document_title: Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks

question_text: who did mike tyson knockout in 90 seconds

text: Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks

text: History[edit]

text: Michael Spinks became a professional boxer shortly after he won the gold medal at middleweight in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Initially, Spinks was more concerned with assisting his brother Leon's rise to the heavyweight championship, but was later convinced to turn pro himself. In 1981 Spinks fought Eddie Mustafa Muhammad for the WBA light heavyweight championship and defeated him by decision to win his first world title. The next year Spinks won the lineal championship from Mustafa Wassaja and then took the WBC title from Dwight Braxton in 1983 to become the undisputed champion. In 1984, Spinks added the newly created IBF title. In September 1985, after having defended his titles a combined total of ten times, Spinks moved up to the heavyweight class to challenge reigning IBF, Ring, and lineal champion Larry Holmes, who had been champion since 1978. Spinks defeated Holmes in a fifteen-round decision to become the first reigning light heavyweight champion to win the heavyweight championship.[6] Spinks defeated Holmes again in a rematch and then successfully defended his title against Steffen Tangstad. Instead of defending his IBF title against top contender Tony Tucker, Spinks elected to take a more lucrative fight with former contender Gerry Cooney, who had fought three times in five years, in June 1987. The IBF responded by stripping Spinks of the title, but he was still in possession of the lineal and Ring titles and was considered by many to still be the rightful champion.[1][5][7][8]

text: Mike Tyson turned professional in 1985 and won his first 19 fights by knockout, quickly garnering media attention and establishing an "aura of invincibility".[9] In November 1986 Tyson knocked out Trevor Berbick to win the WBC heavyweight title; at 20 years old, Tyson was the youngest heavyweight champion in history.[6] In his very next fight Tyson faced James "Bonecrusher" Smith, who had won the WBA title in an upset over Tim Witherspoon earlier in 1986, and defeated him by unanimous decision. Tyson then took a tune-up fight against former world champion Pinklon Thomas and knocked him out in six rounds, then waited for the result of a fight between Tucker and James 'Buster' Douglas for the vacant IBF title that had been stripped from Spinks. Tyson faced Tucker, the winner, in August 1987 and won by unanimous decision, becoming the first fighter to unify all three major titles. Tyson then defended his unified title three times, by knocking out Olympic gold medalist Tyrell Biggs in October 1987 in seven rounds, facing a returning Larry Holmes in January 1988 and knocking him out in four rounds, and finally by knocking out another former world champion Tony Tubbs in two rounds two months later. By 1988 Tyson had become "the most talked about – and marketable – heavyweight champion since Muhammad Ali".[2]

text: Build up[edit]

text: Interest in a showdown between Tyson and Spinks grew to settle the issue of who the real champion was, but negotiations were protracted because Tyson's co-managers Bill Cayton and Jimmy Jacobs and Spinks' manager Butch Lewis struggled to agree on terms.[10] Negotiations temporarily broke down when Lewis insisted on a $15 million guarantee for his fighter.[11] Annoyed at constantly being asked about the fight, Tyson eventually demanded that his managers reach an agreement with Lewis.[12]

text: By April an agreement had been reached, although another problem arose when the IBF threatened to strip Tyson of their title if the fight was not scheduled for 15 rounds. IBF president Bob Lee then relented, not wanting his organisation to be absent from the biggest fight of the year, and agreed to a 12-round limit.[13] Donald Trump bid a record site fee of $11 million to stage the fight at the Atlantic City Convention Hall, adjacent to his own Trump Plaza.[14] Tyson would earn between $18 million and $22 million depending on fight revenues,[4][15] the highest purse received by a boxer until James 'Buster' Douglas made $25 million for fighting Evander Holyfield in 1990.[16] Spinks earned a flat $13.5 million, more than all his other fight purses combined.[17]

text: Billed as "Once and for All",[2] the fight was highly anticipated and earned comparisons with the 1971 Fight of the Century between Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali, who were also undefeated heavyweight champions when they met to decide the undisputed title.[7][8][18] Reports of Tyson's chaotic personal life also increased interest in the bout.[19] In the days leading up to the fight, one or both men featured on the cover of TIME,[20] People,[21] Sports Illustrated[22] and Ring Magazine.[23] Celebrities such as Jack Nicholson, Sylvester Stallone, Sean Penn, Madonna, Warren Beatty, Oprah Winfrey, Billy Crystal, George Steinbrenner, Carl Weathers, Jesse Jackson and Chuck Norris would all be in attendance.[24][25] A ringside ticket would cost a record $1,500.[26] Co-promoter Shelly Finkel predicted that the bout would surpass Marvin Hagler vs. Sugar Ray Leonard and become the highest grossing fight in boxing history.[27]

text: The bout represented a contrast of styles, with Tyson's "speed and devastating power" up against "the unorthodox style of Spinks... who rarely looks impressive but has always found a way to win."[6] Opinions on the fight were mixed, although in general more pundits favoured Tyson. Larry Holmes, the only man to have faced both fighters, predicted a Tyson win by knockout in "two to three rounds".[28][29] Former world champions Jake LaMotta and Billy Conn and trainers Gil Clancy, Angelo Dundee and Richie Giachetti all picked Tyson to win by knockout,[29] as did Gerry Cooney and Dan Duva.[30] Ray Arcel thought Tyson would win on points.[31] IBF middleweight champion Frank Tate gave Tyson the edge, while trainer Lou Duva felt that Tyson would ultimately have too much power for Spinks.[28] James Smith, who had lost a decision to Tyson the previous year, said that for Spinks to win he would "need to take me in the ring with him."[29] Emmanuel Steward's prediction was "Tyson, Tyson, Tyson."[28] Another former heavyweight champion, George Foreman, also predicted a Tyson win.[29]

text: Muhammad Ali thought Spinks would win, as "he hits hard enough, he'll stick and move, he's fast on his feet, and he'll keep his distance."[28] Tony Zale and sportswriter Bert Sugar backed Spinks to out-box Tyson.[29][30][32] Dave Anderson of the New York Times wrote that Spinks would win, "probably in a 12-round decision. But possibly in a late-round knockout."[18] Reigning WBA welterweight champion Marlon Starling, veteran announcer Don Dunphy and Tyson's former trainer Teddy Atlas also favoured Spinks.[29][30] Contender Meldrick Taylor felt Tyson would win if it ended in a knockout, but favoured Spinks if it went the distance.[28] 1940s middleweight champion Rocky Graziano predicted Spinks would "psych out Tyson, then knock the hell out of him."[33] Archie Moore gave Spinks "a wonderful chance" of winning.[28] Floyd Patterson, who like Tyson had been trained by Cus D'Amato, said "I originally picked him [Tyson], and I still do, but now I give Spinks a chance."[34] Spinks entered the ring as a 4–1 underdog.[35]

text: The fight[edit]

text: Minutes before the fighters were due to enter the ring, there was a commotion in Tyson's dressing room when Butch Lewis noticed a bump in Tyson's gloves and demanded his hands be re-wrapped. The commotion continued with Lewis insistent that he would not let the fight start until the bump was smoothed out. The matter was only resolved when Spinks' trainer Eddie Futch was called in, and he accepted that Tyson's gloves were fine.[36] Though he was trying to protect his fighter's interests, Lewis later admitted that he had also seen a chance to "pull a little psyche" on Tyson.[24] Instead, Tyson had just been angered by the delay. When Lewis had left and Tyson once again prepared to leave his dressing room, he told his trainer Kevin Rooney: "you know, I'm gonna hurt this guy."[36]

text: Tyson attacked Spinks from the opening bell, landing a solid left hook in the first ten seconds and forcing Spinks to cover up. Spinks clinched and was driven back to the ropes by another Tyson attack. He moved off the ropes but Tyson trapped him again; a left uppercut and a right hand to the body forced Spinks to take a knee after a minute, which marked the second time Spinks had been knocked down in his professional career since Braxton during the eighth round of their 1983 encounter.[37] Spinks took a count of four before rising. As the two men moved towards each other Tyson turned away from a Spinks right hand and responded with a left-right combination to the head which put Spinks down again. This time he was unable to rise and referee Frank Cappuccino counted him out. The fight was over after 91 seconds,[5] presently the sixth shortest heavyweight title fight in history.[38] Just ten punches were landed, eight by Tyson, two by Spinks.[39] The round was named round of the year for 1988 by Ring Magazine.

text: Afterwards Spinks said: "I came to fight like I said I would. I just tried to do what I knew I had to do, and that was fight. Not that I stood toe to toe with him, but I tried to take the shot and I came up short." Futch opined that Spinks was undone because he abandoned his gameplan of boxing and moving early on and instead tried to win Tyson's respect.[40] Spinks later conceded that "fear was knocking at my door big time."[41] Tyson said "The first punch I threw, he wobbled a bit. I knew right there I had him,"[39] adding "my trainer told me before the fight that he bet both our purses that I would knock him out in the first round. So I went out and knocked him out in the first round. And later I found out he was fooling."[42] Tyson dedicated the win to Jimmy Jacobs, who had died in March.[43]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Tyson vs. Spinks was the richest fight in boxing history up to that point, grossing around $70 million, $10 million more than the previous record holder, the Marvin Hagler vs. Sugar Ray Leonard bout in 1987.[3] 600,000 households bought the fight on pay per view,[44] generating $21 million.[45] A further $12.3 million came from the 21,785 live gate,[3] almost double the previous live gate record of $6.8 million set by Hagler vs. Leonard.[46] The fight also surpassed the 1987 Super Bowl as the highest-grossing single day sporting event in history.[47] It is estimated to have generated $344 million in gambling revenues in Atlantic City, over $100 million more than a typical four-day weekend in June.[48] The Trump Plaza casino achieved a record drop of $11.5 million on the day of the fight.[3]

text: Spinks never boxed again and announced his retirement from the sport a month later.[17] The Tyson fight was the only loss of his professional career. Tyson also spoke of retiring, hinting that "this may be my last fight."[3] The win over Spinks has been described as the pinnacle of Tyson's boxing career.[5] It was also his last fight under longtime trainer Kevin Rooney, who was dismissed by Tyson in December.[49] Tyson made two more successful title defences before losing to James 'Buster' Douglas in a major upset in 1990. He continued fighting until 2005, but was unable to replicate his earlier achievements. Tyson and Spinks have both been inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the World Boxing Hall of Fame.

text: Undercard[edit]

text:
Winner

Result

Opponent

 Carl Williams

UD12

 Trevor Berbick

 James Douglas

TKO7

 Mike Williams

 Maurice Blocker

TKO5

 Orlando Orozco

 Donovan Ruddock

TKO2

 Reggie Gross

 Glenn Thomas

MD8

 John Herbert

 Jerry Jones

TKO3

 Bill Melsop

 Rodolfo Marin

UD4

 Bruce Johnson

 Anthony Witherspoon

TKO5

 Alex Stanley


document_title: List of pasta

question_text: what is the proper name for spiral pasta

root

text: List of pasta

text: Long and Medium Length pasta[edit]

text: Long pasta may be made by extrusion or rolling and cutting.

tag: p

text:
Image
Type
Description
Translation
Synonyms
hideOrigin or main area of consumption

Barbina
Thin strands often coiled into nests
Little beards

Bigoli
Thick, softer spaghetti-like pasta. Whole rather than durum wheat, sometimes made with duck egg.[1]

Fusarioi[1]
Veneto[1]

Bucatini
Thick spaghetti-like pasta with a hole running through the center
Hollow straws[2] Translated from Italian: buco, meaning "hole", and Italian: bucato, meaning "pierced".
Boccoloti, perciatellini, foratini, fidelini bucati, fide bucate, agoni bucati, spilloni bucati[3][4]
Lazio

Busiate (or busiati)
Type of long macaroni. Often coiled around a twig of local weed.[5]
From busa, meaning "reed".[6]
Subioti, fusarioi, maccheroni bobbesi, busa, ciuffolitti (Abruzzo), gnocchi del ferro[6]
Sicily (particularly Trapani)[6]

Capellini
Very thin spaghetti, often coiled into nests. Capelli d'angelo are slightly thinner.
Literally "thin hair" in Italian language
Capelli d'angelo, cabellos de angel, capelvenere, fidelini, fedelini, cappellini, sopracappellini, capellini fini, bassetti, tagliolini a nido, barbine a nido, ramicia,vrimiciddi[4][7]

Fedelini
Very thin spaghetti[8]
Little faithful ones

Maccheroni alla molinara
Very thick, long, fresh hand-pulled pasta.
The miller’s wife’s pasta

Abruzzo

Matriciani
Similar to perciatelli, but folded over rather than hollowed out

Perciatelli
Identical to bucatini
From perciare, "to hollow"
Maccheroncelli, Maccheronicini, Mezzanelli, Long Macaroni[4]

Pici
Very thick, irregular and long, hand-rolled pasta.[9]
From appiciare, "to stick".[9]
Lunghetti (Montalcino); pinci (Montepulciano); umbrici/ciriole (Umbria)[9][10]
Tuscany[9]

Spaghetti
A long, thin, cylindrical pasta of Italian origin, made of semolina or flour and water.[11] Spaghettini and spaghettoni are slightly thinner or thicker, respectively.[12]
"Little strings".[2] Spaghetti is the plural form of the Italian word spaghetto, which is a diminutive of spago, meaning "thin string" or "twine".[11]
Vermicelli, fide/fidi, fidelini, ristoranti, vermicelloni, filatelli, vermicelloni giganti, spaghettini, spaghettoni[4][12]

Vermicelli
A traditional pasta round that is thicker than spaghetti (refers in U.S. to a style thinner than spaghetti)
Worms[2]

Vermicelloni
Thick vermicelli
Large worms

tag: table

text: Flat or ribbon-cut pasta[edit]

text: Ribbon style pasta are often rolled flat and then cut. This can be done by hand or mechanically.

text:
Image
Type
Description
Translation
Synonyms
hideOrigin or main area of consumption

Bavette
Narrower version of tagliatelle
Bibs[2]

Bavettine
Narrower version of bavette

Fazzoletti
Thin rectangles or squares of pasta
Handkerchief[13]
Fazzoletti di seta, mandilli di sea (Ligurian dialect)[13]
Liguria[13]

Fettucce
Wider version of fettuccine
Little slices

Fettuccine
Ribbon of pasta approximately 6.5 millimeters wide. Larger and thicker than tagliatelle[14]
Little slices:[15] from affettare, "to slice".[14]
Lasagnette, fettucce, ramicce, sagne[4][14]
Rome[14]

Fileja
Elongated screw.[16][17]

filateddhi, filatelli, fusilli, maccaruni aru ferru, ricci di donna[18]
Vibo Valentia[19]

Lagane[20]
Wide pasta

Lasagnoni, Bardele[4]

Lasagna
Square or rectangle sheets of pasta that sometimes have fluted edges (lasagne ricce). The square of pasta is lasagna while the dish is lasagne[21]
Possibly from Latin lasanum or Greek lasonon, "Cooking pot",[15][21] or the greco-roman laganum, a flat piece of bread.[21]
bardele, lasagnoni (Veneto); capellasci (Liguria); sagne (Salento); lagana (Apulia);[21] the fluted version can also be doppio festone, sciabo, sciablo[22]

Lasagnette
Narrower version of lasagne
Little lasagne

Lasagnotte
Longer version of lasagne
Bigger lasagne

Linguettine
Narrower version of linguine
Little tongues

Linguine
Flattened spaghetti
Little tongues[2]
Bavettine, bavette fini, radichini, linguettine[4]

Mafalde
Long rectangular ribbons with ruffled sides.
Named in honor of Princess Mafalda of Savoy[20][23]
Reginette, frese, tagliatelle nervate,[4] signorine, trinette, ricciarelle, sfresatine, nastri, nastrini[23]
Naples[23]

Mafaldine
Short ribbons with ruffled sides
Little mafalde

Maltagliati
Irregular shapes of flat pasta formed from scraps of pasta production.[24]
Badly cut[20]
Strengozze,[4] malmaritati, blecs; pizzocherini (Valtellina); straciamus/spruzzamusi (Mantua); martaliai (Liguria); begnamusi/sguazzabarbuz (Emilia-Romagna); strengozze (Marche); sagne 'mpezze (Latium); pizzelle (Apulia); foglie di salice (Piedmont)[25]

Pappardelle
Thick flat ribbons of egg-based dough.
From Tuscan papparsi, "to pig out".[26]
Papparelle,[4] paparele (Veneto); paspardelle (Marche)[26]
Tuscany and northern Italy[26]

Pillus
Very thin ribbons

Pizzoccheri
A type of short tagliatelle, a flat ribbon pasta, made with buckwheat flour: the lack of gluten makes them hard to manipulate.[27]
From pinzochero, "bigot".[27]
Fugascion, pizzocher di Tei[27]
Valtellina (Lombardy)[27]

Sagnarelli
Rectangular ribbons with fluted edges

Rombi
Rhombus-shaped ribbons

Sagnette
Short thick ribbons from Abruzzo and Molise. Also called sagne or tagliolini.

Scialatelli or scialatielli
Short, flat ribbons

Sorrento[28]

Spaghetti alla chitarra
Square spaghetti,[29] made of egg and flour
Named after the guitar-like device used to cut the pasta,[29] which has a wooden frame strung with metal wires, sheets of pasta are pressed down onto the device, and then the wires are "strummed" so the slivers of pasta fall through.

Abruzzo

Stringozzi
Similar to shoelaces
Shoestring-like

Tagliatelle
Ribbons of egg-based pasta.[30] Generally narrower than fettuccine.
From the Italian tagliare, meaning "to cut".[30]
Tagliarelli, reginelle, fresine, nastri, fettuccelle, fettucce romane, fiadi, tagliolini; tagliatelle smalzade (Trentino); lesagnetes (Veneto); bardele (Lombardia); fettuccine (Lazio); pincinelle (Colonna); tagghiarini (Sicily); taddarini (Sardinia)[4][30]
Emilia-Romagna (part. Bologna)[30]

Taglierini
Thinner version of tagliatelle
From the Italian tagliare, meaning "to cut".
Tagliolini; tajarin (Piedmont)[31]
Liguria, Piedmont[31]

Testaroli

Trenette
Thin ribbon ridged on one side. Slightly thicker than linguine.

Tripoline
Thick ribbon ridged on one side

Signorine[4]

text: Short-cut extruded pasta[edit]

text:
Image
Type
Description
Translation
Synonyms
hideOrigin or main area of consumption

Anelli, anelloni, anellini, anelletti
Short tubular, or annular-shaped, pasta sometimes with ridges on the inside or outside.[32]
Rings, small rings.
Anelloni d'Africa (large rings) [33]

Calamarata
Wide ring shaped pasta
Squid-like

Calamaretti

Little squids

Casarecce
Short lengths extruded into a S shape.[34]
From casereccio meaning homemade.
Casarecci, Cesariccia[4]

Cavatappi
Corkscrew-shaped macaroni.
Corkscrews
Cellentani,[35] amori, spirali, tortiglioni, or fusilli rigati.

Chifferi
Short and wide macaroni. Can be smooth (lisce) or furrowed (rigati).
From the Austrian cookies Kipferl.[36]

Fagioloni
Short narrow tube
Large beans

Fusilli
Long, thick, corkscrew-shaped pasta that may be solid or hollow.
The word fusilli presumably comes from Italian: fuso, meaning "spindle".[37]
Eliche, girandole, rotini, tortiglioni, spirali[4][37]

Fusilli bucati
A hollow version of Fusilli.[38] Note: different shapes can be attached to this name. Can be long, short or twined (lunghi, corti or gemellati).[39]
Holed spindles
Busiata, maccaruna di casa, pirciati, filati cu lu pirtuso, fusilli col buco.[40][39]

Gemelli
A single S-shaped strand of pasta twisted in a loose spiral.
The name derives from the Italian for twins.[15]

Gomiti
Elbow maccheroni, furrowed.
From gomito, "elbow".[41]

Maccheroni
Tubes, either bent or straight[42]
From Greek for food made from barley[43]
Macaroni[4] (outside of Italy), maccheroncini[44]
Naples[44]

Maccheroncelli
Hollow tube-shaped pasta that is slightly smaller than a pencil in thickness[45]
Small maccheroni

Marziani
Short spirals
Martians (refers to the antennae of cartoon martians)[citation needed]

Mezzani pasta
Short curved tube[46][47]
Half-size ones
Perciatelloni, Mezze Zite, Regine, Scaloppi, Napoletani[4]

Mezze penne
Short version of penne
Half-pens

Mezzi bombardoni
Wide short tubes
Half bombards

Paccheri
Large tube pasta often topped with sauce or stuffed with ingredients.[48] May collapse under own weight when cooking.[49]
from Napolitan paccharia, "Slaps" with a depreciative -ero to indicate something common.[49] The name has been ascribed to a slapping sound they may make when eaten.[48]

Naples[49]

Pasta al ceppo
Sheet pasta that is similar in shape to a cinnamon stick[50]
Log-type pasta

Penne
Medium length tubes with ridges, cut diagonally at both ends. They can be either lisce (smooth) or rigate (grooved). Mostaccioli is also sometimes used for Barilla products, pennette have a shorter length and pennoni are wider and thicker.[51]
Pens (after a quill pen) or feathers.[2]
Pennine, mezze pennette lisce, mezze penne, mezzani, pennettine, pennuzze, penne regina,[4] mostaccioli, penne a candela, penne di natale/natalini, penne di ziti/zitoni.[52]
Lazio[52]

Penne ricce
Curled penne variant, usually grooved.
Curly penne.

Rigatoncini
Smaller version of rigatoni
Small lined ones

Rigatoni
Medium-Large tube with square-cut ends, sometimes slightly curved. Always grooved, and straight or bent depending on extrusion method.[53]
From rigare, "to line, furrow, groove".[53]
Bombardoni, cannaroni rigati, cannerozzi rigati, rigatoni romani, trivelli, tuffolini rigati[53]
Lazio[53]

Sagne 'ncannulate
Long tube formed of twisted ribbon
Caned lasagne

Sedani
Slightly larger than maccheroni with a similar slight bend. Can be smooth (lisce) or furrowed (rigati).
From sedano, "celery"
Sedanini, cornetti, diavoletti, diavolini, folletti; or zanne d'elefante if smooth.[54]

Spirali
Spiraled tubes
Spirals

Spiralini (Scharfalini)
Tightly coiled spirali
Little spirals

Tortiglioni
Larger tubes than rigatoni, the grooves are also deeper and spiral around the pasta.[55]
From Latin torquere, "to twist"[55]
Elicoidali[4]
Campania, Lazio[55]

Trenne
Penne shaped as a triangle

Tuffoli
Ridged rigatoni

Ziti
Long, narrow hose-like tubes larger than mezzani (also called mezzi ziti) or bucatini that are traditionally broken before being put to cook.[56] The addition of the word rigati (e.g. ziti rigati) denotes lines or ridges on the pasta's surface. Ziti candelati are longer, zitoni a bit larger.
Bride and bridegroom (ziti is plural) in Sicilian dialect.[56]
Boccolotti, zitoni, zituane, candele, ziti candelati[4][56]
Southern Italy[56]

text: Decorative cuts[edit]

text:
Image
Type
Description
Translation
Synonyms
hideOrigin or main area of consumption

Boccoli
Short, thick twisted shape.

Sardinia

Campanelle or torchio
Flattened bell-shaped pasta with a frilly edge on one end. Torchio are identical, with a smooth edge.[57]
Bellflower,[15][58] gigli are lilies,[15] torchio is a press (usually for olive or grapes, but also pasta).[57]
Gigli,[58] cornetti, corni di bue[4]

Castellane
Shell pasta coiled into a conical shape
Castellane can be translated as "castle dweller", for the shape of the pasta loosely resembles that of a long, flowing robe.

Cavatelli
Short, solid lengths. Exist in three size, usually measured in fingers (one, two or three)[59]
From the verb cavare meaning to hollow
Gnocchetti, manatelli, orecchie di prete, strascinati, truoccoli ; capunti, cingule, minuich, rascatelli, zinnezinne (Basilicata); cantaroggini, cavatieddi, cecatelli/cicatelli, cecatidde, mignuicchi, strascenate, tagghjunghele (Apulia and Campania); pincinelle (Marche); cavatielle, 'ncatenate, cazzarille, ciufele (Molise); cavasuneddi, cavatuneddi, gnucchitti, gnocculi (Sicily)[59]
Southern continental Italy (i.e. Campania, Apulia, Molise, Basilicata, Calabria) and Sicily[59]

Cencioni
Petal shaped, slightly curved with rough convex side
Little rags

Conchiglie
Seashell shaped, usually furrowed (rigate)
Shells[2]
Arselle, abissini, coccioline, conchigliette, tofettine,[60] cinesini, margaritine, cinesi rigati, mezzi cocci, margherite rigate, cappettine[4]

Corzetti
Flat figure-eight stamped from Liguria[61]
The name derives from a XIV Century Genovese coin, the corzetto.[61]
Curzetti (Genoa); crosets (Piedmont); crosetti (Emilia-Romagna); croxetti, torsellini[61]

Creste di galli
Short, curved, and ruffled
Cock's comb[2]

Farfalle
Bow tie or butterfly shaped
Butterflies[2]
fiochetti, fiocconi, farfalloni, galla genovese,[4] strichetti (Modena), nocchette (Apulia and Abruzzo)[62]

Fiorentine
Grooved cut tubes
Florentine

Fiori
Shaped like a flower
Flowers

Foglie d'ulivo
Shaped like an olive leaf
Olive leaves

Fusilli Avellinesi
Ribbon rolled around a stick
The word fusilli presumably comes from fuso, as traditionally it is "spun" by pressing and rolling a small rod over each thin strips of pasta to wind them around it in a corkscrew shape, much like a modern Turkish spindle. Long rifles.

Garganelli
Egg pasta in a square shape rolled into a tube
From garganel, "oesophagus"[63][15]
Maccheroni al petine (Marche), fischioni[63]
Emilia-Romagna[63]

Gnocchi
Lobed shells. Not to be confused with gnocchi dumplings.
Possibly "knots"[15]

Gramigne / Spaccatelle
Short curled lengths of pasta. Spaccatelle are larger.[64]
From gramigna, "weed"[2] or spaccatura, "slot"[64]
Crestine, margherite lisce, fagioletti, zitellini, tubettini lunghi,[4] gramignoni, spaccatelle[65]
Sicily[64]

Lanterne
Curved ridges
Lanterns

Lumache
Snailshell-shaped pieces. Larger than gomiti.
Snails[2]
Lumachelle, lumachette, cirillini,[4] chifferini, ciocchiolette, cirillini, gomitini, gozziti, lumachelle, lumachoni, pipe, pipette, tofarelle[66]

Maccheroni al pèttine
Egg pasta in a square shape rolled into a tube and pressed on a weaving reed (in Italian: pèttine), bigger than garganelli
Maccheroni on weaving reed

Mandala
Designed by Philippe Starck in 1987 for French pasta maker Panzani, intended to compensate for overcooking.[67]
A reference to mandalas.

Marille
Designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro in 1983 - like a rolling ocean wave in cross-section with internal rugosities, but unsuccessful and no longer produced.[67]
From mare, meaning "sea"

Malloreddus
Hand-rolled, shell-shaped pasta
In Campidanese dialect a malloreddu is a male cow (plur. malloreddus)[68]
Gnocchetti sardi,[4] caidos, macarones cravaos, maccaronis de orgiu[68]
Sardinia[68]

Orecchiette
Irregular disc with a central dome and a slightly thicker crown. Strascinate are identical but flat.[69]
Little ears[2]
strascinate; recchini (Rome); recchietele (Campania, Molise and Basilicata); orecchie di prete (Abruzzo and Basilicata); cicatelli (Apulia); recchie di prevete (Foggia); cagghiubbi/fenescecchie (Bari); chancierelle/pochiacche (small/big versions; Tarento); stacchiodde (Lecce)[69]
Apulia[69]

Pipe rigate
Very similar to Lumaconi but has lines running the length of it
Smoking pipes

Quadrefiore
Square with rippled edges
From quadro ("square") and fiore ("flower")

Radiatori
Shaped like radiators, they were created between the First and Second World Wars.[70] They are often used in similar dishes as rotelle or fusilli because their shape works well with thicker sauces.[71]
Radiator[15]
Marziani[4]

Ricciolini
Short wide pasta with a 90-degree twist
Little curls

Ricciutelle
Short spiralled pasta
Little curls

Rotelle
Wagon wheel-shaped pasta
Little wheels.
Biciclette, ruotine, ruote, rotelline, ruotelline, rotine, rotini[4][72]

Sorprese
Small bell shaped pasta with a ruffled edge and a crease on one side
Surprise

Sorprese Lisce
Bell shaped pasta with a ruffled edge and a crease on one side (A larger version of Sorprese with smoother ruffles)
Smooth surprise

Strozzapreti
Rolled across their width. Similar to Sicilian casarecce.
Priest-chokers or priest-stranglers[73]
Strangolarpreti, gnocchi di prete (Friuli); frigulelli, piccicasanti, strozzafrati (Marche), cecamariti (Lazio); maccheroni alla molinara (Abruzzo); strangulaprievete (Naples); strangulaprieviti (Calabria); affogaparini (Sicily)[73]
Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna[73]

Su Filindeu
The world's rarest pasta, made of 256 equal strands of thinly pulled and folded dough and laid in the sun to dry.[74]
The threads (or wool) of God

Nuoro[75][better source needed]

Trofie
Thin twisted pasta made of durum wheat and water.[76] Trofie bastarde are made with chestnut flour.[77]
possibly from Greek trophe, "food"[15] or local Genovese dialect strofissià or strufuggiâ, "to rub".[77]
Rechelline, trofiette.[77]
Liguria[77]

Vesuvio
Corkscrew-shaped pasta.
From Mount Vesuvius

Campania

text: Miniature pasta[edit]

text: These are small types of pasta, mainly used in soups, many of which belong to the pastina ("small pasta") family.[78][20]

text:
Image
Type
Description
Translation
Synonyms
hideOrigin or main area of consumption

Acini di pepe
Bead-like pasta
Grains of pepper

Alfabeto
Pasta shaped as letters of the alphabet (may include other shapes, such as cartoon characters)
Alphabet
'Alphabetti Spaghetti' (trademark)

Anelli
Small rings of pasta (not to be confused with Calamaretti)
Rings, small rings
Aneletti, aniduzzi, cerchionetti, taraduzzi[33]
Sicily[33]

Anellini
Smaller version of anelli
Little rings[15]

Conchigliette
Small shell-shaped pasta
Little shells

Corallini
Small short tubes of pasta
Little corals

Ditali
Short tubes whose diameter is roughly the same as their length. Can be lisci or rigati[79]
Thimbles[15]
Ditalini, tubetti, tubettini, gnocchetti di ziti, ditaletti, coralli; denti di vecchia, denti di cavallo, ganghi di vecchia, magghietti (Apulia and Sicily)[79]

Egg barley

Farfalline
Small bow tie-shaped pasta
Little butterflies ("bow tie" in Italian is cravatta a farfalla, "butterfly tie")

Fideos[80]
Pasta prepared with eggs, flour and water.[80]

Filini
Smaller version of fideos, about 12–15 mm long before cooking
Little threads.

Fregula
Bead-like pasta from Sardinia. Slightly toasted due to drying process.[81]
Little fragments[82]
Fregola, freula, fregua

Funghini
Small mushroom-shaped pasta
Little mushrooms

Grattini
Small granular, irregular shaped pasta (smaller version then Grattoni)
Little Grains

Grattoni
Large granular, irregular shaped pasta
Grains

Midolline
Flat teardrop shaped pasta (similar to Orzo but wider)

Occhi di pernice
Very small rings of pasta
Partridge's eyes

Orzo
Rice shaped pasta. Risoni are slightly bigger.[83]
Barley,[15] rice[83]
Puntine, punte d'ago, armelline, semi d'orzo, semi d'avena, semi di riso, occhi di giudeo, armellette, puntalette, semi di cicoria, cicorietta, risetto, chicchi di riso, semini, avena, avena grande, cicorie, semi di melone, semi di mela, midolline, semoni, risone, risoni[4] riso[83]

Pastina
Although pastina is the name for an entire family of miniature pasta shapes, it is also used to describe the most basic one in this family - small spheres, smaller than acini di pepe
Little pasta

Piombi
Spheres slightly larger than acini di pepe

Pearl pasta

Puntine
Smaller version of Risi

Quadrettini
Small flat squares of pasta
Little squares[15]
Quadrucci, quadratini, quadretti, lucciole,[4] quadrellini, quadrotti; quaternei (Emilia-Romagna); squadrucchetti (Umbria); ciciarchiola/cicerchiole (depending on size; Lazio).[84]

Stelle
Small star-shaped pasta.
Stars, small or big (resp. stelline or stellette)[85]
anellini, avermarie, astri, fiori di sambuco, lentine, puntine, semini, stellettine, stellette[4][85]

Stortini
Smaller version of elbow macaroni
Little crooked ones

Tripolini
In larger varieties these are sometimes called farfalle tonde.[86] Small bow tie-shaped pasta with rounded edges.
canestrini are small willow baskets.
Signorine,[4] canestri, canestrini, farfallini, galani, nastrini, nodini, stricchetti[86]

text: Pasta with filling[edit]

text: The name raviolo (plur. ravioli) can be used as a generic description for almost any type of pasta with filling.[87]

text:
Image
Type
Description
Translation
Synonyms
hideOrigin or main area of consumption

Agnolotti
Semicircular or square pockets; can be stuffed with ricotta, a mix of cheese and meats (agnolotti di grasso), or pureed vegetables (agnolotti di magro).[88]
Diminutive of old word for "angel"; Agnolotti was Giotto di Bondone's nickname.[15]
agnelotti, agnulot, angelotti, langaroli, langheroli, piat d'angelot[89]
Piedmont[88]

Caccavelle
Large bowl-like pasta intended for stuffing
From Latin cacabus, "pot"[90]
Pentole (Naples)[90]
Naples[90]

Cannelloni
Rolls of pasta with various fillings, usually cooked in an oven[91]
Derived from cana, meaning "reed".
Cannaciotti, canneroncini, cannarone/cannerone (Naples), cannarune (Apulia), canneroni, cannoli/ crusetti (Sicily), manfriguli/manfrigoli (Valtellina),[92] manicotti (in the US),[93] gnocchettoni zitoni, tagliati di zitoni, cannelloni zitoni, spole, sigarette, schiaffoni[4]

Cappelletti
Squares of dough filled with minced meat and closed to form a triangle.
Little caps or hats[94][95]
cappelli, cappelli del prete, or nicci in Tuscany.[94]

Caramelle
A stuffed pasta resembling double twist candies.
Candy

Parma and Piacenza[96]

Casoncelli or casonsèi
A stuffed pasta with various fillings.
Possibly from casa "house"

Lombardy

Casunziei
A stuffed pasta with various fillings
From casa house

Veneto

Conchiglioni
Large, stuffable seashell shaped
Large shells

Culurgiones
A stuffed pasta typical with a filling of potato and mint

Sardinia (particularly the South-Eastern Ogliastra region)

Fagottini
A 'purse' or bundle of pasta, made from a round of dough gathered into a ball-shaped bundle, often stuffed with ricotta and fresh pear
Little cloth bundles

Lumaconi
Large snailshell-shaped pieces
Large snails
Lumachoni

Mezzelune
Semicircular pockets about 2.5 in. diameter
Half-moons

Occhi di lupo
Large, stuffed, penne-shaped pasta
Ribbed wolf eyes[2]

Pansotti
Triangular shape with a bulging center, does not contain meat.[97]
"Big bellies"[97]
Ravioli di magro.[97]
Liguria[97]

Ravioli
Two squares of pasta on top of another, stuffed with cheese, ground meat, pureed vegetables, or mixtures thereof.
Many claimed origins: possibly from rapa, "vegetable root", or rabibole, "cheap stuff" in Ligurian dialect; or simply from avvolgere, "to wrap".[87]

Sacchettini
Round, similar to fagottini, but also may use ravioli stuffing. A small square of pasta brought around the stuffing and twisted.
Little sacks

Sacchettoni
Large sacchetini
Large little sacks
Sacchetti[4]

Tortelli
Square sheet of pasta folded into a triangle or discus folded into half-circle, with both extremities subsequently joined to form a ring shape. About 30x35 mm in size. Sweet variations can be found (tortelli cremaschi).[98]
Little pies[98]
Cappellacci, turtello (Emilia-Romagna), tordelli (Tuscany), casonsei (Bergame and Brescia)[98]

Tortellini
Ring-shaped, usually stuffed with a mixture of meat and cheese. About 25x20mm in size.[99]
Small tortelli[99]
Agnoli, presuner or prigioneri (Capri)[99]

Tortelloni
Round or rectangular, similar to tortelli but larger (38x45mm). Stuffing usually does not include meat.[100]

Tufoli
A pasta shell large enough for stuffing (as with meat or cheese). From a southern Italian dialect, plural of tufolo (tube), modification of Latin tubulus (tubule)
Large tube
Maniche, Gigantoni, Occhi di elefante, Elefante, Canneroni grandi, Occhi di bove[4]

text: Non wheat based[edit]

text:
Image
Type
Description
Translation
Synonyms
hideOrigin or main area of consumption

Canederli
Small balls of dough. Usually made of bread crumbs, but sweet variants would have a potato base.[101]
From the German Knödel[101]
Gnocchi di pane, canedeli, knödel[101]
Trentino-Alto Adige[101]

Passatelli
Made from bread crumbs, eggs, grated Parmesan cheese, lemon, and nutmeg, and cooked in chicken broth.[102]

Pesaro e Urbino (northern Marche) and other regions of northern Italy such as Emilia Romagna[102]


document_title: List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks

question_text: who played quarterback for the patriots last night

text: History[edit]

text: Butch Songin became the first starting quarterback for the Patriots in 1960, when the franchise was first established.[3] He started the first 12 games of the season, and Tom Greene replaced him as starting quarterback for the final two games.[3] Babe Parilli was the next starting quarterback for the Patriots, from 1961 to 1967.[4]

text: In 1971, when the team moved to Foxborough and renamed from the "Boston Patriots" to the "New England Patriots", Jim Plunkett took over as quarterback.[5] Plunkett started every regular season game for four straight seasons,[6] until he was replaced by Steve Grogan as the starting quarterback in the 1975 season.[7] Grogan was the only starting quarterback for six straight seasons, until Matt Cavanaugh started for four of the sixteen games in 1980.[8] Grogan continued to start for the Patriots for parts of seasons until his retirement in 1990.[9] Grogan finished his career with 135 games as starting quarterback, the second-most of any Patriots starting quarterback ever.[9]

text: From 1987 until 1993, the Patriots had no regular starting quarterback, with as many as five in one season, until Drew Bledsoe was drafted as the number one overall pick in the 1993 NFL Draft.[10][11] Bledsoe led the team to four playoff appearances (1994, 1996, 1997, and 1998), two AFC East championships (1996 and 1997), and an AFC Championship (1997).[12][13][14][15] Bledsoe was the team's primary starting quarterback for eight straight seasons until a hit by New York Jets linebacker Mo Lewis sheared a blood vessel in his chest, which put Bledsoe out for the rest of the 2001 season. Before the start of the 2002 season, Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills and did not get to see the opening of the new Gillette Stadium in September 2002.[11]

text: Tom Brady has led the team for more regular season games (251), postseason games (37), Super Bowl appearances (8), and complete seasons (14) than any other quarterback in franchise history.[16] Brady's only incomplete seasons were 2001,[17] when he replaced Bledsoe as the starting quarterback, 2008, when he suffered a season-ending knee injury in the first game of the regular season,[18] and 2016 when he was suspended by the NFL for the first four games of the season as a result of the Deflategate incident.[19] In 2008, Matt Cassel started the remaining 15 games, and despite missing the playoffs, the team finished with an 11–5 record and second place in the AFC East.[20] In 2016, Jimmy Garoppolo served as the starting quarterback for the first two games of the season in Brady's absence before Garoppolo was injured and replaced by Jacoby Brissett. Brady also has led the team to all five of the franchise's Super Bowl victories, doing so in 2001, 2003, 2004,  2014 and 2016.[16][21] He is one of only four Patriots quarterbacks to have started at Gillette Stadium, the others having been Cassel, Garoppolo, and Brissett.[16] Steve Grogan has started the second-most games in franchise history (135), 116 games fewer than Brady.[9]

text: Starting quarterbacks[edit]

text:
Year
Column links to corresponding team season

(#)
Number of games started in the regular season.

†
Inducted to the New England Patriots Hall of Fame[2]

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Season(s)
Quarterback(s)
Ref

Boston Patriots

1960 (AFL)
Butch Songin (12) / Tom Greene (2)
[3]

1961 (AFL)
Babe Parilli† (8) / Butch Songin (6)
[22]

1962 (AFL)
Babe Parilli† (10) / Tom Yewcic (4)
[23]

1963 (AFL)
Babe Parilli† (14)
[24]

1964 (AFL)
Babe Parilli† (14)
[25]

1965 (AFL)
Babe Parilli† (13) / Eddie Wilson (1)
[26]

1966 (AFL)
Babe Parilli† (14)
[27]

1967 (AFL)
Babe Parilli† (11) / Don Trull (3)
[28]

1968 (AFL)
Mike Taliaferro (7) / Tom Sherman (7)
[29]

1969 (AFL)
Mike Taliaferro (14)
[30]

1970
Joe Kapp (10) / Mike Taliaferro (4)
[31]

New England Patriots

1971
Jim Plunkett (14)
[5]

1972
Jim Plunkett (14)
[32]

1973
Jim Plunkett (14)
[33]

1974
Jim Plunkett (14)
[34]

1975
Steve Grogan† (7) / Jim Plunkett (5) / Neil Graff (2)
[7]

1976
Steve Grogan† (14)
[35]

1977
Steve Grogan† (14)
[36]

1978[b]
Steve Grogan† (16)
[37]

1979
Steve Grogan† (16)
[38]

1980
Steve Grogan† (12) / Matt Cavanaugh (4)
[8]

1981
Matt Cavanaugh (8) / Steve Grogan† (7)  / Tom Owen (1)
[39]

1982[c]
Steve Grogan† (6) / Matt Cavanaugh (3)
[40]

1983
Steve Grogan† (12) / Tony Eason (4)
[41]

1984
Tony Eason (13) / Steve Grogan† (3)
[42]

1985
Tony Eason (10) / Steve Grogan† (6)
[43]

1986
Tony Eason (14) / Steve Grogan† (2)
[44]

1987[c]
Steve Grogan† (6) / Tom Ramsey (3) / Tony Eason (3) / Bob Bleier (2) / Doug Flutie (1)
[45]

1988
Doug Flutie (9) / Steve Grogan† (4) / Tony Eason (2) / Tom Ramsey (1)
[46]

1989
Steve Grogan† (6) / Marc Wilson (4) / Tony Eason (3)  / Doug Flutie (3)
[47]

1990
Marc Wilson (6) / Tommy Hodson (4)  / Steve Grogan (4)
[48]

1991
Hugh Millen (13) / Tommy Hodson (3)
[49]

1992
Hugh Millen (7) / Scott Zolak (4) / Tommy Hodson (3) / Jeff Carlson (2)
[50]

1993
Drew Bledsoe† (12) / Scott Secules (4)
[10]

1994
Drew Bledsoe† (16)
[12]

1995
Drew Bledsoe† (15)  / Scott Zolak (1)
[51]

1996
Drew Bledsoe† (16)
[13]

1997
Drew Bledsoe† (16)
[14]

1998
Drew Bledsoe† (14)  / Scott Zolak (2)
[15]

1999
Drew Bledsoe† (16)
[52]

2000
Drew Bledsoe† (16)
[53]

2001
Tom Brady (14) / Drew Bledsoe† (2)
[17]

2002
Tom Brady (16)
[54]

2003
Tom Brady (16)
[55]

2004
Tom Brady (16)
[56]

2005
Tom Brady (16)
[57]

2006
Tom Brady (16)
[58]

2007
Tom Brady (16)
[59]

2008
Matt Cassel (15) / Tom Brady (1)
[20]

2009
Tom Brady (16)
[60]

2010
Tom Brady (16)
[61]

2011
Tom Brady (16)
[62]

2012
Tom Brady (16)
[63]

2013
Tom Brady (16)
[64]

2014
Tom Brady (16)
[65]

2015
Tom Brady (16)
[66]

2016
Tom Brady (12) / Jacoby Brissett (2) / Jimmy Garoppolo (2)
[67]

2017
Tom Brady (16)
[68]

2018
Tom Brady (3)
[69]

text: Postseason[edit]

text:
Season
Quarterback(s)
Ref

1963
Babe Parilli (1–1)
[4]

1976
Steve Grogan (0–1)
[9]

1978
Steve Grogan (0–1)
[9]

1982
Steve Grogan (0–1)
[9]

1985
Tony Eason (3–1)
[70]

1986
Tony Eason (0–1)
[70]

1994
Drew Bledsoe (0–1)
[11]

1996
Drew Bledsoe (2–1)
[11]

1997
Drew Bledsoe (1–1)
[11]

1998
Scott Zolak (0–1)
[71]

2001
Tom Brady (3–0)
[16]

2003
Tom Brady (3–0)
[16]

2004
Tom Brady (3–0)
[16]

2005
Tom Brady (1–1)
[16]

2006
Tom Brady (2–1)
[16]

2007
Tom Brady (2–1)
[16]

2009
Tom Brady (0–1)
[16]

2010
Tom Brady (0–1)
[16]

2011
Tom Brady (2–1)
[16]

2012
Tom Brady (1–1)
[16]

2013
Tom Brady (1–1)
[16]

2014
Tom Brady (3–0)
[16]

2015
Tom Brady (1–1)
[16]

2016
Tom Brady (3–0)
[16]

2017
Tom Brady (2–1)
[16]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Having been the starting quarterback for the past 16 seasons, Tom Brady holds the record for the most starts in a Patriots jersey, as well as for the most overall wins.[72] He is also the franchise leader in attempts, completions, total yards gained, and passing touchdowns, although Jimmy Garoppolo has the best pass completion percentage.[72] Brady also holds the record for the longest completed pass by a Patriots starting quarterback, throwing a 99-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Wes Welker in an away game against the Miami Dolphins during the 2011 season.[72][73]

text: Brady is also the leader in rushing attempts, but Steve Grogan has the most rushing yards and rushing touchdowns.[74] Tom Yewcic holds the record for the longest rush with a 46-yard run in the Patriots' 14–10 road loss to the Denver Broncos during the 1963 season.[74][75]

text:
Years

Years that the quarterback was on the Patriots' roster

Yds

Yards gained by passing

GP

Games played (regular season)

TD

Passing touchdowns

GS

Games started (regular season)

Int

Interceptions thrown

W

Number of wins as starting quarterback

LngPass

Longest completed pass thrown (yards)

L

Number of losses as starting quarterback

Rate

Quarterback rating

T

Number of ties as starting quarterback

Att

Rushes attempted

Cmp

Passes completed

Yds

Yards gained by rushing

Att

Passes attempted

TD

Rushing touchdowns

Cmp%

Percentage of passes completed

LngRush

Longest rushing attempt

text:
Name
Years
Passing statistics
Rushing statistics
Ref

GP

GS

W

L

T

Cmp

Att

Cmp%

Yds

TD

Int

LngPass

Rate

Att

Yds

TD

LngRush

Tom Brady

2001–

253

251

196

55

0

5,629

8,805

63.9%

66,159

488

160

99

97.6

557

968

17

22

[16]

Steve Grogan

1975–1990

149

135

75

60

0

1,879

3,593

52.3%

26,886

182

208

76

69.6

445

2,176

35

41

[9]

Drew Bledsoe

1993–2001

124

123

63

60

0

2,544

4,518

56.3%

29,657

166

138

86

75.9

270

553

2

25

[11]

Babe Parilli

1961–1967

94

83

44

32

7

1,140

2,413

47.2%

16,747

132

138

80

64.8

228

949

14

33

[4]

Jim Plunkett

1971–1975

61

61

23

38

0

729

1,503

48.5%

12,665

62

87

88

59.7

159

817

9

37

[6]

Tony Eason

1983–1989

72

49

28

21

0

876

1,500

52.3%

10,732

60

48

76

80.6

126

474

6

26

[70]

Mike Taliaferro

1968–1969

32

25

8

17

0

305

680

44.9%

3,920

27

44

77

49.8

23

46

0

21

[76]

Hugh Millen

1991–1992

20

20

5

15

0

370

612

60.5%

4,276

17

28

60

71.8

48

200

1

26

[77]

Butch Songin

1960–1961

28

18

7

10

1

285

604

47.2%

3,905

36

24

78

71.7

19

79

2

20

[78]

Matt Cassel

2008

30

15

10

5

0

349

555

62.9%

3,946

23

13

76

88.2

85

298

3

19

[79]

Matt Cavanaugh

1980–1982

52

15

5

10

0

206

385

53.5%

3,018

19

23

75

70.9

39

190

3

22

[80]

Doug Flutie

1987–1989

22

13

8

5

0

148

305

48.5%

1,871

11

14

80

61.0

65

308

1

22

[81]

Tommy Hodson

1990–1991

32

12

1

11

0

171

315

54.3%

1,809

7

11

56

64.1

21

90

0

23

[82]

Joe Kapp

1970

11

10

1

9

0

98

219

44.7%

1,104

3

17

48

32.6

20

71

0

14

[83]

Marc Wilson

1989–1990

30

10

1

9

0

214

415

51.6%

2,631

9

16

65

62.6

12

49

0

11

[84]

Scott Zolak

199219951998

54

7

3

4

0

124

244

50.8%

1,314

8

7

72

65.8

36

83

0

19

[71]

Tom Sherman

1968

18

7

1

6

0

90

226

39.8%

1,199

12

16

87

45.6

25

80

0

17

[85]

Tom Yewcic

1962

14

5

3

2

0

87

206

42.2%

1,374

12

12

78

60.2

72

424

4

46

[86]

Scott Secules

1993

12

4

0

4

0

75

134

56.0%

918

2

9

82

76.5

8

33

0

13

[87]

Tom Ramsey

1987–1988

21

4

2

2

0

84

164

51.2%

1,005

6

9

40

59.6

17

77

1

19

[88]

Don Trull

1967

7

3

0

3

0

27

81

33.3%

442

1

7

52

20.7

19

35

3

10

[89]

Bob Bleier

1987

3

2

1

1

0

14

39

35.9%

181

1

1

35

49.2

5

−5

1

1

[90]

Jacoby Brissett

2016

3

2

1

1

0

34

55

61.8%

400

0

0

58

83.9

16

83

1

27

[91]

Jimmy Garoppolo

2016

17

2

2

0

0

63

94

67.0%

690

5

0

37

106.2

25

10

0

10

[92]

Jeff Carlson

1992

3

2

0

2

0

18

49

36.7%

232

1

3

40

33.7

11

32

0

7

[93]

Neil Graff

1975

25

2

0

2

0

19

36

52.8%

241

2

3

31

57.8

2

2

0

2

[94]

Tom Greene

1960

10

2

1

1

0

27

63

43.9%

251

1

6

31

20.1

7

44

0

21

[95]

Eddie Wilson

1965

14

1

0

0

1

20

46

43.5%

257

1

3

30

41.7

8

4

0

17

[96]

Tom Owen

1981

12

1

0

1

0

58

114

50.9%

655

3

9

32

44.3

2

−1

0

0

[97]


document_title: Oath of office of the President of the United States

question_text: when did presidents start swearing on the bible

text: Text

text: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."[2]

text: Administration of the oath

text: While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it is typically administered by the Chief Justice. There have been several exceptions, however. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.[3][4] William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.[5] Upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.[6][7] Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963.  This was the first (and to date only) time a woman administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices (one of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one Associate Justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.

text: Option of taking an oath or an affirmation

text: The Constitutional language gives the option to "affirm" instead of "swear". While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).[8] Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used "affirm" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear."[9] Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, also swore, rather than affirmed.[10][11]

text: Forms of administering the oath

text: There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.

text: Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear ..." and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.[citation needed]

text: It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God."[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ...",[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".[14]

text: Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim.[citation needed]  Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself.[15]  By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the Chief Justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president-elect repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.[16]

text: Use of Bibles

text: By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.[17][18] Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry Truman, followed suit.[19] Dwight Eisenhower broke that tradition in 1953 when he said a prayer instead of kissing the Bible.[20]

text: Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901.[21] Both John Quincy Adams and Franklin Pierce[22] swore on a book of law, with the intention that they were swearing on the constitution.[23] Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One.[24] Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles.[21]

text: "So help me God"

text: It is uncertain how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law; unlike many other federal oaths which do include the phrase "So help me God."[25] There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath. No contemporary sources mention Washington as adding a religious codicil to his acceptance.[26]

text: The historical debate over who first used "So help me God," is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George Washington solemnly swear...", requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God," and he kissed the Bible.[27] However, the Daily Union's account seems embellished in a number of ways, and other newspaper accounts, published closer in time to the ceremony, do not mention Lincoln's uttering the phrase.[28]  In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God".[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear..."[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".

text: A Federal lawsuit filed in the District of Columbia by Michael Newdow on December 30, 2008, contended the second, current form of administration, where both the chief justice and the president articulate the oath, appending "So help me God", to be a breach of the Constitutional instructions. The suit distinguishes between the words spoken by the administrator, which must conform to the exact 35 words of the Constitution, and the president, who has a right to add a personal prayer, such as "So help me God."[29]

text: Chief Justice Roberts' reply was that his "prompting" for these four extra-constitutional words were to be recited "after" the oath of office, and not as a part of the oath as claimed in the suit.  After rendering the oath to President Barack Obama, Roberts prompted with a question "So help you God?", to which the president responded, "So help me God."[30]

text: The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions[31] as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.[32][33] Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath."[34] In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God", and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase.

text: The earliest known source indicating Washington added "So help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 65 years after the event.[35] The only contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states only the constitutional oath,[36] without reference to Washington's adding "So Help Me God" to his acceptance.

text: Evidence is lacking to support the claim that presidents between Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase "So help me God." A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath.[37] This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln's death (April 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So help me God" during his oath.[38] The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event.[39][40] During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Heaven",[41] something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, there was a claim made by A.M. Milligan (a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument.[42][43]

text: All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted.[44] Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the codicil, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered the phrase[45] (as well as some vice presidents, while taking their oaths). However, as President Theodore Roosevelt chose to conclude his oath with the phrase "And thus I swear," it seems that this current of tradition was not overwhelmingly strong even as recently as the turn of the twentieth century.

text: Oath mishaps

text:
In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when swearing in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip," and added, "but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."[13]
In 1929, Taft, later the Chief Justice, garbled the oath when he swore in President Herbert Hoover using the words "preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution", instead of "preserve, protect, and defend". The error was picked up by schoolgirl Helen Terwilliger on the radio. Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.[13][46][47]
In 1945, President Harry S. Truman's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman's middle initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath by saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman...", Truman responded: "I, Harry S Truman,..."[48]
In both his 1953 and 1957 inaugurations, Dwight D. Eisenhower read the line "the office of President of the United States" as "the office of the President of the United States," even as Chief Justices Fred Vinson (in 1953) and Earl Warren (in 1957) said the line correctly.
In 1965, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon Johnson to say, "the Office of the Presidency of the United States".[49]
In 1973, President Richard Nixon added the word "and" between "preserve" and "protect", resulting in "preserve and protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."  Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration.
In 2009, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Office of President to the United States faithfully." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully", which results in "execute faithfully," which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "United States."[50][51] The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House.[52][53]

tag: ul

text: List of swearing-in events

text: Since the office of President of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 58 public swearing-in ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump, the presidential oath has been taken 75 different times by 44  persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inauguration ceremony. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.[54]

text:
Date
Type
Event[a]
Location
Oath administered by

April 30, 1789(Thursday)
Public
First inauguration of George Washington
Balcony,Federal HallNew York, New York
Robert Livingston,Chancellor of New York

March 4, 1793(Monday)
Public
Second inauguration of George Washington
Senate Chamber,Congress HallPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
William Cushing,Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court

March 4, 1797(Saturday)
Public
Inauguration of John Adams
House Chamber,Congress Hall
Oliver Ellsworth,Chief Justice of the United States

March 4, 1801(Wednesday)
Public
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,U.S. CapitolWashington, D.C.
John Marshall,Chief Justice of the United States

March 4, 1805(Monday)
Public
Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,U.S. Capitol
John Marshall,Chief Justice

March 4, 1809(Saturday)
Public
First inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,U.S. Capitol
John Marshall,Chief Justice

March 4, 1813(Thursday)
Public
Second inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,U.S. Capitol
John Marshall,Chief Justice

March 4, 1817(Tuesday)
Public
First inauguration of James Monroe
Front steps,Old Brick Capitol
John Marshall,Chief Justice

March 5, 1821[b](Monday)
Public
Second inauguration of James Monroe
House Chamber,U.S. Capitol
John Marshall,Chief Justice

March 4, 1825(Friday)
Public
Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
House Chamber,U.S. Capitol
John Marshall,Chief Justice

March 4, 1829(Wednesday)
Public
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
John Marshall,Chief Justice

March 4, 1833(Monday)
Public
Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
House Chamber,U.S. Capitol
John Marshall,Chief Justice

March 4, 1837(Saturday)
Public
Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Roger B. Taney,Chief Justice of the United States

March 4, 1841(Thursday)
Public
Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Roger B. Taney,Chief Justice

April 6, 1841[c](Tuesday)
Private
Inauguration of John Tyler
Brown’s Indian Queen Hotel,Washington, D.C.
William CranchChief Judge, U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

March 4, 1845(Tuesday)
Public
Inauguration of James K. Polk
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Roger B. Taney,Chief Justice

March 5, 1849[b](Monday)
Public
Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Roger B. Taney,Chief Justice

July 10, 1850[d](Wednesday)
Public
Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
House Chamber,U.S. Capitol
William CranchCircuit Court Judge

March 4, 1853(Friday)
Public
Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Roger B. Taney,Chief Justice

March 4, 1857(Wednesday)
Public
Inauguration of James Buchanan
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Roger B. Taney,Chief Justice

March 4, 1861(Monday)
Public
First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Roger B. Taney,Chief Justice

March 4, 1865(Saturday)
Public
Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Salmon P. Chase,Chief Justice of the United States

April 15, 1865(Saturday)
Private
Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
Kirkwood House Hotel,Washington, D.C.
Salmon P. Chase,Chief Justice

March 4, 1869(Thursday)
Public
First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Salmon P. Chase,Chief Justice

March 4, 1873(Tuesday)
Public
Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Salmon P. ChaseChief Justice

March 3, 1877[55][b](Saturday)
Private
Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Red Room,White House
Morrison Waite,Chief Justice of the United States

March 5, 1877[b](Monday)
Public
East Portico,U.S. Capitol

March 4, 1881(Friday)
Public
Inauguration of James A. Garfield
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Morrison Waite,Chief Justice

September 20, 1881[56][e](Tuesday)
Private
Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur Home,New York, New York
John R. Brady,Justice of the New York Supreme Court

September 22, 1881[e](Thursday)
Public
The Vice President's Room,U.S. Capitol
Morrison WaiteChief Justice

March 4, 1885(Wednesday)
Public
First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Morrison Waite,Chief Justice

March 4, 1889(Monday)
Public
Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Melville Fuller,Chief Justice of the United States

March 4, 1893(Saturday)
Public
Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Melville Fuller,Chief Justice

March 4, 1897(Thursday)
Public
First inauguration of William McKinley
Front of original Senate WingU.S. Capitol
Melville Fuller,Chief Justice

March 4, 1901(Monday)
Public
Second inauguration of William McKinley
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Melville Fuller,Chief Justice

September 14, 1901(Saturday)
Private
First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
Ansley Wilcox Home,Buffalo, New York
John R. Hazel,Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York

March 4, 1905(Saturday)
Public
Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Melville Fuller,Chief Justice

March 4, 1909(Thursday)
Public
Inauguration of William Howard Taft
Senate Chamber,U.S. Capitol
Melville Fuller,Chief Justice

March 4, 1913(Tuesday)
Public
First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Edward D. White,Chief Justice of the United States

March 4, 1917[57](Sunday)
Private
Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
The President's Room,U.S. Capitol
Edward D. WhiteChief Justice

March 5, 1917[b](Monday)
Public
East Portico,U.S. Capitol

March 4, 1921(Friday)
Public
Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Edward D. WhiteChief Justice

August 3, 1923[58][f](Friday)
Private
First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge Homestead,Plymouth Notch, Vermont
John Calvin CoolidgeNotary public

August 21, 1923[58][f](Tuesday)
Private
Willard HotelWashington, D.C.
Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr.Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia

March 4, 1925(Wednesday)
Public
Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
William Howard TaftChief Justice of the United States

March 4, 1929(Monday)
Public
Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
William H. TaftChief Justice

March 4, 1933(Saturday)
Public
First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Charles E. HughesChief Justice of the United States

January 20, 1937(Wednesday)
Public
Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Charles E. HughesChief Justice

January 20, 1941(Monday)
Public
Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Charles E. HughesChief Justice

January 20, 1945(Saturday)
Public
Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
South Portico,White House
Harlan F. StoneChief Justice of the United States

April 12, 1945(Thursday)
Private
First inauguration of Harry S. Truman
Cabinet Room,White House
Harlan F. StoneChief Justice

January 20, 1949(Thursday)
Public
Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Fred M. VinsonChief Justice of the United States

January 20, 1953(Tuesday)
Public
First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Fred M. VinsonChief Justice

January 20, 1957(Sunday)
Private
Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Room,White House
Earl WarrenChief Justice of the United States

January 21, 1957[g](Monday)
Public
East Portico,U.S. Capitol

January 20, 1961(Friday)
Public
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Earl WarrenChief Justice

November 22, 1963(Friday)
Private
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
Air Force One,Dallas Love Field,Dallas, Texas
Sarah T. HughesJudge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas

January 20, 1965(Wednesday)
Public
Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Earl WarrenChief Justice

January 20, 1969(Monday)
Public
First inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Earl WarrenChief Justice

January 20, 1973(Saturday)
Public
Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Warren BurgerChief Justice of the United States

August 9, 1974(Friday)
Public
Inauguration of Gerald Ford
East Room,White House
Warren BurgerChief Justice

January 20, 1977(Thursday)
Public
Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
East Portico,U.S. Capitol
Warren BurgerChief Justice

January 20, 1981(Tuesday)
Public
First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
West Front,U.S. Capitol
Warren BurgerChief Justice

January 20, 1985(Sunday)
Private
Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan
Entrance Hall,White House
Warren BurgerChief Justice

January 21, 1985[g](Monday)
Public
Rotunda,U.S. Capitol

January 20, 1989(Friday)
Public
Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
West Front,U.S. Capitol
William RehnquistChief Justice of the United States

January 20, 1993(Wednesday)
Public
First inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,U.S. Capitol
William RehnquistChief Justice

January 20, 1997(Monday)
Public
Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,U.S. Capitol
William RehnquistChief Justice

January 20, 2001(Saturday)
Public
First inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,U.S. Capitol
William RehnquistChief Justice

January 20, 2005(Thursday)
Public
Second inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,U.S. Capitol
William RehnquistChief Justice

January 20, 2009(Tuesday)
Public
First inauguration of Barack Obama
West Front,U.S. Capitol
John RobertsChief Justice of the United States

January 21, 2009[59][h](Wednesday)
Private
Map Room,White House

January 20, 2013[60](Sunday)
Private
Second inauguration of Barack Obama
Blue Room,White House
John RobertsChief Justice

January 21, 2013[g](Monday)
Public
West Front,U.S. Capitol

January 20, 2017(Friday)
Public
Inauguration of Donald Trump
West Front,U.S. Capitol
John RobertsChief Justice

ZZZDate
ZZZType
ZZZEvent
ZZZLocation
ZZZOath administered by

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president's last name.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Term began Sunday, March 4.

Jump up ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.

Jump up ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.

^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.

^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Harding died on August 2.

^ Jump up to: a b c Term began Sunday, January 20.

Jump up ^ Oath repeated after "mishap" at the public ceremony.

tag: ol


document_title: Incredibles 2

question_text: who did adam rodriguez play in incredibles 2

text: Incredibles 2

text: Plot

text: Three months after defeating Syndrome, the Incredibles pursue the Underminer. Although the villain robs the Metroville Bank and escapes, they manage to stop his out-of-control drill from destroying Metroville's City Hall with help from Lucius Best. However, the amount of collateral damage caused by the incident prompts the government to shut down the Superhero Relocation Program, leaving the Parr family without financial assistance from the head of the program, Rick Dicker. After learning that Violet's date Tony Rydinger knows her superhero identity, Dicker has that part of his memory wiped. That night, Lucius informs Bob and Helen of an offer presented to him by Winston Deavor, a superhero fan and the owner of DevTech, a telecommunications corporation. Winston and his sister Evelyn, the genius inventor behind DevTech technology, propose a publicity stunt to regain the public's trust in Supers.

text: Helen is chosen to spearhead the stunt under her old identity, Elastigirl. Winston provides the Parr family with a new home, and Bob offers to look after the kids while Helen is away. Bob struggles with his new role of a stay-at-home parent: Dash is having trouble with math and Violet becomes withdrawn after learning that Tony had his memory wiped by Dicker. Jack-Jack also displays his various superpowers in an uncontrollable manner, requiring him to be temporarily babysat by Edna Mode, who develops a suit designed to help control his abilities. Meanwhile, whilst on her missions in the city of New Urbem, Elastigirl confronts the Screenslaver, a mysterious supervillain who projects hypnotic images using television screens. She eventually tracks down and captures the villain, who, when unmasked, is revealed to be a pizza delivery man with no recollection of his actions.

text: At a DevTech party celebrating the Screenslaver's defeat, Winston announces a summit with leaders of various countries to legalize Supers once again, to be hosted on a luxury hydrofoil at sea. Unsettled by the ease with which she captured the Screenslaver, Elastigirl investigates further and realizes that the Screenslaver was being controlled by screens within his goggles. Before she can alert anyone, Evelyn forces the goggles onto her, revealing herself to be the mastermind behind the Screenslaver. Evelyn reveals that her hatred for Supers stems from the murder of her father, who was shot by house burglars while trying unsuccessfully to contact his associate, Gazerbeam. Evelyn plans to use the Supers to sabotage her brother's summit and cause a catastrophe that will tarnish the reputation of Supers. Using a hypnotized Elastigirl, she lures Mr. Incredible into a trap, then sends other hypnotized Supers invited to the event to subdue the Parr children. Frozone arrives at the house to protect the children, but is overwhelmed and placed under Evelyn's control as well.

text: Violet, Dash, and Jack-Jack escape with the help of the Incredibile, a high-tech car once owned by Bob during his time as Mr. Incredible, and reach the Deavors' ship. On board, the hypnotized Mr. Incredible, Elastigirl, and Frozone recite a vindictive manifesto on air to paint Supers as a menace. They subdue the ship's crew members and aim the high-speed ship at Municiberg before destroying the controls. When the Parr children find them, Jack-Jack telekinetically removes the goggles from Elastigirl, who in turn frees Mr. Incredible and Frozone. A battle ensues on the ship in which the Incredibles and Frozone release all the other mind-controlled Supers by destroying their goggles. With Mr. Incredible swimming underwater to turn the rudder and Frozone creating layers of ice, they manage to slow the ship enough to prevent it from crashing into the city. Evelyn tries to escape in a jet but is captured by Elastigirl. Following the incident, Evelyn is arrested, and Supers around the world regain full legal status.

text: Sometime later, Tony accompanies Violet and her family to see a movie. Outside the theater, the Parrs spot a high-speed pursuit between police and gunmen. Violet leaves Tony at the theater and promises to be back in time for the movie, before the Parrs don their masks, ready to give chase in a refurbished Incredibile.

text: Voice cast

text:
Craig T. Nelson as Bob Parr / Mr. Incredible, who possesses super strength and limited invulnerability.[5]
Holly Hunter as Helen Parr / Elastigirl, who has the ability to stretch her body into many shapes and forms.[6]
Sarah Vowell as Violet Parr, the family's daughter and first child, who can become invisible and project force fields for limited lengths of time.[5]
Huckleberry Milner as Dashiell "Dash" Parr, the family's troublemaker first son, who has superhuman speed. He was previously voiced by Spencer Fox in the first film.[5]
Eli Fucile as Jack-Jack Parr, the infant son of Bob and Helen who has a large assortment of powers.
Nicholas Bird provides the vocal effects of Jack-Jack's monster form.
Samuel L. Jackson as Lucius Best / Frozone, Bob's best friend, who has the ability to form ice from humidity.[7]
Bob Odenkirk as Winston Deavor, a superhero fan who leads a telecommunications company with his sister Evelyn, and wants to bring back superheroes by revamping the public's perception of them.[8][9][10]
Catherine Keener as Evelyn Deavor, Winston's younger sister, the mastermind behind the Screenslaver, and a technological genius who has never encountered a problem she could not solve.[8][9][10]
Bill Wise as a pizza delivery man converted into a villain by the real "Screenslaver", who hijacks screens to project hypnotic images in order to hypnotize civilians.[11][12]
Brad Bird as Edna Mode, a fashion designer for superheroes and a close friend of the Parrs.[5]
Jonathan Banks as Rick Dicker, a government agent responsible for helping the Parrs stay undercover and unremarkable. When his department is shut down, the Parrs are left to their own devices. He was previously voiced by Bud Luckey in the first film, who died in 2018 and to whom the film is dedicated.[9][10]
Michael Bird as Tony Rydinger, Violet's love interest.[12]
Sophia Bush as Karen / Voyd, a young Elastigirl fan who aspires to be a true superhero, with the power to create wormholes.[9][10]
Phil LaMarr as Krushauer and He-Lectrix, two Supers who, alongside Voyd, aspire to be true superheroes. Krushauer has the power of telekinesis while Helectrix has the power of controlling and projecting electrical currents.[13]
Paul Eiding as Gus Burns / Reflux, an elderly Super who aspires to be a true superhero, with the power of heaving hot lava.[13]
Isabella Rossellini as The Ambassador, a dignified foreign official committed to the support and legalization of superheroes.[9][14]
John Ratzenberger as The Underminer, a mole-like supervillain who seeks to bring war and destruction to the world.[13]
Barry Bostwick as Mayor
Jere Burns as Detective #1
Adam Rodriguez as Detective #2
Kimberly Adair Clark as Honey Best, Frozone's wife.[12]
Usher as Lucius Best's valet[15]

text: Production

text: Development

text: Following The Incredibles, Brad Bird directed his next film for Pixar, Ratatouille, which was released in June 2007. Near its premiere, Bird said he was open to an idea of a sequel to The Incredibles, but only if it could be even better than the original. He stated, "I have pieces that I think are good, but I don't have them all together."[16]

text: In a May 2013 interview, Bird reiterated his interest in a sequel: "I have been thinking about it. People think that I have not been, but I have—because I love those characters, and love that world." He added: "I am stroking my chin and scratching my head. I have many, many elements that I think would work really well in another Incredibles film, and if I can get 'em to click all together, I would probably wanna do that."[17] While publicizing the first film, Bird had already conceptualized the eventual approach where Bob and Helen would switch roles, and Jack-Jack would develop multiple powers as yet unknown to the family.[18]

text: At the Disney shareholder meeting in March 2014, Disney CEO and chairman Bob Iger confirmed that Pixar was working on an Incredibles sequel, and that Bird would return as writer.[19] Bird started the script around April 2015,[20] and said that the Incredibles sequel would be his next film after Tomorrowland.[21]

text: One challenge in writing Incredibles 2 was how to deal with the large number of superhero films and television series that had been released since the first film, such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[22] To try to differentiate the sequel, Bird wanted to avoid tropes related to the superhero genre: "I don't think that kind of idea stays interesting for very long. For me, the interesting thing was never the superhero part of it. It was more the family dynamic, and how do superhero things play into that."[23] He said he wanted to include some unused ideas that "didn't fit" in the first film,[24][25] and that the new story would focus on Helen Parr / Elastigirl.[26] Even though the sequel was released fourteen years after the first, Bird did not want to use a narrative element like a timeskip or to come up with new characters, and instead continued from where the first film left off. This allowed him to keep characters with the same superpowers and not have to develop new ones, nor did he need to figure out how to deal with Violet and Dash being adults. This also allowed him to keep Jack-Jack as an infant with a variable array of powers, which Bird likened to how infants are able to understand numerous languages.[27] The film was produced with a production budget of $200 million.[28][29]

text: One advantage that Pixar had with Incredibles 2 was the advancement of technology the company had seen since the original film and a team of much more experienced animators. Producer John Walker said, "I think that one of the things that excited Brad and Ralph Eggleston, the production designer, was the fact that the technology existed now to finally realize the designs in the way that they had hoped to realize them in 2004. There were no notions of, 'Well, we don’t know how to do long hair, we don't know how to do humans, we don't know how to do muscles.' Everybody knows how to do it. It's just now about doing it quickly."[30] Because Pixar no longer used the same systems from the first movie, all the characters had to be created from scratch on the computer again. The studio also used physically-based human eye models for the characters for the first time, even if the eyes are larger and more stylized than in real humans.[31]

text: Casting

text: Pixar announced in November 2016 that both Holly Hunter and Samuel L. Jackson would return to reprise their roles,[6][7] and at the July 2017 D23 Expo that both Craig T. Nelson and Sarah Vowell would also return with them. Spencer Fox, the original voice of Dashiell "Dash" Parr, was replaced in the sequel by younger newcomer Huckleberry Milner.[5] Also that July, Brad Bird and John Ratzenberger were confirmed as reprising their characters from the first film.[26][8]

text: In November 2017, Pixar announced that Bob Odenkirk and Catherine Keener had been signed to the cast,[8] but did not disclose their roles as new characters Winston and Evelyn Deavor until a later date.[citation needed] In January 2018, it was announced that Sophia Bush and Isabella Rossellini would voice new characters Voyd and The Ambassador, while Jonathan Banks would voice Rick Dicker after the character's original voice actor Bud Luckey retired in 2014;[9][10] after his death in 2018, the film was dedicated to Luckey's memory.[32]

text: Music

text: In 2015, Bird confirmed that Michael Giacchino would return to compose the score.[33] Giacchino began work on it around May 2017.[34]

text: The soundtrack album was released on June 15, 2018. In addition to the film's score, it includes the vocalized theme songs for Mr. Incredible, Frozone, and Elastigirl heard in the credits, as well as bonus versions of the songs sung by Disney's a cappella group, DCappella, and the latter's version of the track "The Glory Days" from the first film.[35]

text: Track listing

text: All music composed by Michael Giacchino, except where noted.

text: showIncredibles 2: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackNo.TitleLength1."Episode 2"0:502."A Tony Perspective"2:083."Consider Yourselves Undermined!"5:124."A Matter of Perception"1:505."Diggin' the New Digs"1:426."This Ain't My Super-Suit?"0:577."Elastigirl Is Back"1:008."Train of Taut"3:179."Rocky vs. Jack-Jack"1:5810."Ambassador Ambush"2:2911."Hero Worship"1:0812."Searching for a Screenslaver"4:4013."Super Legal Again"0:4214."Renouncing the Renunciation"1:3815."World's Worst Babysitters"1:3316."Helen of Ploy"0:5517."A Dash of Reality"2:0318."Hydrofoiled Again"3:5119."Jack Splat"1:3020."A Bridge Too Parr"4:1721."Together Forever and Deavor"1:4522."Elastigirl's Got a Plane to Catch"3:0023."Looks like I Picked the Wrong Week to Quit Oxygen"1:5924."Happily After-Deavor"1:1525."Out and a Bout"0:3626."Incredits 2"9:5127."Here Comes Elastigirl – Elastigirl's Theme"1:2328."Chill or Be Chilled – Frozone's Theme"1:4029."Pow! Pow! Pow! – Mr. Incredible's Theme"1:3130."Devtchno!"1:5331."Chad Tonight Talk Show Theme" (written by Daniel Farid, Grace Giacchino and Michael Giacchino)0:0532."Chad Tonight Newscast Bumper" (written by Daniel Farid, Grace Giacchino and Michael Giacchino)0:0633."Here Comes Elastigirl – Elastigirl's Theme (A Cappella)" (performed by DCappella) (digital bonus track)1:2034."Chill or Be Chilled – Frozone's Theme (A Cappella)" (performed by DCappella) (digital bonus track)1:3635."Pow! Pow! Pow! – Mr. Incredible's Theme (A Cappella)" (performed by DCappella) (digital bonus track)1:3136."The Glory Days (A Cappella)" (performed by DCappella) (digital bonus track)1:39Total length:1:14:50

text: Release

text: The official premiere of Incredibles 2 took place in Los Angeles on June 5, 2018.[36][37] It was theatrically released in the United States on June 15, 2018,[38] including an IMAX release as part of Disney's new distribution deal with IMAX, but only in 2D.[39] It is accompanied by Pixar's short film Bao.[40] The film's release was originally scheduled for June 21, 2019, but the date was moved forward after Pixar handed the 2019 release date over to Toy Story 4, after its production fell behind schedule.[38]

text: Marketing

text: A 53-second teaser trailer premiered on November 18, 2017 during ESPN's broadcast of College GameDay. It received 113 million views in its first 24 hours, becoming the most viewed trailer for an animated film, and the 7th most-viewed trailer overall.[41] A new sneak peek premiered during the 2018 Winter Olympics on February 14.[42] On April 13, a new trailer was released.[43]

text: Merchandise

text: An Incredibles 2 graphic novel and comic miniseries was published by Dark Horse Comics in 2018. The graphic novel, titled Incredibles 2: Heroes at Home, was written by Liz Marsham and illustrated by Nicoletta Baldari. A comic miniseries, titled Incredibles 2: Crisis in Mid-Life! & Other Stories, was written by Christos Gage and Landry Walker, and illustrated by Gurihiru, J. Bone, Andrea Greppi and Roberta Zanotta.[44][45][46]

text: In May 2018, a prose novel was released entitled Incredibles 2: A Real Stretch: An Elastigirl Prequel Story, which focuses on the life of the character Elastigirl before the events of the first film.

text: A Lego video game adaptation of both films was released on the same day as Incredibles 2.[47]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of  August 12, 2018[update], Incredibles 2 has grossed $589.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $498.6 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $1.088 billion.[4]

text: On July 1, 2018, the film passed $648 million at the worldwide box office, surpassing the $633 million the original film made in its entire theatrical run.[48] It is currently the ninth highest-grossing film of all-time domestically and the highest-grossing animated film domestically.[49][50] The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 30, 2018, becoming the seventh animated film and the 36th film of all-time to reach the milestone. It was also the fifth animated Disney film, the third Pixar film, and Disney's 18th film overall to gross $1 billion worldwide, as well as the fastest animated film to gross $1 billion, doing so in 46 days, surpassing Minions (49 days).[51] On August 12, the film surpassed Toy Story 3 ($1.067 billion) to become the highest-grossing Pixar film worldwide.[52]

text: United States and Canada

text: In April 2018, early box office projections had Incredibles 2 grossing $110 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada.[53] In May 2018, a month before the film's release, tracking revised to an opening weekend of $140 million or more.[54] A week prior to the film's opening, Fandango reported that pre-sale of tickets for the film had exceeded that of previous mid-year blockbusters Finding Dory, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man: Homecoming and Suicide Squad at the same point in their release cycles.[55] By the week of its release, opening weekend projections had reached upwards of $150 million.[56] A day before release, it became Fandango's top pre-selling animated film of all-time, outselling the previous record-holder, Finding Dory.[57]

text: The film grossed $18.5 million from Thursday night previews, increasing weekend projections to as high as $174 million. The previews set the record for an animated film, doubling Finding Dory's $9.2 million, and were higher than the likes of fellow superhero films Spider-Man: Homecoming, Thor: Ragnarok and Justice League. It made $71.6 million on its first day, including previews, the best-ever for an animated film (besting Dory's $54.7 million by 31%) and 14th highest all-time. It went on to debut to $182.7 million, the eighth best opening of all-time, far ahead of Finding Dory's animated record of $135.1 million and more than the entire lifetime gross of Pixar's A Bug's Life ($162.8 million), Cars 3 ($152.9 million) and The Good Dinosaur ($123.1 million).[58][59]

text: The film set animated records for its Monday and Tuesday grosses, making $23.9 million (beating the $23.4 million made by Shrek 2 in May 2004)[60] and $27.1 million (beating Finding Dory's $23.1 million), respectively. Its Tuesday gross also set a June record, topping Jurassic World ($24.3 million in 2015).[61] By Thursday, its seventh day of release, the film had grossed $269.4 million, topping the entire lifetime domestic gross of the original, not accounting for inflation ($261.4 million). In its second weekend the film dropped 56% to $80.9 million, finishing second behind newcomer Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom ($148 million), marking the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back-to-back weekends.[62] It remained in second place in its third and fourth weekends, grossing $45.5 million and $29 million, respectively.[48] On July 7, its 23rd day of release, the film crossed $495 million, passing Finding Dory to become the highest-grossing animated film and Pixar's highest-grossing film of all-time domestically,[63] and the following day became the first animated film to gross over $500 million domestically.[64]

text: Internationally

text: Outside North America, the film made $51.5 million from 25 countries in its opening weekend, for a global debut of $231.5 million. Mexico was the largest debut with $12.3 million, followed by Australia ($7.7 million) and Russia ($5.4 million).[65] In its second weekend of release the film made $58.6 million from 28 countries, bringing its two-week total to $134.7 million. Its largest market was China where it made $21.2 million, the best ever opening for a Pixar film in the country. It was also released in India where it made $3.3 million.[66] In the United Kingdom, the film grossed $12.6 million in its opening weekend, the second biggest opening for Pixar after Toy Story 3.[67][68] The biggest markets in terms of total earnings are China ($53.5 million), followed by the UK ($52.2 million), Mexico ($37.2 million), Brazil ($35 million), and Australia ($33.1 million).[69]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 277 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Incredibles 2 reunites Pixar's family crimefighting team for a long-awaited follow-up that may not quite live up to the original, but comes close enough to earn its name."[70] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[71] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as the first film, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 93% overall positive score and an 83% "definite recommend".[58]

text: Robert Abele of TheWrap praised the film, saying: "Whatever the opposite of phoning in a sequel is, that's Brad Bird's progressive-minded, thunderously fun mix of super saves, throwback aesthetics and family comedy."[72] A.A. Dowd, writing for The A.V. Club, felt it was "A sparkling contraption of an animated comedy, funny and often wondrous in its midcentury-modern vision of an alternate America frozen in the amber of a bygone idealism."[73] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "B+", saying: "When the Parrs are pushed out of their comfort zone, Bird settles into his... [after] inciting a Spielberg-level monorail chase that reaffirms Bird's lucid gift for kinetic and character-driven action filmmaking, the movie blasts off and never looks back."[74] Stephanie Zacharek from Time considered it "bold [and] rapturously entertaining,"[75] while David Sims at The Atlantic dubbed it "dazzling, thought-provoking, and sometimes overwhelming in terms of plotting."[76]

text: Variety's Owen Gleiberman called the film "fun but far from incredible" and wrote "It's true that the Toy Story films, all three of which are fantastic, did variations on the same theme of a toy's obsolescence, but as movies they kept the emotions close to the surface. In Incredibles 2, we never get that rush of feeling."[77] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars and said, "Incredibles 2 is content to punch the clock and stick to straight, bombastic action mode. In that mode, composer Giacchino's music is the most successful element, running nimble, beautifully orchestrated variations on themes that feel familiar in the best ways while retaining their spark. The animation is bright and visually dynamic. The script, well … if the title were Satisfactories 2, it'd be about right."[78] Alex Hudson of Exclaim! praised the film's action sequences, but criticized the lack of original story, saying "This is a by-the-numbers redux of the first Incredibles movie — it's fun to watch, but it's too predictable to be truly gripping."[79] Ty Burr for The Boston Globe called it a "clattery, unfocused affair that at times is more irritating than fun."[80]

text: Accolades

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Summer Movie

Incredibles 2

Won

[81]

text: Epilepsy issues

text: Many disability advocates, including the Epilepsy Foundation, have raised concerns that scenes with flashing lights, particularly the scene of Elastigirl's fight with the Screenslaver, can trigger seizures in viewers affected by photosensitive epilepsy.[82][83][84] As a result, several theaters have started posting warnings for audiences.[85] Disney issued a statement to USA Today stating that they appreciated the efforts the theaters had already made in making signs warning people seeing the movie. They then asked theaters to warn audiences about the scene in a memo that read, "Incredibles 2 contains a sequence of flashing lights, which may affect customers who are susceptible to photosensitive epilepsy or other photosensitivities."[86]

text: In response to this, the UK released a re-edited version[87] of the film with all affected sequences altered so that any flashing lights and strobe effects now pass the Harding test.[88]

text: Future

text: Following the release of Incredibles 2, director Brad Bird acknowledged that the film's truncated production schedule resulted in many plotlines and ideas he had for the film being cut from the final version. He cited Pixar's decision in October 2016 to swap the release dates of Toy Story 4 and Incredibles 2, which meant that Bird’s film lost a full year of production. Bird stated that the lingering plotlines could lead to a third installment, just as they did with the second. "There were a lot of ideas that we had on this film that could be [used]... whether it's another Incredibles film, or something else." Cast members including Samuel L. Jackson and Sophia Bush have expressed interest in reprising their roles. Producer John Walker would not "rule [a third film] out".[89]