document_title: MS-DOS

question_text: who was the programmer of ms-dos operating system

text: MS-DOS

text: History[edit]

text: MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS[12] –  owned by Seattle Computer Products, written by Tim Paterson. Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of Digital Research's CP/M (for 8080/Z80 processors), ported to run on 8086 processors and with two notable differences compared to CP/M; an improved disk sector buffering logic and the introduction of FAT12 instead of the CP/M filesystem. This first version was shipped in August 1980.[5] Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the IBM Personal Computer[7][8] hired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS 1.10 for $75,000 in July of the same year. Microsoft kept the version number, but renamed it MS-DOS. They also licensed MS-DOS 1.10/1.14 to IBM, who, in August 1981, offered it as PC DOS 1.0 as one of three operating systems[13] for the IBM 5150, or the IBM PC.[5]

text: Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies.[14] It was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOS, similar to the situation that existed for CP/M, and with MS-DOS emulating the same solution as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms. To this end, MS-DOS was designed with a modular structure with internal device drivers, minimally for primary disk drives and the console, integrated with the kernel and loaded by the boot loader, and installable device drivers for other devices loaded and integrated at boot time. The OEM would use a development kit provided by Microsoft to build a version of MS-DOS with their basic I/O drivers and a standard Microsoft kernel, which they would typically supply on disk to end users along with the hardware. Thus, there were many different versions of "MS-DOS" for different hardware, and there is a major distinction between an IBM-compatible (or ISA) machine and an MS-DOS [compatible] machine. Some machines, like the Tandy 2000, were MS-DOS compatible but not IBM-compatible, so they could run software written exclusively for MS-DOS without dependence on the peripheral hardware of the IBM PC architecture.

text: This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O, and indeed the same design philosophy is embodied in Windows NT (see Hardware Abstraction Layer). However, in MS-DOS's early days, the greater speed attainable by programs through direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially for games, which often pushed the limits of their contemporary hardware. Very soon an IBM-compatible architecture became the goal, and before long all 8086-family computers closely emulated IBM's hardware, and only a single version of MS-DOS for a fixed hardware platform was needed for the market. This version is the version of MS-DOS that is discussed here, as the dozens of other OEM versions of "MS-DOS" were only relevant to the systems they were designed for, and in any case were very similar in function and capability to some standard version for the IBM PC—often the same-numbered version, but not always, since some OEMs used their own proprietary version numbering schemes (e.g. labeling later releases of MS-DOS 1.x as 2.0 or vice versa)—with a few notable exceptions.

text: Microsoft omitted multi-user support from MS-DOS because Microsoft's Unix-based operating system, Xenix, was fully multi-user.[15] The company planned to over time improve MS-DOS so it would be almost indistinguishable from single-user Xenix, or XEDOS, which would also run on the Motorola 68000, Zilog Z8000, and the LSI-11; they would be upwardly compatible with Xenix, which Byte in 1983 described as "the multi-user MS-DOS of the future".[16][17] Microsoft advertised MS-DOS and Xenix together, listing the shared features of its "single-user OS" and "the multi-user, multi-tasking, UNIX-derived operating system", and promising easy porting between them.[18] After the breakup of the Bell System, however, AT&T Computer Systems started selling UNIX System V. Believing that it could not compete with AT&T in the Unix market, Microsoft abandoned Xenix, and in 1987 transferred ownership of Xenix to the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO).

text: On 25 March 2014, Microsoft made the code to SCP MS-DOS 1.25 and a mixture of Altos MS-DOS 2.11 and TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 available to the public under the Microsoft Research License Agreement, which makes the code source-available, but not open source as defined by Open Source Initiative or Free Software Foundation standards.[2][3][4][19]

text: As an April Fools joke in 2015, Microsoft Mobile launched a Windows Phone application called MS-DOS Mobile which was presented as a new mobile operating system and worked similar to MS-DOS.[20]

text: Versions[edit]

text: Microsoft licensed or released versions of MS-DOS under different names like Lifeboat Associates "Software Bus 86"[21] aka SB-DOS,[10] COMPAQ-DOS,[21] NCR-DOS or Z-DOS[10] before it eventually enforced the MS-DOS name for all versions but the IBM one, which was originally called "IBM Personal Computer DOS", later shortened to IBM PC DOS. (Competitors released compatible DOS systems such as DR DOS and PTS-DOS that could also run DOS applications.)

text: The following versions of MS-DOS were released to the public:[22][23]

text:
MS-DOS 1.x

Version 1.10 (OEM) – possible basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.0
Version 1.11 (OEM) – possible basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.0
Version 1.14 (OEM) – possible basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.0
Version 1.24 (OEM) – basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.1
Version 1.25 (OEM) – basis for non-IBM OEM versions of MS-DOS, including SCP MS-DOS 1.25

text:
Compaq-DOS 1.12, a Compaq OEM version of MS-DOS (1.25 or higher)
Zenith Z-DOS 1.19, a Zenith OEM version of MS-DOS (1.25 or higher)[24]

text:
MS-DOS 2.x – Support for 10 MB hard disk drives, FAT16, user installable device drivers and tree-structure filing system

Version 2.0 (OEM), First version to support 5.25-inch, 360 kB floppy drives and diskettes.[25]
Version 2.1 (OEM)
Version 2.11 (OEM)

Altos MS-DOS 2.11, an Altos OEM version of MS-DOS 2.11 for the ACT-86C
TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11, an TeleVideo OEM version of MS-DOS 2.11

MS-DOS 3.x

Version 3.0 (OEM) – First version to support 5.25-inch, 1.2 MB floppy drives and diskettes.
Version 3.1 (OEM) – Support for Microsoft Networks
Version 3.2 (OEM) – First version to support 3.5-inch, 720 kB floppy drives and diskettes.[25]
Version 3.21 (OEM)
Version 3.22 (OEM) – (HP 95LX)
Version 3.25 (OEM)
Version 3.3 (OEM) – First version to support 3.5-inch, 1.44 MB floppy drives and diskettes.
Version 3.3a (OEM)
Version 3.31 (OEM)[nb 1] – supports FAT16B and larger drives.[nb 2]

MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking) and MS-DOS 4.1 –  A separate branch of development with additional multitasking features, released between 3.2 and 3.3, and later abandoned. It is unrelated to any later versions, including versions 4.00 and 4.01 listed below
MS-DOS 4.x (IBM-developed) – includes a graphical/mouse interface. It had many bugs and compatibility issues.[26]

Version 4.00 (OEM) – First version to support a single hard disk partition that is greater than 32 MiB and up to a maximum size of 2 GiB.[27]
Version 4.01 (OEM) – Microsoft rewritten Version 4.00 released under MS-DOS label but not IBM PC DOS. First version to introduce volume serial number when formatting hard disks and floppy disks (Disk duplication also[nb 3] and when using SYS to make a floppy disk or a partition of a hard drive bootable).[28]
Version 4.01a (OEM)

MS-DOS 5.x

Version 5.0 (Retail) – includes a full-screen editor. A number of bugs required re issue. First version to support 3.5-inch, 2.88 MB floppy drives and diskettes. Hard disk partitions greater than 32 MiB and up to a maximum size of 2 GiB was now provided by the MS-DOS kernel.[27] First version to load portions of the operating system into the high memory area.

AST Premium Exec DOS 5.0 (OEM) –  a version for the AST Premium Exec series of notebooks with various extensions, including improved load-high and extended codepage support[29][30]

Version 5.0a (Retail) – With this release, IBM and Microsoft versions diverge.
Version 5.50 (Windows NTVDM) – All Windows NT 32-bit versions ship with files from DOS 5.0

MS-DOS 6.x

Version 6.0 (Retail) – Online help through QBASIC. Disk compression, upper memory optimization and antivirus included.
Version 6.2 – Scandisk as replacement for CHKDSK. Fix serious bugs in DBLSPACE.
Version 6.21 (Retail) – Stacker-infringing DBLSPACE removed.
Version 6.22 (Retail) – New DRVSPACE compression.

MS-DOS 7.x

Version 7.0 (Windows 95, Windows 95A) – Support for VFAT long file names and 32-bits signed integer errorlevel. New editor. JO.SYS is an alternative filename of the IO.SYS kernel file and used as such for "special purposes". JO.SYS allows booting from either CD-ROM drive or hard disk. Last version to recognize only the first 8.4 GB of a hard disk. The "VER" internal command prompt reports the Windows version 4.00.950.
Version 7.1 (Windows 95B – Windows 98 – Windows 98SE) – Support for FAT32 file system. Last general purpose DOS to load Windows. The "VER" internal command prompt reports the Windows version 4.00.1111, 4 October 1998 or 4 October 2222.

MS-DOS 8.0

Version 8.0 (Windows ME) – Integrated drivers for faster Windows loading. Four different kernels (IO.SYS) observed.[nb 4] The "VER" internal command prompt reports the Windows version 4.90.3000.
Version 8.0 (Windows XP) – DOS boot disks created by XP and later contain files from Windows ME. The "VER" internal command prompt reports the Windows version 5.1.

text: MS-DOS Mobile 1.0 (Windows Phone) – This version was an April Fools' Day joke in 2015 by Microsoft. It is available on the Microsoft Store.

text: Microsoft DOS was released through the OEM channel, until Digital Research released DR DOS 5.0 as a retail upgrade. With PC DOS 5.00.1, the IBM-Microsoft agreement started to end, and IBM entered the retail DOS market with IBM DOS 5.00.1, 5.02, 6.00 and PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000 and 7.1.

text: Localized versions of MS-DOS existed for different markets.[31] While Western issues of MS-DOS evolved around the same set of tools and drivers just with localized message languages and differing sets of supported codepages and keyboard layouts, some language versions were considerably different from Western issues and were adapted to run on localized PC hardware with additional BIOS services not available in Western PCs, support multiple hardware codepages for displays and printers, support DBCS, alternative input methods and graphics output. Affected issues include Japanese (DOS/V), Korean, Arabic (ADOS 3.3/5.0), Hebrew (HDOS 3.3/5.0), Russian (RDOS 4.01/5.0) as well as some other Eastern European versions of DOS.

text: Competition[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On microcomputers based on the Intel 8086 and 8088 processors, including the IBM PC and clones, the initial competition to the PC DOS/MS-DOS line came from Digital Research, whose CP/M operating system had inspired MS-DOS. In fact, there remains controversy as to whether QDOS was more or less plagiarised from early versions of CP/M code. Digital Research released CP/M-86 a few months after MS-DOS, and it was offered as an alternative to MS-DOS and Microsoft's licensing requirements, but at a higher price. Executable programs for CP/M-86 and MS-DOS were not interchangeable with each other; many applications were sold in both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 versions until MS-DOS became preponderant (later Digital Research operating systems could run both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software). MS-DOS originally supported the simple .COM, which was modelled after a similar but binary incompatible format known from CP/M-80. CP/M-86 instead supported a relocatable format using the file extension .CMD to avoid name conflicts with CP/M-80 and MS-DOS .COM files. MS-DOS version 1.0 added a more advanced relocatable .EXE executable file format.

text: Most of the machines in the early days of MS-DOS had differing system architectures and there was a certain degree of incompatibility, and subsequently vendor lock-in. Users who began using MS-DOS with their machines were compelled to continue using the version customized for their hardware, or face trying to get all of their proprietary hardware and software to work with the new system.

text: In the business world the 808x-based machines that MS-DOS was tied to faced competition from the Unix operating system which ran on many different hardware architectures. Microsoft itself sold a version of Unix for the PC called Xenix.

text: In the emerging world of home users, a variety of other computers based on various other processors were in serious competition with the IBM PC: the Apple II, early Apple Macintosh, the Commodore 64 and others did not use the 808x processor; many 808x machines of different architectures used custom versions of MS-DOS. At first all these machines were in competition. In time the IBM PC hardware configuration became dominant in the 808x market as software written to communicate directly with the PC hardware without using standard operating system calls ran much faster, but on true PC-compatibles only. Non-PC-compatible 808x machines were too small a market to have fast software written for them alone, and the market remained open only for IBM PCs and machines that closely imitated their architecture, all running either a single version of MS-DOS compatible only with PCs, or the equivalent IBM PC DOS. Most clones cost much less than IBM-branded machines of similar performance, and became widely used by home users, while IBM PCs had a large share of the business computer market.

text: Microsoft and IBM together began what was intended as the follow-on to MS-DOS/PC DOS, called OS/2. When OS/2 was released in 1987, Microsoft began an advertising campaign announcing that "DOS is Dead" and stating that version 4 was the last full release. OS/2 was designed for efficient multi-tasking (as was standard in operating systems since 1963) and offered a number of advanced features that had been designed together with similar look and feel; it was seen as the legitimate heir to the "kludgy" DOS platform.

text: MS-DOS had grown in spurts, with many significant features being taken or duplicated from Microsoft's other products and operating systems. MS-DOS also grew by incorporating, by direct licensing or feature duplicating, the functionality of tools and utilities developed by independent companies, such as Norton Utilities, PC Tools (Microsoft Anti-Virus), QEMM expanded memory manager, Stacker disk compression, and others.

text: During the period when Digital Research was competing in the operating system market some computers, like Amstrad PC1512, were sold with floppy disks for two operating systems (only one of which could be used at a time), MS-DOS and CP/M-86 or a derivative of it. Digital Research produced DOS Plus, which was compatible with MS-DOS 2.11, supported CP/M-86 programs, had additional features including multi-tasking, and could read and write disks in CP/M and MS-DOS format.

text: While OS/2 was under protracted development, Digital Research released the MS-DOS compatible DR DOS 5.0, which included features only available as third-party add-ons for MS-DOS. Unwilling to lose any portion of the market, Microsoft responded by announcing the "pending" release of MS-DOS 5.0 in May 1990. This effectively killed most DR DOS sales until the actual release of MS-DOS 5.0 in June 1991. Digital Research brought out DR DOS 6.0, which sold well until the "pre-announcement" of MS-DOS 6.0 again stifled the sales of DR DOS.

text: Microsoft had been accused of carefully orchestrating leaks about future versions of MS-DOS in an attempt to create what in the industry is called FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) regarding DR DOS. For example, in October 1990, shortly after the release of DR DOS 5.0, and long before the eventual June 1991 release of MS-DOS 5.0, stories on feature enhancements in MS-DOS started to appear in InfoWorld and PC Week. Brad Silverberg, then Vice President of Systems Software at Microsoft and general manager of its Windows and MS-DOS Business Unit, wrote a forceful letter to PC Week (5 November 1990), denying that Microsoft was engaged in FUD tactics ("to serve our customers better, we decided to be more forthcoming about version 5.0") and denying that Microsoft copied features from DR DOS:

text: "The feature enhancements of MS-DOS version 5.0 were decided and development was begun long before we heard about DR DOS 5.0. There will be some similar features. With 50 million MS-DOS users, it shouldn't be surprising that DRI has heard some of the same requests from customers that we have." – (Schulman et al. 1994).[32]

text: The pact between Microsoft and IBM to promote OS/2 began to fall apart in 1990 when Windows 3.0 became a marketplace success. Much of Microsoft's further contributions to OS/2 also went into creating a third GUI replacement for DOS, Windows NT.

text: IBM, which had already been developing the next version of OS/2, carried on development of the platform without Microsoft and sold it as the alternative to DOS and Windows.

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: As a response to Digital Research's DR DOS 6.0, which bundled SuperStor disk compression, Microsoft opened negotiations with Stac Electronics, vendor of the most popular DOS disk compression tool, Stacker. In the due diligence process, Stac engineers had shown Microsoft part of the Stacker source code. Stac was unwilling to meet Microsoft's terms for licensing Stacker and withdrew from the negotiations. Microsoft chose to license Vertisoft's DoubleDisk, using it as the core for its DoubleSpace disk compression.[33]

text: MS-DOS 6.0 and 6.20 were released in 1993, both including the Microsoft DoubleSpace disk compression utility program. Stac successfully sued Microsoft for patent infringement regarding the compression algorithm used in DoubleSpace. This resulted in the 1994 release of MS-DOS 6.21, which had disk-compression removed. Shortly afterwards came version 6.22, with a new version of the disk compression system, DriveSpace, which had a different compression algorithm to avoid the infringing code.

text: Prior to 1995, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS (and Windows) to computer manufacturers under three types of agreement: per-processor (a fee for each system the company sold), per-system (a fee for each system of a particular model), or per-copy (a fee for each copy of MS-DOS installed). The largest manufacturers used the per-processor arrangement, which had the lowest fee. This arrangement made it expensive for the large manufacturers to migrate to any other operating system, such as DR DOS. In 1991, the U.S. government Federal Trade Commission began investigating Microsoft's licensing procedures, resulting in a 1994 settlement agreement limiting Microsoft to per-copy licensing. Digital Research did not gain by this settlement, and years later its successor in interest, Caldera, sued Microsoft for damages in the Caldera v. Microsoft lawsuit. It was believed that the settlement ran in the order of $150 million, but was revealed in November 2009 with the release of the Settlement Agreement to be $280 million.[34]

text: Use of undocumented APIs[edit]

text: Microsoft also used a variety of tactics in MS-DOS and several of their applications and development tools that, while operating perfectly when running on genuine MS-DOS (and PC DOS), would break when run on another vendor's implementation of DOS. Notable examples of this practice included:

text:
Microsoft's QuickPascal released in early 1989 was the first MS product that checked for MS-DOS by modifying the program's Program Segment Prefix using undocumented DOS functions, and then checked whether or not the associated value changed in a fixed position within the DOS data segment (also undocumented). This check also made it into later MS products, including Microsoft QuickC v2.5, Programmer's Workbench and Microsoft C v6.0.[32]
The AARD code, a block of code in the windows launcher (WIN.COM) and a few other system files of Windows 3.1. It was XOR encrypted, self-modifying, and deliberately obfuscated, using various undocumented DOS structures and functions to determine whether or not Windows really was running on MS-DOS.[32] In the beta versions, it displayed an "error" message if the test for genuine MS-DOS failed, prompting the user to abort or continue, with abort the default. In the final release version, the code still ran, but the message and prompt were disabled by an added flag byte, rendering it (probably) ineffectual.

Note that the Windows 3.0 beta code only gave a warning that Windows would not operate properly on a "foreign" OS. It did in fact run just fine on DR DOS 6.0.

Interrupt routines called by Windows to inform MS-DOS that Windows is starting/exiting, information that MS-DOS retained in an IN_WINDOWS flag, in spite of the fact that MS-DOS and Windows were supposed to be two separate products.[32]

text: End of MS-DOS[edit]

text: With the release of Windows 95 (and continuing in the Windows 9x product line through to Windows ME), an integrated version of MS-DOS was used for bootstrapping, troubleshooting, and backwards-compatibility with old DOS software, particularly games, and no longer released as a standalone product. In Windows 95, the DOS, called MS-DOS 7, can be booted separately, without the Windows GUI; this capability was retained through Windows 98 Second Edition. Windows ME removed the capability to boot its underlying MS-DOS 8.0 alone from a hard disk, but retained the ability to make a DOS boot floppy disk (called an "Emergency Boot Disk") and can be hacked to restore full access to the underlying DOS.

text: In contrast to the Windows 9x series, the Windows NT-derived 32-bit operating systems developed alongside the 9x series (Windows NT, 2000, XP and newer) do not contain MS-DOS as part of the operating system, but provide a subset of DOS emulation to run DOS applications and provide DOS-like command prompt windows. 64-bit versions of Windows NT line do not provide DOS emulation and cannot run DOS applications natively.[35] Windows XP contains a copy of the Windows ME boot disk, stripped down to bootstrap only. This is accessible only by formatting a floppy as an "MS-DOS startup disk". Files like the driver for the CD-ROM support were deleted from the Windows ME bootdisk and the startup files (AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS) no longer had content. This modified disk was the base for creating the MS-DOS image for Windows XP. Some of the deleted files can be recovered with an undelete tool.[36] With Windows Vista the files on the startup disk are dated 18 April 2005 but are otherwise unchanged, including the string "MS-DOS Version 8 Copyright 1981–1999 Microsoft Corp" inside COMMAND.COM. Starting with Windows 10, the ability to create a DOS startup disk has been removed.

text: The only versions of MS-DOS currently recognized as stand-alone OSs and supported as such by Microsoft are MS-DOS 6.0 and 6.22, both of which remain available for download via their MSDN, volume license, and OEM license partner websites, for customers with valid login credentials. MS-DOS is still used in embedded x86 systems due to its simple architecture and minimal memory and processor requirements, though some current products have switched to the still-maintained open-source alternative FreeDOS.

text: Windows command-line interface[edit]

text: All versions of Microsoft Windows have had an MS-DOS-like command-line interface (CLI) called Command Prompt.This could run many DOS and variously Win32, OS/2 1.x and POSIX command line utilities in the same command-line session, allowing piping between commands. The user interface, and the icon up to Windows 2000, followed the native MS-DOS interface.

text: The 16-bit versions of Windows (up to 3.11) ran as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on top of MS-DOS. With Windows 95, 98, 98 SE and ME, the MS-DOS part was (superficially) integrated, treating both operating systems as a complete package, though the DOS component could actually stand alone. The command line accessed the DOS command line (usually COMMAND.COM), through a Windows module (WINOLDAP.MOD).[clarification needed]

text: A new line of Windows, (Windows NT), boot through a kernel whose sole purpose is to load Windows. One can not run Win32 applications in the loader system in the manner that OS/2, UNIX or Consumer Windows can launch character mode sessions.

text: The command session permits running of various supported command line utilities from Win32, MS-DOS, OS/2 1.x and POSIX. The emulators for MS-DOS, OS/2 and POSIX use the host's window in the same way that Win16 applications use the Win32 explorer. Using the host's window allows one to pipe output between emulations.

text: The MS-DOS emulation is done through the NTVDM (NT Virtual DOS Machine). This is a modified SoftPC (a former product similar to VirtualPC), running a modified MS-DOS 5 (NTIO.SYS and NTDOS.SYS). The output is handled by the console DLLs, so that the program at the prompt (CMD.EXE, 4NT.EXE, TCC.EXE), can see the output. 64-bit Windows does not have either the DOS emulation, or the DOS commands (EDIT, DEBUG, EDLIN), that come with 32-bit Windows.

text: The DOS version returns 5.00 or 5.50, depending on which API function is used to determine it. Utilities from MS-DOS 5.00 run in this emulation without modification. The very early beta programs of NT show MS-DOS 30.00, but programs running in MS-DOS 30.00 would assume that OS/2 was in control.

text: The OS/2 emulation is handled through OS2SS.EXE and OS2.EXE, and DOSCALLS.DLL. OS2.EXE is a version of the OS/2 shell (CMD.EXE), which passes commands down to the OS2SS.EXE, and input-output to the Windows NT shell. Windows 2000 was the last version of NT to support OS/2. The emulation is OS/2 1.30.

text: POSIX is emulated through the POSIX shell, but no emulated shell; the commands are handled directly in CMD.EXE.

text: The Command Prompt is often called the MS-DOS prompt. In part, this was the official name for it in Windows 9x and early versions of Windows NT (NT 3.5 and earlier), and in part because the SoftPC emulation of DOS redirects output into it. Actually only COMMAND.COM and other 16bit commands run in a NTVDM with AUTOEXEC.NT and CONFIG.NT initialisation determined by _default.pif, optionally permitting the use of Win32 console applications and internal commands with a NTCMDPROMPT directive.

text: Win32 console applications use CMD.EXE as their command prompt shell. This confusion does not exist under OS/2 because there are separate DOS and OS/2 prompts, and running a DOS program under OS/2 will launch a separate DOS window to run the application.

text: All versions of Windows for Itanium (no longer sold by Microsoft) and x86-64 architectures no longer include the NTVDM and can therefore no longer natively run MS-DOS or 16-bit Windows applications. There are alternatives in the form of virtual machine emulators such as Microsoft's own Virtual PC, as well as VMware, DOSBox, and others.

text: Legacy compatibility[edit]

text: From 1983 onwards, various companies worked on graphical user interfaces (GUIs) capable of running on PC hardware. However, this required duplicated effort and did not provide much consistency in interface design (even between products from the same company).

text: Later, in 1985, Microsoft Windows was released as Microsoft's first attempt at providing a consistent user interface (for applications). The early versions of Windows ran on top of MS-DOS. At first Windows met with little success, but this was also true for most other companies' efforts as well, for example GEM. After version 3.0, Windows gained market acceptance.

text: Windows 9x used the DOS boot process to launch into protected mode. Basic features related to the file system, such as long file names, were only available to DOS when running as a subsystem of Windows. Windows NT runs independently of DOS but includes NTVDM, a component for simulating a DOS environment for legacy applications.

text: Related systems[edit]

text: MS-DOS compatible systems include:

text:
IBM PC DOS
DR DOS, Novell DOS, OpenDOS
FreeDOS
PTS-DOS
ROM-DOS

text: Microsoft manufactured IBM PC DOS for IBM. It and MS-DOS were identical products that eventually diverged starting with PC DOS version 6.1.

text: Digital Research's DR-DOS is sometimes regarded as a clone of MS-DOS, but it did not follow Microsoft's version numbering scheme. For example, MS-DOS 4, released in July 1988, was followed by DR DOS 5.0 in May 1990. MS-DOS 5.0 came in April 1991, with DR DOS 6.0 being released the following June.[37]

text: These products are collectively referred to as "DOS," even though "Disk Operating System" is a generic term used on other systems unrelated to the x86 and IBM PC. "MS-DOS" can also be a generic reference to DOS on IBM PC compatible computers.

text: What made the difference in the end was Microsoft's control of the Windows platform and their programming practices which intentionally made Windows appear as if it ran poorly on competing versions of DOS.[32] Digital Research had to release interim releases to circumvent Windows limitations inserted artificially,[32] designed specifically to provide Microsoft with an unfair competitive advantage.[32]


document_title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

question_text: when was under god placed in the pledge of allegiance

root

text: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

text: Recital[edit]

text: Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[10] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[11]

tag: p

text: The United States Flag Code says:

text: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[12]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[5]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]

text: The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[13][14] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:

text: We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag!

text: Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[15] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years [which year?] and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[16] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[17] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools.[18] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[19]

text: Bellamy's original Pledge read:

text: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][20]

text: The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[18] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[21]

text: Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[22]

text: Francis Bellamy's account[edit]

text: In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge, Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[17] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[17] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[17]

text: As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[17] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[17] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[17] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[17]

text: Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[17] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[17] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[17] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[17] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[17] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[17]

text: Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[17] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[17]

text: After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[17] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[17]

text: Changes[edit]

text: In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[16]

text: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.

text: In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[23][24] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.

text: In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[25]

text: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

text: Addition of "under God"[edit]

text: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[26][27] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[26] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[26]

text: In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[28] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[29]

text: At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[30]

text: Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]

text: President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[31] Eisenhower said:

text: From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.[32]

text: The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[31]

text: On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[29]

text: Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[33]

text: Salute[edit]

text: Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.

text: In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[34] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1)of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[35]

text: Music[edit]

text: A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[36]

text: The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[37][38]

text: It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[39]

text: Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[40]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:

text: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.[41]

text: In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[42]

text: Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.

text: One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[43][42] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[44] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase "under God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[45]

text: In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[46][47]

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[48] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[49][50]

text: In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[51]

text: A 2005 Bill, H.R. 2389, to prohibit the Supreme Court's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance, died in the Senate after having passed in the House. This action is viewed[by whom?] in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the judiciary. Even if a similar bill is enacted, its practical effect may not be clear:[opinion] proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights, since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment. Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional, the US separation of powers would be disturbed, or rendered non-functional.[52]

text: Mark J. Pelavin, former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that:[53][54]

text: Today's House adoption of the so-called "Pledge Protection Act" is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans. By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts, including the Supreme Court, from cases involving the Pledge, this legislation sets a dangerous precedent: threatening religious liberty, compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded, and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes. Today, the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance, but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights, civil rights, or any other fundamental concern.

text: In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[55] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[56]

text: In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[57]

text: On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[58][59] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[58] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[60]

text: On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[61][62] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[63][64]

text: In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[65] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[66]

text: In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[67] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens." In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[67] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples" that do not allow it.[68][69] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”


document_title: Ross Malinger

question_text: who played tom hanks son in sleepless in seattle

text: Ross Malinger

text:
Ross Malinger

Born
Ross Aaron Malinger
(1984-07-07) July 7, 1984 (age 33)
Redwood City, California, U.S.

Occupation
Actor

Years active
1990–2006

tag: table

text: Ross Aaron Malinger[1] (born July 7, 1984) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie Sleepless in Seattle, starring Tom Hanks, and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film Toothless, starring Kirstie Alley. He and Alley both co-starred in the 1995 television film Peter and the Wolf. He played Adam Lippman, the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine's "Shiksa appeal", in the Seinfeld episode "The Serenity Now".

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Malinger was born in Redwood City, California, the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and sales representative.[1]

text: Malinger co-starred with Jean-Claude Van Damme in the 1995 film Sudden Death.

text: He provided the original voice of T.J. Detweiler on the animated series Recess. He did not reprise the role in the next seasons, as he was replaced by Andrew Lawrence. He was a recurring character on the teen drama Party of Five.

text: He also provided the voice for the puppy Spike, part of the "Riley Gang" in Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco; and played the role of Payton Shoemaker in Little Bigfoot.

text: He starred with Shelley Long and Treat Williams on the CBS comedy Good Advice, which lasted two seasons, 1993 to 1994.

text: He was in an episode of Touched by an Angel playing Nick Albright, a troubled teenager after his parents' separation. He appeared in an episode of Without a Trace in 2006 as Jason McMurphy.


document_title: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes

question_text: how many episodes in series 5 of orange is the new black

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
13
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

3
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

4
13
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

5
13
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

1
1
"I Wasn't Ready"
Michael Trim
Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan
Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
2
"Tit Punch"
Uta Briesewitz
Marco Ramirez
Red & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

3
3
"Lesbian Request Denied"
Jodie Foster
Sian Heder
Sophia & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

4
4
"Imaginary Enemies"
Michael Trim
Gary Lennon
Miss Claudette
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

5
5
"The Chickening"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Aleida & Daya
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

6
6
"WAC Pack"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Nicky & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

7
7
"Blood Donut"
Matthew Penn
Sara Hess
Watson
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

8
8
"Moscow Mule"
Phil Abraham
Marco Ramirez
Red
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

9
9
"Fucksgiving"
Michael Trim
Sian Heder
Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

10
10
"Bora Bora Bora"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Piper & Tricia
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

11
11
"Tall Men with Feelings"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Piper & Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

12
12
"Fool Me Once"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Pennsatucky
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

13
13
"Can't Fix Crazy"
Michael Trim
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
none
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

14
1
"Thirsty Bird"
Jodie Foster
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Piper
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

15
2
"Looks Blue, Tastes Red"
Michael Trim
Jenji Kohan
Taystee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

16
3
"Hugs Can Be Deceiving"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Suzanne
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

17
4
"A Whole Other Hole"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Morello
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

18
5
"Low Self Esteem City"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Gloria
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

19
6
"You Also Have a Pizza"
Allison Anders
Stephen Falk
Poussey
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

20
7
"Comic Sans"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Black Cindy
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

21
8
"Appropriately Sized Pots"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
Rosa
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

22
9
"40 Oz. of Furlough"
S. J. Clarkson
Lauren Morelli
Red
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

23
10
"Little Mustachioed Shit"
Jennifer Getzinger
Sian Heder
Piper & Alex
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

24
11
"Take a Break from Your Values"
Constantine Makris
Nick Jones
Sister Ingalls
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

25
12
"It Was the Change"
Phil Abraham
Sara Hess
Vee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

26
13
"We Have Manners. We're Polite."
Constantine Makris
Jenji Kohan
none
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

27
1
"Mother's Day"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

28
2
"Bed Bugs and Beyond"
Constantine Makris
Jim Danger Gray
Bennett
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

29
3
"Empathy Is a Boner Killer"
Michael Trim
Nick Jones
Nicky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

30
4
"Finger in the Dyke"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Big Boo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

31
5
"Fake It Till You Fake It Some More"
Nicole Holofcener
Tara Herrmann
Flaca
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

32
6
"Ching Chong Chang"
Anthony Hemingway
Sara Hess
Chang
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

33
7
"Tongue-Tied"
Julie Anne Robinson
Sian Heder
Norma
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

34
8
"Fear, and Other Smells"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Alex
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

35
9
"Where My Dreidel At"
Andrew McCarthy
Jordan Harrison
Leanne
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

36
10
"A Tittin' and a Hairin'"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
Pennsatucky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

37
11
"We Can Be Heroes"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Caputo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

38
12
"Don't Make Me Come Back There"
Uta Briesewitz
Sara Hess
Aleida & Daya
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

39
13
"Trust No Bitch"
Phil Abraham
Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

40
1
"Work That Body for Me"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

41
2
"Power Suit"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Maria
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

42
3
"(Don't) Say Anything"
Andrew McCarthy
Jim Danger Gray
Soso
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

43
4
"Doctor Psycho"
Erin Feeley
Carly Mensch
Healy
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

44
5
"We'll Always Have Baltimore"
Tricia Brock
Jordan Harrison
Maritza
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

45
6
"Piece of Shit"
Uta Briesewitz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

46
7
"It Sounded Nicer in My Head"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Lolly
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

47
8
"Friends in Low Places"
Phil Abraham
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

48
9
"Turn Table Turn"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Blanca
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

49
10
"Bunny, Skull, Bunny, Skull"
Phil Abraham
Carly Mensch
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

50
11
"People Persons"
Lev L. Spiro
Nick Jones
Suzanne
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

51
12
"The Animals"
Matthew Weiner
Lauren Morelli
Bayley
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

52
13
"Toast Can't Never Be Bread Again"
Adam Bernstein
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Poussey
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

53
1
"Riot FOMO"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

54
2
"Fuck, Marry, Frieda"
Constantine Makris
Jordan Harrison
Frieda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

55
3
"Pissters!"
Phil Abraham
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Linda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

56
4
"Litchfield's Got Talent"
Nick Sandow
Josh Koenigsberg, Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann
Alison
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

57
5
"Sing It, White Effie"
Phil Abraham
Molly Smith Metzler
Watson
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

58
6
"Flaming Hot Cheetos, Literally"
Andrew McCarthy
Lauren Morelli
Taystee
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

59
7
"Full Bush, Half Snickers"
Uta Briesewitz
Anthony Natoli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

60
8
"Tied to the Tracks"
Michael Trim
Carolina Paiz
Daya
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

61
9
"The Tightening"
Erin Feeley
Jordan Harrison
Red
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

62
10
"The Reverse Midas Touch"
Laura Prepon
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Piscatella
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

63
11
"Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling"
Wendey Stanzler
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

64
12
"Tattoo You"
Mark A. Burley
Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz
Piper & Alex
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

65
13
"Storm-y Weather"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)


document_title: List of My Hero Academia episodes

question_text: when is my hero academia season 3 episode 5 coming out

text: List of My Hero Academia episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original airdate
English airdate

1
"Izuku Midoriya: Origin"
"Midoriya Izuku: Orijin" (緑谷出久：オリジン)
April 3, 2016
May 5, 2018

In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as "Quirks", Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero, despite not having a Quirk himself, until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by no other than All Might, the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood.

2
"What It Takes to Be a Hero"
"Hiro no Jouken" (ヒーローの条件)
April 10, 2016
May 12, 2018

Izuku discovers that All Might's true form is that of a frail, emaciated man, who suffered a massive injury years ago. All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream. Disheartened, Izuku makes his way home, only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain. With no heroes around able to fight the villain, Izuku, without any thought given, rushes in.

3
"Roaring Muscles"
"Unare kin'niku" (うなれ筋肉)
April 17, 2016
May 19, 2018

All Might tells Izuku of his quirk, "One For All", a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person. While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk, bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body. All Might then designs a ten-month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it.

4
"Start Line"
"Sutaatorain" (スタートライン)
April 24, 2016
June 2, 2018

After receiving All Might's Quirk, the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training. During the practical exam, Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue.

5
"What I Can Do For Now"
"Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo" (今 僕に出来ることを)
May 1, 2016
June 9, 2018

It's Izuku's first day as a student of U.A. High School. However, his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks. Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion, and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly.

6
"Rage, You Damned Nerd"
"Takere Kusonādo" (猛れクソナード)
May 8, 2016
June 16, 2018

Now donning their own hero costumes, the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities. Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka, the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy. However, also to his dismay, one of his opponents is Bakugō, who always mocked him for his quirklessness, and is now furious at him.

7
"Deku vs. Kacchan"
(デクvsかっちゃん)
May 15, 2016
—

The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō's devastating attacks, leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself. As the time limit approaches, Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him, until he comes up with a better idea.

8
"Bakugō's Starting Line"
"Sutāto Rain, Bakugō no." (スタートライン、爆豪の。)
May 22, 2016
—

After losing against Izuku in the mock battle, Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers. After recovering from his injuries, Izuku attempts to cheer him up, to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret. Meanwhile, news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt.

9
"Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Iida!"
"Ii zo Ganbare Īda-kun!" (いいぞガンバレ飯田くん！)
May 29, 2016
—

Izuku is chosen as the class president, much to his surprise, but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position. The students are then assigned to another field exercise, but before it begins, a horde of villains suddenly appear before them.

10
"Encounter with the Unknown"
"Michi to no Sōgū" (未知との遭遇)
June 5, 2016
—

The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap. Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta, but after learning more about their powers, he comes up with a plan to turn the tides literally. Elsewhere, Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help.

11
"Game Over"
"Gēmu Ōbā" (ゲームオーバー)
June 12, 2016
—

The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends' help. Once it's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them, the Villains' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might's pride before they leave, when All Might himself appears.

12
"All Might"
"Ōrumaito" (オールマイト)
June 19, 2016
—

Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon, the multi-quirk monster called "Noumu" against All Might, who finds himself in a pinch, until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him, but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school.

13
"In Each of our Hearts"
"Onoono no Mune ni" (各々の胸に)
June 26, 2016
—

Although he was able to defeat the Noumu, All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki, but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and force him to retreat. As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued, All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life, but elsewhere, Shigaraki confers with his master, implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning.

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
No. in series
No. in season
Title[a]
Original air date[12]

13.5
0
"Hero Notebook"
"Hīrō Nōto" (ヒーローノート)
March 25, 2017[14]

A recap of the first season.
Note: The episode earned a 3.3% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[13]

14
1
"That's the Idea, Ochaco"
"Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san" (そういうことね お茶子さん)
April 1, 2017

Still recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[15]

15
2
"Roaring Sports Festival"
"Unare Taiikusai" (うなれ体育祭)
April 8, 2017

Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle-course race.
Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[16]

16
3
"In Their Own Quirky Ways"
"Minna Koseiteki de ii ne" (みんな個性的でいいね)
April 15, 2017

During the obstacle race, Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit. At the last obstacle, Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race. However, his victory is short-lived when he learns that by being first place, he is the top target for the next round.

17
4
"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy"
"Saku Saku Saku" (策策策)
April 22, 2017

In the next round, the Cavalry Battle, Izuku teams up with Ochako, Tokoyami and Support Course student Mei. Being the team with most points, they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class, while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves.

18
5
"Cavalry Battle Finale"
"Kibasen Kecchaku" (騎馬戦決着)
April 29, 2017

As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches, Izuku's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them, they earn a place in the next round by working together.

19
6
"The Boy Born with Everything"
"Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko" (全てを持って生まれた男の子)
May 6, 2017

The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world's second-best hero Endeavor.
Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[17]

20
7
"Victory or Defeat"
"Kachimake" (勝ち負け)
May 13, 2017

In the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku's opponent in the following round.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[18]

21
8
"Battle on, Challengers!"
"Furue! Charenjā" (奮え！チャレンジャー)
May 20, 2017

The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[19]

22
9
"Bakugo vs. Uraraka"
"Bakugō vs. Uraraka" (爆vs麗日豪)
May 27, 2017

Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo. However, despite her plans, Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious. Afterwards, Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her, but to no avail. Also during this time, Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm-wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round; Kirishima wins and the two become friends. Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki.

23
10
"Shoto Todoroki: Origin"
"Todoroki Shōto: Orijin" (轟 焦凍:オリジン)
June 3, 2017

Izuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through flashbacks. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[20]

24
11
"Fight on, Iida"
"Īda-kun Faito" (飯田くんファイト)
June 10, 2017

Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again. All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku's. Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father. In the last matches of the second round, Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds, while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima. When Iida fights Todoroki, Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on. Bakugo figures Tokoyami's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield. Meanwhile in Tokyo, Iida's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer: Stain, and Iida is informed not long after by his mother. Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain's League.

25
12
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo"
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo" (轟vs爆豪)
June 17, 2017

Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side. As the match starts, Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power. Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides. After Izuku's cheer, Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his "Howitzer Impact", Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side. The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds, resulting in Bakugo being named the winner. Angered, Bakugo still goes after Todoroki, but Midnight stops him. After the match, All Might gives everyone medals. Iida goes to see his brother at the hospital before the match begins and did not attend the award ceremony. After everyone went home to recover, Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years.

26
13
"Time to Pick Some Names"
"Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai" (名前をつけてみようの会)
June 24, 2017

The Sports Festival is over, and everyone's injuries are almost recovered. Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves, and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes, everyone will be doing a one-week internship at a hero agency. Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone's hero name requests. After that, everyone chooses an agency for their internship. Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up. He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship, and Izuku accepts it. Meanwhile, Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked. The next day, everyone sets off for the internship.

27
14
"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears"
"Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る)
July 8, 2017

The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected. Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him. Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero-killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship. Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All.

28
15
"Midoriya and Shigaraki"
"Midoriya to Shigaraki" (緑谷と死柄木)
July 15, 2017

Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power. All Might learns more about the captured Nomu. After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains, he returns to Haso City to hunt down more heroes. Shigaraki also goes to Haso, releasing several Nomus into the city. On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks, Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero. Meanwhile, Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city, and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Haso.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[21]

29
16
"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students"
"Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito" (ヒーロー殺し ステインvs雄英生徒)
July 22, 2017

Haso City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains. As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train, Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him. Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain, Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku. As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain's Quirk, Shoto struggles to evade Stain's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance.
Note: The episode earned a 2.8% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[22]

30
17
"Climax"
"Ketchaku" (決着)
July 29, 2017

Tenya fights off Stain's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku. Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku. Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation.
Note: The episode earned a 4.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[23]

31
18
"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain"
"'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波)
August 5, 2017

Following Stain's arrest, the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral, and more people are falling to those views. With Stain in custody, they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains. Meanwhile, credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor, to ensure that Tenya, Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission. Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself.

32
19
"Everyone's Internships"
"Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken" (それぞれの職場体験)
August 12, 2017

Anime-original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships, particularly Tsuyu/Froppy.
Note: The episode earned a 2.7% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[24]

33
20
"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past"
"Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi" (知れ!!昔の話)
August 19, 2017

Following their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk, One for All.
Note: The episode earned a 4.1% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[25]

34
21
"Gear up for Final Exams"
"Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto" (備えろ期末テスト)
September 2, 2017

Final exams are approaching, and the class prepares for their written and practical exams. Momo hosts a study party at her mansion, and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies. After making it through three days of written exams, everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead, they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers. To pass, they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out.
Note: The episode earned a 3.2% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[26]

35
22
"Yaoyorozu: Rising"
"Yaoyorozu: Raijingu" (八百万：ライジング)
September 9, 2017

Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm's army of clones. Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader. Todoroki and Momo, whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival, attempt to evade Aizawa's Quirk. Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen's black hole.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[27]

36
23
"Stripping the Varnish"
"Mukero Hitokawa" (むけろ一皮)
September 16, 2017

Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku, prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen. Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes. Kyoka and Koji, who both have sound-dependent Quirks, struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic's overpowering noise. Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe. Midnight takes out Hanta quickly, leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk.
Note: The episode earned a 3.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[28]

37
24
"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin"
"Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin" (爆豪勝己：オリジン)
September 23, 2017

The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might. Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him, especially since Izuku believes they have no choice but to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head-on. Even with All Might's diminishing strength and handicap weights, both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[29]

38
25
"Encounter"
"Enkauntā" (エンカウンター)
September 30, 2017

At the League of Villains hideout, two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains. Tomura resents the fact that Stain's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful. Meanwhile, Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp.

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
No. in series
No. in season
Title[a]
Original air date[12]

39
1
"Game Start"
"Gēmu Sutāto" (ゲーム・スタート)
April 7, 2018

The students of 1-A have a PE class at the pool, while reminiscing about the main events of the previous seasons.
Note: The episode earned a 4.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[30]

40
2
"Wild Wild Pussycats"
"Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu" (ワイルド・ワイルド・プッシーキャッツ)
April 14, 2018

On the day of the forest lodge trip, Class 1-A and 1-B prepare to board buses. An hour later, Class 1-A's bus stops for a restroom break. Suddenly, two women wearing cat-like costumes and a small boy appear. The women introduce themselves as the professional Hero Team, The Pussycats, while the boy is revealed to be Kota, an orphan in their care who despises heroes. Mandalay tells class 1-A that they must reach the training camp at the base of the mountain by midday or they will miss lunch. Despite their best efforts, class 1-A's progress is inhibited by earthen beasts throughout the forest, controlled by Pixie-Bob with her Quirk, and the students miss their deadline by hours. However, team Pussycats is satisfied with their performances, and they are offered dinner instead. Afterwards, Class 1-A go to the hot springs for a bath. Mineta tries to peek at the girls' bath side but is prevented by Kota; Kota accidentally sees the girls and faints, but is saved by Izuku. Izuku brings the unconscious Kota to the cabin and comes to find out why he despises heroes.

41
3
"Kota"
"Kōta-kun" (洸汰くん)
April 21, 2018

Class 1-A and 1-B continues training as the villains prepare to attack. Despite Kota's despise for heroes, Midoriya tries to convince Kota by telling his own tales as his friend's story. The villains attack when the students are participating in a training exercise and catch them unawares.

42
4
"My Hero"
"Boku no Hīrō" (僕のヒーロー)
April 28, 2018

The villains continue their attack, working in teams or alone to target different groups of students and teachers. Muscular, one of the villains chances upon Kota at his secret hideout and tries to kill him but is stopped by Izuku. Izuku is pushed to his limit in the fight but manages to defeat Muscular with a 1,000,000% Detroit Smash and saves Kota. Kota finally overcomes his despise of heroes due to Izuku's selflessness and calls him "My Hero".

43
5
"Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!"
"Buchi komu tekken!!!" (ブチ込む鉄拳!!!)
May 5, 2018

After defeating Muscular, Izuku carries Kota back to the camp and runs into Shota. Izuku passes Kota over to Shota as he has a message to deliver to everyone through Mandalay's telepathy. Shota asks Izuku to deliver a message from him as well. Mandalay delivers both messages: Katsuki is one of the villains' targets and the students have permission to use their quirks to defend themselves. Meanwhile Tetsutetsu and Itsuka find the source of a poisonous gas that is filling part of the forest: a villain named Mustard. The two work together to defeat Mustard and this results in the gas dissipating. Izuku runs into Mezo while searching for Katsuki and learns that Fumikage's quirk, Dark Shadow is out of control.

44
6
"Roaring Upheaval"
"Ganaru Fūunkyū" (がなる風雲急)
May 12, 2018

Mezo asks for Izuku's help in saving Fumikage from his own quirk and to choose between saving Fumikage or Katsuki. Izuku devises a plan to save both which involves leading Dark Shadow to Katsuki and Shoto who are fighting the villain Moonshine. Dark Shadow defeats Moonshadow and is then weakened and brought back to control by Katsuki and Shoto. The students team up and run into Ochaco and Tsuyu fighting a villain called Himiko. Together, they manage to make her retreat. Izuku asks the girls to help them protect Katsuki but Katsuki and Fumikage have already been kidnapped by the villain Mr. Compress. A Nomu chases Yosetsu who is carrying a heavily injured Momo but the Nomu is called back by Dabi as their mission has been accomplished. Momo makes a tracking device which Yosetsu attaches to the Nomu. Izuku and the others continue to chase Mr. Compress but are unable to keep up with his speed. Izuku devises a plan to launch him, Shoto and Mezo into the air using Ochaco and Tsuyu's quirks. They manage to successfully tackle Mr. Compress to the ground.

45
7
"What a Twist!"
"Ten Ten Ten!" (転転転!)
May 19, 2018

This episode begins in Deku’s hospital room as class 1-A continues to debate whether or not they should save Bakugo. Meanwhile Bakugo is being recruited by the League of Villains, pro Heroes have gathered for a rescue mission, and U.A. Teachers are holding a press conference.

46
8
"From Iida to Midoriya"
(飯田からみどり屋まで)
May 26, 2018

text: OVA[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Release date

5
"Save! Rescue Training!"
"Sukue! Kyūjo Kunren!" (救え!救助訓練!)
November 27, 2016 (event)
April 4, 2017 (DVD)

8
"Training of the Dead"
(トレーニング・オブ・ザ・デッド)
June 2, 2017

text: Film[edit]

text: An original film entitled My Hero Academia the Movie: The Two Heroes is set to be released in 2018, developed by the same team of the anime.[31]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll.

tag: ol