document_title: Salmon

question_text: how many types of salmon fish are there

question_tokens: how many types of salmon fish are there

text: Salmon

text: Species

text: The term "salmon" comes from the Latin salmo, which in turn might have originated from salire, meaning "to leap".[5] The nine commercially important species of salmon occur in two genera. The genus Salmo contains the Atlantic salmon, found in the north Atlantic, as well as many species commonly named trout. The genus Oncorhynchus contains eight species which occur naturally only in the North Pacific. As a group, these are known as Pacific salmon. Chinook salmon have been introduced in New Zealand and Patagonia. Coho, freshwater sockeye, and Atlantic salmon have been established in Patagonia, as well.[6]

text:
This article is part of a series onCommercial fish
Large pelagic
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text:
hideAtlantic and Pacific salmon

Genus

Common name

Scientific name

Maximumlength

Commonlength

Maximumweight

Maximumage

Trophiclevel

FishBase

FAO

ITIS

IUCN status

Salmo(Atlantic salmon)

Atlantic salmon

Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758

150 cm

120 cm

46.8 kg

13 years

4.4

[7]

[8]

[9]

 Least concern[10]

Oncorhynchus(Pacific salmon)

Chinook salmon

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792)

150 cm

70 cm

61.4 kg

9 years

4.4

[11]

[12]

[13]

Not assessed

Chum salmon

Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum, 1792)

100 cm

58 cm

15.9 kg

7 years

3.5

[14]

[15]

[16]

Not assessed

Coho salmon

Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)

108 cm

71 cm

15.2 kg

5 years

4.2

[17]

[18]

[19]

Not assessed

Masu salmon

Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort, 1856)

79 cm

cm

10.0 kg

3 years

3.6

[20]

[21]

Not assessed

Pink salmon

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)

76 cm

50 cm

6.8 kg

3 years

4.2

[22]

[23]

[24]

Not assessed

Sockeye salmon

Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)

84 cm

58 cm

7.7 kg

8 years

3.7

[25]

[26]

[27]

 Least concern[28]

text:
†
Both the Salmo and Oncorhynchus genera also contain a number of species referred to as trout. Within Salmo, additional minor taxa have been called salmon in English, i.e. the Adriatic salmon (Salmo obtusirostris) and Black Sea salmon (Salmo labrax). The steelhead anadromous form of the rainbow trout migrates to sea, but it is not termed "salmon".

text: Also a number of other species have common names which refer to them as being salmon. Of those listed below, the Danube salmon or huchen is a large freshwater salmonid related to the salmon above, but others are marine fishes of the unrelated Perciformes order:

text:
hideSome other fishes called salmon

Common name

Scientific name

Maximumlength

Commonlength

Maximumweight

Maximumage

Trophiclevel

FishBase

FAO

ITIS

IUCN status

Australian salmon

Arripis trutta (Forster, 1801)

89 cm

47 cm

9.4 kg

26 years

4.1

[29]

[30]

Not assessed

Danube salmon

Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758)

150 cm

70 cm

52 kg

15 years

4.2

[31]

[32]

 Endangered[33]

Hawaiian salmon

Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)

180 cm

90 cm

46.2 kg

years

3.6

[34]

[35]

[36]

Not assessed

Indian salmon

Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)

200 cm

50 cm

145 kg

years

4.4

[37]

[38]

Not assessed

text: Eosalmo driftwoodensis, the oldest known salmon in the fossil record, helps scientists figure how the different species of salmon diverged from a common ancestor. The British Columbia salmon fossil provides evidence that the divergence between Pacific and Atlantic salmon had not yet occurred 40 million years ago. Both the fossil record and analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggest the divergence occurred by 10 to 20 million years ago. This independent evidence from DNA analysis and the fossil record rejects the glacial theory of salmon divergence.[39]

text: Distribution

text:
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reproduce in northern rivers on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean.
Landlocked salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago) live in a number of lakes in eastern North America and in Northern Europe, for instance in lakes Sebago, Onega, Ladoga, Saimaa, Vänern, and Winnipesaukee. They are not a different species from the Atlantic salmon, but have independently evolved a non-migratory life cycle, which they maintain even when they could access the ocean.
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are also known in the United States as king salmon or blackmouth salmon, and as spring salmon in British Columbia. Chinook are the largest of all Pacific salmon, frequently exceeding 14 kg (30 lb).[40] The name tyee is used in British Columbia to refer to Chinook over 30 pounds, and in the Columbia River watershed, especially large Chinook were once referred to as June hogs. Chinook salmon are known to range as far north as the Mackenzie River and Kugluktuk in the central Canadian arctic,[41] and as far south as the Central California coast.[42]
Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are known as dog, keta, or calico salmon in some parts of the US. This species has the widest geographic range of the Pacific species:[43] south to the Sacramento River in California in the eastern Pacific and the island of Kyūshū in the Sea of Japan in the western Pacific; north to the Mackenzie River in Canada in the east and to the Lena River in Siberia in the west.
Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are also known in the US as silver salmon. This species is found throughout the coastal waters of Alaska and British Columbia and as far south as Central California (Monterey Bay).[44] It is also now known to occur, albeit infrequently, in the Mackenzie River.[41]
Masu salmon or cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) are found only in the western Pacific Ocean in Japan, Korea, and Russia. A land-locked subspecies known as the Taiwanese salmon or Formosan salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) is found in central Taiwan's Chi Chia Wan Stream.[45]
Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), known as humpies in southeast and southwest Alaska, are found from northern California and Korea, throughout the northern Pacific, and from the Mackenzie River[41] in Canada to the Lena River in Siberia, usually in shorter coastal streams. It is the smallest of the Pacific species, with an average weight of 1.6 to 1.8 kg (3.5 to 4.0 lb).[46]
Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are also known in the US as red salmon.[47] This lake-rearing species is found south as far as the Klamath River in California in the eastern Pacific and northern Hokkaidō island in Japan in the western Pacific and as far north as Bathurst Inlet in the Canadian Arctic in the east and the Anadyr River in Siberia in the west. Although most adult Pacific salmon feed on small fish, shrimp, and squid, sockeye feed on plankton they filter through gill rakers.[48] Kokanee salmon are the land-locked form of sockeye salmon.
Danube salmon, or huchen (Hucho hucho), are the largest permanent freshwater salmonid species.

text: Life cycle

text: Salmon eggs are laid in freshwater streams typically at high latitudes. The eggs hatch into alevin or sac fry. The fry quickly develop into parr with camouflaging vertical stripes. The parr stay for six months to three years in their natal stream before becoming smolts, which are distinguished by their bright, silvery colour with scales that are easily rubbed off. Only 10% of all salmon eggs are estimated to survive to this stage.[49] The smolt body chemistry changes, allowing them to live in salt water. Smolts spend a portion of their out-migration time in brackish water, where their body chemistry becomes accustomed to osmoregulation in the ocean.

text: The salmon spend about one to five years (depending on the species) in the open ocean, where they gradually become sexually mature. The adult salmon then return primarily to their natal streams to spawn. Atlantic salmon spend between one and four years at sea. When a fish returns after just one year's sea feeding, it is called a grilse in Canada, Britain, and Ireland. Grilse may be present at spawning, and go unnoticed by large males, releasing their own sperm on the eggs.[50] Prior to spawning, depending on the species, salmon undergo changes. They may grow a hump, develop canine-like teeth, or develop a kype (a pronounced curvature of the jaws in male salmon). All change from the silvery blue of a fresh-run fish from the sea to a darker colour. Salmon can make amazing journeys, sometimes moving hundreds of miles upstream against strong currents and rapids to reproduce. Chinook and sockeye salmon from central Idaho, for example, travel over 1,400 km (900 mi) and climb nearly 2,100 m (7,000 ft) from the Pacific Ocean as they return to spawn. Condition tends to deteriorate the longer the fish remain in fresh water, and they then deteriorate further after they spawn, when they are known as kelts. In all species of Pacific salmon, the mature individuals die within a few days or weeks of spawning, a trait known as semelparity. Between 2 and 4% of Atlantic salmon kelts survive to spawn again, all females. However, even in those species of salmon that may survive to spawn more than once (iteroparity), postspawning mortality is quite high (perhaps as high as 40 to 50%).

text: To lay her roe, the female salmon uses her tail (caudal fin), to create a low-pressure zone, lifting gravel to be swept downstream, excavating a shallow depression, called a redd. The redd may sometimes contain 5,000 eggs covering 2.8 m2 (30 sq ft).[51] The eggs usually range from orange to red. One or more males approach the female in her redd, depositing sperm, or milt, over the roe.[48] The female then covers the eggs by disturbing the gravel at the upstream edge of the depression before moving on to make another redd. The female may make as many as seven redds before her supply of eggs is exhausted.[48]

text: Each year, the fish experiences a period of rapid growth, often in summer, and one of slower growth, normally in winter. This results in ring formation around an earbone called the otolith (annuli), analogous to the growth rings visible in a tree trunk. Freshwater growth shows as densely crowded rings, sea growth as widely spaced rings; spawning is marked by significant erosion as body mass is converted into eggs and milt.

text: Freshwater streams and estuaries provide important habitat for many salmon species. They feed on terrestrial and aquatic insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily on other fish when older. Eggs are laid in deeper water with larger gravel, and need cool water and good water flow (to supply oxygen) to the developing embryos. Mortality of salmon in the early life stages is usually high due to natural predation and human-induced changes in habitat, such as siltation, high water temperatures, low oxygen concentration, loss of stream cover, and reductions in river flow. Estuaries and their associated wetlands provide vital nursery areas for the salmon prior to their departure to the open ocean. Wetlands not only help buffer the estuary from silt and pollutants, but also provide important feeding and hiding areas.

text: Salmon not killed by other means show greatly accelerated deterioration (phenoptosis, or "programmed aging") at the end of their lives. Their bodies rapidly deteriorate right after they spawn as a result of the release of massive amounts of corticosteroids.

text: Ecology

text: Bears and salmon

text: In the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, salmon are keystone species, supporting wildlife such as birds, bears and otters.[52] The bodies of salmon represent a transfer of nutrients from the ocean, rich in nitrogen, sulfur, carbon and phosphorus, to the forest ecosystem.

text: Grizzly bears function as ecosystem engineers, capturing salmon and carrying them into adjacent wooded areas. There they deposit nutrient-rich urine and feces and partially eaten carcasses. Bears are estimated to leave up to half the salmon they harvest on the forest floor,[53][54] in densities that can reach 4,000 kilograms per hectare,[55] providing as much as 24% of the total nitrogen available to the riparian woodlands. The foliage of spruce trees up to 500 m (1,600 ft) from a stream where grizzlies fish salmon have been found to contain nitrogen originating from fished salmon.[56]

text: Beavers and salmon

text: Beavers also function as ecosystem engineers; in the process of clear-cutting and damming, beavers alter their ecosystems extensively. Beaver ponds can provide critical habitat for juvenile salmon. An example of this was seen in the years following 1818 in the Columbia River Basin. In 1818, the British government made an agreement with the U.S. government to allow U.S. citizens access to the Columbia catchment (see Treaty of 1818). At the time, the Hudson's Bay Company sent word to trappers to extirpate all furbearers from the area in an effort to make the area less attractive to U.S. fur traders. In response to the elimination of beavers from large parts of the river system, salmon runs plummeted, even in the absence of many of the factors usually associated with the demise of salmon runs. Salmon recruitment can be affected by beavers' dams because dams can:[57][58][59]

text:
Slow the rate at which nutrients are flushed from the system; nutrients provided by adult salmon dying throughout the fall and winter remain available in the spring to newly hatched juveniles
Provide deeper water pools where young salmon can avoid avian predators
Increase productivity through photosynthesis and by enhancing the conversion efficiency of the cellulose-powered detritus cycle
Create low-energy environments where juvenile salmon put the food they ingest into growth rather than into fighting currents
Increase structural complexity with many physical niches where salmon can avoid predators

text: Beavers' dams are able to nurture salmon juveniles in estuarine tidal marshes where the salinity is less than 10 ppm. Beavers build small dams of generally less than 60 cm (2 ft) high in channels in the myrtle zone. These dams can be overtopped at high tide and hold water at low tide. This provides refuges for juvenile salmon so they do not have to swim into large channels where they are subject to predation.[60]

text: Lampreys and salmon

text: It has been discovered that rivers which have seen a decline or disappearance of anadromous lampreys also affects the salmon in a negative way. Like salmon, the adults stop feeding and die after spawning, and their decomposing bodies release nutrients into the stream. Along with species like steelhead redds and Sacramento sucker, lampreys clean the gravel in the rivers during spawning.[61] Their larvae, called ammocoetes, are filter feeders that contributes to the health of the waters. They are a food source for the young salmon, and being fattier and oilier, it is assumed predators prefer them over salmon offspring, taking off some of the predation pressure on smolts.[62] Adult lampreys are also the preferred prey of seals and sea lions, which can eat 30 lampreys to every salmon, allowing more adult salmon to enter the rivers to spawn without being eaten by the marine mammals.[63][64]

text: Parasites

text: According to Canadian biologist Dorothy Kieser, the myxozoan parasite Henneguya salminicola is commonly found in the flesh of salmonids. It has been recorded in the field samples of salmon returning to the Haida Gwaii Islands. The fish responds by walling off the parasitic infection into a number of cysts that contain milky fluid. This fluid is an accumulation of a large number of parasites.

text: Henneguya and other parasites in the myxosporean group have complex life cycles, where the salmon is one of two hosts. The fish releases the spores after spawning. In the Henneguya case, the spores enter a second host, most likely an invertebrate, in the spawning stream. When juvenile salmon migrate to the Pacific Ocean, the second host releases a stage infective to salmon. The parasite is then carried in the salmon until the next spawning cycle. The myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease in trout has a similar life cycle.[65] However, as opposed to whirling disease, the Henneguya infestation does not appear to cause disease in the host salmon — even heavily infected fish tend to return to spawn successfully.

text: According to Dr. Kieser, a lot of work on Henneguya salminicola was done by scientists at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo in the mid-1980s, in particular, an overview report[66] which states, "the fish that have the longest fresh water residence time as juveniles have the most noticeable infections. Hence in order of prevalence coho are most infected followed by sockeye, chinook, chum and pink." As well, the report says, at the time the studies were conducted, stocks from the middle and upper reaches of large river systems in British Columbia such as Fraser, Skeena, Nass and from mainland coastal streams in the southern half of B.C., "are more likely to have a low prevalence of infection." The report also states, "It should be stressed that Henneguya, economically deleterious though it is, is harmless from the view of public health. It is strictly a fish parasite that cannot live in or affect warm blooded animals, including man".

text: According to Klaus Schallie, Molluscan Shellfish Program Specialist with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, "Henneguya salminicola is found in southern B.C. also and in all species of salmon. I have previously examined smoked chum salmon sides that were riddled with cysts and some sockeye runs in Barkley Sound (southern B.C., west coast of Vancouver Island) are noted for their high incidence of infestation."

text: Sea lice, particularly Lepeophtheirus salmonis and various Caligus species, including C. clemensi and C. rogercresseyi, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon.[67][68] Sea lice are ectoparasites which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic nauplii and copepodid larval stages, which can persist for several days.[69][70][71] Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as a result.[72][73] Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On the Pacific coast of Canada, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%.[74]

text: Effect of pile driving

text: The risk of injury caused by underwater pile driving has been studied by Dr. Halvorsen and her co-workers.[75]  The study concluded that the fish are at risk of injury if the cumulative sound exposure level exceeds 210 dB relative to 1 μPa2 s.

text: Wild fisheries

text: Commercial

text: As can be seen from the production chart at the left, the global capture reported by different countries to the FAO of commercial wild salmon has remained fairly steady since 1990 at about one million tonnes per year. This is in contrast to farmed salmon (below) which has increased in the same period from about 0.6 million tonnes to well over two million tonnes.[1]

text: Nearly all captured wild salmon are Pacific salmon. The capture of wild Atlantic salmon has always been relatively small, and has declined steadily since 1990. In 2011 only 2,500 tonnes were reported.[8] In contrast about half of all farmed salmon are Atlantic salmon.

text: Recreational

text: Recreational salmon fishing can be a technically demanding kind of sport fishing, not necessarily congenial for beginning fishermen.[76] A conflict exists between commercial fishermen and recreational fishermen for the right to salmon stock resources. Commercial fishing in estuaries and coastal areas is often restricted so enough salmon can return to their natal rivers where they can spawn and be available for sport fishing. On parts of the North American west coast sport salmon fishing completely replaces inshore commercial fishing.[77] The commercial value of a salmon can be several times less than the value of the same fish caught by a sport fisherman. This is "a powerful economic argument for allocating stock resources preferentially to sport fishing."[77]

text: Farmed salmon

text: Salmon aquaculture is a major contributor to the world production of farmed finfish, representing about US$10 billion annually. Other commonly cultured fish species include tilapia, catfish, sea bass, carp and bream. Salmon farming is significant in Chile, Norway, Scotland, Canada and the Faroe Islands; it is the source for most salmon consumed in the United States and Europe. Atlantic salmon are also, in very small volumes, farmed in Russia and Tasmania, Australia.

text: Salmon are carnivorous. They are fed a meal produced from catching other wild fish and other marine organisms. Salmon farming leads to a high demand for wild forage fish. Salmon require large nutritional intakes of protein, and farmed salmon consume more fish than they generate as a final product. On a dry weight basis, 2–4 kg of wild-caught fish are needed to produce one kg of salmon.[78] As the salmon farming industry expands, it requires more wild forage fish for feed, at a time when 75% of the world's monitored fisheries are already near to or have exceeded their maximum sustainable yield.[79] The industrial-scale extraction of wild forage fish for salmon farming affects the survivability of the wild predator fish which rely on them for food.

text: Work continues on substituting vegetable proteins for animal proteins in the salmon diet. This substitution results in lower levels of the highly valued omega-3 fatty acid content in the farmed product.

text: Intensive salmon farming uses open-net cages, which have low production costs. It has the drawback of allowing disease and sea lice to spread to local wild salmon stocks.[80]

text: Another form of salmon production, which is safer but less controllable, is to raise salmon in hatcheries until they are old enough to become independent. They are released into rivers in an attempt to increase the salmon population. This system is referred to as ranching. It was very common in countries such as Sweden, before the Norwegians developed salmon farming, but is seldom done by private companies. As anyone may catch the salmon when they return to spawn, a company is limited in benefiting financially from their investment.

text: Because of this, the ranching method has mainly been used by various public authorities and nonprofit groups, such as the Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association, as a way to increase salmon populations in situations where they have declined due to overharvesting, construction of dams, and habitat destruction or fragmentation. Negative consequences to this sort of population manipulation include genetic "dilution" of the wild stocks. Many jurisdictions are now beginning to discourage supplemental fish planting in favour of harvest controls, and habitat improvement and protection.

text: A variant method of fish stocking, called ocean ranching, is under development in Alaska. There, the young salmon are released into the ocean far from any wild salmon streams. When it is time for them to spawn, they return to where they were released, where fishermen can catch them.

text: An alternative method to hatcheries is to use spawning channels. These are artificial streams, usually parallel to an existing stream, with concrete or rip-rap sides and gravel bottoms. Water from the adjacent stream is piped into the top of the channel, sometimes via a header pond, to settle out sediment. Spawning success is often much better in channels than in adjacent streams due to the control of floods, which in some years can wash out the natural redds. Because of the lack of floods, spawning channels must sometimes be cleaned out to remove accumulated sediment. The same floods that destroy natural redds also clean the regular streams. Spawning channels preserve the natural selection of natural streams, as there is no benefit, as in hatcheries, to use prophylactic chemicals to control diseases.

text: Farm-raised salmon are fed the carotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthin to match their flesh colour to wild salmon[81] to improve their marketability.[82]

text: One proposed alternative to the use of wild-caught fish as feed for the salmon, is the use of soy-based products. This should be better for the local environment of the fish farm, but producing soy beans has a high environmental cost for the producing region. The fish omega-3 fatty acid content would be reduced compared to fish-fed salmon.

text: Another possible alternative is a yeast-based coproduct of bioethanol production, proteinaceous fermentation biomass. Substituting such products for engineered feed can result in equal (sometimes enhanced) growth in fish.[83] With its increasing availability, this would address the problems of rising costs for buying hatchery fish feed.

text: Yet another attractive alternative is the increased use of seaweed. Seaweed provides essential minerals and vitamins for growing organisms. It offers the advantage of providing natural amounts of dietary fiber and having a lower glycemic load than grain-based fish meal.[83] In the best-case scenario, widespread use of seaweed could yield a future in aquaculture that eliminates the need for land, freshwater, or fertilizer to raise fish.[84]

text: Management

text: The population of wild salmon declined markedly in recent decades, especially North Atlantic populations, which spawn in the waters of western Europe and eastern Canada, and wild salmon in the Snake and Columbia River systems in northwestern United States.

text: Salmon population levels are of concern in the Atlantic and in some parts of the Pacific. Alaska fishery stocks are still abundant, and catches have been on the rise in recent decades, after the state initiated limitations in 1972.[85][86] Some of the most important Alaskan salmon sustainable wild fisheries are located near the Kenai River, Copper River, and in Bristol Bay. Fish farming of Pacific salmon is outlawed in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone,[citation needed] however, there is a substantial network of publicly funded hatcheries,[87] and the State of Alaska's fisheries management system is viewed as a leader in the management of wild fish stocks. In Canada, returning Skeena River wild salmon support commercial, subsistence and recreational fisheries, as well as the area's diverse wildlife on the coast and around communities hundreds of miles inland in the watershed. The status of wild salmon in Washington is mixed. Of 435 wild stocks of salmon and steelhead, only 187 of them were classified as healthy; 113 had an unknown status, one was extinct, 12 were in critical condition and 122 were experiencing depressed populations.[88]

text: The commercial salmon fisheries in California have been either severely curtailed or closed completely in recent years, due to critically low returns on the Klamath and or Sacramento rivers, causing millions of dollars in losses to commercial fishermen.[89] Both Atlantic and Pacific salmon are popular sportfish.

text: Salmon populations have been established in all the Great Lakes. Coho stocks were planted by the state of Michigan in the late 1960s to control the growing population of non-native alewife. Now Chinook (king), Atlantic, and coho (silver) salmon are annually stocked in all Great Lakes by most bordering states and provinces. These populations are not self-sustaining and do not provide much in the way of a commercial fishery, but have led to the development of a thriving sport fishery.

text: As food

text: Salmon is a popular food. Classified as an oily fish,[90] salmon is considered to be healthy due to the fish's high protein, high omega-3 fatty acids, and high vitamin D[91] content. Salmon is also a source of cholesterol, with a range of 23–214 mg/100 g depending on the species.[92] According to reports in the journal Science, farmed salmon may contain high levels of dioxins.[medical citation needed] PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) levels may be up to eight times higher in farmed salmon than in wild salmon,[93] but still well below levels considered dangerous.[94][95] Nonetheless, according to a 2006 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the benefits of eating even farmed salmon still outweigh any risks imposed by contaminants.[96] Farmed salmon has a high omega 3 fatty acid content comparable to wild salmon.[97] The type of omega-3 present may not be a factor for other important health functions.

text: Salmon flesh is generally orange to red, although white-fleshed wild salmon with white-black skin colour occurs. The natural colour of salmon results from carotenoid pigments, largely astaxanthin, but also canthaxanthin, in the flesh.[98] Wild salmon get these carotenoids from eating krill and other tiny shellfish.

text: The vast majority of Atlantic salmon available around the world are farmed (almost 99%),[99] whereas the majority of Pacific salmon are wild-caught (greater than 80%). Canned salmon in the US is usually wild Pacific catch, though some farmed salmon is available in canned form. Smoked salmon is another popular preparation method, and can either be hot or cold smoked. Lox can refer to either cold-smoked salmon or salmon cured in a brine solution (also called gravlax).  Traditional canned salmon includes some skin (which is harmless) and bone (which adds calcium). Skinless and boneless canned salmon is also available.

text: Raw salmon flesh may contain Anisakis nematodes, marine parasites that cause anisakiasis. Before the availability of refrigeration, the Japanese did not consume raw salmon. Salmon and salmon roe have only recently come into use in making sashimi (raw fish) and sushi.

text: To the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, salmon is considered a vital part of the diet. Specifically, the indigenous peoples of Haida Gwaii, located near former Queen Charlotte Island in British Columbia, rely on salmon as one of their main sources of food, although many other bands have fished Pacific waters for centuries.[100] Salmon are not only ancient and unique, but it is important because it is expressed in culture, art forms, and ceremonial feasts. Annually, salmon spawn in Haida, feeding on everything on the way upstream and down.[100] Within the Haida nation, salmon is referred to as "tsiin",[100] and is prepared in several ways including smoking, baking, frying, and making soup.

text:
Historically, there has always been enough salmon, as people would not overfish, and only took what they needed.[101] In 2003, a report on First Nation participation in commercial fisheries, including salmon, commissioned by BC’s Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries found that there were 595
First Nation-owned and operated commercial vessels in the province. Of those vessels, First Nations’ members owned 564.[101] However, employment within the industry has decreased overall by 50% in the last decade, with 8,142 registered commercial fishermen in 2003. This has affected employment for many fisherman, who rely on salmon as a source of income.

text: Black bears also rely on salmon as food. The leftovers the bears leave behind are considered important nutrients for the Canadian forest, such as the soil, trees, and plants. In this sense, the salmon feed the forest and in return receive clean water and gravel in which to hatch and grow, sheltered from extremes of temperature and water flow in times of high and low rainfall.[100] However, the condition of the salmon in Haida has been affected in recent decades. Due to logging and development, much of the salmon's habitat (i.e., Ain River) has been destroyed, resulting in the fish being close to endangered.[100] For residents, this has resulted in limits on catches, in turn, has affected families diets, and cultural events such as feasts. Some of the salmon systems in danger include: the Davidon, Naden, Mamim, and Mathers.[100] It is clear that further protection is needed for salmon, such as their habitats, where logging commonly occurs.

text: History

text: The salmon has long been at the heart of the culture and livelihood of coastal dwellers, which can be traced as far back as 5,000 years when archeologists discovered Nisqually tribes remnants.[102] The original distribution of the Genus Oncorhynchus covered the Pacific Rim coastline.[103] History shows salmon used tributaries, rivers and estuaries without regard to jurisdiction for 18–22 million years. Baseline data is near impossible to recreate based off the inconsistent historical data, but confirmed there have been massive depletion since 1900s. The Pacific Northwest was once sprawled with native inhabitants who practiced eco management, to ensure little degradation was caused by their actions to salmon habitats.  As animists, the indigenous people relied not only for salmon for food, but spiritual guidance. The role of the salmon spirit guided the people to respect ecological systems such as the rivers and tributaries the salmon used for spawning. Natives often used the entire fish and left no waste by creating items such turning the bladder into glue, bones for toys, and skin for clothing and shoes. The first salmon ceremony was introduced by indigenous tribes on the pacific coast, which consists of three major parts. First is the welcoming of the first catch, then comes the cooking and lastly, the return of the bones to the Sea to induce hospitality so that other salmon would give their lives to the people of that village.[104] Many tribes such as the Yurok had a taboo against harvesting the first fish that swam upriver in summer, but once they confirmed that the salmon had returned in abundance they would begin to catch them in plentiful.[105] The indigenous practices were guided by deep ecological wisdom, which was eradicated when Euro-American settlements began to be developed.[106] Salmon have a much grander history than what is presently shown today. The Salmon that once dominated the Pacific Ocean are now just a fraction in population and size. The Pacific salmon population is now less than 1–3% of what it was when Lewis and Clark arrived at the region.[107] In his 1908 State of the Union address, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt observed that the fisheries were in significant decline:[108][109]

text: The salmon fisheries of the Columbia River are now but a fraction of what they were twenty-five years ago, and what they would be now if the United States Government had taken complete charge of them by intervening between Oregon and Washington. During these twenty-five years the fishermen of each State have naturally tried to take all they could get, and the two legislatures have never been able to agree on joint action of any kind adequate in degree for the protection of the fisheries. At the moment the fishing on the Oregon side is practically closed, while there is no limit on the Washington side of any kind, and no one can tell what the courts will decide as to the very statutes under which this action and non-action result. Meanwhile very few salmon reach the spawning grounds, and probably four years hence the fisheries will amount to nothing; and this comes from a struggle between the associated, or gill-net, fishermen on the one hand, and the owners of the fishing wheels up the river.

text: On the Columbia River the Chief Joseph Dam completed in 1955 completely blocks salmon migration to the upper Columbia River system.

text: The Fraser River salmon population was affected by the 1914 slide caused by the Canadian Pacific Railway at Hells Gate. The 1917 catch was one quarter of the 1913 catch.[110]

text: Mythology

text: The salmon is an important creature in several strands of Celtic mythology and poetry, which often associated them with wisdom and venerability. In Irish mythology, a creature called the Salmon of Knowledge[111] plays key role in the tale The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn. In the tale, the Salmon will grant powers of knowledge to whoever eats it, and is sought by poet Finn Eces for seven years. Finally Finn Eces catches the fish and gives it to his young pupil, Fionn mac Cumhaill, to prepare it for him. However, Fionn burns his thumb on the salmon's juices, and he instinctively puts it in his mouth. In so doing, he inadvertently gains the Salmon's wisdom. Elsewhere in Irish mythology, the salmon is also one of the incarnations of both Tuan mac Cairill[112] and Fintan mac Bóchra.[113]

text: Salmon also feature in Welsh mythology. In the prose tale Culhwch and Olwen, the Salmon of Llyn Llyw is the oldest animal in Britain, and the only creature who knows the location of Mabon ap Modron. After speaking to a string of other ancient animals who do not know his whereabouts, King Arthur's men Cai and Bedwyr are led to the Salmon of Llyn Llyw, who lets them ride its back to the walls of Mabon's prison in Gloucester.[114]

text: In Norse mythology, after Loki tricked the blind god Höðr into killing his brother Baldr, Loki jumped into a river and transformed himself into a salmon to escape punishment from the other gods. When they held out a net to trap him he attempted to leap over it but was caught by Thor who grabbed him by the tail with his hand, and this is why the salmon's tail is tapered.[115]

text: Salmon are central spiritually and culturally to Native American mythology on the Pacific coast, from the Haida and Coast Salish peoples, to the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples in British Columbia.[116]


document_title: List of Spanish football champions

question_text: who has the most titles in la liga

question_tokens: who has the most titles in la liga

root

text: List of Spanish football champions

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Key

Champions also won the Copa del Rey that season

*
Champions also won the Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League that season

†
Champions also won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League that season

‡
Champions also won the UEFA Cup that season

tag: table

text:
The "Top scorer(s)" column refers to the player who scored the most goals during that season
The "Goals" column refers to the number of goals scored by the top scorer in the league in that season

tag: ul

text:
Season
Winner[3]
Runner-up[6][7]
Third place[6][7]
Top scorer(s)[8]
Top scorer's club(s)[8]
Goals[8][9]

1929
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Bienzobas, PacoPaco Bienzobas
Real Sociedad
14

1929–30
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Arenas
Gorostiza, GuillermoGuillermo Gorostiza
Athletic Bilbao
19

1930–31
Athletic Bilbao
Racing Santander
Real Sociedad
Arana, Agustín SautoAgustín Sauto Arana
Athletic Bilbao
27

1931–32
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Gorostiza, GuillermoGuillermo Gorostiza
Athletic Bilbao
12

1932–33
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Espanyol
Olivares, ManuelManuel Olivares
Real Madrid
16

1933–34
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Racing Santander
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
27

1934–35
Real Betis
Real Madrid
Real Oviedo
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
26

1935–36
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Real Oviedo
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
27

1936–37
Spanish Civil War (League Cancelled)

1937–38

1938–39

1939–40
Atlético Aviación[A]
Sevilla
Athletic Bilbao
Unamuno, VictorVíctor Unamuno
Athletic Bilbao
22

1940–41
Atlético Aviación
Athletic Bilbao
Valencia
Pruden, Pruden
Atlético Aviación
30

1941–42
Valencia
Real Madrid
Atlético Aviación
Suarez, EdmundoEdmundo Suárez
Valencia
27

1942–43
Athletic Bilbao
Sevilla
Barcelona
Martin, MarianoMariano Martín
Barcelona
32

1943–44
Valencia
Atlético Aviación
Sevilla
Suarez, EdmundoEdmundo Suárez
Valencia
27

1944–45
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Aviación
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
19

1945–46
Sevilla
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
24

1946–47
Valencia
Athletic Bilbao
Atlético Aviación
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
34

1947–48
Barcelona
Valencia
Atlético Madrid
Pahino Pahiño
Celta de Vigo
23

1948–49
Barcelona
Valencia
Real Madrid
AlvarezCésar Rodríguez Álvarez
Barcelona
28

1949–50
Atlético Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Valencia
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
25

1950–51
Atlético Madrid
Sevilla
Valencia
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
38

1951–52
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Pahino Pahiño
Real Madrid
28

1952–53
Barcelona
Valencia
Real Madrid
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
24

1953–54
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
27

1954–55
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Arza, JuanJuan Arza
Sevilla
28

1955–56
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
24

1956–57
Real Madrid†
Sevilla
Barcelona
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
31

1957–58
Real Madrid†
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Badenes, ManuelManuel Badenes
Alfredo Di Stéfano
Ricardo
Valladolid
Real Madrid
Valencia
19

1958–59
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
23

1959–60
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
26

1960–61
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Real Zaragoza
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
27

1961–62
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Seminario, JuanJuan Seminario
Zaragoza
25

1962–63
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Real Oviedo
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
26

1963–64
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Real Betis
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
20

1964–65
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Zaragoza
Re, CayetanoCayetano Ré
Barcelona
25

1965–66
Atlético Madrid
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Vava Vavá
Elche
19

1966–67
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Machado, WaldoWaldo Machado
Valencia
24

1967–68
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Las Palmas
Uriarte, FidelFidel Uriarte
Athletic Bilbao
22

1968–69
Real Madrid
Las Palmas
Barcelona
Amaro, AmancioAmancio Amaro
José Eulogio Gárate
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
14

1969–70
Atlético Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Sevilla
Amaro, AmancioAmancio Amaro
Luis Aragonés
José Eulogio Gárate
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Atlético Madrid
16

1970–71
Valencia
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Garate, Jose EulogioJosé Eulogio Gárate
Carles Rexach
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
17

1971–72
Real Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Porta, EnriqueEnrique Porta
Granada
20

1972–73
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Marianin Marianín
Real Oviedo
19

1973–74
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Zaragoza
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
20

1974–75
Real Madrid
Zaragoza
Barcelona
Herrero, Carlos RuizCarlos Ruiz Herrero
Athletic Bilbao
19

1975–76
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
21

1976–77
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Kempes, MarioMario Kempes
Valencia
24

1977–78
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Kempes, MarioMario Kempes
Valencia
28

1978–79
Real Madrid
Sporting de Gijón
Atlético Madrid
Krankl, HansHans Krankl
Barcelona
29

1979–80
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Sporting de Gijón
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
24

1980–81
Real Sociedad
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Quini, Quini
Barcelona
20

1981–82
Real Sociedad
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Quini, Quini
Barcelona
26

1982–83
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Rincon, HipolitoHipólito Rincón
Real Betis
20

1983–84
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Silva, Jorge daJorge da Silva
Juanito
Valladolid
Real Madrid
17

1984–85
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Atlético Madrid
19

1985–86
Real Madrid‡
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
22

1986–87
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
34

1987–88
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Atlético Madrid
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
29

1988–89
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Baltazar, Baltazar
Atlético Madrid
35

1989–90
Real Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
38

1990–91
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Real Madrid
Butragueno, EmilioEmilio Butragueño
Real Madrid
19

1991–92
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Manolo, Manolo
Atlético Madrid
27

1992–93
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Bebeto, Bebeto
Deportivo La Coruña
29

1993–94
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Zaragoza
Romario Romário
Barcelona
30

1994–95
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Real Betis
Zamorano, IvanIván Zamorano
Real Madrid
28

1995–96
Atlético Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Pizzi, Juan AntonioJuan Antonio Pizzi
Tenerife
31

1996–97
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Ronaldo Ronaldo
Barcelona
34

1997–98
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Real Sociedad
Vieri, ChristianChristian Vieri
Atlético Madrid
24

1998–99
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Mallorca
Raul Raúl
Real Madrid
25

1999–2000
Deportivo La Coruña
Barcelona
Valencia
Ballesta, SalvaSalva Ballesta
Racing Santander
27

2000–01
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Mallorca
Raul Raúl
Real Madrid
24

2001–02
Valencia
Deportivo La Coruña
Real Madrid
Tristan, DiegoDiego Tristán
Deportivo La Coruña
21

2002–03
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Deportivo La Coruña
Makaay, RoyRoy Makaay
Deportivo La Coruña
29

2003–04
Valencia‡
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Ronaldo Ronaldo
Real Madrid
25

2004–05
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Villarreal
Forlan, DiegoDiego Forlán
Villarreal
25

2005–06
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Valencia
Eto'o, SamuelSamuel Eto'o
Barcelona
26

2006–07
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Sevilla
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Real Madrid
25

2007–08
Real Madrid
Villarreal
Barcelona
Guiza, DanielDaniel Güiza
Mallorca
27

2008–09
Barcelona*
Real Madrid
Sevilla
Forlan, DiegoDiego Forlán
Atlético Madrid
32

2009–10
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Valencia
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
34

2010–11
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Valencia
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
40

2011–12
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
50

2012–13
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
46

2013–14
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
31

2014–15
Barcelona*
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
48

2015–16
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
Barcelona
40

2016–17
Real Madrid†
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
37

2017–18
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Real Madrid
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
34

text: Total titles won[edit]

text:
Club
Winners
Runners-up

Real Madrid
33
23

Barcelona
25
25

Atlético Madrid
10
9

Athletic Bilbao
8
7

Valencia
6
6

Real Sociedad
2
3

Deportivo La Coruña
1
5

Sevilla
1
4

Real Betis
1
0

text: Titles won by club (%)

tag: p

text: By city[edit]

text:
City
Championships
Clubs

Madrid

43

Real Madrid (33), Atlético Madrid (10)

Barcelona

25

Barcelona (25)

Bilbao

8

Athletic Bilbao (8)

Valencia

6

Valencia (6)

San Sebastián

2

Real Sociedad (2)

Seville

2

Real Betis (1), Sevilla (1)

A Coruña

1

Deportivo La Coruña (1)

text: By Autonomous Community[edit]

text:
Community
Championships
Clubs

Madrid

43

Real Madrid (33), Atlético Madrid (10)

Catalonia

25

Barcelona (25)

Basque Country

10

Athletic Bilbao (8), Real Sociedad (2)

Valencia

6

Valencia (6)

Andalusia

2

Real Betis (1), Sevilla (1)

Galicia

1

Deportivo La Coruña (1)

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. a Atlético Madrid were known as Atlético Aviación from 1939 until 1947.


document_title: State of the Union

question_text: where does the state of the union speech take place

text: State of the Union

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:

text: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

text: Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]

text: While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]

text: Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union".[6]

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]

text: For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]

text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.

text: The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.

text: In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]

text: Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]

text: Delivery of the speech[edit]

text: A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]

text: Invitations[edit]

text: Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box. The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.

text: Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]

text: By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]

text: The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]

text: Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!"[21]

text: As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.

text: After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]

text: At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out.

text: Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]

text: Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor.[23][24]

text: Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.

text: In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]

text: State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.

text: For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[30]

text: Opposition response[edit]

text: Since 1966,[31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[33] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[35]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]

text: Local versions[edit]

text: Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor.

text: Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[38]

text: The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.

text: Historic speeches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work... We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."

text: In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[40][41][42]

text:
Date
President
Viewers,
millions

Households,
millions

Rating
Networks

1/30/2018
Donald Trump
45.551
32.168
26.9
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS

2/28/2017
Donald Trump
47.741
33.857
28.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO

1/12/2016
Barack Obama
31.334
23.040
19.6
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION**

1/20/2015
Barack Obama
31.710
23.137
19.9
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION**

1/28/2014
Barack Obama
33.299
23.949
20.7
CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION**

2/12/2013
Barack Obama
33.497
24.767
21.8
FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION

1/24/2012
Barack Obama
37.752
27.569
24.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2

1/25/2011
Barack Obama
42.789
30.871
26.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2010
Barack Obama
48.009
34.182
29.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/24/2009
Barack Obama
52.373
37.185
32.5
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

1/28/2008
George W. Bush
37.515
27.702
24.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION

1/24/2007
George W. Bush
45.486
32.968
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

2/01/2006
George W. Bush
43.179
30.528
31.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA

2/02/2005
George W. Bush
39.432
28.359
35.3
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA

1/20/2004
George W. Bush
43.411
30.286
28.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/28/2003
George W. Bush
62.061
41.447
38.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/29/2002
George W. Bush
51.773
35.547
33.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/27/2001
George W. Bush
39.793
28.201
27.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2000
Bill Clinton
31.478
22.536
22.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/19/1999
Bill Clinton
43.500
30.700
31.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/1998
Bill Clinton
53.077
36.513
37.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC

2/04/1997
Bill Clinton
41.100
27.600
28.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/23/1996
Bill Clinton
40.900
28.400
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/24/1995
Bill Clinton
42.200
28.100
29.5
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

1/25/1994
Bill Clinton
45.800
31.000
32.9
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

2/17/1993
Bill Clinton
66.900
41.200
44.3
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN