document_title: List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom

question_text: who was the president of england in 1947

root

text: Before 1721[edit]

text: Prior to the Georgian era, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[17] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State,[17] and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in the government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (Lord High Treasurer, 1547–1549),[18] served as Lord Protector to his prepubescent nephew King Edward VI;[18] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (Lord High Treasurer, 1572–1598),[19] was the dominant minister to Queen Elizabeth I;[19] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I (1598–1603) and was eventually appointed by King James I as Lord High Treasurer (1608–1612).[20]

tag: p

text: By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual (i.e. Lord High Treasurer) but by a commission of Lords of the Treasury,[21] led by the First Lord of the Treasury. The last Lords High Treasurer, Lord Godolphin (1702–1710) and Lord Oxford (1711–1714),[22] ran the government of Queen Anne.[23]

text: After the succession of King George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of Lords of the Treasury (as opposed to a single Lord High Treasurer) became permanent.[24] For the next three years, the government was headed by Lord Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[25] Subsequently, Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland ran the government jointly,[26] with Stanhope managing foreign and Sunderland managing domestic affairs.[26] Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned two months later;[26] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[27] From that point, the holder of the office of First Lord also usually (albeit unofficially) held the status of Prime Minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title Prime Minister was constitutionally recognised.[12] The Prime Minister still holds the office of First Lord by constitutional convention,[28] excepting only Lord Chatham (1766–1768) and Lord Salisbury (1885–1886, 1887–1892, 1895–1902).[29]

text: Since 1721[edit]

text:
By century and monarch

18th to 19th century

George IGeorge IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IVVictoria

20th to 21st century

Edward VIIGeorge VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth II

tag: table

text:
Whig (17)      Tory (11)      Conservative (17)      Peelite (1)      Liberal (7)      Labour (6)      National Labour (1)

Portrait

Prime Minister(Birth–Death)

Term of office & mandate[§]Duration in years and days

Ministerial portfoliosheld as Prime Minister

Party

Ministry

Monarch(Reign)

Ref.

The Right HonourableRobert Walpole1st Earl of OrfordKGKBPCMP for King's Lynn[n 1](1676–1745)

4 April1721

11 February1742

1722

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons[n 2]

Whig

Walpole–Townshend

George I(1714–1727)

[31]

1727

George II(1727–1760)[n 3]

1734

Walpole

1741

20 years and 314 days

The Right HonourableSpencer Compton1st Earl of WilmingtonKGKBPC(1673–1743)

16 February1742

2 July1743

—

First Lord of the Treasury

Whig

Carteret

[33]

1 year and 137 days[†]

The Right HonourableHenry PelhamFRSMP for Sussex(1694–1754)

27 August1743

6 March1754

—

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons

Whig

[34]

Broad Bottom I

1747

Broad Bottom II

10 years and 192 days[†]

His GraceThomas Pelham-Holles1st Duke of NewcastleKGPCFRS(1693–1768)

16 March1754

16 November1756

1754

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig

Newcastle I

[35]

2 years and 246 days

His GraceWilliam Cavendish4th Duke of DevonshireKGPC(1720–1764)

16 November1756

25 June1757

—

First Lord of the Treasury[n 4]Leader of the House of Lords

Whig

Pitt–Devonshire

[37]

1757 Caretaker

222 days

His GraceThomas Pelham-Holles1st Duke of NewcastleKGPCFRS(1693–1768)

2 July1757

26 May1762

1761

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig

Pitt–Newcastle

[38]

George III(1760–1820)[n 5]

Bute–Newcastle(Tory–Whig)

4 years and 329 days

The Right HonourableJohn Stuart3rd Earl of ButeKGPC(1713–1792)

26 May1762

8 April1763

—

First Lord of the Treasury

Tory

Bute

[41]

318 days

The Right HonourableGeorge GrenvilleMP for Buckingham(1712–1770)

16 April1763

13 July1765

—

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons

Whig(Grenvillite)

Grenville(Whig–Tory)

[42]

2 years and 89 days

The Most HonourableCharles Watson-Wentworth2nd Marquess of RockinghamKGPCFRS(1730–1782)

13 July1765

30 July1766

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig(Rockinghamite)

Rockingham I

[43]

1 year and 18 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Pitt1st Earl of ChathamPCFRSMP for Bath[n 6](1708–1778)

30 July1766

14 October1768

1768

Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal

Whig(Chathamite)

Chatham(Whig–Tory)

[45]

2 years and 77 days

His GraceAugustus FitzRoy3rd Duke of GraftonKGPC(1735–1811)

14 October1768

28 January1770

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig(Chathamite)

Grafton

[46]

1 year and 107 days

The Right HonourableFrederick NorthLord NorthKGMP for Banbury(1732–1792)

28 January1770

22 March1782

1774

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons

Tory(Northite)

North

[47]

1780

12 years and 54 days

The Most HonourableCharles Watson-Wentworth2nd Marquess of RockinghamKGPCFRS(1730–1782)

27 March1782

1 July1782

—

First Lord of the Treasury

Whig(Rockinghamite)

Rockingham II

[48]

97 days[†]

The Right HonourableWilliam Petty2nd Earl of ShelburneKGPC(1737–1805)

4 July1782

2 April1783

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig(Chathamite)

Shelburne(Whig–Tory)

[49]

273 days

His GraceWilliam Cavendish-Bentinck3rd Duke of PortlandPCFRS(1738–1809)

2 April1783

19 December1783

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig

Fox–North

[50]

262 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Pitt the YoungerMP for Appleby →Cambridge University[n 7](1759–1806)

19 December1783

14 March1801

1784

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons

Tory(Pittite)

Pitt I

[52]

1790

1796

17 years and 86 days

The Right HonourableHenry AddingtonMP for Devizes(1757–1844)

17 March1801

10 May1804

1801

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons

Tory(Addingtonian)

Addington

[53]

1802

3 years and 55 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Pitt the YoungerMP for Cambridge University(1759–1806)

10 May1804

23 January1806

—

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons

Tory(Pittite)

Pitt II

[52]

1 year and 259 days[†]

The Right HonourableWilliam Grenville1st Baron GrenvillePCPC (Ire)(1759–1834)

11 February1806

31 March1807

1806

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig

All the Talents(Whig–Tory)

[54]

1 year and 49 days

His GraceWilliam Cavendish-Bentinck3rd Duke of PortlandKGPCFRS(1738–1809)

31 March1807

4 October1809

1807

First Lord of the Treasury

Tory(Pittite)

Portland II

[55]

2 years and 188 days

The Right HonourableSpencer PercevalKCMP for Northampton(1762–1812)

4 October1809

11 May1812

—

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerChancellor of the Duchy of LancasterLeader of the House of Commons

Tory(Pittite)

Perceval

[56]

2 years and 221 days[‡]

The Right HonourableRobert Jenkinson2nd Earl of LiverpoolKGPCFRS(1770–1828)

8 June1812

9 April1827

1812

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Tory(Pittite)

Liverpool

[57]

1818

1820

George IV(1820–1830)

1826

14 years and 306 days

The Right HonourableGeorge CanningFRSMP for Seaford[n 8](1770–1827)

10 April1827

8 August1827

—

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons

Tory(Canningite)

Canning(Canningite–Whig)

[59]

121 days[†]

The Right HonourableFrederick John Robinson1st Viscount GoderichPC(1782–1859)

31 August1827

21 January1828

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Tory(Canningite)

Goderich

[60]

144 days

Field MarshalHis GraceArthur Wellesley1st Duke of WellingtonKGGCBGCHPC(1769–1852)

22 January1828

16 November1830

1830

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Tory

Wellington–Peel

[61]

William IV(1830–1837)

2 years and 299 days

The Right HonourableCharles Grey2nd Earl GreyKGPC(1764–1845)

22 November1830

9 July1834

1831

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig

Grey

[62]

1832–1833

3 years and 230 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Lamb2nd Viscount MelbournePC(1779–1848)

16 July1834

14 November1834

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig

Melbourne I

[63]

122 days

Field MarshalHis GraceArthur Wellesley1st Duke of WellingtonKGGCBGCHPC(1769–1852)

14 November1834

10 December1834

—

First Lord of the TreasurySec. of State for the Home DepartmentSec. of State for Foreign AffairsSec. of State for War and the ColoniesLeader of the House of Lords

Tory

Wellington Caretaker

[64]

27 days

The Right HonourableSir Robert PeelBtFRSMP for Tamworth(1788–1850)

10 December1834

8 April1835

—

First Lord of the TreasuryChancellor of the ExchequerLeader of the House of Commons

Conservative

Peel I

[65]

120 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Lamb2nd Viscount MelbournePCFRS(1779–1848)

18 April1835

30 August1841

1835

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Whig

Melbourne II

[63]

1837

Victoria(1837–1901)

6 years and 135 days

The Right HonourableSir Robert PeelBtFRSMP for Tamworth(1788–1850)

30 August1841

29 June1846

1841

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Conservative

Peel II

[65]

4 years and 304 days

The Right HonourableLord John RussellFRSMP for the City of London(1792–1878)

30 June1846

21 February1852

1847

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Whig

Russell I

[66]

5 years and 237 days

The Right HonourableEdward Smith-Stanley14th Earl of DerbyPC(1799–1869)

23 February1852

17 December1852

1852

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Conservative

Who? Who?

[67]

299 days

The Right HonourableGeorge Hamilton-Gordon4th Earl of AberdeenKTFRSEFRSPCFSA Scot(1784–1860)

19 December1852

30 January1855

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Peelite

Aberdeen(Peelite–Whig)

[68]

2 years and 43 days

The Right HonourableHenry John Temple3rd Viscount PalmerstonKGGCBPCFRSMP for Tiverton(1784–1865)

6 February1855

19 February1858

1857

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Whig

Palmerston I

[69]

3 years and 14 days

The Right HonourableEdward Smith-Stanley14th Earl of DerbyPC(1799–1869)

20 February1858

11 June1859

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Conservative

Derby–Disraeli II

[67]

1 year and 112 days

The Right HonourableHenry John Temple3rd Viscount PalmerstonKGGCBPCFRSMP for Tiverton(1784–1865)

12 June1859

18 October1865

1859

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Liberal

Palmerston II

[69]

1865

6 years and 129 days[†]

The Right HonourableJohn Russell1st Earl RussellKGPCFRS(1792–1878)

29 October1865

26 June1866

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Liberal

Russell II

[66]

241 days

The Right HonourableEdward Smith-Stanley14th Earl of DerbyKGPC(1799–1869)

28 June1866

25 February1868

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Lords

Conservative

Derby–Disraeli III

[67]

1 year and 243 days

The Right HonourableBenjamin DisraeliMP for Buckinghamshire(1804–1881)

See also § Main articles:1

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Conservative

[70]

27 February1868

1 December1868

—

279 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Ewart GladstoneFSSMP for Greenwich(1809–1898)

See also § Main articles:2

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of CommonsChancellor of the Exchequer[n 9]

Liberal

Gladstone I

[72]

3 December1868

17 February1874

1868

5 years and 77 days

The Right HonourableBenjamin Disraeli1st Earl of BeaconsfieldKGPCFRSMP for Buckinghamshire[n 10](1804–1881)

See also § Main articles:1

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons[n 11]Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal[n 12]Leader of the House of Lords[n 13]

Conservative

Disraeli II

[70]

20 February1874

21 April1880

1874

6 years and 62 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Ewart GladstoneFRSFSSMP for Midlothian(1809–1898)

See also § Main articles:2

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of CommonsChancellor of the Exchequer[n 14]

Liberal

Gladstone II

[72]

23 April1880

9 June1885

1880

5 years and 48 days

The Most HonourableRobert Gascoyne-Cecil3rd Marquess of SalisburyKGPCFRSDL(1830–1903)

23 June1885

28 January1886

—

Sec. of State for Foreign AffairsLeader of the House of Lords

Conservative

Salisbury I

[75]

220 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Ewart GladstoneFRSFSSMP for Midlothian(1809–1898)

See also § Main articles:2

First Lord of the TreasuryLord Keeper of the Privy SealLeader of the House of Commons

Liberal

Gladstone III

[72]

1 February1886

20 July1886

1885

170 days

The Most HonourableRobert Gascoyne-Cecil3rd Marquess of SalisburyKGPCFRSDL(1830–1903)

25 July1886

11 August1892

1886

Leader of the House of LordsFirst Lord of the Treasury[n 15]Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs[n 16]

Conservative

Salisbury II

[75]

6 years and 18 days

The Right HonourableWilliam Ewart GladstoneFRSFSSMP for Midlothian(1809–1898)

See also § Main articles:2

First Lord of the TreasuryLord Keeper of the Privy SealLeader of the House of Commons

Liberal

Gladstone IV

[72]

15 August1892

2 March1894

1892

1 year and 200 days

The Right HonourableArchibald Primrose5th Earl of RoseberyKGPCFRS(1847–1929)

5 March1894

22 June1895

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLord President of the CouncilLeader of the House of Lords

Liberal

Rosebery

[78]

1 year and 110 days

The Most HonourableRobert Gascoyne-Cecil3rd Marquess of SalisburyKGPCFRSDL(1830–1903)

25 June1895

11 July1902

1895

Leader of the House of LordsSec. of State for Foreign Affairs[n 17]Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal[n 18]

Conservative

Salisbury III(Con.–Lib.U.)

[75]

1900

Salisbury IV

7 years and 17 days

Edward VII(1901–1910)

The Right HonourableArthur BalfourFRSDLMP for Manchester East(1848–1930)

11 July1902

5 December1905

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Conservative

Balfour

[79]

3 years and 148 days

The Right HonourableSir Henry Campbell-BannermanGCBMP for Stirling Burghs(1836–1908)

5 December1905

7 April1908

1906

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Liberal

Campbell-Bannerman

[80]

2 years and 125 days

The Right HonourableHerbert Henry AsquithKCFRSMP for East Fife(1852–1928)

7 April1908

7 December1916

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of CommonsSec. of State for War[n 19]

Liberal

Asquith I

[82]

Jan.1910

Asquith II

George V(1910–1936)

Dec.1910

Asquith III

—

Asquith Coalition(Lib.–Con.–et al.)

8 years and 243 days

The Right HonourableDavid Lloyd GeorgeOMMP for Caernarvon Boroughs(1863–1945)

7 December1916

19 October1922

—

First Lord of the Treasury

Liberal

Lloyd George War

[83]

1918

Lloyd George II(Lib.–Con.)

5 years and 318 days

The Right HonourableBonar LawMP for Glasgow Central(1858–1923)

23 October1922

20 May1923

1922

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Conservative(Scot.U.)

Law

[84]

210 days

The Right HonourableStanley BaldwinJPMP for Bewdley(1867–1947)

23 May1923

16 January1924

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of CommonsChancellor of the Exchequer[n 20]

Conservative

Baldwin I

[85]

239 days

The Right HonourableRamsay MacDonaldMP for Aberavon(1866–1937)

22 January1924

4 November1924

1923

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of CommonsSec. of State for Foreign Affairs

Labour

MacDonald I

[86]

288 days

The Right HonourableStanley BaldwinJPFRSMP for Bewdley(1867–1947)

4 November1924

5 June1929

1924

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Conservative

Baldwin II

[85]

4 years and 214 days

The Right HonourableRamsay MacDonaldFRSMP for Seaham(1866–1937)

5 June1929

7 June1935

1929

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Labour

MacDonald II

[86]

—

National Labour

National I(N.Lab.–Con.–et al.)

1931

National II

6 years and 3 days

The Right HonourableStanley BaldwinJPFRSMP for Bewdley(1867–1947)

7 June1935

28 May1937

1935

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Conservative

National III(Con.–N.Lab.–et al.)

[85]

Edward VIII(1936)

George VI(1936–1952)

1 year and 356 days

The Right HonourableNeville ChamberlainFRSMP for Birmingham Edgbaston(1869–1940)

28 May1937

10 May1940

—

First Lord of the TreasuryLeader of the House of Commons

Conservative

National IV

[87]

Chamberlain War

2 years and 349 days

The Right HonourableWinston ChurchillCHTDFRSMP for Epping →Woodford[n 21](1874–1965)

10 May1940

26 July1945

—

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister of DefenceLeader of the House of Commons[n 22]

Conservative

Churchill War(All parties)

[90]

Churchill Caretaker(Con.–Lib.N.)

5 years and 78 days

The Right HonourableClement AttleeCHFRSMP for Limehouse →Walthamstow West[n 23](1883–1967)

26 July1945

26 October1951

1945

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister of Defence[n 24]

Labour

Attlee I

[93]

1950

Attlee II

6 years and 93 days

The Right HonourableSir Winston ChurchillKGOMCHTDDLFRSRAMP for Woodford(1874–1965)

26 October1951

7 April1955

1951

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister of Defence[n 25]

Conservative

Churchill III

[90]

3 years and 163 days

Elizabeth II(1952–present)

The Right HonourableSir Anthony EdenKGMCMP for Warwick & Leamington(1897–1977)

7 April1955

10 January1957

1955

First Lord of the Treasury

Conservative

Eden

[94]

1 year and 280 days

The Right HonourableHarold MacmillanFRSMP for Bromley(1894–1986)

10 January1957

18 October1963

—

First Lord of the Treasury

Conservative

Macmillan I

[95]

1959

Macmillan II

6 years and 283 days

The Right HonourableSir Alec Douglas-HomeKTMP for Kinross & Western Perthshire[n 26](1903–1995)

18 October1963

16 October1964

—

First Lord of the Treasury

Conservative(Scot.U.)

Douglas-Home

[98]

364 days

The Right HonourableHarold WilsonOBEFRSMP for Huyton(1916–1995)

16 October1964

19 June1970

1964

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service[n 27]

Labour

Wilson I

[100]

1966

Wilson II

5 years and 247 days

The Right HonourableEdward HeathMBEMP for Bexley →Sidcup[n 28](1916–2005)

19 June1970

4 March1974

1970

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Conservative

Heath

[102]

3 years and 259 days

The Right HonourableHarold WilsonOBEFRSMP for Huyton(1916–1995)

4 March1974

5 April1976

Feb.1974

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Labour

Wilson III

[100]

Oct.1974

Wilson IV

2 years and 33 days

The Right HonourableJames CallaghanMP for Cardiff South East(1912–2005)

5 April1976

4 May1979

—

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Labour

Callaghan

[103]

3 years and 30 days

The Right HonourableMargaret ThatcherFRSHonFRSCMP for Finchley(1925–2013)

See also § Main articles:3

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Conservative

Thatcher I

[104]

4 May1979

28 November1990

1979

1983

Thatcher II

1987

Thatcher III

11 years and 209 days

The Right HonourableJohn MajorMP for Huntingdon(b. 1943)

28 November1990

2 May1997

—

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Conservative

Major I

[105]

1992

Major II

6 years and 156 days

The Right HonourableTony BlairMP for Sedgefield(b. 1953)

See also § Main articles:4

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Labour

Blair I

[106]

2 May1997

27 June2007

1997

2001

Blair II

2005

Blair III

10 years and 57 days

The Right HonourableGordon BrownMP for Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath(b. 1951)

See also § Main articles:5

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Labour

Brown

[107]

27 June2007

11 May2010

—

2 years and 319 days

The Right HonourableDavid CameronMP for Witney(b. 1966)

See also § Main articles:6

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Conservative

Cameron–Clegg(Con.–L.D.)

[108]

11 May2010

13 July2016

2010

2015

Cameron II

6 years and 64 days

The Right HonourableTheresa MayMP for Maidenhead(b. 1956)

See also § Main articles:7

First Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service

Conservative

May I

[109]

13 July2016

Incumbent

—

2017

May II

2 years and 46 days


document_title: Catholic Bible

question_text: how many books in the old testament and new testament catholic

text: Catholic Bible

text: Books included[edit]

text: The Catholic Bible is composed of the 46 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament.

text: Old Testament[edit]

text:
Pentateuch : Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
Historical books : Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Tobit, Judith, Esther, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees
Wisdom books : Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Wisdom, Sirach
Prophetic books : Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Baruch, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

tag: ul

text: Of these books, Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, parts of Esther and parts of Daniel are deuterocanonical, and are found in the Bibles of Eastern Christianity. These books are usually not found in the Protestant Bible, but are sometimes included in a separate inter-testamental section called the "Apocrypha".

text: New Testament[edit]

text:
The Gospels : Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
Historical book : Acts
Pauline Epistles : Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews
General Epistles : James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude
Revelation

text: Canon law[edit]

text: In another sense, a "Catholic Bible" is a Bible published in accordance with the prescriptions of Catholic canon law, which states:

text: Books of the sacred scriptures cannot be published unless the Apostolic See or the conference of bishops has approved them. For the publication of their translations into the vernacular, it is also required that they be approved by the same authority and provided with necessary and sufficient annotations.

text: With the permission of the Conference of Bishops, Catholic members of the Christian faithful in collaboration with separated brothers and sisters can prepare and publish translations of the sacred scriptures provided with appropriate annotations.[1]

text: Principles of translation[edit]

text: Without diminishing the authority of the texts of the books of Scripture in the original languages, the Council of Trent declared the Vulgate the official translation of the Bible for the Latin Church, but did not forbid the making of translations directly from the original languages.[2][3] Before the middle of the 20th century, Catholic translations were often made from that text rather than from the original languages. Thus Ronald Knox, the author of what has been called the Knox Bible, wrote: "When I talk about translating the Bible, I mean translating the Vulgate."[4] Today, the version of the Bible that is used in official documents in Latin is the Nova Vulgata, a revision of the Vulgate that among other changes makes it conform more closely to manuscripts in the original languages.

text: This does not mean keeping to any particular edition in the original language. Thus, in translating the Hebrew Bible, evidence from Qumran manuscripts and ancient versions in Greek, Aramaic or Syriac is sometimes used to adjust the Masoretic Text. The aim is to get as close as possible to what "was written by the inspired author himself and has more authority and greater weight than any, even the very best, translation whether ancient or modern".[5]

text: The principles expounded in Pope Pius XII's encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu regarding exegesis or interpretation, as in commentaries on the Bible, apply also to the preparation of a translation. These include the need for familiarity with the original languages and other cognate languages, the study of ancient codices and even papyrus fragments of the text and the application to them of textual criticism, "to insure that the sacred text be restored as perfectly as possible, be purified from the corruptions due to the carelessness of the copyists and be freed, as far as may be done, from glosses and omissions, from the interchange and repetition of words and from all other kinds of mistakes, which are wont to make their way gradually into writings handed down through many centuries".[6]

text: Catholic English versions[edit]

text: The following are English versions of the Bible that correspond to this description:

text:
Abbreviation
Name
Date

DRB
Douay-Rheims Bible
1582, 1609, 16101

DRC
Douay-Rheims Bible Challoner Revision
1749-1752

WVSS
Westminster Version of the Sacred Scripture[7]
1913–19352

SPC
Spencer New Testament[8]
1941

CCD
Confraternity Bible
19413

Knox
Knox Bible
1950

KLNT
Kleist–Lilly New Testament
19564

RSV–CE
Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition
1965–66

JB
Jerusalem Bible
1966

NAB
New American Bible
1970

TLB–CE
The Living Bible – Catholic Edition
1971

NJB
New Jerusalem Bible
1985

CCB
Christian Community Bible
1988

NRSV–CE
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition
1989

GNT–CE
Good News Bible Catholic Edition5
2001

RSV–2CE
Revised Standard Version, Second Catholic Edition
2006

CTS–NCB
CTS New Catholic Bible
20076

NABRE
New American Bible Revised Edition
2011/1986 (OT/NT)

NLT-CE
New Living Translation Catholic Edition[9]
2017

RNJB
Revised New Jerusalem Bible[10]
2017

text:
1The New Testament was published in 1582, the Old Testament in two volumes, one in 1609, the other in 1610.
2Released in parts between 1913–1935 with copious study and textual notes. The New Testament with condensed notes was released in 1936 as one volume.
3NT released in 1941. The OT contained material from the Challoner Revision until the entire OT was completed in 1969. This Old Testament became the basis for the 1970 NAB
4New Testament only; Gospels by James Kleist, rest by Joseph Lilly.
5Also known as the "Today's English Version"
6The Jerusalem Bible except for the Book of Psalms, which is replaced by the Grail Psalms, and with the word "Yahweh" altered to "the Lord", as directed by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments for Bibles intended to be used in the liturgy.[11]

text: In addition to the above Catholic English Bibles, all of which have an imprimatur granted by a Catholic bishop, the authors of the Catholic Public Domain Version[12] of 2009 and the 2013 translation from the Septuagint by Jesuit priest Nicholas King[13] refer to them as Catholic Bibles. These versions have not been granted an imprimatur, but do include the Catholic biblical canon of 73 books.

text: Differences from Catholic lectionaries[edit]

text: Lectionaries for use in the liturgy differ somewhat in text from the Bible versions on which they are based. Many liturgies, including the Roman, omit some verses in the biblical readings that they use.[14] This sometimes necessitates grammatical alterations or the identification of a person or persons referred to in a remaining verse only by a pronoun, such as "he" or "they".

text: Another difference concerns the usage of the Tetragrammaton. Yahweh appears in some Bible translations such as the Jerusalem Bible (1966) throughout the Old Testament. Long-standing Jewish and Christian tradition holds that the name is not to be spoken in worship or printed in liturgical texts out of reverence.[11][15] A 2008 letter from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments explicitly forbids the use of the Divine Name in worship texts, stating: "For the translation of the biblical text in modern languages, intended for the liturgical usage of the Church, what is already prescribed by n. 41 of the Instruction Liturgiam authenticam is to be followed; that is, the divine tetragrammaton is to be rendered by the equivalent of Adonai/Kyrios; Lord, Signore, Seigneur, Herr, Señor, etc."

text: As a result, Bibles used by English-speaking Catholics for study and devotion typically do not match the liturgical texts read during mass, even when based on the same translation. Today, publishers and translators alike are making new efforts to more precisely align the texts of the Lectionary with the various approved translations of the Catholic Bible.

text: Currently, there is only one lectionary reported to be in use corresponding exactly to an in-print Catholic Bible translation: the Ignatius Press lectionary based on the Revised Standard Version, Second Catholic (or Ignatius) Edition (RSV-2CE) approved for liturgical use in the Antilles[16] and by former Anglicans in the personal ordinariates.[17]

text: In 2007 the Catholic Truth Society published the "CTS New Catholic Bible," consisting of the original 1966 Jerusalem Bible text revised to match its use in lectionaries throughout most English-speaking countries, in conformity with the directives of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments[11][15] and the Pontifical Biblical Commission.[18] In it, "Yahweh" has been replaced by "the LORD" throughout the Old Testament, and the Psalms have been completely replaced by the 1963 Grail Psalter.

text: In 2012, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops "announced a plan to revise the New Testament of the New American Bible Revised Edition so a single version can be used for individual prayer, catechesis and liturgy" in the United States.[19] After developing a plan and budget for the revision project, work began in 2013 with the creation of an editorial board made up of five people from the Catholic Biblical Association (CBA). The revision is now underway and, after the necessary approvals from the bishops and the Vatican, is expected to be done around the year 2025.[20]

text: Differences from other Christian Bibles[edit]

text: Bibles used by Catholics differ in the number and order of books from those typically found in bibles used by Protestants, as Catholic bibles remained unchanged following the Reformation and so retain seven books that were rejected principally by Martin Luther. Its canon of Old Testament texts is somewhat larger than that in translations used by Protestants, which are typically based exclusively on the shorter Hebrew and Aramaic Masoretic Text. On the other hand, its canon, which does not accept all the books that are included in the Septuagint,[21] is shorter than that of some churches of Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy, which recognize other books as sacred scripture.

text: The Greek Orthodox Church generally considers Psalm 151 to be part of the Book of Psalms and accepts the "books of the Maccabees" as four in number, but generally places 4 Maccabees in an appendix, along with the Prayer of Manasseh.[22] There are differences from Western usage in the naming of some books (see, for instance, Esdras#Differences in names). Greek Orthodox generally consider the Septuagint to be divinely inspired no less than the Hebrew text of the Old Testament books.

text: The Bible of the Tewahedo Churches differs from the Western and Greek Orthodox Bibles in the order, naming, and chapter/verse division of some of the books. The Ethiopian "narrow" biblical canon includes 81 books altogether: The 27 books of the New Testament; the Old Testament books found in the Septuagint and that are accepted by the Eastern Orthodox (more numerous than the Catholic deuterocanonical books);[23] and in addition Enoch, Jubilees, 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, Rest of the Words of Baruch and 3 books of Meqabyan (Ethiopian books of Maccabees entirely different in content from the 4 Books of Maccabees of the Eastern Orthodox). A "broader" Ethiopian New Testament canon includes 4 books of "Sinodos" (church practices), 2 "Books of Covenant", "Ethiopic Clement", and "Ethiopic Didascalia" (Apostolic Church-Ordinances). This "broader" canon is sometimes said to include with the Old Testament an 8-part history of the Jews based on the writings of Titus Flavius Josephus, and known as "Pseudo-Josephus" or "Joseph ben Gurion" (Yosēf walda Koryon).[24][25]