document_title: The Get Down

question_text: who plays dj kool herc in the get down

question_tokens: who plays dj kool herc in the get down

text: The Get Down

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series is set in the 1970s in the Bronx, New York City, and follows the rise of hip-hop and disco music through the eyes of a group of teenagers. Each episode begins with MC Books, a famous artist that raps his story to a large crowd during a concert in 1996. The short rap serves both as a recap of previous episodes and as a setup of the events of the next. Each episode is also intercut with real footage and newscasts from the 1970s.

text: Part 1 begins in 1977 with Zeke (young MC Books), a young poet who lives with his aunt Wanda following the death of his parents, meeting Shaolin Fantastic, a graffiti artist and aspiring DJ. The two band together with Zeke's friends to become "The Get Down Brothers" with a dream to become successful music artists and take over the city. Mylene, Zeke's long-time love, dreams of becoming a disco singer and leaving the Bronx, but faces obstacles such as her religious father. Alongside this, the show depicts various gangs and gangsters of the area, especially Fat Annie and her son Cadillac, and observes the poverty and violence faced by those living in the Bronx.

text: Part 2 is set in 1978, which sees the group members facing adulthood and their futures in the music industry.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Justice Smith as Ezekiel ("Zeke") "Books" Figueroa: A smart, resourceful teen, brimming with untapped talent and unrequited love, and determined to make his mark in the world. He is in love with Mylene, but her desire to leave the Bronx hinders their relationship.
Shameik Moore as Curtis "Shaolin Fantastic": A child of the streets; thrill-seeking, unpredictable, and eccentric, but above all, enigmatic. He is distrustful of Mylene and sees her as a distraction to Ezekiel.
Herizen F. Guardiola as Mylene Cruz: A tenacious girl with an incredible voice who dreams of becoming a disco star, a dream that is far outside the realm of her fiercely religious background. She loves Ezekiel, but fears that he won't ever leave the Bronx.
Skylan Brooks as Ronald "Ra-Ra" Kipling: A loyal, respected, and protective friend and brother with his head screwed on tight; he's the voice of reason beyond his years.
Tremaine Brown Jr. as Miles "Boo-Boo" Kipling: A mechanically minded kid who is an irrepressible 40-year-old in a 14-year-old's body.
Jaden Smith as Marcus "Dizzee" Kipling : The most artistically minded of the Kipling brothers, Dizzee is a graffiti artist who tags as Rumi 411.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as Clarence "Cadillac" Caldwell: A "fly gangster", prince of the disco world, and son of the owner of the most notorious after-hours night spot in the Bronx.[9]
Jimmy Smits as Francisco "Papa Fuerte" Cruz: A South Bronx political boss who delivers services to his constituents that the city has failed to provide, such as jobs, housing, and healthcare.[10]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Daveed Diggs as adult Ezekiel "Mr. Books" Figuero: He rap-narrates the series. His rapping voice is dubbed by hip-hop artist Nas.
Giancarlo Esposito as Pastor Ramon Cruz: Papa Fuerte's brother and Mylene's father. He is the charismatic head of the local Pentecostal church who attracts a flock of followers with his fiery sermons and firm, steady leadership.[11]
Stefanée Martin as Yolanda Kipling: Sister of Boo-Boo, Dizzee, and Ra-Ra. One of Mylene's best friends and a member of the Soul Madonnas.
Shyrley Rodriguez as Regina: Another of Mylene's best friends and a member of the Soul Madonnas. Outrageous and rebellious, she is in an abusive relationship with Little Wolf.
Mamoudou Athie as Grandmaster Flash: Hip-hop recording artist and DJ. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing. He serves as a mentor for Shaolin Fantastic as well as the rest of the Get Down Brothers.[12]
Karen Aldridge as Adele Kipling: Mother of Yolanda, Boo-Boo, Dizzee and Ra-Ra.
Kevin Corrigan as Jackie Moreno: A record producer.
Brandon J. Dirden as Leon: Wanda's boyfriend.
Michel Gill as Herbert Gunns: New York City Council member, businessman, and supporter of then-Congressman Edward Koch.[13]
Zabryna Guevara as Lydia Cruz: The wife of pastor Ramon Cruz and the mother of Mylene.[14]
Ron Cephas Jones as Winston Kipling: Father of Yolanda, Boo-Boo, Dizzee, and Ra-Ra.
Judy Marte as Wanda: Ezekiel's aunt.
Evan Parke.
Sal Rendino as Stanley Kelly.
Yolonda Ross as Ms. Green: The caring-but-tough English teacher who nurtures the potential in her students and advocates for them to pursue their talents.[15]
Tory Devon Smith as Little Wolf: Regina's abusive boyfriend and one of the neighborhood's dealers.
Lillias White as Fat Annie: Owner of the Les Inferno club and mother of Cadillac.
Frank Wood as Ed Koch: U.S. Congressman from New York's 18th district and Democratic candidate for mayor of New York in 1977. Koch has a tough stance against crime (particularly graffiti) and wants to restore public safety back to New York City, so he reluctantly allies himself with Papa Fuerte to help in his campaign in the Bronx.
Lee Tergesen as Inspector Moach.
Eric Bogosian as Roy Asheton: Record executive and president of Marrakech Star, a disco label, responsible for the success of Donna Summer and Misty Holloway.
Eric D. Hill Jr. as DJ Kool Herc: DJ who is credited with originating hip-hop music in the early 1970s in the Bronx. He serves as a mentor for the Notorious Three (The Herculoids).
Noah Le Gros as Thor: A graffiti artist who lives a free lifestyle and Dizzee's love interest.[16]
Qaasim Middleton as DJ Big Planet: Member of the Notorious Three (the Herculoids), the mortal enemies of the Get Down Brothers.
RayJonaldy Rodriguez as Silent Carlito: Another member of the Notorious Three.
Khalil Middleton as MC Luke Skywalker Cage: Another member of the Notorious Three.
Julia Garner as Claudia Gunns: Daughter of Herbert Gunns.
Barrington Walters Jr. as Doo-Wop: Street-hardened roughneck drug dealer.
Jeremie Harris as Shane Vincent: Mylene Cruz's manager.
Okieriete Onaodowan as Afrika Bambaataa.
Jamie Jackson as Robert Stigwood.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Billy Porter as DJ Malibu: A DJ at Les Inferno.
Annika Boras.
Alexis Krause as Leslie Lesgold.
Renée Elise Goldsberry as Misty Holloway.
Bryce Pinkham as Julien.
Imani Lewis as Tanya.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

Part 1 (1977)

1
"Where There Is Ruin, There Is Hope for a Treasure"
Baz Luhrmann
Story by : Baz Luhrmann & Stephen Adly Guirgis
Teleplay by : Baz Luhrmann & Stephen Adly Guirgis & Seth Zvi Rosenfeld
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

In the Bronx in 1977, Zeke is a teenage high school student in love with his friend Mylene. Mylene wishes to escape the Bronx and become a singer, so she and her friends attempt to impress a DJ that night at the Les Inferno club. Hoping to make his own impression on Mylene, Zeke obtains a rare record of her favorite song. However, a popular graffiti artist by the name of Shaolin Fantastic is instructed to acquire the same record by Grandmaster Flash, another DJ who has promised to mentor him if he can procure the record. After a chase Zeke ends up with the record, but then struggles to gain access to the club; Mylene, already inside, attracts the attention of Cadillac, a gangster and son of the club's owner, who asks Mylene to dance with him during the dance-off. When Shao sees Zeke outside the club, the two discuss why they both need the record. Impressed by Zeke's wordsmithing, Shao agrees to get Zeke into the club with the condition that Shao gets the record by the end of the night. As Zeke and Mylene dance and kiss, a gang shootout breaks out inside the club, killing the DJ and several others; Zeke, Mylene, and her friends barely escape. Zeke confesses his love for Mylene as he brings her home, but despite her feelings for him, she believes his reluctance to fulfill his life will stop her from leaving the Bronx if they were to fall in love. Zeke then hands over the record to Shao, who explains that he needs it for a DJing technique called "the get down". Shao takes the record with Zeke and his friends to a local club and gives it to Grandmaster Flash, who uses it to create a consistent, never-ending beat with a second record that's never been done before. Shao and Zeke then impress the entire club with Shao's dancing and Zeke's freestyle rapping abilities. Meanwhile, Mylene has run away after being beaten by her father; she goes to stay with her uncle, Papa Fuerte, a political figure hoping to improve the neighborhoods. At Shao's home, Zeke and Shao discuss their future, the two hoping to team up and use their music to take the city by storm.

2
"Seek Those Who Fan Your Flames"
Ed Bianchi
Sam Bromell & Sinead Daly & Jacqui Rivera
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

Grandmaster Flash begins his training of Shaolin Fantastic. He begins by giving Shao a crayon that he refers to as the "key", and twenty-four hours to figure out its use. While the other boys give up and leave, Shao and Zeke stay overnight and realize the crayon is used to mark the "get down" point on the records. After further explanations, Grandmaster instructs Shao to perfect one record using his techniques. After working for a while, the boys take a break and return to discover that Shao's home has been set on fire, destroying his records and turntables. Meanwhile, Mylene's uncle Papa Fuerte arranges for a music producer to listen to her sing in church. Just before the service begins, however, Mylene's father tells her she will no longer sing solos due to her recent actions and foray into disco music. As the choir sings, the producer starts to leave, so Mylene defies her father's wishes and sings to stop him from leaving. The episode ends with Cadillac investigating who ordered the shootout at Les Inferno, during which he shoots a young boy from a rival gang.

3
"Darkness Is Your Candle"
Andrew Bernstein
T Cooper & Allison Glock-Cooper & Stephen Adly Guirgis
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

This episode is set in July during a citywide blackout. Mylene's father kicks her out after her performance at the church, and she stays with the Kipling family. Her uncle continues to help her reach her dreams but he is visited by her mother, Lydia, who explains how her family is breaking apart. Moreno, the producer who saw Mylene in church, talks Papa Fuerte into independently recording a demo before taking it to a big record company. Moreno and Mylene struggle to agree on a song for her to sing, but after opening up to each other, he agrees to write a new song for her. Shao, having lost all of his possessions in the fire, returns to Fat Annie in order to make money. She invites him into her family, which doesn't sit well with her son Cadillac; he instructs Shao to dispose of his car. Zeke and the other boys look for jobs in order to help Shao raise money for new turntables. When the Kipling parents leave for a family funeral, the kids throw a party (and charge for entry), playing a mix-tape of Grandmaster's work that they purchase from a local store. Playing his music breaks the "no biting" rule, which prompts the arrival of gangsters to break up the party and trash the salon. Afterward, Shao, Zeke, and the boys discover the body of the boy Cadillac shot in the trunk of his car. After dumping the body in a lake, the boys commit to taking care of each other as "the Get Down" brothers and vow to stop Cadillac and his violent ways. The episode ends with Zeke and Mylene meeting to discuss recent events, which results in the two sleeping together.

4
"Forget Safety, Be Notorious"
Ed Bianchi
Aaron Rahsaan Thomas
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

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Following the vandalism and looting that occurred during the blackout, Mayor Beame informs Papa Fuerte he can no longer provide him the $10 million needed for his restoration and housing plans. In response, Fuerte takes back his promise to ensure Beame enough votes to win during the upcoming mayoral election. Fuerte is then approached by Ed Koch, another mayoral hopeful, who offers the same deal as Beame on condition that Fuerte publicly denounces graffiti. Ms. Green, Zeke's English teacher, meets with Zeke's aunt to support his academic and creative abilities; the two women decide that Zeke should take up an internship. Zeke agrees to take one with Fuerte, which also pleases Mylene. Shao and Mylene continue to disagree about the other's influence on Zeke, forcing him to choose between helping Mylene track down Moreno and fixing Shao's relationship with Grandmaster, who has banned Shao from mixing following the bootlegged mix-tape incident. Zeke decides to help Shao, which leads them into Herculoid territory and an ambush. After falling unconscious due to an overdose, Moreno is revived by Mylene and her friends; they take him to Fuerte, who isn't happy that he has wasted his money, meant for Mylene's demo, on drugs. Dizzee bonds with Thor, a fellow graffiti artist, and it is revealed that Regina is in an abusive relationship with a dealer named Little Wolf.

5
"You Have Wings, Learn to Fly"
Michael Dinner
Seth Zvi Rosenfeld
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

Whilst hunting down the person responsible for the bootlegged tapes, the Get Down Brothers run into DJ Kool Herc but manage to prove it was one of his own men. He challenges the boys to a DJ battle against the Notorious Three. Grandmaster lifts Shao's ban so he can compete. Meanwhile Pastor Cruz confronts Papa Fuerte and is shocked to see Mylene there. Fuerte reminds Cruz of his past sins before Moreno, trying to defuse the situations, explains he wants Mylene to record a hymn with a disco twist in his church. Cruz agrees and makes peace with his daughter when he hears the final song. Zeke is late to his interview but after some hard truths from Ms. Green goes back and fights for his internship with Gunn. At the same time he works with Shao and the Kipling brothers to prepare for the upcoming battle discovering they each have different musical skills. When Mylene comes to play her record to Zeke, Shao realizes a beat in her record is the missing link for their performance and forcibly takes a copy causing an argument between Glendale and Shao. The episode ends with the Get Down brothers finding the brother of the boy killed by Cadillac on their roof.

6
"Raise Your Words, Not Your Voice"
Ed Bianchi
Seth Zvi Rosenfeld & Sam Bromell
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)

Part 2 (1978)

7
"Unfold Your Own Myth"
Lawrence Trilling
Stephen Adly Guirgis
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)

8
"The Beat Says, This Is the Way"
Ed Bianchi
Aaron Rahsaan Thomas
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)

9
"One by One, Into the Dark"
Clark Johnson
Nelson George
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)

10
"Gamble Everything"
Ed Bianchi
Seth Zvi Rosenfeld
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)

11
"Only from Exile Can We Come Home"
Ed Bianchi
Sam Bromell & Jacqui Rivera
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was announced in February 2015, after Luhrmann had spent over ten years developing the concept. The series is described as "a mythic saga of how New York at the brink of bankruptcy gave birth to hip-hop, punk and disco".[17] The Sony Pictures Television show takes place in Bronx tenements, the SoHo art scene, CBGB, Studio 54 and the just-built World Trade Center.[18] On April 9, 2015, it was announced that Justice Smith, Shameik Moore, Skylan Brooks, Jaden Smith, and newcomer Tremaine (TJ) Brown Jr. would play the show's lead male roles.[19] On April 16, 2015 it was announced that newcomer Herizen F. Guardiola would play the show's female lead.[20]

text: Rap legends Grandmaster Flash, Kurtis Blow and Nas hosted a Hip-Hop boot camp to educate the young actors.[21] The production crew used the Eisner Award-winning comic series Hip Hop Family Tree by Ed Piskor as a reference point.[22][23]

text: The trailer for part two was released in February 2017, with episodes being made available on Netflix on April 7, 2017. The series picked up a year later in 1978.[24] The accompanying soundtrack was released on April 21, 2017.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Part One has been positively reviewed with a 73% rating on Rotten Tomatoes with the critic consensus reading "The Get Down's vibrant music and energetic young cast help to elevate its meandering narrative." The show has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 31 reviews on Metacritic which is classified as "generally favorable reviews".[26][27]

text: The uptempo musical numbers and soundtrack were generally praised as well as the performances from the main cast and cinematography of the show.[citation needed] However, the overly dramatic love story and sometimes "cartoonish" violence have been criticized, saying it detracts from the darker, authentic feel of the show and its setting.[citation needed] Reviews improved with later episodes as critics felt that the series had toned down its more outlandish and over the top elements in favor of a more cohesive and balanced episode structure.[28][29][30]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.

2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards

Best Outstanding Music Supervision – Television
Stephanie Diaz-Matos
Nominated

[31][32]

2017 MPSE Golden Reel Awards

Best Music Editor – Television Short Form
Jamieson Shaw
Won

Best Music Editor – Television Long Form
Jamieson Shaw
Nominated


document_title: Before I Go to Sleep (film)

question_text: who plays adam in before i go to sleep

question_tokens: who plays adam in before i go to sleep

root

text: Before I Go to Sleep (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Forty-year-old Christine Lucas wakes up in bed with a man she does not know, in an unfamiliar house. The man explains that he is her husband, Ben, and that she suffered brain damage from a car accident ten years earlier. Christine wakes up every morning with no memory of her life from her early twenties onwards.

tag: p

text: Christine receives treatment from Dr. Nasch, a neuropsychologist at a local hospital who gives her a camera to record her thoughts and progress each day, and calls her every morning to remind her to watch the video in the camera. Dr. Nasch instructs Christine to keep the camera hidden from Ben and reveals that her memory loss occurred after she was attacked and left for dead near an airport hotel. They surmise that Ben tells Christine it was a car accident to avoid upsetting her.

text: Over the course of treatment, Christine faintly remembers a red-haired woman named Claire. Ben tells her that Claire was a friend who couldn't handle Christine's condition and ended contact with her. Later, Christine recalls that she had a son. She angrily confronts Ben over hiding their child, but he says their son died of meningitis when he was eight. Christine remembers the name Mike and believes it may be the name of her attacker, which she relates to Dr. Nasch. He hugs her to comfort her and almost kisses her, but she pulls back and then sees her doctor's name tag and his first name is Mike. She runs from him but he catches her and administers a sedative, leaving her at home. He tells her later that she was upset and he's sorry but he doesn't feel he can treat her anymore, because he has feelings for her and her memories are causing her to transfer what happened onto him.

text: Christine learns that, several years after her attack, Ben had placed her in an assisted care facility and divorced her, then had a change of heart and brought her home to live with him. Christine learns that Claire had been trying to contact her at the care facility, unaware that Ben took her away. Christine obtains Claire's phone number and meets her. Claire reveals that Christine had embarked on an affair prior to her attack, while Ben and Claire had a one-time sexual encounter, due to their shared grief at Christine's memory loss. Feeling obliged to keep Ben and Christine's marriage intact, Claire ended contact.

text: Out of gratitude for his love and care, Christine decides to let Ben see the videos she has made on the digital camera. However, Ben angrily accuses Christine of having an affair with Dr. Nasch, strikes her, and storms out. On the telephone, Claire tells Christine that Ben claims to not have seen Christine for several years. Claire asks Christine to describe the "Ben" she is living with, and they realize he is not Ben. Christine attempts to escape the house, but "Ben" renders her unconscious.

text: The next morning, Christine again awakens with no memories but she finds the camera and sees her entry saying she loves "Ben" and wants to make a life with him. "Ben" calls Christine and tells her to pack, that they are going on a trip that night. He then visits Dr. Nasch at the hospital and tells him to stay away from Christine. That night, "Ben" takes her to a hotel close to where she had been found. He reveals that he is Mike, the man she had an affair with. Mike had wanted Christine to reveal their affair to Ben, but Christine refused, and their argument culminated in Mike attacking Christine, resulting in her amnesia. He also inadvertently reveals that Christine's son Adam is still alive. Declaring his love for Christine, Mike deletes the videos on her camera and states that he is no longer interested in playing the part of Ben. He tells Christine that they leave together, or no one leaves. Another struggle ensues, but this time Christine knocks Mike out and gets away. She sets off the hotel fire alarm while running from the hotel and is seen telling her story on the camera while waiting in an ambulance.

text: Christine wakes up in a hospital bed and is visited by Dr. Nasch, this time as a friend and not her therapist. He assures her the man responsible for her condition has been arrested. Christine is then visited by the real Ben who explains he kept away for the sake of their son, Adam, who is there to visit, with Christine now remembering them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nicole Kidman[5] as Christine Lucas
Colin Firth[6] as Ben Lucas
Mark Strong[7] as Dr. Nasch
Anne-Marie Duff[6] as Claire
Dean-Charles Chapman as Adam
Jing Lusi as Nurse Kate
Rosie MacPherson as Emily
Ben Crompton as Warehouse Caretaker

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: On 1 May 2011, Ridley Scott bought the film rights of the novel Before I Go to Sleep written by S. J. Watson and hired Rowan Joffé to direct and write the script.[4] In February 2012 Nicole Kidman was in talks to join the film;[8] later in May she joined to star as Christine.[5] On 31 October 2012 Mark Strong also joined the cast of the film.[7] According to The Hollywood Reporter on 16 November 2012, Kidman said she wanted Colin Firth to work with her again. They had already worked together in a drama The Railway Man.[9] On 6 February 2013, it was confirmed that Firth has joined the cast to lead with Kidman.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot in London and at Twickenham Studios.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in the United Kingdom on 5 September 2014 and released in the United States on 31 October 2014.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On 3 July 2014, the first UK trailer of the film was released by StudioCanal UK.[11]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film was met with generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 35%, based on 107 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The general consensus reads, "If it doesn't completely avoid thriller clichés, Before I Go to Sleep still offers a stylish, fast-paced, and well-acted diversion."[12] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100, based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13]

text: It has been unfavorably compared to Memento, a film released nearly a decade and a half earlier. "What the brilliant 'Memento' once used as a way to explore a truly inventive way of storytelling is here just a gimmick. It's shallow, it's silly, it's pat. It's... forgettable," wrote the New Jersey Star-Ledger.[14] "Christopher Nolan's 2000 brain-twister 'Memento' starred Guy Pearce as a man with a similar malady. The earlier film rigorously stuck within the logical confines of its premise. Joffé's is filled with far too many contradictions and implausible situations," wrote the Philadelphia Inquirer.[15]

text: Kidman's performance has been positively received. Writing for Daily Star, critic Andy Lea said in a positive review that "Kidman puts in a chilling performance as the frail but determined Christine."[16] David Edwards of Daily Mirror stated, "Leading lady Nicole Kidman hasn’t been this good in ages" finishing with "Kidman is on top form as the nervy, spiky woman walking a psychological tightrope."[17]


document_title: Epcot

question_text: what is the meaning of the word epcot

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the word epcot

text: Epcot

text: Dedication[edit]

text: The theme park opened on October 1, 1982.[1] The dedication plaque near the entrance states:

text: To all who come to this place of joy, hope and friendship, welcome.

text: Epcot is inspired by Walt Disney's creative vision. Here, human achievements are celebrated through imagination, wonders of enterprise and concepts of a future that promises new and exciting benefits for all.

text: May EPCOT Center entertain, inform and inspire and above all, may it instill a new sense of belief and pride in man's ability to shape a world that offers hope to people everywhere.

text: History[edit]

text: The park's name, EPCOT, is an acronym for Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow, a utopian city of the future planned by Walt Disney, often interchanging "city" and "community." In Walt Disney's words: "EPCOT will take its cue from the new ideas and new technologies that are now emerging from the creative centers of American industry. It will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed but will always be introducing and testing, and demonstrating new materials and new systems. And EPCOT will always be a showcase to the world of the ingenuity and imagination of American free enterprise."[9] His original vision was for a model community which would have been home to twenty thousand residents and a test bed for city planning as well as organization. It was to have been built in the shape of a circle with businesses and commercial areas at its center with community buildings, schools, and recreational complexes around it while residential neighborhoods would line the perimeter. This radial plan concept is strongly influenced by British planner Ebenezer Howard and his Garden Cities of To-morrow. Transportation would have been provided by monorails and PeopleMovers (like that in Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland). Automobile traffic would be kept underground, leaving pedestrians safe above ground. The original model of EPCOT can still be seen by passengers riding the Tomorrowland Transit Authority attraction in the Magic Kingdom park; when the PeopleMover enters the showhouse for Stitch's Great Escape!, the remaining portion of the model is visible on the left (when facing forward) behind glass. Walt Disney was not able to obtain funding and permission to start work on his Florida property until he agreed to first build Magic Kingdom. He died nearly five years before Magic Kingdom opened.

text: After Disney's death, Walt Disney Productions decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city without Walt's guidance. The model community of Celebration, Florida has been mentioned as a realization of Disney's original vision, but Celebration is based on concepts of new urbanism which is radically different from Disney's modernist and futurist visions. However, the idea of EPCOT was instrumental in prompting the state of Florida to create the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) and the cities of Bay Lake and Reedy Creek (now Lake Buena Vista), a legislative mechanism allowing Disney to exercise governmental powers over Walt Disney World. Control over the RCID is vested in the landowners of the district, and the promise of an actual city in the district would have meant that the powers of the RCID would have been distributed among the landowners in EPCOT. Because the idea of EPCOT was never implemented, Disney remained almost the sole landowner in the district allowing it to maintain control of the RCID and the cities of Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista; Disney further cemented this control by deannexing Celebration from the RCID.

text: The original plans for the park showed indecision over the park's purpose. Some Imagineers wanted it to represent the cutting edge of technology, while others wanted it to showcase international cultures and customs. At one point, a model of the futuristic park was pushed together against a model of a World's Fair international theme, and the two were combined. The park was originally named EPCOT Center to reflect the ideals and values of the city. It was constructed for an estimated $800 million to $1.4 billion and took three years to build, at the time the largest construction project on Earth.[10] The parking lot serving the park is 141 acres (57 ha) (including bus area) and can accommodate 11,211 vehicles (grass areas hold additional 500+ vehicles). Before it opened on October 1, 1982, Walt Disney World Ambassador Genie Field introduced E. Cardon Walker, Disney's chairman and CEO, who dedicated EPCOT Center. Walker also presented a family with lifetime passes for the two Walt Disney World theme parks. His remarks were followed by Florida Governor Bob Graham and William Ellinghaus, president of AT&T.

text: As part of the opening-day ceremony, dancers and band members performed We've Just Begun to Dream. The Sherman Brothers wrote a song especially for the occasion entitled "The World Showcase March". During the finale, doves and many sets of balloons were released. Performing groups representing countries from all over the world performed in World Showcase. Water was gathered from major rivers across the globe and emptied into the park's fountain of nations ceremonial containers to mark the opening. Located at the front of the park is a plaque bearing Walker's opening-day dedication.

text: In November 2016, it was announced at the Destination D fan event that Epcot would be receiving “a major transformation” that would help transition the park into being “more Disney, timeless, relevant, family-friendly” while keeping the original vision alive. No further details were mentioned.[11] In July 2017, The Walt Disney Company announced that Epcot would undergo a multi-year, redesign and expansion plan that would introduce Guardians of the Galaxy and Ratatouille attractions to Future World and World Showcase, respectively, as well as maintaining the original vision and spirit for the park.[12]

text: Areas[edit]

text: Epcot is divided into two main themed areas: Future World and World Showcase. The World Showcase usually opens two hours after park opening and remains open later than the Future World section of the park. Most major attractions in Future World remain open until the park's closing time. A secondary park gate is located between the France and United Kingdom pavilions of World Showcase and is known as the International Gateway. The International Gateway is directly accessible to guests arriving from the nearby Epcot Area Resorts and Disney's Hollywood Studios.

text: Future World[edit]

text: Future World consists of a variety of pavilions that explore innovative aspects and applications including technology and science, with each pavilion featuring self-contained attractions. Future World also serves as the park's main entrance and features the park's iconic landmark, Spaceship Earth, a large geodesic sphere structure which houses a themed attraction inside. Originally, Future World opened with seven pavilions, with The Living Seas and Wonders of Life pavilions opening in 1986 and 1989, respectively. Additionally, each pavilion of Future World featured a unique circular logo which was featured on park signage and the attractions themselves; the pavilions are now instead identified by name and recognized by the main attraction(s) housed inside. The logos, including that of Epcot itself, have been phased out over recent years, but some homages are still scattered throughout the park, including merchandising. The current pavilions and attractions located in Future World include the following:

text:
Spaceship Earth
Innoventions
Mission: Space
Test Track: Presented by Chevrolet
The Seas with Nemo & Friends (Turtle Talk with Crush)
The Land (Soarin' and Living with the Land: Presented by Chiquita)
Imagination! (Journey into Imagination with Figment)
Festival Center (Seasonal operation) (formerly Wonders of Life)

text: Corporate sponsorships[edit]

text: Each pavilion was initially sponsored by a corporation which helped fund its construction and maintenance in return for the corporation's logos and some marketing elements appearing throughout the pavilion. For example, Universe of Energy was sponsored by Exxon from 1982 to 2004, and The Land was sponsored by Kraft from 1982 to 1993, then Nestlé from 1993 to 2009. Each pavilion contains a private "VIP area" for its sponsor with offices, lounges, and reception areas hidden away from regular park guests. While some pavilions still retain active sponsorships, in recent years several pavilions have lost sponsorships due to lack of interest from partner companies in renewing expiring agreements. After General Electric left Horizons in 1993, it closed for a couple of years, then reopened temporarily while neighboring attractions Universe of Energy and World of Motion were renovated. Horizons closed permanently on January 9, 1999, and was demolished in 2000 to make room for the opening of Mission: SPACE on October 9, 2003. Metlife sponsored Wonders of Life from 1989 to 2001, until that area was closed. However, the Wonders of Life pavilion is still mostly intact and is used for both the Flower and Garden Festival and the Food and Wine Festival. Current active sponsorships include the following:

text:
Test Track is presented by Chevrolet.
Living with the Land is presented by Chiquita.
Club Cool is presented by Coca-Cola.
Colortopia is presented by Glidden.
The SpectacuLAB is presented by Murata.

text: World Showcase[edit]

text: World Showcase is a large area reminiscent of a permanent world's fair containing 11 pavilions, each themed and dedicated to represent a specific country. The pavilions surround the World Showcase Lagoon, a large manmade lake located in the center of World Showcase with a perimeter of 1.2 miles (1.9 km). In clockwise order, the 11 pavilions are:

text:
United States of America
 Japan
 Morocco
 France
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Mexico
 Norway
 China
 Germany
 Italy

text: Of the 11 pavilions, only Morocco and Norway were not present at the park's opening, as they were added in 1984 and 1988, respectively.[13] Each pavilion contains themed architecture, landscapes, streetscapes, attractions, shops and restaurants representing the respective country's culture and cuisine. In an effort to maintain the authenticity of the represented countries, the pavilions are primarily staffed by citizens of the respective countries as part of the Cultural Representative Program through Q1 visa agreements. Some pavilions also contain themed rides, shows, and live entertainment representative of the respective country. The only pavilion that is directly sponsored by the government of its respective country is Morocco; the remaining pavilions are primarily sponsored by private companies with affiliations to the represented countries.

text: Originally, the showcase was to include partnerships with the governments of the different countries. According to Disney's 1975 Annual Report, the Showcase would:

text: ...offer participating countries a permanent installation for such features as themed restaurants and shops, product exhibits, industrial displays, cultural presentations, a trade center, and even special facilities for business meetings.

text: Major sponsorships for each participating nation will be asked to provide the capital to cover the cost of designing, developing and constructing its attraction and/or ride and all exhibits, as well as the Pavilion itself. It will also have the responsibility for funding the housing for its employees in the International Village. Its land lease will cover the cost of maintaining the attraction for a minimum of ten years.

text: The Disney organization will be responsible for area development, including the construction of transportation systems and utilities. We will also build and operate the internal people moving system, the Courtyard of Nations and central theater facility.[13]

text: Proposed pavilions and unused locations[edit]

text: Pavilions for Brazil, the Philippines, Puerto Rico,[14] Russia, Switzerland,[15] Costa Rica, Spain, Venezuela,[15] United Arab Emirates, and Israel have occasionally been rumored as potential future pavilions but have never made it past the planning phases to date. The Israeli, Spanish, and an Equatorial Africa pavilion (blending elements of the cultures of countries such as Kenya and Zaire) were even announced as coming soon in 1982, but never took off.[15] Instead, a small African themed refreshment shop known as the Outpost currently resides where Equatorial Africa was to be.[13] Israel, five African countries (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, and South Africa), as well as eight other countries (Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, and Sweden), took part in the Millennium Village during the Millennium Celebration.

text: There are currently nine undeveloped spots for countries around the World Showcase—including the space occupied by the Outpost—in between the locations of the current countries. Two of the potential locations, on either side of the United Kingdom, are currently occupied by World ShowPlace. Two more lie on either side of the American Adventure, though this pavilion's use of reversed forced perspective may preclude the construction of additional buildings as they would ruin the illusion.[13]

text: Alcohol policy[edit]

text: Unlike Magic Kingdom, which up until 2012 did not serve alcohol and now only serves it in all table service locations,[16][17] most stores and restaurants at Epcot, especially in the World Showcase, serve and/or sell a variety of alcoholic beverages including specialty drinks, craft beers, wines, and spirits reflective of the respective countries. The park also hosts the Epcot International Food & Wine Festival, an annual event featuring food and drink samplings from all over the world, along with live entertainment and special exhibits.

text: The World Showcase Adventure[edit]

text: Originally based on the Disney Channel animated series Kim Possible, the World Showcase Adventure is an interactive mobile attraction taking place in several pavilions throughout the World Showcase. The attraction is an electronic scavenger hunt that has guests using special "Kimmunicators" (in actuality, customized cell phones) to help teenage crime-fighters Kim Possible and Ron Stoppable solve a "crime" or disrupt an evil-doer's "plans for global domination." The "Kimmunicator" is able to trigger specific events within the pavilion grounds that provide clues to completing the adventure. Launched in January 2009 and presented by Verizon Wireless, the Adventure is included in park admission. It was succeeded by Agent P's World Showcase Adventure, based on Disney's Phineas and Ferb, on June 23, 2012.[18]

text: IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth[edit]

text: Illuminations: Reflections of Earth is an award-winning show taking place in the World Showcase Lagoon every night at the park's closing time (usually 9:00 pm).[19] It features fireworks, lasers, fire, and water fountains timed to a musical score over the World Showcase Lagoon. A large rotating globe with curved LED screens is the centerpiece of the show and is used to display images of people and places. The current version premiered as part of the park's Millennium Celebration in 2000. The show tells the story of Earth and is divided into three movements titled "Chaos," "Order," and "Meaning." The music has an African tribal sound to it, to emphasize the idea of humanity as a single unified tribe on this planet; the lagoon is surrounded by nineteen large torches signifying the first 19 centuries of the common era, and the show culminates in the globe opening like a lotus blossom to reveal a twentieth torch, representing the now-completed 20th century.

text: Annual events[edit]

text: Epcot hosts a number of special events during the year:

text:
The Epcot International Flower and Garden Festival, inaugurated in 1994, uses specially-themed floral displays throughout the park, including topiary sculptures of Disney characters. Guests can meet gardening experts and learn new ideas they can use in their own home gardens. The 18th annual event was scheduled for March 2 – May 15. Each event takes more than a full year to plan and more than 20,000 cast member hours.[20]
The Epcot International Food & Wine Festival, inaugurated in 1995, draws amateur and professional gourmets to sample delicacies from all around the world, including nations that do not have a permanent presence in World Showcase. Celebrity chefs are often on-hand to host the events. In 2008, the festival featured the Bocuse d'Or USA, the American semifinal of the biennial Bocuse d'Or cooking competition.[21]
The Epcot International Festival of the Arts inaugurated in 2017, is a festival showcasing visual, culinary, and performing arts.  The first annual event took place on weekends from January 13 through February 20, 2017.[22][23]
Holidays Around the World is Epcot's annual holiday celebration. The World Showcase pavilions feature storytellers describing their nation's holiday traditions, and three nightly performances of the "Candlelight Processional" featuring an auditioned mass choir and a celebrity guest narrating the story of Christmas. During "Holidays Around the World", Illuminations: Reflections of Earth features a special extended ending.
On New Year's Eve, the park offers a variety of additional entertainment including live DJ dance areas throughout the park and a special New Year's Eve countdown edition of IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth.

text: Attendance[edit]

text:
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Worldwide rank

10,935,000[24]
10,990,000[25]
10,825,000[26]
10,826,000[27]
11,063,000[28]
11,229,000[29]
11,454,000[30]
11,798,000[7]
11,712,000[31]
12,200,000[32]
7

tag: table

text: The Official Album of Walt Disney World EPCOT Center[edit]

text: The Official Album of Walt Disney World EPCOT Center was the official album for EPCOT Center in 1983. It was originally released on LP and audio cassette and is no longer being produced.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Main Entrance Medley (Instrumental)" – 3:29
"Golden Dream" – The American Adventure in the World Showcase – 3:27
"Energy (You Make the World Go 'Round)" – Universe of Energy – 1:48
"The Computer Song" – Epcot Computer Central – 2:32
"Magic Journeys" – Journey Into Imagination – 3:36
"Canada (You're A Lifetime Journey)" – Canada in the World Showcase – 3:22

tag: ol

text:
"Universe of Energy" – Universe of Energy – 2:14
"Listen to the Land" – The Land – 2:59
"One Little Spark" – Journey Into Imagination – 3:40
"It's Fun to Be Free" – World of Motion – 2:14
"Makin' Memories" – Journey Into Imagination – 3:26
"Kitchen Kabaret Medley" – The Land – 2:20
Boogie Woogy Bakery Boy
Meat Ditties
Veggie Veggie Fruit Fruit


document_title: Respiratory rate

question_text: normal breaths per minute for 10 year old

text: Respiratory rate

text: Measurement[edit]

text: The respiratory rate in humans is measured when a person is at rest and involves counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. A fibre-optic breath rate sensor can be used for monitoring patients during a magnetic resonance imaging scan.[1] Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions.[2]

text: Inaccuracies in respiratory measurement have been reported in the literature.[3] One study compared respiratory rate counted using a 90-second count period, to a full minute, and found significant differences in the rates.[citation needed]. Another study found that rapid respiratory rates in babies, counted using a stethoscope, were 60–80% higher than those counted from beside the cot without the aid of the stethoscope.[citation needed] Similar results are seen with animals when they are being handled and not being handled—the invasiveness of touch apparently is enough to make significant changes in breathing.

text: Various other methods to measure respiratory rate are commonly used, including impedance pneumography,[4] and capnography which are commonly implemented in patient monitoring. In addition novel techniques for automatically monitoring respiratory rate using wearable sensors are in development, such as estimation of respiratory rate from the electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram and accelerometry signals.[5][6][7][8]

text: Normal range[edit]

text: The typical respiratory rate for a healthy adult at rest is 12–18 breaths per minute.[9] The respiratory center sets the quiet respiratory rhythm at around two seconds for an inhalation and three seconds exhalation. This gives the lower of the average rate at 12 breaths per minute.

text: Average resting respiratory rates by age are:[10][11]

text:
birth to 6 weeks: 30–40 breaths per minute
6 months: 25–40 breaths per minute
3 years: 20–30 breaths per minute
6 years: 18–25 breaths per minute
10 years: 17–23 breaths per minute
Adults: 12-18 breaths per minute[9]
Elderly ≥ 65 years old: 12-28 breaths per minute.[12]
Elderly ≥ 80 years old: 10-30 breaths per minute.[12]

text: Minute volume[edit]

text: Respiratory minute volume is the volume of air which is inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from the lungs in one minute.

text: Diagnostic value[edit]

text: The value of respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory dysfunction has been investigated but findings suggest it is of limited value.

text: One study found that only 33% of people presenting to an emergency department with an oxygen saturation below 90% had an increased respiratory rate.[citation needed] An evaluation of respiratory rate for the differentiation of the severity of illness in babies under 6 months found it not to be very useful. Approximately half of the babies had a respiratory rate above 50 breaths per minute, thereby questioning the value of having a "cut-off" at 50 breaths per minute as the indicator of serious respiratory illness.

text: It has also been reported that factors such as crying, sleeping, agitation and age have a significant influence on the respiratory rate.[citation needed] As a result of these and similar studies the value of respiratory rate as an indicator of serious illness is limited.

text: Nonetheless respiratory rate is widely used to monitor the physiology of acutely-ill hospital patients. It is measured regularly to facilitate identification of changes in physiology along with other vital signs. This practice has been widely adopted as part of early warning systems.[13]

text: Abnormal respiratory rates[edit]

text:
Apnea
Dyspnea
Hyperpnea
Tachypnea
Hypopnea
Bradypnea
Orthopnea
Platypnea
Biot's respiration
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Kussmaul breathing


document_title: List of Test cricket hat-tricks

question_text: who was the first indian bowler to take hat - trick in test cricket

text: List of Test cricket hat-tricks

text: Test hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Key

Symbol
Meaning

Bowler
The name of the bowler

For
The team for which the bowler was playing

Against
The team against which the bowler was playing

Inn.
The innings (first or second) in which the hat-trick was achieved

Test
The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams

Dismissals
The three players dismissed by the bowler

Venue
The venue where the hat-trick was achieved

Date
The date on which the hat-trick was achieved

Ref.
Reference

text:
List of Test cricket hat-tricks

No.
Bowler
For
Against
Inn.
Test
Dismissals
Venue
Date
Ref.

1
Spofforth, FredFred Spofforth
 Australia
 England
1
1/1

Vernon Royle (b)
Francis MacKinnon (b)
Tom Emmett (c Tom Horan)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
2 January 1879
[11]

2
Bates, BillyBilly Bates
 England
 Australia
1
2/3

Percy McDonnell (b)
George Giffen (c and b)
George Bonnor (c Walter Read)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
20 January 1883
[12]

3
Briggs, JohnnyJohnny Briggs
 England
 Australia
2
2/3

Walter Giffen (b)
Jack Blackham (lbw)
Sydney Callaway (c W. G. Grace)

Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
2 February 1892
[13]

4
Lohmann, GeorgeGeorge Lohmann
 England
 South Africa
2
1/3

Frederick Cook (b)
Bonnor Middleton (b)
Joseph Willoughby (c Tom Hayward)

St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
14 February 1896
[14]

5
Hearne, JackJack Hearne
 England
 Australia
2
3/5

Clem Hill (b)
Syd Gregory (c Archie MacLaren)
Monty Noble (c Ranjitsinhji)

Headingley, Leeds
30 June 1899
[15]

6
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
 Australia
 England
2
2/5

John Gunn (c Sammy Jones)
Arthur Jones (c Joe Darling)
Sydney Barnes (c and b)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
4 January 1902
[16]

7
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
 Australia
 England
2
5/5

Bernard Bosanquet (c Algy Gehrs)
Plum Warner (c and b)
Dick Lilley (lbw)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
8 March 1904
[17]

8
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
 Australia
 South Africa
1
1/3

Rolland Beaumont (b)
Sid Pegler (lbw)
Tommy Ward (lbw)

Old Trafford, Manchester
28 May 1912
[18]

9
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
 Australia
 South Africa
2
1/3

Herbie Taylor (b)
Reggie Schwarz (c and b)
Tommy Ward (c and b)

Old Trafford, Manchester
28 May 1912
[18]

10
Allom, MauriceMaurice Allom
 England
 New Zealand
1
1/4

Tom Lowry (lbw)
Ken James (c Tich Cornford)
Ted Badcock (b)

Lancaster Park, Christchurch
10 January 1930
[19]

11
Goddard, TomTom Goddard
 England
 South Africa
1
1/5

Dudley Nourse (c and b)
Norman Gordon (st Leslie Ames)
Billy Wade (b)

Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
26 December 1938
[20]

12
Loader, PeterPeter Loader
 England
 West Indies
1
4/5

John Goddard (b)
Sonny Ramadhin (c Fred Trueman)
Roy Gilchrist (b)

Headingley, Leeds
25 July 1957
[21]

13
Kline, LindsayLindsay Kline
 Australia
 South Africa
2
2/5

Eddie Fuller (c Richie Benaud)
Hugh Tayfield (lbw)
Neil Adcock (c Bob Simpson)

Newlands, Cape Town
3 January 1958
[22]

14
Hall, WesWes Hall
 West Indies
 Pakistan
1
3/3

Mushtaq Mohammed (lbw)
Fazal Mahmood (c Garfield Sobers)
Nasim-ul-Ghani (b)

Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore
29 March 1959
[23]

15
Griffin, GeoffGeoff Griffin
 South Africa
 England
1
2/5

M. J. K. Smith (c John Waite)
Peter Walker (b)
Fred Trueman (b)

Lord's, London
24 June 1960
[24]

16
Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs
 West Indies
 Australia
1
4/5

Ken Mackay (lbw)
Wally Grout (c Garfield Sobers)
Frank Misson (b)

Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
30 January 1961
[25]

17
Petherick, PeterPeter Petherick
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
1
1/3

Javed Miandad (c Richard Hadlee)
Wasim Raja (c and b)
Intikhab Alam (c Geoff Howarth)

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
9 October 1976
[26]

18
Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh
 West Indies
 Australia
1 & 2
1/5

Tony Dodemaide (c Viv Richards)
Mike Veletta (c Carl Hooper)
Graeme Wood (lbw)

Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane
18–20 November 1988
[27]

19
Hughes, MervMerv Hughes
 Australia
 West Indies
1 & 2
2/5

Curtly Ambrose (c Ian Healy)
Patrick Patterson (c Tony Dodemaide)
Gordon Greenidge (lbw)

WACA, Perth
3–4 December 1988
[28]

20
Fleming, DamienDamien Fleming
 Australia
 Pakistan
2
2/3

Aamer Malik (c Michael Bevan)
Inzamam-ul-Haq (lbw)
Saleem Malik (c Ian Healy)

Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi
9 October 1994
[29]

21
Warne, ShaneShane Warne
 Australia
 England
2
2/5

Phil DeFreitas (lbw)
Darren Gough (c Ian Healy)
Devon Malcolm (c David Boon)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
29 December 1994
[30]

22
Cork, DominicDominic Cork
 England
 West Indies
2
4/6

Richie Richardson (b)
Junior Murray (lbw)
Carl Hooper (lbw)

Old Trafford, Manchester
30 July 1995
[31]

23
Gough, DarrenDarren Gough
 England
 Australia
1
5/5

Ian Healy (c Warren Hegg)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Colin Miller (b)

Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
2 January 1999
[32]

24
Wasim Akram
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
1
3/4

Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Niroshan Bandaratilleke (b)
Pramodya Wickramasinghe (b)

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
6 March 1999
[33]

25
Wasim Akram
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
2
4/4

Avishka Gunawardene (c Shahid Afridi)
Chaminda Vaas (b)
Mahela Jayawardene (c Wajahatullah Wasti)

Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
14 March 1999
[34]

26
Nuwan Zoysa
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe
1
2/3

Trevor Gripper (lbw)
Murray Goodwin (c Romesh Kaluwitharana)
Neil Johnson (lbw)

Harare Sports Club, Harare
26 November 1999
[35]

27
Abdul Razzaq
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
1
2/3

Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Rangana Herath (lbw)
Ravi Pushpakumara (lbw)

Galle International Stadium, Galle
21 June 2000
[36]

28
McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath
 Australia
 West Indies
1
2/5

Sherwin Campbell (c Ricky Ponting)
Brian Lara (c Stuart MacGill)
Jimmy Adams (c Justin Langer)

WACA, Perth
1 December 2000
[37]

29
Harbhajan Singh
 India
 Australia
1
2/3

Ricky Ponting (lbw)
Adam Gilchrist (lbw)
Shane Warne (c Sadagoppan Ramesh)

Eden Gardens, Calcutta
11 March 2001
[38]

30
Mohammad Sami
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
1
3/3

Charitha Buddhika (lbw)
Nuwan Zoysa (lbw)
Muttiah Muralitharan (b)

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
8 March 2002
[39]

31
Lawson, JermaineJermaine Lawson
 West Indies
 Australia
1 & 2
3/4

Brett Lee (b)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Justin Langer (lbw)

Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
2–5 May 2003
[40]

32
Alok Kapali
 Bangladesh
 Pakistan
1
2/3

Shabbir Ahmed (c Mashrafe Mortaza)
Danish Kaneria (lbw)
Umar Gul (lbw)

Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
29 August 2003
[41]

33
Blignaut, AndyAndy Blignaut
 Zimbabwe
 Bangladesh
2
1/2

Hannan Sarkar (lbw)
Mohammad Ashraful (c sub (Travis Friend))
Mushfiqur Rahman (c Tatenda Taibu)

Harare Sports Club, Harare
22 February 2004
[42]

34
Hoggard, MatthewMatthew Hoggard
 England
 West Indies
2
3/4

Ramnaresh Sarwan (c Ashley Giles)
Shivnarine Chanderpaul (lbw)
Ryan Hinds (c Andrew Flintoff)

Kensington Oval, Barbados
3 April 2004
[43]

35
Franklin, JamesJames Franklin
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
1
1/2

Manjural Islam Rana (c Brendon McCullum)
Mohammad Rafique (c Scott Styris)
Tapash Baisya (b)

Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
20 October 2004
[44]

36
Irfan Pathan
 India
 Pakistan
1
3/3

Salman Butt (c Rahul Dravid)
Younis Khan (lbw)
Mohammad Yousuf (b)

National Stadium, Karachi
29 January 2006
[45]

37
Sidebottom, RyanRyan Sidebottom
 England
 New Zealand
2
1 /3

Stephen Fleming (c Alastair Cook)
Mathew Sinclair (c Alastair Cook)
Jacob Oram (lbw)

Seddon Park, Hamilton
8 March 2008
[46]

38
Siddle, PeterPeter Siddle
 Australia
 England
1
1/5

Alastair Cook (c Shane Watson)
Matt Prior (b)
Stuart Broad (lbw)

Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane
25 November 2010
[47]

39
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
 England
 India
1
2/4

Mahendra Singh Dhoni (c James Anderson)
Harbhajan Singh (lbw)
Praveen Kumar (b)

Trent Bridge, Nottinghamshire
30 July 2011
[48]

40
Gazi, SohagSohag Gazi
 Bangladesh
 New Zealand
2
1/2

Corey Anderson (lbw)
BJ Watling (c Mushfiqur Rahim)
Doug Bracewell (c Shakib Al Hasan)

Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
13 October 2013
[49]

41
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
 England
 Sri Lanka
1
2/2

Kumar Sangakkara (c Ian Bell)
Dinesh Chandimal (c Alastair Cook)
Shaminda Eranga (c Matt Prior)

Headingley, Leeds
20 June 2014
[50]

42
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
 Australia
1
2/3

Adam Voges (c Dimuth Karunaratne)
Peter Nevill (lbw)
Mitchell Starc (lbw)

Galle International Stadium, Galle
5 August 2016
[51]

43
Ali, MoeenMoeen Ali
 England
 South Africa
2
3/4

Dean Elgar (c Ben Stokes)
Kagiso Rabada (c Ben Stokes)
Morné Morkel (lbw)

The Oval, London
31 July 2017
[52]

text: By team[edit]

text: England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat-tricks to date, 25 of 43 (58.14%).[3]

text:
Test hat-tricks by team

Team
Hat-tricks

 England
14

 Australia
11

 Pakistan
4

 West Indies
4

 Bangladesh
2

 India
2

 Sri Lanka
2

 New Zealand
2

 South Africa
1

 Zimbabwe
1


document_title: Milgram experiment

question_text: in milgrams studies learners who made errors were punished with

text: Milgram experiment

text: The experiment[edit]

text: Three individuals were involved: the one running the experiment, the subject of the experiment (a volunteer), and a confederate pretending to be a volunteer. These three people fill three distinct roles: the Experimenter (an authoritative role), the Teacher (a role intended to obey the orders of the Experimenter), and the Learner (the recipient of stimulus from the Teacher). The subject and the actor both drew slips of paper to determine their roles, but unknown to the subject, both slips said "teacher". The actor would always claim to have drawn the slip that read "learner", thus guaranteeing that the subject would always be the "teacher". Next, the "teacher" and "learner" were taken into an adjacent room where the "learner" was strapped into what appeared to be an electric chair. The experimenter told the participants this was to ensure that the "learner" would not escape.[1] The "teacher" and "learner" were then separated into different rooms where they could communicate but not see each other. In one version of the experiment, the confederate was sure to mention to the participant that he had a heart condition.[1]

text: At some point prior to the actual test, the "teacher" was given a sample electric shock from the electroshock generator in order to experience firsthand what the shock that the "learner" would supposedly receive during the experiment would feel like. The "teacher" was then given a list of word pairs that he was to teach the learner. The teacher began by reading the list of word pairs to the learner. The teacher would then read the first word of each pair and read four possible answers. The learner would press a button to indicate his response. If the answer was incorrect, the teacher would administer a shock to the learner, with the voltage increasing in 15-volt increments for each wrong answer. If correct, the teacher would read the next word pair.[1]

text: The subjects believed that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual shocks. In reality, there were no shocks. After the confederate was separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electroshock generator, which played prerecorded sounds for each shock level. After a number of voltage-level increases, the actor started to bang on the wall that separated him from the subject. After several times banging on the wall and complaining about his heart condition, all responses by the learner would cease.[1]

text: At this point, many people indicated their desire to stop the experiment and check on the learner. Some test subjects paused at 135 volts and began to question the purpose of the experiment. Most continued after being assured that they would not be held responsible. A few subjects began to laugh nervously or exhibit other signs of extreme stress once they heard the screams of pain coming from the learner.[1]

text: If at any time the subject indicated his desire to halt the experiment, he was given a succession of verbal prods by the experimenter, in this order:[1]

text:
Please continue.
The experiment requires that you continue.
It is absolutely essential that you continue.
You have no other choice, you must go on.

text: If the subject still wished to stop after all four successive verbal prods, the experiment was halted. Otherwise, it was halted after the subject had given the maximum 450-volt shock three times in succession.[1]

text: The experimenter also gave special prods if the teacher made specific comments. If the teacher asked whether the learner might suffer permanent physical harm, the experimenter replied, "Although the shocks may be painful, there is no permanent tissue damage, so please go on." If the teacher said that the learner clearly wants to stop, the experimenter replied, "Whether the learner likes it or not, you must go on until he has learned all the word pairs correctly, so please go on."[1]

text: Results[edit]

text: Before conducting the experiment, Milgram polled fourteen Yale University senior-year psychology majors to predict the behavior of 100 hypothetical teachers. All of the poll respondents believed that only a very small fraction of teachers (the range was from zero to 3 out of 100, with an average of 1.2) would be prepared to inflict the maximum voltage. Milgram also informally polled his colleagues and found that they, too, believed very few subjects would progress beyond a very strong shock.[1] He also reached out to honorary Harvard University graduate Chaim Homnick, who noted that this experiment would not be concrete evidence of the Nazis' innocence, due to fact that "poor people are more likely to cooperate." Milgram also polled forty psychiatrists from a medical school, and they believed that by the tenth shock, when the victim demands to be free, most subjects would stop the experiment. They predicted that by the 300-volt shock, when the victim refuses to answer, only 3.73 percent of the subjects would still continue and, they believed that "only a little over one-tenth of one percent of the subjects would administer the highest shock on the board."[6]

text: In Milgram's first set of experiments, 65 percent (26 of 40) of experiment participants administered the experiment's final massive 450-volt shock,[1] though many were very uncomfortable doing so; at some point, every participant paused and questioned the experiment; some said they would refund the money they were paid for participating in the experiment. Throughout the experiment, subjects displayed varying degrees of tension and stress. Subjects were sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting their lips, groaning, digging their fingernails into their skin, and some were even having nervous laughing fits or seizures.[1]

text: Milgram summarized the experiment in his 1974 article, "The Perils of Obedience", writing:

text: The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous importance, but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple experiment at Yale University to test how much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects' [participants'] strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects' [participants'] ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation.

text: Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.[7]

text: The original Simulated Shock Generator and Event Recorder, or shock box, is located in the Archives of the History of American Psychology.

text: Later, Milgram and other psychologists performed variations of the experiment throughout the world, with similar results.[8] Milgram later investigated the effect of the experiment's locale on obedience levels by holding an experiment in an unregistered, backstreet office in a bustling city, as opposed to at Yale, a respectable university. The level of obedience, "although somewhat reduced, was not significantly lower." What made more of a difference was the proximity of the "learner" and the experimenter. There were also variations tested involving groups.

text: Thomas Blass of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County performed a meta-analysis on the results of repeated performances of the experiment. He found that while the percentage of participants who are prepared to inflict fatal voltages ranged from 28% to 91%, there was no significant trend over time and the average percentage for US studies (61%) was close to the one for non-US studies (66%).[9][10]

text: The participants who refused to administer the final shocks neither insisted that the experiment be terminated, nor left the room to check the health of the victim without requesting permission to leave, as per Milgram's notes and recollections, when fellow psychologist Philip Zimbardo asked him about that point.[11]

text: Milgram created a documentary film titled Obedience showing the experiment and its results. He also produced a series of five social psychology films, some of which dealt with his experiments.[12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Ethics[edit]

text: The Milgram Shock Experiment raised questions about the research ethics of scientific experimentation because of the extreme emotional stress and inflicted insight suffered by the participants. In Milgram's defense, 84 percent of former participants surveyed later said they were "glad" or "very glad" to have participated; 15 percent chose neutral responses (92% of all former participants responding).[13] Many later wrote expressing thanks. Milgram repeatedly received offers of assistance and requests to join his staff from former participants. Six years later (at the height of the Vietnam War), one of the participants in the experiment sent correspondence to Milgram, explaining why he was glad to have participated despite the stress:

text: While I was a subject in 1964, though I believed that I was hurting someone, I was totally unaware of why I was doing so. Few people ever realize when they are acting according to their own beliefs and when they are meekly submitting to authority ... To permit myself to be drafted with the understanding that I am submitting to authority's demand to do something very wrong would make me frightened of myself ... I am fully prepared to go to jail if I am not granted Conscientious Objector status. Indeed, it is the only course I could take to be faithful to what I believe. My only hope is that members of my board act equally according to their conscience ...[14][15]

text: Milgram argued (in Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View) that the ethical criticism provoked by his experiments was because his findings were disturbing and revealed unwelcome truths about human nature. Others have argued that the ethical debate has diverted attention from more serious problems with the experiment's methodology. Australian psychologist Gina Perry found an unpublished paper in Milgram's archives that shows Milgram's own concern with how believable the experimental set-up was to subjects involved. Milgram asked his assistant to compile a breakdown of the number of participants who had seen through the experiments. This unpublished analysis indicated that many subjects suspected that the experiment was a hoax,[16] a finding that casts doubt on the veracity of his results. In the journal Jewish Currents, Joseph Dimow, a participant in the 1961 experiment at Yale University, wrote about his early withdrawal as a "teacher", suspicious "that the whole experiment was designed to see if ordinary Americans would obey immoral orders, as many Germans had done during the Nazi period."[17]

text: Perry also conducted interviews with subjects that cast doubt over Milgram's claims that he conducted a thorough debriefing to assure subjects they did not cause harm to the actors. She reported that three quarters of the former subjects she interviewed thought they had actually shocked the actor, and that the official debriefing specifications were only at the minimum level required at the time and so did not involve "telling subjects the true purpose of the experiment or interviewing them for their reactions."[18]

text: Applicability to the Jewish Holocaust[edit]

text: Milgram sparked direct critical response in the scientific community by claiming that "a common psychological process is centrally involved in both [his laboratory experiments and Nazi Germany] events." James Waller, Chair of Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Keene State College, formerly Chair of Whitworth College Psychology Department, expressed the opinion that Milgram experiments do not correspond well to the Holocaust events:[19]

text:
The subjects of Milgram experiments, wrote James Waller (Becoming Evil), were assured in advance that no permanent physical damage would result from their actions. However, the Holocaust perpetrators were fully aware of their hands-on killing and maiming of the victims.
The laboratory subjects themselves did not know their victims and were not motivated by racism. On the other hand, the Holocaust perpetrators displayed an intense devaluation of the victims through a lifetime of personal development.
Those serving punishment at the lab were not sadists, nor hate-mongers, and often exhibited great anguish and conflict in the experiment, unlike the designers and executioners of the Final Solution (see Holocaust trials), who had a clear "goal" on their hands, set beforehand.
The experiment lasted for an hour, with no time for the subjects to contemplate the implications of their behavior. Meanwhile, the Holocaust lasted for years with ample time for a moral assessment of all individuals and organizations involved.[19]

text: In the opinion of Thomas Blass—who is the author of a scholarly monograph on the experiment (The Man Who Shocked The World) published in 2004—the historical evidence pertaining to actions of the Holocaust perpetrators speaks louder than words:

text: My own view is that Milgram's approach does not provide a fully adequate explanation of the Holocaust. While it may well account for the dutiful destructiveness of the dispassionate bureaucrat who may have shipped Jews to Auschwitz with the same degree of routinization as potatoes to Bremerhaven, it falls short when one tries to apply it to the more zealous, inventive, and hate-driven atrocities that also characterized the Holocaust.[20]

text: Charges of data manipulation[edit]

text: After an investigation of the test, Australian psychologist Gina Perry re-evaluated Milgram's data and stated that Milgram had manipulated his results. "Overall, over half disobeyed," Perry stated. She found, contrary to the popular version, that there is a "troubling mismatch between (published) descriptions of the experiment and evidence of what actually transpired". She concludes, that many subjects didn't in fact believe in the reality of the experiments, that "at some level, they'd seen through the ruse" and that it is "more truthful to say that only half of the people who undertook the experiment fully believed it was real, and of those, two-thirds (i.e. some 66 percent of all) disobeyed the experimenter". On the Holocaust connection, Perry writes: "You have this neat analogy (with the Holocaust). But without that rhetorical framework, Milgram's experiments become no more than reality TV. It's clothed as science and, once clothed as science, you can sell it as science. The rhetorical framing is crucial to the survival of the obedience studies."[21][22]

text: That was an unexpected outcome for me, really. I regarded Stanley Milgram as a misunderstood genius who'd been penalized in some ways for revealing something troubling and profound about human nature. By the end of my research I actually had quite a very different view of the man and the research ...

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: Milgram elaborated two theories:

text:
The first is the theory of conformism, based on Solomon Asch conformity experiments, describing the fundamental relationship between the group of reference and the individual person. A subject who has neither ability nor expertise to make decisions, especially in a crisis, will leave decision making to the group and its hierarchy. The group is the person's behavioral model.[citation needed]
The second is the agentic state theory, wherein, per Milgram, "the essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view themselves as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and they therefore no longer see themselves as responsible for their actions. Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred in the person, all of the essential features of obedience follow".[24]

text: Alternative interpretations[edit]

text: In his book Irrational Exuberance, Yale finance professor Robert Shiller argues that other factors might be partially able to explain the Milgram Experiments:

text: [People] have learned that when experts tell them something is all right, it probably is, even if it does not seem so. (In fact, it is worth noting that in this case the experimenter was indeed correct: it was all right to continue giving the "shocks"—even though most of the subjects did not suspect the reason.)[25]

text: In a 2006 experiment, a computerized avatar was used in place of the learner receiving electrical shocks. Although the participants administering the shocks were aware that the learner was unreal, the experimenters reported that participants responded to the situation physiologically "as if it were real".[26]

text: Another explanation[27] of Milgram's results invokes belief perseverance as the underlying cause. What "people cannot be counted on is to realize that a seemingly benevolent authority is in fact malevolent, even when they are faced with overwhelming evidence which suggests that this authority is indeed malevolent. Hence, the underlying cause for the subjects' striking conduct could well be conceptual, and not the alleged 'capacity of man to abandon his humanity ... as he merges his unique personality into larger institutional structures."'

text: This last explanation receives some support from a 2009 episode of the BBC science documentary series Horizon, which involved replication of the Milgram experiment. Of the twelve participants, only three refused to continue to the end of the experiment. Speaking during the episode, social psychologist Clifford Stott discussed the influence that the idealism of scientific inquiry had on the volunteers. He remarked: "The influence is ideological. It's about what they believe science to be, that science is a positive product, it produces beneficial findings and knowledge to society that are helpful for society. So there's that sense of science is providing some kind of system for good."[28]

text: Building on the importance of idealism, some recent researchers suggest the 'engaged followership' perspective. Based on an examination of Milgram's archive, in a recent study, social psychologists Alex Haslam, Stephen Reicher and Megan Birney, at the University of Queensland, discovered that people are less likely to follow the prods of an experimental leader when the prod resembles an order. However, when the prod stresses the importance of the experiment for science (i.e. 'The experiment requires you to continue'), people are more likely to obey.[29] The researchers suggest the perspective of 'engaged followership': that people are not simply obeying the orders of a leader, but instead are willing to continue the experiment because of their desire to support the scientific goals of the leader and because of a lack of identification with the learner.[30] Also a neuroscientific study supports this perspective, namely watching the learner receive electric shocks, does not activate brain regions involving empathic concerns.[31]

text: Replications and variations[edit]

text: Milgram's variations[edit]

text: In Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (1974), Milgram describes nineteen variations of his experiment, some of which had not been previously reported.

text: Several experiments varied the immediacy of the teacher and learner. Generally, when the victim's physical immediacy was increased, the participant's compliance decreased. The participant's compliance also decreased when the authority's physical immediacy decreased (Experiments 1–4). For example, in Experiment 2, where participants received telephonic instructions from the experimenter, compliance decreased to 21 percent. Interestingly, some participants deceived the experimenter by pretending to continue the experiment. In the variation where the learner's physical immediacy was closest, where participants had to hold the learner's arm physically onto a shock plate, compliance decreased. Under that condition, 30 percent of participants completed the experiment.

text: In Experiment 8, an all-female contingent was used; previously, all participants had been men. Obedience did not significantly differ, though the women communicated experiencing higher levels of stress.

text: Experiment 10 took place in a modest office in Bridgeport, Connecticut, purporting to be the commercial entity "Research Associates of Bridgeport" without apparent connection to Yale University, to eliminate the university's prestige as a possible factor influencing the participants' behavior. In those conditions, obedience dropped to 47.5 percent, though the difference was not statistically significant.

text: Milgram also combined the effect of authority with that of conformity. In those experiments, the participant was joined by one or two additional "teachers" (also actors, like the "learner"). The behavior of the participants' peers strongly affected the results. In Experiment 17, when two additional teachers refused to comply, only 4 of 40 participants continued in the experiment. In Experiment 18, the participant performed a subsidiary task (reading the questions via microphone or recording the learner's answers) with another "teacher" who complied fully. In that variation, 37 of 40 continued with the experiment.[32]

text: Replications[edit]

text: Around the time of the release of Obedience to Authority in 1973–1974, a version of the experiment was conducted at La Trobe University in Australia. As reported by Perry in her 2012 book Behind the Shock Machine, some of the participants experienced long-lasting psychological effects, possibly due to the lack of proper debriefing by the experimenter.[33]

text: In 2002, the British artist Rod Dickinson created The Milgram Re-enactment, an exact reconstruction of parts of the original experiment, including the uniforms, lighting, and rooms used. An audience watched the four-hour performance through one-way glass windows.[34][35] A video of this performance was first shown at the CCA Gallery in Glasgow in 2002.

text: A partial replication of the experiment was staged by British illusionist Derren Brown and broadcast on UK's Channel 4 in The Heist (2006).[36]

text: Another partial replication of the experiment was conducted by Jerry M. Burger in 2006 and broadcast on the Primetime series Basic Instincts. Burger noted that "current standards for the ethical treatment of participants clearly place Milgram's studies out of bounds." In 2009, Burger was able to receive approval from the institutional review board by modifying several of the experimental protocols.[37] Burger found obedience rates virtually identical to those reported by Milgram found in 1961–62, even while meeting current ethical regulations of informing participants. In addition, half the replication participants were female, and their rate of obedience was virtually identical to that of the male participants. Burger also included a condition in which participants first saw another participant refuse to continue. However, participants in this condition obeyed at the same rate as participants in the base condition.[38]

text: In the 2010 French documentary Le Jeu de la Mort (The Game of Death), researchers recreated the Milgram experiment with an added critique of reality television by presenting the scenario as a game show pilot. Volunteers were given €40 and told they would not win any money from the game, as this was only a trial. Only 16 of 80 "contestants" (teachers) chose to end the game before delivering the highest-voltage punishment.[39][40]

text: The experiment was performed on Dateline NBC on an episode airing April 25, 2010.

text: The Discovery Channel aired the "How Evil are You" segment of Curiosity on October 30, 2011. The episode was hosted by Eli Roth, who produced results similar to the original Milgram experiment, though the highest-voltage punishment used was 165 volts, rather than 450 volts.[41]

text: Due to increasingly widespread knowledge of the experiment, recent replications of the procedure have had to ensure that participants were not previously aware of it.[citation needed]

text: Other variations[edit]

text: Charles Sheridan and Richard King (at the University of Missouri and the University of California, Berkeley, respectively) hypothesized that some of Milgram's subjects may have suspected that the victim was faking, so they repeated the experiment with a real victim: a "cute, fluffy puppy" who was given real, albeit apparently harmless, electric shocks. Their findings were dissimilar to those of Milgram: half of the male subjects and all of the females obeyed throughout. Many subjects showed high levels of distress during the experiment, and some openly wept. In addition, Sheridan and King found that the duration for which the shock button was pressed decreased as the shocks got higher, meaning that for higher shock levels, subjects were more hesitant.[42][43]

text: Media depictions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Obedience is a black-and-white film of the experiment, shot by Milgram himself. It is distributed by Alexander Street Press.[44]
The Tenth Level was a 1975 CBS television film about the experiment, featuring William Shatner and Ossie Davis.[10][45]
I as in Icarus is a 1979 French conspiracy thriller with Yves Montand as a lawyer investigating the assassination of the President. The movie is inspired by the Kennedy assassination and the subsequent Warren Commission investigation. Digging into the psychology of the Lee Harvey Oswald type character, the attorney finds out the "decoy shooter" participated in the Milgram experiment. The ongoing experiment is presented to the unsuspecting lawyer.
Foolin Around is a 1980 movie starring Gary Busey and Annette O'Toole, which uses a Milgram experiment parody in a comedic scene.
Vaguely referenced at the start of the 1984 film Ghostbusters, character Doctor Peter Venkman gives electric shocks to a male subject while flirting with a female subject. Prior to the shocks both subjects show increased stress, but the male subject ends the experiment early, saying it's "Pissing me off. You can keep the five bucks."
The track "We Do What We're Told (Milgram's 37)" on Peter Gabriel's 1986 album So is a reference to Milgram's Experiment 18, in which 37 of 40 people were prepared to administer the highest level of shock.
Referenced in Alan Moore's graphic novel V for Vendetta (1988-1989) as a reason why Dr. Surridge has lost faith in humanity.
Atrocity is a 2005 film re-enactment of the Milgram Experiment.[46]
The Human Behavior Experiments is a 2006 documentary by Alex Gibney about major experiments in social psychology, shown along with modern incidents highlighting the principles discussed. Along with Stanley Milgram's study in obedience, the documentary shows the diffusion of responsibility study of John Darley and Bibb Latané and the Stanford Prison Experiment of Philip Zimbardo.
A 2006 Derren Brown special named The Heist repeated the Milgram experiment to test whether the participants will take part in a staged heist afterwards.[47]
The 2003 Malcolm in the Middle episode "Malcolm Films Reese" features the main character being forced to extract personal secrets from his brother Reese while secretly filming them in a project Malcolm's teacher compares to the Milgram Experiment.
Chip Kidd's 2008 novel The Learners is about the Milgram experiment and features Stanley Milgram as a character.
The Milgram Experiment is a 2009 film by the Brothers Gibbs that chronicles the story of Stanley Milgram's experiments.
The 2008 Dar Williams song "Buzzer" is about the experiment. "I'm feeling sorry for this guy that I pressed to shock / He gets the answers wrong I have to up the watts / And he begged me to stop but they told me to go / I pressed the buzzer."
"Authority", a 2008 episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, features Merrit Rook, a suspect played by Robin Williams, who employs the strip search prank call scam, identifying himself as "Detective Milgram". He later reenacts a version of the Milgram experiment on Det. Elliot Stabler by ordering him to administer electric shocks to Det. Olivia Benson, whom Rook has bound and is thus helpless.
Episode 114 of the 2009 Howie Mandel show Howie Do It repeated the experiment with a single pair of subjects using the premise of a Japanese game show.
Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Season 9 Episode 6, 5/4/2010, "Abel & Willing," features actor Dallas Roberts, who plays Dr. Abel Hazard, who explains the Milgrim experiment to a $5000 prostitute he hired for the evening. The original Milgrim documentary film, Obedience, is playing on the TV in the scene.
The 2010 film Zenith references and dramatically depicts the Milgram experiment
The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas featured a place called "Vault 11,' inspired by the Milgram experiment, which demanded the residents to sacrifice one of their own once a year and told them they would be exterminated if they failed to comply.
The Discovery Channel's Curiosity TV series October 30, 2011 episode, "How Evil Are You?" features Eli Roth recreating the experiment asking the question, "Fifty years later, have we changed?"
The 2012 film Compliance, written and directed by Craig Zobel, shows a group of employees assisting in the interrogation of a young counter assistant at the commands of a person who claims to be a police officer over the phone, demonstrating the willingness of subjects to follow orders from authority figures.
The Fox TV series Bones featured a December 4, 2014 episode titled "The Mutilation of the Master Manipulator," where the murder victim, a college psychology professor, is shown administering the Milgram experiment.
Experimenter, a 2015 film about Milgram, by Michael Almereyda, was screened to favorable reactions at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.[48]


document_title: Our Souls at Night (film)

question_text: where was the netflix movie our souls at night filmed

text: Our Souls at Night (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Louis Waters is a widower. One evening he is visited by Addie, a widow who lives next door. She invites him to sometimes sleep over - platonically - talking in bed to combat loneliness. They try it out, and like it. The community finds out, but assume it's a sexual relationship.

text: Addie's son dumps his child Jamie with her. Louis helps her care for him, and gets him a dog. After Jamie's father picks him up, Louis and Addie go on a trip and have sex.

text: Addie falls down and ends up in the hospital, and her son wants her to move in with him and Jamie. She does, and both she and Louis sleep alone. So Louis sends her a phone, and they start talking to each other after getting into bed. And the movie ends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Redford as Louis Waters, a widower who lives next door to Addie, and Holly's father.[2]
Jane Fonda as Addie Moore, a widow who lives next door to Louis, Gene's mother, and Jamie's grandmother.[2]
Matthias Schoenaerts as Gene Moore, Addie's son and Jamie's father.[2]
Judy Greer as Holly Waters, Louis' daughter.[2]
Bruce Dern as Dorlan Becker[2]
Iain Armitage as Jamie Moore, Gene's son and Addie's grandson.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 7, 2016, Netflix hired Ritesh Batra to direct the film adaptation of Kent Haruf's novel Our Souls at Night, scripted by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber.[3]

text: Principal photography on the film began on September 12, 2016 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, while it would also be shot in Florence.[4][2] Filming was completed on November 2, 2016.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2017.[6] It was released on September 29, 2017.[7]


document_title: Shot heard round the world

question_text: the shot heard round the world was fired from the north bridge of which city

text: Shot heard round the world

text: Skirmish at the North Bridge[edit]

text:
By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world.

− Emerson, "Concord Hymn"

tag: div

text: The phrase comes from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn" (1837) and refers to the first shot of the American Revolution. According to Emerson's poem, this pivotal shot occurred at the Old North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts, where the first British soldiers fell in the battles of Lexington and Concord.

text: Historically, no single shot can be cited as the first shot of the battle or the war. Shots were fired earlier at Lexington, Massachusetts where eight Americans were killed and a British soldier was slightly wounded, but accounts of that event are confused and contradictory, and it has been characterized as a massacre rather than a battle.[1] The North Bridge skirmish did see the first shots by Americans acting under orders, the first organized volley by Americans, the first British fatalities, and the first British retreat.

text: The towns of Lexington and Concord and their partisans have debated over the point of origin for the Revolutionary War since 1824, when the Marquis de Lafayette visited the towns. He was welcomed to Lexington hearing it described as the "birthplace of American liberty", but he was then informed in Concord that the "first forcible resistance" was made there. President Grant considered not attending the 1875 centennial celebrations in the area to evade the issue. In 1894, Lexington petitioned the state legislature to proclaim April 19 as "Lexington Day", to which Concord objected; the current name for the holiday is Patriots' Day.[1]

text: Emerson lived in a house known as the Old Manse at the time when he was composing the "Concord Hymn," from which his grandfather and father (then a young child) had witnessed the skirmish. The house is located approximately 300 feet (91 m) from the North Bridge.

text: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand[edit]

text: The phrase "shot heard round the world" has taken on a different meaning in Europe and in the Commonwealth of Nations, countries that were part of the British Empire and formerly known as the British Commonwealth. It has become associated with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, an event considered to be one of the immediate causes of World War I. Serbian Gavrilo Princip fired two shots, the first hitting Franz Ferdinand's wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, and the second hitting the Archduke himself. The death of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, propelled Austria-Hungary and the rest of Europe into World War I.

text: Widespread idiomatic use[edit]

text: "Shot heard round the world" continues to be a stock phrase in the 21st century, widely used to refer to unusual events in general,[2] and has been applied to numerous dramatic moments in sports. For example, it refers to the winning goal of Paul Henderson in the final seconds of the 8th and final match to secure Team Canada's victory in the 1972 Canada-USSR Summit-series. The goal was made famous by a Frank Lennon photograph.[3]

text: In American baseball, the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" (usually spelled with an apostrophe) denotes the game-winning walk-off home run by New York Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds to win the National League pennant on October 3, 1951. The Giants won the game 5-4 as a result of the home run, defeating their traditional rivals in their pennant playoff series, though they eventually lost the World Series to the Yankees.[4]