumably never happened, but is furthered due to Sabrina's intention of blinding Miguel to her side and the fact that Miguel was drunk when the "cheat" occurred). He later finds out through security camera videos that he never slept with her. He now tries desperately to win Mia back. He later falls into a coma due to an accident when he was hit by Gaston (the school's Prefect). Miguel wakes up from his coma and didn't seem to remember anybody except Diego. A few days later, he remembers his father thanks to Roberta (after a strong session of screams on her behalf) and a long discussion, after he mistakenly says that Sabrina is his girlfriend instead of Mia (even though he likes Mia without remembering their history together), which makes Mia want to get far away from Miguel. Later Miguel finds out through Diego and Roberta that the love of his life is Mia. He then tries to tell Mia that he finally knows who she is and why he has been having these feelings for her, when he saw her for the first time (after he wakes up from his coma). He later gets all his memories back during an RBD concert, ironically while Mia is singing Salvame (their love song). Later on she takes him back, after she learns about the lies Sabrina came up with. Plus she is in love with Miguel. In the final episode, he gave Mia an engagement ring. Miguel and Mia were last seen at a bridge talking. She is ready for everything and she is finally ready to make love to him...

text: Diego Bustamante[edit]

text: Played by: Christopher Uckermann

text: Diego  a  hot talented boy who is the son of the corrupt political leader Leon Bustamante. In the beginning of the series he dates Vico but later dumps her because she cheats on him with Tomas because he didn't ask her to go to his party. He also pretends to date Roberta so he will be able to play with RBD though he does really have feelings for her. After Roberta leaves for Spain because her dad is forcing her to go, Diego falls in love with Paula, a girl that is paid by Leon to sleep with him, because Diego was still a virgin. They fall in love and decide to run away together. Leon finds him and tells him the truth about Paula. Diego finds out that Paula not only slept with him, but also with his father, so he dumps her. On a trip to Canada he fakes going out with Mia to get Miguel and Roberta jealous. It seems as though making each other jealous worked, because they ended the trip with a passionate kiss. Diego often shows that when he has problems, he tends to drink a lot, almost risking his life. He also shows that he is highly affected by the problems that surround his parents marriage. Towards the end of the first season Diego falls, hitting his head, and pretends not to remember Roberta so that he can go out with her and win the bet he made with Tomas. He starts to fall in love with her but when Roberta finds out why he went out with her she dumps him. He's crushed and tries to get her back. In the second season he wins the Student Body President elections because his team cheats and then shares the presidency with Roberta. He tries to get Roberta jealous in numerous occasions, with numerous girls including Sol and Lola, although he doesn't really last that long with any of them. In the third season RBD start recording their album and go on tour. While on their way back Diego confesses his love for Roberta, because he thinks that the plane is going to crash and he's going to die. Roberta does the same. When the plane lands and they get off, he tells her that he was just kidding. However, later on he realizes that he really is in love and asks her to be his girlfriend, but she says no. After saving her and doing sweet things like giving her serenades, she finally decides to take a chance and they date. They break up later, because Roberta thinks that he is back to his old ways. She finds out that it was just a misunderstanding and tries to get back with him, but he refuses, saying that he is tired of their on-and-off relationship. She then goes to find Diego's mom and brings her back, and that's when Diego and Roberta finally end up together for good. For the finale, we see them on a rowboat, having a nice time together.

text: Giovanni Méndez Lopez[edit]

text: Played by: Christian Chávez

text: Giovanni Méndez (originally called Juan) is a handsome, social, egotistical yet very funny guy. He is the character who engages in the most comical situations. He knows how to make friends, but has a problem with letting himself be taken by others and not knowing how to make his own decisions. He can also be very harsh at times. His best friends (and roommates) are Diego and Tomas.

text: Méndez dyes his hair of many colors throughout the series (at the end of the series it was rose red). Coming from a rather poor family, Méndez actively tries to hides his low-class beginnings and parentage. For that very same reason, Méndez always shoots for a chance at easy money.

text: Méndez's parents had humble beginnings, but became rich after his father won the lottery. However, the personal administrator of the family fortune committed fraud and stole all of the family's possessions, which forced them to return to their original lives as the owners of a butcher shop.

text:
Méndez is also a hopeless womanizer, unable to remain faithful to just one woman (which mostly explains why his relationship with Vico ended in failure). He gets into a relationship with Augustina, a rich girl who gives Giovanni expensive gifts at the drop of a dime, wooing Giovanni to her feet. Although he is good at heart, some rich classmates consider him a sellout, which splits Giovanni between his devotion to one woman and his fixation for expensive gifts. But in spite of all that he continues going to school, and he is doing good with his personal life, family, friends, girls, fun activities, and as a member of RBD.
He was also a member of "La Logia" (a secret society within the school hell-bent on getting scholarship students kicked out), until he betrays them to save Teo who got trapped by the Logia.

text: Téo Ruiz Palacios[edit]

text: Played by: Eddy Vilard

text: In the beginning of the series Teo is very quiet and shy. Later on he gets a makeover. He falls in love with Roberta in the first season. After Roberta tells him that she really doesn't love him, they break up. Teo was tortured by La Logia after they found out he was planning on revealing their identities and ending La Logia. He had to be medically treated and while in the hospital Jose Lujan visits him and kisses him. Jose denies this but Teo starts to like Jose. On a trip to Canada he tries to get closer to her. Later on they start going out. In the second season, his mother gets admitted into a mental institution after having a break down regarding her elder son's death(she blames this on Teo). Later on he dumps Jose in order to go out with Raquel Byron. They go out even though Teo gets jealous when he sees her with another guy. In the third season Teo wants to get back with Jose Lujan but she doesn't really seem to care because she is too preoccupied with her own problems. But it seems that they do get together in the end of the series.

text: Tomás Goycolea[edit]

text: Played by: Jack Duarte

text: Although he is good at heart, he is a party boy and does things without considering the consequences. His best friends and roommates are Diego and Giovanni. He comes from a very wealthy family whom he doesn't have much contact with; he'd rather spend his weekend at school than with his family, whom doesn't pay much attention to him. Later he needs money to pay of from a bet, so Joaquin give him money. But Joaquin asks for Tomas to sell drugs as a favor. Later when Tomas is nearly expelled Pasqual find out and expels Joaquin instead. He first gets involved with Vico, while she was still dating Diego. Then he develops a crush on Lupita. He then he gets involved with Anita and Sol. His friends were against his relationship with Sol, for it interfered with their plans to pair him up with Anita(the school's cafeteria girl, who is very smart and even earned a scholarship but needs to pay for the other half of her tuition, hence her job at the school. She has a deep love interest for Tomas). After Tomas starts dating Sol, Anita refuses to do homework assignments for Diego and Giovanni, since she is no longer friends with Tomas and has no other connection to them. Giovanni then makes her believe that Tomas is in love with her, she then accepts to do their work for them but they have to pay a price... To get out of paying, Giovanni and Diego try to split Tomas and Sol. Their plan is a success but after Anita leaves, Tomas develops a deep relationship with Pilar, for the rest of the series.

text: Nico Huber[edit]

text: Played by: Rodrigo Nehme

text: A Jewish teen who is pressured by his family to dump his Catholic girlfriend (Lupita) in favor of his childhood sweetheart. Nico and Lupita have a symbolic marriage on the first season at the end. Introverted, he hates outdoor activities. Nico was sent on a student exchange program to Israel, and all contact with Lupita was nixed thanks to his mother's interference. He returns in an attempt to see Lupita again, but is surprised when he sees her in company of Santos. He loves Lupita, but Lupita doesn't like him anymore (she thought HE severed all ties with her). Nico wants to win Lupita back, but she rejects him for Santos. Lupita gets back with Nico for a while but then breaks up with him due to his constant jealousy. In the end he returns to Israel and most likely ended up in a forced relationship with Karen.

text: Rocco Bezauri[edit]

text: Played by: Diego Boneta

text: A somewhat geeky and highly obnoxious student who passes his time by filming other students on his hand-held camera, which makes them mad. He is very misunderstood by his parents. After tips by Santos, he tries to become less "fresa" (preppy) and imitates Santos. Rocco starts to make moves on Vico, stemming from Vico's reputation of being "easy", but later on, he falls for her for real. He tries his best to help out Vico in her troubled times, despite Vico's refusal and constant rejections. It seems his attempts pay off during a school trip to Puerto Vallarta, where Vico finally opens her heart to Rocco. Rocco also has great singing potential, as he sings a couple of songs throughout the series.

text: Santos Echagüe[edit]

text: Played by: Derrick James

text: He's first introduced in the beginning of the second season as an outcast. He later changes after an incident with the ex-principal. After, he starts socialising more and becomes good friends with Leornando, but there friendship is cut short when Leonardo moves away to play soccer. He becomes a very hot gothic rocker who has a crush on Lupita. He knows that she likes him back. Lupita's sister Lola has a crush on him, so there's somewhat of a love triangle there. Santos is easy-going and relaxed for the most part. He always keeps his cool and never exasperates himself. He serves as a loyal advisory to his best friend, Miguel. He sometimes acts as a middleman between Lupita and Lola's constant arguments. He is willing to put everything on the line for his loved ones.

text: Leonardo Francisco Blanco[edit]

text: Played by: Eleazar Gómez

text: Tomas' cousin. He's from a small town, a wrestler, and from the get-go, Diego does not like him (probably because he rescued Diego from 'drowning' instead of the true person he wanted to rescue him-the hot new swim coach). He has a crush on Lupita, but Lola thinks he likes her. He leaves later on after a few episodes to go to another school after he received a letter to play in America (a soccer team).

text: Mauricio Garzo Alebrija[edit]

text: Played by: Ernesto Díaz

text: He tried to compete with Tomas to get Sol to like him in the beginning of the second season. He is very proud of being rich and looks down on people who aren't. But his story line fades as the second season and he tells Tomas he has to leave Elite Way because of what his father wants for him.

text: Javier Alanis[edit]

text: Played by: Miguel Angel Biaggio

text: Diego's (evil) future stepbrother, who has a crush on Roberta. He hates Diego because Roberta loves him. Javier will do anything to get Roberta to like him, even telling her convincing lies about Diego to turn her away from him; even though Roberta, nor Jose Lujan know that he likes them. In the end he is taken out of Elite Way because of Giovanni. Giovanni talked to Javier's father and told him that he was Javier's boyfriend. Javier's dad gets mad and tells him to go pack his stuff because he's taking him out of the school.

text: Joaquin Mascaró[edit]

text: Played by: Michel Gurfi

text: Both Mia and Roberta's love interest in the beginning of the series. He dated them both at the same time. At first he seemed like a threat to Diego's popularity but his manipulating ways got people to dislike him very quickly. He also manipulated Tomas into selling drugs and nearly got Tomas expelled.  He later had a relationship with Pilar, until her father caught them together in his office and forbid Pilar to see him. Pasqual had difficulty expelling him from Elite Way due to business ties with Joaquin's family. During sport practice Joaquin nearly dies due to him consuming drugs and Mia, Vico and Celina show Pasqual a video of Joaquin selling drugs to Vico. He is immediately expelled and he never returns to Elite Way. Enrique (Ethics professor) goes on sees Joaquin at a rehabilitation centre and it is revealed he constantly gets involved with drugs because of his fathers neglect. Pilar has a hard time with him leaving the school and then has the doubt that she might be pregnant with his baby, but it is revealed she isn't when the pregnancy test comes out negative.

text: Dante[edit]

text: Played by: Marco Antonio Valdés

text: He is seen to be friends with Bianca and Lola, even though Lola finds him childish and annoying. He has a secret crush on Lola. He tries to make his move on Lola only to find himself slapped and alone. Lola then feels sorry for him and they kiss. Pascual catches them, and Roberta bails them out. Poor Dante is then left as just a friend. That is though, on the Gran Finale. After Giovanni's dumped by Augustina, he tries to hit on Lola but Dante comes to her rescue and they walk away together like boyfriend and girlfriend.

text: Marcelino[edit]

text: Played by: Dylan Obed

text: Marcelino is a little orphan boy that Roberta brings to the school in the 1st season. She hides him out in the back of the school. Diego finds out and says that he'll tell the school but he uses Marcelino as a way to win Roberta back. Pilar finds out about Marcelino and tells the school in her paper. Marcelino is later adopted by Pepa, who works as a personal assistant for Roberta's mom (Alma Rey). But then his brother (Oso) escapes from jail and pressures him to go away with him. Later, they find him safe and sound and he is reunited with Pepa.

text: Adults[edit]

text: Franco Colucci[edit]

text: Played by: Juan Ferrara

text:
Mia's father. Marina's ex-husband. Alma's husband. Roberta's step-father. Jóse Lujan's adoptive father. He is a high-end fashion designer. Miguel works for him and miguel is in love with mia , which causes him to become quite affectioned with him, treating him as if he was his son. Franco is known as "Daddy"  (since that is how Mia calls him all the time).franco feels some remorse for overprotecting and spoiling her in the process. Franco and Alma often engage in heated discussions, since Franco despises the kind of ladies that Alma seems to represent. Alma often calls him "cement face" when she gets angry at him), but as is usual in these cases, they end up falling in love. They also share a similar trait which is the fact that neither has told their daughters what has been of their parents. He has not told his daughter that her mother is still alive, he lies telling her mother died when she was very young, while Alma has kept the real identity of Roberta's father also under wraps. He has a really strained relationship with his daughter often fighting a lot about unimportant matters, he tends to distrust his daughter by thinking the worse out of her.
Franco later on starts developing strong feelings for Alma, who he eventually marries. In the final episode, the couple adopts Roberta's longtime friend Jose Lujan, and they end up forming a close and loving family.

text: Alma Rey[edit]

text: Played by: Ninel Conde

text: Franco's wife. Roberta's mother. Mia's step-mother. Jóse Lujan's adoptive mother. A famous model and singer who is very sexy and always gets the attention of the students very easily. Which makes Roberta somewhat jealous, because her mother gets more attention than her. She is a single mother, even though she used the last name of one of her ex-lovers to give her daughter Roberta a true family name. She overprotects her Roberta, although unlike Mia, Roberta is not very fond of her mom always getting cuddly around her and tends to shun her off. Alma had to let Roberta go near the end of the first season because Roberta's father Antonio sued her so she could go to Spain for a month. Alma has hidden the true identity of her real father all this time (which is Martin Reverte), and once Roberta discovers the truth, she gets very mad with Alma, and decides not to speak with her, which breaks Alma's heart. She is supported by her current love interest and fiancée, Franco Colucci, which brings her dilemma, since Franco is Mia's father. Mia doesn't approve of their relationship because of Alma's profession. Mia feels that if her dad marries another singer, that history's going to repeat itself and she's going to abandon them. In the final episode of the show, Franco and Alma get married, and decide to adopt Jose Lujan, one of Roberta's best friends.

text: Leon Bustamante[edit]

text: Played by: Enrique Rocha

text: Diego's father and a well-known politician. Very cold and is the villain in the story. Doesn't like Roberta because he thinks she is a bad influence on Diego. He thinks she's beneath him. A strict man, who always wants to win at all costs. He kicks Mabel out of Diego's life when he finds out Mabel had another man in her life. Leon then tells Diego that she walked out on them for selfish reasons. He takes joy in torturing Diego and embarrasses him in at any given chance. He owns exactly 51% of Elite Way School. He always gets what he wants, at any cost. He even pays a prostitute [Paula] to sleep with Diego so he could lose his virginity, which causes Diego to fall in love with her. The relationship did not last much after he found out why she met him. Leon developed a relationship with a woman called Ines and was planning to marry her until she changed her mind. Diego then finds out his dad was the one who told his mother to leave and that his father was the reason why they kicked Roberta out. Close to the end, Roberta comes back and Diego develops a hatred for his dad and then, eventually, with the help of Roberta, he cuts loose and confronts him leaving, Leon cold and alone.

text: Pascual Gandia[edit]

text: Played by: Felipe Nájera

text: The power-hungry, yet idiotic head of the school, who often takes pleasure in the misfortune of the students. He has poor knowledge of English. Even though he tries to be an imposing authority figure, he comes out more as a dim-witted principal who is easily manipulated not only by his superiors, but also by the same students he wants to control. Sometimes, his antics and raging outbursts come out as more comical than menacing (especially his silly evil laugh). Also tends to act clumsy when in the presence of a gorgeous woman. He used to be in a relationship with Alma Rey. He's going through a divorce with his wife Galia, since she considers him to be 'weak' and 'easily manipulated' by Diego's father (the legal owner of the Elite Way School). In the last episode we see Galia winking at him. They talk privately at the pool and they somewhat get back together. In the last few scenes, Galia gives him a peck on the lips for the audience. Then Pascual pulls her down and slaps a mouthful on her, with a round of applause from the audience. Despite his clumsy attitude and often meddlesome ways, he still loves his daughter Pilar very much and only wishes for her well being.

text: Gastón Diestro[edit]

text: Played by: Tony Dalton

text: The new prefect, who is just as unpleasant as Esteban. He has a huge crush on Mía, and they finally began a relationship, much to the disapproval of Mía's father. Mía went out with Gastón to get Miguel (her true love) jealous. His past was just as obscure as Esteban's, as indicated by further investigations made by Jose Lujan, whom Gaston likes to downgrade and humiliate at any given chance. Jose Lujan stole his laptop, and finds information that leads her to believe that Gaston is her secret benefactor, but Gaston repeatedly denies it. After a while, Gaston gets annoyed by Jose Lujan's meddling with his affairs, and decides to get her out of the Elite Way School once and for all. In reality, Gaston's father (Ricardo Sisniega) took care of Jose Lujan when she was a dirty street orphan because she had saved his life (although how she did so is still unknown). Gaston's father had always compared Jose Lujan's strength of will to Gaston's weak spirit, which fueled Gaston's anger. When his father died in prison, Gaston was forced to look after Jose Lujan and see to her tuition as per his father's last wish. Although Gaston tried to blame Jose Lujan for his miserable existence, he really did love Lujan like a sister, as he admitted to in his final breath.

text: Enrique Madariaga[edit]

text: Played by: Patricio Borghetti

text: Bohemian foreign professor who was always trying to solve everyone's problems. He is really loved by the students even though his record claims he is a murderer. It is revealed that his wife and son died in a car accident while he was driving, which makes him feel guilty for it. After having a stranded relationship during the first season with new teacher LuLu, he gets a "fresh start" with her. He fades from the storyline in the second season (going to start a school in Chiapas for poor children) but then comes back near the end of the third season. During the first episode of his return, he and Professor Julia appear to have had a past. Some episodes later Julia makes herself over and is admired a little by Madariaga. It even appears that his view of life has changed as well.

text: Mayra Fernández[edit]

text: Played by: Leticia Perdigon

text: Lupita's Aunt and worked in the cafeteria of the Elite Way School, until Font fired her for no apparent reason. Very involved with all the students and has a great sense of humor. Lupita's mother doesn't like this because she thinks Mayra is a bad example for Lupita, but Lupita loves her for being there when she most needed her. She has a feisty attitude and is very abrupt with what she says.

text: Alicia Salazar[edit]

text: Played by: María Fernanda García

text: Mr. Gandía's secretary. She is easily manipulated by students but often saves the day for Gandia. She provides comic relief for the series. At some point she was even attracted to Gandía.

text: Hilda Acosta[edit]

text: Played by: Lourdes Canale

text: The history professor at Elite Way School. Hilda has devoted her entire life to teaching, but had a romance in her youth with Professor Hilario (played by Héctor Gómez). They meet each other again at Elite Way School after decades. Though Hilda was reluctant to be with Hilario at the beginning, they marry each other towards the end of the first season. However, at the beginning of the second season it is revealed that Hilario has died. Hilda continues teaching at Elite Way. She sometimes aids her students, as she does when she gives Lujan shelter at her home when she is suspended by Gastón.

text: Esteban Nolasco Landeros[edit]

text: Played by: Aitor Iturrioz

text: The former prefect of the school. At the beginning of the season 1 was a very good person, nice, funny and good chemistry with the students almost equal to that of Madariaga, but was dismissed for failing to discipline students. After returning to school hired by Mendiola, but he was hired too by Gaston, which explains the change of clothing, hairstyle and attitude; so very strict and kept harassing Jóse Luján (target of Gaston) and Vico. Has a crush on Mía and Alma Rey. Was suspected as an ex-convict serial-killer due to an unusual relationship with the Gaston's father Ricardo Sisniega. He also had something to do with La Logia (a secret society hell-bent on getting scholarship students out of the school) which still remains a mystery. After overindulging in one of his punishments to students and even more against Lujan, Esteban is dismissed by the promise of Mendiola return his job as that case forget, although never returns is mentioned several times by Gaston.

text: Director Casildo Font[edit]

text: Played by: Alejandro Peraza

text: A fascist, extremely strict principal who ran the school while Pascual was getting his master's degree in New York. Eventually, he was framed by Santos (Derrick James) and fired on the charge of child pornography (he had inappropriate pictures of Sol). He's never heard from again.

text: Marina Cáceres[edit]

text: Played by: Nailea Norvind

text: Franco's ex-wife. The biological mother of Mia who was often portrayed as a faceless character who lived in New York as fashion designer having her face always covered by a sculpture, in the 1st half of the show. When we first see her at the airport, Franco and her look each other in the eyes, and then he tells Mia that is one of his friends. She hugs Mia, trying her best not break out in tears. After they leave she is seen touching her shoulders saddened. She has a few scenes after that but mostly very minor. That is until we see her at the RBD concert event. She cries when Mia sings "Salvame". At the end of the scene, she kisses a complimentary poster of the group. She then wants to find Mia and tell her the truth. Mia has another meeting with Marina when she is with Lupita and Santos. When she is asked if it was the same person from the airport she lies and plays it off like they had never met. Marina is soon more confident to tell Mia the truth. But Alma is furious because she won't leave Franco alone. Marina tells her about wanting to meet Mia. Franco tells Mia the truth and all hell breaks loose. Mia wants to meet her mother no matter what Franco says. Mia and Marina meet at a sushi bar with only two words said before the end of the episode. Mia: Mama?. Marina: Hija. They hug and Marina and Mia become closer. Mia soon forgives Franco. Marina and Mia become close. When Mia has to leave for a concert with RBD. Marina was going to be a no show then Alma suggests that she should go. Marina shows up at the last minute to wave goodbye. On La Gran Final Marina is seen kissing Franco and Alma on the cheek thus showing they have all become friends one way or another

text: Lists of soap opera characters by seriesRBD

text: Articles lacking sources from July 2012All articles lacking sources


document_title: Grid reference

question_text: grid lines that are drawn in a north-south direction

text: Grid reference

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Grid references define locations on maps using Cartesian coordinates. Grid lines on maps define the coordinate system, and are numbered to provide a unique reference to features. This reference is normally based on projected easting and northings

text: History[edit]

text: Although professional map-making and use of the grid had existed in China before, the Chinese cartographer and geographer Pei Xiu of the Three Kingdoms period was the first to mention a plotted geometrical grid reference and graduated scale displayed on the surface of maps to gain greater accuracy in the estimated distance between different locations.[1][2][3] Historian Howard Nelson asserts that there is ample written evidence that Pei Xiu derived the idea of the grid reference from the map of Zhang Heng (78–139 CE), a polymath inventor and statesman of the Eastern Han dynasty.[4] The American writer Robert K. G. Temple asserts that Zhang Heng should also be credited as the first to establish the mathematical grid in cartography, as evidenced by his work in maps, the titles of his lost books, and the hint given in the Book of Later Han (i.e. Zhang Heng "cast a network of coordinates about heaven and earth, and reckoned on the basis of it").[5]

text: Types of grid referencing[edit]

text: Grid systems vary, but the most common is a square grid with grid lines intersecting each other at right angles and numbered sequentially from the origin at the bottom left of the map. The grid numbers on the east-west (horizontal) axis are called Eastings, and the grid numbers on the north-south (vertical) axis are called Northings.

text: Numerical grid references consist of an even number of digits. Eastings are written before Northings. Thus in a 6 digit grid reference 123456, the Easting component is 123 and the Northing component is 456.

text: Grids may be arbitrary, or can be based on specific distances, for example some maps use a one-kilometre square grid spacing.

text: A grid reference locates a unique square region on the map. The precision of location varies, for example a simple town plan may use a simple grid system with single letters for Eastings and single numbers for Northings. A grid reference in this system, such as 'H3', locates a particular square rather than a single point.

text: Points can be located by grid references on maps that use a standard system for Eastings and Northings, such as the Universal Transverse Mercator used worldwide, or the Ordnance Survey National Grid used by Ordnance Survey in the UK. These points can then be located by someone else using grid references, even if using maps of a different scale.

text: In the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system, grid reference is given by three numbers: zone, easting and northing. In the UTM system, the earth is divided into 60 zones. Northing values are given by the metres north, or south (in the southern hemisphere) of the equator. Easting values are established as the distance from the central meridian of a zone. The central meridian is arbitrarily set at 500,000 metres, to avoid negative numbers. A position 100 kilometres west of a central meridian would have an easting of 400,000 metres. Due to its popularity, and worldwide cover, the UTM system is used worldwide by NATO as well as many countries, including Australia and the USA.[6]

text: In the United Kingdom, a proprietary grid system is used. In Ordnance Survey maps, each Easting and Northing grid line is given a two-digit code, based on the British national grid reference system with origin point just off the southwest coast of the United Kingdom. Since the Eastings and Northings are one kilometre apart, a combination of a Northing and an Easting will give a four-digit grid reference describing a one-kilometre square on the ground. The convention is the grid reference numbers call out the lower-left corner of the desired square. In the example map below, the town Little Plumpton lies in the square 6901, even though the writing which labels the town is in 6802 and 6902, most of the buildings (the orange boxed symbols) are in square 6901.

text: The more digits added to a grid reference, the more precise the reference becomes. To locate a specific building in Little Plumpton, a further two digits are added to the four-digit reference to create a six-digit reference. The extra two digits describe a position within the 1-kilometre square. Imagine (or draw or superimpose a Romer) a further 10x10 grid within the current grid square. Any of the 100 squares in the superimposed 10×10 grid can be accurately described using a digit from 0 to 9 (with 0 0 being the bottom left square and 9 9 being the top right square).

text: For the church in Little Plumpton, this gives the digits 6 and 7 (6 on the left to right axis (Eastings) and 7 on the bottom to top axis (Northings). These are added to the four-figure grid reference after the two digits describing the same coordinate axis, and thus our six-figure grid reference for the church becomes 696017. This reference describes a 100-metre by 100-metre square, and not a single point, but this precision is usually sufficient for navigation purposes. The symbols on the map are not precise in any case, for example the church in the example above would be approximately 100x200 metres if the symbol was to scale, so in fact, the middle of the black square represents the map position of the real church, independently of the actual size of the church.

text: Grid references comprising larger numbers for greater precision could be determined using large-scale maps and an accurate Romer. This might be used in surveying but is not generally used for land navigating for walkers or cyclists, etc. The growing availability and decreasing cost of handheld GPS receivers enables determination of accurate grid references without needing a map, but it is important to know how many digits the GPS displays to avoid reading off just the first six digits. A GPS unit commonly gives a ten-digit grid reference, based on two groups of five numbers for the Eastings and Northing values. Each successive increase in precision (from 6 digit to 8 digit to 10 digit) pinpoints the location by a factor of 10. Since, in the UK at least, a 6-figure grid reference identifies a square of 100-metre sides, an 8-figure reference would identify a 10-metre square, and a 10-digit reference a 1-metre square. In order to give a standard 6-figure grid reference from a 10-figure GPS readout, the 4th, 5th, 9th and 10th digits must be omitted so it is important not to read just the first 6 digits.


document_title: Tarzan of the Apes (1918 film)

question_text: where was the very first tarzan movie filmed in 1917

text: Tarzan of the Apes (1918 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: John and Alice Clayton, Lord and Lady Greystoke (True Boardman and Kathleen Kirkham), are passengers on the Fuwalda, a ship bound for Africa. When the vessel is taken over by mutineers the sailor Binns (George B. French) saves them from being murdered, but they are marooned on the tropical coast. After their deaths their infant son is adopted by Kala, an ape, who raises him as her own. The young Tarzan (Gordon Griffith) grows to maturity among the apes, becoming their king. Binns, returning to find the Claytons after ten years’ captivity among the Arabs, discovers the ape man and travels to England to report his survival to his family. An expedition led by scientist Professor Porter (Thomas Jefferson) is launched to investigate. Meanwhile, Kala has been killed by a native, who is killed in turn by the now-adult Tarzan (Elmo Lincoln). The villagers kidnap Porter’s daughter Jane (Enid Markey); Tarzan rescues and romances her, and she comes to accept his love.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Elmo Lincoln as Tarzan
Enid Markey as Jane Porter
True Boardman as John Clayton, Lord Greystoke
Kathleen Kirkham as Alice Clayton, Lady Greystoke
George B. French as Binns, a sailor
Gordon Griffith as Tarzan, younger
Colin Kenny as William Cecil Clayton
Thomas Jefferson as Professor Porter
Bessie Toner as Bar Maid
Jack Wilson as Captain of the Fuwalda
Louis Morrison as Innkeeper
Eugene Pallette
Fred L. Wilson

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Tarzan of the Apes was filmed in 1917 in Morgan City, Louisiana, utilizing Louisiana swamps as a stand-in for the African jungle.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Like many American films of the time, Tarzan of the Apes was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For Chicago Board of Censors cut: "in Reel 1, the captain shooting man and his falling, two scenes of men with captain being shot and falling, striking man on head, Reel 3, scene of boy being frightened by lion and jumping up showing his sex, woman standing over kettle showing breasts, Reel 5, first two scenes of maid on man's lap in closet, three choking scenes, Reel 7, two closeups of Negro leering at woman and four scenes where he carries her off." [4]