document_title: Amphibole

question_text: the most common member of the amphibole group

text: Amphibole

text: Mineralogy[edit]

text: Amphiboles crystallize into two crystal systems, monoclinic and orthorhombic. In chemical composition and general characteristics they are similar to the pyroxenes. The chief differences from pyroxenes are that (i) amphiboles contain essential hydroxyl (OH) or halogen (F, Cl) and (ii) the basic structure is a double chain of tetrahedra (as opposed to the single chain structure of pyroxene). Most apparent, in hand specimens, is that amphiboles form oblique cleavage planes (at around 120 degrees), whereas pyroxenes have cleavage angles of approximately 90 degrees. Amphiboles are also specifically less dense than the corresponding pyroxenes. In optical characteristics, many amphiboles are distinguished by their stronger pleochroism and by the smaller angle of extinction (Z angle c) on the plane of symmetry. Amphiboles are the primary constituent of amphibolites.

text: In rocks[edit]

text: Amphiboles are minerals of either igneous or metamorphic origin; in the former case occurring as constituents (hornblende) of igneous rocks, such as granite, diorite, andesite and others. Calcium is sometimes a constituent of naturally occurring amphiboles. Those of metamorphic origin include examples such as those developed in limestones by contact metamorphism (tremolite) and those formed by the alteration of other ferromagnesian minerals (hornblende). Pseudomorphs of amphibole after pyroxene are known as uralite.

text: History and etymology[edit]

text: The name amphibole (Ancient Greek ἀμφίβολος - amphíbolos meaning 'ambiguous') was used by René Just Haüy to include tremolite, actinolite, tourmaline and hornblende. The group was so named by Haüy in allusion to the protean variety, in composition and appearance, assumed by its minerals. This term has since been applied to the whole group. Numerous sub-species and varieties are distinguished, the more important of which are tabulated below in two series. The formulae of each will be seen to be built on the general double-chain silicate formula RSi4O11.[3]

text: Four of the amphibole minerals are among the minerals commonly called asbestos. These are: anthophyllite, riebeckite, cummingtonite/grunerite series, and actinolite/tremolite series. The cummingtonite/grunerite series is often termed amosite or brown asbestos; riebeckite is known as crocidolite or blue asbestos. These are generally called amphibole asbestos.[4]

text: Mineral species[edit]

text: Chemical formula[edit]

text: Orthorhombic series

text:
Anthophyllite, (Mg,Mg)7Si8O22(OH)2
Holmquistite, Li2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2
Ferrogedrite, Fe2+5Al4Si6O22(OH)2

tag: ul

text: Monoclinic series

text:
Tremolite, Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
Actinolite, Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Cummingtonite, Fe2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
Grunerite, Fe7Si8O22(OH)2
Hornblende, (K,Na)0-1(Ca,Na,Fe,Mg)2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH)2
Glaucophane, Na2(Mg,Fe)3Al2Si8O22(OH)2
Riebeckite (or Crocidolite), Na2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si8O22(OH)2
Arfvedsonite, Na3Fe2+4Fe3+Si8O22(OH)2
Richterite, Na2Ca(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Pargasite, NaCa2Mg3Fe2+Si6Al3O22(OH)2
Winchite, (CaNa)Mg4(Al,Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2
Edenite, NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2

text: Descriptions[edit]

text: On account of the wide variations in chemical composition, the different members vary considerably in properties and general appearance.

text: Anthophyllite occurs as brownish, fibrous or lamellar masses with hornblende in mica-schist at Kongsberg in Norway and some other localities. An aluminous related species is known as gedrite and a deep green Russian variety containing little iron as kupfferite.[3]

text: Hornblende is an important constituent of many igneous rocks. It is also an important constituent of amphibolites formed by metamorphism of basalt.

text: Actinolite is an important and common member of the monoclinic series, forming radiating groups of acicular crystals of a bright green or greyish-green color. It occurs frequently as a constituent of greenschists. The name (from Greek ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος/aktís, aktînos, a 'ray' and λίθος/líthos, a 'stone') is a translation of the old German word Strahlstein (radiated stone).[3]

text: Glaucophane, crocidolite, riebeckite and arfvedsonite form a somewhat special group of alkali-amphiboles. The first two are blue fibrous minerals, with glaucophane occurring in blueschists and crocidolite (blue asbestos) in ironstone formations, both resulting from dynamo-metamorphic processes. The latter two are dark green minerals, which occur as original constituents of igneous rocks rich in sodium, such as nepheline-syenite and phonolite.[3]

text: Pargasite is a rare magnesium-rich amphibole with essential sodium, usually found in ultramafic rocks. For instance, it occurs in uncommon mantle xenoliths, carried up by kimberlite. It is hard, dense, black and usually idiomorphic, with a red-brown pleochroism in petrographic thin section.


document_title: Smurfs: The Lost Village

question_text: who plays the voice of clumsy in smurfs the lost village

root

text: Smurfs: The Lost Village

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Smurf Village, the Smurfs live peacefully among themselves and their leader is Papa Smurf. Some of the Smurfs include Clumsy Smurf, Brainy Smurf, Hefty Smurf and Smurfette, who was created by Gargamel from a lump of clay, but redeemed by Papa Smurf and became part of the village. Gargamel makes it his mission to capture the Smurfs, steal all of their essence, and become the most powerful wizard in the world.

tag: p

text: After Smurfette accidentally breaks an invention by Brainy, she sees a blue creature hidden by a leaf and follows it straight into the Forbidden Forest, believing the creature to be a Smurf. She loses sight of the creature but discovers a hat was dropped by the possible Smurf. Smurfette ends up being captured by Gargamel and at his castle, she ends up inadvertently revealing the hat, enabling Gargamel to mix up a brew that causes him to locate the village on a map. Soon enough Hefty, Brainy, and Clumsy help Smurfette escape and return to Smurf Village, where Papa Smurf punishes them for disobeying his orders and confines them to their houses while dismissing their claims of a lost village filled with Smurfs.

text: Smurfette sneaks out into the night to look for the lost village, however, and Brainy, Clumsy, and Hefty volunteer to come with her. Smurfette agrees to let them join her and together the four enter the Forbidden Forest. Gargamel soon discovers them trying to find the lost village and heads out with Azrael and Monty to stop them.

text: The four follow the map and end up in various adventures, all while encountering bizarre creatures; the four encounter a colony of fire-breathing dragonflies, where Gargamel follows them and tries to have them killed by having the dragonflies attack them. Smurfette, Brainy, Hefty and Clumsy survive, but then end up getting lost in a maze of caverns, where they eventually get out thanks to a stampede of glow-in-the-dark rabbits. The four then head off to a river and sail on a handmade raft along the river to get to the lost village, but then they encounter Gargamel, Azrael, and Monty again. Following a brief chase, Gargamel is thrown out of his own raft, so Hefty and Smurfette convince the others to help save him. They do so, but instead of thanking them, he pushes them out of their raft, leaving them to plunge down a waterfall.

text: Meanwhile, back at Smurf Village, Papa Smurf tries to reconcile with Smurfette over his actions on the previous night but soon discovers she, Brainy, Hefty, and Clumsy are gone, so he sets out to find them and set things right with them. The four are soon captured by the leaf-covered creature along with a few others who reveal themselves to be female Smurfs. They are taken to Smurfy Grove where they meet Smurf Willow, Smurf Storm, Smurf Blossom, Smurf Lily and Smurf Melody, who all welcome the Smurfs to their humble home. Smurf Storm and Clumsy head away from the village to locate Gargamel and alert the others. During the trip, Clumsy reveals that Smurfette was created by Gargamel, which causes Smurf Storm to distrust Smurfette. Gargamel, who was led into a piranha-infested swamp, spots Clumsy and Smurf Storm, and has Monty attack them, but they fly away to return to the village.

text: After a while of showing them what they do, Smurf Storm and Clumsy come back with her telling Smurfette was created by Gargamel. The female Smurfs prepare an attack that night but instead of Gargamel, Papa Smurf appears, and the female Smurfs accept him into their home. Soon, Gargamel comes and destroys Smurfy Grove, capturing all the Smurfs, with the exception of Smurfette, who is now alone, feeling heartbroken for her actions. However, Snappy shows her a picture of her and the others, and realizing she is not a real Smurf, heads back to Gargamel's lair to save the Smurfs.

text: At Gargamel's lair, Brainy makes a plan to escape. Papa Smurf hears their plan and he and Smurf Willow decide to help them. Hefty, Brainy, Clumsy, and some of the female Smurfs succeed at the plan until Gargamel and Azrael spot them and put some of the female Smurfs and Clumsy into his Smurfilator, a machine capable of extracting their essence. Smurfette appears, tricking Gargamel into believing she wants to be an evil smurf again. When Gargamel tries to turn Smurfette into an evil smurf, he realizes Smurfette is absorbing his magic powers instead. Gargamel, Azrael, and Monty are sent flying back into the piranha-infested lake. The Smurfs are freed but despite their victory, Smurfette has reverted back to a lifeless lump of clay.

text: Back at Smurf Village, the Smurfs make a memorial for Smurfette. Their energy and love for Smurfette revives her, and everybody happily celebrates. Smurf Village and Smurfy Grove rejoice in their new unity; in the end, Smurfette finally finds her purpose and most of all, a true-blue Smurf.

text: During the end credits, Gargamel, Azrael, and Monty are walking back to their castle with Gargamel feeling angry in his failure to kill the Smurfs.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Demi Lovato as Smurfette,[10] a girl smurf who was created by the wizard Gargamel. Surrounded by male Smurfs who each have a clear role in the village, she becomes curious about her own purpose.
Rainn Wilson as Gargamel,[10] an evil wizard who seeks to find the Smurfs and steal their magic in order to become the greatest evil wizard in the world.
Mandy Patinkin as Papa Smurf,[11] the fatherly Smurf chief leader of Smurf Village who does not want his charges entering the Forbidden Forest. Patinkin also narrates the film.
Joe Manganiello as Hefty Smurf,[12] a strong Smurf who has a crush on Smurfette.
Jack McBrayer as Clumsy Smurf,[12] an accident-prone Smurf who tends to panic.
Danny Pudi as Brainy Smurf,[12] a book-smart Smurf who butts heads with Hefty.
Julia Roberts as Smurf Willow,[1] the motherly Smurf leader of Smurfy Grove and Papa Smurf's eventual rival/love interest.
Michelle Rodriguez as Smurf Stormi,[1] a tough female Smurf who doesn't trust Smurfette.
Ellie Kemper as Smurf Blossom,[1] an energetic girl Smurf who quickly befriends Smurfette.
Ariel Winter as Smurf Lily,[1] a gentle girl Smurf.
Meghan Trainor as Smurf Melody,[13] a musical girl Smurf.
Jake Johnson as Grouchy Smurf,[1] a Smurf who is always grouchy.
Gordon Ramsay as Baker Smurf,[1] a Smurf who bakes cakes.
Tituss Burgess as Vanity Smurf,[1] a Smurf who is obsessed with his looks.
Gabriel Iglesias as Jokey Smurf,[14][1] a Smurf that plays pranks on others.
Jeff Dunham as Farmer Smurf,[1] a Smurf who is a farmer.
Kelly Asbury as Nosey Smurf,[1] a Smurf who peeks in on private activities.
Alan Mechem as Passerby Smurf
Patrick Ballin as Patient Smurf, who is seen in a session with the silent Therapist Smurf, and Frank the Caterpillar, who works as a masseuse in Smurfy Grove.
Bret Marnell as Snappy Bug,[1] Brainy's ladybug assistant.
Melissa Sturm as Smurf Jade, a female Smurf.
Frank Welker as Azrael, Gargamel's pet cat.
Dee Bradley Baker as Monty, Gargamel's pet vulture.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On May 10, 2012, just two weeks after they announced production of The Smurfs 2, Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation were already developing a script for The Smurfs 3 with scribes Karey Kirkpatrick and Chris Poche.[15] Hank Azaria, who played Gargamel in the first two films, revealed that the third film "might actually deal with the genuine origin of how all these characters ran into each other way back when."[16] It was later confirmed that plans for a second sequel had been folded, with a completely computer-animated reboot being produced instead.[17]

text: Kelly Asbury was confirmed to have been hired to direct the film in March 2014.[17] The plotline was also revealed with the film exploring the origins of the Smurfs, and also the news that the film would feature a new take on the characters, with designs and environments more closely following the artwork created by Peyo, the creator of the Smurfs franchise.[17]

text: Jordan Kerner was hired as producer, with Mary Ellen Bauder co-producing; Asbury was already confirmed as the film's director.[11] On June 14, 2015, Sony Pictures Animation confirmed the original title of Get Smurfy, along with a first look at the film.[10][18] On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that the film had been retitled to Smurfs: The Lost Village.[19]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 16, 2015, Mandy Patinkin was added to the cast of the animated adventure film to voice Papa Smurf, who was previously voiced by Jonathan Winters in the live-action/CGI films.[11] On June 14, 2015, Demi Lovato was revealed as the voice of Smurfette, and Rainn Wilson as Gargamel.[10] Since the release of The Smurfs 2 in 2013, two of the Smurfs voice actors from the previous franchise had died, Jonathan Winters[20] who voiced Papa Smurf, and Anton Yelchin, who voiced Clumsy Smurf.[21]

text: Music[edit]

text: In October 2016, it was confirmed that Christopher Lennertz would be composing the score for the film.[2] In December 2016, it was reported that singer Meghan Trainor had recorded a song for the film titled "I'm a Lady", which was released as a single.[22]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Christopher Lennertz.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"You Will Always Find Me in Your Heart" (performed by Shaley Scott)
4:34

2.
"To the Village"
2:07

3.
"Meet the Smurfs"
2:38

4.
"Gargamel's Lair"
1:45

5.
"Behind the Mask"
1:16

6.
"The Cauldron"
0:30

7.
"Get Those Smurfs!"
2:05

8.
"The Enchanted Forest"
2:18

9.
"Discovering Dragonflies"
1:35

10.
"Freezball Chase"
2:10

11.
"Rabbit Warren Hoedown"
1:38

12.
"Campfire Stories"
3:28

13.
"Raft Chase"
2:19

14.
"Over the Falls"
0:30

15.
"Captured!"
1:50

16.
"SmurfWillow"
1:41

17.
"They're Coming - Dogfight"
2:59

18.
"Papa and Smurfette"
1:58

19.
"Gargamel Attacks"
3:15

20.
"A Lonely Purpose"
2:07

21.
"Dark Magic"
2:33

22.
"Smurfette Saves the Day"
2:44

23.
"The Truest Smurf of All" (feat. Shaley Scott)
4:57

24.
"Ends Credits Suite"
3:43

25.
"Smurfs Eating Flowers (Bonus Track)"
0:58

Total length:
1:01:38

tag: table

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was initially set for release on August 14, 2015,[23] but on May 1, 2014, the reboot film's release date was pushed back to August 5, 2016.[24] In March 2015, the release date was again pushed back to March 31, 2017.[25] In March 2016, the release date was pushed back to April 7, 2017.[26]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Smurfs: The Lost Village was released on Blu-ray and DVD on July 11, 2017 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.[27] The film debuted in second place on the Top 20 NPD VideoScan First Alert chart, behind The Fate of the Furious.[28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Smurfs: The Lost Village grossed $45 million in the United States and Canada and $152.2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $197.2 million, against a production budget of $60 million.[6]

text: In North America, the film opened alongside Going in Style and The Case for Christ and was projected to gross around $16–20 million in the opening weekend from 3,602 theaters.[5][29] It ended up opening to $13.2 million, marking the lowest debut of the Smurfs franchise and finishing 3rd at the box office.[30]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Smurfs: The Lost Village received mixed reviews from critics.[31] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 85 reviews and an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Smurfs: The Lost Village may satisfy very young viewers and hardcore Smurfaholics, but its predictable story and bland animation continue the franchise's recent mediocre streak."[32] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 40 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[33] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, an improvement over the "A–" score earned by both previous Smurfs films.[34]

text: Alonzo Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "It's significant that two female writers have taken a character who's mainly just existed to be cute and seductive and turned her into a full-fledged member of this universe."[35] Owen Glieberman of Variety said, "It's a pure digital fantasy, with elegant and tactile animation, so it's more true to the Smurf spirit, and should perform solidly."[7]

text: Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Smurfs: The Lost Village is a mediocre effort that nonetheless succeeds in its main goal of keeping its blue characters alive for future merchandising purposes."[3]


document_title: List of youngest birth mothers

question_text: whats the youngest girl to have a baby

question_tokens: whats the youngest girl to have a baby

text: List of youngest birth mothers

text: Age 5[edit]

text:
Date
Mother
Age of mother
Father
Country
Description

1939-05-14 May 14, 1939
Lina Medina
7000507000000000000♠ 5 years,
7 months
Unknown
Peru  Peru
Lina Medina, from the Ticrapo District of Peru, gave birth by cesarean section in Lima at age  5 1⁄2. The infant was a 2.64 kg (5.8 lb), 47.5 cm (18.7 in) boy named Gerardo. Medina's parents, who assumed their daughter had a tumor, took her to a hospital in late March, where she was then found to be 7 months pregnant. By interrogating her parents, the doctors understood that Medina had entered into precocious puberty (when hormone glands are activated earlier than normal) very early after her birth.[1][2][3][4][5] Although Medina's father was arrested on suspicion of sexual abuse, he was later released due to lack of evidence, and the baby's biological father was never identified.[1][4]

text: Age 6[edit]

text:
Date
Mother
Age of mother
Father
Country
Description

1932-06-07 June 7, 1932
H. !H.
7000607000000000000♠ 6 years,
7 months
Unknown
India  British Raj
(now  India)
The 6-year-old known only as "H." gave birth by cesarean section to a girl weighing 4.19 lb (1.90 kg) at Victoria Zanana Hospital in Delhi. She was initially admitted for what was thought to be an abdominal tumor, as she complained of localized pain in her lower abdomen. Her father said she was 7, but civic records gave her birth date as October 11, 1925, making her 6 years and 7 months old at the time of labor. She had never menstruated and her breasts were still far from being fully developed, yet she was able to breastfeed her child for 9 months.[6]

1934-08-19 August 19, 1934
Pantueva, Yelizaveta "Liza"Yelizaveta "Liza" Pantueva
(Елизавета "Лиза" Пантуева)
7000600000000000000♠ 6 years
Her 70-year-old maternal grandfather
Soviet Union  Soviet Union
(now  Ukraine)
Yelizaveta "Liza" Pantueva was 5 years old when her 70-year-old maternal grandfather raped and impregnated her. She had her 6th birthday several days before giving birth. Pantueva's parents did not want the obstetricians to perform a cesarean section, as it was considered dangerous at the time. She gave birth in Kharkiv, with the aid of forceps and retractors. The 3 kg (6.6 lb), 52 cm (20 in) infant girl died during labor due to an early placental tear; she had been born at full term and apparently of good constitution and, according to doctors, would have survived if she had been extracted more quickly, revived, and oxygenated. After the incident, the family immigrated to Vladivostok, taking the girl's grandfather with them.[7]

text: Age 8[edit]

text:
Date
Mother
Age of mother
Father
Country
Description

1759-12-05 December 5, 1759
Mummenthaler, AnnaAnna Mummenthaler
7000809000000000000♠8 years,
9 months
A relative of her parents
Switzerland  Old Swiss Confederacy
(now   Switzerland)
Anna Mummenthaler of Lauperswil, Canton of Bern gave birth to a stillborn girl when she was 8 years old.[8]

1884-12-00 December 1884
Mum-Zi !Mum-Zi
7000803999999999999♠8 years,
4 months
Chief Akkiri
 Niger Coast
(now Nigeria  Nigeria)
Mum-Zi was a member of Chief Akkiri's harem on the island of Calabar. Her daughter also gave birth extremely early, making Mum-Zi a grandmother at age 17.[9][10]

1893-08-00 August 1893
Zi !Zi
7000808000000000000♠8 years,
8 months
A relative or familiar of Chief Akkiri
 Niger Coast
(now Nigeria  Nigeria)
Zi, Mum-Zi's daughter, became a mother at the age of 8 years 8 months.[9][10]

1933-08-00 August 1933
ZZ !Unidentified
7000800000000000000♠ 8 years
Her husband[note 1]
India  British Raj
(now  India)
An unidentified 8-year-old girl in Kashmir reportedly died in labor along with her child. The girl's mother, a destitute widow, said she had been forced to accept an offer of marriage for her daughter.[11]

1936-09-13 September 13, 1936
Acuña, GriseldinaGriseldina Acuña
7000802000000000000♠ 8 years,
2 months
A family friend
Colombia  Colombia
Griseldina Acuña of San Zenón, Magdalena Department, gave birth to a boy weighing 5 lb (2.3 kg). She was reported to have begun menstruating at age 3.[12]

1957-12-02 December 2, 1957
Trujillo, HildaHilda Trujillo
7000807000000000000♠ 8 years,
7 months
Her 22-year-old cousin
Peru  Peru
Hilda Trujillo gave birth to a girl named María del Rosario, who was over 6 lb (2.7 kg), at a hospital in Lima.[1] Contrary to what was reported in Time on December 16, 1957 and many other sources, she was not 9 years old, but rather one year younger.[13] The rapist was a 22-year-old cousin who had been staying in her family's one-room residence. He was later arrested.

1993-01-12 January 12, 1993
Guadalupe Morales, ZulmaZulma Guadalupe Morales
7000800000000000000♠8 years
Her uncle
Mexico  Mexico
Zulma Guadalupe Morales, age 8. Her uncle raped her.[14] She gave birth by cesarean section to a boy weighing 7.04 lb (3.19 kg) at a hospital in Guadalajara, Jalisco.[15]

2000-04-00 April 2000
Anna !Anna "Anya"
Анна "Аня"
7000807000000000000♠8 years,
7 months
Her 13-year-old neighbor
Russia  Russia
Anya reached puberty at 7. A 13-year-old neighbor raped her. She gave birth in Rostov-on-Don to a girl.[16]

2004-10-11 October 11, 2004
ZZ !Unidentified
7000805000000000000♠8 years,
5 months
The 32-year-old employee of the neighborhood black-market
Colombia  Colombia
An unidentified girl's pregnancy was revealed by a policeman who became suspicious in early September 2004 when he noticed the girl's swollen abdomen and thought she was a drug smuggler. After the girl had X-rays done, the officer told her mother that the girl was pregnant; the hospital confirmed she was at her 32nd week of pregnancy. The girl revealed that when she had gone to a pharmacy in Ciudad Bolívar, to fetch her sick mother's medicine, an employee there raped her. She gave birth at the Meissen Hospital.[17]

text: Age 9[edit]

text:
Date
Mother
Age of mother
Father
Country
Description

1881-03-00 March 1881
ZZ !Unidentified
7000907000000000000♠9 years,
7 months
A close relative
United Kingdom  United Kingdom
Henry Dodd of Rillington, Yorkshire reportedly delivered a baby weighing 7 lb (3.2 kg) to a nine-year-old girl in 1881. The baby was stated to have only three toes on its left foot and to have died of convulsions some time after birth. The girl reportedly began menstruating at twelve months old.[18][19]

1908-03-16 March 16, 1908
P., EstelleEstelle P.
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Unknown
United States  United States
Dr. V. I. Pittman of Cadaretta, Mississippi reported to have delivered a boy weighing 7 lb (3.2 kg) to nine-year-old Estelle P.[20][21]

1957-08-28 August 28, 1957
ZZ !Unidentified
7000905000000000000♠9 years,
5 months
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl gave birth to a premature boy weighing 2.5 lb (1.1 kg) at the University of Arkansas Medical Center in Little Rock, Arkansas.[22]

1966-03-28 March 28, 1966
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Unknown
South Africa  South Africa
A nine-year-old from Brakpan, South Africa gave birth by cesarean section to a baby at a hospital 30 miles (48 km) east of Johannesburg.[23]

1967-10-18 October 18, 1967
Allende, María EulaliaMaría Eulalia Allende
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Ernesto Allende, her cousin in his early 20s
Argentina  Argentina
María Eulalia Allende, from a village in northern Córdoba Province, gave birth to a boy weighing 7 lb (3.2 kg) at a hospital in the city of Córdoba.[24][25] Ernesto Allende, both her cousin and the alleged father, disappeared two months before the birth and was sought by police.

1968-12-05 December 5, 1968
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠ 9 years
A farm boy from her village
Argentina  Argentina
A girl from Cachari gave birth to a baby weighing 5 lb (2.3 kg) at a hospital in Azul, Buenos Aires Province. According to press reports, the young father offered to marry the girl, but her parents refused to give their consent.[26]

1971-06-11 June 11, 1971
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Her father was reportedly sought by police
Peru  Peru
A 9-year-old girl from the El Porvenir neighborhood of Lima gave birth to a boy weighing 7 lb (3.2 kg) at a hospital in the same city.[27]

1980-07-10 July 10, 1980
Xoagus, VenesiaVenesia Xoagus
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Unknown
 South West Africa
(now Namibia  Namibia)
Venesia Xoagus, a Damara girl, gave birth by cesarean section to a healthy 3 kg (6.6 lb) boy at a hospital in Otjiwarongo.[28][29][30]

1986-03-25 March 25, 1986
Mascarenhas, Maria Eliane JesusMaria Eliane Jesus Mascarenhas
7000905000000000000♠ 9 years,
5 months
Cosme Primo dos Santos, her 16-year-old nephew by adoption
Brazil  Brazil
Maria Eliane Jesus Mascarenhas, an orphaned girl adopted by rural farm workers after her mother died in childbirth, gave birth by cesarean section to a 7 lb (3.2 kg) girl named Diane in Jequié.[31][32]

1986-04-00 April 1986
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠ 9 years
Unknown
Kenya  Kenya
An unidentified girl delivered a daughter at Kenyatta Hospital in Nairobi.[33]

1990-03-12 March 12, 1990
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Unknown
Turkey  Turkey
A 9-year-old girl gave birth by cesarean section to a boy at a clinic in Afyonkarahisar.[34] According to the surgeon who assisted the birth, Dr. Mehmet Telek, the mother is officially 9 years old "but, in our opinion, in fact she is a few years older than that."[35]

1994-11-00 November 1994
Mafi, LeylaLeyla Mafi
7000900000000000000♠9 years
A man who paid her parents to allow him to rape her, possibly a relative.
Iran  Iran
According to information gathered by Amnesty International Leyla Mafi, from Arak, Iran, had been prostituted by her mother starting from the age of 8. Leyla M. had a developmental delay (at the age of 19 she was assessed to have a mental age of 8 years old). Among the men who paid to rape the disabled child were several male relatives.[36] She had three children, the first at the age of 9 and then twins at age 14.[37] At age 19, she was condemned and faced the death penalty for the "moral offenses" of debauchery, incest, and illegitimate motherhood. Lawyer Shadi Sadr intervened on her behalf, and her sentence was reduced to public beating and imprisonment. After 2006, Ms. M was sent to a rehabilitation center and eventually came to reside in an apartment with a caretaker.[38][39]

2001-02-26 February 26, 2001
Janmuk, WanwisaWanwisa Janmuk
(วันวิสาข์)
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Her 27-year-old husband[note 2]
Thailand  Thailand
Wanwisa Janmuk, married at 8, gave birth to a girl when she was 9 at a hospital in Phetchabun.[40]

2003-04-01 April 1, 2003
María !María
7000903000000099999♠ 9 years,
3 months
Her stepfather
El Salvador  El Salvador
María, from Candelaria de la Frontera, gave birth by cesarean section to a boy she named José Manuel. María stated that her stepfather repeatedly raped her, and that he had impregnated her.[41][42]

2004-03-01 March 1, 2004
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
A student at her school
Singapore  Singapore
A Singaporean girl gave birth to a boy after a fellow student at her school impregnated her. Her mother initially thought she had a urinary tract infection, but upon taking her to the doctor, learned she was already six months pregnant. The baby was placed up for adoption.[43]

2004-12-25 December 25, 2004
ZZ !Unidentified
7000911000000000000♠9 years,
11 months
A teenager in her neighborhood
Colombia  Colombia
A girl from Medellin, Antioquia, born in early January 1995, gave birth to a premature baby by cesarean section on Christmas Day 2004, at 9 years and 11 months. She left school after only three years, much to the dismay of her 36-year-old mother. The girl became pregnant by a neighborhood teen whose identity she swore to protect. She again became pregnant at the age of  10 1⁄2, this time by a man in his forties who had helped the 10-year-old in her early motherhood. On February 10, 2006, she gave birth to her second child at the age of 11 years and 1 month. Social services and her mother considered it preferable to place her in a home for teen mothers, where she would be supervised and monitored until age 18.[44][45]

2005-12-00 December 2005
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Emmanuel Mbazumutima, the family's houseboy
Rwanda  Rwanda
An unidentified girl became pregnant after her parents' houseboy raped her. She gave birth to a boy by cesarean section at a hospital in Butare, Rwanda. The girl underwent breast development at age six and menarche at age eight.[46]

2006-07-07 July 7, 2006
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Unknown
Brazil Brazil
A girl of the Apurinã, an indigenous people from the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil, gave birth to a girl weighing nearly 2.2 kg (4.9 lb) by cesarean section at a hospital in Manaus.[47][48]

2006-12-02 December 2, 2006
V. T., NuviaNuvia V. T.
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Avilio Arostica Berrospi, her 28-year-old cousin[49]
Peru  Peru
A girl from Huánuco, Peru gave birth to a 2.5 kg (5.5 lb), 47 cm (19 in) boy via cesarean at a hospital in Lima on her ninth birthday.[50][51] She became pregnant after two of her cousins raped her. One rapist was 17 years old and the other was 28; Avilio, 28, was identified as the father using DNA testing.[52]

2007-03-20 March 20, 2007
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Unknown
Philippines  Philippines
The local media reported that a 9-year-old gave birth in Barangay Turo, Bocaue, just one week before an 11-year old gave birth in the same district.[53]

2007-05-03 May 3, 2007
ZZ !Unidentified
7000908000000000000♠9 years,
8 months
Andrés Gabriel Gabriel, her 57-year-old father
Honduras  Honduras
In La Esperanza, the daughter of Andrés Gabriel Gabriel and María Valentina Lorenzo became pregnant at age 9. Her father began sexually abusing her when she was 6. Upon discovering the pregnancy, Lorenzo tried to persuade her to tell to the authorities that she was 13 years old rather than  9 1⁄2, and that her father was actually her stepfather. The young girl gave birth to a daughter by cesarean section in Tegucigalpa.[54]

2008-07-27 July 27, 2008
ZZ !Unidentified
7000908000000000000♠9 years,
8 months
Alexis Rigoberto Morazán Raudales, her 32-year-old stepfather
Honduras  Honduras
In San Pedro Sula a 32-year-old man repeatedly raped his stepdaughter, starting when she was 8 years old. She became pregnant in December 2007, shortly after her ninth birthday. In early June, the girl was hospitalized for nausea and vomiting, and doctors were surprised to find she was 6 months pregnant. She gave birth to a son in late July 2008.[55] The stepfather was arrested and the mother is being sought.[timeframe?] Police claim that she knew that Morazán Raudales raped her daughter, but did nothing to prevent it, instead threatening the girl. The girl was placed in care[clarification needed] with her baby.

2008-11-00November 2008
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Her 31-year-old neighbor who regularly accompanied her to school
Colombia  Colombia
A girl from the countryside surrounding Bucaramanga, Colombia, gave birth to a boy in mid-November 2008 via cesarean section at age 9. A doctor from the Child Welfare' Health Department had discovered in mid-August that she was 5 months pregnant. The girl implicated her 31-year-old neighbor, who regularly accompanied her via deserted trails to her rural school where she was in 5th grade. She stated that, in mid-March, he had thrown her to the ground in the forest and raped her.[56]

2010-01-27 January 27, 2010
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Unknown, though her father is suspected of raping her
China  China
A girl from Songyuan, China gave birth by cesarean section to a boy weighing 6 lb (2.7 kg) at a hospital in Changchun. Circumstances surrounding the girl's pregnancy are not clearly known, and her parents sought legal help once it was discovered.[57][58]

2010-05-15 May 15, 2010
ZZ !Unidentified
7000900000000000000♠9 years
A 14-year-old neighbor
Malaysia  Malaysia
A 9-year-old Chinese girl from Penang, Malaysia gave birth to a healthy boy. No police report was made by the parents, who knew that the father was their 14-year-old neighbor whom their daughter loved.[59][60]

2010-10-01 October 1, 2010
G., F. ("Zeina")F. ("Zeina") G.
7000911000000000000♠9 years,
11 months
S.D., the uncle of her grandmother's tenant
Senegal  Senegal
An orphan girl "Zeina" was from neighborhood in Dakar, Senegal, and brought up by her grandmother. The grandmother had a tenant. The tenant's uncle, nearly 60 years old, raped the orphan girl. Noting the absence of her menstruations and her weight gain, her grandmother and her aunt became aware of her pregnancy in June, when she was 5 months pregnant. Zeina gave birth by cesarean section at the Grand Yoff Hospital,[61] to a daughter she rejected.[62]

2013-01-13 January 27, 2013
ZZ !Dafne
7000900000000000000♠9 years
Unidentified
Mexico  Mexico
Dr. Enrique Rabago, director of the Zoquipan Hospital, reported the girl and baby daughter were healthy and had returned home after receiving a Caesarean section. Dafne is one of 11 children and lives in Ixtlahuacan de los Membrillos. The 17-year-old father and Dafne were dating. A search for the baby’s 17-year-old father, who may be criminally charged for having a sexual relationship with the young girl, was underway.[63] She was reportedly sterilized shortly after the birth.[64] However, questions have emerged about her true age, as she appeared to be around 15. The father may have been Dafne's 44-year-old step-father[65]

text: Age 10[edit]

text:
Date
Mother
Age of mother
Father
Country
Description

1834-04-20 April 20, 1834
Deweese, SallySally Deweese
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
Sally Deweese of Butler County, Kentucky was reported by Dr. D. Rowlett to have delivered a girl weighing 7.75 pounds (3.52 kg). Deweese allegedly developed breasts within weeks of birth and began menstruating at 12 months.[66]

1858-02-01 February 1, 1858
Drayton, ElizabethElizabeth Drayton
7001100800000000000♠10 years,
8 months
Her aunt's nephew, reported to be 15–17 years old
United States  United States
Elizabeth Drayton of Taunton, Massachusetts was reported to have given birth naturally to a boy weighing 8 lb (3.6 kg) after having been in labor for two or three days.[67]

1861-00-00 1861
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100900000000000♠10 years,
9 months
Her husband
 Ottoman Empire
(now Syria  Syria)
A Jewish girl from Damascus, via hereditary precocious pregnancy pre-menarche, gave birth to a daughter at 10 years and 9 months in 1861, then became a grandmother at just 21 when her child in turn gave birth at 10 years and 3 months in 1871.

1873-04-00 April 1873
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100600000000000♠10 years,
6 months
"A native gentleman"
India  British Raj
(now  India)
In an account published in 1873, C. MacNamara described having been called in early spring to examine a baby boy in Calcutta, who had reportedly been born to a 10-year-old girl.[68]

1895-09-10 September 10, 1895
H., AnnieAnnie H.
7001100100000000000♠10 years,
1 month
Her 56-year-old father
United States  United States
Annie H., born in Bland County, Virginia, gave birth to a baby weighing 5 lb (2.3 kg). As the girl had undeveloped breasts and could not produce milk, her mother, who had given birth to a child herself a few months prior, nursed the girl's baby for the week it lived. Annie H. was stated to have started menstruating regularly at age five.[69]

1905-12-13 December 13, 1905
Ellison, SallieSallie Ellison
7001100200000000000♠ 10 years,
2 months
Unknown
United States  United States
Sallie Ellison gave birth to a baby weighing 8 lb (3.6 kg) at the age of 10 years, 2 months in Bristol, Virginia.[70]

1910-04-09 April 9, 1910
Epps, AnnieAnnie Epps
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
Annie Epps of Chicago gave birth to a girl weighing 6 lb (2.7 kg) at the county hospital in 1910.[71][72]

1922-07-30 July 30, 1922
Irwin, ElizabethElizabeth Irwin
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Rev. L. W. Irwin, her stepfather, charged with contributing to her delinquency[73]
United States  United States
Elizabeth Irwin of Hardin County, Ohio gave birth to a boy weighing 7 lb (3.2 kg) in 1922.[73][74] Reverend Irwin reportedly prayed for the salvation of the jury that later convicted him.[75]

1923-02-00 February 1923
Cavender, MaryMary Cavender
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Willie Larue, the 26-year-old son of the girl's foster parents
United States  United States
Mary Cavender of Hidalgo County, Texas gave birth to a boy weighing 4.5 lb (2.0 kg) in 1923.[76][77][78] Admitting his paternity, Willie Larue was charged with having "improper relations" with Cavender and sentenced to 15 years in prison.[79]

1930-04-04 April 4, 1930
Johnson, EvilanEvilan Johnson
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
Evilan Johnson gave birth to a baby weighing 8 lb (3.6 kg) at a hospital in Yazoo City, Mississippi in 1930.[80]

1939-10-10 October 10, 1939
Lez, María JustinaMaría Justina Lez
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Her boyfriend
Argentina  Argentina
María Justina Lez of Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina gave birth to a girl at San Roque Hospital in 1939. The child's father reportedly petitioned for the right to marry the mother, as marriage was forbidden to girls under 13 years of age.[81]

1944-01-10 January 10, 1944
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl gave birth naturally to a daughter weighing 8.5 lb (3.9 kg) at a hospital in Monahans, Texas in 1944.[82][83]

1949-03-13 March 3, 1949
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl gave birth to a daughter weighing 7.3 lb (3.3 kg) at a hospital in Wilmington, Delaware in 1949.[84]

1949-05-20 May 20, 1949
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100700000000000♠10 years,
7 months
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl gave birth to a boy weighing 7.8 lb (3.5 kg) at Barber Hospital in Butler, Alabama in 1949.[85]

1950-05-25 May 25, 1950
Moore, SarahSarah Moore
7001100700000000000♠10 years,
7 months
Unknown
United States  United States
Sarah Moore gave birth prematurely to a girl in Charleston, Mississippi in 1950.[86]

1950-06-21 June 21, 1950
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl gave birth to a baby boy weighing 6.5 lb (2.9 kg) at a hospital in Omaha, Nebraska in 1950.[87]

1951-07-13 July 13, 1951
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl gave birth to a boy weighing 7.19 lb (3.26 kg) in Picayune, Mississippi; the girl's mother was 23 at the time.[88]

1953-06-14 June 14, 1953
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
A 50-year-old man who lived in the same apartment building as her foster parents.
United States  United States
A girl gave birth to a daughter weighing 5.94 lb (2.69 kg) at a home for unwed mothers in Youngstown, Ohio in 1953.[89][90]

1954-11-30 November 30, 1954
Delgado Gomez, FeliciaFelicia Delgado Gomez
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown
Costa Rica  Costa Rica
Felicia Delgado Gomez gave birth by cesarean section to a boy weighing 5.75 lb (2.61 kg) at a hospital in Limón, Costa Rica, in 1954.[91][92]

1956-08-03 August 3, 1956
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Her 18-year-old brother, who was arrested
United States  United States
A girl from Spartanburg County, South Carolina gave birth by cesarean section to a boy weighing 6 lb (2.7 kg) in the city of Spartanburg.[93]

1958-01-22 January 22, 1958
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Her older sister's husband, age 28, was charged[94]
United States  United States
A girl gave birth by cesarean section to a boy weighing 7 lb (3.2 kg) at a hospital in San Francisco.[95]

1964-02-06 February 6, 1964
Sanchez Gonzalez, MaríaMaría Sanchez Gonzalez
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown
Mexico  Mexico
María Sanchez Gonzalez of Colonia Morelos, Mexico City gave birth by cesarean section to a boy weighing 5.5 lb (2.5 kg).[96]

1964-02-12 February 12, 1964
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100409999999999♠10 years,
4 months[97]
A 16-year-old boy, her foster family's son
United States  United States
A 10-year-old gave birth by cesarean section to a daughter weighing 5.94 lb (2.69 kg) at a hospital in Chicago.[98]

1967-09-17 September 17, 1967
Gomez Juan, HortensiaHortensia Gomez Juan
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Her family's neighbor for whom the girl worked as a servant; he was arrested for rape
Mexico  Mexico
Hortensia Gomez Juan gave birth to a boy weighing 4.44 lb (2.01 kg) in Xalapa, Mexico in 1967.[99][not in citation given]

1968-11-29 November 29, 1968
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown
Belgium  Belgium
In 1968, a 10-year-old gave birth by cesarean section in Antwerp, Belgium.[100]

1969-07-29 July 1969
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl gave birth naturally to a boy weighing 5.63 lb (2.55 kg) at Alexandria Hospital in Alexandria, Virginia on July 29, 1969.[101]

1971-08-14 August 14, 1971
Fontora, MirtaMirta Fontora
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
Argentina  Argentina
Mirta Fontora, a girl from Pilar Partido, Argentina, gave birth by cesarean section to a boy weighing 6.5 lb (2.9 kg) at a hospital in Pilar.[102][103]

1979-05-25 May 25, 1979
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl age 10 gave birth six weeks premature to twin girls, both weighing 3.38 lb (1.53 kg), by induced labor at a hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. She is thought to have been the youngest mother of twins in U.S. history at the time.[104]

1982-07-07 July 7, 1982
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
United States  United States
A girl age 10 from a rural town in eastern Texas gave birth to a premature baby girl, weighing 4.5 lb (2.0 kg), at Hermann Hospital in Houston. All other details were withheld by request.[105][106]

1984-04-05 April 5, 1984
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100800000000000♠10 years,
8 months
The girl's uncle and the husband of one of her babysitters were both charged with molesting her
United States  United States
A 10-year-old gave birth naturally to a 6.25 lb (2.83 kg) baby girl in Chicago.[97][107] The girl, who had not known she was pregnant, went to St. Anthony Hospital on April 4 seeking treatment for abdominal pain, and was transferred to the high-risk maternity unit at Cook County Hospital the next day.[97] The girl's uncle and her babysitter's husband were accused of raping her: the uncle admitted to doing so six times, but the babysitter's husband denied the allegations and passed a polygraph.[108]

1996-04-05 April 5, 1996
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
A neighbor
Brazil  Brazil
In 1996, a 10-year-old gave birth by cesarean section in Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso.[109] A neighbor raped her.

1998-07-00 July 1998
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100500000000000♠ 10 years,
5 months
Paul Narvios, the 50-year-old companion of her mother
United States  United States
Taking advantage of his relationship with her mother that lasted a few months between late 1997 and early 1998, Paul Narvios, 50, raped the girl 19 times when she was between  9 1⁄2 and 10 years old. She exposed him and gave birth in San Mateo County, California. Narvios was revealed to be the child's father via DNA evidence. He was sentenced on September 8, 1999 to thirty-one years in prison, including a twenty-six years security, and $40,000 fine, with prohibition from reapproaching mother, daughter, and baby.[110]

2000-09-25 September 25, 2000
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Her 28-year-old brother, who was arrested on a charge of rape
Argentina  Argentina
(originally from
 Bolivia)
A girl from Bolivia gave birth to a daughter weighing 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb) by cesarean section at a hospital in Parque Patricios. Buenos Aires.[111][112]

2002-09-23 September 23, 2002
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
A 38-year-old man, the brother of the girl's mother's boyfriend, was arrested
Saint Lucia  Saint Lucia
A 10-year-old gave birth to a boy weighing 4 lb (1.8 kg) in Saint Lucia.[113]

2003-11-02 November 2, 2003
Goodman, SamanthaSamantha Goodman
7001107500000000000♠10 years,
9 months
A schoolfriend, allegedly 10 years old, though most likely 12
Zimbabwe  Zimbabwe
Samantha Goodman, 10 years old, from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, gave birth in Materdei Hospital to a 6 lb (2.7 kg) girl, who was named Courtney. When Goodman was 16, she explained in detail what had happened six years earlier: "At a party at a friend early 2003, playing hide and seek, we slipped into the family's library, where we took a book for adults and laughed on the picture of a guy with his sex in a girl's one, and we thought it would be funny that we were trying to do it... We did it! It was funny! A few months later, my mother noticed that my belly had grown enormously. Driving me so urgently to the doctor, she was shocked to discover I was pregnant. Very devout, it was out of question for her I abort... At the idea of giving birth, I was very scared, but, ultimately, it was less painful than when I broke my arm!"[114]

2003-11-13 November 13, 2003
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
Peru  Peru
A girl from Monzón District, Peru gave birth by cesarean section to a baby weighing over 3 kg (6.6 lb) at Hermilio Valdizán Hospital in Huánuco.[115]

2004-01-07 January 7, 2004
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
The 29-year-old boyfriend of her 21-year-old sister
Argentina  Argentina
A 10-year-old gave birth to a baby weighing 3.22 kg (7.1 lb) in Merlo Partido, Argentina.[116]

2005-04-13 April 13, 2005
R. F., G.G. R. F.
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Luis Ramos Coral, her 24-year-old stepfather
Chile  Chile
(originally from
 Bolivia)
A Bolivian girl living in Calama, Chile, gave birth to a boy by cesarean section at a hospital in Antofagasta. The child became pregnant after her stepfather raped her (supposedly her father, purported as in Calama)[clarification needed] at age 9. Her parents, who both came from Colchaca village in Potosí, Bolivia, were jailed.[117][118][119][120]

2005-06-27 June 27, 2005
Chelagat, GladysGladys Chelagat
7001100000000000000♠10 years
The approximately 60-year-old caregiver who had nurtured her since her earliest childhood
Kenya  Kenya
Gladys Chelagat from Kericho, Rift Valley Province gave birth to a boy weighing 6.17 lb (2.80 kg) by cesarean section at a district hospital.[121]

2005-08-28 August 28, 2005
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown; her stepfather and her brother were suspected
Switzerland   Switzerland
(originally from
 Cameroon)
A young girl gave birth to a daughter at a hospital in Sion, Switzerland. She had immigrated from Cameroon to Martigny, then Sierre, Switzerland, with her siblings after her mother married a Swiss citizen. A 68-year-old man who was in a relationship with the mother admitted to having molested the girl but a DNA test found that he was not the father of the girl's child.[122][123][124]

2006-04-03 April 3, 2006
Alvarado Gómez, MonserratMonserrat Alvarado Gómez
7001100600000000000♠10 years,
6 months
Juan Ruelas Martínez, her family's 47-year-old neighbor
Mexico  Mexico
Monserrat Alvarado Gómez of Jaral del Progreso, Guanajuato born on September 16, 1995, gave birth naturally to a girl weighing 2.3 kilograms (5.1 lb) whom, she named Marisol. Ruelas Martínez, her neighbor, was sentenced to  11 1⁄2 years in prison for raping her.[125][126]

2006-04-00 April 2006
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
William Edward Ronca, her 26-year-old stepfather
United States  United States
A young girl in Abbeville, South Carolina gave birth by cesarean section. Her 26-year-old stepfather, William Edward Ronca, raped her. The baby was placed up for adoption.[127] Ronca admitted to having molested the girl over a two-year period and was sentenced to 25 years in prison.

2006-04-00 April 2006
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100900000000000♠10 years,
9 months
Julián Andrés H. López, the 30-year-old Colombian boyfriend of her babysitter, who was arrested
Spain  Spain
(originally from
 Colombia)
A Colombian girl gave birth to a daughter in Ourense, Spain. While the mother was away, the girl's babysitter had her boyfriend over the house, and the boyfriend raped the girl.[128]

2006-06-14 June 14, 2006
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
Brazil  Brazil
In 2006, a 10-year-old gave birth by cesarean section to a baby in Marechal Deodoro, Brazil.[129]

2006-07-00 July 2006
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Her 13-year-old boyfriend
Belgium  Belgium
A girl from Montigny-le-Tilleul gave birth in 2006 to a child fathered by her boyfriend and schoolmate. After she had begun gaining weight, her mother put her on a diet, but when the girl visited a doctor, it was discovered that she was nine months pregnant. News of the birth did not become publicly known until 2007.[130]

2006-08-14 August 14, 2006
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100500000000000♠10 years,
5 months
Her father
Mauritius  Mauritius
A young girl, born on March 5, 1996, began menstruating at age 8. One day in November 2005, she was sick, and stayed at home with her father. On that day, he raped her. She gave birth to her daughter by cesarean section on August 14, 2006, and the father was sent to prison.[131]

2006-10-20 October 20, 2006
N. !N.
7001101000000000000♠10 years,
10 months
Francisco das Chagas, her 26-year-old boyfriend
Brazil  Brazil
N., daughter of Francisca Ferreira dos Santos and born on December 12, 1995, gave birth by cesarean section to a baby girl at São Camilo de Itapipoca hospital in Itapipoca, Brazil. Francisco das Chagas de Lima, her boyfriend, was also her 14-year-old sister's ex-boyfriend.[132][133]

2007-07-02 July 2, 2007
Lucila !Lucila
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Noé Velásquez Velásquez, her parents' 65-year-old landlord
Mexico  Mexico
In 2007, 10-year-old Lucila of San Lorenzo Cacaotepec, Oaxaca gave birth to a boy.[134][135][136][137] Noé Velásquez Velásquez, the landlord of the house her parents rented, was jailed.

2007-11-09 November 9, 2007
Evita !"Evita"
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Alejandro Torres, her 22-year-old cousin
Nicaragua  Nicaragua
Originally from the rural island region of El Tortuguero, the poorest part of Nicaragua, 10-year-old "Evita" gave birth by cesarean section in Managua after spending two months in Bluefields. Four months earlier, her mother had summoned a campaign doctor to their farm to examine her daughter's inflated abdomen; the doctor found that she was 5 months pregnant. A few weeks later, her mother revealed to the press that Evita's 22-year-old cousin Alejandro raped Evita.[138]

2008-02-29 February 29, 2008
Rosa !Rosa "Rosita"
7001100800000000000♠10 years,
8 months
Carmen Aguilar, her 33-year-old stepfather
Nicaragua  Nicaragua
Rosa ("the other Rosita"),[note 3] born June 25, 1997 in San Miguelito, Rio San Juan Department, gave birth to a boy by cesarean section at  8 1⁄2 months of pregnancy at the Bertha Calderón Hospital in Managua. Sexually assaulted since age 8 by her stepfather Carmen, she never experienced menstruation, as she became pregnant at her first ovulation. Her stepfather would beat and whip her to subdue her. Her pregnancy was discovered by chance at  5 1⁄2 months, during a tour of rural medical for the poor in early December 2007.[139]

2008-04-28 April 28, 2008
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Guadalupe Gutierrez-Juarez, her 37-year-old stepfather
United States  United States
Isabel Chasearez's 10-year-old daughter, from St. Anthony, Idaho, gave birth by cesarean section to a girl weighing approximately 6 lb (2.7 kg) at Madison Memorial Hospital in Rexburg after her mother's boyfriend raped her.[not in citation given] The man, an undocumented immigrant from Mexico, was jailed on one felony count of rape with impregnation; Chasearez was jailed as well for failing to provide proper prenatal care.[140][141]

2009-03-18 March 18, 2009
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Fede Datilus, a 33-year-old sex offender
United States  United States
(originally from
 Haiti)
A 10-year-old Haitian girl of Lantana, Florida, became pregnant after a 33-year-old man raped her when she was 9. Her father learned of her pregnancy only when he took her to the clinic when she suffered labor contractions on March 18, 2009. The same day, she gave birth naturally to a full-term boy. Reluctantly, she exposed Datilus to investigators who interviewed her through a Haitian Creole interpreter (she spoke only little English, having arrived illegally in the U.S. only 30 months before). She confided that she had been afraid that she and her father would be deported to Haiti – a threat the rapist had used against her. Datilus was sentenced to life imprisonment for raping a minor under 12 years, to which 5 years for impregnating her was added.[142]

2009-04-00 April 2009
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100900000000000♠ 10 years,
9 months
Flávio de Oliveira, her 24-year-old stepfather
Brazil  Brazil
A 10-year-old girl from Lagoa Grande, Minas Gerais gave birth to a boy by cesarean section in late April 2009. The director of her school learned of the girl's pregnancy on March 20 after hearing about it in playground discussions among children. The director alerted the judicial and medical-social authorities, and immediately took her to the clinic, where her condition was confirmed: the girl was almost 8 months pregnant, though it was not visible on her. That evening, she exposed her stepfather, who was arrested as he tried to escape to Gurupi in Tocantins, 470 miles (760 km) to the north, and jailed. In March 2008, he began raping her. He impregnated her in late July 2008.[143][144]

2009-06-08 June 8, 2009
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Her stepfather
South Africa  South Africa
A girl from Mitchell's Plain township, southeast of Cape Town became pregnant after her 21-year-old uncle raped her. She became convinced that she was in love with him and that he was the father of her child.[145] However, DNA evidence proved the father was her 25-year-old stepfather, who had raped her as well. The girl gave birth to a daughter on June 8, 2009.[citation needed]

2009-12-14 December 14, 2009
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
A man in his mid-30s
Jamaica  Jamaica
A girl from Mountainside, Jamaica gave birth to a baby girl who died three weeks later.[146]

2010-01-04 January 4, 2010
P., M.M. P.
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Her 15-year-old brother
Bolivia  Bolivia
M.P., from El Torno, Bolivia, gave birth by cesarean section to a girl weighing 2.3 kg (5.1 lb) at the Instituto Maternológico Percy Boland in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.[147] Three of the girl's brothers raped her. They were 15, 17, and 19. The youngest one was her child's biological father.[148]

2010-05-00 May 2010
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown; thought to be her second child's father, a 46-year-old mason
Bolivia  Bolivia
The father of a 10-year-old girl's first baby was not originally known, but when the same girl from Cabezas came back to Percy Boland Hospital, in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, at age 12 to give birth again, authorities succeeded to get her to talk. They apprehended a 49-year-old mason, confirmed father of the second baby and suspected of the first. He was sentenced for rape and impregnation of a minor. It is suspected that the girl's family had allowed men to rape her in exchange for money.[149]

2010-05-00 May 2010
Ch. R., M. L.M. L. Ch. R.
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Her father
Bolivia  Bolivia
The 10-year-old, initials M. L. Ch. R., from Zanja Honda, Tarija, gave birth to a 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) girl by cesarean section at the Percy Boland Maternity after a 49-year-old mason allegedly raped her. 15 months after her first child was born, she became pregnant with a son, and claimed that the father was a young man named Armando.[150][151] After her second child was born on May 7, 2012, she disappeared, and her mother admitted that both of her daughter's children were from the daughter's biological father, who had raped his child since she was 8.[152]

2010-07-12 July 12, 2010
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100700000000000♠ 10 years,
7 months
Her 12- or 13-year-old boyfriend
Russia  Russia
The girl, from a village near Kazan, Russia, menstruated early and became pregnant shortly before she was 10, gave birth one month prematurely to a girl in Kazan.[153]

2010-08-19 August 19, 2010
Camille !"Camille"
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Her 27-year-old father
Philippines  Philippines
A 10-year-old girl, known in the media as "Camille", gave birth to a boy in Cotabato City. Her father, who was unemployed and often drunk, began raping her when she was 8.[154][155]

2010-10-26 October 26, 2010
Chiritescu, ElenaElena Chiritescu
7001100600000000000♠10 years,
6 months
Gheorghe Mecic, her 13-year-old cousin and ex-fiance
Spain  Spain
(originally from
 Romania)
Elena Chiritescu, a Romanian Romani girl, gave birth to a 6.4 lb (2.9 kg) girl named Nicoletta Narcissa at a hospital in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.[156][157] Chiritescu was already pregnant when she moved to Spain and was seen selling flowers with her family during a local celebration in Lebrija, when she was in the latest stages of pregnancy. Mecic remained in Romania.[158]

2010-10-29 October 29, 2010
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Her 24-year-old distant cousin
Colombia  Colombia
A girl of the Wiwa people gave birth by cesarean section at San Rafael Hospital in San Juan del Cesar. In late January, the girl's mother, Sebastiana María Nieves, was absent for ten days at her sick mother's bedside. During this time, when her mother was away, a 24-year-old distant cousin raped the girl.[159]

2010-11-10 November 10, 2010
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Her father
Bolivia  Bolivia
A girl gave birth to a boy weighing 2.3 kg (5.1 lb) at the Percy Boland maternity ward in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.[160]

2011-01-19 January 19, 2011
A., PaulinaPaulina A.
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Unknown
Argentina  Argentina
Paulina A., a Guaraní girl from Puerto Leoni, gave birth by cesarean section to a boy weighing 3.1 kg (6.8 lb) at a hospital in Posadas. Although her personal documentation gave her age as 10, it was suspected that she was older.[161]

2011-10-22 October 22, 2011
Edith !Edith
7001100000000000000♠10 years,
10 months
Alberto Hernández Loeza, her 28-year-old stepfather
Mexico  Mexico
A 10-year-old girl from the community of San Francisco Totimehuacan gave birth by cesarean section to a premature boy weighing 3.3 lb (1.5 kg) in Puebla.[162] She initially stated that the father was a "graying gringo with a sombrero";[163] however, her mother revealed during police interviews that the biological father was the girl's stepfather, who had raped her.[164]

2012-01-24 January 24, 2012
Villanueva, Laura MarinaLaura Marina Villanueva[not in citation given]
7001100700000000000♠ 10 years,
7 months
Gaudencio Castañeda Pulido, her elder sister's 45-year-old partner
Peru  Peru
Laura Marina Villanueva, from Santa Marta, Peru. Her older sister's 45-year-old companion, a former soldier and her neighbor, raped the girl three times, just before her birthday on June 24. Her pregnancy was discovered in late September, at 19 weeks, by chance after she was admitted for a snake bite. The father, Gaudencio Castañeda Pulido, has been on the run when the discovery was reported in the media and continued threatening to kill the girl and her mother, Nidia Villanueva Tolentino. On January 24, 2012, she delivered a 2.21 kilograms (4.9 lb) boy by cesarean section, whom she named Justin, after singer Justin Bieber. Castañeda Pulido, who had previously impregnated the girl's then-15-year-old sister, was sentenced to 35 years in jail.[165][166]

2012-03-29 March 29, 2012
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100000000000000♠ 10 years
Unknown; a 15-year-old associate of the girl is suspected
Colombia  Colombia
A girl of the Wayuu people gave birth to a 2.6 kg (5.7 lb), 47 cm (19 in) girl by cesarean section at a clinic in Riohacha. She rejected her daughter.[167][168][169][170]

2012-05-00 May 2012
ZZ !Unidentified
7001100900000000000♠ 10 years,
9 months
Antônio Lisboa Filho, her 28-year-old father
Brazil  Brazil
In late December 2011, Antônio Lisboa Filho, age 28, discovered that his ten-and-a-half-year-old daughter, whom he had been raping regularly since she was eight, was 4 months pregnant. He fled from Coroatá, Maranhão with his wife Maria Alves Conceição and their other children, abandoning the girl with her maternal grandmother. Francisca Maria Conceição, the grandmother, alerted authorities of the rape and the parents' subsequent escape. As the pregnancy had advanced past the legal cut-off date for abortions, the girl delivered the baby via cesarean section in early May 2012, a month before term.[171] According to police testimony, the man is also suspected of raping the girl's 8-year-old sister.[172]

2012-05-11 May 11, 2012
ZZ !Unidentified
7001101100000000000♠ 10 years,
11 months
Her 15-year-old distant cousin
Argentina  Argentina
The girl, from San Miguel, Argentina, was admitted to the Vidal hospital in Corrientes in early March 2012 after complaining of stomach pains and a swollen stomach. After an ultrasound the doctors realized that she was 26 weeks pregnant. The young girl stated that a 15-year-old distant cousin raped her in late August 2011. He has since been prosecuted. She gave birth one month before term by cesarean section to a 2.420 kg (5.34 lb), 45 cm (18 in) girl, who was named Tatiana and placed in an incubator and on a drip-feed.[173]

2015-13-08 August 13, 2015
ZZ !Mainumby
7001100000000000000♠10 years
Gilberto Benítez Zárate, her 42-year-old stepfather
Paraguay  Paraguay
Brought to an Asunción hospital by her mother, who believed that she was developing a tumor, where doctors discovered that she was five months pregnant and alerted authorities. The doctors told the mother that her daughter's life was at risk and she requested an abortion to the Paraguayan government, which denied it. The case in turn generated debate nationally and abroad regarding Paraguay's strict anti-abortion laws.[174] The stepfather fled, but was arrested in Boquerón, Caazapá Department. He denied being the father but was identified as such through a DNA test. Mainumby's mother had denounced Benítez for sexual abuse of her daughter four times in the previous year, but the authorities never intervened. After the doctors's discovery, she was herself arrested and charged with negligence and sexual abuse of a child, and sentenced to two months in prison after being found guilty of the former.[175]


document_title: Dracula

question_text: characters in the book dracula by bram stoker

text: Dracula

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The story is told in epistolary format, as a series of letters, diary entries, newspaper articles, and ships' log entries, whose narrators are the novel's protagonists, and occasionally supplemented with newspaper clippings relating events not directly witnessed. The events portrayed in the novel take place chronologically and largely in England and Transylvania during the 1890s and all transpire within the same year between 3 May and 6 November. A short note is located at the end of the final chapter written 7 years after the events outlined in the novel.

text: The tale begins with Jonathan Harker, a newly qualified English solicitor, visiting Count Dracula in the Carpathian Mountains on the border of Transylvania, Bukovina, and Moldavia, to provide legal support for a real estate transaction overseen by Harker's employer, Mr Peter Hawkins of Exeter. At first enticed by Dracula's gracious manners, Harker soon realizes that he is Dracula's prisoner. Wandering the Count's castle against Dracula's admonition, Harker encounters three female vampires, called "the sisters", from whom he is rescued by Dracula. After the preparations are made, Dracula leaves Transylvania and abandons Harker to the sisters. Harker barely escapes from the castle with his life.

text: Dracula boards a Russian ship, the Demeter, taking along with him boxes of Transylvanian soil, which he required in order to regain his strength. Not long afterward, the ship having weighed anchor at Varna, runs aground on the shores of Whitby in the east coast of England. The captain's log narrates the gradual disappearance of the entire crew, until the captain alone remained, himself bound to the helm to maintain course. An animal resembling "a large dog" is seen leaping ashore. The ship's cargo is described as silver sand and 50 boxes of "mould", or earth, from Transylvania. It is later learned that Dracula successfully purchased multiple estates under the alias 'Count De Ville' throughout London and devised to distribute the 50 boxes to each of them utilizing transportation services as well as moving them himself. He does this to secure for himself "lairs" and the 50 boxes of earth would be used as his graves which would grant safety and rest during times of feeding and replenishing his strength.

text: Harker's fiancée, Mina Murray, is staying with her friend Lucy Westenra, who is holidaying in Whitby. Lucy receives three marriage proposals from Dr. John Seward, Quincey Morris, and Arthur Holmwood (the son of Lord Godalming who later obtains the title himself[2]). Lucy accepts Holmwood's proposal while turning down Seward and Morris, but all remain friends. Dracula communicates with Seward's patient, Renfield, an insane man who wishes to consume insects, spiders, birds, and rats to absorb their "life force". Renfield is able to detect Dracula's presence and supplies clues accordingly.

text: Soon Dracula is indirectly shown to be stalking Lucy. As time passes she begins to suffer from episodes of sleepwalking and dementia, as witnessed by Mina. When Lucy begins to waste away suspiciously, Seward invites his old teacher, Abraham Van Helsing, who immediately determines the true cause of Lucy's condition. He refuses to disclose it but diagnoses her with acute blood-loss. Van Helsing prescribes numerous blood transfusions to which he, Seward, Quincey, and Arthur all contribute over time. Van Helsing also prescribes garlic flowers to be placed throughout her room and weaves a necklace of withered garlic blossoms for her to wear. However she continues to waste away – appearing to lose blood every night. While both doctors are absent, Lucy and her mother are attacked by a wolf and Mrs. Westenra, who has a heart condition, dies of fright. Van Helsing attempts to protect her with garlic but fate thwarts him each night, whether Lucy's mother removes the garlic from her room, or Lucy herself does so in her restless sleep. The doctors have found two small puncture marks about her neck, which Dr. Seward is at a loss to understand. After Lucy dies, Van Helsing places a golden crucifix over her mouth, ostensibly to delay or prevent Lucy's vampiric conversion. Fate conspires against him again when Van Helsing finds the crucifix in the possession of one of the servants who stole it off Lucy's corpse.

text: Following Lucy's death and burial, the newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a "bloofer lady" (i.e., "beautiful lady").[3] Van Helsing, knowing Lucy has become a vampire, confides in Seward, Lord Godalming, and Morris. The suitors and Van Helsing track her down and, after a confrontation with her, stake her heart, behead her, and fill her mouth with garlic. Around the same time, Jonathan Harker arrives from Budapest, where Mina marries him after his escape, and he and Mina join the campaign against Dracula.

text: The vampire hunters stay at Dr. Seward's residence, holding nightly meetings and providing reports based on each of their various tasks. Mina discovers that each of their journals and letters collectively contain clues to which they can track him down. She tasks herself with collecting them, researching newspaper clippings, fitting the most relevant entries into chronological order and typing out copies to distribute to each of the party which they are to study. Jonathan Harker tracks down the shipments of boxed graves and the estates which Dracula has purchased in order to store them. Van Helsing conducts research along with Dr. Seward to analyze the behaviour of their patient Renfield who they learn is directly influenced by Dracula. They also research historical events, folklore, and superstitions from various cultures to understand Dracula's powers and weaknesses. Van Helsing also establishes a criminal profile on Dracula in order to better understand his actions and predict his movements. Arthur Holmwood's fortune assists in funding the entire operation and expenses. As they discover the various properties Dracula had purchased, the male protagonists team up to raid each property and are several times confronted by Dracula. As they discover each of the boxed graves scattered throughout London, they pry them open to place and seal wafers of sacramental bread within. This act renders the boxes of earth completely useless to Dracula as he is unable to open, enter or further transport them.

text: After Dracula learns of the group's plot against him, he attacks Mina on three occasions, and feeds Mina his own blood to control her. This curses Mina with vampirism and changes her but does not completely turn her into a vampire. Van Helsing attempts to bless Mina through prayer and by placing a wafer of sacrament against her forehead, but it burns her upon contact leaving a wretched scar. Under this curse, Mina oscillates from consciousness to a semi-trance during which she perceives Dracula's surroundings and actions. Van Helsing is able to use hypnotism at the hour of dawn and put her into this trance to further track his movements. Mina, afraid of Dracula's link with her, urges the team not to tell her their plans out of fear that Dracula will be listening. After the protagonists discover and sterilize 49 boxes found throughout his lairs in London, they learn that Dracula has fled with the missing 50th box back to his castle in Transylvania. They pursue him under the guidance of Mina. They split up into teams once they reach Europe; Van Helsing and Mina team up to locate the castle of Dracula while the others attempt to ambush the boat Dracula is using to reach his home. Van Helsing raids the castle and destroys the vampire "sisters". Upon discovering Dracula being transported by Gypsies, the trio attack the caravan carrying Dracula in the 50th box of Earth. After dispatching many Gypsies who were sworn to protect the Count, Harker shears Dracula through the throat with a kukri knife, while the mortally wounded Quincey stabs the Count in the heart with a Bowie knife. Dracula crumbles to dust, and Mina is freed from her curse of vampirism, as the scar on her forehead disappears. Soon after, Quincey dies from his wounds.

text: The book closes with a note left by Jonathan Harker seven years after the events of the novel, detailing his married life with Mina and the birth of their son, whom they name after all four members of the party, but address as "Quincey". Quincey is depicted sitting on the knee of Van Helsing as they recount their adventure. Seward and Arthur have each gotten married.

text: "Dracula's Guest"[edit]

text: The short story "Dracula's Guest" was posthumously published in 1914, two years after Stoker's death. It was, according to most contemporary critics, the deleted first (or second) chapter from the original manuscript[4] and the one which gave the volume its name,[5]:325 but which the original publishers deemed unnecessary to the overall story.

text: "Dracula's Guest" follows an unnamed Englishman traveller as he wanders around Munich before leaving for Transylvania. It is Walpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel, in spite of the coachman's warnings, and wanders through a dense forest alone. Along the way, he feels that he is being watched by a tall and thin stranger (possibly Count Dracula).

text: The short story climaxes in an old graveyard where the Englishman, caught in a blizzard, takes refuge in the marble tomb of "Countess Dolingen of Gratz". Within the tomb, he sees the Countess—apparently asleep and healthy—but before he can investigate further, a mysterious force throws him clear of the tomb. A lightning bolt then strikes the tomb, destroying it and incinerating the undead screaming countess. The Englishman then loses consciousness. He awakens to find a "gigantic" wolf lying on his chest and licking at his throat; however, the wolf merely keeps him warm and protects him until help arrives.

text: When the Englishman is finally taken back to his hotel, a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula, with a warning about "dangers from snow and wolves and night".

text: Deleted ending[edit]

text: A small section was removed from a draft of the final chapter, in which Dracula's castle falls apart as he dies, hiding the fact that vampires were ever there.[6]

text: As we looked there came a terrible convulsion of the earth so that we seemed to rock to and fro and fell to our knees. At the same moment with a roar which seemed to shake the very heavens the whole castle and the rock and even the hill on which it stood seemed to rise into the air and scatter in fragments while a mighty cloud of black and yellow smoke volume on volume in rolling grandeur was shot upwards with inconceivable rapidity.

text: Then there was a stillness in nature as the echoes of that thunderous report seemed to come as with the hollow boom of a thunder-clap – the long reverberating roll which seems as though the floors of heaven shook. Then down in a mighty ruin falling whence they rose came the fragments that had been tossed skywards in the cataclysm.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Jonathan Harker: A solicitor sent to do business with Count Dracula; Mina's fiancé and prisoner in Dracula's castle.
Count Dracula: A Transylvanian noble who has purchased a house in London.
Wilhelmina "Mina" Harker (née Murray): A schoolteacher and Jonathan Harker's fiancée (later his wife).
Lucy Westenra: A 19-year-old aristocrat; Mina's best friend; Arthur's fiancée and Dracula's first victim.
Arthur Holmwood: Lucy's suitor and later fiancé. He inherits the title of Lord Godalming upon his father's death.
John Seward: A doctor; one of Lucy's suitors and a former student of Van Helsing.
Abraham Van Helsing: A Dutch doctor, lawyer and professor; John Seward's teacher.
Quincey Morris: An American cowboy and explorer; and one of Lucy's suitors.
Renfield: A patient at Seward's insane asylum who has come under the influence of Dracula.
"Weird Sisters": Three siren-like vampire women who serve Dracula. In some of the later adaptations to stage and screen, they are referred to as the Brides of Dracula.

text: Background[edit]

text: Between 1879 and 1898, Stoker was a business manager for the Lyceum Theatre in London, where he supplemented his income by writing a large number of sensational novels, his most successful being the vampire tale Dracula published on 26 May 1897.[5]:269 Parts of it are set around the town of Whitby, where he spent summer holidays.[8]

text: Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, authors such as H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, and H. G. Wells wrote many tales in which fantastic creatures threatened the British Empire. Invasion literature was at a peak, and Stoker's formula was very familiar by 1897 to readers of fantastic adventure stories, of an invasion of England by continental European influences. Victorian readers enjoyed Dracula as a good adventure story like many others, but it did not reach its legendary status until later in the 20th century when film versions began to appear.[9]

text: Before writing Dracula, Stoker spent seven years researching European folklore and stories of vampires, being most influenced by Emily Gerard's 1885 essay "Transylvania Superstitions" which includes content about a vampire myth.[10][11] Some historians are convinced that a historic figure, Vlad III Dracula, often called Vlad the Impaler, was the model for Stoker's Count although there is no supporting evidence.[12] Stoker borrowed only "scraps of miscellaneous information", according to one expert, about this bloodthirsty tyrant of Wallachia and there are no comments about him in Stoker's working notes.[13] Dracula scholar Elizabeth Miller has remarked that aside from the name and some mention of Romanian history, the background of Stoker's Count bears no resemblance to that of Vlad III Dracula.[14][15][16][self-published source]

text: Later he also claimed that he had a nightmare, caused by eating too much crab meat, about a "vampire king" rising from his grave.[17]

text: Although a widely known vampire novel, Dracula was not the first. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe published The Bride of Corinth in 1797.(“From my grave to wander I am forc’d Still to seek The God’s long-sever’d link, Still to love the bridegroom I have lost, And the life-blood of his heart to drink;)[18] Later Sheridan Le Fanu's 1871 Carmilla,[19] about a lesbian vampire could have inspired Bram Stoker's Dracula, and Varney the Vampire,[20] a lengthy penny dreadful serial from the mid-Victorian period by James Malcolm Rymer. John Polidori created the image of a vampire portrayed as an aristocratic man, like the character of Dracula, in his tale "The Vampyre" (1819). (He wrote Vampyre during a summer which he spent with Frankenstein creator Mary Shelley, her husband poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Byron in 1816.)

text: The Lyceum Theatre where Stoker worked between 1878 and 1898 was headed by actor-manager Henry Irving, who was Stoker's real-life inspiration for Dracula's mannerisms and who Stoker hoped would play Dracula in a stage version.[21] Irving never did agree to do a stage version, but Dracula's dramatic sweeping gestures and gentlemanly mannerisms drew their living embodiment from Irving.[21]

text: The Dead Un-Dead was one of Stoker's original titles for Dracula, and the manuscript was entitled simply The Un-Dead up until a few weeks before publication. Stoker's notes for Dracula show that the name of the count was originally "Count Wampyr", but Stoker became intrigued by the name "Dracula" while doing research, after reading William Wilkinson's book An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Political Observations Relative to Them (London 1820),[22] which he found in the Whitby Library and consulted a number of times during visits to Whitby in the 1890s.[23] The name Dracula was the patronym (Drăculea) of the descendants of Vlad II of Wallachia, who took the name "Dracul" after being invested in the Order of the Dragon in 1431. In the Old Romanian language, the word dracul (Romanian drac "dragon" + -ul "the") meant "the dragon" and Dracula meant "son of the dragon". In the present day however, dracul means "the devil".[24][25][26][self-published source]

text: Publication[edit]

text: Dracula was published in London in May 1897 by Archibald Constable and Company. Costing six shillings, the novel was bound yellow cloth and titled in red letters.[27] It was copyrighted in the United States in 1899 with the publication by Doubleday & McClure of New York.[28] But when Universal Studios purchased the rights, it came to light that Bram Stoker had not complied with a portion of US copyright law, placing the novel into the public domain.[29] In the United Kingdom and other countries following the Berne Convention on copyrights, the novel was under copyright until April 1962, fifty years after Stoker's death.[30]

text: Reaction and scholarly criticism[edit]

text: Dracula was not an immediate bestseller when it was first published, although reviewers were unstinting in their praise. The contemporary Daily Mail ranked Stoker's powers above those of Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe, as well as Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights.[31]

text: According to literary historians Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal in the Norton Critical Edition, the novel has become more significant for modern readers than it was for Victorian readers, most of whom enjoyed it just as a good adventure story. It reached its broad and iconic status only later in the 20th century when the movie versions appeared.[32] A. Asbjørn Jøn has also noted that Dracula has had a significant impact on the image of the vampire in popular culture, folklore, and legend.[33][34]

text: It did not make much money for Stoker. In the last year of his life, he was so poor that he had to petition for a compassionate grant from the Royal Literary Fund,[35] and his widow was forced to sell his notes and outlines of the novel at a Sotheby's auction in 1913, where they were purchased for a little over £2.[36] But then F. W. Murnau's unauthorized adaptation of the story was released in theatres in 1922 in the form of Nosferatu. Stoker's widow took affront and, during the legal battle that followed, the novel's popularity started to grow.[citation needed]

text: Nosferatu was followed by a highly successful stage adaptation, touring the UK for three years before arriving in the US where Stoker's creation caught Hollywood's attention and, after the American 1931 movie version was released, the book has never been out of print.[37]

text: However, some Victorian fans were ahead of the time, describing it as "the sensation of the season" and "the most blood-curdling novel of the paralysed century".[38] Sherlock Holmes author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote to Stoker in a letter, "I write to tell you how very much I have enjoyed reading Dracula. I think it is the very best story of diablerie which I have read for many years."[39] The Daily Mail review of 1 June 1897 proclaimed it a classic of Gothic horror, "In seeking a parallel to this weird, powerful, and horrorful story our mind reverts to such tales as The Mysteries of Udolpho, Frankenstein, The Fall of the House of Usher ... but Dracula is even more appalling in its gloomy fascination than any one of these."[40]

text: Similarly good reviews appeared when the book was published in the U.S. in 1899. The first American edition was published by Doubleday & McClure in New York.[41]

text: Scholarly criticism[edit]

text: In the last several decades, literary and cultural scholars have offered diverse analyses of Stoker's novel and the character of Count Dracula. C.F. Bentley reads Dracula as an embodiment of the Freudian id.[42] Carol A. Senf reads the novel as a response to the powerful New Woman,[43] while Christopher Craft sees Dracula as embodying latent homosexuality and sees the text as an example of a 'characteristic, if hyperbolic instance of Victorian anxiety over the potential fluidity of gender roles'.[44] Stephen D. Arata interprets the events of the novel as anxiety over colonialism and racial mixing,[45] and Talia Schaffer construes the novel as an indictment of Oscar Wilde.[46] Franco Moretti reads Dracula as a figure of monopoly capitalism,[47] though Hollis Robbins suggests that Dracula's inability to participate in social conventions and to forge business partnerships undermines his power.[48][49] Richard Noll reads Dracula within the context of 19th century alienism (psychiatry) and asylum medicine.[50] D. Bruno Starrs understands the novel to be a pro-Catholic pamphlet promoting proselytization.[51]

text: Historical and geographical references[edit]

text: Dracula is a work of fiction, but it does contain some historical references; although it is a matter of conjecture and debate as to how much historical connection was deliberate on Stoker's part.

text: Attention was drawn to the supposed connections between the historical Transylvanian-born Vlad III Dracula (also known as Vlad Tepes) of Wallachia and Bram Stoker's fictional Dracula, following the publication of In Search of Dracula by Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally in 1972.[52]

text: During his main reign (1456–1462), "Vlad the Impaler" is said to have killed from 40,000 to 100,000 European civilians (political rivals, criminals, and anyone that he considered "useless to humanity"), mainly by impaling. The sources depicting these events are records by Saxon settlers in neighbouring Transylvania who had frequent clashes with Vlad III. Vlad III is revered as a folk hero by Romanians for driving off the invading Ottoman Turks, of whom his impaled victims are said to have included as many as 100,000.[53] There is no solid evidence that the Count in the novel was modelled on Vlad the Impaler of Wallachia.[12] At most, Stoker borrowed only the name Dracula and "scraps of miscellaneous information" about Romanian history, according to one expert, Elizabeth Miller; as well, and there are no comments about him in the author's working notes. [13][16][54]

text: Historically, the name "Dracula" is derived from a Chivalric order called the Order of the Dragon, founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg (then king of Hungary) to uphold Christianity and defend the Empire against the Ottoman Turks. Vlad II Dracul, father of Vlad III, was admitted to the order around 1431, after which Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later, as ruler of Wallachia, his coinage bore the dragon symbol, from which the name "Dracula" is derived since "dracul" in Romanian means "the dragon".[55] People of Wallachia only knew voievod (king) Vlad III as Vlad Țepeș (the Impaler). The name "Dracula" became popular in Romania after publication of Stoker's book. Contrary to popular belief, the name Dracula does not translate to "son of the devil" in Romanian, which would be "pui de drac".

text: Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on Romanian history, and chose this to replace the name (Count Wampyr) originally intended for his villain.[citation needed] Some Dracula scholars led by Elizabeth Miller argue that Stoker knew little of the historic Vlad III except for the name "Dracula" in addition to a few bits of Romanian history.[13][16] Stoker mentions that his Dracula fought against the Turks and was later betrayed by his brother, historical facts in the novel which point to Vlad III:

text: Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat the Turk on his own ground? This was a Dracula indeed! Woe was it that his own unworthy brother, when he had fallen, sold his people to the Turk and brought the shame of slavery on them! Was it not this Dracula, indeed, who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and again brought his forces over the great river into Turkey-land; who, when he was beaten back, came again, and again, though he had to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered, since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph! (Chapter 3, pp. 19)

text: The Count's identity is later speculated on by Professor Van Helsing:

text: He must, indeed, have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk, over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey-land. (Chapter 18, p. 145)

text: Many of Stoker's biographers and literary critics have found strong similarities to the earlier Irish writer Sheridan Le Fanu's classic of the vampire genre Carmilla. In writing Dracula, Stoker may also have drawn on stories about the sídhe,[citation needed] some of which feature blood-drinking women. The Irish legend of Abhartach has also been suggested as a source.[56]

text: In 1983, McNally additionally suggested that Stoker was influenced by the history of Hungarian Countess Elizabeth Bathory, who allegedly tortured and killed between 36 and 700 young women.[57] It was later a commonly believed rumor that she committed these crimes to bathe in their blood, believing that this preserved her youth.[58]

text: In her book The Essential Dracula, Clare Haword-Maden suggested that the castle of Count Dracula was inspired by Slains Castle, at which Bram Stoker was a guest of the 19th Earl of Erroll.[59] According to Miller, he first visited Cruden Bay in 1893, three years after work had begun on Dracula. Haining and Tremaine maintain that, during this visit, Stoker was especially impressed by Slains Castle's interior and the surrounding landscape. Miller and Leatherdale question the stringency of this connection.[60]

text: Possibly, Stoker was not inspired by a real edifice at all, but by Jules Verne's novel The Carpathian Castle (1892) or Anne Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794).[61] A third possibility is that he copied information about a castle at Vécs from one of his sources on Transylvania, the book by Major E.C. Johnson.[62] A further option is that Stoker saw an illustration of Castle Bran (Törzburg) in the book on Transylvania by Charles Boner, or read about it in the books by Mazuchelli or Crosse.[63]

text: Many of the scenes in Whitby and London are based on real places that Stoker frequently visited, although he distorts the geography for the sake of the story in some cases. One scholar has suggested that Stoker chose Whitby as the site of Dracula's first appearance in England because of the Synod of Whitby, given the novel's preoccupation with timekeeping and calendar disputes.[48]

text: Daniel Farson, Leonard Wolf, and Peter Haining have suggested that Stoker received much historical information from Ármin Vámbéry, a Hungarian professor whom he met at least twice. Miller argues, "there is nothing to indicate that the conversation included Vlad, vampires, or even Transylvania", and "furthermore, there is no record of any other correspondence between Stoker and Vámbéry, nor is Vámbéry mentioned in Stoker's notes for Dracula."[64]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The story of Dracula has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title Dracula, or The Undead shortly before the novel's publication and performed only once, in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations. This adaption was first published only a century later in Oct 1997.[65] The first motion picture to feature Dracula was Dracula's Death, produced in Hungary in 1921.[citation needed] The now-lost film, however, was not an adaptation of Stoker's novel, but featured an original story.[citation needed]

text: F. W. Murnau's unauthorised film adaptation Nosferatu was released in 1922, and the popularity of the novel increased considerably, owing to an attempt by Stoker's widow, who tried to have the film removed from public circulation.[66] Prana Film, the production company, had been unable to obtain permission to adapt the story from Bram's widow Florence Stoker, so screenwriter Henrik Galeen was told to alter numerous details to avoid legal trouble. Galeen transplanted the action of the story from 1890s England to 1830s Germany and reworked several characters, dropping some (such as Lucy and all three of her suitors), and renaming others (Dracula became Orlok, Jonathan Harker became Thomas Hutter, Mina became Ellen, and so on). This attempt failed to avoid a court case, however; Florence Stoker sued Prana Film, and all copies of the film were ordered to be destroyed. However, the company was bankrupt, and Stoker only recovered her legal fees in damages. Some copies survived and found their way into theatres. Eventually, Florence Stoker gave up the fight against public displays of the film.[29] Subsequent rereleases of the film have typically undone some of the changes, such as restoring the original character names (a practice also followed by Werner Herzog in his 1979 remake of Murnau's film Nosferatu the Vampyre).[citation needed]

text: Florence Stoker licensed the story to playwright Hamilton Deane, whose 1924 stage play adaptation toured England for several years before settling down in London.[citation needed] In 1927, American stage producer Horace Liveright hired John L. Balderston to revise Deane's script in advance of its American premiere. Balderston significantly compressed the story, most notably consolidating or removing several characters. The Deane play and its Balderston revisions introduced an expanded role and history for Renfield, who now replaced Jonathan Harker as Dracula's solicitor in the first part of the story; combined Mina Harker and Lucy Westenra into a single character (named Lucy); and omitted both Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris entirely. When the play premiered in New York, it was with Bela Lugosi in the title role, and with Edward van Sloan as Abraham Van Helsing,[citation needed] roles which both actors (as well as Herbert Bunston as Dr. Seward) reprised for the English-language version of the 1931 Universal Studios film production. The 1931 film was one of the most commercially successful adaptations of the story to date; it and the Deane/Balderston play that preceded it set the standard for film and television adaptations of the story, with the alterations to the novel becoming standard for later adaptations for decades to come.[citation needed] Universal Studios continued to feature the character of Dracula in many of their horror films from the 1930s and 1940s.

text: In 1958, British film company Hammer Film Productions followed the success of its The Curse of Frankenstein from the previous year with Dracula, released in the US as The Horror of Dracula, directed by Terence Fisher. Fisher's production featured Christopher Lee as Dracula and Peter Cushing as Van Helsing. It was an international hit for Hammer Film, and Lee fixed the image of the fanged vampire in popular culture.[67][68] Both Lee and Cushing reprised their roles multiple times over the next decade and a half, concluding with The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (with Cushing but not Lee) in 1974. Christopher Lee also took on the role of Dracula in Count Dracula, a 1970 Spanish-Italian-German coproduction notable for its adherence to the plot of the original novel. Playing the part of Renfield in that version was Klaus Kinski, who later played Dracula himself in 1979's Nosferatu the Vampyre.

text: In 1977, the BBC made Count Dracula, a 155-minute adaptation for television starring Louis Jourdan. Later film adaptations include John Badham's 1979 Dracula, starring Frank Langella and inspired by the 1977 Broadway revival of the Deane/Hamilton play, and Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 Bram Stoker's Dracula, starring Gary Oldman. The character of Count Dracula has remained popular over the years, and many films have used the character as a villain, while others have named him in their titles, including Dracula's Daughter and The Brides of Dracula. As of 2009, an estimated 217 films feature Dracula in a major role,[69] a number second only to Sherlock Holmes (223 films).[70] A large number of these appearances are not adaptations of Stoker's novel, but merely feature the character in an unrelated story.