document_title: Björn Borg

question_text: how many wimbledons did borg win in a row

text: Björn Borg

text: Early life[edit]

text: Björn Borg was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on 6 June 1956, as the only child of Rune (1932-2008) and Margaretha Borg (b. 1934).[3] He grew up in nearby Södertälje. As a child, Borg became fascinated with a golden tennis racket that his father won at a table-tennis tournament. His father gave him the racket, beginning his tennis career.[6]

text: A player of great athleticism and endurance, he had a distinctive style and appearance—bowlegged and very fast. His muscularity allowed him to put heavy topspin on both his forehand and two-handed backhand. He followed Jimmy Connors in using the two-handed backhand. By the time he was 13 he was beating the best of Sweden's under-18 players, and Davis Cup captain Lennart Bergelin (who served as Borg's primary coach throughout his professional career) cautioned against anyone trying to change Borg's rough-looking, jerky strokes.[7]

text: Career[edit]

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text: 1972/73 – Davis Cup debut and first year on the tour[edit]

text: At the age of 15 Borg represented Sweden in the 1972 Davis Cup and won his debut singles rubber in five sets against veteran Onny Parun of New Zealand. Later that year, he won the Wimbledon junior singles title, recovering from a 5–2 deficit in the final set to overcome Britain's Buster Mottram. Then in December he won the Orange Bowl Junior Championship for boys, 18 and under after a straight sets victory in the final over Vitas Gerulaitis.[8][9] Borg joined the professional circuit in 1973, and reached his first singles final in April at the Monte Carlo Open which he lost to Ilie Năstase.[10]  He was unseeded at his first French Open and reached the fourth round where he lost in four sets to eight-seeded Adriano Panatta. Borg was seeded sixth at his first Wimbledon Championships, in large part due to a boycott by the ATP, and reached the quarterfinal where he was defeated in a five-set match by Roger Taylor.[11] In the second half of 1973 he was runner-up in San Francisco, Stockholm and Buenos Aires and finished the year ranked No. 18.[10][12]

text: 1974 – First French Open title[edit]

text: Borg made his only appearance at the Australian Open, at the age of 17, and reached the third round where he lost in straight sets to eventual finalist Phil Dent. In January he won his first career singles title at the New Zealand Open,[13] followed by titles in London and São Paulo in February and March respectively. Just before his 18th birthday in June 1974, Borg won his first top-level singles title at the Italian Open, defeating defending champion and top-seeded Ilie Năstase in the final and becoming its youngest winner.[14][15][16] Two weeks later he won the singles title at the French Open, his first Grand Slam tournament title, defeating Manuel Orantes in the final in five sets. Barely 18, Borg was the youngest-ever male French Open champion up to that point.

text: 1975 – Retained French Open title[edit]

text:
In early 1975, Borg defeated Rod Laver, then 36 years old, in a semifinal of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) finals in Dallas, Texas, in five sets. Borg subsequently lost to Arthur Ashe in the final.
Borg retained his French Open title in 1975, beating Guillermo Vilas in the final in straight sets.[17] Borg then reached the Wimbledon quarterfinals, where he lost to eventual champion Ashe. Borg did not lose another match at Wimbledon until 1981. Borg won two singles and one doubles rubber in the 1975 Davis Cup final, as Sweden beat Czechoslovakia 3–2. With these singles wins, Borg had won 19 consecutive Davis Cup singles rubbers since 1973. That was already a record at the time. However, Borg never lost another Davis Cup singles rubber, and, by the end of his career, he had stretched that winning streak to 33.[18]

text: 1976 – First Wimbledon title[edit]

text: In early 1976, Borg won the World Championship Tennis year-end WCT Finals in Dallas, Texas, with a four-set victory over Guillermo Vilas in the final. At the 1976 French Open, Borg lost to the Italian Adriano Panatta, who remains the only player to defeat Borg at this tournament. Panatta did it twice: in the fourth round in 1973, and in the 1976 quarterfinals. Borg won Wimbledon in 1976 without losing a set, defeating the favored Ilie Năstase in the final. Borg became the youngest male Wimbledon champion of the modern era at 20 years and 1 month (a record subsequently broken by Boris Becker, who won Wimbledon aged 17 in 1985). It would be the last time Borg played Wimbledon as an underdog. Năstase later exclaimed, "We're playing tennis, he's [Borg] playing something else." Borg also reached the final of the 1976 U.S. Open, which was then being played on clay courts. Borg lost in four sets to world no. 1 Jimmy Connors.

text: 1977 – Second Wimbledon title and world No.1 ranking[edit]

text: In February 1977 World Championship Tennis (WCT) sued Borg and his management company IMG claiming that Borg had committed a breach of contract by electing to participate in the competing 1977 Grand Prix circuit instead of the WCT circuit. Borg eventually played, and won, a single WCT event, the Monte Carlo WCT.[19][20] An out-of-court settlement was reached whereby Borg committed to play six or eight WCT events in 1978 which were then part of the Grand Prix circuit.[21]

text: Borg skipped the French Open in 1977 because he was under contract with WTT, but he repeated his Wimbledon triumph, although this time he was pushed much harder. He defeated his good friend Vitas Gerulaitis in a semifinal in five sets.[22] In the 1977 final Borg was pushed to five sets for the third time in the tournament, this time by Connors.[23] The win propelled Borg to the no. 1 ranking on the computer, albeit for just one week in August. Prior to the 1977 US Open, Borg aggravated a shoulder injury while waterskiing with Vitas Gerulaitis. This injury ultimately forced him to retire from the Open during a Round of 16 match vs Dick Stockton.[24] Through 1977, he had never lost to a player younger than himself.

text: 1978 – French and Wimbledon titles[edit]

text: Borg was at the height of his career from 1978 through 1980, completing the French Open-Wimbledon double all three years. In 1978, Borg won the French Open with a win over Vilas in the final. Borg did not drop a set during the tournament, a feat only he, Năstase (in 1973), and Rafael Nadal (in 2008, 2010 and 2017) have accomplished at the French Open during the open era. Borg defeated Connors in straight sets in the 1978 Wimbledon final. At the 1978 US Open, now held on hard courts in Flushing Meadow, New York, he lost the final in straight sets to Connors. Borg was suffering from a bad blister on his thumb that required pre-match injections.[25] That autumn, Borg faced John McEnroe for the first time in a semifinal of the Stockholm Open, and lost.

text: 1979 – French and Wimbledon titles and year-end No.1 ranking[edit]

text: Borg lost to McEnroe again in four sets in the final of the 1979 WCT Finals but was now overtaking Connors for the top ranking. Borg established himself firmly in the top spot with his fourth French Open singles title and fourth straight Wimbledon singles title, defeating Connors in a straight-set semifinal at the latter tournament. At the 1979 French Open, Borg defeated big-serving Victor Pecci in a four-set final, and in the 1979 Wimbledon final Borg came from behind to overcome an even bigger server, Roscoe Tanner. Borg was upset by Tanner at the US Open, in a four-set quarterfinal played under the lights. At the season-ending Masters tournament in January 1980, Borg survived a close semifinal against McEnroe. He then beat Gerulaitis in straight sets, winning his first Masters and first title in New York.

text: 1980 – Fifth consecutive Wimbledon title[edit]

text: In June 1980 he overcame Gerulaitis, again in straight sets, for his fifth French Open title. Again, he did not drop a set.[26]

text: Borg won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon singles title, the 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final, by defeating McEnroe in a five-set match, often cited as the best Wimbledon final ever played – the only comparable match being the 2008 Federer – Nadal final.[27][28] Having lost the opening set to an all-out McEnroe assault, Borg took the next two  and had two championship points at 5–4 in the fourth. However, McEnroe averted disaster and went on to level the match in Wimbledon's most memorable 34-point tiebreaker, which he won 18–16. In the fourth-set tiebreak, McEnroe saved five match points, and Borg six set points, before McEnroe won the set.[28] Björn served first to begin the 5th set and fell behind 15–40. Borg then won 19 straight points on serve in the deciding set and prevailed after 3 hours, 53 minutes.[27] Borg himself commented years later that this was the first time that he was afraid that he would lose, as well as feeling that it was the beginning of the end of his dominance.[28][29]

text: In September, 1980 Borg reached the final of the U.S. Open for the third time, losing to John McEnroe in five sets in a match that cemented what had become the greatest contemporary rivalry, albeit it short-lived, in men's tennis.

text: He defeated McEnroe in the final of the 1980 Stockholm Open, and faced him one more time that year, in the round-robin portion of the year-end Masters, actually played in January 1981. With 19,103 fans in attendance, Borg won a deciding third-set tie-break for the second year in a row. Borg then defeated Ivan Lendl for his second Masters title.[28]

text: 1981 – Sixth and final French Open title[edit]

text: Borg won his last Grand Slam title at the French Open in 1981, defeating Lendl in a five-set final. Borg's six French Open Grand Slam titles was a record bettered only by Rafael Nadal in 2012.

text: In reaching the Wimbledon final in 1981, Borg stretched his winning streak at the All England Club to a record 41 matches. In a semifinal, Borg was down to Connors by two sets to love, before coming back to win the match. However, Borg's streak was brought to an end by McEnroe, who defeated him in four sets. Years afterward, Borg remarked "And when I lost what shocked me was I wasn't even upset. That was not me: losing a Wimbledon final and not upset. I hate to lose." Borg around that time felt that his desire to play was gone, despite McEnroe's desperate efforts to persuade him not to retire and continue their rivalry.[29]

text: Borg went on to lose to McEnroe at the 1981 US Open. After that defeat, Borg walked off the court and out of the stadium before the ceremonies and press conference had begun, and headed straight for the airport.[28][29] There are reports that Borg received threats after his semifinal win over Connors. In later years, Borg apologized to McEnroe. The 1981 US Open would be the Swede's last Grand Slam final. Major tournaments and tour organizers were enforcing a new rule; by 1982, that players had to play at least 10 official tournaments per year. However, Borg wanted to curtail his schedule after many years of winning so often. Although he felt in good condition physically, he recognized that the relentless drive to win and defy tour organizers had begun to fade.[29]

text: Borg failed to win the US Open in 10 tries, losing four finals, 1976 and 1978 to Jimmy Connors, and 1980 and 1981 to John McEnroe. He played on hard courts at the US Open from 1978 to 1981 and reached the final there on three occasions, in 1978, 1980 and 1981. He led 3–2 in the fifth set of the 1980 final, before losing. That match followed Borg's classic encounter with McEnroe at the 1980 Wimbledon. In 1978, 1979 and 1980, Borg was halfway to a Grand Slam after victories at the French and Wimbledon (the Australian Open being the last Grand Slam tournament of each year at the time) only to falter at Flushing Meadow, lefty Tanner his conqueror in 1979.

text: In 1982, Borg played only one tournament, losing to Yannick Noah in the quarterfinals of Monte Carlo in April. Nevertheless, Borg's announcement in January 1983 that he was retiring from the game at the age of 26 was a shock to the tennis world. McEnroe tried unsuccessfully to persuade Borg to continue. He did, however, play Monte Carlo again in March 1983, reaching the second round, and Stuttgart in July 1984.

text: Retirement[edit]

text: Upon retirement, Borg had three residences, a penthouse in Monte Carlo, not far from his pro shop, a mansion on Long Island, New York and a small island off the Swedish coast.

text: Borg later bounced back as the owner of the Björn Borg fashion label. In Sweden his label has become very successful, second only to Calvin Klein.[29][30]

text: Failed comeback[edit]

text: From 1991–1993, Borg attempted a comeback on the men's professional tennis tour, coached by a Welsh karate expert named Ron Thatcher (aka Tai Honsai). Before his 1991 return, Borg grew his hair out as it had been during his previous professional tennis career and he returned to using a wooden racket; he had kept his hair cut and used modern graphite rackets in exhibitions he played during the late 1980s. Borg, however, failed to win a single match. He faced Jordi Arrese in his first match back, again at Monte Carlo but without practising or playing any exhibition matches, and fell in two sets. In his first nine matches, played in 1991 and 1992, Borg failed to win a single set. He fared slightly better in 1993, taking a set off his opponent in each of the three matches he played. He came closest to getting a win in what turned out to be his final tour match, falling to Alexander Volkov.

text: In 1992 Borg, aged 35, using a graphite racket, defeated John Lloyd, 37, at the Inglewood Forum Tennis Challenge. Borg later joined the Champions tour, returning to shorter hair and using modern rackets.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Borg married Romanian tennis pro Mariana Simionescu in Bucharest on 24 July 1980.[31] The marriage ended in divorce in 1984. He fathered a child by the Swedish model Jannike Björling, and he was married to the Italian singer Loredana Bertè from 1989 to 1993.[29] On 8 June 2002, Borg married for a third time; his new wife being Patricia Östfeld. Together they have a son, Leo, born in 2003, who is currently the highest ranked 14-year-old tennis player in Sweden.[32][33]

text: He narrowly avoided personal bankruptcy when business ventures failed.[34][35]

text: Memorabilia preserved[edit]

text: In March 2006, Bonhams Auction House in London announced that it would auction Borg's Wimbledon trophies and two of his winning rackets on 21 June 2006.[36] Several players then called Borg in an attempt to make him reconsider, including Jimmy Connors and Andre Agassi who volunteered to buy them to keep them together. According to Dagens Nyheter – who had talked to Borg – McEnroe called Borg from New York and asked, "What's up? Have you gone mad?" and said "What the hell are you doing?"[37] The conversation with McEnroe, paired with pleas from Connors and Agassi, eventually persuaded Borg to buy out the trophies from Bonhams for an undisclosed amount.[29]

text: Distinctions and honors[edit]

text:
Borg was ranked by the ATP rankings world no. 1 in six different stretches between 1977 and 1981, totaling 109 weeks.
During his career, he won a total of 77 (64 listed on the Association of Tennis Professionals website) top-level singles and four doubles titles.
Borg won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award in 1979.
Borg was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.
On 10 December 2006, the British Broadcasting Corporation gave Borg a Lifetime Achievement Award, which was presented by Boris Becker.[38]
In December 2014 he was elected Sweden's top sportsperson of all time by the newspaper Dagens Nyheter.[39]

text: Recognition[edit]

text: With 11 Grand Slam titles, Borg ranks sixth in the list of male tennis players who have won the most Grand Slam singles titles behind Roger Federer (20), Rafael Nadal (17), Pete Sampras (14), Novak Djokovic (14), and Roy Emerson (12). The French Open—Wimbledon double he achieved three times consecutively was called by Wimbledon officials "the most difficult double in tennis"[40] and "a feat considered impossible among today's players."[41] Only Nadal (in 2008 and 2010) and Federer (in 2009) have managed to achieve this double since, and Andre Agassi, Nadal, Federer and Djokovic are the only male players since Borg to have won the French Open and Wimbledon men's singles titles over their career. Ilie Năstase once said about Borg, "We're playing tennis, and he's playing something else".

text: In his 1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer, the long-time tennis promoter and great player himself, had already included Borg in his list of the 21 greatest players of all time. And in 2003, Bud Collins chose Borg as one of his top-five male players of all time.[42]

text: In 2008, ESPN.com asked tennis analysts, writers, and former players to build the perfect open era player. Borg was the only player mentioned in four categories: defense, footwork, intangibles, and mental toughness—with his mental game and footwork singled out as the best in open era history.[43]

text: Borg famously never won the US Open, losing in the final four times. Borg also never won the Australian Open, as he only played in the event once, in 1974 as a 17-year-old. The only players to defeat Borg in a Grand Slam final were fellow World No. 1 tennis players John McEnroe and Jimmy Connors. Even though it was then played on grass, a surface where he enjoyed much success, Borg chose to play the Australian Open only once, in 1974, where he lost in the third round. Phil Dent, a contemporary of Borg, has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments—especially the Australian Open—was not unusual then, before counting Grand Slam titles became the norm.[44] Additionally, another contemporary Arthur Ashe told Sports Illustrated, "I think Bjorn could have won the U.S. Open. I think he could have won the Grand Slam, but by the time he left, the historical challenge didn't mean anything. He was bigger than the game. He was like Elvis or Liz Taylor or somebody."[45]

text: Playing style[edit]

text: Borg had one of the most distinctive playing styles in the Open Era.[46] He played from the baseline, with powerful ground-strokes. His highly unorthodox backhand involved taking his racket back with both hands but actually generating his power with his dominant right hand, letting go of the grip with his left hand around point of contact, and following through with his swing as a one-hander.[47] He hit the ball hard and high from the back of the court and brought it down with considerable topspin, which made his ground strokes very consistent.[48] There had been other players, particularly Rod Laver and Arthur Ashe, who played with topspin on both the forehand and backhand, yet Laver and Ashe used topspin only as a way to mix up their shots to pass their opponents at the net easily. Borg was one of the first top players to use heavy topspin on his shots consistently.[46]

text: Complementing his consistent ground-strokes was his fitness. Both of these factors allowed Borg to be dominant at the French Open.[49]

text: One of the factors that made Borg unique was his dominance on the grass courts of Wimbledon, where baseliners since World War II did not usually succeed. Some experts attributed his dominance on this surface to his consistency, an underrated serve, equally underrated volleys, and his adaptation to grass courts. Against the best players, he almost always served-and-volleyed on his first serves (but he naturally played from the baseline after his second serves).[49][50]

text: Another trait usually associated with Borg is his grace under pressure. His calm court demeanor earned him the nickname of the "Ice Man" or "Ice-Borg."[51]

text: Borg's physical conditioning was legendary and unrivalled. He could outlast most of his opponents under the most grueling conditions. Contrary to popular belief, however, this wasn't due to his exceptionally low resting heart rate, often reported to be near 35 beats per minute. In his introduction to Borg's autobiography My Life and Game, Eugene Scott relates that this rumor arose from a medical exam the 18-year-old Borg once took for military service, where his pulse was recorded as 38. Scott goes on to reveal Borg's true pulse rate as "about 50 when he wakes up and around 60 in the afternoon."[52] Borg is credited with helping to develop the style of play that has come to dominate the game today.[50]

text: Laver Cup[edit]

text: From 22–24 September 2017, Borg was the victorious captain of Team Europe in the first ever edition of the Laver Cup, held in Prague, Czech Republic. Borg's Team Europe defeated a rest of the world team, known as Team World, who were coached by Borg's old rival, John McEnroe. Europe won the contest 15 points to 9, with Roger Federer achieving a narrow vital victory over Nick Kyrgios in the last match played.

text: Borg returned as the coach of Team Europe for the second edition in Chicago, Illinois from September 21-23, 2018. McEnroe also returned as the coach for Team World. Borg again lead Europe to victory as Alexander Zverev defeated Kevin Anderson to secure the title 13-8, after trailing Anderson in the match tiebreak until the last few points.

text: Career statistics[edit]

text: Singles performance timeline[edit]

text:
Tournament
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
SR
W–L
Win %

Grand Slam tournaments

Australian Open

A

3R

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

0 / 1

1–1

50.00

French Open

4R

W

W

QF

A

W

W

W

W

6 / 8

49–2

96.08

Wimbledon

QF

3R

QF

W

W

W

W

W

F

5 / 9

51–4

92.73

US Open

4R

2R

SF

F

4R

F

QF

F

F

0 / 9

40–9

81.63

Win–Loss

10–3

11–3

16–2

17–2

10–1

20–1

18–1

20–1

19–2

11 / 27

141–16

89.81

Year-end championship

The Masters[a]

A

RR

F

A

F

A

W

W

A

2 / 5

16–6

72.72

WCT Finals

A

F

F

W

A

SF

F

A

A

1 / 5

10–3

76.92

Year end rankings

18

3

3

2

3

2

1

1

4

$3,655,751

text: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December. Borg did not play either match.

text: Records[edit]

text:
These records were attained in the entire period of tennis from 1877.[53]
Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.
^ Denotes consecutive streak.

text: All-time records[edit]

text:
Tournament

Since

Record accomplished

Players matched

References

Grand Slams
1877
89.81% (141–16) Major winning percentage
Stands alone
[54]

Grand Slam
1877
Won 3 tournaments without losing a set
Richard Sears,Tony Trabert,Rafael Nadal
[54]

Grand Slam
1877
88.9% (24–3) five set match record
Stands alone

Grand Slam
1877
3 consecutive Channel Slams, French Open + Wimbledon (1978–80) ^
Stands alone
[55]

Grand Slam
1877
Grand Slam title won (1978 French Open) with least games lost (32)
Stands alone
[56]

Wimbledon
1877
92.73% (51–4) match win percentage
Stands alone
[54]

Wimbledon
1877
41 consecutive match wins
Stands alone
[54]

text: Open Era records[edit]

text:
These records were attained in the Open Era period of tennis from 1968.
Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.
^ Denotes consecutive streak.

text:
showTime span

Selected Grand Slam tournament records

Players matched

References

1976 Wimbledon —1981 French Open
41% (11/27) title winning percentage
Stands alone

1976 Wimbledon —1981 French Open
89.81% (141–16) career match winning percentage
Stands alone
[57][54]

1976 Wimbledon —1980 French Open
3 titles won without losing a set
Rafael Nadal

1977–1981
5 consecutive years with a match winning percentage of 90%+ ^
Stands alone

1976 Wimbledon —1980 French Open
60.8% (3066–1973) career games winning percentage
Stands alone

1978 French Open —1978 US Open
66.5% (380–191) games winning percentage in 1 season
Stands alone

1978 French Open —1978 US Open
79.9% (127–32) games winning in one tournament
Stands alone

1976 Wimbledon —1980 Wimbledon
6 existing Major champions defeated in finals
Roger Federer
[b]

1976 Wimbledon —1980 Wimbledon
6 concurrent Major champions defeated in finals
Stands alone

1973 Wimbledon —1981 Wimbledon
Career 5 set match record 90.9% (11–1)
Stands alone

1980 Wimbledon
Longest tiebreak in a final (by points – 34) vs. John McEnroe
John McEnroe

text:
showGrand Slam tournaments

Time span

Records at each Grand Slam tournament

Players matched

References

French Open
1979–1981
41 consecutive sets won ^
Stands alone
[58]

French Open
1978
81.4% (127–29) games winning percentage in 1 tournament
Stands alone

French Open—Wimbledon
1978–1980
3 consecutive "Channel Slams": Winning both tournaments in the same year ^
Stands alone

Wimbledon
1976–1980
5 consecutive titles ^
Roger Federer
[40][59][60]

Wimbledon
1976
Won title without losing a set
Roger Federer
[61]

Wimbledon
1976–1981
41 consecutive match wins
Stands alone
[60]

Wimbledon
1973–1981
92.72% (51–4) match winning percentage
Stands alone
[60]

text:
showTime span

Other selected records

Players matched

References

1973–1993
83.1% (639–130) career match winning percentage all surfaces
Stands alone

1973–1981
70.3% (64–27) career winning percentage against top 10 players
Stands alone
[62]

1970–1993
82.8% (144–30) career Masters match winning percentage
Stands alone

1977–1980
4 consecutive years with a match winning percentage of 90%+
Stands alone

1979–1980
10 consecutive titles
Stands alone

1978
49 consecutive matches won in 1 season
Stands alone
[63][64]

1978–1980
2 winning streaks of 35+ matches ^
Roger FedererJimmy Connors

1974–1981
61 titles until the age of 25
Stands alone
[65]

1975–1976
16 titles won as a teenager
Rafael Nadal
[66]

1977–1980
4 Pepsi Grand Slam titles
Stands alone

1974–1976
2 São Paulo WCT titles
Stands alone

text: Professional awards[edit]

text:
ITF World Champion: 1978, 1979, 1980
ATP Player of the Year: 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980


document_title: Liverpool F.C. in European football

question_text: who have liverpool played in the champions league final

root

text: Liverpool F.C. in European football

text: Background[edit]

text: Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897, when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who did not meet under normal circumstances. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton, was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland; the competition lasted for two years.[1] The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette. Founded in 1930, the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success. Due to financial reasons, the competition was abandoned.[2]

tag: p

text: The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition.[3][4] When the European Cup was first played, Liverpool were in the Second Division, following relegation from the First Division after the 1953–54 season, and thus were ineligible for the competition.[5] During their time in the Second Division, two further competitions were created: the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. Established in 1955, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was later re-branded as the UEFA Cup when it came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971.[6] Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League.[7] The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions.[6]

text: In 1962 Liverpool were promoted to the First Division. Two years later, they won the Football League championship, thus making their European debut in the 1964–65 European Cup. In the following years, further European competitions were inaugurated. The first, the UEFA Super Cup, was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup. First established in 1973, it changed formats in 2000; since then, it has been contested between the winners of the Champions League (formerly the European Cup) and the Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup), following the Cup Winners' Cup amalgamation into the latter.[8] The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup (later, the UEFA Champions League) and the South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. Established in 1960, the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL). It ran until 2004, when the FIFA Club World Cup, which includes the winners of all six confederations' regional championships replaced it.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: First steps in Europe – the Shankly years (1965–74)[edit]

text: Bill Shankly began managing Liverpool in 1959, and it was under him that the team first competed in European competition in 1964–65, qualifying for the European Cup by winning the First Division championship the previous season.[10] The club's first opponents were Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur of Iceland, who they played in the preliminary round. Liverpool won 11–1 on aggregate. The next round, against Belgian club Anderlecht, was the first time in Liverpool's history that they wore their now common all-red strip. The decision was made to change from red shirts, white shorts and socks by Shankly, who wanted his players to make more of a psychological impact on opponents.[11] They beat Anderlecht and progressed to the semi-finals, where they met Italian team Internazionale. Before the first leg at Anfield, Shankly asked two injured players to parade the FA Cup, which Liverpool had won the previous week, to intimidate the Italians.[12] The team won the match 3–1,[13] but Inter won the second leg 3–0, securing a 4–3 aggregate victory. The second leg was controversial; Shankly described it as "a war".[14] He felt that the referee, Jose Maria Ortiz de Mendibel, had shown bias towards Internazionale,[15] and the Liverpool players felt cheated by his decisions.[14] The club's 1964–65 FA Cup victory ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup the following season, and in that competition, they reached their first European final. Borussia Dortmund, Liverpool's opponents, employed counter-attacking tactics that had paid dividends in previous rounds and did so again, with the West Germans beating Liverpool 2–1 after extra time.[16]

text: In the next four seasons, they competed in the European Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, but failed to progress past the third round in either competition.[17] A tie against Dutch team Ajax during the 1966–67 European Cup was to prove pivotal in the history of Liverpool in European competition.[18] Ajax beat Liverpool 7–3 on aggregate. However, the style of football that Ajax played – a patient passing game, inspired by Johann Cruyff – convinced Shankly that Liverpool had to replicate this style to be successful in Europe.[19] Liverpool reached the semi-finals of the 1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing 1–0 on aggregate to Leeds United.[20] They competed in the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, despite losing the 1971 FA Cup Final, as the FA Cup winners, Arsenal, had also qualified for the European Cup by winning the league championship. Liverpool were eliminated in the second round by Bayern Munich of Germany, losing 3–1 on aggregate.[21]

text: The changes made to Liverpool's tactics came to fruition during the 1972–73 UEFA Cup. The club reached their second European final, where they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach of Germany. Liverpool won the first leg 3–0 as a result of two goals from Kevin Keegan and one from Larry Lloyd. Victory in this first leg meant Liverpool only needed to avoid losing by three or more goals in order to win the final. This influenced their tactics – The Times reported that Liverpool employed a "holding action" against the "attacking Germans".[22] The tactics worked, allowing Mönchengladbach only two goals, granting Liverpool a 3–2 aggregate victory.[23] Liverpool also won the First Division championship that season, and as a result qualified for the 1973–74 European Cup, where they were eliminated in the second round by Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia. At the end of that season, Shankly retired.[24]

text: European domination – the Paisley years (1974–83)[edit]

text: Shankly was succeeded by his assistant, Bob Paisley, in 1974.[25] Liverpool competed in the Cup Winners' Cup during Paisley's first season and defeated Strømsgodset of Norway 11–0 at Anfield. This remains the club's largest margin of victory in all matches.[26] They lost in the next round to Hungarian side Ferencváros on the away goals rule. In 1975–76 the club entered the UEFA Cup after a second-place finish in the First Division. Victories over Hibernian (Scotland), Real Sociedad (Spain), Śląsk Wrocław (Poland), Dynamo Dresden (East Germany) and Barcelona (Spain) took Liverpool to their third European final. Crucial to their progress was goalkeeper Ray Clemence, who made two important penalty saves against Hibernian and Dresden, saving Liverpool from elimination on the away goals rule on both occasions.[27] Their opponents in the final were Club Brugge of Belgium. Liverpool recovered from a two-goal deficit to win the first leg at Anfield 3–2, with Ray Kennedy, Jimmy Case, and Keegan scoring a goal each in a span of six minutes. A 1–1 draw at the Jan Breydel Stadion in Bruges meant Liverpool won 4–3 on aggregate, earning their second UEFA Cup.[28]

text: As the 1975–76 league champions, the club entered the 1976–77 European Cup. They defeated Crusaders of Northern Ireland and Trabzonspor of Turkey to reach the quarter-finals, where they faced the runners-up from the previous season, Saint-Étienne. The French team won the first leg 1–0. The second leg at Anfield began well for Liverpool when Keegan scored in the first two minutes. Saint-Étienne equalised to make the score 2–1 on aggregate in their favour. Kennedy scored for Liverpool, but the away goals rule meant they still needed another goal to win the tie. With six minutes remaining, David Fairclough was brought on to replace John Toshack; he immediately scored in front of the Kop, ensuring a 3–2 aggregate victory for Liverpool.[29] In the semi-finals, they defeated FC Zürich of Switzerland 6–1 on aggregate to reach the final, where they met their opponents from the 1973 UEFA Cup Final, Borussia Mönchengladbach. The final was held in Rome, four days after the club had lost the 1977 FA Cup Final to Manchester United. Before the match, Paisley announced that striker Toshack would be fit to start. However, he was not named in the matchday squad. This change upset the Germans' game plan and allowed Keegan to torment his marker, Berti Vogts.[30] Liverpool won 3–1 to become European champions for the first time.[31]

text: By winning the European Cup, they qualified for the European Super Cup and played the winners of the Cup Winners' Cup, German team Hamburg, who had just signed Keegan.[32] Liverpool won the tie 7–1 on aggregate.[33] Liverpool entered the 1977–78 European Cup as champions and received a bye in the first round. They defeated Dynamo Dresden and Portuguese team Benfica in the second round and quarter-finals, respectively. In the semi-final, the club again met Borussia Mönchengladbach, who won the first leg 2–1. Liverpool won the second leg 3–0, progressing to a second successive European Cup final, this time against Club Brugge at Wembley Stadium in London. In the final Kenny Dalglish, who had been signed to replace Keegan, scored the winning goal after receiving the ball from a Graeme Souness pass. The 1–0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup.[34] They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup, but failed to retain the trophy, losing 4–3 on aggregate against the Belgian side.[35] Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978–79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest. Nottingham Forest won the tie 2–0 on aggregate, and went on to win the competition.[36] Liverpool entered the 1979–80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round, this time beaten 4–2 on aggregate by Dinamo Tbilisi of the Soviet Union.[37]

text: Liverpool participated in the 1980–81 European Cup as English league champions, defeating Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura, Scottish club Aberdeen and CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria to qualify for the semi-finals, where they faced three-time champions Bayern Munich. The first leg at Anfield finished goalless. In the second leg at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Ray Kennedy scored in the 83rd minute and, although the German side equalised, Liverpool went through to the final on the away goals rule.[38] They faced Spanish side Real Madrid in the final, held at the Parc des Princes in Paris. Alan Kennedy scored the only goal to give Liverpool a 1–0 victory, which secured the club's—and Paisley's—third European Cup. As champions of Europe, Liverpool competed in the Intercontinental Cup against South American champions Flamengo of Brazil. Liverpool lost the match 3–0.[39] The club's defence of the European Cup in 1981–82 was ended by CSKA Sofia in the quarter-finals.[40] Another quarter-final exit occurred in the 1982–83 European Cup when Polish club Widzew Łódź eliminated Liverpool 4–3 on aggregate.[41] Paisley retired as manager at the end of the season and was succeeded by his assistant, Joe Fagan.[42]

text: Triumph and tragedy – the Fagan years (1983–85)[edit]

text: Liverpool entered the 1983–84 European Cup as league champions for the fourth time in five seasons. Victories over Odense of Denmark and Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao brought Liverpool to face Portuguese champions Benfica in the quarter-finals.[43] Liverpool won the first leg at Anfield 1–0. In the second leg, their tactic of withdrawing Dalglish into midfield put Benfica's game plan into disarray,[44] leading to a 4–1 match victory and a 5–1 aggregate victory. Their opponents in the semi-finals were Dinamo București of Romania. The tie proved a brutal encounter, characterised by Souness breaking the jaw of the Bucharest captain Lică Movilă, and was won 3–1 on aggregate by Liverpool.[44]

text: Fagan's first season in charge of Liverpool had been a successful one. When they reached their fourth European Cup final, they had already won the Football League Cup and the league championship;[45] victory in the European final against Italian side Roma would complete an unprecedented treble. The final was played at Rome's Stadio Olimpico, and Liverpool went ahead in the 13th minute when Phil Neal scored, though Roma equalised towards the end of the first half. The score remained the same throughout full and extra time; Liverpool won the subsequent penalty shoot-out, with Alan Kennedy scoring the winning penalty after goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar had put off Francesco Graziani, causing him to place his penalty over the crossbar.[46] After the game, gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters travelling back to their hotels.[47] Success in the European Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 1984 Intercontinental Cup. However, they were unable to beat the winners of the Copa Libertadores, Independiente of Argentina, who claimed a 1–0 victory.[48]

text: Liverpool entered the 1984–85 European Cup as champions, and once again progressed to the final, where their opponents were Juventus of Italy. They aimed to win their fifth European Cup and keep the trophy. The 1985 European Cup Final was held at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. The choice of venue had been criticised due to the dilapidated state of the stadium, and the club tried to persuade UEFA to change the venue.[49] Before the kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 people and injuring hundreds more.[50] Despite calls for an abandonment, the match was played, as it was felt that further trouble would be caused otherwise.[51]

text: Juventus won the match 1–0; Michel Platini scored from the penalty spot to give Juventus their first European Cup.[52] UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool fans: the official UEFA observer stated, "Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt".[53] Three days after the final, UEFA banned all English clubs from European competition for an indefinite period. Liverpool were initially given an additional three-year ban.[52] Fagan retired after the 1984–85 season and was succeeded by Dalglish, who took over as player-manager.[54]

text: The ban on English clubs in European competitions ultimately lasted for five years, and even when the ban was lifted in 1990, Liverpool were not re-admitted; they had to serve an extra year. The ban prevented them qualifying for the European Cup in 1986 (as league champions and FA Cup winners), the UEFA Cup in 1987 (as league runners-up), the European Cup in 1988 (as league champions), the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1989 (as FA Cup winners) and the European Cup in 1990 (as league champions).[55]

text: Return to Europe (1991–2004)[edit]

text: Liverpool were allowed to return to European competition in the 1991–92 season, a year later than other English clubs. They qualified for the UEFA Cup as runners-up in the English league. Their manager by this stage was Graeme Souness, who had taken over towards the end of the previous season following Dalglish's resignation.[56]

text: Their first match, in the UEFA Cup, was against Finnish side Kuusyi Lahti, which they won 6–1.[57] A 6–2 aggregate victory set up a tie against Auxerre of France in the second round who they beat 3–2 on aggregate.[58] The club defeated Swarovski Tirol of Austria in the third round 6–0 on aggregate before losing to Genoa (Italy) 4–1 over two legs in the quarter finals.[59]

text: Liverpool's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup, but this campaign was short-lived, as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow.[60] Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons, thus failing to qualify for European competition. In the 1995–96 season, they entered the UEFA Cup, but again progressed no further than the second round, this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark.[61]

text: As runners-up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final, Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. This proved the club's most successful campaign since their return to European competition, as they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate by Paris Saint–Germain.[62] In the next two seasons, Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition, by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo, respectively.[63][64] A seventh-place finish in the 1998–99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999–2000.[65]

text: Having finished fourth in the 1999–2000 FA Premier League, Liverpool qualified for the 2000–01 UEFA Cup. Their victory in this competition marked a third win for a club. The entire season was the club's most successful since the 1983–84 season, as they won a cup treble consisting of the UEFA Cup, the FA Cup and the League Cup. Their opponents in the final in Dortmund were Alavés of Spain. The match was tied at 4–4 in extra time when Alavés defender Delfí Geli scored an own goal to give Liverpool victory on the golden goal rule.[66] The performance of Gary McAllister, whose free-kick resulted in the winning goal, was praised as "outstanding" by Trevor Brooking.[67] This was the club's first European trophy since their European Cup victory in 1984.[68] As UEFA Cup winners, Liverpool played in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich and won 3–2.[69]

text: In the 2001–02 season, Liverpool returned to the European Cup, now called the UEFA Champions League, for the first time since the Heysel disaster. A 2–0 victory over Roma in the second group stage meant they progressed to the quarter-finals.[70] They faced German club Bayer Leverkusen and won the first leg 1–0. The outlook for the second leg appeared to be to Liverpool's advantage, as their counter-attacking style of play had served them well during away matches throughout the season;[71] however, they lost the second leg 4–2 and were eliminated 4–3 on aggregate.[72]

text: A second-place finish in the 2001–02 FA Premier League entitled Liverpool to participate in the Champions League for a second successive season, but they only finished third in their group and were eliminated from the competition.[73] The third-place finish meant they entered the 2002–03 UEFA Cup. Liverpool beat Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem and Auxerre to set up an all-British tie with Scottish team Celtic. A 1–1 draw in the first leg meant Liverpool would progress to the semi-finals if they did not concede a goal in the second leg at Anfield. However, Celtic scored before half-time and again in the second half to win 3–1 on aggregate.[74]

text: Liverpool entered the UEFA Cup for the 2003–04 season, after Chelsea beat them on the final day of the previous league season to claim the fourth place needed to qualify for the Champions League.[75] Liverpool were eliminated in the fourth round by eventual runners-up Marseille of France. At the end of the season, manager Gérard Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez.[76]

text: Renewed European success – the Benítez years (2004–10)[edit]

text: Liverpool had finished fourth in the 2003–04 season, which qualified them to compete in the Champions League in the 2004–05 season. A poor start in the group stages, with two losses in their first five games, had the club facing elimination. A 3–1 victory over Greek side Olympiacos, however, eventually ensured their passage to the knock-out rounds. Liverpool beat Bayer Leverkusen and Juventus to reach the semi-finals, and progressed to the final after they beat Chelsea 1–0 on aggregate; the goal scored by Luis García was referred to as a "ghost goal" by Chelsea manager José Mourinho, as it was unclear whether the ball crossed the goal line.[77] Liverpool's performances in Europe contrasted strongly with their league form, where they struggled to finish in the top-four and thus ensure qualification for the next Champions League season.[78]

text: Liverpool faced six-time European champions Milan in the final at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul on 25 May 2005. Trailing 3–0 at half-time, they scored three goals in a six-minute spell in the second half to level the score at 3–3. There were no goals during extra time, so the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out. With the shoot-out score at 3–2, Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek saved Andriy Shevchenko's penalty to give Liverpool victory.[79] The nature of Liverpool's comeback victory has led to the match being referred to as the "miracle of Istanbul."[80] As this was the club's fifth European Cup victory, Liverpool were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup permanently, and a new trophy was commissioned for the following year's competition.[81] The victory also entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup at Stade Louis II, Monaco in August. They defeated UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow of Russia 3–1(aet.) to win their third Super Cup.[82] Their success in the Champions League meant Liverpool also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship, where they lost 1–0 in the final to Brazilian team São Paulo.[83]

text: A fifth-place finish in the Premier League in 2004–05 meant Liverpool were not guaranteed entry into the Champions League, and faced the prospect of not being able to defend their European title. UEFA eventually ruled that they would be allowed to do so, but would be required to start in the first qualifying round, with no country protection, meaning they could face a team from England in the group stages.[84] This turned out to be the case—Liverpool advanced through three qualifying rounds and were drawn with Chelsea in the group stages. They progressed from their group as winners but were beaten by Benfica in the first knock-out round.[85]

text: In the 2006–07 Champions League, Liverpool progressed from the group stages and beat holders Barcelona, PSV and Chelsea to face Milan in a rematch of the 2005 final.[86] The Liverpool team, which contained only five players from the 2005 final, enjoyed more possession than in 2005,[87] but two goals from Filippo Inzaghi gave Milan their seventh European Cup in a 2–1 win.[88]

text: Liverpool were eliminated from the 2007–08 Champions League in the semi-finals by Chelsea, who they had beaten in the semi-finals in 2005 and 2007. A fourth-place finish in the 2007–08 Premier League secured their entry into the 2008–09 Champions League. Liverpool reached the quarter-finals and again faced Chelsea, but lost 7–5 on aggregate.[89]

text: A second-place finish in the 2008–09 Premier League entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League, but their campaign was short-lived; they finished third in their group, and were eliminated from the competition. They entered the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, progressing to the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by eventual winners Atlético Madrid of Spain on the away goals rule after the tie finished 2–2 on aggregate.[90]

text: Decline and Resurgence (2010–present)[edit]

text: Rafael Benítez left the club at the end of the 2009–10 season and was replaced by Roy Hodgson.[91] A seventh-place finish in the 2009–10 Premier League meant Liverpool would be competing in the 2010–11 Europa League. They beat Rabotnički of Macedonia and Trabzonspor of Turkey to progress to the group stage, where Liverpool were drawn alongside Napoli, FC Utrecht and Steaua București. They won two games and drew four to finish top of their group with ten points and progress to the round of 32.[92] They were drawn against Sparta Prague in the next round. Before the tie was played, however, Hodgson was replaced by former manager Kenny Dalglish, who initially served as a caretaker manager.[93] A 1–0 aggregate victory ensured progression to the round of 16, in which Liverpool lost 1–0 on aggregate to eventual runners-up Braga.[94] A sixth-place finish in the 2010–11 Premier League meant the club failed to qualify for European competition for the first time since 1999.[95] On the following season, victory in the League Cup final ensured Liverpool a place in the 2012–13 Europa League.[96]

text: Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase of the 2012–13 Europa League after winning their group at the group stage, but were eliminated from the competition at the round of 32 by Zenit Saint Petersburg on the away goals rule after a 0–2 loss away and a 3–1 win at home.[97] A seventh-place finish in the 2012–13 Premier League and a failure to secure qualification via domestic cups meant Liverpool failed to qualify for any European competition in the 2013–14 season. A second-placed finish in the 2013–14 Premier League, ensured Liverpool qualified for the group stage of the 2014–15 Champions League.[98] One win out of six in the group stage meant they were eliminated and entered into the knockout phase of the 2014–15 Europa League.[99] The campaign was short-lived, as Liverpool eliminated by Beşiktaş in the round of 32.[100]

text: Finishing sixth in the 2014–15 Premier League qualified Liverpool directly to the group stage of the 2015–16 Europa League, where they faced Sion, Bordeaux and for the first time, Russian side Rubin Kazan.[101] During the group stage, manager Brendan Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp.[102] After winning the group, Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase, beating FC Augsburg in the round of 32 before facing bitter rivals Manchester United in the round of 16, the two clubs' first meeting in Europe.[103][104] Liverpool defeated them 3–1 on aggregate and victory led to a quarter-final tie with Klopp's former team Borussia Dortmund.[105][106] After a 1–1 draw in the first leg at Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund went 3–1 up in the return leg at Anfield with 33 minutes remaining, requiring Liverpool to score three goals due to the Away goals rule. Goals from Philippe Coutinho, Mamadou Sakho and a last minute winner from Dejan Lovren, however, saw Liverpool complete the comeback and qualify for their first European semi-final since 2010.[107] There they faced Villarreal, completing a second comeback after overturning a 1–0 defeat in the first leg at El Madrigal to qualify for the final with a 3–1 aggregate win.[108][109] Liverpool played Sevilla in the final at St. Jakob-Park, Basel, on 18 May, losing 3–1. A 4th-place finish in the 2016–17 Premier League qualified Liverpool for the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League and a return to Europe's premier club tournament for only the second time in 8 years during the 2010s. On 17 October 2017, Liverpool won 7-0 away to Maribor in the third round of matches of the group stage of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The win was a record away win for Liverpool in European competitions and also the biggest away win by an English team in the history of the European Cup.[110][111] After qualifying top of their group, they proceeded to defeat Porto 5-0 at the Estadio de Dragao, before holding them to a 0-0 draw on the return leg, then defeated domestic rivals Manchester City 3-0 and 2-1, and in the semi-finals, defeated Roma 5-2 at Anfield, before a 4-2 loss led to a 7-6 aggregate win, taking them to the final, against holders Real Madrid.

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most appearances in European competition: Jamie Carragher, 150[112]
Most goals in European competition: Steven Gerrard, 41[113]
First European match: Liverpool 6–0 Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, European Cup, first round, 17 August 1964[114]
First goal scored in Europe: Gordon Wallace, against KR Reykjavik[115]
Biggest win: Liverpool 11–0 Strømsgodset, in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 17 September 1974[114]
Biggest defeat: Liverpool 1–5 Ajax, in the European Cup, 7 December 1966[116]
Highest European home attendance: 55,104, against Barcelona in the 1975–76 UEFA Cup, 14 April 1976[117][118]
Lowest European home attendance: 12,021 against Dundalk in the 1982–83 European Cup[117]

tag: ul

text: By season[edit]

text: Key

text:
P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
GD = Goal difference
Grp = Group stage

R1 = First round
R2 = Second round
R3 = Third round
R4 = Fourth round
R16 = Round of 16
R32 = Round of 32
QF = Quarter-final
SF = Semi-final

Key to colours:

Gold
Winners

Silver
Runners-up

tag: table

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in European football by season[119][120][121]

Season
Competition
P
W
D
L
F
A
Round

1964–65
European Cup
9
5
3
1
18
5
R6 !SF

1965–66
European Cup Winners' Cup
9
5
1
3
12
6
Runners-up

1966–67
European Cup
4
1
1
2
6
8
R2

1967–68
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
6
3
0
3
13
5
R3

1968–69
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
1
3
0
1
3
3
R1

1969–70
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
4
3
0
1
17
3
R2

1970–71
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
10
5
4
1
13
4
R6 !SF

1971–72
European Cup Winners' Cup
4
1
1
2
4
5
R2

1972–73
UEFA Cup
12
8
2
2
17
6
Winners

1973–74
European Cup
4
1
1
2
5
5
R2

1974–75
European Cup Winners' Cup
4
2
2
0
12
1
R2

1975–76
UEFA Cup
12
8
3
1
25
8
Winners

1976–77
European Cup
9
7
0
2
22
5
Winners

1977
European Super Cup
2
1
1
0
7
1
Winners

1977–78
European Cup
7
5
0
2
17
7
Winners

1978
European Super Cup
2
1
0
1
3
4
Runners-up

1978–79
European Cup
2
0
1
1
0
2
R1

1979–80
European Cup
2
1
0
1
2
4
R1

1980–81
European Cup
9
6
3
0
24
4
Winners

1981
Intercontinental Cup
1
0
0
1
0
3
Runners-up

1981–82
European Cup
6
4
1
1
14
6
R5 !QF

1982–83
European Cup
6
4
0
2
13
6
R5 !QF

1983–84
European Cup
9
7
2
0
16
3
Winners

1984
European Super Cup
1
0
0
1
0
2
Runners-up

1984
Intercontinental Cup
1
0
0
1
0
1
Runners-up

1984–85
European Cup
9
6
1
2
18
5
Runners-up

1991–92
UEFA Cup
8
4
0
4
16
8
R5 !QF

1992–93
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
4
2
0
2
10
8
R2

1995–96
UEFA Cup
4
1
2
1
2
2
R2

1996–97
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
8
6
1
1
18
9
R6 !SF

1997–98
UEFA Cup
4
1
2
1
4
5
R2

1998–99
UEFA Cup
6
2
2
2
11
5
R3

2000–01
UEFA Cup
13
8
4
1
19
9
Winners

2001
UEFA Super Cup
1
1
0
0
3
2
Winners

2001–02
UEFA Champions League
14
5
7
2
14
11
R5 !QF

2002–03
UEFA Champions League
6
2
2
2
12
8
Grp

2002–03
UEFA Cup
6
4
1
1
6
3
R5 !QF

2003–04
UEFA Cup
8
4
3
1
14
7
R4

2004–05
UEFA Champions League
15
8
3
4
14
11
Winners

2005
UEFA Super Cup
1
1
0
0
3
1
Winners

2005
FIFA Club World Cup
2
1
0
1
3
1
Runners-up

2005–06
UEFA Champions League
14
8
3
3
20
7
R16

2006–07
UEFA Champions League
15
8
4
3
23
12
Runners-up

2007–08
UEFA Champions League
14
8
3
3
34
11
R6 !SF

2008–09
UEFA Champions League
12
7
4
1
22
12
R5 !QF

2009–10
UEFA Champions League
6
2
1
3
5
7
Grp

2009–10
UEFA Europa League
8
5
0
3
14
8
R6 !SF

2010–11
UEFA Europa League
14
7
6
1
16
5
R16

2012–13
UEFA Europa League
12
7
2
3
20
13
R32

2014–15
UEFA Champions League
6
1
2
3
5
9
Grp

2014–15
UEFA Europa League
2
1
0
1
1
1
R32

2015–16
UEFA Europa League
15
6
7
2
19
13
Runners-up

2017–18
UEFA Champions League
15
9
4
2
47
19
Runners-up

text: By competition[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in European football by competition[122]

Competition
P
W
D
L
F
A

European Cup/UEFA Champions League
196
110
45
41
368
171

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
29
16
5
8
57
29

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League
124
66
34
24
186
94

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
22
12
4
6
46
15

UEFA Super Cup
7
4
1
2
16
10

Intercontinental Cup
2
0
0
2
0
4

FIFA Club World Cup
2
1
0
1
3
1

Total
382
208
89
85
677
325

text: By country[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in Continental football by country[123]

Country[a]
Pld
W
D
L
F
A
GD
Win%

 Argentina
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
−1
005000000000000000000♠0.00

 Austria
7000600000000000000♠6
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7001130000000000000♠13
7000300000000000000♠3
+10
07001666700000000000♠66.67

 Belarus
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
+4
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Belgium
7001130000000000000♠13
7001100000000000000♠10
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7001220000000000000♠22
7000900000000000000♠9
+13
07001769200000000000♠76.92

 Brazil
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
−4
005000000000000000000♠0.00

 Bulgaria
7001100000000000000♠10
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7001200000000000000♠20
7001100000000000000♠10
+10
07001700000000000000♠70.00

 Costa Rica
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
+3
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Cyprus
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000800000000000000♠8
7000200000000000000♠2
+6
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Czech Republic
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
+3
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Denmark
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000600000000000000♠6
7000100000000000000♠1
+5
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 England
7001220000000000000♠22
7000700000000000000♠7
7000900000000000000♠9
7000600000000000000♠6
7001250000000000000♠25
7001210000000000000♠21
+4
07001318200000000000♠31.82

 Finland
7001120000000000000♠12
7000900000000000000♠9
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7001430000000000000♠43
7000700000000000000♠7
+36
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 France
7001260000000000000♠26
7001150000000000000♠15
7000200000000000000♠2
7000900000000000000♠9
7001380000000000000♠38
7001200000000000000♠20
+18
07001576900000000000♠57.69

 Germany
7001420000000000000♠42
7001210000000000000♠21
7001140000000000000♠14
7000700000000000000♠7
7001760000000000000♠76
7001370000000000000♠37
+39
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Georgia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
−2
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Greece
7000800000000000000♠8
7000600000000000000♠6
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7001180000000000000♠18
7000500000000000000♠5
+13
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Hungary
7001100000000000000♠10
7000400000000000000♠4
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
7000700000000000000♠7
7000400000000000000♠4
+3
07001400000000000000♠40.00

 Iceland
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7001110000000000000♠11
7000100000000000000♠1
+10
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Ireland
7000400000000000000♠4
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7001190000000000000♠19
7000100000000000000♠1
+18
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Israel
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
+1
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Italy
7001270000000000000♠27
7001100000000000000♠10
7000700000000000000♠7
7001100000000000000♠10
7001340000000000000♠34
7001340000000000000♠34
+0
07001370400000000000♠37.04

 Lithuania
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
+4
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Luxembourg
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
+2
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Macedonia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
+4
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Netherlands
7001140000000000000♠14
7000800000000000000♠8
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
7001220000000000000♠22
7001120000000000000♠12
+10
07001571400000000000♠57.14

 Northern Ireland
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000700000000000000♠7
5000000000000000000♠0
+7
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Norway
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7001160000000000000♠16
7000100000000000000♠1
+15
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Poland
7000600000000000000♠6
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7001130000000000000♠13
7000500000000000000♠5
+8
07001833300000000000♠83.33

 Portugal
7001220000000000000♠22
7001100000000000000♠10
7000600000000000000♠6
7000600000000000000♠6
7001360000000000000♠36
7001190000000000000♠19
+17
07001454500000000000♠45.45

 Romania
7001150000000000000♠15
7001100000000000000♠10
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
7001240000000000000♠24
7000900000000000000♠9
+15
07001666700000000000♠66.67

 Russia
7001130000000000000♠13
7000700000000000000♠7
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
7001270000000000000♠27
7001140000000000000♠14
+13
07001538500000000000♠53.85

 Scotland
7001140000000000000♠14
7000700000000000000♠7
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7001180000000000000♠18
7000900000000000000♠9
+9
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Serbia
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
−2
005000000000000000000♠0.00

 Slovakia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000800000000000000♠8
5000000000000000000♠0
+8
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Slovenia
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7001140000000000000♠14
7000100000000000000♠1
+13
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Spain
7001400000000000000♠40
7001150000000000000♠15
7001120000000000000♠12
7001130000000000000♠13
7001500000000000000♠50
7001440000000000000♠44
+6
07001375000000000000♠37.50

 Sweden
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
+3
7002100000000000000♠100.00

  Switzerland
7001130000000000000♠13
7000600000000000000♠6
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
7001290000000000000♠29
7001180000000000000♠18
+11
07001461500000000000♠46.15

 Turkey
7001120000000000000♠12
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
7001220000000000000♠22
7001110000000000000♠11
+11
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Ukraine
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
+2
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Wales
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
+6
7002100000000000000♠100.00

text: Honours[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. honours in European competition

Honour
No.
Years

European Cup/UEFA Champions League
5
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League
3
1973, 1976, 2001

UEFA Super Cup
3
1977, 2001, 2005

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The table excludes former nations such as East Germany and the Soviet Union.

tag: ol


document_title: Autonomy

question_text: the freedom to make your own decisions auto

text: Autonomy

text: Sociology[edit]

text: In the sociology of knowledge, a branch of sociology, a controversy over the boundaries of autonomy stopped at the concept of relative autonomy,[2] until a typology of autonomy was created and developed within science and technology studies. According to it, the contemporary form of science's existing autonomy is the reflexive autonomy: actors and structures within the scientific field are able to translate or to reflect diverse themes presented by social and political fields, as well as influence them regarding the thematic choices on research projects.

text: Politics[edit]

text: In governmental parlence, autonomy refers to self-governance. An example of an autonomous jurisdiction was the former United States governance of the Philippine Islands. The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 provided the framework for the creation of an autonomous government under which the Filipino people had broader domestic autonomy than previously, although it reserved certain privileges to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests.[3] Another example was the status of Kosovo as the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo under the former Yugoslav government of Marshal Tito.[4]

text: Philosophy[edit]

text: Autonomy is a key concept that has a broad impact on different fields of philosophy.

text: In moral philosophy, autonomy refers to subjecting oneself to objective moral law.[5] Kant (1724–1804) argued that morality presupposes this autonomy (German: Autonomie) in moral agents, since moral requirements are expressed in categorical imperatives. An imperative is categorical if it issues a valid command independent of personal desires or interests that would provide a reason for obeying the command. It is hypothetical if the validity of its command, if the reason why one can be expected to obey it, is the fact that one desires or is interested in something further that obedience to the command would entail. "Don't speed on the freeway if you don't want to be stopped by the police" is a hypothetical imperative. "It is wrong to break the law, so don't speed on the freeway" is a categorical imperative. The hypothetical command not to speed on the freeway is not valid for you if you do not care whether you are stopped by the police. The categorical command is valid for you either way. Autonomous moral agents can be expected to obey the command of a categorical imperative even if they lack a personal desire or interest in doing so. It remains an open question whether they will, however.

text: The Kantian concept of autonomy is often misconstrued, leaving out the important point about the autonomous agent's self-subjection to the moral law. It is thought that autonomy is fully explained as the ability to obey a categorical command independently of a personal desire or interest in doing so—or worse, that autonomy is "obeying" a categorical command independently of a natural desire or interest; and that heteronomy, its opposite, is acting instead on personal motives of the kind referenced in hypothetical imperatives.

text: In his Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant applied the concept of autonomy also to define the concept of personhood and human dignity. Autonomy, along with rationality, are seen by Kant as the two criteria for a meaningful life. Kant would consider a life lived without these not worth living; it would be a life of value equal to that of a plant or insect.[6] According to Kant autonomy is part of the reason that we hold others morally accountable for their actions. Human actions are morally praise or blameworthy in virtue of our autonomy. Non- autonomous beings such as plants or animals are not blameworthy due to their actions being non-autonomous.[6] Kant’s position on crime and punishment is influenced by his views on autonomy. Brainwashing or drugging criminals into being law-abiding citizens would be immoral as it would not be respecting their autonomy. Rehabilitation must be sought in a way that respects their autonomy and dignity as human beings.[7]

text: In How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time, philosopher Iain King developed an 'Autonomy Principle', which he defines as "Let people choose for themselves, unless we know their interests better than they can."[8] King argues it is not enough to know someone else's interests better than the person; autonomy should only be infringed if a person is unable to know their own interests on a particular matter.[9]

text: Nietzsche wrote about autonomy telling about moral fight [10]

text: In metaphysical philosophy, the concept of autonomy is referenced in discussions about free will, fatalism, determinism, and agency.

text: According to Piaget[edit]

text: The Swiss philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) studied the cognitive development of children by analyzing them during their games and through interviews, establishing (among other principles) that the children moral maturation process occurs in two phases, the first of heteronomy and the second of autonomy:

text: Heteronomous reasoning:

text: Rules are objective and unchanging. They must be literal, because the authority ordering it, and do not fit exceptions or discussions. The base of the rule is the superior authority (parents, adults, the State), that it should not give reason for the rules imposed or fulfilled them in any case.

text: Autonomous reasoning:

text: Rules are the product of an agreement and, therefore, are modifiable. They can be subject to interpretation and fit exceptions and objections. The base of the rule is its own acceptance, and its meaning has to be explained. Sanctions must be proportionate to the absence, assuming that sometimes offenses can go unpunished, so that collective punishment is unacceptable if it is not the guilty. The circumstances may not punish a guilty.

text: According to Kohlberg[edit]

text: The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) continues the studies of Piaget, this time to pose moral dilemmas to different adult and ordering the answers. His studies collected information from different latitudes to eliminate the cultural variability, and focused on the moral reasoning, and not so much in the behavior or its consequences. In this way, Kohlberg established three stages of morality, each of which is subdivided into two levels. They are read in progressive sense, that is, higher levels indicate greater autonomy.

text:
Level 1: Premoral/Preconventional Morality: Standards are met (or not met) depending on the hedonistic or physical consequences.

[Stage 0: Egocentric Judgment: There is no moral concept independent of individual wishes, including a lack of concept of rules or obligations.]
Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation: The rule is obeyed only to avoid punishment. Physical consequences determine goodness or badness and power is deferred to unquestioningly with no respect for the human or moral value, or the meaning of these consequences. Concern is for the self.
Stage 2: Instrumental-Relativist Orientation: Morals are individualistic and egocentric. There is an exchange of interests but always under the point of view of satisfying personal needs. Elements of fairness and reciprocity are present but these are interpreted in a pragmatic way, instead of an experience of gratitude or justice. Egocentric in nature but beginning to incorporate the ability to see things from the perspective of others.

Level 2: Conventional Morality/Role Conformity: Rules are obeyed according to the established conventions of a society.

Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation: Morals are conceived in accordance with the stereotypical social role. Rules are obeyed to obtain the approval of the immediate group and the right actions are judged based on what would please others or give the impression that one is a good person. Actions are evaluated according to intentions.
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation: Morals are judged in accordance with the authority of the system, or the needs of the social order. Laws and order are prioritized.

Level 3: Postconventional Morality/Self-Accepted Moral Principles: Standards of moral behavior are internalized. Morals are governed by rational judgment, derived from a conscious reflection on the recognition of the value of the individual inside a conventionally established society.

Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation: There are individual rights and standards that have been lawfully established as basic universal values. Rules are agreed upon by through procedure and society comes to consensus through critical examination in order to benefit the greater good.
Stage 6: Universal Principle Orientation: Abstract ethical principles are obeyed on a personal level in addition to societal rules and conventions. Universal principles of justice, reciprocity, equality and human dignity are internalized and if one fails to live up to these ideals, guilt or self-condemnation results.

text: Religion[edit]

text: In Christianity, autonomy is manifested as a partial self-governance on various levels of church administration. During the history of Christianity, there were two basic types of autonomy. Some important parishes and monasteries have been given special autonomous rights and privileges, and the best known example of monastic autonomy is the famous Eastern Orthodox monastic community on Mount Athos in Greece. On the other hand, administrative autonomy of entire ecclesiastical provinces has throughout history included various degrees of internal self-governance.

text: In ecclesiology of Eastern Orthodox Churches, there is a clear distinction between autonomy and autocephaly, since autocephalous churches have full self-governance and independence, while every autonomous church is subjected to some autocephalous church, having a certain degree of internal self-governance. Since every autonomous church had its own historical path to ecclesiastical autonomy, there are significant differences between various autonomous churches in respect of their particular degrees of self-governance. For example, churches that are autonomous can have their highest-ranking bishops, such as an archbishop or metropolitan, appointed or confirmed by the patriarch of the mother church from which it was granted its autonomy, but generally they remain self-governing in many other respects.

text: In the history of Western Christianity the question of ecclesiastical autonomy was also one of the most important questions, specially during the first centuries of Christianity, since various archbishops and metropolitans in Western Europe have often opposed centralizing tendencies of the Church of Rome.[11]

text: Medicine[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In a medical context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine. Autonomy can be defined as the ability of the person to make his or her own decisions. This faith in autonomy is the central premise of the concept of informed consent and shared decision making. This idea, while considered essential to today's practice of medicine, was developed in the last 50 years. According to Tom Beauchamp and James Childress (in Principles of Biomedical Ethics), the Nuremberg trials detailed accounts of horrifyingly exploitative medical "experiments" which violated the subjects' physical integrity and personal autonomy.[12] These incidences prompted calls for safeguards in medical research, such as the Nuremberg Code which stressed the importance of voluntary participation in medical research. It is believed that the Nuremberg Code served as the premise for many current documents regarding research ethics.[13]

text: However, autonomy does not only apply in a research context. Users of the health care system have the right to be treated with respect for their autonomy, instead of being dominated by the physician. This is referred to as paternalism. While paternalism is meant to be overall good for the patient, this can very easily interfere with autonomy[14]. Through the therapeutic relationship, a thoughtful dialogue between the client and the physician may lead to better outcomes for the client, as he or she is more of a participant in decision-making.

text: The seven elements of informed consent (as defined by Beauchamp and Childress) include threshold elements (competence and voluntariness), information elements (disclosure, recommendation, and understanding) and consent elements (decision and authorization).[15] Some philosophers such as Harry Frankfurt consider Beauchamp and Childress criteria insufficient. They claim that an action can only be considered autonomous if it involves the exercise of the capacity to form higher-order values about desires when acting intentionally.[16] What this means is that patients may understand their situation and choices but would not be autonomous unless the patient is able to form value judgements about their reasons for choosing treatment options they would not be acting autonomously.

text: There are many different definitions of autonomy, many of which place the individual in a social context. See also: relational autonomy, which suggests that a person is defined through their relationships with others, and "supported autonomy"[17] which suggests that in specific circumstances it may be necessary to temporarily compromise the autonomy of the person in the short term in order to preserve their autonomy in the long-term. Other definitions of the autonomy imagine the person as a contained and self-sufficient being whose rights should not be compromised under any circumstance.[18]

text: In certain unique circumstances government may have the right to temporarily override the right to bodily integrity in order to preserve the life and well-being of the person. Such action can be described using the principle of "supported autonomy",[17] a concept that was developed to describe unique situations in mental health (examples include the forced feeding of a person dying from the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, or the temporary treatment of a person living with a psychotic disorder with antipsychotic medication). While controversial, the principle of supported autonomy aligns with the role of government to protect the life and liberty of its citizens. Terrence F. Ackerman has highlighted problems with these situations, he claims that by undertaking this course of action physician or governments run the risk of misinterpreting a conflict of values as a constraining effect of illness on a patient’s autonomy.[19]

text: Since the 1960s, there have been attempts to increase patient autonomy including the requirement that physician’s take bioethics courses during their time in medical school[20]. Despite large scale commitment to promoting patient autonomy, public mistrust of medicine in developed countries has remained.[21] Onora O'Neill has ascribed this lack of trust to medical institutions and professionals introducing measures that benefit themselves, not the patient. O’Neill claims that this focus on autonomy promotion has been at the expense of issues like distribution of healthcare resources and public health.

text: One proposal to increase patient autonomy is through the use of support staff. The use of support staff including medical assistants, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and other staff that can promote patient interests and better patient care[22]. Nurses especially can learn about patient beliefs and values in order to increase informed consent and possibly persuade the patient through logic and reason to entertain a certain treatment plan [23] [24]. This would promote both autonomy and beneficence, while keeping the physician’s integrity intact. Furthermore, Humphreys asserts that nurses should have professional autonomy within their scope of practice (35-37). Humphreys argues that if nurses exercise their professional autonomy more, then there will be an increase patient autonomy (35-37).

text: International human rights law[edit]

text: The Yogyakarta Principles, a document with no binding effect in international human rights law, contend that "self-determination" used as meaning of autonomy on one's own matters including informed consent or sexual and reproductive rights, is integral for one's self-defined or gender identity and refused any medical procedures as a requirement for legal recognition of the gender identity of transgender.[25] If eventually accepted by the international community in a treaty, this would make these ideas human rights in the law. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also defines autonomy as principles of rights of a person with disability including "the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons".[26]

text: Celebrity Culture on Teenage Autonomy[edit]

text: A study conducted by David C. Giles and John Maltby conveyed that after age effecting factors were removed a high emotional autonomy was a significant predictor of celebrity interest, as well as high attachment to peers with a low attachment to parents. Patterns of intense personal interest in celebrities was found to be conjunction with low levels of closeness and security. Furthermore the results suggested that adults with a secondary group of pseudo-friends during development from parental attachment, usually focus solely on one particular celebrity, which could be due to difficulties in making this transition.[27]

text: Robotics[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (October 2014)

text: Autonomy or Autonomous behavior is a contentious term in reference to unmanned vehicles due to the poor understanding of whether something acting without outside commands is doing so through its own ability to make decisions or through a method of decision making pre-programmed into it. It is a quality which is rather abstract in nature and rather difficult to measure. The word is used only in an analogical sense at this point, and the analogical application carries very little of the primary content, which refers to moral choices of rational beings.

text:
Automatic means that a system will do exactly as programmed, it has no choice. Autonomous means that a system has a choice to make free of outside influence, i.e., an autonomous system has free will.

Brian T Clough, "Metrics, Schmetrics! How The Heck Do You Determine A UAV's Autonomy Anyway[28]"

tag: div

text: An example of semi-autonomous vehicles is unmanned spacecraft. Autonomy is an increasing feature of unmanned vehicles with two objectives

text: Mandatory for new functions:

text: Cost reduction:

text: See Robotics:

text: An Autonomous Space Craft might make certain decisions for itself based on imagery observation and a pre-programmed algorithm that will determine the only possible logical outcome and then perform that task without having to ask controllers NAND NOR AND types of parameters. Autonomy in Space does not relate to the socio-political definitions, here we are talking about a device that can make basic or convoluted decisions based on LOGIC (in an electronic usage) - see X37b Military Space Plane for an example

text: To have true Autonomy however a device (or entity) would need to have a longer leash being able to complete complex missions without human intra direction. Such a system would say further automate the other elements of the total process making the whole of the "system" larger by including more devices that multicommunicate with each other without involving ground based technicians or communications. (the military might not want to send possibly interceptable signals to and from said same)

text: ^^nonsensical; please revise^^

text: vvthis toovv

text: For example: If they automated the ground based tracking and control sending and or included additional satellites and/or space planes OR other devices (autonomous air and seacraft) the X37b Missions could someday become totally Autonomous.

text:
Basically: Send it on a mission and recover it when it lands.
Obviously Autonomy here too has its authority hierarchy whereby command override is in effect.

text: If the ground controllers want to they can take control of the space craft at any time. A typical mission though will be preprogrammed and perform as directed and land.. OR perform a task WHILE and/or UNTIL (in a software sense) a condition is met (say a signal sent from the ground) IF/THEN Land the Un-Manned SpaceCraft without further direction from the ground. The systems so happen to interact but that is not a necessary condition for autonomy. As each device becomes more and more autonomous the total network becomes more and more intelligent and at the same time secure

text: Various uses[edit]

text:
In computing, an autonomous peripheral is one that can be used with the computer turned off
Within self-determination theory in psychology, autonomy refers to 'autonomy support versus control', "hypothesizing that autonomy-supportive social contexts tend to facilitate self-determined motivation, healthy development, and optimal functioning."
In mathematical analysis, an ordinary differential equation is said to be autonomous if it is time-independent.
In linguistics, an autonomous language is one which is independent of other languages, for example has a standard, grammar books, dictionaries or literature etc.
In robotics, "autonomy means independence of control. This characterization implies that autonomy is a property of the relation between two agents, in the case of robotics, of the relations between the designer and the autonomous robot. Self-sufficiency, situatedness, learning or development, and evolution increase an agent’s degree of autonomy.", according to Rolf Pfeifer.
In spaceflight, autonomy can also refer to manned missions that are operating without control by ground controllers.
In economics, autonomous consumption is consumption expenditure when income levels are zero, making spending autonomous to income.
In politics, autonomous territories are States wishing to retain territorial integrity in opposition to ethnic or indigenous demands for self-determination or independence (sovereignty).
In anti-establishment activism, an autonomous space is another name for a non-governmental social center or free space (for community interaction).
In social psychology, autonomy is a personality trait characterized by a focus on personal achievement independence, and a preference for solitude, often labeled as an opposite of sociotropy.[29]


document_title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)

question_text: who sings beauty and the beast with ariana grande

text: Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Alan Menken. Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman. Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice.

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Overture" (Score)
Alan Menken
3:05

2.
"Main Title: Prologue Pt. 1"
Hattie Morahan (narration)
0:42

3.
"Aria"
Audra McDonald
1:02

4.
"Main Title: Prologue Pt. 2"
Hattie Morahan (narration)
2:21

5.
"Belle"
Emma Watson, Luke Evans, Ensemble
5:33

6.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever (Music Box)"
Kevin Kline
1:03

7.
"Belle (Reprise)"
Emma Watson
1:15

8.
"Gaston"
Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble
4:25

9.
"Be Our Guest"
Ewan McGregor, Emma Thompson, Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Ian McKellen
4:48

10.
"Days in the Sun"
Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Emma Thompson, Audra McDonald, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Clive Rowe
2:40

11.
"Something There"
Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Emma Thompson, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw
2:54

12.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever (Montmartre)"
Emma Watson
1:55

13.
"Beauty and the Beast"
Emma Thompson
3:19

14.
"Evermore"
Dan Stevens
3:14

15.
"The Mob Song"
Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble, Emma Thompson, Ian McKellen, Stanley Tucci, Nathan Mack, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor, Gerard Horan, Haydn Gwynne
2:28

16.
"Beauty and the Beast (Finale)"
Audra McDonald, Emma Thompson, Ensemble
2:14

17.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever"
Celine Dion
3:37

18.
"Beauty and the Beast"
Ariana Grande & John Legend
3:47

19.
"Evermore"
Josh Groban
3:09

Total length:
53:31

text:
[show]Deluxe edition – Disc one (Bonus Tracks)

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

20.
"Aria" (Demo)
Menken
0:36

21.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever" (Demo)
Menken
0:59

22.
"Days in the Sun" (Demo)
Menken
3:30

23.
"How Does a Moment Last Forever" (Demo)
Menken
1:21

24.
"Evermore" (Demo)
Menken
2:55

Total length:
62:52

text:
[show]Deluxe edition – Disc two

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Main Title: Prologue" (Score)
Menken
3:01

2.
"Belle Meets Gaston" (Score)
Menken
0:54

3.
"Your Mother" (Score)
Menken
2:13

4.
"The Laverie" (Score)
Menken
1:22

5.
"Wolf Chase" (Score)
Menken
3:14

6.
"Entering the Castle" (Score)
Menken
1:18

7.
"A White Rose" (Score)
Menken
3:57

8.
"The Beast" (Score)
Menken
4:03

9.
"Meet the Staff" (Score)
Menken
1:00

10.
"Home" (extended mix) (Score)
Menken
2:04

11.
"Madame de Garderobe" (Score)
Menken
1:28

12.
"There's a Beast" (Score)
Menken
2:02

13.
"A Petal Drops" (Score)
Menken
1:02

14.
"A Bracing Cup of Tea" (Score)
Menken
2:06

15.
"The West Wing" (Score)
Menken
2:58

16.
"Wolves Attack Belle" (Score)
Menken
3:17

17.
"The Library" (Score)
Menken
3:05

18.
"Colonnade Chat" (Score)
Menken
2:54

19.
"The Plague" (Score)
Menken
0:51

20.
"Maurice Accuses Gaston" (Score)
Menken
2:01

21.
"Beast Takes a Bath" (Score)
Menken
1:21

22.
"The Dress" (Score)
Menken
1:01

23.
"You Must Go to Him" (Score)
Menken
2:50

24.
"Belle Stops the Wagon" (Score)
Menken
2:42

25.
"Castle Under Attack" (Score)
Menken
4:20

26.
"Turret Pursuit" (Score)
Menken
2:12

27.
"You Came Back" (Score)
Menken
5:13

28.
"Transformations" (Score)
Menken
4:06

Total length:
68:34

text: The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion's "How Does a Moment Last Forever", followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend's "Beauty and the Beast", and Josh Groban's "Evermore", with the rest of the songs in the same order.

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales.[3] It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017.[4]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[5]
4

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[6]
10

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[7]
5

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[8]
26

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[9]
7

Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[10]
32

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[11]
44

Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[12]
23

Irish Albums (IRMA)[13]
8

Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[14]
(Spanish version)
11

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[15]
7

Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[16]
12

Polish Albums (ZPAV)[17]
46

Scottish Albums (OCC)[18]
6

South Korean Albums (Gaon)[19]
34

South Korean Albums International (Gaon)[20]
1

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[21]
60

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[22]
19

UK Albums (OCC)[23]
8

UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[24]
1

US Billboard 200[25]
3

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[26]
1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United Kingdom (BPI)[27]
Silver
60,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone