document_title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)

question_text: who play angelica on days of our lives

question_tokens: who play angelica on days of our lives

text: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)

text: Jessica Blake Fallon[edit]

text:
Jessica Blake Fallon

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Jean Bruce Scott

Duration

1980–82
2012

First appearance
April 30, 1980

Last appearance
September 6, 2012

Created by
Nina Laemmle

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1980)
Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2012)

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Angelique Horton (birth name)
Angel, Angelica (alternate personalities)

Occupation
Nurse

Residence
Ohio

[show]Family

Family
Horton

Parents

Marie Horton
Alex Marshall

Spouse
Joshua Fallon (1982–)

Sons
Nick Fallon

Grandparents

Tom Horton
Alice Horton

Aunts and uncles

Harley Marshall
Tom Horton Jr.
Addie Horton
Mickey Horton
Bill Horton

First cousins

Sandy Horton
Julie Williams
Steve Olson
Hope Williams Brady
Melissa Horton (adoptive)
Sarah Horton (legal)
Mike Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton

text: Jessica Blake Fallon was portrayed by Jean Bruce Scott from April 30, 1980. Scott departed from the series on November 9, 1982. In August 2012, it was announced that Scott would return to the show after nearly a thirty-year absence, airing on August 31 till September 6, 2012.[1][2][3][4]

text: The character of Jessica is the daughter of Marie Horton and Alex Marshall, granddaughter of Tom and Alice Horton and mother of recent character, Nick Fallon. Jessica suffers from dissociative identity disorder, one of her alters, Angelica, terrorized her mother while the other one Angel became involved with Jake Kositchek, who would later be known as the Salem Strangler, a serial killer. Angel and Jake ran off to Las Vegas to elope, but Jessica came to and called Alex. Marie and Alex rushed to Vegas and stopped the wedding just in the nick of time. Jessica fell apart and was hospitalized.

text: In 1982 after recovering from her mental problems, Jessica broke off her relationship with Jake and became engaged to Joshua Fallon. Joshua and Jessica married, and eventually left Salem. Offscreen, they had a son named Nick who came to Salem without his parents in 2006.

text: In 2012, Jessica came to Salem to see Nick, who was in prison for murder and was getting paroled. Nick was put on probation and chose to serve out his probation in Salem, so Jessica left Salem alone. In 2014, Jessica received horrible news that Nick had been murdered, and Julie Olson Williams delivered Nick's body to her and Joshua, so they could bury him. Nick's murderer, Gabi Hernandez, accepted a plea deal and Jessica agreed to it, not wanting the heartache of a trial.

text: Jake Kositchek[edit]

text:
Jake Kositchek

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Jack Coleman

Duration
1981–82

First appearance
June 10, 1981

Last appearance
June 1, 1982

Created by
Gary Tomlin and Michelle Poteet Lisanti

Introduced by
Betty Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Salem Strangler (serial killer alias)

[show]Family

Parents
Stanislaus Kositchek

Siblings
Chris Kositchek
Amy Kositchek

text: Jake Kositchek was played by Jack Coleman from June 10, 1981, until June 1, 1982, when the character was written out of the show. After Days, Coleman would later be known as the second actor to play Steven Carrington in the ABC prime time soap opera Dynasty and as Noah Bennet in the NBC science-fiction drama series Heroes and its spin-off Heroes Reborn.

text: Jake was the younger brother of Chris Kositchek (Josh Taylor), shortly after coming to town he fell in love with Angel, the alternate personality of Jessica Blake Fallon (Jean Bruce Scott). Jake was also briefly involved with Jessica's cousin, Hope Williams (Tammy Taylor). When Jake and "Angel" got engaged and planned to elope in Las Vegas, Jessica's parents Marie Horton (Lanna Saunders) and Alex Marshall (Quinn Redeker) learned of the elopement after Hope discovered Jessica's illness. Marie and Alex arrived in the nick of time to see Jessica reemerge and the wedding be interrupted. Jake was heartbroken after being rejected by Jessica who was going through psychiatric treatment under Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall). Jessica's rejection became the catalyst for Jake's mental breakdown, leading him to become the Salem Strangler, a serial killer who strangled many women to death including Mary Anderson (Melinda O. Fee) and Marlena's twin Samantha Evans (Andrea Hall), who was killed in a case of mistaken identity.

text: The Salem Strangler storyline was the very first serial killer storyline in the soap's history, and the supposed murder of Marlena at the hands of the killer resulted in one of the first fan campaigns ever.

text: Eugene Bradford[edit]

text:
Eugene Bradford

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
John de Lancie

Duration

1982–86
1989–90

First appearance
January 18, 1982

Last appearance
January 10, 1990

Created by
Pat Falken Smith

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1982)
Ken Corday and Shelley Curtis (1989)

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Bettina Lovelcraft

Occupation
Inventor
Columnist

Residence
New York City

[show]Family

Mother
Vanessa Van Kessler

Spouse
Bonita Jean Bradford (19??–82)
Trista Evans (1983)
Marlena Evans (1983)
Madeline Rutherford (1984)
Calliope Jones (1985–)

Grandfathers
Reginald Bradford

First cousins
Letitia Bradford

text: Eugene Bradford was played by John de Lancie from 1981 to 1986 and again in 1989. Also known as Gene and Euge, he went by the pseudonym Bettina Lovecraft while working as a Salem Today columnist.

text: Eugene was a distant relative of the DiMera family through a prior marriage, and referred to Tony DiMera as a cousin. Prior to marrying Calliope Jones on December 31, 1985, Eugene had been married four other times. Eugene's first two wives were murdered, while his third marriage to Marlena Evans was actually a cover-up (Eugene pretended to be married to Marlena when she was pregnant with Roman Brady's twins; at this time Roman was believed to be dead) and not legal. He later served as the namesake for Roman and Marlena's daughter Samantha Gene.

text: Throughout the show, Eugene was portrayed as having psychic premonitions, and on a number of occasions they were useful in helping Salem Police and the ISA.

text: In the last Days episode in which he appeared, he created a time machine type device and used the device. Upon activation, there was a big explosion and Eugene disappeared. He has not been seen on Days since. In 2006, Calliope returned as the fashion designer hired to make Mimi Lockhart's wedding dress. She told all that she and Eugene remain happily married.

text: Diana Colville[edit]

text:
Diana Colville

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Genie Francis

Duration
1987–89

First appearance
April 13, 1987 (1987-04-13)

Last appearance
June 21, 1989 (1989-06-21)

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation

Journalist

[show]Family

Parents

Philip Colville
Serena Colville

text: Diana Colville was portrayed by Genie Francis, who was widely known for her three-decade long portrayal of Laura Spencer on ABC's General Hospital.

text: Actress Genie Francis joined Days of Our Lives in the contract role of Diana Colville on April 13, 1987.[5] In June 1989, Francis announced her decision to depart the series.[6] She last aired on June 21, 1989.

text: Trista Evans Bradford[edit]

text:
Trista Evans Bradford

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Barbara Crampton

Duration
1983–84

First appearance
March 4, 1983

Last appearance
March 9, 1984

Created by
Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson

Introduced by
Betty Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse

[show]Family

Parents

Robert Evans
Barbara Talmadge

Spouse
Eugene Bradford (1983)

Aunts and uncles
Frank Evans

First cousins

Marlena Evans
Samantha Evans

text: Trista Evans Bradford was played by Barbara Crampton from March 4, 1983. Crampton only lasted in the role for six months when she departed from the series on October 24, 1983, when the character was killed off during the Salem Slasher storyline. Crampton later returned as Trista but only in flashbacks from February 14 to March 9, 1984.

text: Larry Welch[edit]

text:
Larry Welch

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Andrew Masset

Duration

1983–85
2002–03
2016

First appearance
July 11, 1983

Last appearance
June 8, 2016

Created by
Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1983)
Ken Corday and Stephen Wyman (2002)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)

Classification
Former; guest

Profile

Occupation
District Attorney

[show]Family

Father
Victor Chorvat

Siblings
Ben Welch (adoptive)

Spouse

Cynthia Welch (pre–1983)
Hope Williams Brady (1984–85)

text: Larry Welch, played by Andrew Hyatt Masset from July 11 to October 21, 1983 on a recurring status and November 1, 1983 to December 9, 1985 and again from October 15, 2002 to March 11, 2003 on contract status, then back to recurring from June 10 to July 23, 2003 and finally a guest appearance on June 8, 2016, was a constant obstacle in Bo and Hope's supercouple love story. Larry blackmailed Hope into marrying him but on the day of the wedding Bo rode in on his motorcycle and kidnapped Hope from the wedding. In 1985, Larry killed Stefano's daughter, Megan, and dumped her body in a hot tub; Hope was the prime suspect. Victor Kiriakis learned the truth and forced Larry to take the fall for the crime syndicate that he was running.

text: Larry returned in 2002 when he again kidnapped Hope in an attempt to get his revenge on her, Bo and Victor. He was presumed dead after a prison break, but in reality, was helping Nicole in her plans to murder Victor. Larry was hit and killed by a car in early 2003.

text: Ilya Petrov[edit]

text:
Petrov

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Kai Wulff (1983–85, 1991)
Mark Laursen (2016)

Duration

1983–85
1991
2016

First appearance
February 18, 1983

Last appearance
March 8, 2016

Created by
Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1983)
Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1991)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)

Classification
Former; guest

Profile

Occupation

Henchman
Teacher
Assassin

text: Ilya Petrov was portrayed by Kai Wulff from 1983 to 1986 and for a few episodes in 1991. With the exception of Bart and Rolf, Petrov is the most well known henchman of Stefano. In comparison to Bart, he mostly succeeded and completed his assignments. Petrov assisted Stefano in a few of his many schemes. When Stefano kidnapped Marlena Evans & Liz Chandler in early 1983, Petrov was the one who kept an eye of them so they wouldn't escape. He then had small assignments in Stefano's devilish Salem Slasher plot. When Stefano had to escape after some failures of both himself and André DiMera, Petrov was already in the car. But Roman and Abe were ready as well and chased them. After struggling to shake off the police, and a drunk Alex Marshall caused some problem, the car drove off a bridge and fell down into a river. Alex was found but neither Petrov or Stefano.

text: A few months later, Stefano was seen very much alive looking for the three prisms, and soon Petrov was seen taking orders from Stefano. He kidnapped Hope Williams for Stefano in an attempt to faster lure Roman into Stefano's trap. He also got instructions from Stefano on how to activate the volcano. After locking up a noisy Shane Donovan, he fulfilled his orders and activated the volcano successfully.

text: In late 1985-early 1986, Petrov was seen in Miami, representing Stefano in a three-way wager with Victor Kiriakis and corrupt ISA chief George Nickerson, with the stakes being "the Purse (provided by Victor, which turned out to be clues to the locations of (1) a set of stolen U.S. Treasury engravings which were hidden in 1979 in Stockholm, and (2) a priceless Mayan treasure that could only be located during a specific astronomical event in 1991), The Power (provided by the ISA, a codebook with information that ostensibly gave the holder total immunity from every intelligence and law enforcement network in the world), and the Pawn (a "most formidable and dangerous man" controlled by Stefano, at the time believed to be the missing-and-presumed-dead Roman Brady but later retconned into the separate character of John Black)."

text: In 2015, John Black embarked on an ISA-assisted quest to unravel the mysteries of his heretofore unknown past, including his parentage, once and for all. This coincided with the show's 50th anniversary. An important scene showed John viewing an ISA computer file on Petrov, which expanded his story to reveal that he was a Cold War-era Soviet agent who defected to the West, and became at one point a teacher at a private school in Vermont called Winterthorne around the time he became one of Stefano's henchmen. Winterthorne was later revealed to be a "front" for a secret training facility for assassins, run by a Far Eastern organization called the Phantom Alliance, which turned out to have been founded in the 1950s by John's real father, Timothy Robecheaux aka "Yo Ling". Petrov was revealed to have been Yo Ling's accomplice, and temporarily "defected" to Stefano's organization. In this storyline, it was suggested that Petrov eventually returned to the Phantom Alliance's fold.

text: Calliope Jones Bradford[edit]

text:
Calliope Jones Bradford

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Arleen Sorkin

Duration

1984–90
1992
2006
2010

First appearance
June 29, 1984

Last appearance
May 14, 2010

Created by
Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson

[show]Family

Spouse
Eugene Bradford (1985–)

text: Calliope Jones Bradford was played by Arleen Sorkin from 1984 to 1990, 1992, 2001, 2006 and 2010[7]

text: Calliope came to Salem in 1984.[8] She was employed in Liz Curtis's clothing business and her first scenes featured her making a dress for Anna DiMera. One of her trademarks was her endless collections of hats, which were very creative and sometimes very outlandish. However, Calliope soon came to possess a diamond necklace which was originally owned by Daphne DiMera. She claimed it as her own, but didn't realize that Stefano DiMera was after it, for it contained one of three prisms he was after. Her white lie unknowingly thrust her into a major storyline.[8]

text: Calliope went on to co-host a daytime talk show with Jennifer Horton-Deveraux. The show was a success, but Calliope would eventually turn over the show over to Jennifer and leave town. However, since her departure in 1990, Calliope has visited Salem several times.

text: In 2006, Calliope returned to town as a successful wedding planner. Although hired to plan her good friend Marlena’s wedding to Alex North, she was also able to help Shawn-Douglas Brady and Mimi Lockhart with theirs, despite normally being booked two years in advance. Still eccentric, Calliope butted heads with Mimi’s mother Bonnie Lockhart, a fellow eccentric, but with a different wild taste. During her trip, Calliope also commented Eugene was doing just fine and she was now living in New York City.

text: Calliope briefly returned in 2010, when she was hired by Rafe Hernandez to collect evidence to prove that Anna Dimera was hired by EJ to kidnap Sami and EJ's daughter Sydney Dimera.

text: Anjelica Deveraux[edit]

text:
Anjelica Deveraux

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Jane Elliot (1987–89)
Shelley Taylor Morgan (1989)
Judith Chapman (1989–91)
Morgan Fairchild (2017)

Duration

1987–91
2017

First appearance
March 18, 1987 (1987-03-18)

Last appearance
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; recurring

Profile

Other names
Anjelica Deveraux Curtis

[show]Family

Spouse

Harper Deveraux (until 1988)
Neil Curtis (1988–89)

Sons
Alexander Kiriakis

text: Anjelica Deveraux was originated by Jane Elliot on March 18, 1987. Elliot was best known for her portrayal of Tracy Quartermaine on General Hospital. Elliot vacated the role on February 15, 1989. Shelley Taylor Morgan briefly played Anjelica for one month from February 21 to March 24, 1989. Judith Chapman later took over on April 7, 1989 until March 19, 1990, when the character was killed off in a plane accident with her son Alexander. Chapman returned for two episodes, airing on January 22 and 23, 1991. Anjelica is known for being the second wife of Harper Deveraux, the Riverfront Knifer and the mistress of Justin Kiriakis (Wally Kurth).

text: On May 11, 2017, it was announced that veteran actress Morgan Fairchild had been cast to portray Anjelica.[9]

text: Harper Deveraux[edit]

text:
Harper Deveraux

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Joseph Campanella

Duration

1987–88
1990–92

First appearance
May 8, 1987

Last appearance
April 22, 1992

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Riverfront Knifer (serial killer alias)

Occupation
Senator

[show]Family

Spouse

Camille Deveraux (pre–1987)
Anjelica Deveraux (pre–1987–88)

Adoptive sons
Jack Deveraux

Grandchildren

Abigail Deveraux (adoptive)
JJ Deveraux (adoptive)

text: Harper Deveraux was played by Joseph Campanella on a recurring status May 8, 1987. On May 10, 1988, Campanella was upgraded to contract status when Harper was revealed to be the Riverfront Knifer, a serial killer who murdered women in Salem including Janice Barnes (Elizabeth Storm) and Grace Forrester (Camilla More). Among his other victims, Eve Donovan (Charlotte Ross), Kayla Brady (Mary Beth Evans), Kimberly Brady (Patsy Pease) and several others managed to survive. Campanella briefly the departed the role on July 5, 1988, when he was downgraded back to recurring from August 9, 1988 until October 21, 1988. Campanella later returned as Harper one last time to thwart the second wedding of Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady and later in visions had by his adopted son Jack from March 9, 1990 to April 22, 1992.

text: Andrew Donovan[edit]

text:
Andrew Donovan

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Robert Eliot Canko (1986–88)
Brandon Ambar (1988–89)
Sky Rumph (1989)
Justin Page (1989–90)
Bradley Pierce (1990–91)
Brian Davila (1991–92)

Duration

1986–92
1996–97

First appearance
May 16, 1986

Last appearance
December 24, 1997

Created by
Sheri Anderson, Thom Racina, and Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; recurring

Profile

Other names
Teddy Stewart
Andrew Shawn Donovan

[show]Family

Family
Brady

Parents

Shane Donovan
Kimberly Brady

Siblings

Eve Donovan
Theresa Donovan

Grandparents

Andrew Donovan II
Margaret Donovan
Shawn Brady
Caroline Brady

Aunts and uncles

Drew Donovan
Roman Brady
Kayla Brady
Frankie Brady (adoptive)
Max Brady (adoptive)
Bo Brady
Hope Williams Brady

Nieces and nephews

Paige Larson
Tate Black

First cousins

Carrie Brady Reed
Sami Brady
Eric Brady
Rex Brady
Cassie Brady
Stephanie Johnson
Joey Johnson
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Chelsea Brady
Zack Brady
Ciara Brady
Will Horton

text: Andrew Donovan was portrayed by several child actors including Bradley Pierce, later known for his role in movies such as Jumanji and Beauty and the Beast, until the character left the series in 1992, with further guest appearances in both 1996 and 1997. Andrew is the eldest son of supercouple Shane Donovan and Kimberly Brady (Charles Shaughnessy and, most prominently, Patsy Pease).

text: Shane Donovan[edit]

text:
Shane Donovan

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Charles Shaughnessy Joseph Mascolo (2017)

Duration

1984–92
2002
2010
2012–13
2016–17

First appearance
July 31, 1984 (1984-07-31)

Last appearance
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)

Created by

Margaret DePriest
Sheri Anderson

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Stefano DiMera (2017)

Occupation
Retired ISA Agent

Residence
Los Angeles, California

[show]Family

Parents
Andrew Donovan II
Margaret Donovan

Siblings
Drew Donovan

Spouse
Emma Donovan (1984–85)
Kimberly Brady (1987–90, 2010–)

Children
Eve Donovan
Andrew Donovan IV
Theresa Donovan

Grandchildren
Paige Larson
Tate Black

text: Shane Donovan is an agent of the ISA and husband to Kimberly Brady Donovan.[10] Donovan and Brady were a supercouple.[11]

text: In 1984, Shane came to Salem to keep an eye on Stefano DiMera's illegal dealings. He posed as Larry Welche's butler, and eventually learned of Stefano's acquisitions of two of three rare prisms designed by Larry's father. Shane teamed up with Bo, and the two intended on taking Stefano down. Later that year Shane learned that Stefano was about to acquire the third and final prism through a Russian ice skating troop that came to town. Hope and Bo got the prism from the troop, but after a long chase with Stefano's men the prism ended up embedded in the ice rink.

text: Shane returned to Salem briefly in the winter of 2002 when Hope was kidnapped by Larry Welch.

text: Shane later returned in 2010 and was revealed to have been held prisoner in a South American prison while on assignment with the ISA. Shane escaped with the help of Rafe and both returned to Salem in time for Alice Horton's funeral. Shane reconnected with Kimberly, who was in town for Alice's memorial service, and admitted that he wanted his future with her and the family and not with the ISA. Shane and Kimberly reunited and moved to LA to be together as a family.

text: In July 2013, Jeannie appeared in Salem having dropped the name and instead uses her middle name, Theresa. She worked at the hospital as Jennifer Horton's assistant and then in Human Resources as the assistant to Anne Milbauer.

text: In late 2016, Shane, apparently back in the ISA, returned to warn Theresa that her ex-boyfriend, a Mexican drug cartel boss, was back in town and wanting to reunite with her. The man was apparently so powerful that even Victor Kiriakis as afraid to cross him. Theresa relented and staged her disappearance to return to Mexico with him in order to protect her friends and family, who the man had threatened.

text: In January 2017, agent Shane was back in town to inform the Salem gang that Stefano DiMera, for whose murder Hope Brady was serving a life sentence, was actually seen alive and well in Prague orchestrating a series of arms deals. Shane's mysterious demeanor during these appearances suggest more to the story than he was letting on. This proved to be true when it was revealed that Shane and brother-in-law Steve Johnson engineered the whole affair, and that Shane himself was impersonating Stefano, in order to "prove" that Stefano was alive and thereby secure Hope's freedom.

text: Eve Donovan[edit]

text:
Eve Donovan

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Charlotte Ross (1987–91)
Kassie DePaiva (2014–16)

Duration

1987–91
2014–16

First appearance
July 16, 1987 (1987-07-16)

Last appearance
December 12, 2016

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by

Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)
Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2014)

Classification
Former; recurring (returning)

Profile

Other names

Eve Baron
Eve Larson

Occupation

Singer
Former prostitute

Residence
New York City

[show]Family

Parents

Shane Donovan
Gabrielle Pascal

Stepparents
Kimberly Brady

Siblings

Andrew Donovan IV
Theresa Donovan

Spouse

Jack Deveraux (1991)
Frankie Brady[a]
Eduardo Larson

Daughters
Paige Larson

Grandparents

Andrew Donovan II
Margaret Donovan

Aunts and uncles

Andrew Donovan III

Nieces and nephews
Tate Black

text: Eve Donovan was portrayed by actress Charlotte Ross, until her exit in 1991. In June 2014, the character returned, this time portrayed by actress Kassie DePaiva. Introduced as a prostitute, Eve is the daughter of Shane Donovan (Charles Shaughnessy) and Gabrielle Pascal. She is also the half-sister of Andrew Donovan IV and Theresa Donovan (Jen Lilley). Upon her return in 2014, she made an immediate connection with Dr. Daniel Jonas (Shawn Christian) and reunited with her daughter Paige Larson (True O'Brien). In September 2015, DePaiva was let go from the soap, and last appeared on February 2, 2016.[12] In May 2016, it was revealed that DePaiva would briefly reprise her role as Eve, she aired from September 8 to October 4, 2016.[13][14][15][16][17] The character returned from December 9, 2016 following a two-month hiatus. In May 2017 it was revealed the character would yet again return in October 2017.[18]

text: In 2014, after 22 years, Eve returned to Salem and is shown meeting with Dr Daniel Jonas to discuss a throat surgery which she hopes will help relaunch her singing career. She soon reunites with her daughter Paige Larson who she does not know is dating JJ Deveraux, the son of Eve's ex-husband Jack Deveraux and her old high school rival, Jennifer Horton. Eve hopes to gain financial support by obtaining half the profits made by Jack's book about his life in the army, which he apparently owed her as part of their annulment agreement. Jennifer, who is the executive of Jack's estate, refuses to give her any share of the money as it being donated to a charity which supports war veterans, when Eve threatens to sue her, Jennifer can not risk the toll this will have on her family and agrees to give Eve her share.

text: When Eve learns about JJ's history of drug dealing from her half-sister Theresa, she becomes wary of his and Paige's relationship and does everything she can to split them up. When Eve learns that she will never be able to sing again she is devastated, JJ comes by her apartment hoping to have it out with her after having just broken up with Paige but once he sees how fragile she is he comforts her, they end up having sex and are distraught afterwards when they realize what they have just done to Paige. JJ and Paige soon get back together but are forced to break up when JJ once again sleeps with Eve.

text: Eve and JJ continue their affair until they are caught in bed together by Jennifer who furiously attacks Eve. Jennifer decides not to tell Paige the truth about JJ and Eve but blackmails Eve into encouraging Paige to get back together with JJ. Eve tries to get JJ arrested by having drugs planted in his backpack, when JJ confronts her about it in order to get a recorded confession, they do not realize that Paige is in the next room and hears them confessing to their affair. An enraged Paige slaps Eve and disowns her as her mother before going to JJ's house and revealing the truth to all his friends and family who were attending a surprise birthday party JJ was throwing for Paige.

text: Eve's life is shattered when Paige is murdered by a serial killer known as the Neck-tie killer, who is later revealed to be Ben Rogers. This prompts Paige's estranged father and Eve's ex-husband Eduardo Larson to come to Salem in the hope of consoling Eve through her grief but Eve is still resentful towards him for abandoning her and Paige years previously. She is even more angered to learn that Eduardo is the father of Rafe and Gabi Hernandez, who are part of another family Eduardo left before he met Eve.

text: Eve begins a relationship with Justin Kiriakis who helped console Eve after Paige's death, when Eduardo wants to set up a music program in Paige's name at the community center, he asks Eve to run it and she accepts. Eve takes a particular interest in Claire Brady, one of her students and believes she possesses great talent as a singer. Eve starts indulging much of her time with Claire much to the annoyance of her mother Belle Brady, who believes Eve is using Claire as a surrogate daughter to replace Paige. When Eve gets Claire an audition for a place at Juilliard School for the performing arts in New York City, she and Claire sneak off to New York without Belle's permission.

text: Claire returns soon after and reveals that she did not get a place in Juilliard but Eve does not return with her and her Whereabouts remain unknown until her sister Theresa reveals that she is no longer living in Salem when talking about her upcoming wedding to her fiancée Brady Black.

text: Eve returns several months later for Theresa's bachelorette party and wedding. However before the wedding starts the party is invaded by former Salem criminal Orpheus who grabs Eve and holds her at gunpoint. She and several other guests are released when Paul Narita takes her place as a hostage. Afterwards at the police station, Eve forms a bond with Nicole Walker over their shared grief of lost loved one's. Eve goes back to New York soon after but not before helping her ex-boyfriend Justin realize he still has feelings for his ex-wife Adrienne.

text: Alexander Kiriakis[edit]

text:
Alexander Kiriakis

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Jonathan Thornton

Duration
1989–91

First appearance
February 21, 1989

Last appearance
February 5, 1991

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; recurring

Profile

Other names
Alexander Neil Kiriakis

Residence
Scottsdale, Arizona

[show]Family

Family
Kiriakis

Parents

Justin Kiriakis
Anjelica Deveraux

Stepmother
Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis (1987–2015)

Siblings

Joey Kiriakis (adoptive)
Victor Kiriakis II (adoptive)
Sonny Kiriakis

Grandparents

Alexander Kiriakis
Christina Kiriakis

Other relatives
Victor Kiriakis

text: Alexander Kiriakis was portrayed by child actor, Jonathan Thornton.

text: Alexander was conceived by Justin Kiriakis (Wally Kurth) and Anjelica Deveraux (Jane Elliot, Shelley Taylor Morgan, Judith Chapman), when Justin was separated from his wife Adrienne Johnson (Judi Evans). Alexander was originally thought to be Harper Deveraux's (Joseph Campanella) son, before Anjelica realized that Harper was sterile, thus couldn't be the baby's father. Even then, she lied to Justin about the child's paternity and she married Neil Curtis (Joseph Gallison) in hopes of giving her child a name. Victor Kiriakis wanted Angelica to marry him so he could use the baby as his heir, but she refused him. Neil planned on adopting Alexander as his own, but the adoption never went through because Anjelica realized she had a chance with Justin, and told him that Alexander was his son. Justin put her and Alexander up in a penthouse of their own, complete with a nanny, J.J. Bagwood (Patti Johns), because she knew that there was no way Justin would let his ruthless uncle raise his son.

text: Angelica tried to use Alexander to split up Adrienne and Justin, and she almost succeeded by telling Justin that Adrienne had faked a pregnancy of her own to hold onto him. Justin and Adrienne still remained in love and Anjelica decided to get Adrienne out of the picture once and for all, and hired Hank Tobin (John Lavachielli, Ron Kuhlman, Rick J. Porter) to bomb the site that Adrienne's construction company was working on. Tobin had an attack of conscience at the last minute, and lost his own life saving Adrienne's. When Justin learned the truth behind the bombing, Angelica fled town with Alexander. The two were presumed dead in a plane crash and Justin and Adrienne found their way back to each other.

text: Alexander was finally reunited with his father in 1991, when Johnny Corelli found him and Anjelica, when it was revealed they switched flights before the crash. Anjelica had a miraculous change of heart and agreed to let Johnny take Alexander back to Salem, where he was reunited with his father and stepmother. Justin and Adrienne soon took Alexander to Dallas, Texas, with his adopted twin brothers Joey Kiriakis (Loren Mead, Jacob Iorio) and Victor Kiriakis II (Candace Mead, Benjamin Iorio). Soon after they arrived in Texas, Adrienne gave birth to his younger half-brother, Jackson "Sonny" Kiriakis (Freddie Smith).

text: Although never shown on-screen, Alexander returned to Salem in 2007 with his parents and brothers, where he attended Salem High School. His time in town was short lived, however, and by January 2008 the entire family moved again - this time to Dubai. In 2009, Sonny revealed that Alexander had a difficult time at first accepting when he first came out as gay. In 2015, Alexander was revealed to be living in Arizona when Sonny was going through troubles with his husband Will Horton (Guy Wilson) and he went to visit him.

text: Henderson[edit]

text: Henderson is Victor's butler. Ron Leath is the actor who plays Henderson. He is routinely seen answering the door and serving meals in the Kiriakis mansion. He is extremely loyal to Victor Kiriakis.[19]

text: Kristina Andropolous[edit]

text: Kristina is the sole daughter of Teodor Andropolous. The Andropolous were wealthy neighbors, business partners, and friends of the Kiriakis. Thus, She grew up in the Greek island of Naphleon along with Justin Kiriakis, and she even attended the same Swiss boarding school as he. Kristina and Justin had always been fierce rivals in everything they did, but at the same time kept a very close relationship that turned into a high school romance. After they graduated, they went their separate ways. Kristina eventually became a savvy business woman, as her father prepped her to take over the helm of the Andropolous business.

text: Vern Scofield[edit]

text: Vern Scofield, played by Wayne Heffley from 1988 to 1993 and again in 2002, 2003, and 2006, raised three children (Brian, Tanner, and Cassie) after the death of his wife. Vern's primary role was to be Jack's right-hand man at the Spectator and supported Jack's relationship with Jennifer. Vern began dating Jo Johnson, Jack's mother, in 1999 when both characters left the canvas. In 2002, it was revealed that Vern and Jo had married and were still living in Salem. They returned for Jack's "funeral" in 2003 and later for Jack and Jennifer's wedding and farewell in 2006. Although Heffley died in 2008, Vern was mentioned as alive in December, 2016.


document_title: Winchester (film)

question_text: where is the movie winchester based out of

root

text: Winchester (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sarah Winchester is the widow of famed gun manufacturer William Wirt Winchester. Her husband's sudden death and the previous death of their child Annie have left her in grief. Having received more than $20-million dollars in inheritance, Winchester convinces herself she is cursed by the ghosts of those who died at the hands of Winchester firearms. After seeking advice from a medium, she begins building an enormous, seemingly never-ending mansion in San Jose, California that would eventually be named the Winchester Mystery House. The house is under constant construction and Sarah's relative Marion Marriott lives in the house with her son Henry. At night, Henry is possessed by a mysterious entity.

tag: p

text: It's 1906, the Winchester company hires doctor Eric Price to stay at the house and assess Sarah, believing she is mentally unfit to remain in charge of the company. Eric is grieving from the death of his wife Ruby and reliant on drugs. He arrives at the house and has a ghostly vision that he believes is a side effect of the drugs he has taken. Later, he spots a ghost in the basement and witnesses a possessed Henry jump off the roof. Eric saves him.

text: The next day, Eric begins to conduct his assessment of Sarah's mental well-being. Sarah admits her fear of ghosts and believes she can help them move on. She reveals that she knows about Eric's drug problem and confiscates them. That night, Eric witnesses a seemingly possessed Sarah draw a plan for a new room. He is startled by an entity and flees back to his room. The next day, Sarah shows Eric that she keeps records of people killed by Winchester rifles. It is revealed that Eric had actually been shot and killed by a Winchester rifle before being revived, and he keeps the bullet with him. Sarah explains how thirteen nails keep spirits sealed in rooms.

text: A possessed Henry attempts to kill Sarah with a rifle, but is stopped by Eric and Marion. Realizing how violent this spirit is, Sarah sends her staff away and decides to personally remove the ghost from her home. Eric encounters a butler who reveals himself to be a ghost. He and Sarah identify the ghost as Benjamin Block, a Confederate States Army soldier who lost his two brothers in the American Civil War, killed by Winchester rifles. A devastated Ben proceeded to shoot up a Winchester office, massacring the workers before being shot dead by police. Ben has been the one possessing Henry; the constructed room with the Winchester guns is the room where he was shot dead.

text: The 1906 San Francisco earthquake takes place, devastating the house and separating Eric and Sarah. In the chaos, a possessed Henry escapes his room and is pursued by Marion. Eric encounters several ghosts before seeing the ghost of Ruby. It is revealed that Ruby was mentally ill and was misdiagnosed by Eric. The unstable Ruby shot Eric before killing herself with a rifle. Ruby's ghost comforts Eric, inspiring him to help Sarah. Eric reunites with Sarah and they manage to trap Ben in the room. Marion and Henry are cornered by Ben's brothers. Ben attempts to murder Sarah, but the pair realizes that Ben is scared of the bullet Eric kept. Eric has been able to see the ghosts in the house due to him dying from that bullet beforehand. Eric uses the bullet in the rifle that Ben used in the shooting and banishes him. Henry and Marion are saved and the other spirits return to their rooms.

text: Eric pronounces Sarah sane, allowing her to remain in control of the company. Sarah announces her intent to build more rooms to help more spirits. As the house is being repaired, a nail falls out of one of the boards sealing a spirit in a room.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Helen Mirren as Sarah Winchester
Jason Clarke as Eric Price
Sarah Snook as Marian Marriott
Finn Scicluna-O'Prey as Henry Marriott
Angus Sampson as John Hansen
Laura Brent as Ruby Price
Tyler Coppin as Arthur Gates
Eamon Farren as Benjamin Block

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2009, it was announced that a film would be made about the Winchester Mystery House.[3] Rights to the story were acquired by the Hammer Films division of Exclusive Media in 2012, with Imagination Design Works and Nine/8 Entertainment producing.[4] Michael and Peter Spierig were set as directors on May 10, 2016, with the pair also revising the script.[5] On May 14, Helen Mirren began finalizing a deal to star in the film as heiress Sarah Winchester, and filming was expected to start later in 2016, in San Jose, California and Australia.[6] In August 2016, CBS Films acquired distribution rights to the film, and production was pushed back to March 2017.[7] In September 2016, Jason Clarke entered negotiations to star in the film.[8] Sarah Snook and Angus Sampson joined the cast in March 2017, and filming commenced in Australia.[9] The film was renamed to Winchester: The House That Ghosts Built on October 10, 2017, and was moved from its original release date of February 23, 2018 up to February 2, 2018.[10] Executive producers on the film include Andrew Trapani, Brian J. Gilbert, Antonia Lianos, Benedict Carver, Daniel Diamond and Tobin Armbrust.[11]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of March 9, 2018[update], Winchester has grossed $24.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $9.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $33.8 million, against a production budget of $3.5 million.[1]

text: In the United States and Canada, Winchester was released on February 2, 2018, and was expected to gross $6–8 million from 2,480 theaters in its opening weekend.[12] It ended up debuting to $9.3 million, finishing third at the box office, behind holdovers Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Maze Runner: The Death Cure.[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 13% based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Like a grand staircase within the famous mansion that inspired it, Winchester appears poised to get a rise out of audiences, but ultimately leads nowhere."[14] At Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 28 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[13]

text: Variety's Owen Gleiberman gave the film a negative review, writing, "Mirren does all she can to look like she’s having fun, but Winchester...[is] an empty grab bag of a spook show in which the Spierig brothers never do figure out a way to turn the Winchester Mystery House into an exhilarating movie set...".[16]

text: Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review, saying it "promises more sophisticated shocks and psychological depths than it ultimately delivers" and while "Winchester is a visual treat, its palette aglow with bronze and turquoise tints that suggest colorized Victorian postcards."[17]

text: Simon Abrams at RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars, stating, "Winchester leveled my unfair expectations simply by being both silly and fun... what [it] lacks in originality its creators amply make up for in execution." He also stated that the dialogue was "enjoyable."[18]


document_title: Firearms policy in the United Kingdom

question_text: when was it made illegal to carry a gun in england

question_tokens: when was it made illegal to carry a gun in england

text: Firearms policy in the United Kingdom

text: Shooting sports[edit]

text: Shooting sports split into different categories in the UK between target shooting, clay pigeon shooting, pest control, and hunting. Sports, once a relatively elitist activity, have become far more popular in modern times amongst people from all walks of life.[12][13]

text: A lot of current civilian rifle clubs trace their history to the 'volunteers' of the middle 19th century, raised locally among the gentry to afford some readiness to counter the constant threat of invasion by Napoleon III. These volunteer organisations and military shooting clubs developed over time into civilian clubs as the Volunteer organisations were incorporated into the Territorial Army. The rise in popularity in the civilian clubs started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially fullbore rifle events sponsored by the military and National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom to improve the general standard of marksmanship under the auspices of Defence of the Realm.[14]

text: Impact of firearm legislation[edit]

text: In 2012 the Home Office reported that, "in 2010/11, firearms were involved in 11,227 recorded offences in England and Wales, the seventh consecutive annual fall".[15] Firearms statistics in England and Wales include airguns and imitation guns, which make up a high proportion of these recorded offences (see under "Firearms crime" below). However, this was a return to the levels seen prior to the legislation in 1997. Firearms offences almost doubled in the eight years following handguns being made illegal.

text: Fully automatic (submachine-guns, etc.) are "prohibited weapons"[16] and require explicit permission from central government to permit ownership. Generally, such permits are not available to private citizens. Semi-automatic rifles over .22 in (5.6 mm) and pistols are similarly "prohibited", although there are exceptions for short barrelled breech-loading semi-automatic and revolver pistols for use for the humane dispatch of animals (classed under section 5). There are also very limited exceptions for pistols both to preserve firearms of historic or technical interest (classed as section 7 firearms)[17] and to enable use by elite sports teams. Semi-automatic shotguns are restricted to a magazine capacity of no more than two shot and is held under section 2 of the Firearms Act, although a 'multi-shot' shotgun can be owned under section 1 (restricted firearms and ammunition) of the Firearms Act. Where the term 'multi-shot' is used, this refers to either a Semi-automatic or pump action shotgun with no restriction on magazine capacity.[18] All other rifles and their ammunition are permitted with no limits as to magazine size, to include: target shooting, hunting, and historic and muzzle-loading weapons, as well as long barrelled breachloading pistols with a specific overall length, but not for self-defence; however if a home-owner is threatened they may be used in self-defence, so long as the force is reasonable.[19] Shotgun possession and use is controlled, and even low-power air rifles and pistols, while permitted, are controlled to some extent. A Firearm Certificate issued by the police is required for all weapons and ammunition except air weapons of modest power (of muzzle energy not over 12 ft·lbf (16 J) for rifles, and 6 ft·lbf (8.1 J) for pistols). Shotguns with a capacity of three rounds or less (up to guns with a magazine holding no more than two rounds, in addition to one in the chamber) are subject to less stringent licensing requirements than other firearms and require a shotgun certificate; shotguns with higher capacity require a Firearm Certificate.

text: Possession of a live firearms round can lead to severe penalties. Live firearms ammunition, other than most shotgun ammunition, may only be purchased and possessed with the authority of a Firearm Certificate. Shotgun cartridges can be possessed by anybody over the age of 15 but no licence is required to hold such ammunition so long as the cartridges contain 5 or more shots.[20] However, a licence covering possession of a firearm capable of firing shotgun ammunition is required for purchase.

text: While Scotland has had its own parliament (Holyrood) since the Scotland Act 1998, power to legislate on firearms was reserved to the Westminster Parliament, which led to tensions between the British and Scottish parliaments, with the Scottish government wanting to enact stricter laws.[21]

text: In Northern Ireland, possessing a firearm with a Firearm Certificate issued by the Police Service of Northern Ireland is legal. Firearms control laws in Northern Ireland are primarily regulated by the Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004, slightly different from the law in Great Britain.

text: Gun licensing and legislation[edit]

text: The legislation is interpreted in different ways by different police authorities. For example, some authorities allow clubs to possess long-barrelled pistols for members to use, and allow members who own them to allow other members to use them. Other authorities place the condition that only the owner may fire them; it is considered an offence for anyone else to even touch the firearm. This effectively requires members each to own their own pistol.[22] In 2002 the Home Office issued firearms law guidance to the police, a 212-page long document.[23] A revised version was published in October 2013.[24] In 2012 the British Shooting Sports Council believed that the law needed to be consolidated[clarify], but did not call for a review.[25]

text: Classifications of firearms[edit]

text: Rifles[edit]

text: UK law defines a "rifle" as a rifled firearm with a barrel longer than 30 cm (12 in), and a total length longer than 60 cm (24 in) that does not fall under the classification of long-barrelled revolver or pistol. Single-shot, bolt-action, Martini-action, lever-action (also called under-lever action) and revolver rifles and carbines are permitted, with certificate, in any calibre. Self-loading (also known as semi-automatic) or pump-action rifles are only permitted in .22 rimfire calibre.

text: Pistols[edit]

text: The 1997 law did not ban pistols as such and was drafted in terms of small firearms.[23]:3.2 British law defines a "pistol" as a firearm with a barrel shorter than 30 cm (12 in) or a total length of less than 60 cm (24 in)[26] (this definition encompasses revolvers, revolving pistols). Only muzzle-loading pistols—including muzzle-loading revolvers—are permitted; in practice all such firearms use black powder—a Class 1 explosive—as the propellant. Small quantities of muzzle-loading pistols and revolvers in various calibres, which comply with the regulations, are manufactured.[27] All other pistols are prohibited in Great Britain, with some exceptions such as pistols used for the humane dispatch of injured animals (such as deer) and some historical firearms.

text: Specific models of blank-firing starting pistol that are "readily convertible" to fire live ammunition can also be banned. The Bruni Olympic .380 BBM blank-firing revolver was banned in 2010 on evidence that it was being illegally converted.[28]

text: Long-barrelled revolvers and pistols[edit]

text: "Long-barrelled revolvers" and "long-barrelled pistols" meeting specified criteria are not classified as small, and hence prohibited, firearms; it is legal, with a Firearm Certificate, to possess them. The barrel must be at least 30 cm (12 in) long, and the firearm at least 60 cm (24 in) long, which can be achieved by having a permanently attached extension to the grip or butt of the firearm. Long-barrelled single-shot firearms of any calibre, and semi-automatic pistols of .22 rimfire calibres, are permitted with FAC.[29]

text: Target pistols[edit]

text: Aside from special temporary exemptions for major events such as the 2012 Olympics, pistol shooting for sporting purposes has been effectively banned since 1997. As a result, the GB pistol squad has to practice abroad.[30]

text: A few models of single-shot .22 calibre free pistol, as used in the 50 m Olympic 'Free Pistol' match, have been produced to meet the "long-barrelled pistol" conditions. Some free pistols have removable stabiliser bars extending backwards to improve stability; the UK-legal models have been made with non-removable stabilisers to extend the dimensions, instead of contrived and non-functional grip extensions. Examples are the single-shot Pardini K22 Longarm[31] and the Westlake Britarms Long Pistol, a permitted .22 LR five-shot semi-automatic pistol.[32]

text: Shotguns[edit]

text: Single-barrelled, double-barrelled shotguns, or those with a lever-action or, pump-action, or semi-automatic and fixed magazine capacity of no more than three (2 in the magazine and one in the chamber) cartridges are permitted on a Shotgun Certificate. Shotguns with a detachable magazine or larger fixed magazine are permitted on a Section 1 Firearm Certificate. Types of shotgun ammunition, such as solid slugs can only be bought following the grant of an FAC (Firearm Certificate). There is no limit on the number of guns or amount of ammunition that a SGC (shotgun certificate) holder can acquire or possess at one time, although each shotgun is recorded on the certificates.

text: Airguns[edit]

text: Airguns are firearms like any other according to the definition given in the Firearms Act 1968 at section 57(1).[33] However, they are exempt from the requirement that a Firearm Certificate or Shotgun Certificate need be obtained to possess or acquire them provided that they meet certain limits as to their power.

text: Air pistols with a muzzle energy not exceeding 6 foot-pounds force (8.1 joules) and other airguns with a muzzle energy not exceeding 12 ft·lbf (16 J) do not require a certificate and may be acquired, purchased and possessed by anyone over the age of 18 and who is not a prohibited person as specified in section 21 of the Act which relates to persons previously convicted of crime.[34]

text: The UK Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 controls online or mail-order sales of airguns by way of trade or business; transactions must be finalised face-to-face although the contract of sale may take place at a distance.[35] The airgun may be sent by the seller to a Registered Firearms Dealer (who will act as the sellers agent in the sale) from whom the gun may be collected by the purchaser.

text: The same Act introduced the requirement that a person selling airguns or ammunition for airguns by way of trade or business be a Registered Firearms Dealer.[36] It is not an offence for a private individual to sell an airgun to another person as long as both parties are not legally barred from possessing airguns and the transaction does not constitute a business activity.

text: It became a crime to fire an air weapon beyond the boundary of any premises without the occupier's permission, and increased the lower age limit for buying or possessing an air weapon to 18 years.[37]

text: From 10 February 2011 The Crime & Security Act 2010 (S.46) made it an offence "...for a person in possession of an air weapon to fail to take reasonable precautions to prevent any person under the age of eighteen from having the weapon with him...".[38]

text: Any person who is in a building or is on land as a trespasser whilst having a firearm with them commits the offence of trespassing with a firearm.[39] It is immaterial whether or not they have any ammunition with them at the time or whether they actually intend to use it at the place in which they were trespassing.

text: Ammunition[edit]

text: Explosive, incendiary, noxious (biological, chemical) and armour piercing ammunition types are "prohibited"[16] for civilians. Expanding ammunition is not only permitted but a legal requirement for deer stalking. Holders of a FAC for the purpose of (game) shooting or deer-stalking are required to have authorisation to acquire and possess expanding ammunition[40] noted on it. The amount of ammunition allowed for purchase and possession is determined by conditions stated on an FAC.

text: Prohibited firearms[edit]

text: The following are generally prohibited:[41][42]

text:
Fully automatic or burst-fire weapons, which may include some air guns.
Semi-automatic or pump-action rifles that fire centre-fire ammunition (e.g. Colt AR-15, L1A1)
Cartridge ammunition handguns, regardless of calibre
Firearms disguised as another item (e.g. walking sticks, mobile telephones, etc.)
Rockets and mortars.
Air guns chambered for self-contained gas cartridges. (Existing owners prior to 20 January 2004 were allowed ownership subject to obtaining a firearm certificate)
Any weapon of whatever description designed or adapted for the discharge of any noxious liquid, gas or other thing. This would generally include stun guns, or electric shock devices, CS gas (tear gas), OC spray (pepper spray), etc.. Cattle prods would not generally be included, but it would depend on the type.
Firearms which previously fell into a prohibited category, but have been converted to an otherwise permitted form. For example, a pistol which is adapted by permanently fitting a 60-centimetre (24 in) long smooth-bore barrel to it does not thereby become permitted.[23]:2.29

text: Firearm licensing[edit]

text: With a few specialised exceptions, all firearms in the United Kingdom must be licensed on either a 5-year firearm certificate (FAC)[43] or a shotgun certificate (SGC) issued by the police for the area in which they normally reside. Each certificate can list multiple firearms, and the certificate remains valid until expiry even if all the listed firearms were subsequently banned.[44]

text: Shotguns (Section 2 Firearms under the 1968 Act as amended) are defined in UK law as smoothbore firearms with barrels not shorter than 24 inches (61 cm) and a bore not larger than 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter, no revolving cylinder, and either no magazine or a non-detachable magazine that is not capable of holding more than two cartridges,[23] plus one in the chamber; shotguns with higher capacity require a firearm certificate. Shotguns thus defined are subject to a less rigorous certification process than for the full FAC; an applicant is not required by law to make a good case for being granted a certificate, but the police may withhold a certificate if they consider that the applicant does not have satisfactory security in place, or granting it would constitute a danger to public safety or to the peace.[45] A certificate holder may possess as many shotguns as can be securely stored.

text: When applying for a firearm certificate, justification must be provided to the police for each firearm, and they are individually listed on the certificate by type, calibre, and serial number. A shotgun certificate similarly lists type, calibre and serial number, but permits possession of as many shotguns as can be safely accommodated. To gain permission for a new firearm, a "variation" must be sought, for a fee, unless the variation is made at the time of renewal, or unless it constitutes a one-for-one replacement of an existing firearm that will be disposed of. The certificate also sets out, by calibre, the maximum quantities of ammunition someone may possess at any one time, and is used to record ammunition purchases (except where ammunition is bought to use immediately on a range under s11 or s15 of the Firearms Act).

text: To obtain a firearm certificate, the police must be satisfied that a person has "good reason" to own each firearm, and that they can be trusted with it "without danger to the public safety or to the peace". Under Home Office guidelines, Firearm Certificates are only issued if a person has legitimate sporting, collecting, or work-related reasons for ownership. Since 1968, self-defence has not been considered a valid reason to own a firearm.[46] The current licensing procedure involves: positive verification of identity, two referees of verifiable good character who have known the applicant for at least two years (and who may themselves be interviewed and/or investigated as part of the certification), approval of the application by the applicant's own family doctor, an inspection of the premises and cabinet where firearms will be kept and a face-to-face interview by a Firearms Enquiry Officer (FEO) also known as a Firearms Liaison Officer (FLO). A thorough background check of the applicant is then made by Special Branch on behalf of the firearms licensing department. Only when all these stages have been satisfactorily completed will a licence be issued, which must be renewed every 5 years.

text: Any person who has been sentenced to between three months and three years in prison is automatically prohibited from possessing firearms (including airguns) and ammunition for five years from release. A person who has been sentenced to more than three years is prohibited for life.[34] Application may be made to a court to reverse these prohibitions and this is likely to be successful in relation to convictions for crimes which do not relate to a person's fitness to possess firearms. Similarly, persons applying for licences with recent, serious mental health issues will also be refused a certificate.

text: Any person holding a Firearm or Shotgun Certificate must comply with strict conditions regarding such things as safe storage. These storage arrangements are checked by the police before a licence is first granted, and on every renewal of the licence.

text: In the case of a firearm certificate the issuing police force may impose additional conditions over and above the statutory ones. However any condition appended to a certificate must be reasonable and must not be of such a restrictive nature as would amount to a constructive refusal to grant the certificate by making use so unlikely as to be practically impossible. Failure to comply with any of these conditions can result in criminal prosecution resulting in a prison sentence of up to six months. Revocation of the certificate is also possible, depending upon the nature of the breach.

text: A visitors permit is available for possession of firearms without certificate by visitors to the UK.[47]

text: The penalty for possession of any type of firearm without a certificate is a maximum of 14 years in prison and an unlimited fine. The penalty for section 5 categories of firearm is subject to a mandatory minimum of five years.[48] (Although the sentencing judge has discretion to depart from the minimum sentence if there are "exceptional circumstances").[49]

text: The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 increased restrictions on the use, possession, sale and manufacture of both airguns and imitation firearms.[50]

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: More than 100,000 people in Northern Ireland own firearms, having 380,000 among them.[51] Gun control laws in Northern Ireland are less restrictive than gun laws in Great Britain due to the Good Friday Agreement, allowing Northern Ireland to govern itself and pass less restrictive laws. Gun laws in Northern Ireland are primarily affected by the Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004. Under the new law, first-time buyers will be required to demonstrate they can be trusted with the firearm. It will be up to firearms dealers selling the products to tell new buyers, and those upgrading their firearms, about the safety procedures. Firearm possessors in Northern Ireland must not transport their firearms to Great Britain. All gun owners in Northern Ireland are required to apply for a Firearm Certificate to possess firearms. Permits are normally issued to anyone who has good reason to possess firearms, such as target shooting, hunting, and personal protection.[52] Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom where personal protection is accepted as a legitimate reason to obtain and own a firearm and is the only part of the United Kingdom or Ireland where handguns are permitted. Semi-automatic rifles are only permitted when chambered in .22 calibre (with certain exceptions). Handguns and Shotguns are permitted in any calibre. There is no limit on magazine capacity for rifles and handguns, and the magazine limit for shotguns is 2 rounds. Also, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed without a permit. Open carry of handguns is not common. However, in the countryside, people will often open carry loaded rifles and shotguns.[51] A firearm certificate for a personal protection weapon will only be authorised where the Police Service of Northern Ireland deems there is a ‘verifiable specific risk’ to the life of an individual and that the possession of a firearm is a reasonable, proportionate and necessary measure to protect their life.[53] Permits for personal protection also allow the holder to carry their firearms concealed. They may also allow the holder to possess fully automatic weapons and center fire semi-automatics in some instances.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: This section has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Gun laws in Scotland differ in some details from those in the rest of the UK. However, in terms of licensing they are, currently, identical to the rest of Great Britain. A firearms certificate is required to purchase firearms,[54] and a separate shotgun certificate is required for shotguns.[55] The guiding laws for firearms in Scotland are the Firearms (Scotland) Rules 1989 and the Firearms Act (1968). All handguns, semi-automatic and pump-action non-rim-fire rifles are prohibited. A few pistols are licensed on a Firearm Certificate for exactly the same reasons as the rest of Great Britain. There are only 566 licensed handgun owners in Scotland.[56]

text: Air weapon licensing[edit]

text: In 2006, Glasgow politician Tommy Sheridan of the political party Solidarity launched a consultation to restrict possession of air guns, highlighting recent cases including the death of toddler Andrew Morton but the Scottish Parliament did not have the power to ban airguns at the time so any measures would have needed to be formally approved by Westminster.[57] Around this time, the media gave some exposure to growing public desire to have air guns banned or regulated, particularly from the parents of a child that died after being struck in the head by a pellet in Easterhouse,[58] a suburb of east Glasgow.[59] The child was said to have had a skull only two millimetres thick at the point of impact.[60]

text: MSPs such as Kenny Macaskill have claimed Scotland has a problem with air gun violence. However official figures show that out of the estimated 500,000 airguns in Scotland there were only 195 offences a ratio of less than 0.04%. Not all of these offences have been linked to violence with many being minor.[61]

text: The Commission on Scottish Devolution when implemented gave the Scottish Parliament powers to regulate air guns. On 14 December 2012, a consultation was launched to investigate proposals for licensing air weapons in Scotland. The Scottish Cabinet Secretary for Justice foreword in the consultation paper (titled Proposals for Licensing Air Weapons in Scotland[62]) stated that the regional government "[does] not intend to ban air weapons outright, but [does] not think that it is appropriate in our modern Scotland that there can be up to half a million unregistered, uncontrolled and often forgotten firearms (however, air weapons are not considered 'firearms' under the law [49] ) in circulation". It stated an aim to "ensure that only those people with a legitimate reason for owning and using an airgun should have access to them in the future, and that they are properly licensed and accounted for". In 2011/12 there were 195 offences involving air weapons in Scotland, compared to 3,554 in England & Wales.[63] The consultation closed in March 2013 with 1,101 responses, 87% of which were opposed to the principle of licensing air weapons.[64]

text: In July 2013, Shooting UK reported that a petition against the introduction of air weapon licensing in Scotland had so far gained 14,193 signatures. Petition founder Dave Ewing - who was due to appear before the Scottish Parliament's Public Petitions Committee in September - was reported as being pleased with the response to date, but that, "it is very important for people to continue signing and showing support, as the shooting community must pull together to defend our rights... Every single law-abiding person that is deterred from shooting due to overly restrictive laws or unfair financial hurdles weakens [the shooting] community." BASC and the Scottish Gamekeepers' Association (SGA) is also supporting the petition, with the SGA's George Macdonald saying: "Responsible people object to having legislation forced upon them where there is no demonstrable need. The statistics for misuse of an airgun are very low."[65]

text: As of 31st December 2016, it is a requirement to hold an airgun certificate in Scotland to possess a sub 12ft/lb air rifle or sub 6ft/lb air pistol. There are some exceptions for current FAC and SGC holders in that they may hold an air rifle on their current certificate and apply to add it/them when next renewing their FAC or SGC.[66]

text: Gun control legislation in the United Kingdom[edit]

text: Many laws and amendments governing possession and use of firearms have been enacted over the years; see Firearms Act#United Kingdom for a more complete list.

text: Following the assassination of William of Orange in 1584 with a concealed wheellock pistol, Queen Elizabeth I, fearing assassination by Roman Catholics, banned possession of wheellock pistols near a royal palace in 1594.[67] There were growing concerns in the 16th century over the use of guns and crossbows. Four acts were imposed to restrict their use.[68]

text: The Bill of Rights restated the ancient rights of the people to bear arms by reinstating the right of Protestants to have arms after they had been illegally disarmed by James II. It follows closely the Declaration of Rights made in Parliament in February 1689.[69] The Bill of Rights text declares that "That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law".[70]

text: "Whereas the late King James the Second, by the Assistance of divers evil Counsellors, Judges, and Ministers, employed by Him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion, and the Laws and Liberties of this Kingdom..(b)y assuming and exercising a Power of dispensing with and suspending of Laws, and the Execution of Laws, without Consent of Parliament....(b)y causing several good Subjects, being Protestants, to be disarmed, at the same Time when Papists were both armed and employed contrary to Law...(a)ll which are utterly and directly contrary to the known Laws and Statutes and Freedom of this Realm..... the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections, being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation, taking into their most serious Consideration the best Means for attaining the Ends aforesaid, do in the First Place (as their Ancestors in like Case have usually done), for the vindicating and asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties, Declare,....That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence, suitable to their Condition, and as allowed by Law.

text: The rights of English subjects and, after 1707, British subjects, to possess arms was recognised under English common law. Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, were highly influential and were used as a reference and text book for English Common Law. In his Commentaries, Blackstone described the right to arms.[71]

text: The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject, that I shall at present mention, is that of having arms for their defence, suitable to their condition and degree, and such as are allowed by law. Which is also declared by the same statute I W. & M. st.2. c.2. and is indeed a public allowance, under due restrictions, of the natural right of resistance and self-preservation, when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression.

text: Formerly, this same British common law applied to the UK and Australia, and until 1791 to the colonies in North America that became the United States. The right to keep and bear arms had originated in England during the reign of Henry II with the 1181 Assize of Arms, and developed as part of common law.

text: After the Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and 1745, harsh laws providing, amongst other things, for disarming the Highlands of Scotland, were enacted by the Parliament of Great Britain: the Disarming Acts of 1716 and 1725, and the Act of Proscription 1746.

text: The first British firearm controls were introduced as part of the Vagrancy Act 1824, which was set up in a reaction against the large number of people roaming the country with weapons brought back from the Napoleonic wars. It allowed the police to arrest "any person with any gun, pistol, hanger [dagger], cutlass, bludgeon or other offensive weapon... with intent to commit a felonious act". It was followed by the Night Poaching Act 1828 and Night Poaching Act 1844, the Game Act 1831, and the Poaching Prevention Act 1862, which made it an offence to shoot game illegally by using a firearm.

text: The Gun Licence Act 1870 was created to raise revenue. It required a person to obtain a licence to carry a gun outside his own property for any reason. A licence was not required to buy a gun. The licences cost 10 shillings (equivalent to about £31 in 2005), lasted one year and could be bought over the counter at Post Offices.

text: Pistols Act 1903[edit]

text: The Pistols Act 1903 was the first to place restrictions on the sale of firearms. Titled "An Act to regulate the sale and use of Pistols or other Firearms", it was short, with just nine sections, and applied solely to pistols. It defined a pistol as a firearm whose barrel did not exceed 9 in (230 mm) in length and made it illegal to sell or rent a pistol to anyone who could not produce a current gun licence or game licence, were exempt from the Gun Licence Act, could prove that they planned to use the pistol on their own property, or had a statement signed by a police officer of Inspector's rank or above or a Justice of the Peace to the effect that they were about to go abroad for six months or more. The Act was more or less ineffective, as anyone wishing to buy a pistol commercially merely had to purchase a licence on demand over the counter from a Post Office before doing so. In addition, it did not regulate private sales of such firearms.

text: The legislators laid some emphasis on the dangers of pistols in the hands of children and drunkards and made specific provisions regarding sales to these two groups: persons under 18 could be fined 40 shillings if they bought, hired, or carried a pistol, while anyone who sold a pistol to such a person could be fined £5. Anyone who sold a pistol to someone who was "intoxicated or of unsound mind" was liable to a fine of £25 or 3 months' imprisonment with hard labour. However, it was not an offence under the Act to give or lend a pistol to anyone belonging to the two groups.[72]

text: Firearms Act 1920[edit]

text: The Firearms Act 1920 was partly spurred by fears of a possible surge in crime from the large number of firearms available following World War I and also fears of working-class unrest in this period. "An Act to amend the law relating to firearms and other weapons and ammunition", its main stated aim was to enable the government to control the overseas arms trade and so fulfill its commitment to the 1919 Paris Arms Convention.[73] The ongoing Anglo-Irish War may also have been a factor, as Britain and Ireland were at that time still in union with each other at the time, and the Act also applied to Ireland. It required anyone wanting to purchase or possess a firearm or ammunition to obtain a firearm certificate. The certificate, which lasted for three years, specified not only the firearm but also the amount of ammunition the holder could buy or possess. Local chief constables decided who could obtain a certificate and had the power to exclude anyone of "intemperate habits" or "unsound mind", or anyone considered "...for any reason unfitted to be trusted with firearms". Applicants for certificates also had to convince the police that they had a good reason for needing a certificate. The law did not affect smooth-bore guns, which were available for purchase without any form of paperwork. The penalty for violating the Act was a fine of up to £50 or "imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding three months", or both.[74]

text: The right of individuals to bear arms had previously been, in the words of the 1689 Bill of Rights, "as allowed by law". The 1920 Act made this right conditional upon the Home Secretary and the police. A series of classified Home Office directives defined for the benefit of chief constables what constituted good reason to grant a certificate. They originally included self-defence.[74]

text: As the 1920 Act did not prevent criminals from obtaining firearms illegally, in 1933 the Firearms and Imitation Firearms (Criminal Use) Bill was submitted to Parliament. It increased the punishment for the use of a gun in the commission of a crime and made it an offence punishable by up to 14 years' imprisonment for anyone to "attempt to make use" of any firearm or imitation firearm to resist arrest. Possession of a real or imitation firearm was also made an offence unless the possessor could show he had it for "a lawful object".[75]

text: Firearms Act 1937[edit]

text: The Firearms Act 1937 incorporated various modifications to the 1920 Act based on the recommendations of a 1934 committee chaired by Sir Archibald Bodkin. The resulting legislation raised the minimum age for buying a firearm or airgun from 14 to 17, extended controls to shotguns and other smooth-bore weapons with barrels shorter than 20 in (510 mm) (later raised by the Firearms Act 1968 to 24 in (610 mm), transferred certificates for machine guns to military oversight, regulated gun dealers, and granted chief constables the power to add conditions to individual Firearms Certificates.[76]

text: The same year, the Home Secretary ruled that self-defence was no longer a suitable reason for applying for a firearm certificate and directed police to refuse such applications on the grounds that "firearms cannot be regarded as a suitable means of protection and may be a source of danger".[77]

text: Firearms Act 1968[edit]

text: The Firearms Act 1968 brought together all existing firearms legislation in a single statute. Disregarding minor changes, it formed the legal basis for British firearms control policy until the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 was put through Parliament in the aftermath of the 1987 Hungerford massacre. For the first time, it introduced controls for long-barrelled shotguns, in the form of Shotgun Certificates that, like Firearm Certificates, were issued by an area's chief constable in England, Scotland, and Wales. While applicants for Firearms Certificates had to show a good reason for possessing the firearm or ammunition, it did not apply to Shotgun Certificates. Firearms had to be locked up, with ammunition stored and locked in a different cabinet. This was introduced after the 1973 Green Paper, which advocated more controls on firearms.

text: The Act also prohibited the possession of firearms or ammunition by criminals who had been sentenced to imprisonment; those sentenced to three months to three years imprisonment were banned from possessing firearms or ammunition for five years, while those sentenced to longer terms were banned for life. However, an application could be made to have the prohibition removed.[78]

text: The Act was accompanied by an amnesty; many older weapons were handed into the police. It has remained a feature of British policing that from time-to-time a brief firearms amnesty is declared.[79]

text: The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the Hungerford massacre, Parliament passed the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988.[80] This confined semi-automatic and pump-action centre-fire rifles, military weapons firing explosive ammunition, short shotguns that had magazines, and elevated both pump-action and self-loading rifles to the Prohibited category.[81] Registration and secure storage of shotguns held on Shotgun Certificates became required, and shotguns with more than a 2+1 capacity came to need a Firearm Certificate. The law also introduced new restrictions on shotguns. Rifles in .22 rimfire and semi-automatic pistols were unaffected.

text: 1997 Firearms (Amendment) Acts[edit]

text: Following the Dunblane massacre, the government passed the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 and the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997, defining "short firearms" as Section 5 Prohibited Weapons, which effectively banned private possession of handguns almost completely. Exceptions to the ban include muzzle-loading guns, pistols of historic interest (such as pistols used in notable crimes, rare prototypes, unusual serial numbers, guns forming part of a collection), guns used for starting sporting events, signal pistols, pistols that are of particular aesthetic interest (such as engraved or jewelled guns) and shot pistols for pest control. Under certain circumstances, individuals may be issued a PPW (Personal Protection Weapon) licence. Even the UK's Olympic shooters fell under this ban; shooters could only train in Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, or outside the UK (in Switzerland, in practice).[82] Prior to the 2012 London Olympics, British Shooting negotiated an agreement with the Home Office to issue Section 5 Permits to a limited number of nominated elite athletes, allowing them to keep pistols and train on the UK Mainland at nominated "Section 5 Ranges". This agreement was renewed following the Olympics and Section 5 Permits remain on issue for eligible members of the GB Squad.

text: 162,000 pistols and 700 tons of ammunition and related equipment were handed in by an estimated 57,000 people - 0.1% of the population, or 1 in every 960 persons.[83] At the time, the renewal cycle for FACs was five years, meaning that it would take six years for the full reduction of valid certificates for both large-calibre and .22 handguns bans (because certificates remained valid even if the holder had disposed of all their firearms). On 31 December 1996, prior to the large-calibre handgun ban, there were 133,600 FACs on issue in England and Wales; by 31 December 1997 it had fallen to 131,900. The following year, after the .22 handgun ban, the number stood at 131,900. On 31 December 2001, five years after the large calibre ban, the number had fallen to 119,600 and 117,700 the following year.[44] This represents a net drop of 24,200 certificates. Comparable figures for Scotland show a net drop of 5,841 from 32,053 to 26,212 certificates,[84] making a GB total net drop of 30,041. However, while the number of certificates in England and Wales rose each year after 2002 to stand at 126,400 at 31 March 2005 (due to a change in reporting period), those in Scotland remained relatively static, standing at 26,538 at 31 December 2005.

text: Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006[edit]

text: This act mainly impacted upon firearms legislation by creating minimum sentences for some firearms offences[85], regulating the sale of primers and provisions relating to imitation firearms[86]. From 6 April 2007 the sale and transfer of new "air weapons" by mail order ("by way of trade or business") became an offence (they may still be purchased in person), as well as the sale of primers, and realistic imitation firearms (RIFs). The only exceptions are for the purposes of military and historical reenactment, media & theatre production, paintballing and Airsoft as a sport. This has affected Airsoft in the UK by restricting the sale, import and purchase of airsoft replicas to individuals entitled to a specific defence, e.g. members of an organised airsoft site holding permitted activities with third-party liability insurance cover or re-enactors.

text: The 2012 Olympics[edit]

text: Following the awarding of the 2012 Olympic Games to London, the government announced that special dispensation would be granted to allow the various shooting events to be held, as had been the case previously for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Further dispensations allowed foreign participants in shooting events to train in the UK, even though it remained illegal for native pistol shooters to train in England, Scotland or Wales.[87]

text: Controversially, shooting events for the Games were held at a temporary facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich, with the cost of £42 million including their subsequent demolition. Shooting sports bodies and some politicians argued that the money would have been better spent on the lasting legacy that would be gained by refurbishing and upgrading permanent facilities at the National Shooting Centre at Bisley, which would have cost a maximum of £30 million.[88][89][90]

text: Firearms crime[edit]

text: A Home Office study published in 2007 reported that gun crime in England and Wales remained a relatively rare event. Firearms (including air guns) were used in 21,521 recorded crimes. It said that injury caused during a firearm offence was rare, with fewer than 3% of offences resulting in a serious or fatal injury.[91]

text: In the year Apr 2015 to Mar 2016 there were 8,399 recorded offences involving firearms, broken down as follows.[92][93]

text: By weapon type:

text:
Long-barrelled shotgun = 261
Sawn-off shotgun = 150
Handgun = 2,157
Rifle = 48
Imitation firearm = 1,431
Unidentified firearm = 666
Other firearm = 469
Air weapons = 3,217

text: Only those items proven to be "imitations" (which includes BB/soft air types) or air weapons are classed as such, otherwise they are placed by default in the main "live" categories, e.g. an imitation pistol not proven to be such would be counted as a live "handgun." "Other firearm" includes CS gas (65 crimes), pepper spray (72), and stun guns (200).

text: By crime type:

text: Violence against the person:

text:
Homicide = 27
Attempted murder/GBH with intent = 579
Other = 1,655
Robbery = 1,551

text:
Burglary = 113
Criminal damage = 2,449 (2,162 of which involved air weapons)
Other = 2025

text: The long-term trend in the use of firearms in crime in England & Wales show consistent falls between 2003/04 and 2013/14 for both non-air weapons and air weapons, with a slight rise between 2014/15 and 2015/16:

text:
Year
Non-air weapons
Air weapons
Total

1992
7,243
6,098
13,341

1993
7,730
6,337
14,067

1994
6,002
7,165
13,167

1995
5,866
7,568
13,434

1996
6,063
7,813
13,876

1997
4,904
7,506
12,410

1997/98
4,904
7,506
12,410

1998/99
5,209
8,665
13,874

1999/00
6,843
10,103
16,946

2000/01
7,471
10,227
17,698

2001/02
10,024
12,377
22,401 [94]

2002/03
10,248
13,822
24,070

2003/04
10,338
13,756
24,094

2004/05
11,069
11,824
22,893

2005/06
11,088
10,438
21,526

2006/07
9,645
8,836
18,481

2007/08
9,865
7,478
17,343

2008/09
8,199
6,041
14,240

2009/10
8,082
4,931
13,013

2010/11
7,040
4,295
11,335

2011/12
6,022
3,510
9,532

2012/13
5,158
2,977
8,135

2013/14
4,856
2,872
7,729

2014/15
4,911
2,954
7,865

2015/16
5,182
3,217
8,399 [93]

text: The number of fatal firearms injuries in England & Wales by year is:

text:
Year
Fatal firearm injuries

1998/99
49

1999/00
62

2000/01
72[95]

2001/02
96

2002/03
80

2003/04
68

2004/05
76

2005/06
49

2006/07
56

2007/08
53

2008/09
39

2009/10
39

2010/11
58[96]

2011/12
42[97]

2012/13
30

2013/14
29[98]

2014/15
19

2015/16
26[93]

text: Spree killings and mass shootings[edit]

text: Britain has had three spree killings or mass shootings since 1980. The Hungerford massacre of 1987, the Dunblane school massacre of 1996, and the Cumbria shootings of 2010. After Hungerford and Dunblane, firearms legislation was amended, tightening firearms restrictions in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom Gun legislation has been described by The Huffington Post as 'one of the toughest regimes in the world'.[99] After Hungerford, the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 criminalised most semi-automatic long-barrelled weapons; it was generally supported by the Labour opposition although some Labour backbenchers thought it inadequate.[100] After the second incident, the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 criminalised private possession of most handguns having a calibre over .22; the Snowdrop Campaign continued to press for a wider ban, and in 1997 the incoming Labour government introduced the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act was passed. This extended this to most handguns with a calibre of .22, excepting antique handguns and black-powder revolvers.

text: Hungerford massacre[edit]

text: On 19 August 1987, 27-year-old Michael Ryan, armed with two semi-automatic rifles (a Type 56 sporter, and an M1 carbine), and a Beretta 92 pistol, dressed in combat fatigues and proceeded around the town of Hungerford killing 16 people, wounding fifteen and shooting himself, in what became known as the Hungerford massacre. Ryan's collection of weapons had been legally licensed, according to the Hungerford Report.

text: Dunblane massacre[edit]

text: On 13 March 1996, Thomas Hamilton, a 43-year-old former scout leader who had been ousted by The Scout Association in 1974, shot dead sixteen young children and their teacher, Gweneth Mayor, in Dunblane Primary School's gymnasium with two Browning Hi-Power 9×19mm pistols and two Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolvers. He then shot himself.[101] The four handguns used in the attack were legally owned.[101] There is a memorial to the seventeen victims in the local cemetery and a cenotaph in the cathedral. The funds raised in the aftermath of the tragedy have been used to build a new community centre for the town.

text: Personnel of the Police Firearms Licensing Office were unaware of Hamilton's expulsion by the Scout Association, nor were they aware of allegations made against him regarding unsavoury behaviour on a number of boy's summer camps he had organised, allegations that would have exposed his poor character. The tragedy led to improvements in inter-departmental sharing of Police Intelligence and deeper background checks of firearm certificate applicants.

text: After the incident, legislation was introduced in 1997 to prohibit, with some extremely specialised exemptions, "Small firearms" with a barrel length of less than 30 cm (12 in) or an overall length of less than 60 cm (24 in).

text: Cumbria shootings[edit]

text: On 2 June 2010, Derrick Bird, a 52-year-old taxi driver, shot and killed 12 people and injured 11 others while driving through Cumbria. He then shot himself. Bird was a licensed firearms holder; his weapons were a 12 gauge double-barrelled shotgun and CZ 452-2E ZKM .22-calibre bolt-action rifle.[102]


document_title: List of My Hero Academia episodes

question_text: how many episodes of boku no hero academia season 2

text: List of My Hero Academia episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Airdates (Japanese)

Airdates (English)

Season premiere

Season finale

Season premiere

Season finale

1

13

April 3, 2016

June 26, 2016

May 5, 2018

August 4, 2018

2

25

April 1, 2017

September 30, 2017

August 11, 2018

TBA

3

25

April 7, 2018

September 29, 2018

TBA

TBA

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

English airdate

11"Izuku Midoriya: Origin""Midoriya Izuku: Orijin" (緑谷出久：オリジン)April 3, 2016May 5, 2018
22"What It Takes to Be a Hero""Hīrō no Jōken" (ヒーローの条件)April 10, 2016May 12, 2018
33"Roaring Muscles""Unare kin'niku" (うなれ筋肉)April 17, 2016May 19, 2018
44"Start Line""Sutaatorain" (スタートライン)April 24, 2016June 2, 2018[a]
55"What I Can Do For Now""Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo" (今 僕に出来ることを)May 1, 2016June 9, 2018
66"Rage, You Damned Nerd""Takere Kusonādo" (猛れクソナード)May 8, 2016June 16, 2018
77"Deku vs. Kacchan""Deku bāsasu Kacchan" (デクvsかっちゃん)May 15, 2016June 23, 2018
88"Bakugo's Start Line""Sutāto Rain, Bakugō no." (スタートライン、爆豪の。)May 22, 2016June 30, 2018
99"Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Iida!""Ii zo Ganbare Īda-kun!" (いいぞガンバレ飯田くん！)May 29, 2016July 7, 2018
1010"Encounter with the Unknown""Michi to no Sōgū" (未知との遭遇)June 5, 2016July 14, 2018
1111"Game Over""Gēmu Ōbā" (ゲームオーバー)June 12, 2016July 21, 2018
1212"All Might""Ōrumaito" (オールマイト)June 19, 2016July 28, 2018
1313"In Each of our Hearts""Onoono no Mune ni" (各々の胸に)June 26, 2016August 4, 2018

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

English airdate

13.50"Hero Notebook""Hīrō Nōto" (ヒーローノート)March 25, 2017N/A
141"That's the Idea, Ochaco""Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san" (そういうことね お茶子さん)April 1, 2017August 11, 2018
152"Roaring Sports Festival""Unare Taiikusai" (うなれ体育祭)April 8, 2017August 18, 2018
163"In Their Own Quirky Ways""Minna Koseiteki de ii ne" (みんな個性的でいいね)April 15, 2017August 25, 2018
174"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy""Saku Saku Saku" (策策策)April 22, 2017September 8, 2018[b]
185"Cavalry Battle Finale""Kibasen Kecchaku" (騎馬戦決着)April 29, 2017September 15, 2018
196"The Boy Born with Everything""Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko" (全てを持って生まれた男の子)May 6, 2017September 22, 2018
207"Victory or Defeat""Kachimake" (勝ち負け)May 13, 2017September 29, 2018
218"Battle on, Challengers!""Furue! Charenjā" (奮え！チャレンジャー)May 20, 2017October 6, 2018
229"Bakugo vs. Uraraka""Bakugō vs. Uraraka" (爆vs麗日豪)May 27, 2017October 13, 2018
2310"Shoto Todoroki: Origin""Todoroki Shōto: Orijin" (轟 焦凍:オリジン)June 3, 2017October 20, 2018
2411"Fight on, Iida""Īda-kun Faito" (飯田くんファイト)June 10, 2017October 27, 2018
2512"Todoroki vs. Bakugo""Todoroki vs. Bakugo" (轟vs爆豪)June 17, 2017—
2613"Time to Pick Some Names""Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai" (名前をつけてみようの会)June 24, 2017—
2714"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears""Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る)July 8, 2017—
2815"Midoriya and Shigaraki""Midoriya to Shigaraki" (緑谷と死柄木)July 15, 2017—
2916"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students""Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito" (ヒーロー殺し ステインvs雄英生徒)July 22, 2017—
3017"Climax""Ketchaku" (決着)July 29, 2017—
3118"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain""'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波)August 5, 2017—
3219"Everyone's Internships""Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken" (それぞれの職場体験)August 12, 2017—
3320"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past""Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi" (知れ!!昔の話)August 19, 2017—
3421"Gear up for Final Exams""Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto" (備えろ期末テスト)September 2, 2017—
3522"Yaoyorozu: Rising""Yaoyorozu: Raijingu" (八百万：ライジング)September 9, 2017—
3623"Stripping the Varnish""Mukero Hitokawa" (むけろ一皮)September 16, 2017—
3724"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin""Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin" (爆豪勝己：オリジン)September 23, 2017—
3825"Encounter""Enkauntā" (エンカウンター)September 30, 2017—

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

391"Game Start""Gēmu Sutāto" (ゲーム・スタート)April 7, 2018
402"Wild, Wild Pussycats""Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu" (ワイルド・ワイルド・プッシーキャッツ)April 14, 2018
413"Kota""Kōta-kun" (洸汰くん)April 21, 2018
424"My Hero""Boku no Hīrō" (僕のヒーロー)April 28, 2018
435"Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!""Buchikomu Tekken!!!" (ブチ込む鉄拳!!!)May 5, 2018
446"Roaring Upheaval""Ganaru Fūunkyū" (がなる風雲急)May 12, 2018
457"What a Twist!""Ten Ten Ten!" (転転転!)May 19, 2018
468"From Iida to Midoriya""Īda-kara Midoriya e" (飯田から緑谷へ)May 26, 2018
479"All For One""Ōru Fō Wan" (オール・フォー・ワン)June 2, 2018
4810"Symbol of Peace""Heiwa no Shōchō" (平和の象徴)June 9, 2018
4911"One For All""Wan Fō Ōru" (ワン・フォー・オール)June 16, 2018
5012"End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End""Hajimari no Owari Owari no Hajimari" (始まりの終わり 終わりの始まり)June 23, 2018
5113"Moving into Dorms""Haire Ryō" (入れ寮)June 30, 2018
5214"Create Those Ultimate Moves""Ame Hissatsuwaza" (編め必殺技)July 14, 2018
5315"The Test""THE Shiken" (THE試験)July 21, 2018
5416"Shiketsu High Lurking""Haiyoru Shiketsu Kōkō" (這い寄る士傑高校)July 28, 2018
5517"Class 1-A""Ichi-Nen Ei-Gumi" (１年A組)August 4, 2018
5618"RUSH!"August 11, 2018
5719"Rescue Exercises""Kyūjo Enshū" (救助演習)August 18, 2018
5820"Special Episode: Save the World with Love!""Tokubetsu-hen・Ai de Chikyū o Sukue!" (特別編・愛で地球を救え!)August 25, 2018
5921"What's the Big Idea?""Nani o Shitendayo" (何をしてんだよ)September 1, 2018
6022"A Talk about Your Quirk""Temee no "Kosei" no Hanashida" (てめェの"個性"の話だ)September 8, 2018
6123"Deku vs. Kacchan, Part 2""Deku Bāsasu Kacchan 2" (デクvsかっちゃん2)September 15, 2018
6224"A Season for Encounters""Deai no Kisetsu" (出会いの季節)September 22, 2018
6325"Unrivaled""Muteki" (無敵)September 29, 2018

text: OVA[edit]

text:
No.TitleOriginal air date1"Save! Rescue Training!""Sukue! Kyūjo Kunren!" (救え!救助訓練!)November 27, 2016 (event)April 4, 2017 (DVD)
2"Training of the Dead" (トレーニング・オブ・ザ・デッド)June 2, 2017

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Episode 4 was delayed due to Adult Swim airing a FLCL marathon on May 26, 2018.[17]

Jump up ^ Episode 17 was delayed due to Adult Swim airing a marathon of the first season of My Hero Academia on September 1, 2018.[31]

tag: ol