document_title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

question_text: where was the aircraft carrier gerald ford built

text: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Design features[edit]

text: Carriers of the Ford class will have:[10]

text:
Advanced arresting gear.[11]
Automation, allowing a crew of several hundred fewer than the Nimitz-class carrier.
The updated RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missile.[12]
An AN/SPY-3 X Band multifunction radar and an AN/SPY-4 S Band volume search radar.[13] Designated together as Dual Band Radar (DBR), initially developed for the Zumwalt-class destroyers.[14]
An Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) in place of traditional steam catapults for launching aircraft.[11]
A new nuclear reactor design (the A1B reactor) for greater power generation.
Stealth features to reduce radar cross-section.
The ability to carry up to 90 aircraft, including the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Boeing EA-18G Growler, Grumman C-2 Greyhound, Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, Lockheed Martin F-35C Lightning II, Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopters, and unmanned combat aerial vehicles such as the Northrop Grumman X-47B.[12][15]

text: The US Navy aims to use modern equipment and extensive automation to reduce the crew size and the total cost of future aircraft carriers.[16] The biggest visible difference from earlier supercarriers will be the more aft location of the island (superstructure).[17] Ships of the Ford class are intended to sustain 160 sorties per day for 30-plus days, with a surge capability of 270 sorties per day.[18][19] Director of Operational Testing Michael Gilmore has criticized the assumptions used in these forecasts as unrealistic and has indicated sortie rates similar to the 120/240 per day of the Nimitz class would be acceptable.[19][20]

text: Development[edit]

text: The current Nimitz-class aircraft carriers in US naval service have been part of United States power projection strategy since Nimitz was commissioned in 1975. Displacing about 100,000 tons when fully loaded, a Nimitz-class carrier can steam faster than 30 knots, cruise without resupply for 90 days, and launch aircraft to strike targets hundreds of miles away.[21] The endurance of this class is exemplified by USS Theodore Roosevelt, which spent 159 days underway in support of Operation Enduring Freedom without visiting a port or being refueled.[22]

text: The Nimitz design has accommodated many new technologies over the decades, but it has limited ability to support the most recent technical advances. As a 2005 Rand report said, "The biggest problems facing the Nimitz class are the limited electrical power generation capability and the upgrade-driven increase in ship weight and erosion of the center-of-gravity margin needed to maintain ship stability."[23]

text: With these constraints in mind, the US Navy developed what was initially known as the CVN-21 program, which ultimately evolved into CVN-78, Gerald R. Ford. Improvements were made through developing technologies and more efficient design. Major design changes include a larger flight deck, improvements in weapons and material handling, a new propulsion plant design that requires fewer people to operate and maintain, and a new, smaller island that has been pushed aft. Technological advances in electromagnetics have led to the development of an Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) and an Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG). An integrated warfare system, the Ship Self-Defense System (SSDS), has been developed to allow the ship to more easily take on new missions. The new Dual Band Radar (DBR) combines S-band and X-band radar.[24] Flight deck changes support the requirements for a higher sortie rate, around 160 a day with surges to 270.

text: These advances will allow the new Gerald R. Ford–class carriers to launch 25% more sorties, generate triple the electrical power with improved efficiency, and offer crew quality-of-life improvements.[7][8]

text: Flight deck[edit]

text: Changes to the flight deck are the most visible differences between the Nimitz and Gerald R. Ford classes. Several sections have been altered to improve aircraft handling, storage, and flow, all in the service of increasing the sortie rate.

text: Catapult No. 4 on the Nimitz class cannot launch fully loaded aircraft because of a deficiency of wing clearance along the edge of the flight deck.[25] CVN-78 will have no catapult-specific restrictions on launching aircraft, but still retains four catapults, two bow and two waist.[8] The number of aircraft lifts from hangar deck to flight deck level was reduced from four to three.

text: Another major change is that the smaller, redesigned island will be further aft than those of older carriers. This shift creates deck space for a centralized rearming and refueling location, and thereby reduces the number of times that an aircraft will have to be moved after landing before it can be relaunched. Fewer aircraft movements require, in turn, fewer deck hands to accomplish them, reducing the size of the ship's crew and increasing sortie rate.

text: As well, the movement of weapons from storage and assembly to the aircraft on the flight deck has been streamlined and accelerated. Ordnance will be moved to the centralized rearming location via relocated, higher-capacity weapons elevators that use linear motors.[26] The new path that ordnance follows does not cross any areas of aircraft movement, thereby reducing traffic problems in the hangars and on the flight deck. According to Rear Admiral Dennis M. Dwyer, these changes will make it hypothetically possible to rearm the airplanes in "minutes instead of hours".[27]

text: Power generation[edit]

text: The new Bechtel A1B reactor for the Ford-class is smaller and simpler, requires fewer crew, and yet is far more powerful than the Nimitz-class A4W reactor. Two reactors will be installed on each Ford-class carrier, providing almost 700 MW which is 25% greater than 550 MW of the two A4W. As the Ford-class is primarily an electric boat; electrical capacity of the reactors was increased 2.5 times that of the Nimitz-class.[28][29]

text: The propulsion and power plant of the Nimitz-class carriers was designed in the 1960s, when onboard technologies did not require the same quantity of electrical power that modern technologies do. "New technologies added to the Nimitz-class ships have generated increased demands for electricity; the current base load leaves little margin to meet expanding demands for power."[30]

text: Compared to the Nimitz-class reactor, the Ford-class reactor has about half as many valves, piping, major pumps, condensers, and generators. The steam-generating system uses fewer than 200 valves and only eight pipe sizes. These improvements lead to simpler construction, reduced maintenance, and lower manpower requirements as well as to a more compact system that requires less space in the ship. The modernization of the plant led to a higher core energy density, lower demands for pumping power, a simpler construction, and the use of modern electronic controls and displays. The new plant requires just one-third the watchstanding requirements and a decrease of required maintenance.[30]

text: A larger power output is a major component to the integrated warfare system. Engineers took extra steps to ensure that integrating unforeseen technological advances onto a Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier would be possible. The Navy expects the Gerald R. Ford class will be part of the fleet for 90 years, until the year 2105, which means that the class must successfully accept new technology over the decades.

text: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System[edit]

text: The Nimitz-class aircraft carriers used steam-powered catapults to launch aircraft. The Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) installed on the Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier is more efficient, smaller, lighter, more powerful, and easier to control. Increased control means that EMALS will be able to launch heavier and lighter aircraft than the steam catapult. Also, the use of a controlled force will reduce the stress on airframes, resulting in less maintenance and a longer lifetime for the aircraft. (EMALS will not be retrofitted onto the Nimitz class, which cannot generate enough electricity to power it.)

text: Advanced Arresting Gear landing system[edit]

text: Electromagnets are also being used in the new Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG) system. The current system relies on hydraulics to slow and stop a landing aircraft. While the hydraulic system is effective, as demonstrated by more than fifty years of implementation, the AAG system offers a number of improvements. The current steam system is unable to capture UAVs without damaging them due to extreme stresses on the airframe. UAVs do not have the necessary mass to drive the large hydraulic piston used to trap heavier, manned airplanes. By using electromagnetics the energy absorption is controlled by a turbo-electric engine. This makes the trap smoother and reduces shock on airframes. Even though the system will look the same from the flight deck as its predecessor, it will be more flexible, safe, and reliable, and will require less maintenance and manning.[31]

text: Sensors and self-defense systems[edit]

text: Another addition to the Gerald R. Ford class is an integrated Active electronically scanned array search and tracking radar system. The dual-band radar (DBR) was being developed for both the Zumwalt-class guided missile destroyers and the Ford-class aircraft carriers by Raytheon. The island can be kept smaller by replacing six to ten radar antennas with a single six-faced radar. The DBR works by combining the X band AN/SPY-3 multifunction radar with the S band Volume Search Radar (VSR) emitters, distributed into three phased arrays.[32] The S-band radar was later deleted from the Zumwalt class destroyers as a cost saving measure.[14]

text: The three faces dedicated to the X-band radar are responsible for low altitude tracking and radar illumination, while the other three faces dedicated to the S-band are responsible for target search and tracking regardless of weather. "Operating simultaneously over two electromagnetic frequency ranges, the DBR marks the first time this functionality has been achieved using two frequencies coordinated by a single resource manager."[24]

text: This new system has no moving parts, therefore minimizing maintenance and manning requirements for operation. The AN/SPY-3 consists of three active arrays and the Receiver/Exciter (REX) cabinets abovedecks and the Signal and Data Processor (SDP) subsystem below-decks. The VSR has a similar architecture, with the beamforming and narrowband down-conversion functionality occurring in two additional cabinets per array. A central controller (the resource manager) resides in the Data Processor (DP). The DBR is the first radar system that uses a central controller and two active-array radars operating at different frequencies. The DBR gets its power from the Common Array Power System (CAPS), which comprises Power Conversion Units (PCUs) and Power Distribution Units (PDUs). The DBR is cooled via a closed-loop cooling system called the Common Array Cooling System (CACS).[33]

text: The REX consists of a digital and an analog portion. The digital portion of the REX provides system-level timing and control. The analog portion contains the exciter and the receiver. The exciter is a low-amplitude and phase noise system that uses direct frequency synthesis. The radar’s noise characteristics support the high clutter cancellation requirements required in the broad range of maritime operating environments that DBR will likely encounter. The direct frequency synthesis allows a wide range of pulse repetition frequencies, pulse widths, and modulation schemes to be created.

text: The receiver has high dynamic range to support high clutter levels caused by close returns from range-ambiguous Doppler effect waveforms. The receiver has both narrow band and wideband channels, as well as multichannel capabilities to support monopulse radar processing and side lobe blanking. The receiver generates digital data and sends the data to the signal processors.

text: The DBR uses IBM commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) supercomputers to provide control and signal processing. DBR is the first radar system to use COTS systems to perform the signal processing. Using COTS systems reduces development costs and increases system reliability and maintainability. The high-performance COTS servers perform signal analysis using radar and digital signal processing techniques, including channel equalization, clutter filtering, Doppler processing, impulse editing, and implementation of a variety of advanced electronic protect algorithms. The IBM supercomputers are installed in cabinets that provide shock and vibration isolation. The DP contains the resource manager, the tracker, and the command and control processor, which processes commands from the combat system.

text: The DBR utilizes a multi-tier, dual-band tracker, which consists of a local X band tracker, a local S band tracker, and a central tracker. The central tracker merges the local tracker data together and directs the individual-band-trackers’ updates. The X band tracker is optimized for low latency to support its mission of providing defense against fast, low-flying missiles, while the VSR tracker is optimized for throughput due to the large-volume search area coverage requirements.

text: The combat system develops doctrine-based response recommendations based on the current tactical situation and sends the recommendations to the DBR. The combat system also has control of which modes the radar will perform. Unlike previous-generation radars, the DBR does not require an operator and has no manned display consoles. The system uses information about the current environment and doctrine from the combat system to make automated decisions, not only reducing reaction times, but also reducing the risks associated with human error. The only human interaction is for maintenance and repair activities.

text: The Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) is a new design surveillance radar that is to be installed in the second Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier, USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79), in lieu of the Dual Band radar. The America-class amphibious assault ships starting with LHA-8 and the planned LX(R) will also have this radar.[34] The EASR suite’s initial per-unit cost will be about $180 million less than the DBR, for which the estimate is about $500 million.[35]

text: The carrier will be armed with the Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow missile (ESSM), which defends against high-speed, highly maneuverable anti-ship missiles. The close-in weapon system, and the rolling airframe missile (RAM) from Raytheon and Ramsys GmbH are also on board.

text: Possible upgrades[edit]

text: Each new technology and design feature integrated into the Ford-class aircraft carrier improves sortie generation, manning requirements, and operational capabilities. New defense systems, such as free-electron laser directed-energy weapons, dynamic armor, and tracking systems will require more power. "Only half of the electrical power-generation capability on CVN-78 is needed to run currently planned systems, including EMALS. CVN-78 will thus have the power reserves that the Nimitz class lacks to run lasers and dynamic armor."[36] The addition of new technologies, power systems, design layout, and better control systems results in an increased sortie rate of 25% over the Nimitz-class and a 25% reduction in manpower required to operate.[37]

text: Breakthrough waste management technology will be deployed on Gerald R Ford. Co-developed with the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, PyroGenesis Canada Inc., was in 2008 awarded the contract to outfit the ship with a Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System (PAWDS). This compact system will treat all combustible solid waste generated on board the ship. After having completed factory acceptance testing in Montreal, the system was scheduled to be shipped to the Huntington Ingalls shipyard in late 2011 for installation on the carrier.[38]

text: The Navy is actively developing a weapon system called the free-electron laser (FEL) to address the cruise missile threat and the swarm-boat threat against Ford-class carriers.[39][40][41][42][43] An FEL uses an electron gun to generate a stream of electrons. The electrons are then sent into a linear particle accelerator to boost them to near light speeds. The accelerated electrons are then sent into a device, known informally as a wiggler, that exposes the electrons to a transverse magnetic field, which causes the electrons to “wiggle” from side to side and release some of their energy in the form of light (photons). The photons are then bounced between mirrors and emitted as a coherent beam of laser light. To increase the efficiency of the system some electrons are then recycled to the front of the particle accelerator via an energy recovery loop. The cost to fire one shot from an FEL is about $1 and draws about 10 MW of electrical power.[citation needed]

text: 3D computer-aided design[edit]

text: Newport News Shipbuilding used a full-scale three-dimensional product model developed in Dassault Systèmes CATIA V5 release 8 (which includes special features useful to shipbuilders[44]) to design and plan the construction of the Ford class of aircraft carriers. This enables engineers and designers to test visual integration in design, engineering, planning and construction of components and subsystems. CVN-78 is the first aircraft carrier to be designed in a full-scale 3D product model. This modeling enabled the rooms within the ship to be modular, so that future upgrades can be implemented by designers simply by swapping a box in and locking it down.

text: This method of designing workflow also resulted in improvements to weapon handling procedures and an increase in potential sorties-per-day. Weapons-handling paths on Nimitz-class ships were designed for the potential nuclear missions of the Cold War. The current flow of weapons from storage areas in the interior of the Nimitz-class ship to loading on aircraft involves several horizontal and vertical movements to various staging and build-up locations within the ship. These movements around the ship are time-consuming and manpower-intensive and typically involve sailors manually moving weapons loaded on carts. Also, the current locations of some of the Nimitz-class weapons elevators conflict with the flow of aircraft on the flight deck, slowing down the generation of sorties or making some elevators unusable during flight operations.

text: The CVN 21 class was designed to have better weapons movement paths, largely eliminating horizontal movements within the ship. Current plans call for advanced weapons elevators to move from storage areas to dedicated weapons-handling areas. Sailors would use motorized carts to move the weapons from storage to the elevators at different levels of the weapons magazines. Linear motors are being considered for the advanced weapons elevators. The elevators will also be relocated such that they will not impede aircraft operations on the flight deck. The redesign of the weapons movement paths and the location of the weapons elevators on the flight deck will reduce manpower and contribute to a much higher sortie generation rate.[45]

text: Planned aircraft complement[edit]

text: The Ford class is designed to accommodate the new Joint Strike Fighter carrier variant aircraft (F-35C), but aircraft development and testing delays have affected integration activities on CVN-78. These integration activities include testing the F-35C with CVN-78’s EMALS and advanced arresting gear system and testing the ship’s storage capabilities for the F-35C’s lithium-ion batteries (which provide start-up and back-up power), tires, and wheels. As a result of F-35C developmental delays, the US Navy will not field the aircraft until at least 2018—one year after CVN-78 delivery. As a result, the Navy has deferred critical F-35C integration activities, which introduces risk of system incompatibilities and costly retrofits to the ship after it is delivered to the Navy.[46]

text: Crew accommodations[edit]

text: Systems that reduce crew workload have allowed the ship’s company on Ford-class carriers to total only 2,600 sailors, about 600 fewer than a Nimitz-class carrier. The massive, 180-man berthing areas on the Nimitz class are replaced by 40-rack berthing areas on Ford-class carriers. The smaller berthings are quieter and the layout requires less foot traffic through other spaces.[47] The racks are typically stacked three high, with one locker per person and extra lockers for those without storage space under their rack. The berthings do not feature modern “sit-up” racks with more headroom (each rack can only accommodate a sailor lying down). Each berthing has an associated head, including showers, vacuum-powered septic-system toilets (no urinals since the berthings are built gender-neutral)[48] and sinks to reduce travel and traffic to access those facilities. Wifi-enabled lounges are located across the passageway in separate spaces from the berthing’s racks.[47]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Construction began on 11 August 2005, when Northrop Grumman held a ceremonial steel cut for a 15-ton plate that will form part of a side shell unit of the carrier.[49] Construction began on components of CVN-78 in early 2007[50] and is nearing completion. It is under the final steps of construction at Newport News Shipbuilding, a division of Huntington Ingalls Industries (formerly Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding) in Newport News, Virginia. This is the only shipyard in the United States capable of building nuclear-powered aircraft carriers.

text: In 2005, it was estimated to cost at least $8 billion excluding the $5 billion spent on research and development (though that was not expected to be representative of the cost of future members of the class).[16] A 2009 report said that Ford would cost $14 billion including research and development, and the actual cost of the carrier itself would be $9 billion.[51] The life-cycle cost per operating day of a carrier strike group (including aircraft) was estimated at $6.5 million in 2013 published by the Center for New American Security.[52]

text: Originally, a total of three carriers have been authorized for construction, but if the Nimitz-class carriers and Enterprise were to be replaced on a one-for-one basis, eleven carriers would be required over the life of the program. However, the last Nimitz-class aircraft carrier is not scheduled to be decommissioned until 2058.

text: In a speech on 6 April 2009, then Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that the program would shift to a five-year building program so as to place it on a "more fiscally sustainable path". Such a measure would result in ten carriers after 2040.[53]

text: First-of-class type design changes[edit]

text: As construction of CVN-78 progresses, the shipbuilder is discovering first-of-class type design changes, which it will use to update the model before the follow-on ship construction. To date, several of these design changes have related to EMALS configuration changes, which have required electrical, wiring, and other changes within the ship. Although the Navy reports that these EMALS-related changes are nearing completion, it anticipates additional design changes stemming from remaining advanced arresting gear development and testing. In total, over 1,200 anticipated design changes remain to be completed (out of nearly 19,000 planned changes). According to the Navy, many of these 19,000 changes were programmed into the construction schedule early on—a result of the government’s decision at contract award to introduce improvements during construction to the ship’s warfare systems, which are heavily dependent on evolving commercial technologies.[46]

text: Naming[edit]

text: There was a movement by the USS America Carrier Veterans' Association to have CVN-78 named after America rather than after President Ford.[54] Eventually, the amphibious assault ship LHA-6 was named America.

text: On 27 May 2011, the U.S. Department of Defense announced the name of CVN-79 would be USS John F. Kennedy.[55]

text: On 1 December 2012, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced that CVN-80 would be named USS Enterprise. The information was delivered during a prerecorded speech as part of the deactivation ceremony for the previous USS Enterprise (CVN-65). The future Enterprise (CVN-80) will be the ninth U.S. Navy ship to bear this name.[56]

text: Ships in class[edit]

text: There are expected to be ten ships of this class.[57] To date, four have been announced:

text:
Ship
Hull classification symbol
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
Scheduled to replace
Status
References

Gerald R. Ford

CVN-78

13 November 2009

11 October 2013[58]

22 July 2017

Enterprise (CVN-65)
Active in service
[59]

John F. Kennedy

CVN-79

22 August 2015

2020
(scheduled)

2022
(scheduled)

Nimitz (CVN-68)
Under construction
[60][10]

Enterprise

CVN-80

2020
(scheduled)

2025
(scheduled)

2027
(scheduled)

Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)
Under construction
[61][10]

CVN-81

CVN-81

2023
(scheduled)

2028
(scheduled)

2030
(scheduled)

Carl Vinson (CVN-70)
Planned
[10]


document_title: Hurricane Madeline (1998)

question_text: how much rain did san antonio get in the flood of 1998

root

text: Hurricane Madeline (1998)

text: Meteorological history[edit]

text: On September 25, 1998 a tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa, producing intermittent concentrated clusters of convective activity. The wave traversed the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea before crossing Central America on October 5 or October 6. After several days, convection increased, and Dvorak classifications initiated. Satellite imagery indicated that the system dissipated on October 11, although an area of cloudiness persisted off the coast of Mexico. After four days, the system regenerated and under diffluent flow aloft, deep convection became more concentrated;[1] it is estimated that a tropical depression formed at 0000 UTC on October 16, about 230 mi (370 km) west-southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico.[2] Initially, due to disorganization, determining the forward movement of depression was difficult,[3] although a few hours later it was estimated that the system was tracking to the north-northwest.[4] With favorable conditions aloft, the deep convection became more concentrated, and 12 hours after first developing, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Madeline about 170 miles (270 km) southwest of Cabo Corrientes.[2]

tag: p

text: During the afternoon, convective cloud tops warmed slightly although the storm continued to intensify.[5] Soon after, thunderstorm activity became limited as Madeline remained generally stationary in movement.[6] An approaching mid-level trough turned Madeline to the northeast. Banding features gradually improved in organization, and late on October 17 the storm attained hurricane status.[2] However, satellite imagery indicated that convective activity was confined to the western portion of the storm, and at the same time an eye began to form.[7] Early on October 18, data from a Reconnaissance aircraft flight into the storm found a minimum central pressure of 985 mbar (29.1 inHg), as the storm was drifting to the northeast at around 4 mph (6.4 km/h) near the western edge of a large-scale east–west ridge axis.[8] The apparent eye became cloud-filled shortly thereafter, and a slight increase in temperature was discovered near the center. Despite this, upper-level outflow was favorable, leading to predictions of slight intensification.[9]

text: Shortly thereafter, Madeline attained peak winds of 85 mph (137 km/h) about 95 miles (153 km) southwest of San Blas, Nayarit. The hurricane maintained peak winds for about 18 hours while curving again to the northwest.[2] With evidence of southern wind shear, only a small area of deep thunderstorm activity existed on October 19, and the system began to appear ill-defined of satellite imagery.[10] The hurricane quickly weakened into a tropical storm,[2] and by later that day, the storm became void of convection due to strong wind shear.[11] On October 19, the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression, leaving just a swirl of low clouds midway between the southern tip of Baja California and mainland Mexico.[2] By 0600 UTC on October 20, the remnants of Madeline had completely dissipated.[2]

text: Preparations and impact[edit]

text: In anticipation of Madeline, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning for the Baja California Peninsula southward from La Paz, and a hurricane warning from San Patricio, Jalisco to El Dorado, Sinaloa, including the Islas Marías. The storm was initially forecast to move ashore near Mazatlán, prompting officials to close the city's port. President Ernesto Zedillo advised potentially affected residents to stay indoors or seek refuge in shelters.[12] Also, the threat of the hurricane canceled a fishing expedition in the Gulf of California due to rough surf. The expedition was to provide a new aquarium in downtown Denver, Colorado with about 8,500 fish.[13] Mexican authorities deployed 2,000 soldiers in remote areas of the Pacific coast state of Sinaloa to prepare for the hurricane. Several thousand residents and tourists at the resorts of Puerto Vallarta and Mazatlan were put on standby to evacuate their homes.[14] Authorities along the coast in the state of Nayarit went house to house, advising people about the oncoming storm.[15] In addition, ships from Salina Cruz to Acapulco were advised to stay in port.[16]

text: Although Madeline never crossed the coast, numerous rainbands affected the Mexican coast, dropping up to 9.8 in (250 mm).[17] Despite this, no damage or fatalities were reported in Mexico.[2] After the storm had dissipated, the remnant plume of moisture contributed to severe flooding in central Texas.[18] Rainfall in Texas reached 22 inches (560 mm) in some locations. Thirty-one people died due to the flooding, and damage totaled to $750 million (1998 USD).[19] A total of 24 of the deaths were drownings, 22 of them were caused by driving vehicles into high water on a road flooded by the torrential downpours. There were 16 different incidents when these types of deaths occurred, four of them involving in multiple deaths. Three others died due to trauma, and one died from hypothermia after the person was submerged in the water.[20] The greatest impact was in Southern Texas, which included the urban areas of San Antonio and Austin, and all of their surrounding suburbs. The counties with the most significant rainfall, damage, and fatalities were Travis County, Bexar County, Guadalupe County, Comal County, and Caldwell County. This area included both the cities of San Antonio and Austin. In a small area in Caldwell County, there was 29 inches (740 mm) of rain estimated by the United States Geological Survey. This included the area of Lockhart, Texas, which was badly flooded by the storm due to its close proximity to the San Marcos River. Most of the county picked up an estimated 20 to 30 in (510 to 760 mm) of rain, including San Marcos, Texas, New Braunfels, Texas, and Kyle, Texas.[21] In all, portions of 60 counties in Texas were flooded and hundreds of people were forced to flee their homes.[22]

text: Due to the flooding, twenty counties were declared federal disaster areas, clearing the way for assistance such as federal loans. Then-president Bill Clinton promised aid to the victims of the storm and then-governor George W. Bush took a tour of the devastated region with the Federal Emergency Management Agency director.[23]


document_title: List of storms on the Great Lakes

question_text: what is the largest wave ever recorded on lake superior

text: List of storms on the Great Lakes

text: Lake Erie Gale (1811)[edit]

text: It was September 1811 and Jacob Butler was headed to Sandusky, Ohio as the new Indian Agent. When he arrived in Buffalo, he found it to be a small town of 40-50 houses and little activity. There were but a few ships in the harbor. The Catherine was a new schooner that had set sail the day before, but was now anchored nine miles up the Canadian shore at Point Ebenew. As it had set sail, it encountered a west forcing it to seek shelter. Seeing an opportunity to avoid the long trip around the lake, he crossed the Niagara River and with the help of a guide came upon the ship at anchor after two hours. Soon they were underway with a steady breeze pushing them towards Sandusky.[4]

text: The ship was packed and every possible space in which a person could find repose was occupied. All night they traveled westward, the ship pushed by the wind and the schooner rocking from side to side. With so many people, so closely packed, many became nauseated. The next day, they traveled westward. As night fell on their second day of travel, they expected to see Sandusky in the morning. Everyone had just settled down for the night, when a commotion arose and a gale blew out of the southwest, nearly tipping the vessel over. If the schooner had not been ‘hove to’ and resting quietly, it would have been capsized.[5] (Without shore lights, lighthouse, or modern navigation equipment, Captains would ‘heave to’ at night if they anticipated approaching land/harbor soon. This prevented them from running aground in the dark.)

text: Quickly the crew made the Catherine ready for the storm and let her drift before the winds. As daylight came, the captain was able to get his ship behind Presque Isle (Erie, Pennsylvania), where they rode out the storm for the next 24 hours. The winds persisted so fiercely that everything on deck was swept clear. The crew and passengers remained below deck in the dark, their supply of food gone. On the fourth day of his journey, the gale ended and they were able to resupply from shore. Setting sail for Sandusky, the hope was to make harbor by dark. Once again a gale of lesser force sprang up and pushed the vessel back to Presque Isle. Here, many of the passengers left the ship and hired a wagon for the two-week overland trip. On their next attempt to reach Sandusky, the Catherine made harbor without incident.[6]

text: Storm in the age of canoes (1825)[edit]

text: It was September 1825 when Henry Rowe Schoolcraft recorded a late fall storm on Lake Huron. He was returning from an Indian ‘Congress’ at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. It had been an uneventful six-day trip from the Mississippi River to Michilimackinac. From Mackinac, Schoolcraft was headed towards Detour Pass and up the St. Mary's River to Sault Ste. Marie. On the morning of 5 September, he arose, had breakfast and prepared to strike out in their canoes. The day was cloudy and threatening, so he decided to wait until the next day. Arising at three in the morning, he found the island lost in a fog. They waited until it began to clear at 6:30 a.m. and made their way to Goose Island, ten miles (16 km) distance after three hours. From there, they made their way to Outard Point. Here, the headwind had increased so they hove to about noon and were able to pull into an inlet out of the wind and make camp. Eight hours later, the canoe party was still waiting for the wind to let up. The night brought a heavy rain, piercing the fabric of the tents, soaking everyone and everything. The morning of the 7th found the storm continuing. The increasing violence caused Schoolcraft to have his tent moved back into the trees for more protection. Around three, the sky seemed to be brightening and expectations were that the weather was clearing. But the rains and the wind came with renewed fury from the west and continued late into the night. As the morning of the 8th arrived, Schoolcraft determined to get on with his journey. As the wind was directly out of the west, he was headed east, he ordered the canoes readied and the sails. With sails reefed against the storm, the brigade set out into the lake at 10:00 a.m. Just under three and a half hours brought them 20 miles to the Isle St. Vital, behind which they took refuge from the wind. After a break, they once again set into the gale-force winds, driving for De Tour and the St. Mary’s Strait. Here they found the schooner Harriet, down bound, waiting for the winds to subside. It was but another day and they were once again at Sault Ste. Marie.[7][8]

text: Early steam on the Lakes (1835)[edit]

text: On November 11, 1835, a southwest wind swept across the lakes, taking numerous vessels. This was still early in the life of commercial shipping on the Lakes, so most of the losses were on the lower lakes where settlements were greatest.[1][9]

text: Buffalo was a major port on Lake Erie and felt the force of the storm as water from the lake forced ships onto the piers and shoreline of the city. The creek rose 20 feet as the wind and the harbor front were swept away.

text:
Ship[9][10]
Port of origin
Lake
Location
Lives lost

Free Trader
Fort Burwell, Canada
Lake Erie
Off Dunkirk, New York
all hands but one

Comet
Madison
Lake Erie
near Fairport
all hands

North America

Lake Erie
beached at Erie, Pennsylvania
n/a

Sandusky
Buffalo, New York
Lake Erie
beached at Buffalo
n/a

Henry Clay
Buffalo
Lake Erie
beached at Buffalo
n/a

Sheldon Thompson
Buffalo
Lake Erie
beached at Buffalo
n/a

Two Brothers (sch)
Buffalo
Lake Erie
beached at Buffalo
n/a

Tecumseh (sch)
Buffalo
Lake Erie
beached at Buffalo
n/a

Col. Benton (sch)
Buffalo
Lake Erie
beached at Buffalo
n/a

Godolphin (sch)

Lake Erie
beached at Fairport
n/a

Lagrange (sch)
Buffalo
Lake Erie
capsized at Point Pelee
all hands but two (clinging to mast)

Robert Bruce
Kingston, Ontario
Lake Ontario
near Henderson Point
all hands

Medora
Oswego, New York
Lake Ontario

all hands

Chance (sch)

Lake Michigan

7 lost

Bridget (sch)

Lake Michigan
near St. Joseph, Michigan
16 lost

Sloan (sch)

Lake Michigan

6 lost

Delaware (sch)

Lake Michigan

tag: table

text: Big Blow of 1880[edit]

text: SS Alpena sank with loss of 80 passengers and crew.

tag: ul

text: The 1905 Blow (1905)[edit]

text: The Mataafa Storm of 1905 is the name of a storm that occurred on the Great Lakes on November 27–28, 1905.[11] The system moved across the Great Basin with moderate depth on November 26 and November 27, then east-northeastward across the Great Lakes on November 28. Fresh east winds were forecast for the Great Lakes for the afternoon and evening of November 27,[12] with storm warnings were in effect by the morning of November 28.[13] Storm-force winds and heavy snows accompanied the cyclone's passage. The storm, named after the Mataafa wreck, ended up destroying or damaging about 29 vessels, killing 36 seamen and causing shipping losses of $3.567 million (1905 dollars) on Lake Superior.[14]

text: The Wrecks of November 28[edit]

text:
Ship[10][15]
Shipping Line
Refuge/Wreck Site
Damage

Isaac Ellwood (stmr)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Duluth
aground

Mataafa (stmr)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Duluth
aground

R.W. England (stmr)
Tomlinson
Duluth

Crescent City (stmr)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Lakewood (7 m NE of Duluth)
aground against cliffs

Lafayette (stmr)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Encampment Island (7 m NE of Two Harbors, Minnesota)
‘broken up’

Manila (barge of Lafayette)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Encampment Island (7 m NE of Two Harbors)
aground

William Edenborn
Pittsburgh Steamship
nr Split Rock River
hard ashore & broken in two

Madeira (barge of Edenborn)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Gold Rock (3 mi NE)
sunk and broken in two

George Herbert (scow)

Two Island, nr Schroeder, Minnesota
smashed to pieces

George Spencer (stmr-wooden)

Thomasville (nr Tofte, Minnesota)
hard aground

Amboy (barge of Spencer)

hard aground

Monkshaven (stmr)

Pie Island, Port Arthur, Ontario
on the rocks

William E. Corey (stmr)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Gull Island (Apostles)
stranded

Western Star (stmr)

Fourteen-Mile Point nr Ontonagon, Michigan
stranded tight

Coralia (stmr)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Point Isabelle (east side Keweenaw Peninsula)
‘hung-up’

Maia (barge of Coralia)
Pittsburgh Steamship
Point Isabelle (east side Keweenaw Peninsula)
‘hung-up’

Ira Owen (stmr)

NE of Outer Island (Apostles)
foundered

Percy G. Walker (stmr)

Two Harbors
Badly damaged deck house

Vega (stmr)
Gilchrist Transportation Co.
South or North? side of Fox Island
'broke in two and pounded to pieces'

text: The Big Storm (1913)[edit]

text: In 1913, from the ninth of November through the twelfth, all five lakes were turned into cauldrons of rolling water by a unique combination of weather patterns. Before the four days ended, 13 ships went under and many more were driven ashore. Two hundred forty-four men lost their lives. The largest loss of ships was on Lake Huron (see Shipwrecks of Lake Huron)

text:
Ship
Type of Vessel
Lake
Location
Lives lost

Argus[16]
Steamer
Lake Huron
25 miles off Kincardine, Ontario
all 25 lost

James Carruthers[16]
Steamer
Lake Huron
near Kincardine
all 22 lost

Hydrus[16]
Steamer
Lake Huron
near Lexington, Michigan
all 25 lost

Leafield[17]
Steamer
Lake Superior
near Angus Island
all 18 lost

John A. McGean[16]
Steamer
Lake Huron
near Goderich, Ontario
all 28 lost

Plymouth[18]
Barge
Lake Michigan
near Gull Island
all 7 lost

Charles S. Price[16]
Steamer
Lake Huron
near Port Huron, Michigan
all 28 lost

Regina[16]
Steamer
Lake Huron
near Harbor Beach, Michigan
all 20 lost

Isaac M. Scott[16]
Steamer
Lake Huron
near Port Elgin, Ontario
all 28 lost

Henry B. Smith[18]
Steamer
Lake Superior
near Marquette, Michigan
all 25 lost

Wexford[16]
Steamer
Lake Huron
north of Grand Bend, Ontario
all hands 1

Buffalo (LV-82)[18]
Lightship
Lake Erie
Point Albino (near Buffalo)
all 6 lost

text: 1 (actual number of lives lost on Wexford uncertain) 17 to 24 victims reported

text: Black Friday (1916)[edit]

text: Friday, October 20, 1916 on Lake Erie. These were the years before there was ship to shore radio. Once out on the lakes, each ship had only itself to depend upon and the chance of meeting another ship. While only four ships were lost, nearly all the men of these crews were lost to the tempest of the storm-tossed lake.[19] In all, Black Friday took the lives of 49 men.[20]

text: The James B. Colgate had just finished loading coal and set sail from Buffalo, New York bound for Fort William, Ontario (now Thunder Bay). It was 1:10 in the morning as the Colgate dropped its hawsers and headed out into the open lake. Dawn found the Colgate off Long Point. All day they moved steadily westward, keeping the bow into the wind, waves crashing over the decks and beating on the hatch coverings. Slowing, water began to enter the cargo holds. The pumps could not keep up with the influx of water and she began to list at about eight o'clock that evening. No other ships had been seen and none could be found. The bow was riding low in the water. As the ten o'clock hour came around, the Colgate slid beneath the waves. The men all had life jackets, but nothing was floating which would help them get out of the cold water. One life raft was found and a coal passer, the engineer and the captain took refuge. In the middle of the night, the raft was flipped and the coal passer did not return. As the 21st dawned, the raft again spilled its occupants and the engineer returned but was too weak to hold on and he was lost. Night came on and Captain Walter J. Grashaw still hung on to the raft. A passenger steamer passed nearby, but he was unnoticed in the dark. As daylight dawned on the 22nd, Sunday, the Marquette & Bessemer No. 2 (II) came to his rescue.[21]

text: Marshall F. Butters, a wooden lumber carrier down bound to Cleveland with a cargo of shingles and lumber, entered Lake Erie from the Detroit River. The wind rose and the waves grew in height. The Butters turned into Lake Erie heading towards the Southeast Shoals Light, off the tip of Point Pelee. The wooden ship could not take the pounding of the waves. Settling into the lake, soon the boilers were extinguished and the Butters was at the mercy of the storm. Ten men set sail in the lifeboat, leaving only the captain and two men on board the sinking vessel. The Pioneer Steamship Company’s Frank R. Billings and the F.G. Hartwell were nearby. The Billings approached to give aid. Pouring storm oil on the water, they were able to calm the seas enough to rescue Captain McClure and his two men. Meanwhile, the Hartwell rescued the men in the lifeboat.[22]

text: A third ship the D.L. Filer, a wooden schooner of 45 years, was headed from Buffalo to Saugatuck, Michigan with a load of coal. For two days, the Filer beat into the wind headed for the Detroit River at the western end of Lake Erie. Just off Bar Point, within sight of the mouth of the Detroit River, the pumps could no longer move the volume of water rushing into the holds, and the seams began to open. In eighteen feet of water, she settled to the bottom. Six men climbed the foremast, while the captain climbed the after mast. It looked like all seven of the crew could cling to the mast and weather the night. But the weight of six men snapped the fore mast and five disappeared. Only one man made it to the after mast and climbed to safety. As dawn broke the horizon, the Western States came into sight and turned towards the two men clinging to the mast protruding from the shallows. As the steamer approached, one man slipped from the mast and was never seen again. Only the Captain John Mattison was rescued.[23]

text: Meanwhile, the Canadian steamer Merida disappeared that night. All 23 of her crew were found the next day floating in mid-lake, only identified by their life vests bearing the name Merida.[24]

text: Armistice Day blizzard (1940)[edit]

text: The Armistice Day Blizzard was a winter storm that occurred on November 11–12, 1940 which brought heavy snow and winds up to 80 mph. The lake freighter SS William B. Davock sank with all 33 hands in Lake Michigan south of Pentwater, Michigan. The SS Anna C. Minch foundered, broke in two and sank nearby with the loss of all 24 crew. A third ship, the SS Novadoc, wrecked on a reef in the same area. Two crew were lost and the rest were rescued two days later by the tug Three Brothers.[25] Two smaller boats also sank, bringing the total death toll on the Lakes to 66.[26]

text: Duluth Storm (1967)[edit]

text: On April 30, 1967, a storm in Duluth, Minnesota took the lives of three teenage boys and Coast Guardsman Edgar Culbertson. Culbertson and two others were part of a rescue team searching for the missing boys on the Duluth Entry pier on Lake Superior. Meteorologists and Minnesota residents often refer to this day as "Black Sunday". There were reports of heavy rain as far north as Duluth that day. The waves on Lake Superior in Duluth that night were reportedly over 20 feet (6.1 m) high at times; the lake had 36 °F (2 °C) water with gale-force winds gusting up to 45 miles per hour (72 km/h).[27]

text: Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald (1975)[edit]

text: Once again it was a November storm that took the lives of men and their ship. It was November 9, 1975 that Edmund Fitzgerald was downbound to Detroit with a load of taconite. Arthur M. Anderson joined her on Lake Superior and was downbound for Gary, Indiana. As they were crossing Lake Superior the winter storm blew in. Winds were reported in excess of 50 kn (58 mph; 93 km/h) with waves running up to 35 feet (11 m). The next day, Monday, November 10, eastern Lake Superior was still experiencing winds of 50 knots. That afternoon Anderson reported being hit by a 75-knot gust. By 3:30 pm the Fitzgerald reported a minor list and top-side damage, including the loss of radar. Fitzgerald was leading, but slowed to close the distance between ships so that it could be guided by Anderson, who still had radar. Just after seven that night, the last radio contact from the Fitzgerald said that they were still managing. By 7:20 p.m. there was no more contact and Anderson no longer saw Fitzgerald on radar.[28]

text: Fitzgerald sank in Canadian waters 530 feet (160 m) deep, approximately 17 miles (15 nautical miles; 27 kilometers) from the entrance to Whitefish Bay near the twin cities of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Although Fitzgerald had reported being in difficulty earlier, no distress signals were sent before she sank. Her crew of 29 all perished, and no bodies were recovered.

text: Many theories, books, studies and expeditions have examined the cause of the sinking. Fitzgerald may have fallen victim to the high waves of the storm, suffered structural failure, been swamped with water entering through her cargo hatches or deck, experienced topside damage, or shoaled in a shallow part of Lake Superior. The sinking of Edmund Fitzgerald is one of the best-known disasters in the history of Great Lakes shipping. Gordon Lightfoot made it the subject of his 1976 hit song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald".

text: The Lake Huron Cyclone (1996)[edit]

text: The 1996 Lake Huron cyclone was a unique storm for the Great Lakes, acquiring some tropical characteristics at its peak intensity.

text: Northeastern Ontario Derecho (2006))[edit]

text: The 2006 Northeastern Ontario Derecho formed on the Great Lakes. The Storm caused damage throughout Northern Ontario, and into Quebec.

text: The "Chiclone" (2010)[edit]

text: On October 26, 2010, the USA recorded its lowest pressure ever in a continental, non-hurricane system, though its pressure was consistent with a category three hurricane. The powerful system was dubbed the "Chiclone" by the media as it hit the Chicago area particularly strongly, as well as Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. It was also meteorologically referred to as a bombogenesis due to the rapid drop of barometric pressure experienced.

text: In Superior, Wisconsin, the storm managed a 28.38 inch reading—a new all-time low for Wisconsin at the time. Near International Falls on the U.S./Canada border, the system's 28.23 inches of mercury (956 mb) reading established a new all-time Minnesota low pressure. Early Tuesday morning October 26, an F2 tornado rushed through Will County, south of Chicago, at 7:00 AM. Another tornado is said to have struck Racine, Wisconsin, to the north, but has not yet been confirmed. In Roscoe, IL, about 100 miles to the west of Chicago and 15 minutes north of Rockford, a woman was killed after being crushed under a large tree that fell in her neighborhood of Chickory Ridge.

text: The storm also produced some of the highest officially recorded waves by weather buoys stationed in Lakes Superior and Michigan. Specifically, on Wednesday, October 27, 2010, buoy no. 45136, operated by Environment Canada, in northern Lake Superior recorded a significant wave height of 26.6 feet (this is average height of 1/3 of the highest waves over an hour), and buoy no. 45002, operated by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), recorded a significant wave height of 21.7 feet in northern Lake Michigan. This would appear consistent with the NOAA forecast for northern Lake Michigan calling for 21–26-foot waves that day. The persistence and strength of the storm's westerly winds also piled the waters of Lake Michigan along the Michigan shoreline leading to declines in lake levels on the Illinois and Wisconsin side of the lake. Based on NOAA lake level sensors, an updated analysis of Wednesday, October 27, 2010 water levels on Lake Michigan revealed a two-day decrease of 42 inches at Green Bay, WI and 19 inches at Calumet Harbor, IL---while NOAA sensors at Ludington, MI and Mackinaw City, MI measured lake level rises of 7 and 19 inches respectively.

text: A 78 mph gust was recorded the afternoon of October 27, 2010 at the Harrison-Dever Crib, three miles offshore of Chicago in Lake Michigan, with gusts reaching 63 mph at Chicago's Latin School and in Racine, Wisconsin, 61 mph at Buffalo Grove, Waukegan, Gary and Monroe, Wisconsin and 58 mph at Hinsdale. The storm further whitened sections of the Upper Midwest with the region's first significant snow Tuesday night and Wednesday. Snowfall reports from Minnesota and North Dakota indicate 9 inches fell at Twig, Minn.; 8.5 inches at Dunn Center, N.D.; 8 inches at Adolph, Minn. and Carrington, N.D.; 7.7 inches at Duluth; 4.1 inches Williston; 4 inches at Minot and 3.4 inches at Bismarck---all in North Dakota.

text: Superstorm Sandy (2012)[edit]

text: The cold front that merged with Hurricane Sandy at the end of October 2012 fueled Sandy's transition into a powerful extratropical cyclone, which brought strong winds and high waves across the Great Lakes. Lake Michigan recorded wave heights of 20 to 22 feet and wind gusts of 60 to 70 mph. The southern end of Lake Michigan experienced a lake level rise of 15 inches as the winds pushed water down the lake.[29][30] Lake Huron experienced 23-foot waves and a wind gust of 74 mph was recorded at Fort Gratiot at the southern end of the lake.[31] Most freighters stayed in harbor instead of trying to run through the storm.

text: The Lake Michigan Storm of Halloween 2014[edit]

text: On October 31, 2014, there was a powerful storm which impacted the Great Lakes area during times when people are traditionally celebrating Halloween.[32] It was also called a "great storm".


document_title: Jules and Gédéon Naudet

question_text: french guys who were doing a documentary with the nyfd

text: Jules and Gédéon Naudet

text: Biographies[edit]

text: Jules and Gédéon Naudet moved to New York City with their parents when they were teenagers.[1] Both graduated from the New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 1995.[1] Their first years at NYU, they both used the same ID card and only paid one tuition. The Naudet brothers became American citizens in 1999.[1]

text: Gédéon and Jules released their first film, Hope, Gloves and Redemption in 2000, which centered on young boxers in training in the Bronx and East Harlem. The film included coverage of the 1998 New York Daily News Golden Gloves tournament.

text: Jules Naudet is married to Jacqueline Longa, with two children.[3]

text: The Naudet brothers were in the process of making a documentary on New York firefighters, following Antonio "Tony" Benetatos, a rookie firefighter or "probie," through his experiences in New York City Fire Department (FDNY) academy training and into a firehouse.

text: On the morning of September 11, Jules accompanied several firefighters as they headed out to investigate reports of a gas leak in Lower Manhattan, leaving Gédéon in the firehouse to continue filming with Benetatos. On the way to Lower Manhattan, Jules and the firefighters had stopped at the corner of Lispenard and Church Streets when American Airlines Flight 11 flew right over them. Jules filmed its impact as it flew directly into the North Tower.

text: Jules went with the FDNY into the North Tower as they responded to the incident. He entered the lobby of the North Tower with the FDNY and filmed the fire chiefs as they set up a command post and sent firefighters up the stairs. While inside, Jules filmed the evacuating civilians and the firefighters' reactions to subsequent events, including the second plane hitting the South Tower, the debris and "jumpers" falling from the upper floors, and obstructed communications. When the South Tower began to collapse, he took shelter with Battalion 1 Chief Joseph Pfeifer and the remaining firefighters, using his camera's floodlight to help them gather the wounded, lost, and deceased as they evacuated the North Tower. He followed the firefighters as they headed north and tried to establish another command post.

text: Meanwhile, Gédéon filmed Benetatos (by now, the only firefighter left in the firehouse) taking calls from the other departments, but eventually took to the streets out of worry for Jules. He walked for some time, filming people's reactions and the damage done by flying debris, and managed to film the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower. Realizing that he could not get any closer to the WTC, he returned to the firehouse, where he filmed the arrival of various off-duty firefighters. He caught the arrival of retired Battalion 1 Chief Larry Byrnes, but was unable to follow him and Benetatos as they left for the WTC. Gédéon resumed filming the people's reactions as the South Tower collapsed before returning to the firehouse and joining a trio of off-duty firefighters as they headed out to the disaster area. Unable to follow the firefighters to the North Tower, he remained in the area and filmed his surroundings.

text: When the North Tower collapsed, the Naudets fled with the rest of the people still in the area. Jules and Chief Pfeifer took shelter between two cars before returning to the WTC to assess the situation; less than a block away, Gédéon helped a FBI agent carry a civilian who had been overcome by the dust before making his way to a deli to recuperate. Worrying for Jules, he attempted to return to the WTC's ruins, but was turned away by police patrols. He then returned to the firehouse and filmed the returning firefighters' reactions to the attacks. Meanwhile, Jules returned with Chief Pfeifer's group and had an emotional reunion with his brother.

text: The Naudets' video footage became some of the most comprehensive on-site coverage of the 9/11 attacks in New York. Their film was one of only two sources of video footage of Flight 11 striking the World Trade Center, the other being a video shot by Pavel Hlava (an immigrant worker from the Czech Republic); additionally, a series of web camera images from Wolfgang Staehle show the approach of Flight 11 and the after-impact.

text: Post-9/11 projects[edit]

text: In 2004 came news of a new film project, Seamus, a "coming-of-age" story, with screenplay by the brothers and their 9/11 partner, James Hanlon.

text: The brothers' latest film project was a documentary entitled In God's Name, exploring current events through the thoughts of 12 spiritual leaders:

text:
Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury, head of the Anglican Communion
Pope Benedict XVI, head of the Roman Catholic Church
Mata Amritanandamayi, Hindu holy figure
Yona Metzger, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel
Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, prominent Shi’ite Muslim leader
The Dalai Lama, head of Lama (Tibetan) Buddhism
Kitashirakawa Michihisa, High Priest of the Shinto Grand Shrine of Ise
Alexy II, Patriarch of Moscow and head of the Russian Orthodox Church
Bishop Mark Hanson, Presiding Bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and then President of the Lutheran World Federation
Frank Page, then President of the Southern Baptist Convention
Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Imam of Al-Azhar Mosque and president of Al-Azhar University and a prominent Sunni Muslim leader
Joginder Singh Vedanti, Jathedar of the Akal Takht, the Sikhs' highest authority

text: It was first broadcast in the United States on December 23, 2007.[4]

text: A companion book to the film, called In God's Name: Wisdom from the World's Great Spiritual Leaders, was published by National Geographic Books in March 2008.[5]

text: Featuring interviews with all 20 living White House chiefs of staff and two presidents, Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush, the latest documentary The Presidents' Gatekeepers was broadcast on September 11, 2013 on Discovery Channel.

text: The Spymasters[edit]

text: The brothers, with Chris Whipple, produced and directed The Spymasters: CIA In the Crosshairs, which includes interviews with all twelve living (current and former) Directors of Central Intelligence. It first aired on Showtime in the United States on November 28, 2015.


document_title: Carbohydrate digestion

question_text: where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur

text: Carbohydrate digestion

text:
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text: All carbohydrates absorbed in the small intestine must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides prior to absorption. Hydrolysis precedes transport of monosaccharides in hamster intestine. From sucrose, glucose is taken up much faster than fructose. Monosaccharide transport saturates with D-glucose at 30 mM.[1]

text: Digestion of starch begins with the action of salivary alpha-amylase/ptyalin, although its activity is slight in comparison with that of pancreatic amylase in the small intestine. Amylase hydrolyzes starch to alpha-dextrin, which are then digested by gluco-amylase (alpha-dextrinases) to maltose and maltotriose. The products of digestion of alpha-amylase and alpha-dextrinase, along with dietary disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their corresponding monosaccharides by enzymes (maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase) present in the brush border of the small intestine. In the typical Western diet, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is fast and takes place usually in the upper small intestine. However, when the diet contains carbohydrates not easily digestible, digestion and absorption take place mainly in the ileal portion of the intestine.

text: Digestion of food continues while simplest elements are absorbed. The absorption of most digested food occurs in the small intestine through the brush border of the epithelium covering the villi (small hair-like structure). It is not a simple diffusion of substances, but is active and requires energy use by the epithelial cells.

text: During the phase of carbohydrate absorption, fructose is transported into the intestinal cell's cytosol, glucose and galactose competes with other [|Na|] transporter required for operation. From the cytosol, monosaccharides pass into the capillaries by simple or facilitated diffusion.

text: Carbohydrates not digested in the small intestine, including resistant starch foods such as potato, bean, oat, wheat flour, and several monosaccharide oligosaccharides and starch, are digested in a variable when they reach the large intestine. The bacterial flora metabolize these compounds anaerobically in the absence of oxygen. This produces gases (hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane) and short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate). The gases are absorbed and excreted by breathing or through the anus (flatulence). Fatty acids are rapidly metabolized. Butyrate is used mainly by cells in the colon and acetate is absorbed into the blood and taken up by the liver, muscle and other tissue. Propionate is an important precursor of glucose in some animals, but not humans.


document_title: Draw-a-Person test

question_text: who introduced the technique of using the drawing of a man as a measure of intelligence

text: Draw-a-Person test

text: History[edit]

text: Developed originally by Florence Goodenough in 1926, this test was first known as the Goodenough Draw-a-Man test. It is detailed in her book titled Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings. Dr. Dale B. Harris later revised and extended the test and it is now known as the Goodenough–Harris Drawing Test. The revision and extension is detailed in his book Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity (1963). Psychologist Julian Jaynes, in his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, wrote that the test is "routinely administered as an indicator of schizophrenia," and that while not all schizophrenic patients have trouble drawing a person, when they do, it is very clear evidence of a disorder. Specific signs could include a patient's neglect to include "obvious anatomical parts like hands and eyes," with "blurred and unconnected lines," ambiguous sex and general distortion.[1] There has been no validation of this test as indicative of schizophrenia. Chapman and Chapman (1968), in a classic study of illusory correlation, showed that the scoring manual, e.g., large eyes as indicative of paranoia, could be generated from the naive beliefs of undergraduates.

text: Administration[edit]

text: Test administration involves the administrator requesting children to complete three individual drawings on separate pieces of paper. Children are asked to draw a man, a woman, and themselves. No further instructions are given and the child is free to make the drawing in whichever way he/she would like. There is no right or wrong type of drawing, although the child must make a drawing of a whole person each time — i.e. head to feet, not just the face. The test has no time limit; however, children rarely take longer than about 10 or 15 minutes to complete all three drawings. Harris's book (1963) provides scoring scales which are used to examine and score the child's drawings. The test is completely non-invasive and non-threatening to children, which is part of its appeal.

text: To evaluate intelligence, the test administrator uses the Draw-a-Person: QSS (quantitative scoring system). This system analyzes fourteen different aspects of the drawings (such as specific body parts and clothing) for various criteria, including presence or absence, detail, and proportion. In all, there are 64 scoring items for each drawing. A separate standard score is recorded for each drawing, and a total score for all three. The use of a nonverbal, nonthreatening task to evaluate intelligence is intended to eliminate possible sources of bias by reducing variables like primary language, verbal skills, communication disabilities, and sensitivity to working under pressure. However, test results can be influenced by previous drawing experience, a factor that may account for the tendency of middle-class children to score higher on this test than lower-class children, who often have fewer opportunities to draw. To assess the test-taker for emotional problems, the administrator uses the Draw-a-Person: SPED (Screening Procedure for Emotional Disturbance) to score the drawings. This system is composed of two types of criteria. For the first type, eight dimensions of each drawing are evaluated against norms for the child's age group. For the second type, 47 different items are considered for each drawing.

text: The purpose of the test is to assist professionals in inferring children's cognitive developmental levels with little or no influence of other factors such as language barriers or special needs. Any other uses of the test are merely projective and are not endorsed by the first creator.

text: Validity as a measure of intelligence[edit]

text: The Draw-a-Person test is commonly used as a measure of intelligence in children, but this has been criticized. Harlene Hayne et al. compared scores on the Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test to scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in 100 children and found a very low correlation (r=0.27).[2] Similarly, results found with child and youth psychiatric inpatients failed to support the hypothesized relationship between human figure drawings and IQ.[3] This suggests that the Draw-a-Person test should not be used as a substitute for other well-established intelligence tests.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Julian Jaynes, J. (2000), The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, Mariner Books, ISBN 978-0-618-05707-8
Jump up ^ Imuta, Kana; et al. (2013). "Drawing a Close to the Use of Human Figure Drawings as a Projective Measure of Intelligence". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58991. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058991. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Aikman, KG; Belter, RW; Finch AJ, Jr (Jan 1992). "Human figure drawings: validity in assessing intellectual level and academic achievement". Journal of clinical psychology. 48 (1): 114–20. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199201)48:1<114::aid-jclp2270480116>3.0.co;2-y. PMID 1556206.

tag: ol

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Chapman, L. J.; Chapman, J. P. (1967). "Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic observations". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 72: 193–204. doi:10.1037/h0024670.
Goodenough, F. (1926). Measurement of intelligence by drawings. New York: World Book Co.
Harris, D. B. (1963). Children's drawings as measures of intellectual maturity. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
Ter Laack, J.; de Goede, M.; Aleva, A. (2005). "The Draw-A-Person Test: An Indicator of Children's Cognitive and Socioemotional Adaptation?". Journal of Genetic Psychology. 166: 77–93. doi:10.3200/GNTP.166.1.77-93. PMID 15782679.
Williams, Simon D.; Wiener, Judy; MacMillan, Harriet (2005). "Build-A-Person Technique: An examination of the validity of human-figure features as evidence of child sexual abuse". Child Abuse & Neglect. 29: 701–13. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.10.013. PMID 15979710.


document_title: Effect of Sun angle on climate

question_text: when are the sun rays most spread out

question_tokens: when are the sun rays most spread out

text: Effect of Sun angle on climate

text: Geometry of Sun angle[edit]

text: When sunlight shines on the earth at a lower angle (Sun closer to the horizon), the energy of the sunlight is spread over a larger area, and is therefore weaker than if the Sun is higher overhead and the energy is concentrated on a smaller area.

text: Figure 2 depicts a sunbeam one mile (1.6 km) wide falling on the ground from directly overhead, and another hitting the ground at a 30° angle. Trigonometry tells us that the sine of a 30° angle is 1/2, whereas the sine of a 90° angle is 1. Therefore, the sunbeam hitting the ground at a 30° angle spreads the same amount of light over twice as much area (if we imagine the Sun shining from the south at noon, the north-south width doubles; the east-west width does not). Consequently, the amount of light falling on each square mile is only half as much.

text: Figure 3 shows the angle of sunlight striking the earth in the Northern and Southern hemispheres when the Earth's northern axis is tilted away from the Sun, when it is winter in the north and summer in the south.

text: Technical note[edit]

text: Heat energy is not received from the Sun. Rather, radiant energy is received and this results in change in energy level of receiving bodies in Earth's domain. Different materials have different properties for transmitting back received energy in the form of heat energy at different rates.


question_text: where did they film the assasination of gianni versace

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Édgar Ramírez as Gianni Versace
Darren Criss as Andrew Cunanan
Ricky Martin as Antonio D'Amico
Penélope Cruz as Donatella Versace

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin
Aimee Mann as Bar Singer
Finn Wittrock as Jeff Trail

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Will Chase as Det. Paul Scrimshaw
Giovanni Cirfiera as Santo Versace
Jay R. Ferguson as Agent Keith Evans
Cody Fern as David Madson
Max Greenfield as Ronnie Holston
Sophie von Haselberg as Linda Elwell
Christine Horn as Agent Talarah Gruber
Cathy Moriarty as Vivian Oliva
Dascha Polanco as Det. Lori Wieder
José Zúñiga as Det. George Navarro

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Joanna P. Adler as Mary Ann Cunanan[5]
Joe Adler as Jerome Gentes
Razaaq Adoti as Det. Pete Jackson
Vincenzo Amato as Versace Spokesman
Jack Armstrong as J. Paul Beitler
Annaleigh Ashford as Elizabeth Cote
Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan[6]
Nico Evers-Swindell as Philip Merrill
Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin
Alex Fernandez as Supt. Matt L. Rodriguez
Jacob Fortner as Duke Miglin
John Lacy as Howard Madson
Tara Summers as Laura Trail
Michael Shamus Wiles as Det. Robert Tichich

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"
Ryan Murphy
Tom Rob Smith
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)[a]
3WAX01
2.22[8]

On the morning of July 15, 1997, fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion by wanted spree killer Andrew Cunanan. Seven years earlier, Cunanan meets Versace at a gay nightclub in San Francisco and tells his roommates about the encounter the following morning, albeit with most of the details fabricated. Cunanan later attends a performance of Capriccio as Versace's guest and exchanges origin stories with him after the performance. In the present, Cunanan flees the scene, evading Versace's partner Antonio D'Amico. Versace, meanwhile, is rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead. As Miami Beach Police works with the FBI, Versace's sister Donatella and brother Santo begin planning the future of Versace's business while Cunanan purchases multiple newspapers covering Versace's death with a remorseless expression.

2
"Manhunt"
Nelson Cragg
Tom Rob Smith
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
3WAX02
1.42[9]

In March 1994, Versace learns that he is HIV positive and Donatella immediately blames Antonio for the illness. Three years later, Cunanan arrives in Miami after fleeing from South Carolina and moves into a motel under an assumed identity. He juggles working as a prostitute, giving his earnings to his homosexual neighbor Ronnie, and feeding his obsession with Versace. Versace, meanwhile, juggles dealing with creative block and reeling from Antonio's proposal of a wedding. While at a nightclub one evening, Cunanan surprises Versace and Antonio and attempts to follow them only to lose them in the crowd.

3
"A Random Killing"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
3WAX03
1.26[10]

In May 1997, Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin is found dead in his garage by his wife Marilyn. One week earlier, Miglin invites Cunanan, whom he knows as a gay escort, over to his house after Marilyn leaves Chicago to promote her perfume brand. Cunanan proceeds to brutally torture and kill Miglin before stealing his Lexus. In the present, detectives assigned to the case discover gay pornographic magazines surrounding Miglin's dead body. Marilyn insists that the killer owns the magazines and that her husband's murder was nothing more than a random killing. The authorities later use the car's phone in an attempt to track Cunanan, who learns about their plan after it is leaked to the media. He then abandons Miglin's Lexus in Pennsville, New Jersey before gunning down caretaker William Reese and stealing his red pick-up truck. Marilyn, meanwhile, deals with her grief as she continues to promote her perfume.

4
"House by the Lake"
Daniel Minahan
Tom Rob Smith
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
3WAX04
0.98[11]

In April 1997, Cunanan lures former acquaintance Jeff Trail to the Minneapolis loft-apartment of his current lover, David Madson, and bludgeons him to death with a claw hammer. After forcing Madson to remain complicit, Cunanan decides to flee to Mexico when one of Madson's co-workers visits him. The Minneapolis Police Department, meanwhile, discovers Trail's corpse and suspect Madson to be the killer. They proceed to question Madson's parents, who firmly believe that their son is innocent. When Madson confronts Cunanan about his lies, Cunanan realizes that he has lost his hold on his lover and shoots Madson near a lake outside Rush City.

5
"Don't Ask Don't Tell"
Daniel Minahan
Tom Rob Smith
February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
3WAX05
0.91[12]

In June 1995, Versace ignores Donatella's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview. In November 1995, U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected as a homosexual after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted by several homophobes. Following an unsuccessful suicide attempt, Trail goes to a San Diego gay bar and meets Cunanan. Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military, during which he "makes the decision" to leave the Navy. Less than two years later, Cunanan runs into Trail and David Madson in Minneapolis. Both men try to avoid him, with Trail staying at his sister's house and Madson stating he has moved on. Abandoned and angry, Cunanan resolves to murder Trail.

6
"Descent"[13]
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
TBA
TBD

7
"Ascent"[14]
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
TBA
TBD

8
"Creator/Destroyer"[15]
Matt Bomer[16]
Tom Rob Smith
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
TBA
TBD

9
"Alone"[17]
TBA
TBA
March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)
TBA
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story was picked up on October 18, 2016, and was announced as the third season of the series, following the season about Katrina.[2] The announcement also revealed that English author Tom Rob Smith would be the writer of multiple episodes of the season, including the first two,[2] while executive producer Ryan Murphy would be directing the season premiere.[7] Following the airing of the first season's finale in April 2016, it was revealed that series creators Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski would not be returning for the second season.[18]

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Katrina would not begin production until early 2018 and that Versace would air in early 2018, replacing Katrina as the show's official second installment.[19]

text: On October 2, 2017, American Horror Story veteran Matt Bomer was announced as the director of the eighth episode, making it his directorial debut.[16] During its production, the working title of the season was American Crime Story: Versace/Cunanan.[20][21]

text: In December 2017, after the first public screening, it was revealed that Versace would have nine episodes,[3] despite being originally reported to consist of ten episodes.[2]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2017, Édgar Ramírez and Darren Criss joined the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Gianni Versace and Andrew Cunanan, respectively.[22] Murphy confirmed the reports announcing Lady Gaga would portray Donatella Versace in The Assassination of Gianni Versace were false;[23][24] Penélope Cruz was later cast in the role.[25] In April 2017, it was announced that Ricky Martin was joining the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Antonio D'Amico, Versace’s longtime partner.[26] On April 28, 2017, Annaleigh Ashford was seen filming on the set of The Assassination of Gianni Versace with Criss.[27] On June 21, 2017, it was announced through Entertainment Weekly that Ashford's role in the series would be as Elizabeth Cote, a friend of Cunanan's since high school, while Grimm veteran Nico Evers-Swindell would play her husband, Philip Merrill.[28]

text: On May 5, 2017, Murphy announced via his Instagram account that Max Greenfield joined the casting, by publishing a photo of Greenfield and Criss on the set.[29] On June 21, 2017, it was announced that Finn Wittrock will star in The Assassination of Gianni Versace, playing Jeffrey Trail, Cunanan's first victim.[30]

text: In November 2017, the official Twitter account for the series revealed that Judith Light and Dascha Polanco are part of the cast.[31][32] In December 2017, the official webpage for the series released cast and character bios revealing that Max Greenfield would play Ronnie, whilst confirming the casting of Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin, Dascha Polanco as Detective Lori Wieder, Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan, Cody Fern as David Madson, and Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: According to multiple set reports and photos, principal photography of season 2 began at the beginning of May 2017, in Miami.[34] As revealed by Darren Criss via his Twitter account, shooting ended during the week of November 13.[35]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In September 2017, FX released the first promotional teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace, showing doves sitting outside Versace's former mansion and flying away when two gunshots ring out.[36] A second teaser was released that same month, depicting Versace's sister Donatella placing flowers on a casket.[37] In October, a new teaser was released, depicting some police radio communications as a black clothes cover, with the name Versace on it, is being closed.[38] The same month, a second teaser was released, showing Donatella kissing the stairs where Gianni was murdered, before entering in his mansion.[39] On Halloween day, FX aired a new promotional video during a commercial break of the ninth episode of American Horror Story: Cult, which announced that the season would premiere on January 17, 2018.[1]

text: In November 2017, four new teasers were released. The first one shows Versace relaxing next to his pool, as Cunanan comes out of it.[40] The second one depicts D'Amico leaving Gianni's house, as he hears two gunshots (the unseen murder) and runs to see what happened; while a voice-over by Ricky Martin as D'Amico says that he was Gianni's partner and lover.[41] The third one shows Donatella and Gianni hugging and watching themselves in front of a mirror, as the latter tells his sister that she would be Versace without him.[42] The fourth one depicts a running sewing machine, which ends up having some issues and not being able to finish its work.[43]

text: On November 15, 2017, the first full trailer for the season was released via the Twitter account of the series. It shows some moments of Cunanan's unstable past and the first aftermaths of Versace's assassination.[44] The same day, it was announced that the first episode of the season would be available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers.[7] On November 28, 2017, FX released a new short trailer depicting the main cast of the season: Cruz, Ramírez, Martin and Criss; while a voice-over by Criss as Cunanan reveals how he feels the same as Versace.[45]

text: In December 2017, more teasers were released. The first one opposes Versace and Cunanan as they speak about themselves and their past.[46] The second one features a Versace fashion show where models start crying, as news reports about Versace's death are being heard.[47] The third one shows Cunanan trying to convince someone that he really has a date with Versace, while the scene is being cut by shots of the assassination and its aftermaths.[48] The fourth one features Donatella Versace in a black dress for her brother's funeral;[49] the fifth one shows different rooms of Versace's mansion, with multiple voice-overs by different characters;[50] and the sixth one features a showering Cunanan, surrounding his face with duct tape, as Max Greenfield's Ronnie asks him what he is doing.[51] On December 28, a first look at the series was released, with multiple interviews from the crew and the cast.[52] That same day, a new teaser was also revealed, depicting Cunanan as he is about to kill his sexual partner and then Versace.[53]

text: At the start of January 2018, a new teaser was released. It features Cunanan changing the license plate of his car and greeting a young girl, while a voice-over is saying that the police is looking after him and that he is very dangerous.[54] On January 16, 2018, the full red band trailer was released,[55] and a short version premiered the next day.[56]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The second season of American Crime Story received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 85% based on 66 reviews, with an average rating of 6.98/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Assassination of Versace starts with a bang and unfurls slowly, moving backward through an intricate (and occasionally convoluted) murder mystery anchored by a career-defining performance from Darren Criss."[57] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[58]

text: Reaction from individuals involved[edit]

text: In January 2018, the Versace family released a statement criticizing the series. They explained they have "neither authorized nor had any involvement whatsoever" in the production of the season, before adding that it "should only be considered as a work of fiction."[59] Executive producer Ryan Murphy answered that the series was "not a work of fiction" as it is based on a non-fiction book, Maureen Orth's Vulgar Favors, and that the production team and FX stand by the author and her work. Comparing it to The People v. O. J. Simpson, Murphy added that the season is "a work of non-fiction obviously with docudrama elements," and not a documentary.[59] Following this answer, the Versace family released a second statement, still slamming the series as "a work of fiction" because "the Orth book itself is full of gossip and speculation." They also heavily criticized Orth's work, calling it an "effort to create a sensational story" with "second-hand hearsay that is full of contradictions." They gave the example of Gianni Versace's medical condition, as Orth claims that Versace was HIV positive at the time of his death.[60]

text: Antonio D'Amico also criticized the series, deeming some scenes as "ridiculous" and insisting that "so much has been fictionalised". He also revealed that he does not plan to watch it, but that he would have been happy if Ricky Martin, who plays his role, got in contact to get some insight into his relationship with Versace.[61]

text: According to Ryan Murphy, Donatella Versace was very supportive that Penélope Cruz played her role. As Cruz and Versace are friends, Murphy explained that, when he offered her the role, Cruz asked the permission of Versace before agreeing to do it. He also revealed that, while Cruz was representing the series at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Versace "very graciously sent [her] a lovely and huge flower arrangement saying 'good luck.'"[59]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"
January 17, 2018
0.7
2.22[8]
0.6
1.76
1.3
3.98[62]

2
"Manhunt"
January 24, 2018
0.4
1.42[9]
0.7
1.98
1.1
3.40[63]

3
"A Random Killing"
January 31, 2018
0.4
1.26[64]
0.7
1.94
1.1
3.20[65]

4
"House by the Lake"
February 7, 2018
0.3
0.98[11]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

5
"Don't Ask Don't Tell"
February 14, 2018
0.2
0.91[12]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"Descent"
February 28, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7
"Ascent"
March 7, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"Creator/Destroyer"
March 14, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

9
"Alone"
March 21, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10

The People v. O. J. Simpson
5.12
3.90
3.34
3.00
2.73
3.00
2.89
2.91
2.76
3.27

The Assassination of Gianni Versace
2.22
1.42
1.26
0.98
0.91
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
N/A

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ This episode was available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers.[7]