document_title: History of immigration to the United States

question_text: where did most immigrants in the 1840s come from

question_tokens: where did most immigrants in the 1840s come from

text: History of immigration to the United States

text: Colonial Era[edit]

text: In 1607 the first successful English colony settled in Jamestown, Virginia. Once tobacco was found to be a profitable cash crop, many plantations were established along the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland.

text: Thus began the first and longest era of immigration, lasting until the American Revolution in 1775; during this time settlements grew from initial English toe-holds from the New World to British America. It brought Northern European immigrants, primarily of British, German, and Dutch extraction. The British ruled from the mid-17th century and they were by far the largest group of arrivals, remaining within the British Empire. Over 90% of these early immigrants became farmers.[1]

text: Large numbers of young men and women came alone as indentured servants. Their passage was paid by employers in the colonies who needed help on the farms or in shops. Indentured servants were provided food, housing, clothing and training but they did not receive wages. At the end of the indenture (usually around age 21) they were free to marry and start their own farms.[2]

text: New England[edit]

text: Seeking religious freedom in the New World, one hundred English Pilgrims established a small settlement near Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. Tens of thousands of English Puritans arrived, mostly from the East Anglian parts of England (Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex), as well as Kent and East Sussex.,[3] and settled in Boston, Massachusetts and adjacent areas from around 1629 to 1640 to create a land dedicated to their religion. The earliest New English colonies, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, were established along the northeast coast. Large scale immigration to this region ended before 1700, though a small but steady trickle of later arrivals continued.[4]

text: The New English colonists were the most urban and educated of all their contemporaries, and they had many skilled farmers, tradesmen and craftsmen among them. They started the first university, Harvard, in 1635 in order to train their ministers. They mostly settled in small villages for mutual support (nearly all of them had their own militias) and common religious activities. Shipbuilding, commerce, agriculture, and fishing were their main sources of income. New England's healthy climate (the cold winters killed the mosquitoes and other disease-bearing insects), small widespread villages (minimizing the spread of disease), and an abundant food supply resulted in the lowest death rate and the highest birth rate of any of the colonies. The Eastern and Northern frontier around the initial New England settlements was mainly settled by the descendants of the original New Englanders. Immigration to the New England colonies after 1640 and the start of the English Civil War decreased to less than 1% (about equal to the death rate) in nearly all of the years prior to 1845. The rapid growth of the New England colonies (approximately 900,000 by 1790) was almost entirely due to the high birth rate (>3%) and the low death rate (<1%) per year.[5]

text: Dutch[edit]

text: The Dutch, primarily driven by the United East Indian Company, first established settlements along the Hudson River in New York starting about 1626. Wealthy Dutch patroons set up large landed estates along the Hudson River and brought in farmers who became renters. Others established rich trading posts to trade with Native Americans and started cities such as New Amsterdam (now New York City) and Albany, New York.[6] After the British took over and renamed the colony New York, Germans (from the Palatinate), and Yankees (from New England) began arriving.[7]

text: Middle colonies[edit]

text: Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware formed the middle colonies. Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers from Britain, followed by Ulster Scots (Northern Ireland) on the frontier and numerous German Protestant sects, including the German Palatines. The earlier colony of New Sweden had small settlements on the lower Delaware River, with immigrants of Swedes and Finns. These colonies were absorbed by 1676.[8]

text: The middle colonies' were scattered West of New York City (established 1626; taken over by the English in 1664) and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (established 1682). The initially Dutch colony of New York had the most eclectic collection of residents from many different nations and prospered as a major trading and commercial center after about 1700. From around 1680 to 1725, the Pennsylvania colonial center was dominated by the Quakers for decades after they emigrated, mainly from the North Midlands of England. During this time, the main commercial center of Philadelphia was run mostly by prosperous Quakers, supplemented by many small farming and trading communities, with a strong German contingent located in several small towns in the Delaware River valley.[9]

text: Starting around 1680, when Pennsylvania was founded, many more settlers arrived to the middle colonies. Many Protestant sects were encouraged to settle there for freedom of religion and good, cheap land. Their origins were about 60% British and 33% German. By 1780, New York's population were around 27% descendants of Dutch settlers, about 6% were African, and the remainder were mostly English with a wide mixture of other Europeans. New Jersey, and Delaware had a British majority, with 7–11% German-descendants, about 6% African population, and a small contingent of the Swedish descendants of New Sweden.

text: Frontier[edit]

text: The colonial frontier was mainly settled from about 1717 to 1775. These were mostly Presbyterian settlers from North England border lands, Scotland, and Ulster, fleeing hard times and religious persecution.[10] The fourth major center of settlement was the Western frontier, located in the Western parts of Pennsylvania and in the South, which was settled during the early to late 18th century by mostly Scots-Irish, with others mostly from North England border lands. Some French Huguenots and Germans were also present. Between 250,000 and 400,000 Scotch-Irish migrated to America in the 18th century.[10] The Scotch-Irish soon became the dominant culture of the Appalachians from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Areas where people reported 'American' ancestry were the places where, historically, northern English, Scottish and Scotch-Irish Protestants settled: in the interior of the South, and the Appalachian region.[11] Scotch-Irish American immigrants, were made up of people from the southernmost counties of Scotland who had initially settled in Ireland. They were heavily Presbyterian, largely self-sufficient, and generally hostile to Native Americans and Catholics.[citation needed] The Scotch-Irish arrived in large numbers during the early 18th century and they often preferred to settle in the back country and the frontier from Pennsylvania to Georgia, where they mingled with second generation and later English settlers. They enjoyed the very cheap land and independence from established governments common to frontier settlements. Often, the main port of entry for these immigrants was Philadelphia, after which they (or, in many cases, their descendants) migrated west and south.

text: Southern Colonies[edit]

text: The mostly agricultural Southern English colonies initially had very high death rates for new settlers due to malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases as well as skirmishes with Native Americans. Despite this, a steady flow of new settlers, mostly from Central England and the London area, kept up population growth. Initially, the large plantations were mostly owned by friends (mostly minor aristocrats) of the British-appointed governors. A group of Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlanders created a settlement at Cape Fear in North Carolina, which remained culturally distinct until the mid-18th century, at which point it was swallowed up by the dominant English-origin culture.[citation needed] Many settlers arrived as indentured servants who had to work off their passage with five to seven years of work for room and board, clothing, and training, but no cash wages. After their terms of indentures expired, most of the indentures settled small farms on the frontier. The Southern colonies were about 55% British, 38% Black, and roughly 7% German.[citation needed] The Atlantic slave trade primarily ceased after 1775 and it was outlawed in 1808, although some slaves were smuggled in afterwards.

text: After 1630, the initial areas of settlement had been largely cleared of Native Americans by major outbreaks of measles, smallpox, and bubonic plague beginning decades before the settlers began arriving in large numbers. The leading killer was smallpox, which arrived in the New World around 1510–1530.[12]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: While the thirteen colonies differentiated in how they were settled and by whom, they had many commonalities. Nearly all were settled and financed by privately organized British settlers or families using free enterprise without any significant English Royal or Parliamentary government support or input. Nearly all commercial activity was run in small, privately owned businesses with good credit both at home and in England, which was essential since they were often cash poor. Most settlements were nearly independent of British trade since they grew or made nearly everything they needed; the average cost of imports per household was 5–15 pounds per year. Most settlements were created by complete family groups with several generations often present. The population was typically rural, with close to 80% owning the land they lived and farmed on. After 1700, as the Industrial Revolution progressed, more of the population started to move to cities, much like what had happened in Britain. Initially, the Dutch and German Americans primarily spoke dialects brought over from Europe, while English was the main trade language. Governments and laws primarily copied the English. The only major British institution to be abandoned was the aristocracy, noted by nearly universal absence. The settlers generally established their own popularly elected governments and courts on as many levels as they could and were nearly all, within a few years, self-governing, self-supporting, and self-replicating. This self-ruling pattern became so ingrained that almost all new settlements would have their own government up and running shortly after arrival for the next 200 years.

text: After the colonies were initially settled, their population growth was made up almost entirely of natural growth with foreign-born immigrant populations rarely exceeding 10% (except in isolated instances). The last significant colonies to be settled primarily by immigrants were Pennsylvania (1680s+), the Carolinas (1663+), and Georgia (1732+). Even here the immigrants came mostly from England and Scotland with the exception of a large Germanic contingent to Pennsylvania. Elsewhere internal American migration from other colonies provided nearly all of the settlers for each new colony or state.[13] Populations grew by about 80% at a 3% "natural" annual growth rate sustained over a 20-year interval.

text: Over half of all new British immigrants in the South initially arrived as indentured servants.[14] They were mostly poor young people who couldn't find work in England and couldn't afford passage to America and. In addition, about 60,000 British convicts were transported to the new British colonies in Georgia in the 18th century. Most of these so-called convicts were guilty of being very poor and out of work. "Serious" criminals were generally executed. Ironically, these "convicts" are often the only immigrants with nearly complete immigration records as other immigrants typically showed up with few or no records.[15]

text: Other colonies[edit]

text: Spanish[edit]

text: Although Spain set up a few forts in Florida, notably San Agustín (present-day Saint Augustine) in 1565, they sent few settlers to Florida. Spaniards moving north from Mexico founded the San Juan on the Rio Grande in 1598, and Santa Fe in 1607–1608. The settlers were forced to leave temporarily for 12 years (1680–1692) by the Pueblo Revolt before returning.

text: Spanish Texas lasted from 1690 to 1821 when Texas was governed as a colony which was separate from New Spain. In 1731, Canary Islanders (or "Isleños") arrived to establish San Antonio.[16] The majority of the few hundred Texan and New Mexican colonizers in the Spanish colonial period were Spaniards and criollos.[17] California, New Mexico, and Arizona all had Spanish settlements. In 1781 Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles.

text: At the time they joined the U.S., Californios in California numbered about 10,000 and Tejanos in Texas about 4,000. New Mexico had 47,000 Spanish settlers in 1842. Arizona was only thinly settled.

text: However, not all these settlers were of European descent. As in the rest of the American colonies, new settlements were based on the casta system, and although all could speak Spanish, it was really a melting pot of whites, Natives, and mestizos.

text: French[edit]

text: In the late 17th century, French expeditions established a foothold on the Saint Lawrence River, Mississippi River, and Gulf Coast. Interior trading posts, forts, and cities were thinly spread throughout Louisiana such as Saint Louis, Baton Rouge, Sault Sainte Marie, Prairie du Rocher, and Sainte-Geneviève. The city of Detroit was the third largest settlement in New France. New Orleans expanded when several thousand French-speaking refugees from the region of Acadia (now Nova Scotia, Canada) made their way to Louisiana following British expulsion, settling largely in the Southwest Louisiana region now called Acadiana. Their descendants are now called Cajun and still dominate the coastal areas.[18] It is estimated that 7,000 European immigrants settled in Louisiana during the 18th century.

text: Population in 1790[edit]

text: The following were the countries of origin for new arrivals to the United States before 1790.[19] The regions marked with an asterisk were part of Great Britain. The ancestry of the 3.9 million population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names from the 1790 census and assigning them a country of origin. The Irish in the 1790 census were mostly Scotch-Irish. The French were primarily Huguenots. The total U.S. Catholic population in 1790 was probably less than 5%. The Native American population inside territorial U.S. boundaries was less than 100,000.[citation needed]

text:
U.S. historical populations

Country
Immigrants before 1790
Population 1790[20]

Africa[21]
360,000
757,000

England*
230,000
2,100,000

Ulster Scotch-Irish*
135,000
300,000

Germany[22]
103,000
270,000

Scotland*
48,500
150,000

Ireland*
8,000
(Incl. in Scot-Irish)

Netherlands
6,000
100,000

Wales*
4,000
10,000

France
3,000
15,000

Jewish[23]
1,000
2,000

Sweden
1,000
6,000

Other[24]
50,000
200,000

British total
425,500
2,560,000

Total[25]
950,000
3,900,000

text: The 1790 population reflected the approximately 50,000 Loyalists, or "Tories", who immigrated to Canada at the end of the American Revolution, and 12,000 others who immigrated to other British possessions including England.

text: Of the total white population of just under 3.2 million in 1790, 85% was of British ancestry (60% English, 4.3% Welsh, 5.4% Scots, Irish (South) 5.8% Scots-Irish 10.5%). Germans were 9%, Dutch 3.4%, French 2.1% and Swedish .25%; blacks made up 19.3% or 762,000 (The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick, 1991, p. 254). The overwhelming majority of Southern Irish were Protestant as there were only 60,000 Catholics in the USA in 1790, 1.6% of the population. Many were descendants of English Catholics settlers in the 17th century. The rest Irish and some Germans. In this era the population roughly doubled by natural increase every 25 years. Relentless population expansion pushed the U.S. frontier to the Pacific by 1848. Most immigrants came long distances to settle in the U.S. However, many Irish left Canada for the U.S. in the 1840s. French Canadians who came down from Quebec after 1860 and the Mexicans who came north after 1911 found it easier to move back and forth.[citation needed]

text: 1790 to 1849[edit]

text: There was relatively little immigration from 1770 to 1830; while there was significant emigration from the U.S. to Canada, including about 75,000 Loyalists as well as Germans and others looking for better farmland in what is now Ontario. Large scale immigration resumed in the 1830s from Britain, Ireland, Germany, and other parts of Central Europe as well as Scandinavia. Most were attracted by the cheap farmland. Some were artisans and skilled factory workers attracted by the first stage of industrialization. The Irish Catholics were primarily unskilled workers who built a majority of the canals and railroads, settling in urban areas. Many Irish went to the emerging textile mill towns of the Northeast, while others became longshoremen in the growing Atlantic and Gulf port cities. Half the Germans headed to farms, especially in the Midwest (with some to Texas), while the other half became craftsmen in urban areas.

text: Nativism took the form of political anti-Catholicism directed mostly at the Irish (as well as Germans). It became important briefly in the mid-1850s in the guise of the Know Nothing party. Most of the Catholics and German Lutherans became Democrats, and most of the other Protestants joined the new Republican Party. During the Civil War, ethnic communities supported the war and produced large numbers of soldiers on both sides. Riots broke out in New York City and other Irish and German strongholds in 1863 when a draft was instituted, particularly in light of the provision exempting those who could afford payment.

text: Based on available records, immigration totaled 8,385 in 1820, with immigration totals gradually increasing to 23,322 by the year 1830; for the 1820s decade immigration more than doubled to 143,000. Between 1831 and 1840, immigration more than quadrupled to a total of 599,000. These included about 207,000 Irish, starting to emigrate in large numbers following Britain's easing of travel restrictions, and about 152,000 Germans, 76,000 British, and 46,000 French, constituting the next largest immigrant groups of the decade.

text: Between 1841 and 1850, immigration nearly tripled again, totaling 1,713,000 immigrants, including at least 781,000 Irish, 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British, and 77,000 French. The Irish, driven by the Potato Famine (1845–1849), emigrated directly from their homeland to escape poverty and death. The failed revolutions of 1848 brought many intellectuals and activists to exile in the U.S. Bad times and poor conditions in Europe drove people out, while land, relatives, freedom, opportunity, and jobs in the US lured them in.

text:
Population and Foreign Born 1790 to 1849
Census Population, Immigrants per Decade

Census
Population
Immigrants1
Foreign Born
%

1790
3,918,000
60,000

1800
5,236,000
60,000

1810
7,036,000
60,000

1820
10,086,000
60,000

1830
12,785,000
143,000
200,000 2
1.6%

1840
17,018,000
599,000
800,000 2
4.7%

1850
23,054,000
1,713,000
2,244,000
9.7%

1. The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates.
2. The number of foreign born in 1830 and 1840 decades are extrapolations.

text: Starting in 1820, some federal records, including ship passenger lists, were kept for immigration purposes, and a gradual increase in immigration was recorded; more complete immigration records provide data on immigration after 1830. Though conducted since 1790, the census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked specifically. The foreign-born population in the U.S. likely reached its minimum around 1815, at approximately 100,000 or 1% of the population. By 1815, most of the immigrants who arrived before the American Revolution had died, and there had been almost no new immigration thereafter.

text: Nearly all population growth up to 1830 was by internal increase; around 98% of the population was native-born. By 1850, this shifted to about 90% native-born. The first significant Catholic immigration started in the mid-1840s, shifting the population from about 95% Protestant down to about 90% by 1850.

text: In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluding the Mexican War, extended U.S. citizenship to approximately 60,000 Mexican residents of the New Mexico Territory and 10,000 living in California. An additional approximate 2,500 foreign born California residents also become U.S. citizens.

text: In 1849, the California Gold Rush attracted 100,000 would-be miners from the Eastern U.S., Latin America, China, Australia, and Europe. California became a state in 1850 with a population of about 90,000.

text: 1850 to 1930[edit]

text: Demography[edit]

text: Between 1850 and 1930, about 5 million Germans migrated to the United States, peaking between 1881 and 1885 when a million Germans settled primarily in the Midwest. Between 1820 and 1930, 3.5 million British and 4.5 million Irish entered America. Before 1845 most Irish immigrants were Protestants. After 1845, Irish Catholics began arriving in large numbers, largely driven by the Great Famine.[26]

text: After 1880 larger steam-powered oceangoing ships replaced sailing ships, which resulted in lower fares and greater immigrant mobility. Meanwhile, farming improvements in Southern Europe and the Russian Empire created surplus labor. Young people between the ages of 15 to 30 were predominant among newcomers. This wave of migration, constituting the third episode in the history of U.S. immigration, may be better referred to as a flood of immigrants, as nearly 25 million Europeans made the long trip. Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, and others speaking Slavic languages made up the bulk of this migration. 2.5 to 4 million Jews were among them.

text: Destinations[edit]

text: Each group evinced a distinctive migration pattern in terms of the gender balance within the migratory pool, the permanence of their migration, their literacy rates, the balance between adults and children, and the like. But they shared one overarching characteristic: they flocked to urban destinations and made up the bulk of the U.S. industrial labor pool, making possible the emergence of such industries as steel, coal, automotive, textile, and garment production, enabling the United States to leap into the front ranks of the world's economic giants.

text: Their urban destinations, numbers, and perhaps an antipathy towards foreigners, led to the emergence of a second wave of organized xenophobia. By the 1890s, many Americans, particularly from the ranks of the well-off, white, and native-born, considered immigration to pose a serious danger to the nation's health and security. In 1893 a group formed the Immigration Restriction League, and it, along with other similarly inclined organizations, began to press Congress for severe curtailment of foreign immigration.

text: Irish and German Catholic immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the Nativist/Know Nothing movement, originating in New York in 1843 as the American Republican Party (not to be confused with the modern Republican Party). It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to American values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Active mainly from 1854–56, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery, most often joining the Republican Party by the time of the 1860 presidential election.[27][28]

text: European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland.[29] Many Germans could see the parallels between slavery and serfdom in the old fatherland.[30]

text: Between 1840 and 1930, about 900,000 French Canadians left Quebec in order to immigrate to the United States and settle, mainly in New England. Considering the fact that the population of Quebec was only 892,061 in 1851, this was a massive exodus. 13.6 million Americans claimed to have French ancestry in the 1980 census. A large portion of them have ancestors who emigrated from French Canada, since immigration from France was low throughout the history of the United States. During the same period almost 4 million other Canadians immigrated to the U.S. In the New England states 12% of the population can trace its ancestry back to Quebec and 10% can trace its ancestry back to the Maritime Provinces.

text: Shortly after the U.S. Civil War, some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility.[31] In 1875, the nation passed its first immigration law, the Page Act of 1875, also known as the Asian Exclusion Act, outlawing the importation of Asian contract laborers, any Asian woman who would engage in prostitution, and all people considered to be convicts in their own countries.[32]

text: In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. By excluding all Chinese laborers from entering the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act severely curtailed the number of immigrants of Chinese descent allowed into the United States for 10 years.[33] The law was renewed in 1892 and 1902. During this period, Chinese migrants illegally entered the United States through the loosely guarded U.S.-Canadian border.[34]

text: Prior to 1890, the individual states, rather than the Federal government, regulated immigration into the United States.[35] The Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department.[36] The Canadian Agreement of 1894 extended U.S. immigration restrictions to Canadian ports.

text: The Dillingham Commission was set up by Congress in 1907 to investigate the effects of immigration on the country. The Commission's 40-volume analysis of immigration during the previous three decades led it to conclude that the major source of immigration had shifted from Central, Northern, and Western Europeans to Southern Europeans and Russians. It was, however, apt to make generalizations about regional groups that were subjective and failed to differentiate between distinct cultural attributes.[37][38]

text: The 1910s marked the high point of Italian immigration to the United States. Over two million Italians immigrated in those years, with a total of 5.3 million between 1880 and 1920.[39][40] About half returned to Italy, after working an average of five years in the U.S.[41]

text: About 1.5 million Swedes and Norwegians immigrated to the United States within this period, due to opportunity in America and poverty and religious oppression in united Sweden-Norway. This accounted for around 20% of the total population of the kingdom at that time. They settled mainly in the Midwest, especially Minnesota and the Dakotas. Danes had comparably low immigration rates due to a better economy; after 1900 many Danish immigrants were Mormon converts who moved to Utah.

text: Over two million Central Europeans, mainly Catholics and Jews, immigrated between 1880 and 1924. People of Polish ancestry are the largest Central European ancestry group in the United States after Germans. Immigration of Eastern Orthodox ethnic groups was much lower.

text: Lebanese and Syrian immigrants started to settle in large numbers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The vast majority of the immigrants from Lebanon and Syria were Christians, but smaller numbers of Jews, Muslims, and Druze also settled. Many lived in New York City's Little Syria and in Boston. In the 1920s and 1930s, a large number of these immigrants set out West, with Detroit getting a large number of Middle Eastern immigrants, as well as many Midwestern areas where the Arabs worked as farmers.

text: From 1880 to 1924, around two million Jews moved to the United States, mostly seeking better opportunity in America and fleeing the pogroms of the Russian Empire. After 1934 Jews, along with any other above-quota immigration, were usually denied access to the United States.

text: Congress passed a literacy requirement in 1917 to curb the influx of low-skilled immigrants from entering the country.

text: Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924, which was aimed at further restricting the Southern Europeans and Russians who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s. This ultimately resulted in precluding all "extra" immigration to the United States, including Jews fleeing Nazi German persecution.

text: The Immigration Act of 1924 set quotas for European immigrants so that no more than 2% of the 1890 immigrant stocks were allowed into America.

text: New Immigration[edit]

text: "New immigration" was a term from the late 1880s that came from the influx of Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Italy and Russia (areas that previously sent few immigrants).[42] Though the majority of immigrants came through New York, thus making the Northeast a major target of settlement, there were various efforts, such as the Galveston Movement, to redirect immigrants to other ports and disperse some of the settlement to other areas of the country.

text: Nativists feared the new arrivals lacked the political, social, and occupational skills needed to successfully assimilate into American culture. This raised the issue of whether the U.S. was still a "melting pot," or if it had just become a "dumping ground," and many old-stock Americans worried about negative effects on the economy, politics, and culture.[43] A major proposal was to impose a literacy test, whereby applicants had to be able to read and write in their own language before they were admitted.[44]

text: 1930 to 2000[edit]

text: Restriction proceeded piecemeal over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but immediately after the end of World War I (1914–18) and into the early 1920s, Congress changed the nation's basic policy about immigration. The National Origins Formula of 1921 (and its final form in 1924) not only restricted the number of immigrants who might enter the United States, but also assigned slots according to quotas based on national origins. A complicated piece of legislation, it essentially gave preference to immigrants from Central, Northern and Western Europe, severely limiting the numbers from Russia and Southern Europe, and declared all potential immigrants from Asia unworthy of entry into the United States.

text: The legislation excluded the Western Hemisphere from the quota system, and the 1920s ushered in the penultimate era of U.S. immigration history. Immigrants could and did move quite freely from Mexico, the Caribbean (including Jamaica, Barbados, and Haiti), and other parts of Central and South America. This era, which reflected the application of the 1924 legislation, lasted until 1965. During those 40 years, the United States began to admit, case by case, limited numbers of refugees. Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany before World War II, Jewish Holocaust survivors after the war, non-Jewish displaced persons fleeing Communist rule in Central Europe and Russia, Hungarians seeking refuge after their failed uprising in 1956, and Cubans after the 1960 revolution managed to find haven in the United States when their plight moved the collective conscience of America, but the basic immigration law remained in place.

text: Equal Nationality Act of 1934[edit]

text: This law allowed foreign-born children of American mothers and alien fathers who had entered America before the age of 18 and had lived in America for five years to apply for American citizenship for the first time.[45] It also made the naturalization process quicker for the alien husbands of American wives.[45] This law equalized expatriation, immigration, naturalization, and repatriation between women and men.[45][46] However, it was not applied retroactively, and was modified by later laws, such as the Nationality Act of 1940.[45][47]

text: Tydings–McDuffie Act[edit]

text: In 1934, the Tydings–McDuffie Act provided independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946. Until 1965, national origin quotas strictly limited immigration from the Philippines. In 1965, after revision of the immigration law, significant Filipino immigration began, totaling 1,728,000 by 2004.[48]

text: Postwar immigration[edit]

text: In 1945, the War Brides Act allowed foreign-born wives of U.S. citizens who had served in the U.S. Armed Forces to immigrate to the United States. In 1946, The War Brides Act was extended to include the fiancés of American soldiers. In 1946, the Luce-Celler Act extended the right to become naturalized citizens to those from the newly independent nation of The Philippines and to Asian Indians, the immigration quota being set at 100 people per year per country.[49]

text: At the end of World War II, "regular" immigration almost immediately increased under the official national origins quota system as refugees from war torn Europe began immigrating to the U.S. After the war, there were jobs for nearly everyone who wanted one, when most women employed during the war went back into the home. From 1941 to 1950, 1,035,000 people immigrated to the U.S., including 226,000 from Germany, 139,000 from the UK, 171,000 from Canada, 60,000 from Mexico and 57,000 from Italy.[50]

text: The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 finally allowed the displaced people of World War II to start immigrating.[51] Some 200,000 Europeans and 17,000 orphans displaced by World War II were initially allowed to immigrate to the United States outside of immigration quotas. President Harry S. Truman signed the first Displaced Persons (DP) act on June 25, 1948, allowing entry for 200,000 DPs, then followed with the more accommodating second DP act on June 16, 1950, allowing entry for another 200,000. This quota, including acceptance of 55,000 Volksdeutschen, required sponsorship for all immigrants. The American program was the most notoriously bureaucratic of all the DP programs and much of the humanitarian effort was undertaken by charitable organizations, such as the Lutheran World Federation as well as other ethnic groups. Along with an additional quota of 200,000 granted in 1953 and more in succeeding years, a total of nearly 600,000 refugees were allowed into the country outside the quota system, second only to Israel's 650,000.

text: In 1950, after the start of the Korean War, the Internal Security Act barred admission of Communists, who might engage in activities "which would be prejudicial to the public interest, or would endanger the welfare or safety of the United States."

text: In 1950, the invasion of South Korea by North Korea started the Korean War and left a war-ravaged Korea behind. There was little U.S. immigration due to the national origin quotas of the immigration law. Significant Korean immigration began in 1965 after revision of the law, totaling 848,000 by 2004.

text: In 1952, the McCarran Walter Immigration Act affirmed the national-origins quota system of 1924 and limited total annual immigration to one-sixth of one percent of the population of the continental United States in 1920, or 175,455. This exempted the spouses and children of U.S. citizens and people born in the Western Hemisphere from the quota. In 1953, the Refugee Relief Act extended refugee status to non-Europeans.

text: In 1954, Operation Wetback forced the return of thousands of illegal immigrants to Mexico.[52] Between 1944 and 1954, "the decade of the wetback," the number of illegal immigrants coming from Mexico increased by 6,000 percent. It is estimated that before Operation Wetback got under way, more than a million workers had crossed the Rio Grande illegally. Cheap labor displaced native agricultural workers, and increased violation of labor laws and discrimination encouraged criminality, disease, and illiteracy. According to a study conducted in 1950 by the President's Commission on Migratory Labor in Texas, the Rio Grande Valley cotton growers were paying approximately half of the wages paid elsewhere in Texas. The United States Border Patrol aided by municipal, county, state, federal authorities, and the military, began a quasi-military operation of the search and seizure of all illegal immigrants. Fanning out from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Operation Wetback moved Northward. Initially, illegal immigrants were repatriated through Presidio because the Mexican city across the border, Ojinaga, had rail connections to the interior of Mexico by which workers could be quickly moved on to Durango. The forces used by the government were relatively small, perhaps no more than 700 men, but were augmented by border patrol officials who hoped to scare illegal workers into fleeing back to Mexico. Ships became a preferred mode of transport because they carried illegal workers farther from the border than buses, trucks, or trains. It is difficult to estimate the number of illegal immigrants that left due to the operation—most voluntarily. The INS claimed as many as 1,300,000, though the number officially apprehended did not come anywhere near this total. The program was ultimately abandoned due to questions surrounding the ethics of its implementation. Citizens of Mexican descent complained of police stopping all "Mexican looking" people and utilizing extreme "police-state" methods including deportation of American-born children who were citizens by law.[53]

text: The failed 1956 Hungarian Revolution, before being crushed by the Soviets, forged a temporary hole in the Iron Curtain that allowed a burst of refugees to escape, bringing in 245,000 new Hungarian families by 1960. From 1950 to 1960, the U.S. had 2,515,000 new immigrants with 477,000 arriving from Germany, 185,000 from Italy, 52,000 new arrivals from the Netherlands, 203,000 from the UK, 46,000 from Japan, 300,000 from Mexico, and 377,000 from Canada.

text: The 1959 Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro drove the upper and middle classes to exile, and 409,000 families immigrated to the U.S. by 1970.[54] This was facilitated by the 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act, which gave permanent resident status to Cubans physically present in the United States for one year if they entered after January 1, 1959.

text: Hart-Celler Act[edit]

text: This all changed with passage of the Hart-Celler Act in 1965, a by-product of the civil rights revolution and a jewel in the crown of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs. The measure had not been intended to stimulate immigration from Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and elsewhere in the developing world. Rather, by doing away with the racially based quota system, its authors had expected that immigrants would come from "traditional" societies such as Italy, Greece, and Portugal, places that labored under very small quotas in the 1924 law. The law replaced the quotas with preferential categories based on family relationships and job skills, giving particular preference to potential immigrants with relatives in the United States and with occupations deemed critical by the U.S. Department of Labor. After 1970, however, following an initial influx from European countries, immigrants from places like Korea, China, India, the Philippines, and Pakistan, as well as countries in Africa became more common.

text: In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was passed, creating, for the first time, penalties for employers who hired illegal immigrants. IRCA, as proposed in Congress, was projected to give amnesty to about 1,000,000 workers in the country illegally. In practice, amnesty for about 3,000,000 immigrants already in the United States was granted. Most were from Mexico. Legal Mexican immigrant family numbers were 2,198,000 in 1980, 4,289,000 in 1990 (includes IRCA), and 7,841,000 in 2000. Adding another 12,000,000 illegal immigrants of which about 80% are thought to be Mexicans would bring the Mexican family total to over 16,000,000—about 16% of the Mexican population.[citation needed]

text: Immigration summary since 1830[edit]

text: The top ten birth countries of the foreign born population since 1830, according to the U.S. Census, are shown below. Blank entries mean that the country did not make it into the top ten for that census, not that there is no data from that census. The 1830 numbers are from immigration statistics as listed in the 2004 Year Book of Immigration Statistics.[55]

text: • The 1830 numbers list un-naturalized foreign citizens and does not include naturalized foreign born. The 1850 census is the first census that asks for place of birth. The historical census data can be found online in the Virginia Library Geostat Center [56] Population numbers are in thousands.

text:
Country/Year
1830•
1850
1880
1900
1930
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000

Austria

305
214

Bohemia

85

Canada
2
148
717
1,180
1,310
953
812
843
745
678

China

104

1,391

Cuba

439
608
737
952

Czechoslovakia

492

Dominican Republic

692

El Salvador

765

France
9
54
107

Germany
8
584
1,967
2,663
1,609
990
833
849
712

Hungary

245

India

2,000

Ireland
54
962
1,855
1,615
745
339

Italy

484
1,790
1,257
1,009
832
581

Korea

290
568
701

Mexico
11
13

641
576
760
2,199
4,298
7,841

Netherlands
1
10

Norway

13
182
336

Pakistan

724

Philippines

501
913
1,222

Poland

1,269
748
548
418

Russia/Soviet Union

424
1,154
691
463
406

Sweden

194
582
595

Switzerland
3
13
89

United Kingdom
27
379
918
1,168
1,403
833
686
669
640

Vietnam

543
863

Total Foreign Born
108*
2,244
6,679
10,341
14,204
10,347
9,619
14,079
19,763
31,100

% Foreign Born
0.8%*
9.7%
13.3%
13.6%
11.6%
5.8%
4.7%
6.2%
7.9%
11.1%

Native Born
12,677
20,947
43,476
65,653
108,571
168,978
193,591
212,466
228,946
250,321

% Native Born
99.2%
90.3%
86.7%
86.4%
88.4%
94.2%
95.3%
94%
92.1%
88.9%

Total Population
12,785
23,191
50,155
75,994
122,775
179,325
203,210
226,545
248,709
281,421

1830
1850
1880
1900
1930
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000

text:
Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status Fiscal Years 1820 to 2010[57]

Year

Year

Year

1820
8,385
1885
395,346
1950
249,187

1825
10,199
1890
455,302
1955
237,790

1830
23,322
1895
258,536
1960
265,398

1835
45,374
1900
448,572
1965
296,697

1840
84,066
1905
1,026,499
1970
373,326

1845
114,371
1910
1,041,570
1975
385,378

1850
369,980
1915
326,700
1980
524,295

1855
200,877
1920
430,001
1985
568,149

1860
153,640
1925
294,314
1990
1,535,872

1865
248,120
1930
241,700
1995
720,177

1870
387,203
1935
34,956
2000
841,002

1875
227,498
1940
70,756
2005
1,122,257

1880
457,257
1945
38,119
2010
1,042,625

text: Historical foreign-born population by state[edit]

text:
Foreign-Born Population By U.S. State As a % of the Total Population (1850-2010)[58][59]

State/Territory
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010

 United States of America
9.7%
13.2%
14.4%
13.3%
14.8%
13.6%
14.7%
13.2%
11.6%
8.8%
6.9%
5.4%
4.7%
6.2%
7.9%
11.1%
12.9%

 Alabama
1.0%
1.3%
1.0%
0.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.9%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%
0.5%
1.0%
1.1%
2.0%
3.5%

 Alaska

3.6%
2.6%
4.0%
4.5%
5.9%
6.9%

 Arizona

60.1%
39.7%
31.5%
19.7%
23.9%
24.1%
15.1%
7.8%
6.3%
5.4%
4.3%
6.0%
7.6%
12.8%
13.4%

 Arkansas
0.7%
0.8%
1.0%
1.3%
1.3%
1.1%
1.1%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
1.0%
1.1%
2.8%
4.5%

 California
23.5%
38.6%
37.5%
33.9%
30.3%
24.7%
24.7%
22.1%
18.9%
13.4%
10.0%
8.5%
8.8%
15.1%
21.7%
26.2%
27.2%

 Colorado

7.8%
16.6%
20.5%
20.4%
16.9%
16.2%
12.7%
9.6%
6.4%
4.6%
3.4%
2.7%
3.9%
4.3%
8.6%
9.8%

 Connecticut
10.4%
17.5%
21.1%
20.9%
24.6%
26.2%
29.6%
27.4%
23.9%
19.3%
14.8%
10.9%
8.6%
8.6%
8.5%
10.9%
13.6%

 Delaware
5.7%
8.2%
7.3%
6.5%
7.8%
7.5%
8.6%
8.9%
7.1%
5.6%
4.1%
3.3%
2.9%
3.2%
3.3%
5.7%
8.0%

 District of Columbia
9.5%
16.6%
12.3%
9.6%
8.1%
7.2%
7.5%
6.7%
6.3%
5.3%
5.3%
5.1%
4.4%
6.4%
9.7%
12.9%
13.5%

 Florida
3.2%
2.4%
2.6%
3.7%
5.9%
4.5%
5.4%
5.6%
4.8%
4.1%
4.7%
5.5%
8.0%
10.9%
12.9%
16.7%
19.4%

 Georgia
0.7%
1.1%
0.9%
0.7%
0.7%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.5%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
1.7%
2.7%
7.1%
9.7%

 Hawaii

10.9%
9.8%
14.2%
14.7%
17.5%
18.2%

 Idaho

52.6%
30.6%
20.7%
15.2%
13.1%
9.4%
7.3%
4.7%
3.4%
2.3%
1.8%
2.5%
2.9%
5.0%
5.5%

 Illinois
13.1%
19.0%
20.3%
19.0%
22.0%
20.1%
21.4%
18.7%
16.3%
12.3%
9.1%
6.8%
5.7%
7.2%
8.3%
12.3%
13.7%

 Indiana
5.6%
8.8%
8.4%
7.3%
6.7%
5.6%
5.9%
5.2%
4.4%
3.2%
2.5%
2.0%
1.6%
1.9%
1.7%
3.1%
4.6%

 Iowa
10.9%
15.7%
17.1%
16.1%
17.0%
13.7%
12.3%
9.4%
6.8%
4.6%
3.2%
2.0%
1.4%
1.6%
1.6%
3.1%
4.6%

 Kansas

11.8%
13.3%
11.1%
10.4%
8.6%
8.0%
6.3%
4.3%
2.9%
2.0%
1.5%
1.2%
2.0%
2.5%
5.0%
6.5%

 Kentucky
3.2%
5.2%
4.8%
3.6%
3.2%
2.3%
1.8%
1.3%
0.8%
0.6%
0.5%
0.6%
0.5%
0.9%
0.9%
2.0%
3.2%

 Louisiana
13.2%
11.4%
8.5%
5.8%
4.4%
3.8%
3.2%
2.6%
1.8%
1.2%
1.1%
0.9%
1.1%
2.0%
2.1%
2.6%
3.8%

 Maine
5.5%
6.0%
7.8%
9.1%
11.9%
13.4%
14.9%
14.0%
12.6%
9.9%
8.2%
6.2%
4.3%
3.9%
3.0%
2.9%
3.4%

 Maryland
8.8%
11.3%
10.7%
8.9%
9.0%
7.9%
8.1%
7.1%
5.9%
4.5%
3.7%
3.0%
3.2%
4.6%
6.6%
9.8%
13.9%

 Massachusetts
16.5%
21.1%
24.2%
24.9%
29.4%
30.2%
31.5%
28.3%
25.1%
19.9%
15.4%
11.2%
8.7%
8.7%
9.5%
12.2%
15.0%

 Michigan
13.8%
19.9%
22.6%
23.7%
26.0%
22.4%
21.3%
19.9%
17.6%
13.1%
9.5%
6.8%
4.8%
4.5%
3.8%
5.3%
6.0%

 Minnesota
32.5%
34.1%
36.5%
34.3%
35.9%
28.9%
26.2%
20.4%
15.2%
10.6%
7.1%
4.2%
2.6%
2.6%
2.6%
5.3%
7.1%

 Mississippi
0.8%
1.1%
1.4%
0.8%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.9%
0.8%
1.4%
2.1%

 Missouri
11.2%
13.6%
12.9%
9.8%
8.8%
7.0%
7.0%
5.5%
4.2%
3.0%
2.3%
1.8%
1.4%
1.7%
1.6%
2.7%
3.9%

 Montana

38.7%
29.4%
32.6%
27.6%
25.2%
17.4%
14.1%
10.1%
7.4%
4.5%
2.8%
2.3%
1.7%
1.8%
2.0%

 Nebraska

22.0%
25.0%
21.5%
19.1%
16.6%
14.8%
11.6%
8.7%
6.2%
4.4%
2.9%
1.9%
2.0%
1.8%
4.4%
6.1%

 Nevada

30.1%
44.2%
41.2%
32.1%
23.8%
24.1%
20.7%
16.6%
10.0%
6.7%
4.6%
3.7%
6.7%
8.7%
15.8%
18.8%

 New Hampshire
4.5%
6.4%
9.3%
13.3%
19.2%
21.4%
22.5%
20.6%
17.8%
13.9%
10.9%
7.4%
5.0%
4.4%
3.7%
4.4%
5.3%

 New Jersey
12.2%
18.3%
20.9%
19.6%
22.8%
22.9%
26.0%
23.5%
21.0%
16.8%
13.2%
10.1%
8.9%
10.3%
12.5%
17.5%
21.0%

 New Mexico
3.5%
7.2%
6.1%
6.7%
7.3%
7.0%
7.1%
8.3%
5.7%
2.9%
2.6%
2.3%
2.2%
4.0%
5.3%
8.2%
9.9%

 New York
21.2%
25.8%
26.0%
23.8%
26.2%
26.1%
30.2%
27.2%
25.9%
21.6%
17.4%
13.6%
11.6%
13.6%
15.9%
20.4%
22.2%

 North Carolina
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
1.3%
1.7%
5.3%
7.5%

 North Dakota

44.6%
35.4%
27.1%
20.4%
15.5%
11.6%
7.8%
4.7%
3.0%
2.3%
1.5%
1.9%
2.5%

 Ohio
11.0%
14.0%
14.0%
12.3%
12.5%
11.0%
12.6%
11.8%
9.8%
7.5%
5.6%
4.1%
3.0%
2.8%
2.4%
3.0%
4.1%

 Oklahoma

4.4%
2.6%
2.4%
2.0%
1.3%
0.9%
0.8%
0.9%
0.8%
1.9%
2.1%
3.8%
5.5%

 Oregon
7.7%
9.8%
12.8%
17.5%
18.3%
15.9%
16.8%
13.7%
11.6%
8.3%
5.6%
4.0%
3.2%
4.1%
4.9%
8.5%
9.8%

 Pennsylvania
13.1%
14.8%
15.5%
13.7%
16.1%
15.6%
18.8%
16.0%
12.9%
9.9%
7.5%
5.3%
3.8%
3.4%
3.1%
4.1%
5.8%

 Rhode Island
16.2%
21.4%
25.5%
26.8%
30.8%
31.4%
33.0%
29.0%
25.0%
19.5%
14.4%
10.0%
7.8%
8.9%
9.5%
11.4%
12.8%

 South Carolina
1.3%
1.4%
1.1%
0.8%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.5%
0.6%
1.5%
1.4%
2.9%
4.7%

 South Dakota

36.7%
34.0%
38.3%
27.7%
22.0%
17.3%
13.0%
9.5%
6.9%
4.7%
2.7%
1.6%
1.4%
1.1%
1.8%
2.7%

 Tennessee
0.6%
1.9%
1.5%
1.1%
1.1%
0.9%
0.9%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%
1.1%
1.2%
2.8%
4.5%

 Texas
8.3%
7.2%
7.6%
7.2%
6.8%
5.9%
6.2%
7.8%
6.2%
3.7%
3.6%
3.1%
2.8%
6.0%
9.0%
13.9%
16.4%

 Utah
18.0%
31.7%
35.4%
30.6%
25.5%
19.4%
17.6%
13.2%
9.5%
6.0%
4.5%
3.6%
2.8%
3.5%
3.4%
7.1%
8.0%

 Vermont
10.7%
10.4%
14.3%
12.3%
13.3%
13.0%
14.0%
12.6%
12.0%
8.8%
7.6%
6.0%
4.2%
4.1%
3.1%
3.8%
4.4%

 Virginia
1.6%
2.2%
1.1%
1.0%
1.1%
1.0%
1.3%
1.4%
1.0%
0.9%
1.1%
1.2%
1.6%
3.3%
5.0%
8.1%
11.4%

 Washington

27.1%
21.0%
21.0%
25.8%
21.5%
22.4%
19.6%
16.3%
12.1%
8.3%
6.3%
4.6%
5.8%
6.6%
10.4%
13.1%

 West Virginia

3.9%
3.0%
2.5%
2.3%
4.7%
4.2%
3.0%
2.2%
1.7%
1.3%
1.0%
1.1%
0.9%
1.1%
1.2%

 Wisconsin
36.2%
35.7%
34.6%
30.8%
30.8%
24.9%
22.0%
17.5%
13.2%
9.2%
6.3%
4.3%
3.0%
2.7%
2.5%
3.6%
4.5%

 Wyoming

38.5%
28.1%
24.6%
18.8%
19.9%
13.7%
10.3%
6.8%
4.6%
2.9%
2.1%
2.0%
1.7%
2.3%
2.8%


document_title: Former Presidents Act

question_text: how long does a president have secret service protection

root

text: Former Presidents Act

text: History[edit]

text: Before 1958, the U.S. federal government provided no pension or other retirement benefits to former United States presidents. Andrew Carnegie offered to endow a US$25,000 annual pension for former Chief Executives in 1912, but congressmen questioned the propriety of such a private pension. That prompted legislation to provide benefits to former presidents.[1]

tag: p

text: When the Former Presidents Act took effect, there were two living former presidents: Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman. Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to fall under the act upon leaving office.

text: The original act provided for lifetime Secret Service protection for former presidents. In 1997, it was reduced to 10 years for presidents taking office after 1997. The 1997 amendment was reverted by the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012 (Pub.L. 112–257).[2] All living former presidents  and their spouses after Dwight D. Eisenhower are now entitled to receive lifetime Secret Service protection.[3]

text: Current status[edit]

text: By law, former presidents are entitled to a pension, staff and office expenses, medical care or health insurance, and Secret Service protection.

text: Pension[edit]

text: The Secretary of the Treasury pays a taxable pension to the president. Former presidents receive a pension equal to the pay that the head of an executive department (Executive Level I) would be paid, as of  2017[update] $207,800 per year.[4] The pension begins immediately after a president's departure from office.[5] A former president's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension.[1]

text: Transition[edit]

text: Transition funding for the expenses of leaving office is available for seven months. It covers office space, staff compensation, communications services, and printing and postage associated with the transition.[1]

text: Staff and office[edit]

text: Private office staff and related funding is provided by the Administrator of the General Services Administration. People employed under this subsection are selected by and responsible only to the former president for the performance of their duties. Each former president fixes basic rates of compensation for persons employed for him, not exceeding an annualized total of $150,000 for the first 30 months and $96,000 thereafter.[1]

text: Medical insurance[edit]

text: Former presidents are entitled to medical treatment in military hospitals; they pay for this at interagency rates set by the Office of Management and Budget. Two-term presidents may buy health insurance under the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program; a GSA legal opinion ruled Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush ineligible.[1][6]

text: Secret Service protection[edit]

text: Former presidents were entitled from 1965 to 1996 to lifetime Secret Service protection, for themselves, spouses, and children under 16. A 1994 statute, (Pub.L. 103–329), limited post-presidential protection to ten years for presidents inaugurated after January 1, 1997.[7] Under this statute, Bill Clinton would still be entitled to lifetime protection, and all subsequent presidents would have been entitled to ten years' protection.[8] On January 10, 2013, President Barack Obama signed the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012, reinstating lifetime Secret Service protection for his predecessor George W. Bush, himself, and all subsequent presidents.[9]

text: Richard Nixon relinquished his Secret Service protection in 1985, the only president to do so.[10]

text: Diplomatic Immunity[edit]

text: Former presidents are entitled to a Diplomatic Passport. This includes personal travel with this passport.[citation needed]


document_title: Bo (Lost Girl)

question_text: who does bo end up with in lost girl

question_tokens: who does bo end up with in lost girl

text: Bo (Lost Girl)

text: Biography[edit]

text: Childhood and early years[edit]

text: Bo is a succubus who grew up in an adopted human family, unaware of her non-human nature and of the Fae world she descended from. In "Raging Fae", she told Kenzi that she began to feel "different" when she entered puberty and didn't know she was not normal until she accidentally killed her high school boyfriend by draining his life energy during her first sexual activity. When she told her parents what had happened, they broke the news to Bo that she had been adopted. Not knowing what she was and what she had done, Bo hated herself and ran away from home, exchanging her previous life for one without family or friends, moving from place to place and assuming a false identity whenever she killed again.

text: Powers[edit]

text: As a succubus, she can seduce and manipulate both humans and Fae with the touch of her skin; and has the power to absorb the life force (the "chi", or Qi) of humans and Fae by drawing it out through their mouths. She feeds and heals from oral chi intake, and chi absorbed from the sexual energy created with males or females. At first she could not feed without killing her sexual partners; but with Lauren's help Bo learned to control her sexual drive and chi-drawing powers so that she could have sex with both Fae and humans without injuring or killing them. Although Fae are stronger than humans and can better endure her feeding on them, they are not immune from being drained. Without self-control Bo can render them comatose or dead. In "(Dis)Members Only", Dyson's chi is drained by Bo's succubus birth mother, Aife, and Bo brings him back to life by transferring some of her own life energy into him.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Kenzi[edit]

text: A young human woman who becomes Bo’s best friend and sidekick after Bo saved her from a rapist who had surreptitiously drugged her with a "roofie" in her drink. A pickpocket and scam artist with a long rap sheet, she can speak Russian fluently, possesses excellent street-smarts, and has family connections in organized crime. Kenzi ran away from home and lived on the streets and underground for a long time before meeting Bo. During the "trial" by the local Fae leaders to choose alignment with either the Light or Dark, Bo chose to side with humanity after Kenzi risked her life to discover where Bo had been taken by force and what they were doing to her, and called out to Bo to help her break out of a spell she had been put under during the trial. Kenzi suggested to Bo that she should take advantage of her bewitching powers and neutrality to become a private investigator, with her as partner. She was declared Bo's "property" and pet to allow her to participate within Fae society. Kenzi does not care about fae politics.

text: Dyson[edit]

text: A Wolf-Shapeshifter and homicide detective in the human police force. He is over 1,500 years old, very strong, possesses a sharp sense of smell, and is acutely knowledgeable about Fae politics. A member of the Light Fae, his true allegiance is to Trick rather than The Ash. He fell in love with Bo while under orders from Trick to keep an eye on her, and is best friends with Hale, his Light Fae detective partner. In the Season One finale, he involuntarily sacrificed his love for Bo when he offered his wolf to the Norn in return for her giving Bo the strength to defeat her maniacal mother, Aife; but the Norn, who demanded his wolf the first time he supplicated her intervention, realized that his wolf was no longer what he valued most and instead took Dyson's love for Bo and ability to love anyone else again; leaving him with the memory of their relationship but unable to feel his passion for her. He has since made efforts to remain friends with Bo, which was initially awkward when Bo couldn't understand why he had become distant. After being reunited with his old love, Ciara, they began a relationship which was hampered by Dyson's reluctance to reveal his encounter with the Norn and what he had lost in the exchange; however, he eventually admitted to her that he had offered his wolf but it had cost him his being able to love anyone. His ability to love was restored by the Norn after Kenzi threatened to mutilate and cut down her Ancient Tree with a chainsaw. It is revealed in Season 5 that he has a son named Mark. He is scornful of humans

text: Dr. Lauren Lewis[edit]

text: A Human owned by the Ash as his property, she serves as a doctor and scientist for the Light Fae. She was seduced by Bo during their first meeting and hence fell in love with her. She has extensive knowledge of the different types of Fae and their abilities. In the first season, she helped Bo learn how to control her powers so that she could have sex with both Fae and humans without hurting or killing them. It is later revealed that she had a human girlfriend, Nadia, who had fallen into a coma five years earlier after contracting a mysterious virus while in the Congo with her. In exchange for her servitude, The Ash offered Lauren access to the Light Fae's laboratory and resources to find a cure for Nadia's condition. Lauren learned from Lachlan in "Masks" that she was tricked by the previous Ash: he ordered a Dark Fae Shaman to curse Nadia into a coma to insure that Lauren would do everything in her power to find an antidote to the fever that was killing Fae, and then pulled her into the Light clan's fold. After Bo (unbeknownst to Lauren) removed the curse, Lauren and Nadia reunited; but their relationship was soon shattered when it was revealed that Nadia had been infected by the Garuda and he could control her mind and body. Bo was forced to kill Nadia when she threatened Lauren's life leaving Lauren devastated. Grieving, Lauren seeks comfort in Bo and the two grow closer emotionally. In the Season 2 finale, Lauren relinquishes her chance for freedom from the Light Fae to stay with Bo, despite encouragement from Dyson to leave while she can.

text: In "Caged Fae", Bo asks Lauren to be together in a committed relationship. However, in "Delinquents", Tamsin visits Lauren to furtively carry out one of her mercenary tasks, and intentionally provokes Lauren by telling her that she and Bo kissed without Bo feeding from her (not knowing that the kiss was caused by Trick and Stella touching the Dawning invitation machine at the moment they shared a first kiss in "Fae-ge Against The Machine", which made the machine spark, and propelled Tamsin towards Bo to kiss her). Overwhelmed by the all the stress and loss she had experienced, and feeling inadequate in satisfying Bo's succubus nature, Lauren tells Bo that she needs to take a "break" from the relationship. As time passes, however, Bo becomes concerned that it might not be a temporary separation. In "Adventures In Fae-bysitting", a part of Lauren's past is disclosed and we learn that her real name is Karen Beattie and that she is a fugitive wanted by the International Criminal Offences and Criminal Intelligence Bureau. In addition to English she is also fluent in Spanish, French and Swahili. In "Those Who Wander" Lauren feigns being through with Bo in the presence of Dr. Isaac Taft and rejects her to protect Bo, and herself, from him. After this encounter, Bo and Lauren go their separate ways. Lauren then sabotages Taft's plan to extract Dyson's DNA and transfer the cells into him so as to become a Wolf-Shapeshifter, and turns Taft into a human/Cabbit hybrid instead, making him an easy kill for Dyson. She goes missing thereafter. (The conversation that she and Dyson had during a phone call in "Sleeping Beauty School" showed that Dyson was aware of Lauren's motives for subjecting him to the deceptive procedure.) In "Turn to Stone", Lauren reveals to Crystal that she has a brother, they had been inseparable, and decided together "to change the world", but their cause had turned into blowing up pipelines. Lauren knew how to build pipe bombs and made them for her brother to position; however, one location was supposed to have been deserted but wasn't, and eleven people were killed in the explosion. This led Lauren (Karen Beattie) to go on the run, change her identity, and keep running ever since. Lauren confesses that not a day goes by that she doesn't hate herself for what happened. (By the details in the ICOCIB wanted poster, the incident occurred in 1998, when Lauren was 17 or 18 years old.) In "Let the Dark Times Roll", Bo and Lauren are reunited at a Dark Fae party after the passage of a month, during which Lauren's memory of Bo was removed by The Wanderer. They jump into each other's arms and kiss passionately. Lauren told Bo that she had fled for her life after the Una Mens began to kill humans. The Dark Fae (i.e. The Morrigan) came looking for her, offering refuge, protection, and freedom to come and go as she pleased in exchange for working for the clan. When Bo tells Lauren that she can offer her protection by claiming her, Lauren turns her down. After being owned by The Ash for over five years, Lauren doesn't want to be owned by anyone, even Bo. Bo walks away, stunned and bewildered by Lauren's response. In "Dark Horse", Bo and Lauren reconciled after Bo saved Lauren from Massimo. Lauren saw that Bo was wearing the necklace gift from Lauren she had found in "Turn to Stone". When a defiant Lauren tells Bo that she's not afraid of the Fae, Bo admiringly told her, "You really are Dark"; to which Lauren replied, "No, Bo. I'm yours." Bo starts to leave, but turns around and walks back to Lauren and kisses her.

text: At the start of Season 5, Bo and Lauren have remained good friends, putting behind their previous tensions. In Big in Japan, when Bo felt that she was alone, following Kenzi's departure, Lauren was among those who reassured Bo that she would never be alone, because she stole her heart. In Here Comes the Night, Bo and Lauren made love again since their breakup in Season 3. They were seen by Tamsin, who had initiated a sexual relationship with Bo and thought the two were now "girlfriends". When Bo realized their 'friends with benefits' had been misunderstood she told Tamsin that she did love her, but not in a romantic way. In "End of Faes", Tamsin told Bo that it didn't matter where her body was, because her heart will always be with Lauren; that she and Lauren will always be a couple, even when they were not. Afterwards, Bo stopped Lauren to talk about what happened between them the day before and told her, "There's always going to be a reason for us not to be together. And I don't want to put this off any longer." Bewildered, Lauren simply says, "Oh, Boy." Bo asks, "'Oh, Boy', No. Or 'Oh, Boy', Yes?" Tamsin later tells Lauren that she and Bo should get back together. Tamsin told Lauren "I entered the game and I lost. That's life. The best woman won. I'm over it. You should be, too." Later, Bo, Lauren and Dyson are searching for Mark, Dyson's son. Bo had to leave to find one of the Ancient Fae, Iris, while Lauren and Dyson search for Mark, but before they went different ways, Lauren tells Bo, "Oh, Boy, Yes"; letting her know that she, too, wanted to resume their relationship. In "Rise", as the series comes to an end, Lauren tells Bo that she wants to spend the rest of her life with her, acknowledging mistakes that she would never make again. Both admit their relationship is messy and complicated, but after Lauren assures Bo that she is willing to weather the inevitable complications of their lives, Bo, gladdened, accepts her proposal. They embrace and kiss, this time forever.

text: Fitzpatrick "Trick" McCorrigan[edit]

text: The bartender and owner of the only Fae pub in town, The Dal Riata, which is neutral ground where Light and Dark Fae can freely socialize and find sanctuary. Trick is very powerful: he is a Blood Sage and can alter fate by writing it with his blood. Once known as the Blood King, he forced the truce and wrote the decrees that ended the war between Light and Dark Fae; and though few are now aware of his former position in the Fae hierarchy, he is on equal terms with the Fae Elders. Compared to other Fae, who have contempt for humans, he is tolerant and often fond of humans, even trading away his most prized possession to help save Kenzi's life after she was infected with a lethal Fae virus. He respects Lauren and when necessary seeks her opinion and expertise with matters involving Fae. Trick is extremely reluctant to use his blood powers as it can have unforeseen consequences; for example, his writing a culmination where Aife’s maternal instincts emerge and stop her from hurting and killing Bo not only left him weakened and wounded from the loss of blood, but also signaled his whereabouts to an ancient enemy of the Fae, the Garuda. Near the end of the second season, it was revealed that Trick is Bo's maternal grandfather.

text: Hale Santiago[edit]

text: A Siren and Dyson's colleague as another Light Fae undercover agent in the human police force. He can pacify, control, and kill humans and Fae alike with his whistling; in addition, he can cure pain and heal wounds with it. He is the son of the leader of one of the three most powerful Light Fae clans, the Clan Zamora, but despite his family's high social status he disdains their social contacts and makes his own way in life (although Bo and Kenzi used his contacts when they needed to infiltrate a high-class Fae event). Hale is good friends with Kenzi, with an undercurrent of mutual attraction gradually developing between them. He helped save Kenzi's life by using his siren's whistle to cauterize her wound in the Season Two finale. In the third season, he became the acting Ash after Lachlan's death.


document_title: List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration

question_text: which country in the world has the most air pollution

text: This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2.5 annual mean concentration measurement whose measurement is greater than or equal to the air quality guideline (AQG) of 10[1] as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2008 to 2016, with the majority of values being more recent than 2013. The 2018 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient (outdoor) air pollution monitoring from almost 2700 towns and cities in 91 countries. Air quality in the database is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5, i.e. particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 micrometres, respectively).[2][3][4]

text:
Position

Country

City/Town

Year

PM2.5

Temporal coverage

PM10

Temporal coverage

Database version (year)

1

India

Kanpur

2016

173

>75%

319

NA

2018

2

India

Faridabad

2016

172

>75%

316

NA

2018

3

India

Gaya

2016

149

50% -< 75%

275

NA

2018

4

India

Varanasi

2016

146

>75%

260

NA

2018

5

India

Patna

2016

144

>75%

266

NA

2018

6

India

Delhi

2016

143

>75%

292

NA

2018

7

India

Lucknow

2016

138

>75%

255

NA

2018

8

Cameroon

Bamenda

2012

132

NA

141

NA

2016

9

India

Agra

2016

131

>75%

194

NA

2018

10

India

Gurgaon

2016

120

50% -< 75%

124

NA

2018

11

India

Muzaffarpur

2016

120

>75%

221

NA

2018

12

India

Srinagar

2016

113

NA

169

NA

2018

13

Pakistan

Peshawar

2010

111

NA

540

NA

2016

14

Pakistan

Rawalpindi

2010

107

NA

448

NA

2016

15

India

Jaipur

2016

105

50% -< 75%

193

NA

2018

16

Uganda

Kampala

2013

104

NA

170

NA

2016

17

India

Patiala

2016

101

NA

184

NA

2018

18

India

Jodhpur

2016

98

>75%

180

NA

2018

19

Bangladesh

Narayangonj

2015

94

>75%

205

>75%

2018

20

China

Baoding

2016

93

NA

147

NA

2018

21

Qatar

Doha

2012

93

NA

168

NA

2016

22

Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar

2016

92

>75%

197

NA

2018

23

China

Ji'nan

2014

90

NA

192

NA

2018

24

China

Shijiazhuang

2015

89

NA

147

NA

2018

25

Pakistan

Karachi

2009

88

NA

290

NA

2016

26

China

Hengshui

2016

87

NA

143

NA

2018

27

China

Xingtai

2016

87

NA

186

NA

2018

28

Afghanistan

Kabul

2009

86

NA

260

NA

2016

29

China

Anyang

2016

86

NA

155

NA

2018

30

China

Liaocheng

2016

86

NA

151

NA

2018

31

China

Jiaozuo

2016

85

NA

142

NA

2018

32

Qatar

Al Wakrah

2012

85

NA

152

NA

2016

33

Bangladesh

Khulna

2015

84

50% -< 75%

94

>75%

2018

34

China

Xinxiang

2016

84

NA

144

NA

2018

35

India

Nagpur

2016

84

NA

86

NA

2018

36

China

Handan

2016

82

NA

175

NA

2018

37

China

Heze

2016

82

NA

143

NA

2018

38

China

Ji'ning

2015

82

NA

140

NA

2018

39

China

Xianyang

2016

82

NA

149

NA

2018

40

Bangladesh

Gazipur

2015

81

>75%

143

>75%

2018

41

China

Dezhou

2016

81

NA

141

NA

2018

42

China

Zaozhuang

2016

81

NA

141

NA

2018

43

Bangladesh

Barisal

2015

80

>75%

113

>75%

2018

44

China

Dongying

2015

79

NA

136

NA

2018

45

China

Luoyang

2016

79

NA

130

NA

2018

46

Kuwait

Al-Ahmadi

2015

79

>75%

138

>75%

2018

47

China

Shouguang

2014

78

NA

117

NA

2016

48

China

Zhengzhou

2016

78

NA

143

NA

2018

49

China

Luohe

2016

77

NA

130

NA

2018

50

China

Shangqiu

2016

77

NA

127

NA

2018

51

China

Wei'nan

2016

76

NA

139

NA

2018

52

China

Pingdingshan

2016

75

NA

125

NA

2018

53

China

Linfen

2016

74

NA

158

NA

2018

54

China

Tangshan

2016

74

NA

127

NA

2018

55

China

Urumqi

2016

74

NA

115

NA

2018

56

India

Kolkata

2016

74

>75%

136

NA

2018

57

China

Beijing

2016

73

NA

92

NA

2018

58

China

Hebi

2016

73

NA

128

NA

2018

59

China

Jinan

2016

73

NA

141

NA

2018

60

China

Laiwu

2016

73

NA

127

NA

2018

61

China

Zigong

2016

73

NA

99

NA

2018

62

Saudi Arabia

Riyadh

2016

73

NA

251

NA

2018

63

China

Anshan

2015

72

NA

115

NA

2018

64

China

Kaifeng

2016

72

NA

122

NA

2018

65

China

Xi'an

2016

71

NA

137

NA

2018

66

China

Binzhou

2016

70

NA

123

NA

2018

67

China

Yangquan

2014

70

NA

105

NA

2016

68

China

Cangzhou

2016

69

NA

147

NA

2018

69

China

Puyang

2016

69

NA

137

NA

2018

70

China

Tianjin

2016

69

NA

103

NA

2018

71

Afghanistan

Mazar-E Sharif

2009

68

NA

334

NA

2016

72

China

Jiangyin

2014

68

NA

102

NA

2016

73

China

Weinan

2014

68

NA

102

NA

2016

74

China

Xuchang

2016

68

NA

122

NA

2018

75

China

Zhoukou

2016

68

NA

113

NA

2018

76

China

Zhumadian

2016

68

NA

120

NA

2018

77

Pakistan

Lahore

2010

68

NA

198

NA

2016

78

Chile

Comuna De Coyhaique

2016

67

NA

85

NA

2018

79

China

Changzhi

2014

67

NA

101

NA

2016

80

Cameroon

Bafoussam

2012

67

NA

105

NA

2016

81

Bangladesh

Chittagong

2015

66

50% -< 75%

91

>75%

2018

82

Bahrain

Hamad Town

2012

66

NA

318

NA

2016

83

China

Langfang

2016

66

NA

112

NA

2018

84

China

Sanmenxia

2016

66

NA

127

NA

2018

85

China

Taiyuan

2016

66

NA

125

NA

2018

86

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Hamedan

2013

66

NA

149

NA

2018

87

Pakistan

Islamabad

2011

66

NA

217

NA

2016

88

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Tuzla

2010

65

NA

106

NA

2016

89

India

Ahmedabad

2015

65

50% -< 75%

120

NA

2018

90

Bahrain

Ma'ameer

2012

64

NA

257

NA

2016

91

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Lukavac

2016

64

>75%

84

NA

2018

92

Chile

Coyhaique

2014

64

NA

75

NA

2016

93

China

Jurong

2014

64

NA

97

NA

2016

94

China

Luzhou

2016

64

NA

87

NA

2018

95

China

Xiangyang

2016

64

NA

93

NA

2018

96

India

Mumbai

2016

64

>75%

104

NA

2018

97

Bahrain

Manama

2016

63

50% -< 75%

154

NA

2018

98

China

Chengdu

2016

63

NA

105

NA

2018

99

China

Leshan

2016

63

NA

93

NA

2018

100

China

Nanyang

2016

63

NA

119

NA

2018

101

China

Tai'an

2016

63

NA

112

NA

2018

102

China

Xining

2014

63

NA

120

NA

2018

103

China

Jincheng

2016

62

NA

111

NA

2018

104

China

Jinzhong

2016

62

NA

109

NA

2018

105

China

Yichang

2016

62

NA

97

NA

2018

106

Bangladesh

Sylhet

2015

61

>75%

111

>75%

2018

107

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Shahre Kord

2016

61

NA

140

NA

2018

108

China

Ezhou

2016

60

NA

100

NA

2018

109

China

Fuyang

2014

60

NA

90

NA

2016

110

China

Jingzhou

2016

60

NA

100

NA

2018

111

China

Xuzhou

2016

60

NA

118

NA

2018

112

China

Zhangjiagang

2014

60

NA

91

NA

2016

113

India

Chandrapur

2016

60

>75%

109

NA

2018

114

South Africa

Hartebeespoort

2014

60

NA

119

NA

2016

115

China

Baoji

2016

59

NA

111

NA

2018

116

China

Chuzhou

2016

59

NA

77

NA

2018

117

China

Tongchuan

2016

59

NA

104

NA

2018

118

Bahrain

Nabih Saleh

2012

58

NA

244

NA

2016

119

China

Bozhou

2016

58

NA

83

NA

2018

120

China

Jingmen

2016

58

NA

99

NA

2018

121

China

Korla

2014

58

NA

87

NA

2016

122

China

Lin'an

2014

58

NA

87

NA

2016

123

China

Pingdu

2014

58

NA

88

NA

2016

124

China

Wafangdian

2014

58

NA

88

NA

2016

125

China

Xinyang

2016

58

NA

96

NA

2018

126

China

Yibin

2015

58

NA

82

NA

2018

127

China

Yiwu

2014

58

NA

88

NA

2016

128

China

Zhuji

2014

58

NA

88

NA

2016

129

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Ahvaz

2016

58

NA

132

NA

2018

130

Saudi Arabia

Jubail

2016

58

>75%

129

>75%

2018

131

Bangladesh

Dhaka

2016

57

>75%

104

NA

2018

132

China

Hefei

2016

57

NA

83

NA

2018

133

China

Huangshi

2016

57

NA

89

NA

2018

134

China

Maanshan

2014

57

NA

87

NA

2016

135

China

Nanchong

2014

57

NA

86

NA

2016

136

China

Wuhan

2016

57

NA

92

NA

2018

137

China

Changde

2016

56

NA

80

NA

2018

138

China

Dazhou

2016

56

NA

86

NA

2018

139

China

Huainan

2016

56

NA

85

NA

2018

140

China

Laixi

2014

56

NA

84

NA

2016

141

China

Laizhou

2014

56

NA

84

NA

2016

142

China

Linyi

2014

56

NA

84

NA

2016

143

China

Suizhou

2016

56

NA

88

NA

2018

144

China

Suqian

2016

56

NA

120

NA

2018

145

China

Wujiang

2014

56

NA

85

NA

2016

146

China

Xinzhou

2016

56

NA

103

NA

2018

147

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Genaveh

2016

56

NA

129

NA

2018

148

Saudi Arabia

Dammam

2016

56

NA

161

NA

2018

149

China

Deyang

2016

55

NA

91

NA

2018

150

China

Jinzhou

2016

55

NA

81

NA

2018

151

China

Rizhao

2016

55

NA

101

NA

2018

152

China

Taian

2014

55

NA

83

NA

2016

153

China

Yinchuan

2016

55

NA

117

NA

2018

154

India

Panchkula

2016

55

>75%

101

NA

2018

155

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Asalueih

2016

55

NA

126

NA

2018

156

China

Anqing

2016

54

NA

71

NA

2018

157

China

Chongqing

2016

54

NA

77

NA

2018

158

China

Jining

2014

54

NA

81

NA

2016

159

China

Lanzhou

2016

54

NA

132

NA

2018

160

China

Neijiang

2016

54

NA

76

NA

2018

161

China

Shaoyang

2016

54

NA

77

NA

2018

162

China

Shenyang

2016

54

NA

94

NA

2018

163

China

Taicang

2014

54

NA

82

NA

2016

164

China

Yixing

2014

54

NA

81

NA

2016

165

China

Zhaoyuan

2014

54

NA

82

NA

2016

166

China

Zibo

2014

54

NA

82

NA

2016

167

China

Changsha

2016

53

NA

73

NA

2018

168

China

Huai'an

2016

53

NA

92

NA

2018

169

China

Wuhu

2016

53

NA

75

NA

2018

170

China

Wuxi

2016

53

NA

82

NA

2018

171

China

Harbin

2016

52

NA

74

NA

2018

172

China

Hengyang

2016

52

NA

76

NA

2018

173

China

Jiaonan

2014

52

NA

79

NA

2016

174

China

Jiaozhou

2014

52

NA

79

NA

2016

175

China

Liyang

2014

52

NA

78

NA

2016

176

China

Haimen

2014

51

NA

77

NA

2016

177

China

Huanggang

2016

51

NA

75

NA

2018

178

China

Jimo

2014

51

NA

77

NA

2016

179

China

Shiyan

2016

51

NA

81

NA

2018

180

China

Taizhou(Jiangsu Province)

2016

51

NA

87

NA

2018

181

China

Tongling

2016

51

NA

78

NA

2018

182

China

Xiangtan

2016

51

NA

85

NA

2018

183

China

Xuancheng

2016

51

NA

68

NA

2018

184

China

Yangzhou

2016

51

NA

87

NA

2018

185

China

Zhuzhou

2016

51

NA

83

NA

2018

186

Kuwait

Saad Al-Abdullah

2016

51

50% -< 75%

63

>75%

2018

187

China

Baishan

2016

50

NA

81

NA

2018

188

China

Jiujiang

2016

50

NA

74

NA

2018

189

China

Zhenjiang

2016

50

NA

80

NA

2018

190

India

Pune

2016

50

>75%

89

NA

2018

191

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Zabol

2016

50

NA

115

NA

2018

192

Australia

Hobart

2013

49

NA

112

NA

2018

193

Chile

Padre Las Casas

2016

49

NA

64

NA

2018

194

China

Changshu

2014

49

NA

74

NA

2016

195

China

Changzhou

2016

49

NA

81

NA

2018

196

China

Hangzhou

2016

49

NA

105

NA

2018

197

China

Ma'anshan

2016

49

NA

75

NA

2018

198

China

Mianyang

2016

49

NA

78

NA

2018

199

China

Weifang

2014

49

NA

73

NA

2016

200

China

Xi'ning

2016

49

NA

113

NA

2018

201

China

Yueyang

2016

49

NA

72

NA

2018

202

China

Ziyang

2016

49

NA

95

NA

2018

203

Cameroon

Yaoude

2012

49

NA

65

NA

2016

204

India

Chennai

2016

49

>75%

80

NA

2018

205

Nepal

Kathmandu

2013

49

NA

88

NA

2016

206

China

Baicheng

2016

48

NA

75

NA

2018

207

China

Enshi

2016

48

NA

69

NA

2018

208

China

Jintan

2014

48

NA

72

NA

2016

209

China

Nanjing

2016

48

NA

85

NA

2018

210

China

Rushan

2014

48

NA

72

NA

2016

211

China

Tieling

2016

48

NA

83

NA

2018

212

China

Wuzhong

2016

48

NA

98

NA

2018

213

China

Xianning

2016

48

NA

77

NA

2018

214

China

Yan'an

2014

48

NA

73

NA

2016

215

China

Zhangjiajie

2016

48

NA

72

NA

2018

216

Viet Nam

Ha Noi

2016

48

>75%

102

NA

2018

217

Bangladesh

Rajshahi

2015

47

>75%

86

50% -< 75%

2018

218

China

Baotou

2016

47

NA

105

NA

2018

219

China

Guilin

2016

47

NA

64

NA

2018

220

China

Huludao

2016

47

NA

87

NA

2018

221

China

Huzhou

2016

47

NA

100

NA

2018

222

China

Liaoyang

2016

47

NA

83

NA

2018

223

China

Shizuishan

2016

47

NA

114

NA

2018

224

China

Zhangqiu

2014

47

NA

71

NA

2016

225

China

Changchun

2016

46

NA

78

NA

2018

226

China

Guang'an

2016

46

NA

78

NA

2018

227

China

Haidong

2016

46

NA

114

NA

2018

228

China

Jinhua

2016

46

NA

98

NA

2018

229

China

Kunshan

2014

46

NA

69

NA

2016

230

China

Lianyungang

2016

46

NA

87

NA

2018

231

China

Liaoyuan

2016

46

NA

63

NA

2018

232

China

Loudi

2016

46

NA

71

NA

2018

233

China

Lu'an

2016

46

NA

73

NA

2018

234

China

Nantong

2016

46

NA

70

NA

2018

235

China

Penglai

2014

46

NA

69

NA

2016

236

China

Qinhuangdao

2016

46

NA

87

NA

2018

237

China

Siping

2016

46

NA

77

NA

2018

238

China

Suzhou

2016

46

NA

72

NA

2018

239

China

Wendeng

2014

46

NA

69

NA

2016

240

China

Wuhai

2016

46

NA

111

NA

2018

241

India

Bangalore

2016

46

>75%

96

50% -< 75%

2018

242

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Baghershahr

2016

46

NA

105

NA

2018

243

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Bushehr

2016

46

NA

105

NA

2018

244

Philippines

Nia Road

2016

46

NA

98

NA

2018

245

China

Benxi

2016

45

NA

74

NA

2018

246

China

Daqing

2015

45

NA

62

NA

2018

247

China

Ganzhou

2016

45

NA

68

NA

2018

248

China

Huangnan

2016

45

NA

86

NA

2018

249

China

Qingdao

2016

45

NA

85

NA

2018

250

China

Shanghai

2016

45

NA

59

NA

2018

251

China

Shaoxing

2016

45

NA

68

NA

2018

252

China

Xiaogan

2016

45

NA

78

NA

2018

253

China

Yongzhou

2016

45

NA

70

NA

2018

254

Indonesia

Jakarta

2016

45

>75%

82

NA

2018

255

Philippines

Navotas City

2016

45

NA

96

NA

2018

256

Bahrain

Ras Hayan

2012

44

NA

250

NA

2016

257

Chile

Osorno

2016

44

NA

56

NA

2018

258

China

Fushun

2016

44

NA

78

NA

2018

259

China

Jiaxing

2016

44

NA

94

NA

2018

260

China

Liuzhou

2016

44

NA

66

NA

2018

261

China

Suining

2016

44

NA

68

NA

2018

262

China

Xiangxi

2016

44

NA

78

NA

2018

263

China

Yingkou

2016

44

NA

73

NA

2018

264

China

Yiyang

2016

44

NA

82

NA

2018

265

China

Zunyi

2016

44

NA

69

NA

2018

266

India

Hyderabad

2016

44

>75%

84

NA

2018

267

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Dehloran

2016

44

NA

100

NA

2018

268

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Mehran

2016

44

NA

102

NA

2018

269

China

Nanchang

2016

43

NA

92

NA

2018

270

China

Quzhou

2016

43

NA

92

NA

2018

271

China

Taizhou

2014

43

NA

71

NA

2018

272

China

Yancheng

2016

43

NA

92

NA

2018

273

China

Dandong

2016

42

NA

71

NA

2018

274

China

Datong

2014

42

NA

63

NA

2016

275

China

Huaihua

2016

42

NA

79

NA

2018

276

China

Jilin

2016

42

NA

69

NA

2018

277

China

Tianshui

2016

42

NA

80

NA

2018

278

China

Tonghua

2016

42

NA

76

NA

2018

279

China

Ya'an

2016

42

NA

68

NA

2018

280

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Kangan

2016

42

NA

96

NA

2018

281

Viet Nam

Ho Chi Minh City

2016

42

>75%

90

NA

2018

282

Bahrain

Hidd

2012

41

NA

178

NA

2016

283

Chile

Valdivia

2016

41

NA

67

NA

2018

284

China

Chenzhou

2016

41

NA

70

NA

2018

285

China

Hohhot

2016

41

NA

88

NA

2018

286

China

Pingliang

2016

41

NA

80

NA

2018

287

China

Shangrao

2016

41

NA

70

NA

2018

288

China

Yingtan

2016

41

NA

59

NA

2018

289

Colombia

La Estrella

2014

41

NA

47

NA

2016

290

Guatemala

Guatemala

2013

41

NA

56

NA

2016

291

Croatia

Slavonski Brod

2016

41

>75%

63

NA

2018

292

India

Navi Mumbai

2016

41

NA

67

NA

2018

293

India

Udaipur

2016

41

NA

98

NA

2018

294

South Africa

Johannesburg

2011

41

NA

85

NA

2016

295

China

Chengde

2016

40

NA

81

NA

2018

296

China

Panjin

2016

40

NA

67

NA

2018

297

India

Gauhati

2016

40

NA

81

NA

2018

298

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Skopje

2016

40

>75%

69

>75%

2018

299

China

Baiyin

2016

39

NA

95

NA

2018

300

China

Dalian

2016

39

NA

67

NA

2018

301

China

Jieyang

2016

39

NA

60

NA

2018

302

China

Liupanshui

2016

39

NA

68

NA

2018

303

China

Ningbo

2016

39

NA

62

NA

2018

304

China

Shangluo

2016

39

NA

72

NA

2018

305

China

Wuwei

2016

39

NA

97

NA

2018

306

China

Yantai

2016

39

NA

76

NA

2018

307

China

Zhaoyang

2016

39

NA

69

NA

2018

308

India

Solapur

2016

39

>75%

71

NA

2018

309

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

shahinshahr

2016

39

NA

89

NA

2018

310

Peru

Lima

2016

39

50% -< 75%

58

>75%

2018

311

Turkey

Amasya

2016

39

>75%

57

>75%

2018

312

China

Foshan

2016

38

NA

55

NA

2018

313

China

Gannan

2016

38

NA

70

NA

2018

314

China

Guigang

2016

38

NA

55

NA

2018

315

China

Rongcheng

2014

38

NA

57

NA

2016

316

China

Wenzhou

2016

38

NA

81

NA

2018

317

China

Zhangye

2016

38

NA

90

NA

2018

318

India

Jabalpur

2016

38

NA

79

NA

2018

319

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Shahre Ghods

2016

38

NA

87

NA

2018

320

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Shahryar

2016

38

NA

87

NA

2018

321

China

Chifeng

2016

37

NA

76

NA

2018

322

China

Guiyang

2016

37

NA

63

NA

2018

323

China

Guoluo

2016

37

NA

72

NA

2018

324

China

Mudanjiang

2016

37

NA

68

NA

2018

325

China

Qinzhou

2016

37

NA

79

NA

2018

326

China

Zhaoqing

2016

37

NA

55

NA

2018

327

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Ievan

2016

37

NA

85

NA

2018

328

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Sari

2012

37

NA

90

NA

2016

329

Madagascar

Antananarivo

2008

37

NA

60

NA

2016

330

China

Dingxi

2016

36

NA

75

NA

2018

331

China

Guangzhou

2016

36

NA

56

NA

2018

332

China

Nanning

2016

36

NA

62

NA

2018

333

China

Qingyuan

2016

36

NA

52

NA

2018

334

China

Qiqihar

2016

36

NA

61

NA

2018

335

China

Taizhou(Zhejiang Province)

2016

36

NA

77

NA

2018

336

Colombia

Medellin

2015

36

>75%

60

>75%

2018

337

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Varamin

2016

36

NA

83

NA

2018

338

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yazd

2016

36

NA

83

NA

2018

339

Mexico

Monterrey

2011

36

NA

86

NA

2016

340

Pakistan

Faisalabad

2013

36

>75%

148

>75%

2018

341

Chile

El Bosque

2016

35

NA

67

NA

2018

342

Chile

Temuco

2016

35

NA

52

NA

2018

343

China

Dongguan

2016

35

NA

49

NA

2018

344

China

Songyuan

2016

35

NA

69

NA

2018

345

China

Weihai

2016

35

NA

63

NA

2018

346

Cuba

La Habana

2015

35

50% -< 75%

75

NA

2018

347

Guatemala

Guatemala City

2014

35

NA

47

NA

2018

348

India

Trivendrum

2016

35

NA

48

NA

2018

349

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Ghom

2016

35

NA

81

NA

2018

350

China

Hechi

2016

34

NA

55

NA

2018

351

China

Jiangmen

2016

34

NA

55

NA

2018

352

China

Nantou

2014

34

NA

51

NA

2016

353

China

Shuangyashan

2016

34

NA

55

NA

2018

354

China

Yunfu

2016

34

NA

51

NA

2018

355

India

Vizag

2016

34

NA

76

NA

2018

356

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Ilam

2016

34

NA

79

NA

2018

357

Philippines

City Of Malabon

2015

34

NA

73

NA

2018

358

Philippines

Pasig

2016

34

NA

73

NA

2018

359

Poland

Bielsko Biala

2013

34

NA

41

NA

2016

360

South Africa

Vereeniging

2014

34

NA

58

NA

2016

361

Chile

Cerro Navia

2016

33

NA

62

NA

2018

362

Chile

Los Ángeles

2016

33

NA

57

NA

2018

363

China

Chaozhou

2016

33

NA

51

NA

2018

364

China

Jiayuguan

2016

33

NA

98

NA

2018

365

China

Lishui

2016

33

NA

70

NA

2018

366

China

Shaoguan

2016

33

NA

51

NA

2018

367

China

Zhangzhou

2016

33

NA

65

NA

2018

368

Indonesia

Bandung

2014

33

NA

59

NA

2016

369

India

Tezpur

2016

33

NA

52

NA

2018

370

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Khoram abad

2016

33

NA

75

NA

2018

371

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Pakdasht

2016

33

NA

75

NA

2018

372

Lebanon

Zahle

2014

33

NA

40

NA

2016

373

Mexico

Toluca

2011

33

NA

80

NA

2016

374

Poland

Godow

2016

33

>75%

43

>75%

2018

375

Poland

Pleszewski

2016

33

>75%

38

>75%

2018

376

Chile

Linares

2016

32

NA

65

NA

2018

377

Chile

Pudahuel

2016

32

NA

69

NA

2018

378

China

Changhua

2014

32

NA

48

NA

2016

379

China

Haibei

2016

32

NA

76

NA

2018

380

China

Heyuan

2016

32

NA

46

NA

2018

381

China

Jinchang

2016

32

NA

104

NA

2018

382

China

Kinmen

2014

32

NA

48

NA

2016

383

China

Panzhihua

2016

32

NA

65

NA

2018

384

China

Qujing

2014

32

NA

48

NA

2016

385

China

Zhangjiakou

2016

32

NA

68

NA

2018

386

Czech Republic

Dolni Lutyne

2016

32

>75%

40

>75%

2018

387

Czech Republic

Ostrava

2013

32

NA

41

NA

2016

388

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Abadan

2016

32

NA

74

NA

2018

389

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Asad abad

2016

32

NA

73

NA

2018

390

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Eslamshshr

2016

32

NA

73

NA

2018

391

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Kermanshah

2016

32

NA

73

NA

2018

392

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Savegbelagh

2016

32

NA

72

NA

2018

393

Republic of Korea

Jeollabuk Do

2016

32

NA

51

NA

2018

394

Lebanon

Beirut

2014

32

NA

41

NA

2016

395

Philippines

Caloocan City

2015

32

NA

68

NA

2018

396

Philippines

Pateros City

2015

32

NA

68

NA

2018

397

Poland

Gliwice

2016

32

>75%

46

>75%

2018

398

Turkey

Sakarya

2016

32

>75%

60

>75%

2018

399

Chile

Cerrillos

2016

31

NA

66

NA

2018

400

China

Chiayi

2014

31

NA

46

NA

2016

401

China

Hainan

2016

31

NA

69

NA

2018

402

China

Yanbian

2016

31

NA

49

NA

2018

403

China

Yangjiang

2016

31

NA

44

NA

2018

404

China

Yunlin

2014

31

NA

46

NA

2016

405

Czech Republic

Trinec

2013

31

NA

35

NA

2016

406

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Arak

2016

31

NA

71

NA

2018

407

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Esfahan

2014

31

NA

72

NA

2018

408

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Nazarabad

2016

31

NA

71

NA

2018

409

Philippines

Marikina City

2016

31

NA

66

NA

2018

410

Poland

Krakow

2016

31

>75%

42

>75%

2018

411

Poland

Nowy Sacz

2016

31

>75%

41

>75%

2018

412

Turkey

Edirne

2016

31

>75%

55

>75%

2018

413

South Africa

Mpumalanga

2013

31

NA

61

NA

2016

414

South Africa

Sebokeng

2014

31

NA

42

NA

2016

415

Chile

Quilicura

2015

30

NA

89

NA

2018

416

China

Bijie

2016

30

NA

44

NA

2018

417

China

Kaohsiung

2014

30

NA

46

NA

2016

418

China

Karamay

2016

30

NA

55

NA

2018

419

China

Maoming

2016

30

NA

47

NA

2018

420

China

Shantou

2016

30

NA

48

NA

2018

421

China

Yuxi

2014

30

NA

46

NA

2016

422

China

Zhongshan

2016

30

NA

44

NA

2018

423

Colombia

Caldas

2015

30

>75%

69

>75%

2018

424

Costa Rica

Belen

2013

30

NA

31

NA

2016

425

Croatia

Velika Gorica

2016

30

>75%

46

NA

2018

426

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Isfahan

2016

30

NA

68

NA

2018

427

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Karaj

2016

30

NA

68

NA

2018

428

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Mashhad

2016

30

NA

69

NA

2018

429

Italy

Padova

2016

30

>75%

37

>75%

2018

430

Lebanon

Saida

2014

30

NA

37

NA

2016

431

Poland

Katowice

2016

30

>75%

41

>75%

2018

432

Turkey

Corum

2016

30

>75%

64

>75%

2018

433

South Africa

Zamdela

2014

30

NA

56

NA

2016

434

Albania

Korce

2016

29

>75%

40

>75%

2018

435

Bulgaria

Pernik

2014

29

>75%

44

>75%

2018

436

Bulgaria

Plovdiv

2015

29

>75%

41

>75%

2018

437

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Gorazde

2016

29

>75%

39

>75%

2018

438

Chile

Independencia

2016

29

NA

62

NA

2018

439

Chile

La Florida

2016

29

NA

65

NA

2018

440

Chile

Santiago

2016

29

NA

67

NA

2018

441

China

Fangchenggang

2016

29

NA

45

NA

2018

442

China

Putian

2016

29

NA

43

NA

2018

443

China

Taichung

2014

29

NA

44

NA

2016

444

China

Tainan

2014

29

NA

44

NA

2016

445

Costa Rica

Heredia

2013

29

NA

47

NA

2016

446

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Najafabad

2016

29

NA

67

NA

2018

447

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yasuj

2016

29

NA

66

NA

2018

448

Israel

Gvar'am

2015

29

>75%

69

NA

2018

449

Italy

Casirate D'adda

2013

29

NA

37

NA

2016

450

Italy

Monza

2016

29

>75%

35

>75%

2018

451

Morocco

Meknes

2008

29

NA

47

NA

2016

452

Philippines

Manila

2016

29

NA

118

NA

2018

453

Poland

Bochnia

2016

29

>75%

35

>75%

2018

454

Poland

Piotrkow Trybunalski

2016

29

>75%

38

>75%

2018

455

Poland

Zory

2016

29

>75%

42

>75%

2018

456

Chile

Curico

2016

28

NA

47

NA

2018

457

Chile

Rancagua

2016

28

NA

68

NA

2018

458

China

Eerduosi

2014

28

NA

42

NA

2016

459

China

Guangyuan

2016

28

NA

70

NA

2018

460

China

Huangshan

2016

28

NA

45

NA

2018

461

China

Jixi

2016

28

NA

53

NA

2018

462

China

Kunming

2016

28

NA

55

NA

2018

463

China

Lincang

2016

28

NA

44

NA

2018

464

China

Meizhou

2016

28

NA

46

NA

2018

465

China

Qiandongnan

2016

28

NA

45

NA

2018

466

China

Quanzhou

2016

28

NA

48

NA

2018

467

China

Xiamen

2016

28

NA

47

NA

2018

468

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Boujnord

2016

28

NA

64

NA

2018

469

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

KhominShahr

2016

28

NA

64

NA

2018

470

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Mobarake

2016

28

NA

65

NA

2018

471

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Robatkarim

2016

28

NA

63

NA

2018

472

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Sanndaj

2016

28

NA

64

NA

2018

473

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Tehran

2016

28

NA

72

NA

2018

474

Israel

Jerusalem

2015

28

>75%

66

>75%

2018

475

Italy

Soresina

2016

28

>75%

39

>75%

2018

476

Republic of Korea

Gangwon-Do

2016

28

NA

47

NA

2018

477

Republic of Korea

Gyeonggi-Do

2016

28

NA

53

NA

2018

478

Poland

Bielsko-Biala

2016

28

>75%

36

>75%

2018

479

Poland

Tarnowskie Gory

2016

28

>75%

38

>75%

2018

480

Thailand

Bangkok

2015

28

NA

41

NA

2018

481

Bulgaria

Ruse

2015

27

>75%

41

>75%

2018

482

Chile

Puerto Montt

2016

27

NA

55

NA

2018

483

China

Anshun

2016

27

NA

38

NA

2018

484

China

Fuzhou

2016

27

NA

50

NA

2018

485

China

Haixi

2016

27

NA

65

NA

2018

486

China

Huizhou

2016

27

NA

45

NA

2018

487

China

Ningde

2016

27

NA

46

NA

2018

488

China

Shenzhen

2016

27

NA

42

NA

2018

489

Czech Republic

Karvina

2016

27

>75%

34

>75%

2018

490

India

Aizawl

2016

27

NA

44

NA

2018

491

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Hamadan

2016

27

NA

61

NA

2018

492

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Pole Dokhtar

2016

27

NA

62

NA

2018

493

Israel

Bnei Brak

2015

27

>75%

65

NA

2018

494

Italy

Cassino

2016

27

>75%

35

>75%

2018

495

Italy

Dalmine

2016

27

>75%

31

>75%

2018

496

Italy

Milano

2016

27

>75%

36

>75%

2018

497

Republic of Korea

Chungcheongnam-Do

2016

27

NA

48

NA

2018

498

Republic of Korea

Gyeongsangbuk-Do

2016

27

NA

40

NA

2018

499

Poland

Chelm

2015

27

>75%

35

>75%

2018

500

Poland

Kalisz

2016

27

>75%

33

>75%

2018

tag: table


document_title: The Voice (Bible translation)

question_text: what is the voice translation of the bible

text: The Voice (Bible translation)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Voice

Full name
The Voice™

OT published
April 2012

NT published
November 2011

Complete Bible
published
April 2012

Translation type
dynamic equivalent

Reading level
Middle school

Publisher
Thomas Nelson

Copyright
2008, 2011 The Voice, Thomas Nelson

Genesis 1:1–3 [show]

In the beginning, God created everything: the heavens above and the earth below. Here’s what happened: 2 At first the earth lacked shape and was totally empty, and a dark fog draped over the deep while God’s spirit-wind hovered over the surface of the empty waters. Then there was the voice of God. God: 3 Let there be light.
And light flashed into being.
Genesis 1:1 in other translations

John 3:16 [show]
For God expressed His love for the world in this way: He gave His only Son so that whoever believes in Him will not face everlasting destruction, but will have everlasting life.
John 3:16 in other translations

text: The Voice is an English translation of the Bible developed by Thomas Nelson (a subsidiary of News Corp) and the Ecclesia Bible Society. The Voice is a modern language, dynamic equivalent translation. The New Testament was released in November 2011, and the full Bible was released in April 2012.

text: Translation team[edit]

text: The team developing The Voice numbered more than 120 scholars, authors and artists. The team included Greek and Hebrew scholars, Biblical scholars, poets, authors, musicians and pastors.[1] An interesting feature of this translation was that the team made the unusual decision to render the Hebrew Tetragrammaton as The Eternal rather than a common title such as The LORD or a transliteration such as Yahweh or Jehovah though such a translation rendering is not unique to The Voice there are other Bible translations such as the Moffatt, New Translation of 1922 that have rendered the Tetragrammaton in this manner. Another distinction is rendering a title such as The Word (e.g., John, Chapter 1) as The Voice rather than as The Word which is used in most Bible translations or the less than common expression Logos as used in such translations as the Emphatic Diaglott (a Greek-English Interlinear, first published in 1864 by Benjamin Wilson) and the Moffatt, New Translation of 1922.