document_title: Representative democracy

question_text: where did the idea of representative democracy come from

text: Representative democracy

text: Powers of representatives[edit]

text: Representatives are elected by the public, as in national elections for the national legislature.[3] Elected representatives may hold the power to select other representatives, presidents, or other officers of the government or of the legislature, as the Prime Minister in the latter case. (indirect representation).

text: The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a constitution (as in a constitutional democracy or a constitutional monarchy) or other measures to balance representative power:[citation needed]

text:
An independent judiciary, which may have the power to declare legislative acts unconstitutional (e.g. constitutional court, supreme court).
The constitution may also provide for some deliberative democracy (e.g., Royal Commissions) or direct popular measures (e.g., initiative, referendum, recall elections). However, these are not always binding and usually require some legislative action—legal power usually remains firmly with representatives.[where?]
In some cases, a bicameral legislature may have an "upper house" that is not directly elected, such as the Canadian Senate, which was in turn modeled on the British House of Lords.

text: Theorists such as Edmund Burke believe that part of the duty of a representative was not simply to communicate the wishes of the electorate but also to use their own judgement in the exercise of their powers, even if their views are not reflective of those of a majority of voters:[6]

text: ...it ought to be the happiness and glory of a representative to live in the strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most unreserved communication with his constituents. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him; their opinion, high respect; their business, unremitted attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, to theirs; and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiassed opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. These he does not derive from your pleasure; no, nor from the law and the constitution. They are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable. Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion.

text: History[edit]

text: The Roman Republic was the first government in the western world to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the Roman assemblies. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries,[7] and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader.[8] Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives as opposed to a direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly.[9] A European medieval tradition of selecting representatives from the various estates (classes, but not as we know them today) to advise/control monarchs led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems.

text: In Britain, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments.[10][11] The first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns.[12] Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689.[13][14]

text: The American Revolution led to the creation of a new Constitution of the United States in 1787. with a national legislature based partly on direct elections of representatives every two years, and thus responsible to the electorate for continuance in office. Senators were not directly elected by the people until the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. Women, men who owned no property, and blacks, and others not originally given voting rights in most states eventually gained the vote through changes in state and federal law in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Until it was repealed by the Fourteenth Amendment following the Civil War, the Three-Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states,[15][16]

text: In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all males in 1792.[17]

text: Representative democracy came into particular general favour in post-industrial revolution nation states where large numbers of citizens evinced interest in politics, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. As noted above, Edmund Burke in his speech to the electors of Bristol classically analysed their operation in Britain and the rights and duties of an elected representative.

text: Globally, a majority of the world's people live in representative democracies including constitutional monarchies and republics with strong representative branches.

text: Research on representation per se[edit]

text: Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in political philosophy and social science investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent the interests or preferences of one or another constituency.

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: In his book Political Parties, written in 1911, Robert Michels argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy or particracy. This is known as the iron law of oligarchy.[18] Representative democracies which are stable have been analysed by Adolf Gasser and compared to the unstable representative democracies in his book "Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas" which was published in 1943 (first edition in German) and a second edition in 1947 (in German).[19] Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by the iron law of oligarchy:

text:
Society has to be built up from bottom to top. As a consequence, society is built up by people, who are free and have the power to defend themselves with weapons.
These free people join or form local communities. These local communities are independent, which includes financial independence, and they are free to determine their own rules.
Local communities join together into a higher unit e.g. a canton.
There is no hierarchical bureaucracy.
There is competition between these local communities e.g. on services delivered or on taxes.

text: A drawback to this type of government is that elected officials are not required to fulfill promises made before their election and are able to promote their own self-interests once elected, providing an incohesive system of governance.[20] Legislators are also under scrutiny as the system of majority-won legislators voting for issues for the large group of people fosters inequality among the marginalized.[21]

text: Proposed solutions[edit]

text: The system of stochocracy has been proposed as an improved system compared to the system of representative democracy, where representatives are elected. Stochocracy aims to at least reduce this degradation by having all representatives appointed by lottery instead of by voting. Therefore, this system is also called lottocracy. The system was proposed by the writer Roger de Sizif in 1998 in his book La Stochocratie. Choosing officeholders by lot was also the standard practice in ancient Athenian democracy.[22] The rationale behind this practice was to avoid lobbying and electioneering by economic oligarchs.

text: The system of deliberative democracy is a mix between a majority ruled system and a consensus-based system. It allows for representative democracies or direct democracies to coexist with its system of governance, providing an initial advantage.[23] It is a system which allows for legislators to discuss the issues in a productive manner trying to reach a consensus. If the group cannot reach a consensus then a majority-wins vote must be taken.

text: The system of delegative democracy or Liquid Democracy is a dynamic mixture of representative democracy and direct democracy, meaning that each participant can decide himself when he wants to participate in a decision by direct voting, or whether he rather wants a delegate to vote for him by using a software system. The voter can delegate his vote an organization, a political party or an individual. One can have different delegates in different subject areas, and always change the delegate. When the voter votes directly in an issue, the delegates vote will be erased and the direct vote will be counted. This system also contains room for popular initiatives and deliberation. The first example of delegative or Liquid Democracy using a software program in a real political setting involved the local political party Demoex in Vallentuna near Stockholm, Sweden. Pirate Parties in Germany,[24] Italy, Austria, Norway, France and the Netherlands[25] use delegative democracy with the open-source software LiquidFeedback,[citation needed] while members of the Belgian Pirate Party have developed their own software called Get Opinionated.


document_title: Bonanno crime family

question_text: who is the head of the bonanno crime family

question_tokens: who is the head of the bonanno crime family

root

text: Bonanno crime family

text: History[edit]

text: Sicilian origins[edit]

text: The origins of the Bonanno crime family can be traced back to the town of Castellammare del Golfo located in the Province of Trapani, Sicily.[2] The Bonanno Mafia clan was led by boss Giuseppe "Peppe" Bonanno and his older brother Stefano as advisor.[2] The strongest ally of the Bonanno clan was the boss of the Magaddino Mafia clan Stefano Magaddino.[2] During the 1900s, the Bonanno and Magaddino Mafia clans feuded with Felice Buccellato, the boss of the Buccellato Mafia clan.[2] After the deaths of Stefano Bonanno and Giuseppe Bonanno, their younger brother, Salvatore, took revenge, killing members of the Buccellato clan.[2] In 1903, Salvatore Bonanno married Catherine Bonventre and on January 18, 1905 she gave birth to Giuseppe. Three years later Salvatore Bonanno moved his family to New York City. While away Stefano Magaddino took over running the Bonanno-Magaddino-Bonventre Mafia clan.[2] Salvatore Bonanno along with members of the Bonanno-Magaddino-Bonventre clan began establishing dominance and control in the Castellammarese community of Williamsburg, Brooklyn. While operating in Brooklyn, the Castellammarese leaders were able to preserve the criminal organization's future.[2] In 1911, Salvatore Bonanno returned to Sicily and died of a heart attack in 1915.[3] Stefano Magaddino arrived in New York and became a powerful member of the Castellammarese clan.[4] In 1921, Magaddino fled to Buffalo to avoid murder charges.[4] The Castellammarese clan was taken over by Nicolo Schirò.[5]

tag: p

text: Castellammarese War[edit]

text: In 1927, violence broke out between the two rival New York Mafia factions and soon developed into a full out war known as the Castellammarese War.[6] The conflict started when members of the Castellammarese clan began hijacking truckloads of illegal liquor that belonged to Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria. The Castellammarese clan was based in Williamsburg, Brooklyn and led by Nicolo "Cola" Schirò who tried to work with Masseria. But one of the group's leaders Salvatore Maranzano wanted to take control over New York's underworld. Maranzano took control of the Castellammarese clan continuing a bloody Mafia War.[6]

text: The Castellammarese faction was more organized and unified than Masseria family. Maranzano's allies were Buffalo family boss Stefano Magaddino, Detroit family boss Gaspar Milazzo and Philadelphia family boss Salvatore Sabella, all Castellammarese.[6] Maranzano's faction included mobsters Joseph Bonanno, Carmine Galante, and Gaspar DiGregorio.  Maranzano was also close to Joseph Profaci future boss of the New York Profaci family. Finally, Maranzano established a secret alliance with Bronx Reina family boss Gaetano Reina, a nominal Masseria ally.

text: After Reina's murder on February 26, 1930, members of the Masseria faction began to defect to Maranzano.[6] By 1931, momentum had shifted to Castellammarese faction. That spring, a group of younger mafiosi from both camps, known as the "Young Turks", decided to switch to Maranzano and end the war. This group included future mob bosses Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Vito Genovese, Frank Costello, Tommy Lucchese, Albert Anastasia and Joe Adonis.[7] As leader of the Young Turks, Luciano concluded a secret deal with Maranzano and promised to kill Masseria. On April 15, 1931 Masseria was murdered ending the long Castellammarese War.[6]

text: Maranzano's murder and the Commission[edit]

text: After Masseria's death, Maranzano outlined a peace plan to all the Sicilian and Italian Mafia leaders in the United States. There would be 24 organizations (to be known as "families") throughout the United States who would elect their own boss.[6] In New York City, Maranzano established five Cosa Nostra families: the Luciano family under Lucky Luciano, the Mangano family under Vincent Mangano, the Gagliano family under Tommy Gagliano, the Profaci family under Joseph Profaci, and the Maranzano crime family under himself.  Maranzano created an additional post for himself, that of capo di tutti capi, or boss of bosses.[6]

text: Although Maranzano was more forward-looking than Masseria, at core he was still a "Mustache Pete". It did not take long for Maranzano and Luciano to come into conflict:  Luciano was not pleased that Maranzano had reneged on his promise of equality, and soon came to believe he was even more hidebound and greedy than Masseria had been. At the same time, Maranzano had grown uncomfortable with Luciano's ambitions and growing power and secretly plotted to have him killed. However, Tommy Lucchese alerted Luciano that he and Vito Genovese had been marked for death. Luciano felt he had to strike first, and so, on September 10, 1931, gangsters not known to Maranzano or his men were hired by Luciano and murdered him in his office.[6] Luciano became the dominant crime boss in America and replaced the "boss of bosses" title with The Commission to regulate the Mafia's national affairs and mediate disputes between families. At this meeting, Luciano is supposed to have sanctioned the beginning of the alleged "Night of the Sicilian Vespers," in which many old world Sicilian-born mafiosi were killed throughout the country by the Luciano family, thus replacing the old ways the "Mustache Petes" did business with new "modern" ways. He also as a result officially awarded Joseph Bonanno leadership of the Maranzano family. [6]

text: The Bonanno era[edit]

text: After Maranzano's death, Joseph Bonanno was awarded most of Maranzano's crime family. At only 26 years old, Bonanno was the youngest Mafia leader in the nation.[8] Years later, he claimed not to have known about the plot to eliminate Maranzano, but it is very unlikely that Luciano would have allowed him to live had he still backed Maranzano.[9] Bonanno directed his family into illegal gambling, loansharking, and narcotics. The family also built significant criminal interests in California and Arizona. With the support of his cousin, Buffalo crime family boss Stefano Magaddino, Bonanno also expanded into Canada.[10]

text: Like Maranzano, Bonanno believed in the Old World Mafia traditions of  "honor", "tradition", "respect" and "dignity" as principles for ruling his family.  He was more steeped in these traditions than other mobsters of his generation.[7] The Bonanno family was considered the closest knit of the Five Families because Bonanno tried to restrict membership to Castelammarese Sicilians. He strongly believed that blood relations and a strict Sicilian upbringing would be the only way to hold the traditional values of the Mafia together.[11]

text: Over the years, Bonanno became a powerful member of the Commission due to his close relationship with fellow boss Joe Profaci. In 1956, the relationship between the two bosses became stronger when Bonanno's son Salvatore "Bill" Bonanno married Profaci's niece Rosalie.[12] The Bonanno-Profaci alliance deterred the other three families from trying to steal their rackets.

text: The "Banana War" (1964–1968)[edit]

text: So called as a play on the phonetic sound of the name, "Bonanno".  The stable power relationship between the families collapsed with the death of Joe Profaci in 1962. Bonanno was now threatened by an alliance of Tommy Lucchese and new boss Carlo Gambino.[12] At the same time, Bonanno was facing rising discontent within his own family. In the early 1960s many of the Bonanno family members were complaining that Bonanno spent too much time at his second home in Tucson, Arizona.[12]

text: In 1963, Bonanno and Joe Magliocco, Profaci's successor as boss of the Profaci family, conspired to wipe out several other mob leaders, Stefano Magaddino, Carlo Gambino, Tommy Lucchese and Frank DeSimone.[10] Magliocco was given the task of wiping out Gambino and Lucchese, and gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Joe Colombo. However, Colombo instead alerted Gambino and Lucchese.[10] The other bosses quickly realized that Magliocco could not possibly have planned this by himself.  Knowing how close the Bonanno and Profaci families had been over the last three decades, they viewed Bonanno as the real mastermind. The commission summoned Magliocco and Bonanno. In view of their pioneering roles in the New York Mafia, the commission intended to go easy on them, with nothing more than a fine and loss of their family. However, only Magliocco showed up. He admitted his role in the plot and was forced to give up his family to Colombo.

text: On October 21, 1964, Bonanno disappeared and wasn't heard from again for almost two years. After months of no word from Bonanno the Commission named capo Gaspar DiGregorio the new boss.[7][13] The family split into two factions, the DiGregorio supporters and the Bonanno loyalists. In the media the event was referred to as the "Banana Split" or "Banana War".[14] The Bonanno loyalists were led by Bonanno's brother-in-law Frank Labruzzo and his son Bill Bonanno. In 1966, DiGregorio arranged for a sit-down in a house on Troutman Street in Brooklyn.[14] DiGregorio's men arrived at the meeting, and when Bill Bonanno arrived a large gun battle ensued. The DiGregorio loyalists had planned to wipe out the opposition, but they failed, and no one was killed.[12][14]

text: In May 1966, Bonanno reappeared and rallied a large part of the family to his side. He claimed that Magaddino, acting on behalf of the commission, sent two of his soldiers to kidnap Bonanno and held him captive for six weeks. However, this account is almost certainly false based on contemporary accounts of the time. Several of Bonanno's button men were overheard expressing their disgust that Bonanno "took off and left us here alone", and New Jersey crime boss Sam DeCavalcante was overheard saying that Bonanno's disappearance took the other bosses by surprise. Bonanno may have had another reason to disappear—he was facing a subpoena from U.S. Attorney Robert Morgenthau, and faced the choice of either breaking his blood oath or going to jail for contempt.[6] Further peace offers from both sides were spurned with the ongoing violence and murders. The Commission grew tired of the affair and replaced DiGregorio with Paul Sciacca, but the fighting carried on regardless.

text: The war was finally brought to a close with Joe Bonanno, still in hiding, suffering a heart attack and announcing his permanent retirement in 1968 (he went on to live to the age of 97, dying in Tucson in 2002).[12] The commission accepted this offer, with the stipulation that he never involve himself in New York Mafia affairs again under pain of death.[6] Both factions came together under Sciacca's leadership. His replacement was Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola as boss of the Bonanno family.[14] Evola's leadership was short lived – his death (from natural causes) in 1973 brought Philip "Rusty" Rastelli to the throne.[13][15]

text: Rastelli regime[edit]

text: Due to the infighting of the Bonanno family, it was spurned by the other families and stripped of its Commission seat. Rastelli took charge of a seemingly hapless, doomed organization. Rastelli's former friend Carmine Galante became a powerful and dangerous renegade.

text: Having previously acted as a focal point for the importation of heroin to the USA via Montreal, Galante set about refining the family's drug trafficking operations. The incredibly lucrative deals he was able to make the family a fortune, but with the other four families being kept out of the arrangements, Galante was making a rod for his own back.

text: When eight members of the Genovese family were murdered on Galante's orders for trying to muscle in on his drug operation, the other families decided he had outlived his usefulness at the head of the Bonanno family. On July 12, 1979, Galante was shot dead by three men, at a restaurant in the Bushwick area of Brooklyn.

text: Rastelli took over once again, but the family's internal strife was far from over. Three renegade capos – Philip Giaccone, Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato and Dominick "Big Trin" Trinchera – began to openly question Rastelli's leadership and apparently plotted to overthrow him. With the blessing of the other families, Rastelli had the three men wiped out in a hit arranged by then-street boss Dominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano, as well as the future boss Joseph "Big Joe" Massino.

text: In August 2006, the alleged boss of the Montreal Cosa Nostra, Vito Rizzuto, was extradited from Canada to the United States to face charges in the 1981 murder in New York of the three Bonanno captains. Vito Rizzuto was released from prison in Colorado and returned to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on October 5, 2012.[16][17]

text: Donnie Brasco[edit]

text: Two of the men involved in the murder of the three rogue capos were Benjamin "Lefty Guns" Ruggiero and his capo Dominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano. Ruggiero had an associate, Donnie Brasco, whom he proposed for full family membership. In reality, Brasco was undercover FBI agent Joe Pistone, conducting what would become a six-year infiltration of the family.

text: Pistone's undercover work led to numerous charges against the Bonanno family. Both Ruggiero and Rastelli received lengthy sentences. On August 17, 1981, Napolitano was shot and killed in a basement by Ronald Filocomo and Frank "Curly" Lino as punishment for admitting Pistone to his crew.[18][19][20] Anthony Mirra, the man who had brought Pistone to the family, was also killed.

text: Pistone was on the verge of becoming made when the FBI ordered him to end his operation on July 26, 1981.  Pistone wanted to become made, believing that if it got out that a Mafia family had allowed an FBI agent into its ranks, it would destroy its reputation for invincibility.  However, Pistone's superiors felt it was too dangerous.  After the Donnie Brasco affair, the Mafia Commission removed the Bonanno family from the panel. However, when the federal government pressed charges against the New York Cosa Nostra leadership in the Mafia Commission Trial, the Bonannos avoided indictment.  They were thus the only family whose leadership wasn't decimated as a result of the trial.  The leaders of the other major families were all sent to prison for life, with the Lucchese family losing its entire hierarchy. As a result, the Bonanno family was able to keep its leadership intact and build up its power again.

text: Under Massino's command[edit]

text: Rastelli's death in 1991, following a period in which he ruled the family from inside prison, saw the promotion of Massino to the top spot.  However, Massino had been the real power in the family since the mid-1980s.  One of his first acts was to change the family's name to "the Massino family."  Like other mafiosi, Massino had been very displeased at Bonanno's tell-all book, A Man of Honor, and believed he'd broken the code of omertà by writing it.  However, the change never stuck, and most people outside the family continued to use the old name.

text: Massino was 49 years old at the time he formally became boss, and knew he potentially had a long reign ahead of him if he could avoid the pitfalls that landed other bosses in prison. With this in mind, Massino adopted a more secretive way of doing business. He shut down the family's social clubs, believing they were too easy to bug. He also streamlined the family's chain of command, assigning a group of capos to oversee a particular enterprise and report to underboss and brother-in-law Salvatore Vitale. He also barred family members from speaking his name. Instead, they were to point to their ears when referring to him—a nod to how Genovese boss Vincent Gigante told his men to point to their chins rather than use his name. Remembering how close Pistone/Brasco had come to actually becoming made, Massino required any prospective soldier to be "on record" with a made man for at least eight years before becoming made himself. He also strongly encouraged his men to volunteer their sons for membership, believing that they would be less likely to turn informer and be more loyal. However, the family already had a reputation for loyalty; it was the only family that had never seen one of its members turn informer in the seven decades since the Castellammarese War.[6]

text: Massino not only concentrated on the narcotics trade as had become mandatory for a mob boss, but also in other areas less likely to draw the attention of the authorities than drugs, such as the Mafia's stock trades of racketeering, money laundering and loan sharking. A close friend of Massino's, and boss of the Gambino crime family, John Gotti, also helped to get the Bonannos a seat on the Commission again.  Over the next 10 years, the family steadily increased its power.  By the mid-1990s, the FBI reckoned Massino as the most powerful Mafia boss in New York and the country. By then, Gigante was serving time on racketeering charges, leaving Massino as the only full-fledged New York boss who wasn't in prison. He was thus in a position to make general policies for the Five Families. Under his watch, the Commission required prospective soldiers to be full-blooded Italian-Americans; previously, a soldier was only required to have an Italian-American father. He also imposed restrictions on inducting associates facing drug charges.

text: Massino turns informant[edit]

text: The family managed to keep its nose clean until 2000, when a pair of forensic accountants who normally worked on financial fraud cases discovered that Barry Weinberg, a businessman who had partnered with capo Richard "Shellackhead" Cantarella in several parking lots, had failed to report millions of dollars worth of income over a decade.  Told he faced a long prison term unless he wore a wire and incriminated his Bonanno partners, Weinberg agreed to cooperate.  One of Weinberg's other partners, Augustino Scozzari, also agreed to cooperate.  Between them, Weinberg and Scozzari captured hundreds of incriminating statements from Cantrella and his crew.[6]

text: In October 2002, armed with this evidence, the government won a 24-count RICO indictment against 21 Bonanno soldiers and associates.  The biggest names on the indictment were Cantarella—who was serving as acting underboss while Vitale was awaiting sentencing for loansharking and money laundering—and capo Frank Coppa.  Within a month of his indictment, Coppa agreed to become a government witness, becoming the first made man in the Bonanno family's history to break his blood oath.  Soon after agreeing to cooperate, Coppa directly implicated Massino in the Napolitano murder, and also implicated Cantarella and Vitale in the 1992 murder of New York Post delivery superintendent Robert Perrino, who was a Bonanno soldier.  Seeing the handwriting on the wall, Cantarella negotiated his own plea bargain in December, and agreed to testify against Massino and Vitale.[6]

text: Massino and Vitale were charged with the crime in 2003, mostly on testimony from Cantarella and Coppa. Vitale also faced charges for the murder of Perrino.  Up to this point he had been utterly loyal to his boss.  However, Cantarella and Coppa told FBI agents that Massino suspected Vitale was an informer and wanted him killed.  When the FBI notified Vitale of this, Vitale decided to switch sides himself.[6][21] He was followed in rapid succession by four other soldiers and associates.  Massino now faced eleven RICO counts, including seven murders.  In a separate indictment, Massino was charged with an eighth murder, that of capo Gerlando "George from Canada" Sciascia, which carried the death penalty.  With seven of his former henchmen testifying against him, his conviction in July 2004 was a foregone conclusion.[6]

text: Shortly after Massino's arrest, longtime capo Anthony Urso became acting boss.  Urso's tenure was short-lived as he too was imprisoned on numerous charges, leading to Vincent Basciano taking control as operating head of the family.  In November 2004, shortly after taking over, Basciano himself was indicted on RICO charges.  In January 2005, he received additional charges of plotting to kill Greg Andres, the federal prosecutor who had sent Massino to prison.  At that arraignment, prosecutors made a shocking announcement—most of the evidence came from conversations taped by Massino.  Four months after his conviction, Massino had become the first full-time boss of an American crime family to turn informant, sparing himself the ultimate penalty for the murder of Sciascia.  By this time, 90 of the family's 150 made men were under indictment.[6] He was sentenced to time served and released in 2013.

text: Massino is believed to be the man who pointed the FBI towards a spot in Ozone Park, Queens, called "The Hole", where the body of Alphonse Indelicato had been found in 1981. Told to dig a little deeper, authorities duly uncovered the remains of Dominick Trinchera and Philip Giaccone, as well as a body suspected to be that of John Favara, a neighbor of Gambino family boss John Gotti who had killed the mobster's son in a car/bicycle accident, and paid with his life.

text: The authorities continue to plague the family, with the February 16, 2006 arrest of acting boss Michael Mancuso on murder charges, while alleged boss Vincent Basciano was convicted on charges of conspiracy to murder, attempted murder, and illegal gambling and was sentenced to life imprisonment in late 2007.  The main charge against him was that he conspired to murder both the judge and prosecutor in the case, as well as Patrick DeFilippo, a fellow Bonanno crime family captain.

text: Basciano and Montagna's leadership[edit]

text: Bonanno family boss Vincent Basciano was imprisoned in 2004 and eventually sentenced to life in prison. He named Brooklyn business owner Salvatore "Sal the Ironworker" Montagna, as his "acting boss" during his arrest and trial. Montagna was closely associated with the Bonanno Sicilian faction, including Baldo Amato and capo Cesare Bonventre. With Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora as "acting underboss" and Anthony Rabito as the alleged consigliere, Montagna was capable of running the day-to-day operations on behalf of Vincent Basciano.[22]

text: In July 2004, The New York Times reported that federal prosecutors in Brooklyn "say that overall, in the last four years, they have won convictions against roughly 75 mobsters or associates in a crime clan with fewer than 150 made members."[23] In June 2005, 12 Bonanno family member and associates, seven over the age 70, including acting consigliere Anthony Rabito were indicted and arrested on charges of operating a $10 million a year gambling ring."[24] On February 6, 2007 acting underboss Nicholas Santora, acting consigliere Anthony Rabito, captains or former captains Jerome Asaro, Joseph Cammarano, Jr. and Louis Decicco were indicted on racketeering charges.[25] In 2009 Montagna was deported to Canada, ending his tenure as acting boss. He was murdered in 2011 after getting involved in the Montreal Mafia War.

text: Current position of the family[edit]

text: Following Montagna deportation and the arrest of other senior ranking members of the family, a ruling panel was set up until a new boss was chosen.[26] In 2013, Michael Mancuso, who is currently imprisoned was named the new official boss of the family.[27] Mancuso is the first man to hold the official boss title since Massino became a government witness in 2004.[27] Mancuso's underboss Thomas DiFiore took over as acting boss in his absence,[27] but was replaced by Joseph Cammarano, Jr in 2014 following DiFiore's arrest, guilty plea and 21 month prison sentence.[28] In December 2016, the FBI observed over a dozen ranking members of the family host a dinner together in recognition of Cammanaro's new position.[29]

text: Bonanno associate, Charles "Charlie Pepsi" Centaro, was sentenced to 33 months in prison on September 15, 2015, after being convicted of money laundering, it was alleged that he had laundered over $500,000.[30] Centaro, along with Bonanno/Gambino associate Franco Lupoi were involved in a large cocaine, heroin and weapons trafficking operation that stretched from New York to Italy. The Gambino crime family from New York and the 'Ndrangheta Mafia from Calabria were also involved.

text: In November 2017, the FBI arrested several individuals in New York City, including members and associates of the Bonanno and Gambino crime families on charges of narcotics trafficking, loansharking and firearms offenses. They included Damiano Zummo, a reputed acting captain in the Bonanno crime family.[31][32] The FBI also announced that they had a covertly recorded a video of an induction ceremony for the Bonnano family of an undercover agent, recorded in Canada.[33] Zummo played a major role in the ceremony and named others at a higher level in the organization on the recording.[34] A Brooklyn court official later said, "The recording of a secret induction ceremony is an extraordinary achievement for law enforcement and deals a significant blow to La Cosa Nostra." The recording also led to the arrest of 13 mobsters.[35]

text: On January 12, 2018, 8 members of the Bonanno family were arrested and charged with racketeering and related offenses. Genovese and Lucchese crime family members Ernest Montevecchi and Eugene "Boobie" Castelle were also arrested.[36][37] The charges were assault and aid resulting in serious bodily injury, extortion, loansharking, wire and mail fraud, narcotics distribution, conspiracy to commit murder, extortion conspiracy, racketeering and racketeering conspiracy.[38] Six of the defendants face a maximum of 40 years in prison whereas the other 4 face a maximum of 20 years. Acting boss Joseph Cammarano Jr. and several Bonanno captains were among the indicted.[39]

text: Historical leadership[edit]

text: Boss (official and acting)[edit]

text:
1909—1912 – Sebastiano DiGaetano
1912—1930 – Nicolo Schirò – fled
1930—1931 – Salvatore Maranzano – murdered on September 10, 1931[6]
1931—1968 – Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno – forcibly replaced by the Commission,[14] officially retires after a heart attack in 1968
Disputed 1965—1966 – Gaspar "Gasparino" DiGregorio – installed and forcibly replaced by the Commission[14]
Acting 1966—1968 – Paul Sciacca[13] – for the DiGregorio faction
1968—1971 – Paul Sciacca – imprisoned
1971—1973 – Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola[13] – died on August 23, 1973
1973—1991 – Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli[13] – imprisoned 1975—1984 and 1986—1991[10]
Acting 1974—1979 – Carmine "Cigar" Galante[13] – murdered on July 12, 1979[10]
Acting 1979—1983 – Salvatore "Sally Fruits" Farrugia – appointed by the Commission[40]
Acting 1987—1991 – Anthony "Old Man" Spero[13]
1991—2004 – Joseph "Big Joe" Massino – imprisoned January 2003, became government informant in October 2004
Acting 1991—1993 – Anthony "Old Man" Spero
Acting 2003—2004 – Anthony "Tony Green" Urso – imprisoned January 2004
Acting 2004 – Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano – imprisoned November 2004, in July 2007 received a life sentence
2005—2013 – Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano
Acting 2004—2006 – Michael "the Nose" Mancuso – imprisoned February 2006
Acting 2006—2009 – Salvatore "Sal the Iron Worker" Montagna – deported to Canada in April 2009,[26] murdered in 2011
Acting 2010—2012 – Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti – imprisoned in January 2012[41]
2013—present – Michael "the Nose" Mancuso[27]
Acting 2013-2014 – Thomas "Tommy D" DiFiore[42]
Acting 2014-2015 - John Palazzolo [43]
Acting 2015-2018 - Joseph 'Joe C' Cammarano Jr.[44][45]

tag: ul

text: Street boss[edit]

text: The Street boss is responsible for passing on orders to lower ranking members. In some instances a Ruling panel (of capos) substituted the Street boss role. The family may choose to assemble a ruling panel of capos if the boss dies, goes to prison, or is incapacitated. During the 1960s family war, a ruling panel of capos controlled the decision making of the family.

text:
1964–1968 – Frank Labruzzo – led Bonanno faction
1964– Ruling panel – Gasparino DiGregorio, Angelo Caruso, Nicolino Alfano, Joseph Notaro, Thomas D'Angelo, Natale Evola, Joseph DeFilippo, Peter Crociata and Paul Sciacca
1964–1965 – Ruling panel – Gasparino DiGregorio, Angelo Caruso, and Nicolino Alfano
1979–1981 – Salvatore "Toto" Catalano[15] – leader of the Sicilian faction, became underboss
1981— Dominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano[46] – murdered on August 17, 1981
2009–2010 – Ruling panel – Joseph Sammartino, Sr. (capo in New Jersey),[47][48] the other members are unknown
2012–2013 – Ruling panel – Vincent Asaro, Anthony Rabito, and Thomas DiFiore[49]
2013–2015 – John Palazzolo[50]
2015–present – Joseph Cammarano Jr.[51] – indicted on January 12, 2018 [36]

text: Underboss (official and acting)[edit]

text:
1915—1921 – Stefano Magaddino – fled to Buffalo
1921—1930 – Vito Bonventre – murdered on July 15, 1930
1930—1931 – Joseph Bonanno – became boss
1931—1932 – Angelo Caruso[11]
1932—1955 – Francesco "Frank Caroll" Garofalo[11]
1955—1962 – Carmine "Lilo" Galante – indicted and fled
1962—1968 – John "Johnny Burns" Morales[11]
Acting 1965—1968 – Pietro "Skinny Pete" Crociata – for the DiGregorio faction
Acting 1968 – Frank "Russo" Mari – for the DiGregorio faction, murdered
1968—1971 – Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola – became boss
1971—1973 – Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli – became boss
1974—1979 – Nicholas "Nicky Glasses" Marangello (demoted)[15]
1979—1981 – Salvatore "Sal" Catalano (leader of the Sicilian faction)
1981—1988 – Joseph "Big Joe" Massino (imprisoned in 1984)
Acting 1984—1988 – Louis "Louie Ha Ha" Attanasio
1991—2003 – Salvatore "Handsome Sal" Vitale (became FBI informant in March 2003)
Acting 2001—2002 – Richard "Shellackhead" Cantarella (became an FBI informant on December 2002, and in June 2004 testified against Bonanno boss Joseph Massino.)[52]
Acting 2003—2004 – Joseph "Joe C." Cammarano, Sr.
Acting 2004 – Michael "the Nose" Mancuso – became acting boss
2004—2007 – Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora (indicted in 2007)
2013—present – Thomas Defiore[27]
Acting 2015—present – Joseph Cammarano Jr.[51] – indicted on January 12, 2018[36]

text: Consigliere (official and acting)[edit]

text:
c.1930s – Frank Italiano[11]
1932—1939 – Phillipe Rapa[11]
1940—1964 – John Tartamella[11]
1964—1968 – Salvatore "Bill" Bonanno[11]
Acting 1965–1968 – Nicolino "Nick" Alfano – for the DiGregorio faction
Acting 1968 – Michael "Mike" Adamo
1968—1971 – Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli (Promoted to underboss in 1971)
1971—1974 – Joseph DiFilippo
1974—1984 – Stefano "Stevie Beefs" Cannone
1984—2001 – Anthony Spero (acting boss from 1987—1993, died September 29, 2008)[53][54]
Acting 1987—1992 – Joseph Buccellato
Acting 1999—2001 – Anthony "T.G." Graziano
2001—2010 – Anthony "T.G." Graziano
Acting 2001—2003 – Anthony "Tony Green" Urso – became acting boss
Acting 2004—2007 – Anthony "Fat Tony" Rabito – imprisoned
2010—2015 – Anthony "Fat Tony" Rabito [55]
Unknown – Simone Esposito – Indicted on January 12, 2018[36]
Unknown—Present – John (Porky) Zancocchio – Indicted on January 12, 2018[36]

text: Current family members[edit]

text: Administration[edit]

text:
Boss – Michael "The Nose" Mancuso – is currently incarcerated with a projected release date from prison of March 12, 2019.[56]
Street Boss/Underboss – Joseph Cammarano, Jr. – The current street boss/acting underboss for the family. Cammarano Jr was a capo operating a crew in Brooklyn. After his father Joseph "Joe Saunders" Cammarano, Sr., died on September 3, 2013, Cammarano Jr. took over his father's crew.[57] Cammarano Jr. was indicted in January 2018 on racketeering and murder conspiracy charges, effectively ending his reign as boss.[58]
Consigliere – John 'Porky' Zancocchio[59]

text: Capos[edit]

text: Brooklyn faction

text:
Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti – the former acting boss. In December 2009, Badalamenti was found with Staten Island-based capo Anthony Calabrese and soldier John "Johnny Green" Faracithe meeting at a Bensonhurst storefront.[60][61] He served as acting boss from early 2010 until 2012 when he was imprisoned.
Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora – capo controlling the Motion Lounge crew active in the Western Brooklyn communities of Williamsburg and East Williamsburg among others. Santora took over as acting underboss in 2004, when Joseph Massino and Salvatore Vitale became government witnesses. In 2007, Santora was indicted on racketeering and extortion charges.[25] He was released from prison on October 23, 2013.[62]
Anthony "T.G." Graziano – capo operating in Brooklyn and Staten Island. Graziano is the former consigliere of the family. He operated a pension fund scheme that eventually reaped over $11.7 million from elderly investors and supervised a large narcotics trafficking operation in Florida. In 2002, Graziano was imprisoned on federal racketeering and murder charges. In January 2012, Graziano was indicted on new racketeering charges. He was released from prison on December 19, 2013.[63]
Anthony "Anthony from Elmont" Mannone – (a.k.a. Anthony from the Five Towns) – capo who was arrested on February 24, 2010, for running an illegal gambling and extortion ring throughout Brooklyn.[64][65][66] Manone was released from prison on June 27, 2013[67]
Louis "Louie Electric" DeCicco – capo in Brooklyn with operations in Queens and Long Island. In March 2007, DeCicco was arrested along with other Bonanno capos. On December 31, 2009, DeCicco was released from prison.[68][69]

text: Staten Island faction

text:
Anthony Calabrese – capo based in Staten Island. He was found with capo Vincent Badalamenti on December 2009 meeting at a Bensonhurst storefront for a Christmas party.[61]
Anthony Furino – capo based in Staten Island. In 2004, Furino was arrested for extortion of Long Island night clubs and Staten Island restaurants.[70][71] In 2007, Furino was released from prison.
Anthony "Scal" Sclafani – capo in the Staten Island faction who operates illegal gambling. Sclafani also operates in New Jersey with capo Joseph Sammartino, Sr. On October 14, 2009, Sclafani was arrested on loansharking charges.[47][72][73][74] Sclafani is currently imprisoned. His projected release date is February 14, 2014.[75]
Frank Porco – 70-year-old capo operating from Staten Island, Brooklyn and Florida. In 2005, Calabrese was released from prison.[76][77]
Gerard "Jerry" Chilli – capo in the Staten Island faction. Chilli along with his nephew Tom Fiore controlled operations in Broward County, Florida, and Hollywood, Florida.[78]

text: Manhattan faction

text:
Joseph Indelicato – capo in Manhattan and New Jersey. Took over crew from his deceased brother, Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato. Joseph's nephew Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato is a soldier in the crew.[79]
William "Willie Glasses" Riviello – capo operating in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx and Westchester County. In 2004, Riviello was arrested for a stolen bank check scheme in the Bronx and Yonkers, New York, that grossed over $500,000 for the family. In 2007, Riviello was released from prison.[80][81]

text: Queens faction

text:
Vincent "Vinny" Asaro – capo since the 1980s. During the 1990s, Asaro allegedly operated a multimillion-dollar stolen car ring and oversaw the hijacking of cargo at John F. Kennedy International Airport. In 1998 Asaro was convicted of running a car theft ring.[82] In 2015, Asaro was acquitted of alleged involvement in the 1978 Lufthansa robbery with Lucchese crime family associates which $21.3 million in today's money was reported stolen.[83][84]
Anthony "Fat Tony" Rabito – capo. Rabito was the former acting consigliere for Vincent Basciano prior to his incarceration and a longtime member of the Bonanno family. From January 2003 to July 2004, Rabito operated an illegal gambling and loansharking ring in Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and Staten Island, earning $210,000 a week. Currently on trial for RICO charges.[25]

text: New Jersey faction

text: Joseph "Sammy" Sammartino, Sr. – capo in the New Jersey faction since 2003. Sammartino lives in North Arlington, New Jersey, and is part of the current ruling panel/committee. His crew is based in Bayonne, New Jersey. On October 14, 2009, Sammartino was arrested on loansharking charges[47][85] He was sentenced to 18 months in prison and a $50,000 fine for extortion.[86] On January 27, 2011, Sammartino was released from prison.

text: Soldiers[edit]

text:
Sandro Aiosa – a former capo in the 1970s who operated in Brooklyn.[71] Aiosa is currently in federal prison. His projected release date is October 12, 2012.[87]
Joseph "Joe Lefty" Loiacono –  former acting capo who was arrested on October 14, 2009, for running a loansharking operation. Currently in prison, his projected release date is May 18, 2012.[25][88][89][90]
Anthony "Little Anthony" Pipitone – former acting capo arrested on October 14, 2009.[91][92] Pipitone is currently incarcerated in federal prison. His project release date is February 7, 2013.
Jerome Asaro – a former acting capo with large illegal gambling and loansharking rings in Queens. Asaro is the son of Vincent Asaro. In February 2007, Jerome Asaro pleaded guilty to a 25-year association with the Bonanno family. On November 2, 2010, Asaro was released from prison.[93]
Joseph "Joe Saunders, Jr." Cammarano, Jr. – his father Joseph Cammarano, Sr. is a Bonanno family capo. Joseph, Jr., served in the U.S. Navy for six years before joining the Bonanno crime family.[94] In February 2007, he was arrested on racketeering charges.[95] In January 2009, Joseph, Jr. was released from federal prison.[96]

text:
Salvatore "Toto" Catalano – a former capo and Street boss of the Sicilian faction. Catalano was heavily involved in the Pizza Connection a heroin drug distribution scheme with boss Carmine Galante. The heroin was shipped into the U.S. and sold through pizzerias in New York City and New Jersey. In 1976, Catalano became capo of the Knickerbocker Avenue Crew.[97] On March 2, 1987, Catalano was sentenced to 45 years in prison and fined $1.15 million.[98][99][100][101] He was released from prison on November 16, 2009.[102]
Joseph "Joe Desi" DeSimone – a former capo.[103] DeSimone was involved in the 1981 murders of Philip Giaccone, Dominick Trinchera and Alphonse Indelicato.[104]

text: Imprisoned soldiers[edit]

text:
Baldassare "Baldo" Amato – a soldier in the Sicilian faction and leader of a freelance crew operating in Ridgewood, Queens. He once served as a bodyguard to former boss Carmine Galante and was also with him on the day that he was murdered, it is alleged that he cooperated in Galante being murdered as his life was spared. As of 2006, Amato is currently serving a life sentence in federal prison for two murders and racketeering.[105][106][107][108]
Louis "Louie Ha Ha" Attanasio – a former capo in the Bronx. Attanasio along with his brother Robert "Bobby Ha Ha" and Peter Calabrese murdered Bonanno family Sicilian faction member Cesare Bonventre in 1984.[109] On September 20, 2006, Attanasio and Peter Calabrese were sentenced to 15 years in prison for the 1984 Bonventre murder.[110] Attanasio's projected release date is January 23, 2018.[111] His brother, only an associate of the Bonanno family, was sentenced  to 2 years of supervised release, he was ordered to home confinement with GPS monitoring for the first 6 months by Senior United States District Judge Nicholas Garaufis. He was accused of affiliating with members of the Bonanno and Gambino crime families, including playing bocce with Louis Vallario, a capo of the Gambino crime family, which Attanasio plead guilty to. It was also revealed that Robert Attanasio was suffering from prostate cancer in 2017.[112]
Thomas Fiore – former "acting capo" of Gerard Chilli's South Florida crew. He is based in Palm Beach County, city of Boynton Beach. On October 14, 2009, his crew in South Florida was charged under the RICO law. Six of the eleven crew members pleaded guilty to a list of crimes. The members that pleaded guilty included crew enforcer Pasquale Rubbo and his brother Joseph Rubbo. The crew is involved in arson, insurance fraud, identity theft, illegal gambling and other crimes. They send some tribute to Bonanno family bosses in New York City.[113] On March 2, 2010, Fiore was sentenced to twelve years for racketeering.[114] His projected release date is January 18, 2020.[115]
Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato – soldier in the crew of his uncle, Joseph Indelicato, and the son of Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato. A made member since the late 1970s, Anthony Indelicato may have participated in the 1979 murder of Carmine Galante. Indelicato was a defendant in the 1986 Mafia Commission Trial[116] where he was sentenced to 45 years and released in 2000. On December 16, 2008, Indelicato received a 20-year prison sentence for the 2001 killing of Frank Santoro. Indelicato's projected release date is May 20, 2023.[117]
Thomas Pitera – soldier and hitman who was sentenced to life in federal prison. He is currently serving his sentence in federal prison.[118]
Anthony "Tony Green" Urso – former capo and acting capo under Joseph Massino in the 1990s. In 2004, Urso was imprisoned for extortion and loansharking. Currently in prison, his projected release date is December 5, 2021.[119]
Gino Galestro – a former newspaper delivery truck driver and soldier who operated in Staten Island. He pled guilty to ordering the murder of associate Robert McKelvey over money debt in 2005. He will be released in 2023.[120]

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Cesare "The Tall Guy" Bonventre – a former capo and member of the Sicilian faction. He was related to Vito Bonventre, John Bonventre, and Joseph Bonanno. He was murdered on April 16, 1984.
John "Boobie" Cerasani – was a Bonanno family soldier and right-hand man to Sonny "Black" Napolitano.[121] Cerasani was involved in the 1981 murders of three warring captains Alphonse Indelicato, Dominick Trinchera and Philip Giaccone. In July 26, 1982 Cerasani, Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero, Anthony Rabito, Nicholas Santora and Antonio Tomasulo were tried at a Manhattan federal district court. Cerasani was later acquitted.[122]
James "Jimmy Legs" Episcopia – a soldier who worked for capo Sonny "Black" Napolitano.[123][124]
Salvatore "Sal the Iron Worker" Montagna – capo and acting boss after the 2005 conviction of Vincent Basciano. Based in the Bronx, Montagna was reportedly the leader of the Sicilian faction. Montagna was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and resided in Elmont, New York. His family originated from Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily. On April 21, 2009, Montagna was deported to Canada and he settled in Montreal. In Montreal, Montagna tried to assume control of the Rizzuto crime family while its leader, Vito Rizzuto, was imprisoned in the United States.[60] Montagna was assassinated on November 24, 2011, outside of Montreal, his body was found near Repentigny, Quebec, in the Assomption River, on Île Vaudry, having been shot at around 10 am.[125]
Gerlando "George from Canada" Sciascia – a former capo who worked with the Sicilian faction in New York.[97] Sciascia served as mediator between Bonanno family and Montreal's Rizzuto family in the 1990s. He was murdered on March 18, 1999.[126][127]
Michael Zaffarano – a former capo who was involved in the adult entertainment industry.[128][129] Anthony Mirra a soldier in his crew was responsible for allowing FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone ("Donnie Brasco") to work undercover in the Bonanno crime family.[128] On February 14, 1980, Zaffarano died from a heart attack during an FBI raid.[128][130]

text: Family crews[edit]

text:
The Sicilian faction – in the 1950s the Bonanno family started bringing Sicilian-born Mafia members to New York to keep closer ties with the Sicilian Mafia families. American mobsters frequently refer to these Sicilian mobsters as Zips. The derogatory term name derives from their Sicilian birth and their fast-spoken, difficult-to-understand Sicilian dialects.
The Motion Lounge crew – run by underboss and capo Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora. This Brooklyn-based crew is active primarily in the Western Brooklyn communities of Williamsburg and East Williamsburg.
The Indelicato crew – run by capo Joseph Indelicato. This crew is active in Manhattan and New Jersey. Indelicato's nephew Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato is a soldier in this crew.[79]
Bath Avenue crew – run by Bonanno associate Paul Gulino supervised under consigliere Anthony Spero until Gulino got into an argument with Spero and shoved him. Spero then ordered Gulino's death and Gulino was murdered by two members of Gulino's own Bath Avenue crew, Joey Calco and Tommy Reynolds (Calco actually pulled the trigger).[131]
Arizona crew  — possibly inactive after Joe Bonanno retired.

text: Allied criminal organization[edit]

text: The Bonannos and the Canadian faction – In the mid-1950s, Carmine Galante established two groups to control the illegal rackets in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[132] The Sicilian group was led by Luigi Greco and the Calabrian group was led by Vic Cotroni.[132] The Montreal groups became part of the Bonanno crime family having made members in each group. Joseph Bonanno promoted Vic Controni to become the boss (capo) of both Montreal groups.[132] In 1964, Sicilian group leader Pasquale Cuntrera was arrested and Nicolo "Nick" Rizzuto took over the group starting a war in 1973.[133] The Sicilians killed the Cotroni-Calabrian group underboss Paolo Violi and others.[133] With the death of Vic Controni in 1984, the Rizzuto crime family became the most powerful Mafia family in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[133] In 1988, Nick Rizzuto was convicted of cocaine trafficking and his son Vittorio "Vito" Rizzuto became boss of the family.[133] By 1999 the Rizzuto crime family began working independently, while remaining allies to the Bonanno family.[134][135] Vito Rizzuto was arrested in January 2004 and extradited to the United States on murder charges in August 2006. In May 2007, Rizzuto accepted a plea deal for his involvement in the May 1981 murders of three renegade Bonanno capos in New York and was sentenced to ten years in prison. He was released from prison on October 5, 2012 and subsequently died on December 23, 2013 from lung cancer.[136] On November 10, 2010, Nick Rizzuto was killed at his residence in the Cartierville borough of Montreal.[137][138][139]

text: Government informants and witnesses[edit]

text: William Joseph Dara - he is the first confirmed Bonanno informant. He was born on July 12, 1905, in Sicily, and immigrated to the United States in 1910. Dara was active in the Florida and Miami area. He became a soldier in the Bonanno crime family around 1949 or 1950. Dara became an informer and decided to cooperate in late 1967, two days after he was sentenced to 7 and a half years in prison for attempting to extort $250,000 from a Miami-based trucking company owner. It is noted by the FBI that in 1968, alongside Bonanno capo Michael Sabella, he and Dara met with Lucchese crime family capo Paul Vario and acting boss Ettore Coco in Miami in order to keep the peace between the two crime families. He died on July 9, 1982, in a plane crash in Louisiana.[140]

text: Joseph Calco – former associate with the Bath Avenue crew, a follower and subgroup of the Bonanno crime family. He was the triggerman in the hit on childhood friend and Bath Avenue crew leader Paul Gulino on July 25, 1993. In 2001, Calco became a government witness and testified against Bonanno consigliere Anthony Spero. Calco then entered the Witness Protection Program under the name "Joseph Milano". While working at a pizzeria he owned in Florida, Calco assaulted and pistol whipped a customer who complained about his calzone order in 2009, and his true identity became public knowledge; he was sentenced to 6 months in prison in November 2011.[141][142]

text: Michael "Mikey Y" Yammine – former associate with the Bath Avenue crew. In 2001, Yammine became a government informant.[143][144] Alongside fellow Bath Avenue crew member and government witness Joseph Calco, he testified in March 2001 against the former Bonanno family consigliere, Anthony "Old Man" Spero.[145]

text: Vincenzo Morena - former soldier who was active with the Bonanno-Giannini crew in Queens. He was sentenced to over 4 years imprisonment in 2001. Morena was secretly an informer since at least the early 2000s. He was part of the November 2015 law enforcement operation which targeted the Bonanno and Gambino families, and which overseen an employed law enforcement agent secretly become an American Mafia member for the first time in history, Morena himself was inducted and the ceremony was recorded.

text: Frank Coppa, Sr. – former capo and close friend of Joseph Massino. He was inducted into the Bonanno crime family in mid-1977 by Carmine Galante in Brooklyn. It is noted that he was initiated alongside John Palazzolo, however Cesare Bonventre and Baldo Amato were initiated during the same night. In 1978, he survived a car bombing. Coppa was known for his involvement in fraud and stock scams. He became a government witness in November 2002.[146][147]

text: Salvatore "Handsome Sal" Vitale –  former underboss. In January 2003, Vitale was charged with the 1992 murder of Bonanno associate Robert Perrino. In April 2003, Vitale became a government informant. In July 2004, he testified at the trial of his brother-in-law, boss Joseph Massino.[148][149] By 2010, Vitale had testified against 51 organized crime figures.[150]

text: James "Big Louie" Tartaglione – former capo. In 2003, Tartaglione began wearing a wire and recorded conversations with other Bonanno family members. In 2007, Tartaglione testified against Vincent Basciano and Patrick DeFilippo.[151][152][153][154]

text: Joseph "Joey Moak" D'Amico – former soldier. D'Amico was inducted into the Bonanno crime family in 1977 at Elizabeth Street, Little Italy. He served in the crew of his uncle, Bonanno capo Alfred "Al Walker" Embarrato. He was also an acquaintance of Sicilian hitman and Bonanno capo Cesare Bonventre, who can be seen together in several FBI surveillance photos. D'Amico murdered Anthony Mirra on February 18, 1982, his cousin and a Bonanno capo, on orders of boss Joseph Massino as Mirra had allowed FBI agent Joseph Pistone, better known as Donnie Brasco, to infiltrate the family. Between January and March 2003, D'Amico decided to become a government informant.[147][155]

text: Frank "Curly" Lino – former capo. Lino became an informer in 2003 and testified at the trial for the 1981 murders of Bonanno capos Alphonse Indelicato, Philip Giaccone, and Dominick Trinchera. Lino then testified on the 1981 murder of Dominick Napolitano. Napolitano was killed by Bonanno family member Robert Lino, Sr. (his cousin) and Ronald Filocomo.[156][157]

text: Duane "Goldie" Leisenheimer – a family associate and ally to Joseph Massino since the age of twelve.[158] He joined the Massino hijacking crew and helped hide Massino in the 1980s. Leisenheimer was the lookout for the 1981 murder of three captains. In 2004, with Salvatore Vitale testifying against him, Leisenheimer turned informant against Massino.[158]

text: Joseph "Big Joe" Massino – former boss from the early 1990s until 2004. He was active since 1960 through his introduction by Salvatore Vitale, brother-in-law and future Bonanno underboss. He became a soldier during the late 1970s. Massino became the first official boss from New York to become an informant. While boss, Massino changed the Bonanno family from being the weakest family in New York City to one of the most powerful in the country. He teamed up with Gambino family boss John Gotti to reinstate the Bonanno family on the Mafia Commission, who were kicked off as a result of allowing Donnie Brasco, better known as FBI agent Joseph Pistone, to meet former Florida crime family boss Santo Trafficante, and several high-ranking members of the Bonanno organization. In the early 2000s, Massino was the strongest and most influential boss not in prison. In January 2003, Massino was charged with the 1981 murder of Bonanno capo Dominick Napolitano. Massino had Napolitano killed for admitting FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone (known as Donnie Brasco) to his crew. At his 2004 trial, over 70 witnesses testified against him and accused him of participating in 4 murders. Former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft accused him of ordering the murder of Bonanno capo and major heroin trafficker Gerlando Sciascia in 1999. In addition, he was suspected of participating in the murders of Bonanno capos Anthony Mirra in 1982 and also Sicilian hitman Cesare Bonventre in 1984, and hitman Gabriel Infanti. In 2004, Massino turned informant and testified against members of his own family to avoid the death penalty. In January 2005, Massino wore a wire to record conversations in prison with his acting boss Vincent Basciano.[159][160][161][162][163]

text: Michael "Sonny" Maggio - former soldier. He led an unofficial crew within the Bonanno family with Gino Galestro.[164] It is noted that Maggio has ordered at least 2 murder contracts, including Robert McKelvey, a Bonanno associate who was stabbed and then drowned to death outside of the Kreischer Mansion in April 2005, the corpse was later dismembered and incinerated.[165] Maggio was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment in 2005 and released in 2011, he expressed during his imprisonment that he enjoyed painting pictures and sending them to his children, however he was uncertain if his children received the paintings due to his sister's marriage to Galestro.[166]

text: Peter Rosa - former soldier. He allegedly committed the 1989 murder of Gerald Guarino. Rosa became a government informer since at least 2006.[167][168]

text: Dominick Cicale – former capo and associate of Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano. He was suspected of participating in at least 2 murders, including the 2004 murder of Bonnano associate Randy Pizzolo. Before joining the Bonanno family, he murdered a drug dealer in Florida and served 11 years in prison.[169][170] In 2007, Cicale became a government witness and testified against Basciano.[171][172][173] He was released in 2013 after serving 8 years behind prison. In 2014, he asked judge Richard J. Sullivan to show leniency towards Joseph Basciano who was convicted for selling marijuana, the son of former Bonanno acting boss Vincent Basciano; Sullivan had sentenced Basciano to 6 months in prison.

text: Nicholas "P.J" Pisciotti – former acting capo. In 2007, Pisciotti assaulted several Genovese crime family associates in a Little Italy restaurant. When Piscotti learned that Bonanno mobsters Nicholas Santora and Anthony Rabito had given the Genovese family permission to kill him, Pisciotti became a government witness. In 2007, he testified against Vincent Basciano.[174]

text: Generoso "Jimmy the General" Barbieri - former soldier and acting capo. He became a government witness in 2011 and testified against Vincent Basciano, twice. Along with former boss Joseph Massino, he revealed Basciano's plot to murder Greg Andres, an attorney.[175][176] He pleaded guilty to murder, racketeering, illegal gambling and loan-sharking, and was sentenced to time already served in 2013.

text: Peter "Pug" Lovaglio - former soldier and capo based in Staten Island. In 2013, he plead guilty to 3 parole violations. He agreed to cooperate in 2015 after a serious assault inside of a sushi bar, he was sentenced to 8 years in prison in March 2017 for the crime. In January 2018, Lovaglio testified against Philadelphia crime family boss Joey Merlino and recounted befriending Merlino in 2015.[177]

text: Hearings[edit]

text:
showBonanno crime family's Valachi hearings chart (1963)

Boss

Joseph Bonanno

Underboss

Carmine Galante

Consigliere

Frank Garafolo

Caporegimes

Joseph Notaro, other caporegimes unidentified

Soldiers

Michael Angelina, James Colletti, Michael Consolo, Rasario Dionosio, Nicholas Marangello, Frank Mari, John Petrone, Angelo Presinzano, Frank Presinzano, Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli, George Rizzo, Michael Sabella, Joseph Spadaro, Costenze Valente, Frank Valente, Nicholas Zapprana

See: GangRule.com - Family Charts: Bonanno family chart

tag: table

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The 1997 film Donnie Brasco tells the story of how FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone was able to work undercover with the Bonanno crime family and almost became a made man. The film was directed by Mike Newell, Written by Joseph D. Pistone and starred Al Pacino and Johnny Depp.[178]
The 1999 film Bonanno: A Godfather's Story is an autobiography of boss Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno. Directed by Michel Poulette, the film was based on the book written by Bill and Joseph Bonanno. Joseph was played by Martin Landau, Tony Nardi. and Bruce Ramsay.[179]


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1975

question_text: what was the number 1 song in 1975

question_tokens: what was the number 1 song in 1975

text: These are the Billboard magazine Hot 100 number one hits of 1975. Both 1974 and 1975 hold the Hot 100 record for the year with the most #1 hits with 35 songs reaching the # 1 spot. Additionally, the period beginning January 11 and ending April 12 constitutes the longest run of a different #1 song every week (14 weeks) in Billboard history. Coincidentally, it both begins and ends with songs by Elton John. The longest running number one song of 1975 is "Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille.

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Key

The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1975 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.

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Issue Date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference

January 4

"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"

Elton John

January 11

January 18

"Mandy"

Barry Manilow

January 25

"Please Mr. Postman"

The Carpenters

February 1

"Laughter in the Rain"

Neil Sedaka

February 8

"Fire"

Ohio Players

February 15

"You're No Good"

Linda Ronstadt

February 22

"Pick Up the Pieces"

Average White Band

March 1

"Best of My Love"

Eagles

March 8

"Have You Never Been Mellow"

Olivia Newton-John

March 15

"Black Water"

The Doobie Brothers

March 22

"My Eyes Adored You"

Frankie Valli

March 29

"Lady Marmalade"

LaBelle

April 5

"Lovin' You"

Minnie Riperton

April 12

"Philadelphia Freedom"

Elton John Band

April 19

April 26

"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"

B. J. Thomas

May 3

"He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)"

Tony Orlando and Dawn

May 10

May 17

May 24

"Shining Star"

Earth, Wind & Fire

May 31

"Before the Next Teardrop Falls"

Freddy Fender

June 7

"Thank God I'm a Country Boy"

John Denver

June 14

"Sister Golden Hair"

America

June 21

"Love Will Keep Us Together"

Captain & Tennille

June 28

July 5

July 12

July 19

"Listen to What the Man Said"

Wings

July 26

"The Hustle"

Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony

August 2

"One of These Nights"

Eagles

August 9

"Jive Talkin'"

Bee Gees

August 16

August 23

"Fallin' in Love"

Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds

August 30

"Get Down Tonight"

KC and the Sunshine Band

September 6

"Rhinestone Cowboy"

Glen Campbell

September 13

September 20

"Fame"

David Bowie

September 27

"I'm Sorry"

John Denver

October 4

"Fame"

David Bowie

October 11

"Bad Blood"

Neil Sedaka

October 18

October 25

November 1

"Island Girl"

Elton John

November 8

November 15

November 22

"That's the Way (I Like It)"

KC and the Sunshine Band

November 29

"Fly, Robin, Fly"

Silver Convention

December 6

December 13

December 20

"That's the Way (I Like It)"

KC and the Sunshine Band

December 27

"Let's Do It Again"

The Staple Singers

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies (ISBN 0-89820-076-8)
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.