document_title: A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)

question_text: who played clause in a series of unfortunate events

text: Premise[edit]

text: When a mysterious fire kills their parents, the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf, an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself. Following Olaf's failed attempt, the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents' past.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf,[5] an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself. He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle.
Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket,[6] the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires.
Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire,[7] the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics.
Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire,[7] the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books.
K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe,[8] the family banker of the Baudelaire parents, who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian.
Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire,[9] the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth. Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny.[10]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Will Arnett as Father,[11][12] a man who is trying to return home to his three children.
Cobie Smulders as Mother,[12] a woman who is trying to return home to her three children.
Usman Ally as the Hook-Handed Man,[13] a member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson Of Indeterminate Gender,[13] another member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Cleo King as Eleanora Poe, Arthur Poe's wife and the editor-in-chief of The Daily Punctilio.
John DeSantis as the Bald Man,[14] large bald-headed man who is another member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White-Faced Women,[13] two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Sara Canning as Jacquelyn, Mr. Poe's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society. She possesses a spyglass.

text: Guest[edit]

text: Introduced in season 1[edit]

text:
Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss,[15] a judge and Count Olaf's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them.
Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald,[13] a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society and Monty's former assistant.
Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery "Uncle Monty" Montgomery,[16] a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents. He is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society and possesses a spyglass.
Patrick Keating as Town Father, an actor in various films displayed within the series.
Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle,[17] a distant relative of the Baudelaires who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar, and is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society.
Patrick Breen as Larry, a waiter at the Anxious Clown restaurant who is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society.
Rob Labelle as a taxi driver in Lake Lachrymose
Keith Blackman Dallas as Evander, a truck driver for Lucky Smells Lumbermill
Don Johnson as Sir,[18] the owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell,[19] an optometrist and Count Olaf's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave, also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville. O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation.
Rhys Darby as Charles,[11] Sir's partner.
Dylan Kingwell as Duncan and Quigley Quagmire[20]
Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire[20]
Timothy Webber as Jimmy, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Chris Gauthier as Phil, an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Trent Redekop as Cesar, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.

text: Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson in Lake Lachrymose.

text: Introduced in season 2[edit]

text:
Roger Bart as Nero, the vice principal of Prufrock Preparatory School.[21]
Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor, the wife of Jerome Squalor and potential love interest for Count Olaf.[21]
Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor, the husband of Esmé Squalor.[21]
Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket, the brother of Lemony Snicket.[21]
Sara Rue as a librarian.[21]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text: The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series: The Bad Beginning, The Reptile Room, The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill.[22]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The Bad Beginning: Part One"[a]
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire. While exploring the ruins, Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front. Shortly afterwards, they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf, who forces them into servitude. One night, the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home. The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef, angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements. Meanwhile, a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor.

2
2
"The Bad Beginning: Part Two"[a]
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

The Baudelaires attempt to convince family banker Mr. Poe of Olaf's actions only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims. When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production, which ends with the two main characters being married, the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real. Klaus confronts Olaf, who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet doesn't follow through with his plans. At the very last minute, however, Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand, invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right-handed. Mr. Poe's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery. Meanwhile, Jacquelyn's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned, after being hit by a dart.

3
3
"The Reptile Room: Part One"
Mark Palansky
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Monty Montgomery, who has recently come across a reptile he calls the "Incredibly Deadly Viper". While attempting to learn more about Montgomery, Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf's ankle. Olaf poses as Montgomery's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires, but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat. The four arrive at a movie theatre, where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film, using a spyglass identical to Klaus' - the message instructs him to bring the children to Peru. He fires Stephano shortly afterwards, believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research.

4
4
"The Reptile Room: Part Two"
Mark Palansky
Emily Fox
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Immediately after dismissing "Stephano", Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates only to be attacked by an unseen figure. The next day, the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery's corpse. Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru, but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave. Olaf's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police, and claim Monty's death was committed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper, despite Monty's claim of it being 'the most friendly reptile in the entire animal kingdom'. While searching for proof of the snake's innocence, Klaus discovers a statue in Monty's hedgemaze, and a photograph of Monty, both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus'. Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer - however, he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus' spyglass. While pursuing him, the Baudelaires are encountered by Jacquelyn, who was posing as the statue. She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways.

5
5
"The Wide Window: Part One"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine, an irrationally afraid woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose. She refuses to answer questions about their parents, so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house, and discover their parents were members of a secret organization, with spyglasses being used as useful devices. They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable, but lapsed into fear after the death of her husband. Olaf, who has followed the Baudelaires, disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine. Despite the siblings' warnings, Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich. Later that night, the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library's bay window and left a note informing them that "Captain Sham" is their new guardian.

6
6
"The Wide Window: Part Two"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to "Captain Sham", the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors, something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar. Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer, but allows the siblings to leave after Larry, a waiter secretly a member of their parents' organization, triggers their allergy to peppermint. After returning to the house, the siblings decipher Josephine's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff. Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill, the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave only to be confronted by Olaf, who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose. Upon returning to shore, Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph.

7
7
"The Miserable Mill: Part One"
Bo Welch
Joe Tracz
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill, the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir, who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town. While investigating the workers' unnaturally happy behavior, Klaus' glasses are broken by the Hook-Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono and he visits optometrist Georgina Orwell, who puts him into a hypnotic trance. Later that day, the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them. Believing that their parents are still alive, the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist "Shirley St. Ives", who is a poorly-disguised Olaf. Meanwhile, the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire siblings, with whom they are reunited.

8
8
"The Miserable Mill: Part Two"
Bo Welch
Tatiana Suarez-Pico
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

When Klaus mishandles one of the mill machines due to his hypnosis, Sir threatens to send the Baudelaires to "Shirley". The three investigate Orwell and 'Shirley' and discover the entire mill is under hypnotic trance to never leave, prompting the Baudelaires to return to the mill and save them. Orwell then orders Klaus to tie Sir's aide Charles to a log and send it through a buzz saw as she watches. At the last minute, Violet frees the mill workers from Orwell's hypnotic spell. Klaus snaps out of his trance, stopping him from harming Charles. The workers storm the mill, causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die. Sir takes his leave amongst the worker riot while Count Olaf and the Hook-Handed Man get away. Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires' role in the town where they actually helped to fight the fire. The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe, and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him. Poe sends the three siblings to boarding school which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to, due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman. The Quagmires' parents are revealed to be members of the organization. The final scene shows the Baudelaires, Lemony Snicket, Count Olaf, and Mr. Poe singing the song "That's Not How the Story Goes."

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season is intended to adapt books five through nine of the novel series: The Austere Academy, The Ersatz Elevator, The Vile Village, The Hostile Hospital, and The Carnivorous Carnival.[25]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

9
1
"The Austere Academy: Part One"[26]
Barry Sonnenfeld
TBA
2018 (2018)[21]

10
2
"The Austere Academy: Part Two"[26]
Barry Sonnenfeld
TBA
2018 (2018)[21]

text: Loni Peristere and Jonathan Teplitzky will direct episodes in the season.[27]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The third season plans to adapt the final four books of the novel series: The Slippery Slope, The Grim Grotto, The Penultimate Peril and The End.[25]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels, written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006, achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels. As such, the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published.[28] This led to the development of a 2004 feature film, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series. Barry Sonnenfeld, who has expressed his love for the series, was originally slated to direct the feature film, and had hired Handler to write the screenplay.[29] About 10 months into production, shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf, there was a "big crisis", according to Handler, which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms.[28] With the film's completion in flux, its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler. While the film was eventually completed and released, sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to "corporate shakeups" within DreamWorks, according to Handler, and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel.[29]

text: In November 2014, Netflix, in association with Paramount Television, announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series, with the author of the series, Daniel Handler, serving as executive producer.[30]

text: In September 2015, it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series. Hudis would serve as showrunner, Sonnenfeld as director, and both as executive producers,[31] with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series' writing team.[25] However, in January 2016, Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project, with a replacement showrunner not named at the time.[5]

text: The first season consists of eight episodes,[6] with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series.[22] Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama, citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series.[32] In January 2017, Handler revealed that he was writing the series' second season, to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series. A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series, which Handler hoped "to get the go-ahead to do" since "given how quickly young actors age and change, we're trying to film everything as quickly as possible."[25] In March 2017, Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website, where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision.[33] A month later, the series was "quietly" renewed for a third season.[34]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On December 3, 2015, an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire.[35] In January 2016, Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus.[5][7] Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number "It's Not Just for Gays Anymore", at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011, noting "I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once" as was necessary for the character of Olaf, who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune.[36]

text: In March 2016, K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe,[8] followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket,[6] and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty.[16] In September 2016, it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings, Duncan and Isadora, respectively.[20] In November 2016, Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara, Don Johnson, and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell,[19] Sir,[18] and Aunt Josephine, respectively;[17] O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events.[19] It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire,[9] whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong,[10] and Rhys Darby would play Charles, Sir's partner.[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver, British Columbia,[37][38] and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished.[39] Filming for the second season began in April 2017.[40]

text: One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces, but purposely left more specific details vague "in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves". Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place, and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included. Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch, production designer for Edward Scissorhands, which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a "familiar but completely imaginary" suburban setting he had in mind for his books. While the production team used computer-generated imagery where needed, they attempted to avoid this use where possible, such as by using large painted backdrops, by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox, rather than employing green screen filming.[32]

text: Music[edit]

text: In April 2016, Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series.[41] Once the series was released, it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme, as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series, with Handler contributing the lyrics. The original score was composed by James Newton Howard, with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes.[42]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series, including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire's actions.[43] Tippett Studio also did work on the series, including the effects for the destruction of Josephine's house, landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots.[44]

text: Release[edit]

text: All eight episodes of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13, 2017,[15] in Ultra HD 4K.[45] The second season is scheduled to be released in early 2018.[21]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On July 5, 2015 a video titled "An Unfortunate Teaser" was uploaded to YouTube by a user named "Eleanora Poe". Netflix quickly released a statement saying "This was not released from Netflix." Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan-made.[46][47][48][49] However, Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign, noting the user name "Eleanora Poe" being the same as a character from the series, and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies, a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events.[50] The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo, similar to a spec script, by an independent commercial director, whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video's popularity, though they did not go ahead with the concept.[51]

text: In October 2016, Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events, where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket.[15] A trailer, featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris's character, Count Olaf, was released by Netflix in November 2016,[52] followed shortly by the first full trailer.[9] The second trailer was released in December 2016,[53] followed by a "holiday-themed" trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy, which featured four holiday e-cards for download.[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Audience viewership[edit]

text: As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program's sound. According to Symphony, 3.755 million viewers age 18-49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release.[55]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Enjoyably dark, A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material's narrative as well as its tone, leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird, dry, gothic comedy."[56] On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[57]

text: Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating "mature themes like grief, loss, and disappointment with sardonic honesty." Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series, calling it "kids stuff with adult sophistication, driven by two-part stories, outrageous visuals, and the scenery-chewing of big-name guest stars".[58] Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A-, saying that it "proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking". Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for "infusing the show with a lemony-fresh feel, conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies. Lowry wrote that "the show proves a good deal of fun" and that "Harris dives into his over-the-top character with considerable gusto". He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film.[59]

text: Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film, which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf. Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop, the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall-breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books, and Harris's portrayal of Olaf was "much more dynamic, and creepier" than Carrey's version.[60] The Verge's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film, and "nails down the tone that made the stories so special".[61] Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them "the right people for this job, set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time, except to say it is not now", in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film.[62]

text: Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com, on the other hand, gave the series a negative review, calling it "an unfunny parody of sadness" that is "never as clever as it wants to be" and would only appeal to fans of the books.[63] Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals, but found the show's tone, pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be "literally, a series of unfortunate events".[64]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

2017
Leo Awards
Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
Luis Alejandro Guevara, Bob Habros, Cale Jacox, Ron Simonson, Jeffrey De Guzman
Nominated
[65]

Best Make-Up in a Dramatic Series
Rita Ciccozzi, Krista Seller, Tanya Hudson, Gitte Axen
Won

Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series
Julie Mchaffie, Dianne Holme, Jenine Lehfeldt
Won

Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Sara Canning
Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best New Media Television Series
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Nominated
[66]

Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Music Composition for a Series
James Newton Howard
Nominated
[67]

Gold Derby TV Awards
Comedy Actor
Neil Patrick Harris
Nominated
[68]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as "The Bad Beginning", following the title of the book, while the episode itself displays the name of "A Bad Beginning" after the opening credits.[23][24]

tag: ol


document_title: Hypoglossal nerve

question_text: where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull

root

text: Hypoglossal nerve

text: Structure[edit]

text: The hypoglossal nerve arises as a number of small rootlets from the front of the medulla, the bottom part of the brainstem,[1][2] in the preolivary sulcus, which separates the olive and the pyramid.[3] The nerve passes through the subarachnoid space and pierces the dura mater near the hypoglossal canal, an opening in the occipital bone of the skull.[2][4]

tag: p

text: After emerging from the hypoglossal canal, the hypoglossal nerve gives off a meningeal branch and picks up a branch from the anterior ramus of C1. It then travels close to the vagus nerve and spinal division of the accessory nerve,[2] spirals downwards behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath.[4]

text: At a point at the level of the angle of the mandible, the hypoglossal nerve emerges from behind the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.[4] It then loops around a branch of the occipital artery and travels forward into the region beneath the mandible.[4] The hypoglossal nerve moves forward deep to the hyoglossus and stylohyoid muscles and lingual nerve.[5] It continues deep to the genioglossus muscle and continues forward to the tip of the tongue. It distributes branches to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of the tongue innervates as it passes in this direction, and supplies several muscles (hyoglossus, genioglossus and styloglossus) that it passes.[5]

text: The rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve arise from the hypoglossal nucleus near the bottom of the brain stem.[1] The hypoglossal nucleus receives input from both the motor cortices but the contralateral input is dominant; innervation of the tongue is essentially lateralized.[6] Signals from muscle spindles on the tongue travel through the hypoglossal nerve, moving onto the lingual nerve which synapses on the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus.[2]

text:
The hypoglossal nerve emerges as several rootlets (labelled here as number 12) from the olives of the medulla (labelled 13), part of the brainstem.

The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal, which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the foramen magnum.

After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the vagus nerve and then passes behind the deep belly of the digastric muscle.

The hypoglossal nerve then travels deep to the hyoglossus muscle, which it supplies. It then continues on and supplies the genioglossus muscle, and towards the tip of the tongue, where it divides into branches supplying the tongue muscles.

tag: ul

text: Development[edit]

text: The hypoglossal nerve is derived from the first pair of occipital somites, collections of mesoderm that form next to the main axis of an embryo during development.[7] The musculature it supplies develop as the hypoglossal cord from the myotomes of the first four pairs of occipital somites.[8][9] The nerve is first visible as a series of roots in the fourth week of development, which have formed a single nerve and link to the tongue by the fifth week.[7][10]

text: The hypoglossal nucleus is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata.[11][12]

text: Function[edit]

text: The hypoglossal nerve provides motor control of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.[2] These represent all muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus muscle.[2] The hypoglossal nerve is of a general somatic efferent (GSE) type.[2]

text: These muscles are involved in moving and manipulating the tongue.[2] The left and right genioglossus muscles in particular are responsible for protruding the tongue. The muscles, attached to the underside of the top and back parts of the tongue, cause the tongue to protrude and deviate towards the opposite side.[13] The hypoglossal nerve also supplies movements including clearing the mouth of saliva and other involuntary activities. The hypoglossal nucleus interacts with the reticular formation, involved in the control of several reflexive or automatic motions, and several corticonuclear originating fibers supply innervation aiding in unconscious movements relating to speech and articulation.[2]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Damage[edit]

text: Reports of damage to the hypoglossal nerve are rare.[14] The most common causes of injury in one case series were compression by tumours and gunshot wounds.[15] A wide variety of other causes can lead to damage of the nerve. These include surgical damage, medullary stroke, multiple slcerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, infection, sarcoidosis, and presence of an ectatic vessel in the hypoglossal canal.[15][16][17] Damage can be on one or both sides, which will affect symptoms that the damage causes.[2] Because of the close proximity of the nerve to other structures including nerves, arteries, and veins, it is rare for the nerve to be damaged in isolation.[16] For example, damage to the left and right hypoglossal nerves may occur with damage to the facial and trigeminal nerves as a result of damage from a clot following arteriosclerosis of the vertebrobasilar artery. Such a stroke may result in tight oral musculature, and difficulty speaking, eating and chewing.[2]

text: Progressive bulbar palsy, a form of motor neuron disease, is associated with combined lesions of the hypoglossal nucleus and nucleus ambiguus with wasting (atrophy) of the motor nerves of the pons and medulla. This may cause difficulty with tongue movements, speech, chewing and swallowing caused by dysfunction of several cranial nerve nuclei.[2] Motor neuron disease is the most common disease affecting the hypoglossal nerve.[18]

text: Examination[edit]

text: The hypoglossal nerve is tested by examining the tongue and its movements. At rest, if the nerve is injured a tongue may appear to have the appearance of a "bag of worms" (fasciculations) or wasting (atrophy). The nerve is then tested by sticking the tongue out. If there is damage to the nerve or its pathways, the tongue will usually but not always deviate to one side.[6][20] When the nerve is damaged, the tongue may feel "thick", "heavy", or "clumsy." Weakness of tongue muscles can result in slurred speech, affecting sounds particularly dependent on the tongue for generation (i.e., lateral approximants, dental stops, alveolar stops, velar nasals, rhotic consonants etc.).[18] Tongue strength may be tested by poking the tongue against the inside of their cheek, while an examiner feels or presses from the cheek.[6]

text: The hypoglossal nerve carries lower motor neurons that synapse with upper motor neurons at the hypoglossal nucleus. Symptoms related to damage will depend on the position of damage in this pathway. If the damage is to the nerve itself (a lower motor neuron lesion), the tongue will curve toward the damaged side, owing to weakness of the genioglossus muscle of affected side.[20] If the damage is to the nerve pathway (an upper motor neuron lesion) the tongue will curve away from the side of damage, due to action of the affected genioglossus muscle, and will occur without fasciculations or wasting,[20] with speech difficulties more evident.[6] Damage to the hypoglossal nucleus will lead to wasting of muscles of the tongue and deviation towards the affected side when it is stuck out. This is because of the weaker genioglossal muscle.[2]

text: Use in nerve repair[edit]

text: The hypoglossal nerve may be connected (anastamosed) to the facial nerve to attempt to restore function when the facial nerve is damaged. Attempts at repair by either wholly or partially connecting nerve fibres from the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve may be used when there is focal facial nerve damage (for example, from trauma or cancer).[21][22]

text: History[edit]

text: The first recorded description of the hypoglossal nerve was by Herophilos (335–280 BC), although it was not named at the time. The first use of the name hypoglossal in Latin as nervi hypoglossi externa was used by Winslow in 1733. This was followed though by several different namings including nervi indeterminati, par lingual, par gustatorium, great sub-lingual by different authors, and gustatory nerve and lingual nerve (by Winslow). It was listed in 1778 as nerve hypoglossum magnum by Soemmering. It was then named as the great hypoglossal nerve by Cuvier in 1800 as a translation of Winslow and finally named in English by Knox in 1832.[23]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The hypoglossal nerve is one of twelve cranial nerves found in amniotes including reptiles, mammals and birds.[24] As with humans, damage to the nerve or nerve pathway will result in difficulties moving the tongue or lapping water, decreased tongue strength, and generally cause deviation away from the affected side initially, and then to the affected side as contractures develop.[25] The evolutionary origins of the nerve have been explored through studies of the nerve in rodents and reptiles.[26] The nerve is regarded as arising evolutionarily from nerves of the cervical spine,[2] which has been incorporated into a separate nerve over the course of evolution.[26]

text: The size of the hypoglossal nerve, as measured by the size of the hypoglossal canal, has been hypothesised to be associated with the progress of evolution of primates, with reasoning that larger nerves would be associated with improvements in speech associated with evolutionary changes. This hypothesis has been refuted.[27]


document_title: List of cities and towns in Washington

question_text: cities in washington state that start with o

text: List of cities and towns in Washington

text: List of cities[edit]

text:
Skyline of Seattle, Washington's largest city

Skyline of Spokane, Washington's second largest city

Skyline of Tacoma, a satellite city in the Seattle metropolitan area and Washington's third largest city

Skyline of Vancouver, a suburb in the Portland metropolitan area and Washington's fourth largest city

Aerial view of Bellevue, a boomburb in the Seattle metropolitan area and the fifth largest municipality in Washington

Aerial view of Kent, a suburb in the Seattle metropolitan area and the sixth largest municipality in Washington

Downtown Everett, a satellite city in the Seattle metropolitan area and the seventh largest city in Washington

Spokane Valley, a suburb in the Spokane metropolitan area, and Washington's tenth largest city

text: State capital and county seat

text: County seat

text:
Name

Type[3]

County[4]

Population

Land area[5]

2014 estimate[6]

2010 Census[5]

sq mi

km2

Aberdeen

First

Grays Harbor

16,255

16,896

10.65

27.6

Airway Heights

Code

Spokane

6,545

6,114

5.12

13.3

Algona

Code

King

3,133

3,014

1.30

3.4

Anacortes

Code

Skagit

16,232

15,778

11.76

30.5

Arlington

Code

Snohomish

18,808

17,926

9.30

24.1

Asotin

Code

Asotin

1,290

1,251

1.05

2.7

Auburn

Code

KingPierce[Note 1]

76,347

70,180

29.62

76.7

Bainbridge Island

Code

Kitsap

23,293

23,025

27.61

71.5

Battle Ground

Code

Clark

18,930

17,571

7.86

20.4

Bellevue

Code

King

136,426

122,363

33.48

86.7

Bellingham

First

Whatcom

83,365

80,885

27.07

70.1

Benton City

Code

Benton

3,191

3,038

2.43

6.3

Bingen

Code

Klickitat

719

712

0.62

1.6

Black Diamond

Code

King

4,338

4,151

6.56

17.0

Blaine

Code

Whatcom

4,976

4,684

5.63

14.6

Bonney Lake

Code

Pierce

18,809

17,374

7.94

20.6

Bothell

Code

KingSnohomish[Note 1]

36,567

33,505

12.10

31.3

Bremerton

First

Kitsap

38,572

37,729

28.42

73.6

Brewster

Code

Okanogan

2,354

2,370

1.19

3.1

Bridgeport

Code

Douglas

2,434

2,409

1.05

2.7

Brier

Code

Snohomish

6,434

6,087

2.13

5.5

Buckley

Code

Pierce

4,520

4,354

3.87

10.0

Burien

Code

King

50,188

33,313

10.06

26.1

Burlington

Code

Skagit

8,568

8,388

4.25

11.0

Camas

Code

Clark

21,220

19,355

13.74

35.6

Carnation

Code

King

1,853

1,786

1.16

3.0

Cashmere

Code

Chelan

3,137

3,063

1.11

2.9

Castle Rock

Code

Cowlitz

2,140

1,982

1.99

5.2

Centralia

Code

Lewis

16,623

16,336

7.49

19.4

Chehalis

Code

Lewis

7,261

7,259

5.53

14.3

Chelan

Code

Chelan

3,981

3,890

6.36

16.5

Cheney

Code

Spokane

11,420

10,590

4.35

11.3

Chewelah

Code

Stevens

2,602

2,607

2.98

7.7

Clarkston

Code

Asotin

7,359

7,229

2.01

5.2

Cle Elum

Code

Kittitas

1,883

1,872

3.82

9.9

Clyde Hill

Code

King

3,198

2,984

1.06

2.7

Colfax

Second

Whitman

2,828

2,805

3.79

9.8

College Place

Code

Walla Walla

8,997

8,765

2.68

6.9

Colville

Second

Stevens

4,706

4,673

2.97

7.7

Connell

Code

Franklin

5,388

4,209

7.87

20.4

Cosmopolis

Code

Grays Harbor

1,589

1,649

1.33

3.4

Covington

Code

King

19,134

17,575

5.81

15.0

Davenport

Second

Lincoln

1,665

1,734

1.82

4.7

Dayton

Code

Columbia

2,460

2,526

1.43

3.7

Deer Park

Code

Spokane

3,864

3,652

6.89

17.8

Des Moines

Code

King

31,011

29,673

6.50

16.8

DuPont

Code

Pierce

9,313

8,199

5.86

15.2

Duvall

Code

King

7,639

6,695

2.45

6.3

East Wenatchee

Code

Douglas

13,505

13,190

3.80

9.8

Edgewood

Code

Pierce

9,749

9,387

8.41

21.8

Edmonds

Code

Snohomish

40,896

39,709

8.90

23.1

Electric City

Code

Grant

1,018

968

1.98

5.1

Ellensburg

Code

Kittitas

18,774

18,174

7.03

18.2

Elma

Code

Grays Harbor

3,018

3,107

1.89

4.9

Entiat

Code

Chelan

1,154

1,112

2.11

5.5

Enumclaw

Code

KingPierce[Note 1]

11,548

10,669

5.16

13.4

Ephrata

Code

Grant

8,031

7,664

10.09

26.1

Everett

First

Snohomish

106,736

103,019

33.11

85.8

Everson

Code

Whatcom

2,565

2,481

1.31

3.4

Federal Way

Code

King

93,425

89,306

22.27

57.7

Ferndale

Code

Whatcom

12,704

11,415

7.03

18.2

Fife

Code

Pierce

9,550

9,173

5.69

14.7

Fircrest

Code

Pierce

6,658

6,497

1.58

4.1

Forks

Code

Clallam

3,717

3,532

3.91

10.1

George

Code

Grant

505

501

1.33

3.4

Gig Harbor

Code

Pierce

8,375

7,126

5.95

15.4

Gold Bar

Code

Snohomish

2,101

2,075

1.03

2.7

Goldendale

Code

Klickitat

3,428

3,407

2.52

6.5

Grand Coulee

Code

Grant

1,050

988

1.24

3.2

Grandview

Code

Yakima

11,140

10,862

6.23

16.1

Granger

Code

Yakima

3,394

3,246

1.79

4.6

Granite Falls

Code

Snohomish

3,468

3,364

2.19

5.7

Harrington

Code

Lincoln

400

424

0.38

0.98

Hoquiam

Code

Grays Harbor

8,389

8,726

9.08

23.5

Ilwaco

Code

Pacific

905

936

2.10

5.4

Issaquah

Code

King

34,056

30,434

11.41

29.6

Kahlotus

Code

Franklin

191

193

0.47

1.2

Kalama

Code

Cowlitz

2,347

2,344

2.77

7.2

Kelso

Code

Cowlitz

11,788

11,925

8.14

21.1

Kenmore

Code

King

21,839

20,460

6.17

16.0

Kennewick

Code

Benton

77,421

73,917

26.87

69.6

Kent

Code

King

125,560

92,411

33.76

87.4

Kettle Falls

Code

Stevens

1,592

1,595

1.12

2.9

Kirkland

Code

King

85,763

48,787

17.82

46.2

Kittitas

Code

Kittitas

1,417

1,381

0.73

1.9

La Center

Code

Clark

3,099

2,800

2.21

5.7

Lacey

Code

Thurston

45,446

42,393

16.06

41.6

Lake Forest Park

Code

King

13,184

12,598

3.53

9.1

Lake Stevens

Code

Snohomish

30,284

28,069

8.88

23.0

Lakewood

Code

Pierce

59,610

58,163

17.18

44.5

Langley

Code

Island

1,052

1,035

1.08

2.8

Leavenworth

Code

Chelan

1,979

1,965

1.23

3.2

Liberty Lake

Code

Spokane

8,637

7,591

6.14

15.9

Long Beach

Code

Pacific

1,346

1,392

1.35

3.5

Longview

Code

Cowlitz

36,483

36,648

14.54

37.7

Lynden

Code

Whatcom

13,165

11,951

5.26

13.6

Lynnwood

Code

Snohomish

36,687

35,836

7.85

20.3

Mabton

Code

Yakima

2,303

2,286

0.81

2.1

Maple Valley

Code

King

25,125

22,684

5.73

14.8

Marysville

Code

Snohomish

65,087

60,020

20.69

53.6

Mattawa

Code

Grant

4,579

4,437

0.74

1.9

McCleary

Code

Grays Harbor

1,609

1,653

2.05

5.3

Medical Lake

Code

Spokane

4,952

5,060

3.40

8.8

Medina

Code

King

3,188

2,969

1.45

3.8

Mercer Island

Code

King

24,326

22,699

6.32

16.4

Mesa

Code

Franklin

491

489

1.64

4.2

Mill Creek

Code

Snohomish

19,200

18,244

4.66

12.1

Millwood

Code

Spokane

1,776

1,786

0.70

1.8

Milton

Code

PierceKing[Note 1]

7,360

6,968

2.62

6.8

Monroe

Code

Snohomish

17,899

17,304

6.05

15.7

Montesano

Code

Grays Harbor

3,861

3,976

10.58

27.4

Morton

Code

Lewis

1,116

1,126

0.82

2.1

Moses Lake

Code

Grant

21,713

20,366

17.84

46.2

Mossyrock

Code

Lewis

745

759

0.68

1.8

Mount Vernon

Code

Skagit

33,132

31,743

12.24

31.7

Mountlake Terrace

Code

Snohomish

20,817

19,909

4.06

10.5

Moxee

Code

Yakima

3,784

3,308

2.20

5.7

Mukilteo

Code

Snohomish

20,993

20,254

6.34

16.4

Napavine

Code

Lewis

1,778

1,766

2.38

6.2

Newcastle

Code

King

11,201

10,380

4.45

11.5

Newport

Code

Pend Oreille

2,123

2,126

1.35

3.5

Nooksack

Code

Whatcom

1,443

1,338

0.71

1.8

Normandy Park

Code

King

6,615

6,335

2.52

6.5

North Bend

Code

King

6,578

5,731

4.37

11.3

North Bonneville

Code

Skamania

971

956

2.41

6.2

Oak Harbor

Code

Island

22,306

22,075

9.65

25.0

Oakville

Code

Grays Harbor

663

684

0.50

1.3

Ocean Shores

Code

Grays Harbor

5,628

5,569

8.51

22.0

Okanogan

Code

Okanogan

2,571

2,552

1.99

5.2

Olympia

Code

Thurston

49,218

46,478

17.82

46.2

Omak

Code

Okanogan

4,848

4,845

3.46

9.0

Oroville

Code

Okanogan

1,679

1,686

1.64

4.2

Orting

Code

Pierce

7,266

6,746

2.73

7.1

Othello

Code

Adams

7,703

7,364

3.81

9.9

Pacific

Code

KingPierce[Note 1]

7,079

6,606

2.41

6.2

Palouse

Second

Whitman

1,012

998

1.08

2.8

Pasco

Code

Franklin

68,648

59,781

31.46

81.5

Pateros

Code

Okanogan

656

667

0.49

1.3

Pomeroy

Code

Garfield

1,386

1,425

1.78

4.6

Port Angeles

Code

Clallam

19,256

19,038

10.70

27.7

Port Orchard

Second

Kitsap

13,266

11,144

9.68

25.1

Port Townsend

Code

Jefferson

9,255

9,113

6.98

18.1

Poulsbo

Code

Kitsap

9,702

9,200

4.74

12.3

Prescott

Code

Walla Walla

309

318

0.40

1.0

Prosser

Code

Benton

5,802

5,714

4.55

11.8

Pullman

Code

Whitman

31,682

29,799

9.88

25.6

Puyallup

Code

Pierce

39,105

37,022

14.11

36.5

Quincy

Code

Grant

7,355

6,750

4.98

12.9

Rainier

Code

Thurston

1,948

1,794

1.73

4.5

Raymond

Code

Pacific

2,787

2,882

4.06

10.5

Redmond

Code

King

59,285

54,144

16.47

42.7

Renton

Code

King

98,404

90,927

23.37

60.5

Republic

Code

Ferry

1,083

1,073

1.59

4.1

Richland

First

Benton

53,019

48,058

38.56

99.9

Ridgefield

Code

Clark

6,123

4,763

7.08

18.3

Ritzville

Second

Adams

1,671

1,673

1.70

4.4

Rock Island

Code

Douglas

792

788

0.62

1.6

Roslyn

Code

Kittitas

896

893

4.37

11.3

Roy

Code

Pierce

805

793

0.49

1.3

Royal City

Code

Grant

2,217

2,140

1.35

3.5

Ruston

Code

Pierce

791

749

0.26

0.67

Sammamish

Code

King

51,229

45,780

18.41

47.7

SeaTac

Code

King

28,126

26,909

10.03

26.0

Seattle

First

King

668,342

608,660

83.84

217.1

Sedro-Woolley

Code

Skagit

10,764

10,540

3.93

10.2

Selah

Code

Yakima

7,444

7,147

4.51

11.7

Sequim

Code

Clallam

6,737

6,606

6.31

16.3

Shelton

Code

Mason

9,777

9,834

5.76

14.9

Shoreline

Code

King

55,174

53,007

11.67

30.2

Snohomish

Code

Snohomish

9,544

9,098

3.46

9.0

Snoqualmie

Code

King

12,630

10,670

7.22

18.7

Soap Lake

Code

Grant

1,585

1,514

1.30

3.4

South Bend

Code

Pacific

1,594

1,637

1.63

4.2

Spangle

Code

Spokane

288

278

0.36

0.93

Spokane

First

Spokane

212,052

208,916

68.73

178.0

Spokane Valley

Code

Spokane

91,729

89,755

37.71

97.7

Sprague

Code

Lincoln

423

446

0.63

1.6

Stanwood

Code

Snohomish

6,739

6,231

2.82

7.3

Stevenson

Code

Skamania

1,499

1,465

1.65

4.3

Sultan

Code

Snohomish

4,769

4,651

3.15

8.2

Sumas

Code

Whatcom

1,348

1,307

1.48

3.8

Sumner

Code

Pierce

9,677

9,451

7.51

19.5

Sunnyside

Code

Yakima

16,140

15,858

6.63

17.2

Tacoma

First

Pierce

205,159

198,397

49.73

128.8

Tekoa

Second

Whitman

784

778

1.14

3.0

Tenino

Code

Thurston

1,729

1,695

1.44

3.7

Tieton

Code

Yakima

1,247

1,191

0.82

2.1

Toledo

Code

Lewis

721

725

0.40

1.0

Tonasket

Code

Okanogan

1,018

1,032

0.80

2.1

Toppenish

Code

Yakima

8,996

8,949

2.11

5.5

Tukwila

Code

King

19,920

19,107

9.17

23.8

Tumwater

Code

Thurston

18,820

17,371

14.32

37.1

Union Gap

Code

Yakima

6,030

6,047

5.06

13.1

University Place

Code

Pierce

32,282

31,144

8.43

21.8

Vader

Code

Lewis

614

621

0.93

2.4

Vancouver

First

Clark

169,294

161,791

46.78

121.2

Waitsburg

Unclassified

Walla Walla

1,196

1,217

1.12

2.9

Walla Walla

Code

Walla Walla

31,910

31,731

12.80

33.2

Wapato

Second

Yakima

5,051

4,997

1.17

3.0

Warden

Code

Grant

2,749

2,692

2.66

6.9

Washougal

Code

Clark

14,999

14,095

5.47

14.2

Wenatchee

Code

Chelan

33,261

31,925

7.86

20.4

West Richland

Code

Benton

13,351

11,811

21.97

56.9

Westport

Code

Grays Harbor

2,018

2,099

3.68

9.5

White Salmon

Code

Klickitat

2,314

2,224

1.24

3.2

Winlock

Code

Lewis

1,308

1,339

1.29

3.3

Woodinville

Code

King

11,372

10,938

5.60

14.5

Woodland

Code

CowlitzClark[Note 1]

5,708

5,509

4.05

10.5

Woodway

Code

Snohomish

1,351

1,307

1.11

2.9

Yakima

First

Yakima

93,357

91,067

27.63

71.6

Yelm

Code

Thurston

8,223

6,848

5.68

14.7

Zillah

Code

Yakima

3,118

2,964

1.85

4.8

tag: table

text: List of towns[edit]

text: County seat

text:
Name

Type

County[4]

Population(2013 est.)[7]

Population(2010)[5]

Land area[5]

sq mi

km2

Albion

Town

Whitman

574

579

0.36

0.93

Almira

Town

Lincoln

273

284

0.52

1.3

Beaux Arts Village

Town

King

319

299

0.08

0.21

Bucoda

Town

Thurston

567

562

0.57

1.5

Carbonado

Town

Pierce

613

610

0.42

1.1

Cathlamet

Town

Wahkiakum

538

532

0.49

1.3

Colton

Town

Whitman

425

418

0.59

1.5

Conconully

Town

Okanogan

211

210

0.31

0.80

Concrete

Town

Skagit

712

705

1.17

3.0

Coulee City

Town

Grant

570

562

0.90

2.3

Coulee Dam

Town

OkanoganDouglasGrant[Note 1]

1,098

1,098

0.72

1.9

Coupeville

Town

Island

1,849

1,831

1.24

3.2

Creston

Town

Lincoln

221

236

0.41

1.1

Cusick

Town

Pend Oreille

204

207

0.53

1.4

Darrington

Town

Snohomish

1,362

1,347

1.65

4.3

Eatonville

Town

Pierce

2,810

2,758

1.82

4.7

Elmer City

Town

Okanogan

234

238

0.21

0.54

Endicott

Town

Whitman

290

289

0.29

0.75

Fairfield

Town

Spokane

608

612

0.62

1.6

Farmington

Town

Whitman

149

146

0.34

0.88

Friday Harbor

Town

San Juan

2,278

2,162

2.12

5.5

Garfield

Town

Whitman

596

597

0.88

2.3

Hamilton

Town

Skagit

299

301

1.12

2.9

Harrah

Town

Yakima

632

625

0.22

0.57

Hartline

Town

Grant

156

151

0.33

0.85

Hatton

Town

Adams

103

101

0.37

0.96

Hunts Point

Town

King

425

394

0.31

0.80

Index

Town

Snohomish

186

178

0.23

0.60

Ione

Town

Pend Oreille

444

447

0.54

1.4

Krupp

Town

Grant

49

48

0.59

1.5

La Conner

Town

Skagit

908

891

0.41

1.1

LaCrosse

Town

Whitman

316

313

0.78

2.0

Lamont

Town

Whitman

71

70

0.29

0.75

Latah

Town

Spokane

183

183

0.31

0.80

Lind

Town

Adams

572

564

1.07

2.8

Lyman

Town

Skagit

437

438

0.67

1.7

Malden

Town

Whitman

202

203

0.67

1.7

Mansfield

Town

Douglas

330

320

0.31

0.80

Marcus

Town

Stevens

177

183

0.22

0.57

Metaline

Town

Pend Oreille

171

173

0.31

0.80

Metaline Falls

Town

Pend Oreille

238

238

0.21

0.54

Naches

Town

Yakima

801

795

0.69

1.8

Nespelem

Town

Okanogan

224

236

0.19

0.49

Northport

Town

Stevens

291

295

0.58

1.5

Oakesdale

Town

Whitman

429

422

1.04

2.7

Odessa

Town

Lincoln

875

910

0.82

2.1

Pe Ell

Town

Lewis

624

632

0.59

1.5

Reardan

Town

Lincoln

556

571

0.49

1.3

Riverside

Town

Okanogan

275

280

0.97

2.5

Rockford

Town

Spokane

470

470

0.68

1.8

Rosalia

Town

Whitman

556

550

0.62

1.6

St. John

Town

Whitman

542

537

0.64

1.7

Skykomish

Town

King

205

198

0.32

0.83

South Cle Elum

Town

Kittitas

529

532

0.39

1.0

South Prairie

Town

Pierce

435

434

0.39

1.0

Springdale

Town

Stevens

279

285

1.14

3.0

Starbuck

Town

Columbia

125

129

0.21

0.54

Steilacoom

Town

Pierce

6,122

5,985

2.05

5.3

Twisp

Town

Okanogan

939

919

1.18

3.1

Uniontown

Town

Whitman

313

294

0.93

2.4

Vashon

Town

King

11,368

0.93

2.4

Washtucna

Town

Adams

207

208

0.69

1.8

Waterville

Town

Douglas

1,151

1,138

0.87

2.3

Waverly

Town

Spokane

106

106

0.41

1.1

Wilbur

Town

Lincoln

851

884

1.41

3.7

Wilkeson

Town

Pierce

484

477

0.47

1.2

Wilson Creek

Town

Grant

211

205

0.96

2.5

Winthrop

Town

Okanogan

415

394

0.94

2.4

Yacolt

Town

Clark

1,633

1,566

0.50

1.3

Yarrow Point

Town

King

1,046

1,001

0.37

0.96

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The city spans multiple counties. The counties are listed in the order given by GNIS, primary county first.


document_title: Brussels sprout

question_text: where are brussel sprouts grown in the us

text: Brussels sprout

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Although native to the Mediterranean region with other cabbage species, Brussels sprouts first appeared in northern Europe during the fifth century, later being cultivated in the thirteenth century near Brussels from which they derived their name.[1][2] In common names and misspelling, they may also be called brussels sprouts, Brussel sprouts, or brussel sprouts.[2][3]

text: Cultivation[edit]

text: Forerunners to modern Brussels sprouts were likely cultivated in Ancient Rome. Brussels sprouts as they are now known were grown possibly as early as the 13th century in what is now Belgium. The first written reference dates to 1587. During the 16th century, they enjoyed a popularity in the Southern Netherlands that eventually spread throughout the cooler parts of Northern Europe.

text: Brussels sprouts grow in temperature ranges of 7–24 °C (45–75 °F), with highest yields at 15–18 °C (59–64 °F).[2] Fields are ready for harvest 90 to 180 days after planting. The edible sprouts grow like buds in helical patterns along the side of long, thick stalks of about 60 to 120 cm (24 to 47 in) in height, maturing over several weeks from the lower to the upper part of the stalk. Sprouts may be picked by hand into baskets, in which case several harvests are made of five to 15 sprouts at a time, or by cutting the entire stalk at once for processing, or by mechanical harvester, depending on variety. Each stalk can produce 1.1 to 1.4 kg (2.4 to 3.1 lb), although the commercial yield is about 900 g (2.0 lb) per stalk.[2] Harvest season in temperate zones of the northern latitudes is September to March, making Brussels sprout a traditional winter stock vegetable. In the home garden, harvest can be delayed as quality does not suffer from freezing. Sprouts are considered to be sweetest after a frost.[4]

text: Brussels sprouts are a cultivar group of the same species as cabbage, in the same family as collard greens, broccoli, kale, and kohlrabi; they are cruciferous (they belong to the Brassicaceae family; old name Cruciferae). Many cultivars are available, some being purple in color, such as 'Ruby Crunch' or 'Red Bull'.[5] The purple varieties are hybrids between purple cabbage and regular green Brussels sprouts developed by a Dutch botanist in the 1940s, yielding a variety with some of the red cabbage's purple colors and greater sweetness.[6]

text: Europe[edit]

text: In Continental Europe, the largest producers are the Netherlands, at 82,000 metric tons, and Germany, at 10,000 tons. The United Kingdom has production comparable to that of the Netherlands, but it is not generally exported.[7][clarification needed]

text: North America[edit]

text: Production of Brussels sprouts in the United States began in the 18th century, when French settlers brought them to Louisiana.[2] The first plantings in California's Central Coast began in the 1920s, with significant production beginning in the 1940s. Currently, several thousand acres are planted in coastal areas of San Mateo, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties of California, which offer an ideal combination of coastal fog and cool temperatures year-round. The harvest season lasts from June through January.

text: Most American production is in California,[8] with a smaller percentage of the crop grown in Skagit Valley, Washington, where cool springs, mild summers, and rich soil abounds, and to a lesser degree on Long Island, New York.[9] Total American production is approximately 32,000 tons, with a value of $27 million.[2]

text: About 80% to 85% of US production is for the frozen food market, with the remainder for fresh consumption.[9] Once harvested, sprouts last three to five weeks under ideal near-freezing conditions before wilting and discolouring, and about half as long at refrigerator temperature.[2] American varieties are generally 2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in) in diameter.[2]

text: Nutrients, phytochemicals and research[edit]

text: Raw Brussels sprouts contain excellent levels of vitamin C and vitamin K, with more moderate amounts of B vitamins, such as folic acid and vitamin B6 (USDA nutrient table, right); essential minerals and dietary fibre exist in lesser amounts (table).

text: Brussels sprouts, as with broccoli and other brassicas, contain sulforaphane, a phytochemical under basic research for its potential anticancer properties. Although boiling reduces the level of sulforaphane, steaming and stir frying do not result in significant loss.[10]

text: Consuming Brussels sprouts in excess may not be suitable for patients taking anticoagulants such as warfarin since they contain vitamin K, a blood-clotting factor. In one reported incident, eating too many Brussels sprouts precipitated hospitalization for an individual on blood-thinning therapy.[11]

text: Cooking and preparation[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The most common method of preparing Brussels sprouts for cooking begins with cutting the buds off the stalk. Any surplus stem is cut away, and any loose surface leaves are peeled and discarded. Once cut and cleaned, the buds are typically cooked by boiling, steaming, stir frying, grilling, slow cooker, or roasting. To ensure even cooking throughout, buds of a similar size are usually chosen. Some cooks will make a single cut or a cross in the center of the stem to aid the penetration of heat. Brussels sprouts can be pickled as an alternative to cooking.

text: Overcooking will render the buds gray and soft, and they then develop a strong flavor and odor that some dislike.[8] The odor is associated with the glucosinolate sinigrin, an organic compound that contains sulfur: hence the strong smell. For taste, roasting Brussels sprouts is a common way to cook them to bring out flavor.[12] Common toppings or additions for Brussels sprouts include Parmesan cheese and butter, balsamic vinegar, apple cider vinegar, bacon, pistachios, pine nuts, mustard, brown sugar, chestnuts or pepper. Another popular way of cooking Brussels sprouts is to sauté them.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Brussels sprouts on stalks

Brussels Sprouts ready for harvest