document_title: Lincoln (film)

question_text: who played william seward in the movie lincoln

root

text: Lincoln (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In January 1865, President Abraham Lincoln expects the Civil War to end soon, with the defeat of the Confederate States. He is concerned that his 1863 Emancipation Proclamation may be discarded by the courts after the war, and the proposed Thirteenth Amendment will be defeated by the returning slave states. He feels it imperative to pass the amendment beforehand, to remove any possibility that freed slaves might be re-enslaved.

tag: p

text: The Radical Republicans fear the amendment will be defeated by some who wish to delay its passage; support from Republicans in the border states is not yet assured. The amendment also requires the support of several Democratic congressmen to pass. With dozens of Democrats being lame ducks after losing their re-election campaigns in the fall of 1864, some of Lincoln's advisors believe he should wait for a new Republican-heavy Congress. Lincoln remains adamant about having the amendment in place before the war is concluded and the southern states readmitted.

text: Lincoln's hopes rely upon the support of Francis Preston Blair, a founder of the Republican Party whose influence could win over members of the western and border state conservative faction. With Union victory in the Civil War highly likely, but not yet secured, and with two sons serving in the Union Army, Blair is keen to end hostilities. Therefore, in return for his support, Blair insists that Lincoln allow him immediately to engage the Confederate government in peace negotiations. Yet Lincoln knows that significant support for the amendment comes from Radical Republicans, for whom negotiated peace is unacceptable. Unable to proceed without Blair's support, Lincoln reluctantly authorizes Blair's mission.

text: In the meantime, Lincoln and Secretary of State William Seward work to secure Democratic votes for the amendment. Lincoln suggests they concentrate on the lame duck Democrats, as they will feel freer to vote as they choose, and will also soon need employment; Lincoln will have many federal jobs to fill as he begins his second term. Though Lincoln and Seward are unwilling to offer monetary bribes to the Democrats, they authorize agents to contact Democratic congressmen with offers of federal jobs in exchange for their support.

text: At a key moment in the debate, racial-equality advocate Thaddeus Stevens agrees to moderate his position and argue that the amendment represents only legal equality, not a declaration of actual equality. Meanwhile, Confederate envoys are ready to meet with Lincoln to discuss terms for peace, but he instructs they be kept out of Washington, as the amendment approaches a vote on the House floor. Rumor of their mission circulates, prompting both Democrats and conservative Republicans to advocate postponing the vote. But in a carefully worded statement, Lincoln denies there are envoys in Washington, and the vote proceeds, passing by a margin of just two votes. Black visitors to the gallery celebrate, and Stevens returns home to his "housekeeper" and lover, a black woman.

text: When Lincoln meets with the Confederates, he tells them slavery cannot be restored, as the North is united for ratification of the amendment, and several of the southern states' reconstructed legislatures would also vote to ratify. On April 3, Lincoln visits the battlefield at Petersburg, Virginia, where he exchanges a few words with Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. Six days later, Grant receives General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.

text: On April 14, Lincoln is meeting members of his cabinet to discuss future measures to enfranchise blacks, when he is reminded that First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln is waiting to take them to their evening at Ford's Theatre. That night, while Lincoln's son Tad is watching Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp at Grover's Theatre, the manager suddenly stops the play to announce that the President has been shot. The next morning Lincoln dies; Secretary of War Edwin Stanton declares, "Now he belongs to the ages".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln[11]

His performance earned Day-Lewis his third Academy Award for Best Actor, making him the only actor who has won three Oscars in the leading actor category.

Sally Field as First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln[12]

Her performance earned Field a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Gloria Reuben[13] as Elizabeth Keckley, a former slave who was dressmaker and confidante to Mary Todd Lincoln.
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Robert Todd Lincoln[14]

Robert Lincoln had recently left his studies at Harvard Law School and was newly named a Union Army captain and personal attendant to General Grant. He returned to the White House on April 14, 1865 to visit his family. His father was assassinated that night.[15]

Gulliver McGrath as Tad Lincoln[16]
Stephen Henderson as Lincoln's valet William Slade[17]
Elizabeth Marvel as Mrs. Jolly[17]

tag: ul

text:
Adam Driver as Lincoln's telegraph operator, historically Grant's operator, Samuel Beckwith[17]
Jared Harris as Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant[17]
Asa-Luke Twocrow as Lieutenant Colonel Ely S. Parker, a Native American Military Secretary to Grant and drafter of the terms of the Confederate Army's surrender at Appomattox Court House[18]
Colman Domingo as Private Harold Green[17]
David Oyelowo as Corporal Ira Clark[19]
Lukas Haas as First White Soldier[17]
Dane DeHaan as Second White Soldier[17]

text:
David Strathairn as Secretary of State William H. Seward[20]
Bruce McGill as Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton[21]
Joseph Cross as Major John Hay, Lincoln's military secretary
Jeremy Strong as John George Nicolay, Lincoln's private secretary[13][17]
Grainger Hines as Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles[22]
Richard Topol as Attorney General James Speed[17]
Dakin Matthews as Secretary of the Interior John Palmer Usher[13][17]
Walt Smith as Secretary of the Treasury William P. Fessenden[22]
James Ike Eichling as Postmaster General William Dennison[22]

text:
Tommy Lee Jones as Republican Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania.[14]

A leader of the Radical Republicans and a fervent abolitionist, Stevens feared that Lincoln would "turn his back on emancipation."[15] Jones' performance as Stevens earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Lee Pace as Democratic Congressman Fernando Wood of New York
Peter McRobbie as Democratic Congressman George H. Pendleton of Ohio, leader of the Democratic opposition
Bill Raymond as Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, a Republican
David Costabile as Republican Congressman James Ashley of Ohio[13]
Stephen Spinella as radical Republican Congressman Asa Vintner Litton[17]
Michael Stuhlbarg as Democratic Congressman George Yeaman of Kentucky[17]
Boris McGiver as Democratic Congressman Alexander Coffroth of Pennsylvania[13]
Walton Goggins as Democratic Congressman Clay Hawkins of Ohio.[23]
David Warshofsky as Congressman William Hutton, whose brother died in the war[13]
Michael Stanton Kennedy as Republican Congressman Hiram Price of Iowa
Raynor Scheine as Republican Congressman Josiah S. 'Beanpole' Burton of Missouri.
Christopher Evan Welch as Clerk of the House Edward McPherson

text:
Hal Holbrook as Francis Preston Blair[13]

Blair was an influential Republican politician who tried to arrange a peace agreement between the Union and the Confederacy. Holbrook had previously portrayed Lincoln in the 1976 mini-series Carl Sandburg's Lincoln and in the 1980s North and South mini-series.[17]

James Spader as Republican Party operative William N. Bilbo

Bilbo had been imprisoned but was freed by Lincoln, and then lobbied for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.[13]

Tim Blake Nelson[24] as lobbyist Richard Schell. (Schell was a Democratic lobbyist who worked with Republicans to obtain votes in the House for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.)
John Hawkes as Republican operative[13] Colonel Robert Latham
Byron Jennings[13] as Conservative Republican Montgomery Blair, son of Francis Preston Blair[17]
Julie White as Elizabeth Blair Lee: Lee was the daughter of Francis Preston Blair, and wrote hundreds of letters documenting events during the Civil War[17]
S. Epatha Merkerson as Lydia Smith: Smith was Thaddeus Stevens' biracial housekeeper.[17]
Wayne Duvall as Radical Republican Senator Benjamin "Bluff Ben" Wade
John Hutton as Senator Charles Sumner[22]

text:
Jackie Earle Haley as Confederate States Vice President Alexander H. Stephens[25]

Stephens had served with Lincoln in Congress from 1847 to 1849. He met with Abraham Lincoln on the steamboat River Queen at the unsuccessful Hampton Roads Conference on February 3, 1865

Gregory Itzin as John Archibald Campbell[17]

Campbell was a former Supreme Court Justice who had resigned at the start of war and then served as Assistant Secretary of War in the Confederate government. He was also a member of the Confederate delegation that met with Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Conference.

Michael Shiflett as the third Confederate delegate to Hampton Roads, Senate President Robert M. T. Hunter
Christopher Boyer (non-speaking role) as Robert E. Lee

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: While consulting on a Steven Spielberg project in 1999, Goodwin told Spielberg she was planning to write Team of Rivals, and Spielberg immediately told her he wanted the film rights.[26] DreamWorks finalized the deal in 2001,[27] and by the end of the year, John Logan signed on to write the script.[28] His draft focused on Lincoln's friendship with Frederick Douglass.[29] Playwright Paul Webb was hired to rewrite and filming was set to begin in January 2006,[27] but Spielberg delayed it out of dissatisfaction with the script.[30] Liam Neeson said Webb's draft covered the entirety of Lincoln's term as President.[31]

text: Tony Kushner replaced Webb. Kushner considered Lincoln "the greatest democratic leader in the world" and found the writing assignment daunting because "I have no idea [what made him great]; I don't understand what he did any more than I understand how William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet or Mozart wrote Così fan tutte." Kushner said Lincoln's abolitionist ideals made him appealing to a Jewish writer, and although he felt Lincoln was Christian, he noted the president rarely quoted the New Testament and that his "thinking and his ethical deliberation seem very talmudic".[32] By late 2008, Kushner joked he was on his "967,000th book about Abraham Lincoln".[33] Kushner's initial 500-page draft focused on four months in the life of Lincoln, and by February 2009 he had rewritten it to focus on two months in Lincoln's life when he was preoccupied with adopting the Thirteenth Amendment.[31]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Spielberg first approached Daniel Day-Lewis about the project in 2003, but Day-Lewis turned down the part at the time, believing the idea of himself playing Lincoln to be "preposterous".[34] Liam Neeson was then cast as Lincoln in January 2005, having previously worked with Spielberg in Schindler's List.[27] In preparation for the role, Neeson studied Lincoln extensively.[35] However, in July 2010, Neeson left the project, saying that he had grown too old for the part. Neeson was 58 at the time, and Lincoln, during the time period depicted, was 55 and 56.[36] In an interview with GQ Neeson stated that he realized during a table read that the part was not right for him in "a thunderbolt moment" and after the read requested that Spielberg recast his role.[37] Co-star Sally Field, in a 2012 PBS interview, intimated that Neeson's decision was influenced by the death of his wife Natasha Richardson less than a year earlier.[38][39] In November 2010, it was announced that Day-Lewis would replace Neeson in the role.[40]

text: While promoting Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in May 2008, Spielberg announced his intention to start filming in early 2009,[41] for release in November, ten months after the 200th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.[26] In January 2009, Taunton and Dighton, Massachusetts were being scouted as potential locations.[42] Spielberg arranged a $50 million budget for the film, to please Paramount Pictures CEO Brad Grey, who had previously delayed the project over concerns it was too similar to Spielberg's commercially unsuccessful Amistad (1997). Spielberg had wanted Touchstone Pictures – which agreed to distribute all his films from 2010 – to distribute the film, but he was unable to afford paying off Paramount, which had collaborated with DreamWorks on the film's development.[43]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming took place in Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Petersburg, Virginia. In reference to Petersburg, according to location manager Colleen Gibbons, "one thing that attracted the filmmakers to the city was the 180-degree vista of historic structures" which is "very rare".[44]

text: The Virginia State Capitol served as the exteriors and interiors of the U.S Capitol, and the exteriors of the White House. The House of Delegates inside the building was remodeled to fit for The House of Representatives Chamber set. Scenes representing Grovers Theatre were filmed in Fredericksburg, Virginia, at Virginia Repertory Theatre's November Theatre.[45]

text: Music[edit]

text: John Williams composed and conducted the score. The score was recorded by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Chorus.[46][47] The soundtrack album was released by Sony Classical on November 6, 2012.

text:
Lincoln: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score by John Williams

Released
November 6, 2012 (2012-11-06)

Recorded
2012

Studio
Symphony Center, Chicago

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
58:46

Label
Sony Classical

Producer
John Williams

text: All music was composed by Williams, except "Battle Cry of Freedom," which was written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root (1820–1895) during the American Civil War.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"The People's House"
3:43

2.
"The Purpose of the Amendment"
3:07

3.
"Getting Out the Vote"
2:49

4.
"The American Process"
3:57

5.
"The Blue and Grey"
3:00

6.
""With Malice Toward None""
1:51

7.
"Call to Muster, and Battle Cry of Freedom"
2:17

8.
"The Southern Delegation, and the Dream"
4:43

9.
"Father and Son"
1:42

10.
"The Race to the House"
2:42

11.
"Equality under the Law"
3:12

12.
"Freedom's Call"
6:08

13.
"Elegy"
2:35

14.
"Remembering Willie"
1:51

15.
"Appomattox, April 9, 1865"
2:38

16.
"The Peterson House, and Finale"
11:00

17.
""With Malice Toward None" (Piano Solo)"
1:31

Total length:
58:46

text: Release[edit]

text: Lincoln held its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on October 8, 2012.[48] The film was also screened at the 2012 AFI Film Festival on November 8, 2012.[49] Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed the film in North America through the Touchstone Pictures banner, while 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories.[9] Disney Publishing Worldwide released several companion books and ancillary literature in anticipation of the film, including Lincoln: A Cinematic and Historical Companion and Lincoln: A Spielberg Film – Discover the Story.[50] DreamWorks and Google Play released the film's trailer during a Google+ hangout with Spielberg and Joseph Gordon-Levitt on September 13, 2012.[51] Then, on September 10, 2012, a teaser for the trailer was released.[52]

text: Lincoln was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download in North America on March 26, 2013.[53] The film debuted at No. 1 in Blu-ray and DVD sales in its first week of release.[54] Disney Educational Productions donated DVD copies of the film and a teaching guide titled Stand Tall: Live Like Lincoln to more than 37,100 secondary schools in the United States, after Spielberg received letters from educators requesting to incorporate the film into their curriculum.[55][56][57]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Lincoln earned $182,207,973 in North America from 2,293 theaters and $93,085,477 overseas for a total of $275,293,450, well exceeding its $65 million budget. The film had a limited opening in 11 theaters with $944,308 and an average of $85,846 per theater. It opened at the #15 rank, becoming the highest opening of a film with such a limited release. The film opened in 1,175 theaters with $21,049,406 and an average of $11,859 per theater.[4] Due to the widespread success of Lincoln, Disney produced additional prints of the film to accommodate theater demand.[58]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Lincoln received worldwide critical acclaim. The cast was notably lauded, especially Day-Lewis, Field, and Jones. The film currently holds a 90% approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 263 reviews with an average rating of 8/10,[59] with the critical consensus "Daniel Day-Lewis characteristically delivers in this witty, dignified portrait that immerses the audience in its world and entertains even as it informs." On Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 86 (out of 100) based on 44 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim", thus making it Spielberg's highest rated film on the site since Saving Private Ryan.[60]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars and said, "The hallmark of the man, performed so powerfully by Daniel Day-Lewis in Lincoln, is calm self-confidence, patience and a willingness to play politics in a realistic way."[61] Glenn Kenny of MSN Movies gave it 5 out of 5 stars stating, "It's the most remarkable movie Steven Spielberg has made in quite a spell, and one of the things that makes it remarkable is how it fulfills those expectations by simultaneously ignoring and transcending them."[62]

text: Colin Covert of the Star Tribune wrote, "Lincoln is one of those rare projects where a great director, a great actor and a great writer amplify one another's gifts. The team of Steven Spielberg, Daniel Day-Lewis and Tony Kushner has brought forth a triumphant piece of historical journalism, a profound work of popular art and a rich examination of one of our darkest epochs."[63] It was praised by Charlie McCollum of the San Jose Mercury News as "one of the finest historical dramas ever committed to film."[64] Despite mostly positive reviews, Rex Reed of The New York Observer stated, "In all, there's too much material, too little revelation and almost nothing of Spielberg's reliable cinematic flair." However, the reviews have been unanimous in their praise of Day-Lewis's performance as Abraham Lincoln. A. O. Scott from The New York Times stated the film "is finally a movie about how difficult and costly it has been for the United States to recognize the full and equal humanity of black people" and concluded that the movie was "a rough and noble democratic masterpiece".[65]

text: Scott also stated that Lincoln's concern about his wife's emotional instability and "the strains of a wartime presidency... produce a portrait that is intimate but also decorous, drawn with extraordinary sensitivity and insight and focused, above all, on Lincoln's character as a politician. This is, in other words, less a biopic than a political thriller, a civics lesson that is energetically staged and alive with moral energy."[65]

text: Lebanese film critic Anis Tabet gave the film a positive review, giving it a 3.5/4 rating.[66]

text: As reported in the Maariv newspaper, on February 3, 2013, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and his ministers discussed Spielberg's film, which several of them saw in Israeli cinemas. They debated whether the end of abolishing slavery justified the means used by Lincoln, and also compared Lincoln's predicament with their own complicated situation in the confused aftermath of the 2013 Israeli elections.[67]

text: The review by The Daily Mail suggested: "The sad truth is that Spielberg and his writer Tony Kushner are offering a phoney, sanitised version of Lincoln."[68]

text: Historian response[edit]

text: Eric Foner (Columbia University), a Pulitzer Prize–winning historian of the period, claimed in a letter to The New York Times that "The film grossly exaggerates the possibility that by January 1865 the war might have ended with slavery still intact." He also noted, "The 13th Amendment originated not with Lincoln but with a petition campaign early in 1864 organized by the Women’s National Loyal League, an organization of abolitionist feminists headed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton."[69] Kate Masur (Northwestern University) accuses the film of oversimplifying the role of blacks in abolition and dismissed the effort as "an opportunity squandered" in an op-ed for The New York Times.[70] Harold Holzer, co-chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation and author of more than 40 books, served as a consultant to the film and praised it, but also observed that there is "no shortage of small historical bloopers in the movie" in a piece for The Daily Beast. Holzer states, "As for the Spielberg movie’s opening scene, ... it is almost inconceivable that any uniformed soldier of the day (or civilians, for that matter) would have memorized a speech that, however ingrained in modern memory, did not achieve any semblance of a national reputation until the 20th century." [71]

text: Barry Bradford, a member of the Organization of American Historians, offers an analysis of some of the finer historical points of the film's representation of clothing, relationships and appearance.[72] Allen Guelzo (Gettysburg College), also writing for The Daily Beast, had some plot criticism, but disagreed with Holzer, arguing that, "The pains that have been taken in the name of historical authenticity in this movie are worth hailing just on their own terms".[73] In a later interview with the World Socialist Web Site Guelzo claimed that "the film was 90 percent on the mark, which given the way Hollywood usually does history is saying something".[74] David Stewart, independent historical author, writing for History News Network, described Spielberg's work as "reasonably solid history", and told readers of HNN to "go see it with a clear conscience".[75] Lincoln biographer Ronald White also admired the film, though he noted a few mistakes and pointed out in an interview with NPR, "Is every word true? No."[76]

text: Historian Joshua M. Zeitz, writing in The Atlantic, noted some minor mistakes, but concluded "Lincoln is not a perfect film, but it is an important film".[77] Following a screening during the film's opening weekend, the Minnesota Civil War Commemoration Task Force held a panel discussion in which Dr. David Woodard of Concordia University remarked, "I always look at these films to see if a regular person who wasn't a 'Lincoln nut' would want to read a book about it after they watched the movie. I get the impression that most people who are not history buffs will now want to read something about Lincoln."[78]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Top ten lists[edit]

text: Lincoln was listed on many critics' top ten lists.[79]

text:
1st – David Denby, The New Yorker (tied with Zero Dark Thirty)
1st – Owen Gleiberman, Entertainment Weekly
1st – Stephen Holden, The New York Times
1st – Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle
2nd – Lisa Schwarzbaum, Entertainment Weekly
2nd – David Edelstein, New York
2nd – Betsy Sharkey, Los Angeles Times (tied with Django Unchained)
2nd – Christopher Orr, The Atlantic
2nd – Michael Phillips, Chicago Tribune
2nd – Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post
2nd – Huffington Post
2nd – A.O. Scott, The New York Times
3rd – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
3rd – Mike Scott, The Times-Picayune
3rd – James Berardinelli, Reelviews
3rd – Mary Pols, Time
3rd – Dana Stevens, Slate
4th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
4th – Rene Rodriguez, Miami Herald
4th – Bill Goodykoontz, Arizona Republic
4th – Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York
4th – Alison Willmore, The A.V. Club
4th – Steven Rea, Philadelphia Inquirer
5th – Anne Thompson, Indiewire
5th – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News
6th – Ty Burr, Boston Globe
6th – David Fear, Time Out New York
6th – Kristopher Tapley, HitFix
6th – Jake Coyle, Associated Press
6th – Andrew O'Hehir, Salon.com
7th – Glenn Kenny, MSN Movies
8th – David Germain, Associated Press
8th – Lisa Kennedy, Denver Post
10th – Melissa Anderson, Village Voice
10th – Richard Roeper, Chicago Sun-Times
Best of 2014 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times
Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Bob Mondello, NPR
Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Claudia Puig, USA Today
Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Joe Morgenstern, The Wall Street Journal


document_title: Aneta Corsaut

question_text: what happened to helen from andy griffith show

text: Aneta Corsaut

text: Early life and career[edit]

text: Born in Hutchinson, Kansas,[1] Corsaut was the daughter of Jesse Harrison and Opal J. (née Swarens) Corsaut. She majored in drama at Northwestern University and studied acting with Lee Strasberg.[2] During her junior year, Corsaut dropped out to pursue a career in acting, although during the run of The Andy Griffith Show, Corsaut took courses at UCLA with plans to earn her degree.[3]

text: She began her acting career in New York City in the mid-1950s.[4] In 1958, Corsaut and Steve McQueen made their film debuts in the independent cult horror film, The Blob.[5]

text: Corsaut first appeared on the long-running Griffith show in 1963 as schoolteacher Helen Crump, who later became the Mayberry sheriff's wife on the first episode of the spinoff Mayberry R.F.D.. Corsaut also had a continuing role as policeman Bumper Morgan's pawn-shop-owner friend on the series The Blue Knight and as Irma Howell in the short-lived series Mrs. G. Goes to College. [4] In the TV series Adam-12, Corsaut portrayed Officer Pete Malloy's girlfriend, Judy. She had a supporting role as Head Nurse Bradley in the 1980s sitcom House Calls, and also appeared in several episodes of Matlock with star Andy Griffith.[6] In addition, Corsaut played the role of nurse Jesse Brewer in 1977 on the long-running ABC soap opera General Hospital when long-time portrayer Emily McLaughlin was too ill to work.[7]

text: She returned to the role of Helen Crump in the reunion shows Return to Mayberry in 1986 and The Andy Griffith Show Reunion in 1993.[4]

text: As a writer, she coauthored The Mystery Reader's Quiz Book.[4][8]

text: Personal life and death[edit]

text: Corsaut never married or had any children.

text: On November 6, 1995, Corsaut died of cancer in Studio City, Los Angeles, California, just three days after her 62nd birthday.[1][4] She was interred at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, Los Angeles.[9]

text: Aneta Corsaut and Andy Griffith had an affair while working together on The Andy Griffith Show, according to the book Andy & Don: The Making of a Friendship and a Classic American TV Show. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015. ISBN 1476747733, written by Daniel de Visé.

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1958

The Blob

Jane Martin

1964

Good Neighbor Sam

Fran

1965

A Rage to Live

Mary

1974

Blazing Saddles

Tourist Mother

1978

The Toolbox Murders

Joanne Ballard

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1955

Producers' Showcase

"The Fourposter"

1955

Robert Montgomery Presents

"Man Lost"

1959

Black Saddle

Mary Warren

"Client: Peter Warren"

1960

Unsolved

Gloria

TV film

1960

Johnny Ringo

Lettie Frome

"Black Harvest"

1960

Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater

Amy

"Ransom"

1960

Guestward, Ho!

Mrs. Bennet

"Bab's Mother"

1960

The Detectives

Ruth Shaley

"Longshot"

1960

Death Valley Days

Lydia Starkweather

"Cap'n Pegleg"

1960

The Law and Mr. Jones

Berger's Daughter

"No Sale"

1961

The Law and Mr. Jones

Mary Clover

"One for the Money"

1961

Hennesey

Mrs. Vaughn

"The Specialist"

1961

Hong Kong

Jeannie

"Lady Godiva"

1961

Harrigan and Son

Susan Fenton

"The Man Who Wouldn't Stay Dead"

1961–62

Mrs. G. Goes to College

Irma Howell

Regular role

1962

The Detectives

Mae Banks

"The Fourth Commandment"

1962

Death Valley Days

Emilie Reed

"Suzie"

1962

Saints and Sinners

Ellie

"A Shame for the Diamond Wedding"

1963

Bonanza

Rebecca Kaufman

"The Way of Aaron"

1963

The Real McCoys

Karen

"The McCoy Hex"

1963–1968

The Andy Griffith Show

Helen Crump

Recurring role

1964

The Eleventh Hour

Marian

"The Secret in the Stone"

1965

Ben Casey

Hanna Berger

"Where Does the Boomerang Go?"

1965

Death Valley Days

Kathy McLennan / Sarah Howard / Emma Donaldson

"Paid in Full", "Dry Water Sailors", "The Red Shawl"

1965

The Farmer's Daughter

Alice

"Katy by Moonlight"

1965

Valentine's Day

Lydia Newman

"I'll Cry at My Wedding"

1965

Gunsmoke

Eleanor Starkey

"Twenty Miles from Dodge"

1967

Gunsmoke

Sister Ruth

"Ladies from St. Louis"

1968–69

Mayberry R.F.D.

Helen Crump Taylor

"Andy and Helen Get Married", "Andy's Baby"

1970

Me and Benjie

TV film

1970

Nanny and the Professor

Dr. Neilson

"My Son, the Sitter"

1973

Marcus Welby, M.D.

Jenny Bailey

"Gemini Descending"

1973

Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law

Ethel Palmer

"Why Is a Crooked Letter"

1973

Columbo

Nurse Morgan

"A Stitch in Crime"

1974

Bad Ronald

Mrs. Matthews

TV film

1974

Emergency!

Helena Hartley

"Propinquity", "Inventions"

1975

Emergency!

Sheila

"Simple Adjustment"

1975

McMillan & Wife

Hotel Desk Clerk

"Love, Honor and Swindle"

1975

Adam-12

Judy

"Ladies' Night", "Something Worth Dying For: Part 2"

1975

The Blue Knight

Vera

"Triple Threat"

1976

Rich Man, Poor Man

Miss Erdlatz

"Part I: Chapters 1 & 2"

1976

Marcus Welby, M.D.

Brenda Tillerman

"The Highest Mountain"

1979

The Runaways

Shirley Grady

"Street of Terror: Part 2"

1980–81

House Calls

Head Nurse Bradley

Recurring role

1983

Hart to Hart

Dorothy Smith

"Pandora Has Wings"

1984

Days of Our Lives

Blanche Dailey

TV series

1986

Hotel

Mrs. Weaver

"Hearts Divided"

1986

Return to Mayberry

Helen Crump Taylor

TV film

1987

Matlock

Mrs. Ida Stillman

"The Network"

1990

Matlock

Sarah Richards

"The Mother"

1991–92

Matlock

Judge Cynthia Justin

Recurring role


document_title: All Eyez on Me (film)

question_text: who plays the mom in all eyez on me

question_tokens: who plays the mom in all eyez on me

text: All Eyez on Me (film)

text: Plot

text: At the Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995, a documentary filmmaker shows up with his crew and equipment to sit down with Tupac Shakur.

text: In 1971, Tupac's mother, Afeni Shakur, is released from prison along with her fellow Black Panther Party following her acquittal of several charges. She is pregnant with Tupac and voices her complaints to a reporter over the unfair treatment of black individuals in the country from not only society, but the system sworn to protect its citizens.

text: From an early age, Tupac is taught about black pride, and is witness to multiple injustices in his neighborhood. His stepfather, Mutulu, is a revolutionary who has influenced Afeni, who in turn influences her son and Tupac's sister Set. Mutulu is wanted by the FBI for a robbery of an armored truck, and the murder of two officers and a guard. FBI agents follow Afeni and her children. Mutulu is eventually caught during a raid when cops burst into the Shakurs' apartment, with cops violently pinning Tupac and his sister to the ground.

text: As Tupac gets older, he distances himself more and more from his mother's ideals and behavior. He attends the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he becomes close friends with Jada Pinkett.

text: Tupac's music career begins when he joins Digital Underground for their hit "Same Song". Under his manager, Leila Steinberg, he begins to have hip-hop albums produced. Although his music becomes popular, he gets into hot water with record producers for songs like "Brenda's Got a Baby", which is about a young girl who is raped by her cousin, has a baby on the bathroom floor, turns to prostitution and selling drugs for money, and how she is ultimately murdered on the streets. Tupac argues that the song comes from real stories in the streets of the impoverished and how nobody is willing to help people like the subject of the song.

text: Tupac also begins acting in movies such as Juice, as well as collaborating with other artists like Biggie Smalls, both performing to excited crowds at venues. He generates as much praise as he does controversy in what he does outside of music, such as donating money to poor black citizens.

text: Outside of his performances, Tupac has run-ins with officers when he is caught jaywalking, and is beaten by two officers. On another occasion, he and one of his friends catch two white men assaulting a black man. When they try to intervene, one man pulls a gun on Tupac. He goes back to his limo and gets his own gun. It soon reveals that the two men were off-duty cops, and Tupac is arrested for shooting at them.

text: Tupac becomes involved with a dealer named Nigel, and they do business together in music. When things go awry, Tupac and Nigel have a quarrel. Nigel's guys want to retaliate against Tupac, but Nigel says that nobody touches Tupac unless he says so. The other guys appear to go against Nigel's orders.

text: In 1993, Tupac meets a young woman named Briana, and she is with Tupac along with other men in a hotel room one night. Briana barges into his room hours later crying and screaming, indicating that the other men raped her. Tupac is later on trial for rape and harassment charges.

text: On November 30, 1994, Tupac is attacked by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios. Tupac is shot five times before the men flee. Biggie and other guys in Tupac's entourage rush to him before he is taken to the hospital. When Biggie tries to visit Tupac, he is turned down for not being a family member. Tupac checks himself out of the hospital early against doctors' orders.

text: The following day, Tupac's sentence is declared in his trial. He is found not guilty of rape, but is found guilty of illegal touching, and is thus sentenced to eighteen months in prison.

text: While in prison, Tupac hears Biggie's song "Who Shot Ya?", and interprets it as a diss track bragging about Biggie's alleged involvement in his shooting. Tupac encounters Mutulu in there, who encourages him to work after he gets out. Mutulu later murders another inmate by stabbing him to death. Tupac is also assaulted by two guards while in prison.

text: Following his release, Tupac signs to Death Row Records under Suge Knight, who also collaborates with other artists, like Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg. Tupac and Dre work on the hit song "California Love". He releases the track "Hit Em Up" as a response to "Who Shot Ya?" in which Tupac brags about supposedly having an affair with Biggie's wife Faith Evans.

text: In Tupac's final months, he decides to part ways with Death Row Records to start his own company to produce more music, movies, and TV shows. Suge reminds Tupac that he is still in debt from other business dealings. Later, however, Suge offers Tupac a chance to become partners, with Suge taking over the West Coast part of Death Row, and Tupac taking over the East Coast. Tupac agrees to it.

text: On September 7, 1996, Tupac, Suge, and the rest of their group are leaving the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon boxing match at the MGM Grand Las Vegas. One of the Death Row guys alerts Tupac and Suge to a gang member that jumped him and stole his chain. Tupac and company confront the gang member, and Tupac attacks him, knocking him to the ground. Suge and his guys start assaulting the man as Tupac is pulled off of him. Tupac stops by his hotel to change his clothes. He tells Kidada about the situation. She tries to go with him, but Tupac assures her he will only be gone for an hour.

text: Tupac and Suge drive from the hotel with the rest of his guys following them. At the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane, a Cadillac pulls alongside Tupac's BMW and Tupac is shot multiple times before the Cadillac flees the scene.

text: The ending text states that six days later, Tupac was pronounced dead. To this day, his murder remains unsolved. By the age of 25, he released 15 albums, seven posthumous albums, 713 songs, and seven movies.

text: Cast

text:
Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Tupac Shakur[5][6]
Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur,[7] Tupac’s mother, a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party.
Lauren Cohan as Leila Steinberg,[8] Tupac’s mentor.
Jamie Hector as Mutulu Shakur,[9] Tupac’s stepfather.
Annie Ilonzeh as Kidada Jones,[10] engaged to Tupac at the time of his death.
Jamal Woolard as The Notorious B.I.G.,[5][6] Tupac’s former friend turned rival.
Kat Graham as Jada Pinkett,[11] a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts.
Dominic L. Santana as Suge Knight,[12] a record producer.
Grace Gibson as Faith Evans,[13] Biggie Smalls’s wife and singer.
Lian Amado as Angie Martinez, radio personality, rapper, and actress.
Stefon Washington as Puff Daddy
Chris Clarke as Shock G[14][15] the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground.
Money-B as himself,[16] member of Digital Underground.
Clifton Powell as Floyd,[17] inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility.
Johnell Young as Ray Luv,[17] Tupac’s friend.
Jermel Howard as Mopreme Shakur
Azad Arnaud as Daz Dillinger
Jarrett Ellis as Snoop Dogg[18]
Keith Robinson as Atron Gregory,[19] TNT Records founder.
Rayan Lawrence as Treach[20]
James Hatter III as Yaki Kadafi
Jermaine Carter as Hussein Fatal
E.D.I. Mean as himself
Young Noble as himself
DeRay Davis as Legs
Harold House Moore as Dr. Dre
Hill Harper as Journalist[21]
Cory Hardrict as Nigel aka Haitian Jack[22]
Phil Armijo as Johnny "J"

text: Production

text: Development

text: On February 10, 2011, it was announced that Morgan Creek Productions had developed and would finance and produce the rap legend Tupac Amaru Shakur's biopic titled Tupac, which would follow his life from growing up to his death.[23] Antoine Fuqua was attached as the director of the film, and the script was from Steven Bagatourian, Stephen J. Rivele, and Christopher Wilkinson.[23] James G. Robinson and David C. Robinson would produce the film along with Program Pictures' L.T. Hutton, and Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur as executive producer, with production scheduled to begin that summer. On September 19, 2013, Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films came on board to co-finance and co-produce the $45 million budgeted film along with Morgan Creek.[24] Ed Gonzalez and Jeremy Haft were writing the latest draft of the film.[24] On February 12, 2014, John Singleton again signed on to rewrite, direct and produce the film.[25] On April 16, 2014, Open Road Films acquired the United States distribution rights to the film.[26] Gonzalez, Haft, and Singleton wrote the latest draft of the script for the film, about Tupac's life from his growing up in East Harlem to becoming a legendary songwriter and hip-hop artist, to his death in Las Vegas at the age of 25.[26] On April 7, 2015, it was revealed that Singleton exited the film due to some major creative differences, while Carl Franklin was being eyed to hold the direction duties.[27] On October 28, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Emmett/Furla/Oasis had sued Morgan Creek over $10 million for breaking the companies co-production agreement signed in September 2013.[28] In the agreement, terms were not to exceed the production budget above $30 million, mutual approval for the lead actor's selection, filming schedule, and distribution and sales agreements.[28] Randall Emmett and George Furla also claimed that they all first signed a distribution deal with Open Road, which Morgan Creek rejected, and then Morgan Creek inked a new deal with Open Road without mutual approval.[28]

text: Casting

text: On November 30, 2015, it was reported that music director Benny Boom would be directing the film now replacing Franklin.[29] Early-December 2015, the film's title was confirmed to be All Eyez On Me[30] On December 24, 2015, newcomer Demetrius Shipp, Jr. was cast in the film to play the role of Tupac. Jamal Woolard also joined the film to play the role of The Notorious B.I.G., Tupac's former friend turned rival, reprising the role Woolard portrayed in the 2009 film Notorious.[5][6] On January 11, 2016, Danai Gurira was added to the film's cast to play Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur, a political activist and member of the Black Panthers.[7] Following Gurira's casting, Variety reported on the next day that Kat Graham had signed on to play Jada Pinkett, a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts.[11] It was revealed later that Dominic L. Santana had been cast as record producer Suge Knight.[12]

text: On January 13, Jamie Hector signed on to star as Mutulu Shakur, Tupac's stepfather.[9] On January 15, Lauren Cohan joined the film's cast to play the role of Leila Steinberg, a key figure in Tupac's life as his mentor.[8] Money B would appear in the film as himself, Tupac's coworker at Digital Underground,[16] Clifton Powell as Floyd, inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility, and Johnell Young as a Tupac's close friend, Ray Luv.[17] On January 19, TheWrap confirmed that Grace Gibson was cast in the film to play Biggie Smalls' wife, Faith Evans, who was reportedly in an adulterous affair with Shakur.[13] On January 22, 2016, Keith Robinson was cast as Atron Gregory, TNT Records founder who first helped Tupac becoming a dancer and then a solo artist.[19] Annie Ilonzeh was added to the cast in February 2016 to play the role of Kidada Jones, engaged to Tupac at the time of his death.[10]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography on the film began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia.[5][6][31] Filming wrapped on April 12, 2016, in Las Vegas, Nevada.[32][33]

text: Marketing

text: On June 16, 2016, on what would have been Shakur's 45th birthday, a teaser trailer for the film was released.[34] On September 13, 2016, the 20th anniversary of Shakur's death, a second teaser trailer was released.[35] It was announced that the film will be released on June 16, 2017. On February 10, 2017, a third teaser trailer was released, confirming Summit, Morgan Creek, Program Pictures, and Codeblack Films as producers and distributors.[36] On April 6, 2017, a fourth trailer was released.

text: No official soundtrack album was released to accompany the movie's release.

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: All Eyez on Me grossed $44.8 million in the United States and Canada and $10 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $54.8 million, against a production budget of $40 million.[3]

text: In North America, All Eyez on Me was released on June 16, 2017, alongside Rough Night, 47 Meters Down and Cars 3, and was originally projected to gross $17–20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend.[37] It made $12.8 million on Friday (including $3.1 million from Thursday night previews), increasing weekend estimates to $31 million. It ended up debuting to $26.4 million, finishing 3rd at the box office behind Cars 3 ($53.7 million) and Wonder Woman ($41.3 million). Deadline.com attributed the film's success to the release corresponding with Tupac's birthday, as well as audience interest on the subject matter following the success of Straight Outta Compton in 2015.[2]

text: Despite its surprising opening weekend success, the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend, dropping 78% to $5.8 million, the 16th largest such decline in history.[38] In its third weekend the film was pulled from 1,213 theaters and dropped another 68.6% to $1.8 million, finishing 11th at the box office.[39]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 17% based on 77 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite Demetrius Shipp Jr.'s fine lead performance, All Eyez on Me is mostly a surface-skimming, by-the-numbers biopic of a larger-than-life icon."[40] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 38 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[41] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[2]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying: "Almost all the dialogue is that flat-footed. It’s a stark contrast to the almost always vivid power of Shakur’s own words, which could be profoundly empathetic and pettily profane."[42] Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote: "Comprehensive but sketchy, richly atmospheric but often under-dramatized, it is not, in the end, a very good movie (there are a few scenes, like Tupac’s initial meeting with Ted Field of Interscope Records, that are embarrassingly bad). Yet it’s highly worth seeing because in its volatility and hunger, and the desperation of its violence, it captures something about the space in which Tupac Shakur lived: a place that wanted to be all about pride and power, but was really about flying over the abyss."[43]

text: Historical accuracy

text: On her Twitter account, Jada Pinkett Smith stated that the film contained many inaccuracies about her relationship with Tupac and why he left for Los Angeles. Smith claimed that Tupac never read the poem he read to her character in the film and that she had no knowledge that it even existed until it was published in his book. She also stated that she never attended one of Tupac's shows at his request and that there was no backstage argument. She did, however, praise the performances of Shipp and Graham.[44] Both Sean Combs and Suge Knight gave blessings to the film, praising their respective portrayals.[45]


document_title: I Walk the Line

question_text: what does walk the line mean johnny cash

text: I Walk the Line

text: Background of the song[edit]

text: The unique chord progression for the song was inspired by backwards playback of guitar runs on Cash's tape recorder[5] while he was in the Air Force stationed in Germany. Later in a telephone interview, Cash stated, “I wrote the song backstage one night in 1956 in Gladewater, Texas. I was newly married at the time, and I suppose I was laying out my pledge of devotion."[6] After the writing of the song Cash had a discussion with fellow performer [Carl Perkins] who encouraged him to adopt "I Walk the Line" as the song title. Cash originally intended the song as a slow ballad, but producer Sam Phillips preferred a faster arrangement,[7] which Cash grew to like as the uptempo recording met with success.

text: Once while performing the song on his TV show, Cash told the audience, with a smile, "People ask me why I always hum whenever I sing this song. It's to get my pitch." The humming was necessary since the song required Cash to change keys several times while singing it.

text: The song's lyrics refer to marital fidelity, personal responsibility, and avoiding temptation and criminal behavior.[8]

text: The song was originally recorded at Sun Studio on April 2, 1956, and was released on May 1. It spent six weeks at the top spot on the U.S. country Juke Box charts that summer, one week on the C&W Jockey charts and number two on the C&W Best Seller charts.[9] "I Walk the Line" crossed over and reached number 19 on the pop music charts.[10]

text: It was performed with the help of Marshall Grant and Luther Perkins, two mechanics that his brother introduced him to following his discharge from the Air Force. Cash and his wife, Vivian, were living in Memphis, Tennessee, at the time. Cash became the front man for the group and precipitated the introduction of the group to Sam Phillips of Sun Records. In 1955, they began recording under the Sun label.

text: The song was re-recorded four times during Cash's career. In 1964 for the I Walk the Line album, again in 1969 for the At San Quentin album (a live performance), in 1970 for the I Walk the Line soundtrack, and finally in 1988 for the Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series album. Additional live performances have been released since Cash's death, along with a demo version recorded prior to the formal 1956 recording session that was released on Bootleg Vol. II: From Memphis to Hollywood (Columbia/Legacy) in 2011.

text: Writing and composition[edit]

text: The song is very simple and like most Cash songs, the lyrics tell more of a story than the music conveys. (You've got a way to keep me on your side/You give me cause for love that I can't hide/For you I know I'd even try to turn the tide).

text: It is based upon the "boom-chicka-boom" or "freight train" rhythm common in many of Cash's songs. In the original recording of the song, there is a key change between each of the five verses, and Cash hums the new root note before singing each verse. The final verse, a reprise of the first, is sung a full octave lower than the first verse.

text: When performing this song on record, and in later live and television appearances, Cash would place a piece of paper under the strings of his guitar towards the tuning end. As he explained during a 1990s appearance on The Nashville Network, he did this in order to simulate the sound of a snare drum, an instrument he did not have access to during the original Sun session.

text: Johnny, with the Temptations outside his door and a new wife at home, wanted the lyrics to say, "I’m going to be true to those who believe in me and depend on me to myself and God. Something like I’m still being true, or I’m 'Walking The Line.' The lyrics came as fast as I could write," says Johnny. "In 20 minutes, I had it finished."[11]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The song is included in "The 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll", a permanent exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[12][13] In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the song at No. 30 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[14]

text: Covers[edit]

text:
Everly Brothers recorded the song in 1963 on their album The Everly Brothers Sing Great Country Hits.
Dolly Parton included a cover of the song on her 1984 album of covers The Great Pretender.
Glen Campbell recorded an infamously unreleased cover of the song. It was finally released in 1994 on his The Essential Glen Campbell Volume One album.
In 1998, Cash's former son-in-law Rodney Crowell covered the song as a duet with Cash on Crowell's album The Houston Kid. This version was titled "I Walk the Line Revisited" and peaked at No. 61 on the country music charts.[15] The cover does not utilize the original melody of the song, instead lyrics from the song, sung by Cash to a different melody, are incorporated into a new song by Crowell.
Jaye P. Morgan covered the song in 1960, the single charting at No. 66.
In 2004, the American rock band Live released a cover on their greatest hits album Awake: The Best of Live.
In 2014, Craig Wayne Boyd covered this song during season 7 of The Voice. The cover reached the Top 15 on the iTunes US Country charts.[16]
Frank Iero released their cover of this as part of his EP For Jamia.
In 2015, Halsey released her cover as part of the deluxe edition of her debut album Badlands. It appeared in the official teaser trailer for Power Rangers.
Tapio Rautavaara made a Finnish-language version of the song, called "Yölinjalla". The Finnish lyrics tell about the hard life of truck drivers. The melody was originally credited as Rautavaara's own composition but this was later revised.

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (1957)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[17]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[18]
17

text: Laurent Wolf version[edit]

text:
"Walk the Line Remix"

Single by Laurent Wolf

from the album Harmony

Released
22 August 2009

Format
CD maxi, Digital download

Genre
House

Length
2:53

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Johnny Cash

Producer(s)
Laurent Wolf

Laurent Wolf singles chronology

"Explosion"
(2009)
"Walk the Line Remix"
(2009)
"Survive"
(2010)

"Explosion"
(2009)
"Wash My World"
(2009)
"Survive"
(2010)

text: The song was covered by French house music DJ and producer Laurent Wolf and released in August 2009 as Walk the Line Remix.

text: Track listings[edit]

text:
CD single

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Walk the Line" (Radio Edit Version)
3:28

2.
"Walk the Line" (Club Version)
6:59

3.
"No Stress" (Zen @ Acoustic)
7:35

4.
"Colombia"
5:06

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2008-2009)
Peak
position

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19]
18

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[20]
23

France (SNEP)[21]
8

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[22]
83


document_title: Narrow-gauge railway

question_text: which of the gauges is used by railway in the hilly areas

text: Narrow-gauge railway

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: In general, a narrow-gauge railway has a track gauge less than standard gauge. However, due to historical and local circumstances, the definition of a narrow-gauge railway can be different.

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest recorded railway is shown in the De re metallica of 1556, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft (610 mm) gauge. During the 16th century, railways were mainly restricted to hand-pushed narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe. During the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points, usually canals or other waterways. These railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed.[1]

text: The world's first steam locomotive on rails, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, ran on a 3 ft (914 mm) plateway. During the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm (3 ft 7 5⁄16 in) gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium. The first use of steam locomotives on a public, passenger-carrying narrow-gauge railway came in 1865 when the Ffestiniog Railway introduced its passenger service, after receiving its first locomotives two years prior.[2]

text: Historically, many narrow-gauge railways were built as part of specific industrial enterprises and were primarily industrial railways rather than general carriers. Some common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways were mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, and the conveying of agricultural products. Extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world for these purposes. For example, mountain logging operations in the 19th century often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill sites to market. Significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland. Narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in common use for the construction of tunnels.

text: Extensive narrow-gauge railway systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I. They were a short-lived military application, and after the end of the war, the surplus equipment from these created a small boom in narrow-gauge railway building in Europe.

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Narrow-gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are usually lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives (smaller loading gauge), as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels (smaller structure gauge) and tighter curves. Narrow gauge is thus often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in sparsely populated areas where the potential demand is too low for broader gauge railways to be economically viable. This is the case in some of Australia and most of Southern Africa, where extremely poor soils have led to population densities too low for standard gauge to be viable.

text: For temporary railways that will be removed after short-term use, such as for construction, the logging industry, the mining industry, or large-scale construction projects, especially in confined spaces, such as the Channel Tunnel, a narrow-gauge railway is substantially cheaper and easier to install and remove. The use of such railways has almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks.

text: In many countries, narrow gauge railways were built as "feeder" or "branch" lines to feed traffic to more important standard gauge lines, due to their lower construction costs. The choice was often not between a narrow-gauge railway and a standard gauge one, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: Interchangeability[edit]

text: Narrow-gauge railways cannot interchange rolling stock such as freight and passenger cars freely with the standard gauge or broad gauge railways with which they link, and the transfers of passengers and freight require time-consuming manual labour or substantial capital expenditure. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be mechanically transshipped, but this still incurs time penalties and the equipment required for the transfer is often complex to maintain.

text: If rail lines with other gauges coexist in the network, in times of peak demand, it is very difficult to move rolling stock to where it is needed when a break of gauge exists, so enough rolling stock must be available to meet a narrow-gauge railways' own peak demand, which might be much more than needed when compared to a network with only one gauge, and the surplus equipment generates no cash flow during periods of low demand. In regions where narrow gauge forms only a small part of the rail network, like the Sakhalin railway in Soviet Russia, extra cost is needed to specifically design, produce or import narrow-gauge equipment which increases the cost of narrow-gauge vehicle compared to regular vehicles.

text: Growth potential[edit]

text: Another problem commonly faced by narrow-gauge railways was that they lack the physical space to grow: their cheap construction meant they were engineered only for their initial traffic demands. While a standard or broad gauge railway can be more easily be upgraded[citation needed] to handle heavier, faster traffic, many narrow-gauge railways were impractical to improve. Speeds and loads hauled could not increase, so traffic density was significantly limited. In the case of Queensland, Australia, the Queensland Rail passenger network has nearly reached its capacity due to the narrow gauge and an ever-increasing population, as such, new lines are to be built, thus negating[citation needed] the original cost savings. In Japan, a few narrow gauge lines have been upgraded to standard gauge mini-shinkansen to allow through service by standard gauge high-speed vehicles, but due to the alignment of those lines and minimum curve radius of those lines, the maximum speed of those through service is still the same as the original narrow-gauge rail line.

text: If a narrow-gauge line is built to higher standard like the proposed Super Tokkyū concept in Japan, its problem can be reduced.

text: Solutions to disadvantages[edit]

text: Interchangeability[edit]

text: Solutions to interchangeability problems of transshipment are bogie exchange between cars, a rollbock system, variable gauge, dual gauge, or even gauge conversion. European standard gauge trains normally use buffers and chain couplers, which do not allow such tight curves, a main reason to have narrow gauge. Therefore, narrow-gauge trains normally use other couplers, which makes bogie exchange meaningless.

text: Alternatively, a rail network comprises only narrow-gauge network could also eliminate the interchangeability problem.

text: Growth potential[edit]

text: If narrow-gauge rails are designed with potential growth in mind, or with same standard as standard gauge rails, then the obstacles to be faced in future growth of those rail lines would be similar to other rail gauges.

text: For those lines constructed to a lower standard, speed can be increased via numerous methods including realigning rail lines to increase the minimum curve radius, reducing the number of intersections, or introducing tilting trains to improve the speed of trains running on those lines.

text: Successful railways[edit]

text: The heavy duty 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge railways in Australia (e.g. Queensland), South Africa, and New Zealand show that if the track is built to a heavy-duty standard, performance almost as good as a standard gauge line is possible. Some 200-car trains operate on the Sishen-Saldanha railway in South Africa, and high-speed Tilt Trains run in Queensland. Another example of a heavy-duty narrow-gauge line is EFVM in Brazil. 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge, it has over-100-pound rail (100 lb/yd or 49.6 kg/m) and a loading gauge almost as large as US nonexcess-height lines. It has multiple 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) locomotives and 200+ car trains. In South Africa and New Zealand, the loading gauge is similar to the restricted British loading gauge, and in New Zealand some British Rail Mark 2 carriages have been rebuilt with new bogies for use by Tranz Scenic (Wellington-Palmerston North service), Tranz Metro (Wellington-Masterton service), and Transdev Auckland (Auckland suburban services).

text: Fastest trains[edit]

text: The reduced stability of narrow gauge means its trains cannot run at the same high speeds as on broader gauges. For instance, if a curve with standard gauge rail can allow speed up to 145 km/h (90 mph), the same curve with narrow-gauge rail can only allow speed up to 130 km/h (81 mph).[3]

text: In Japan and Queensland, recent permanent way improvements have allowed trains on 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge tracks to run at 160 km/h (99 mph) and faster. Queensland Rail's Electric Tilt Train is currently the fastest train in Australia and the fastest 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge train in the world, setting a record at 210 km/h (130 mph).[4] The current speed record for 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge rail is 245 km/h (152 mph), set in South Africa, 1978.[5][6][7]

text: A special 2 ft (610 mm) gauge railcar was built for the Otavi Mining and Railway Company with a design speed of 137 km/h.[8]

text: Curve radius is also important for high speeds: narrow-gauge railways allow sharper curves, which limits the speed at which a vehicle can safely proceed along the track.

text: Gauges used[edit]

text: Many narrow gauges are in use or formerly used between 15 in (381 mm) gauge and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) gauge. They fall into several broad categories:

text: Four foot six inch gauge[edit]

text: 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) track gauge also called Scotch gauge was adopted by early 19th-century railways mainly in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland. 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in (1,384 mm) lines were also constructed. Both gauges were eventually converted to standard gauge.

text: Four foot and 1200 mm gauge[edit]

text: 4 ft (1,219 mm)[edit]

text:
Glasgow Subway
Padarn Railway
Bradford Corporation Tramways
Keighley Tramways

text: 1,200 mm (3 ft 11 1⁄4 in)[edit]

text:
Central Funicular
Gardena Ronda Express
Zagreb Funicular
Rheineck–Walzenhausen mountain railway
Schlossbergbahn (Freiburg)
Appenzell Railways[9]
Stoosbahn

text: Three foot six inch gauge[edit]

text: 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) between the inside of the rail heads. The name and classification varies throughout the world. It has installations of around 112,000 kilometres (70,000 mi).

text: Similar gauges are:

text:
1,055 mm (3 ft 5 1⁄2 in) only in Algeria
1,050 mm (3 ft 5 11⁄32 in) for the Hejaz railway, constructed in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Only a few lines survive.

text: Metre gauge and Italian metre gauge[edit]

text: Metre gauge is the system of narrow-gauge railways and tramways with a track gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in). It has installations of around 95,000 km (59,000 mi).

text: As a result of Italian law, track gauges in Italy were defined from the centres of each rail, rather than the inside edges of the rails. This gauge was measured 950 mm (3 ft 1 3⁄8 in) between the edges of the rails and is known as Italian metre gauge.

text: Three foot, 900 mm, and Swedish three foot gauge[edit]

text: Three-foot gauge railways have a track gauge of 3 ft (914 mm) and are generally found throughout North and South America, as well as Ireland and the Isle of Man.

text: 900 mm (2 ft 11 7⁄16 in) gauge railways are generally found in Europe. Swedish three-foot gauge railways (891 mm or 2 ft 11 3⁄32 in) can only be found in Sweden.

text: 800 mm, Two foot six inch, Bosnian, and 750mm gauge[edit]

text: 800 mm (2 ft 7 1⁄2 in) gauge railways are commonly used for rack railways.

text: The imperial 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge railways were generally constructed in the former British colonies.

text: (760 mm or 2 ft 5 15⁄16 in) Bosnian gauge and 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) railways are predominantly found in Russia and Eastern Europe.

text: Two foot and 600 mm gauges[edit]

text: Gauges: 2 ft (610 mm) gauge railways were generally constructed in the former British colonies. 1 ft 11 3⁄4 in (603 mm), 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in), and 1 ft 11 1⁄2 in (597 mm) were present in Europe

text: Minimum gauge[edit]

text: Gauges below 1 ft 11 1⁄2 in (597 mm) were rare, but did exist. In Britain, Sir Arthur Heywood developed 15 in (381 mm) gauge estate railways, while in France Decauville produced a range of industrial railways running on 500 mm (19 3⁄4 in) and 400 mm (15 3⁄4 in) tracks, most commonly in restricted environments such as underground mine railways, parks and farms. Several 18 in (457 mm) gauge railways were built in Britain to serve ammunition depots and other military facilities, particularly during World War I.


document_title: Hockey helmet

question_text: when did hockey players have to wear helmets

text: Hockey helmet

text: Visors and shields[edit]

text: A visor or face shield in ice hockey is a device attached to the front of a helmet to reduce potential of injury to the face. Visors cover the upper half of the face, while full face shields cover the entire face. A series of eye injuries, most notably that to Bruce Fogarty,[citation needed] have led to a call from many to enforce their wearing. As of 2017[update], 94% of NHL players wear visors.[2] Many other leagues around the world mandate the use of visors. Visors and shields, made of a high impact-resistant plastic, offer better overall vision than the wire cages available, which can obscure vision in certain areas. The face shield provides excellent straight ahead and peripheral vision, but does not provide as good air flow as a cage.

text: The American Hockey League, the top minor league in North America required all players to wear a visor prior to the start of the 2006–07 season. The NHL "strongly recommends" the use of visors. In 2013, the NHL began requiring all players with less than 25 games of experience to wear visors.[3]

text: The hockey visor was first invented by Kenneth William Clay when he lost vision in his left eye to a high stick while playing for the Vanderhoof Bears. After a month in hospital in Vancouver, Clay created the first documented clear face shield in January 1964. The invention caused quite a stir, with announcers calling it a "fish bowl" and a "wrap-around windshield". While the original shield and helmet were lost in the fire that consumed the Vanderhoof Arena a few years later, the newspaper clippings still attest to the dates and facts.[4]

text: Full facial protection[edit]

text: A cage in ice hockey is a device attached to the front of a helmet to reduce potential of injury to the face. It consists of a metal or composite mesh that covers the entire face, although some half cages do exist (to protect the eyes while allowing full airflow). The bars, or cage, are spaced far enough apart to allow seeing through to the action but are close enough to stop pucks and sticks from getting through to injure the face.

text: Some manufacturers now offer the best of both designs—a plastic face shield to protect the eyes and upper part of the face, and a cage to cover the lower jaw and to add ventilation. Full facial protection is mandatory in many amateur leagues and in North America, full face cages, full shields, or shield and cage combination are mandatory in high school hockey, college hockey, and for all players under the age of 18.

text: NHL player George Parsons was forced to retire due to career-ending eye injury in 1939.[5] He became involved with CCM hockey, helping to develop helmets and facial protection that would be safer for players. By early 1976, CCM had developed a hockey helmet complete with eye and face shield and lower face protector that was both approved by the Canadian Standards Association and endorsed by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association.[6]

text: Facial protection research[edit]

text: In 2002, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published a study identifying the protection offered against concussions between the half-face shield and the full-face shield. The use of a full-face shield compared with half-face shield significantly reduced the playing time lost because of concussion, suggesting that concussion severity may be reduced by the use of a full-face shield.[7]

text: Helmets in the National Hockey League[edit]

text: The first player to regularly wear a helmet for protective purposes was George Owen, who played for the Boston Bruins in 1928–29. In 1927, Barney Stanley presented a prototype of a helmet at the NHL's annual meeting. It was quickly rejected.

text: Helmets appeared after the Ace Bailey–Eddie Shore incident on December 12, 1933, as a result of which Bailey almost died and Shore suffered a severe head injury. After that, Art Ross engineered a new helmet design and when the Boston Bruins took to the ice in a game against the Ottawa Senators, most of the players donned the new helmet. Most Bruins players didn't wear the helmet after the game, with the exception of Eddie Shore, who wore it the rest of his career. In the 1930s, the Toronto Maple Leafs players were ordered to add helmets to their equipment. A few minutes into the first game with the new helmets, the popular King Clancy famously flung his off.[citation needed] The helmets were generally unpopular with fans, media, and other players. A few players, such as Des Smith, Bill Mosienko, Dit Clapper, and Don Gallinger continued to don helmets.

text: During the Original Six era, Maurice Richard and Elmer Lach briefly wore helmets. Jack Crawford wore a helmet to hide his bald head and Charlie Burns wearing one to protect the metal plates in his head from an injury incurred in playing junior ice hockey, predating his NHL career.

text: The death of Bill Masterton from a brain injury in a January 13, 1968 game between the Minnesota North Stars and Oakland Seals started to change perceptions surrounding helmets.[8] Helmet use began to gradually increase during the 1970s, with Ted Green being the first Bruins player since Shore to wear one as a result of his NHL career, for the 1970-71 NHL season and onwards for the same reason that Charlie Burns had worn a helmet, until Green's retirement from pro hockey in 1979. The 1972 Summit Series showcased an entirely helmet clad Soviet Union team, with Paul Henderson, Stan Mikita, and Red Berenson being the only Canadians to sport a helmet. Usage increased to the point that 70% of NHL players were wearing them by 1979.[9]

text: In August 1979, the then-President of the National Hockey League (NHL), John Ziegler, announced that protective helmets would become mandatory for incoming players in the NHL. "The introduction of the helmet rule will be an additional safety factor," he said. The rule allowed players who signed professional contracts prior to June 1, 1979 to continue to not wear a helmet provided a liability waiver was signed, if they so desired. The last player to play without a helmet was Craig MacTavish, who played his final game during the 1996–97 season for the St. Louis Blues.

text: Brands[edit]

text:
Bauer Hockey (including Mission Hockey, Itech, and Cascade)
Easton Hockey
Oakley
Reebok RBK (including CCM/Koho/Jofa)


document_title: List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes

question_text: when does the haves and the have nots come back on season 5

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
16
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)

2
20
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)

3
25
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)

4
23
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)

5
23
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Big Surprise"
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
1.77[6]

The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim, but as he arrives, he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress, Candace, has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities.

2
2
"Playing in the Deep End"
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
1.81[6]

Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family's home, but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda.

3
3
"Beautifully Dysfunctional"
June 4, 2013 (2013-06-04)
1.47[7]

Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim's career in jeopardy.

4
4
"Entering the Race"
June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)
1.31[8]

After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor, Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media. Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door.

5
5
"A Woman's Pride"
June 18, 2013 (2013-06-18)
1.32[9]

After her eviction, Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home.

6
6
"Angry Sex"
June 25, 2013 (2013-06-25)
1.82[10]

Jim falls into Candace's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself.

7
7
"A True Friend"
July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)
1.54[11]

Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny.

8
8
"The Criminal"
July 9, 2013 (2013-07-09)
1.56[12]

Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car, but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone's malicious intent. Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade.

9
9
"The Set Up"
July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16)
1.61[13]

Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues.

10
10
"Number Nine"
July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)
1.80[14]

Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair.

11
11
"Not My Daughter"
July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)
1.87[15]

Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation, but that turns out to be false.

12
12
"In Recovery"
August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)
2.02[16]

Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation.

13
13
"What Are You Doing Here?"
August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)
2.14[17]

Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony. Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny's case.

14
14
"My Name Is Veronica"
August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)
2.05[18]

Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public.

15
15
"The Truth Will Set You Free"
August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)
2.32[19]

After her secret is revealed, Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim's secret activities. Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt.

16
16
"No More Hiding"
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)
2.61[20]

Wyatt relapses and has a life-changing accident.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots, "Why Didn't You Tell Me?" was not only a series high episode in ratings, but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night.[21] The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers.[22] Among all OWN programming since the network's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February-4-2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots.[21] On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots—following a hiatus within the season—set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers.[23] Additionally, the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night.[22]

text:
Season 2 episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

17
1
"The Black Sedan"
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
2.77[24]

Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance. Inside, Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny.

18
2
"Wyatt's Nightmare"
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
2.55[25]

Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit-and-run, and Benny ends up on life support. Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart. Amanda has an emotional breakdown.

19
3
"Family Issues"
January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
2.84[26]

Hanna disagrees with Tony's suggestion to take Benny off life support. Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former's shabby treatment of Hanna.

20
4
"Unanswered Calls"
January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)
2.78[27]

Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who's at fault for Benny's condition and Lizzie's death.

21
5
"Why Didn't You Tell Me?"
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
3.5[28]

Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital.

22
6
"Protecting Wyatt"
February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)
3.01[29]

Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail. Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers.

23
7
"Amanda's Revenge"
February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)
3.21[30]

Amanda breaks into her professor's home while his family is asleep. Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court.

24
8
"Maggie's Plan"
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
2.88[31]

As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor, Wyatt's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle.

25
9
"March for Justice"
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
3.04[32]

The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony. Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support.

26
10
"Starting the Race"
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
3.59[33]

Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event. Wyatt finally gets arrested.

27
11
"You'll Be Sorry"
May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27)
3.11[34]

Wyatt is arrested. Candace is kidnapped by the Malones. Benny shows signs of brain activity.

28
12
"The Confession"
June 3, 2014 (2014-06-03)
2.62[35]

Jim conspires to save his son. Amanda gets a gun. Benny improves.

29
13
"Donald"
June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)
2.42[36]

Jim proclaims his son's innocence. Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace.

30
14
"The Awakening"
June 17, 2014 (2014-06-17)
2.81[37]

Benny wakes up from his coma.

31
15
"The Vulnerable"
June 24, 2014 (2014-06-24)
2.92[38]

Benny prepares for his release from the hospital. Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt. Maggie tries to seduce David.

32
16
"The Sarandon Hotel"
July 1, 2014 (2014-07-01)
3.47[39]

After escaping her kidnappers, Candace asks Warlock for help. Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa.

33
17
"Again and Again"
July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)
3.32[40]

David is compromised. Jim is plotting. Candace is panicking.

34
18
"Something's Wrong With Amanda"
July 15, 2014 (2014-07-15)
3.26[41]

Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy. Candace hides out at Jeffrey's apartment. Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation.

35
19
"Norman Hewens"
July 22, 2014 (2014-07-22)
2.86[42]

A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit-and-run saves Wyatt from jail. Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds. Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy, but he won't have it and orders her off his property; however, Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend, and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in. Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else.

36
20
"Checkmate"
July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)
3.49[43]

Jim is confronted by Carlos, his illegitimate son with Celine. Katheryn's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy, Candace's ex, shows up as Amanda's date. David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay. Candace seeks her revenge on Jim. Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

37
1
"The Power Dance"
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
3.22[44]

Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace's orders.

38
2
"The War Room"
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)
2.91[45]

Hanna seeks information about Quincy's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson. room.

39
3
"A Southern Brawl"
January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)
2.60[46]

Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos.

40
4
"Amanda's Room"
January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)
2.98[47]

Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace's demands.

41
5
"The Press Conference"
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
2.89[48]

Katheryn gets some devastating news.

42
6
"A Tragic Day"
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)
3.42[49]

Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion.

43
7
"April 7, 1979"
February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)
3.22[50]

Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim.

44
8
"In Crisis"
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
3.28[51]

Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery.

45
9
"A Talk with Jim"
March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)
2.90[52]

Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways.

46
10
"Oscar"
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)
3.02[53]

Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda's death.

47
11
"Unglued"
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)
3.02[54]

David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey.

48
12
"Enough is Enough"
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
3.50[55]

Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna's home.

49
13
"Two Funerals"
June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)
3.29[56]

Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David's life.

50
14
"In Memoriam"
July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)
2.79[57]

Wyatt's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy.

51
15
"Nine Lives"
July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)
3.17[58]

Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage.

52
16
"The Cougar"
July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)
2.85[59]

Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica.

53
17
"Candace Young, Esq."
July 28, 2015 (2015-07-28)
3.01[60]

Candace shows Benny where she works.

54
18
"Benny Does Battle"
August 4, 2015 (2015-08-04)
3.17[61]

Quincy is hurt from the accident.

55
19
"Quincy Jr."
August 11, 2015 (2015-08-11)
3.12[62]

Hanna is reunited with Q.

56
20
"A Home For Q"
August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18)
3.06[64]

Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt's taped confession is a misunderstanding.[63]

57
21
"Candace's Closing"
August 25, 2015 (2015-08-25)
3.19[65]

Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim; and Jim is interviewed on TV.

58
22
"Dianna Winchill"
September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)
3.23[66]

While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill, a surprise guest arrives. Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt's attack in prison, leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her, Professor Cannon, and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a "bloodbath."

59
23
"Vetted"
September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)
3.28[67]

Hanna grows suspicious of Benny's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house; Quincy drives a car through Hanna's home in spite of revenge; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar.

60
24
"Sheep's Clothing"
September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)
3.13[68]

Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down.

61
25
"When The Chickens Come Home"
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
3.71[69]

Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

62
1
"The Waters Run Deep"
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
3.11[70]

Katheryn and Veronica are taken to the police station Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy's body when interrupted by a knock on the door.
Note: Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season, although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere.

63
2
"Paid In Full"
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)
2.73[71]

Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica. Candace and Jeffery get a visit from police because of a nosy neighbor.

64
3
"The Right Medicine"
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
2.94[72]

Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man. Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace's help.

65
4
"An Evil Soul"
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
3.02[73]

Katheryn is unshaken by the DA's attempt to push. Candace's lies catch up with her.

66
5
"Immunity"
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
2.90[74]

Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy's murder.

67
6
"Making Millions"
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
2.81[75]

Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is taken to the hospital and placed in ICU.

68
7
"A Front Row Seat"
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
2.95[76]

Maggie's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever; Katheryn gets out of jail but she can't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica.

69
8
"Unexpected Visitors"
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
3.07[77]

Candace interrogates the social worker; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer's mansion waiting for their return; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance.

70
9
"I Choose My Son"
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
2.80[78]

Quita and Daylon break into Candace's house but are caught by Pearl, who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them; Justin continues to harass Jeffery.

71
10
"Beg For What You Need"
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
2.64[79]

Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War's rage. Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship. Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner.

72
11
"48 Hours"
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
2.85[80]

Warlock has pushed up Candace's due date, so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny's tow yard.

73
12
"My Friend Maggie"
June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)
2.85[81]

Maggie visit's Veronica's home and gets the surprise of her life

74
13
"Criminology 101"
June 28, 2016 (2016-06-28)
2.63[82]

Veronica treats David with much malice.

75
14
"Giving Candy To A Baby"
July 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)
2.70[83]

After talking with Pearl, Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr.

76
15
"The Apple Tree"
July 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)
2.64[84]

Katheryn Cryer tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members

77
16
"The Heart of A Man"
July 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)
2.70[85]

Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit.

78
17
"An Accident"
July 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)
3.05[86]

Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help.

79
18
"A Tragic Assumption"
August 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)
3.02[87]

Jennifer arrives at Katheryn's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive.

80
19
"I Am Wolf"
August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)
2.89[88]

Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace.

81
20
"Back In Business"
August 16, 2016 (2016-08-16)
2.93[89]

Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny; David gets some shocking information about Mitch.

82
21
"The Fugitive"
August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)
2.95[90]

The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny.

83
22
"The Silk Handkerchief"
August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)
2.95[91]

Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property. Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money, and what Mitch did but he doesn't believe her.

84
23
"Promises Kept"
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)
3.24[92]

Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit. Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch, who also reveals to Benny who he really is.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

85
1
"A Cup of Tea"
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
2.99[93]

Veronica tries to escape the Cryer Mansion. Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace. Benny is still upset because of how Candace Mortgaged his house and the tow yard.

86
2
"Waiting for Candace"
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
2.16[94]

Veronica and Katheryn have a fight. Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money.

87
3
"It's Ok to Love"
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
2.68[95]

Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn's mansion. Erica called Candace to give her an update on things with David.

88
4
"A Mother's Wisdom"
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
2.36[96]

Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery. Jim helps Katheryn clean up a mess she has created.

89
5
"Brilliant Lawyers Lurking"
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
2.70[97]

Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament.

90
6
"A Hurricane Offshore"
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
2.75[98]

Veronica pays Erica a visit Candace encounters Oscar again. Quit'a finds Wyatt's place and tells him that she's going to take his money.

91
7
"Pieces of The Puzzle"
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
2.58[99]

Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him. Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy.

92
8
"Praying for Light"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
2.76[100]

Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica. Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family.

93
9
"We All Need Forgiveness"
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
2.33[101]

Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery. Candace makes Charles her latest Mark.

94
10
"Forget The Bubble"
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
2.41[102]

Veronica is pushing Jeffery's buttons. Erica is caught sleeping with David by War.

95
11
"In Pursuit of Prey"
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
3.20[103]

Veronica tries to seduce Benny. Warlock looks for Candace, Mitch returns from jail. Katheryn leaves Jim, Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition.

96
12
"The Fallout From War"
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)
2.68[104]

Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed. In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead.

97
13
"My Grandson's War"
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
2.44[105]

Veronica and Katheryn came face-to-face. Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim Cryer.

98
14
"Mad Day"
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
2.33[106]

Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny, Jim taunted Veronica, Hanna found herself at Katheryn's new rental home.

99
15
"A Woman Under the Stairs"
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
2.43[107]

Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey. David and Jim find their sons. Charles reveals to Candace who he really is.

100
16
"Railroad"
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
2.43[108]

Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital. Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny's situation. Wyatt gets released from the hospital. Charles beats Candace at her own game.

101
17
"Elevator Seven"
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
2.30[109]

Veronica tried to confront Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship. Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace. Jeffrey meets up with Landon.

102
18
"A Broken Mirror"
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
2.33[110]

Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey's hotel room, and records Officer Justin. Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does.

103
19
"Haunted By The Surname"
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
2.40[111]

Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin. Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is. Candace gets some devastating news.

104
20
"The Enemy Called Trust"
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
2.52[112]

Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son. Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire. Candace ask Mitch for a favor. Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap.

105
21
"Kate"
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
2.64[113]

Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed. Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion. Jim confronts Katheryn, and begs her for retribution.

106
22
"For The Team"
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
2.61[114]

Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum. Candace and Benny are at odds with each other. David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica.

107
23
"The Veronica Show"
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
2.58[115]

Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage. Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr. Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel.


document_title: John Harvey & Sons

question_text: where is harvey's bristol cream sherry made

question_tokens: where is harvey 's bristol cream sherry made

text: John Harvey & Sons

text: History[edit]

text: In 1796 the first iteration of Harvey's wine-trading business was established in Denmark Street in Bristol. This was owned by William Perry, who went into partnership with Thomas Urch.[1] In 1822 Urch's nephew (John Harvey I) joined the firm as an apprentice. By 1839 John Harvey was senior partner in the Bristol branch of the family business and by 1871 the whole business was known as John Harvey & Sons.[1]

text: Bristol Cream sherry exports to America boomed from 1928 onwards with Jack Harvey making trips there as often as he could.[1] From 1962 the business was known as Harveys of Bristol Ltd, and in 1966 the firm including all subsidiaries was bought out by Showerings, Vine Products & Whiteways Ltd.[1] After 1960 the business relocated from Denmark Street to Whitchurch Lane, Hartcliffe, at which point the Denmark Street cellars became Britain's only wine museum, with adjoining restaurant. Both closed in 2003.[1] By 2016, the bar Harveys Cellars was located on the same site in Denmark Street.[2]

text: Bristol Cream and other products[edit]

text: Bristol Cream is a dark, complex amber[n 1][3] product of Spanish fortified wine (sherry) that has been blended and bottled in Bristol, England since 1796. It was wholly owned by John Harvey & Sons of Bristol until the 21st century acquisition. Since the 1970s, Harvey's has sold the products in bottles made from Bristol blue glass. John Harvey's descendants have continued importing and making Bristol cream since the takeover of the company's main brand. Some residual assets or shares of the business such as in vineyards are owned by former board member Joseph Harvey, the youngest of John Harvey's male descendants.

text: The bottle label's serving suggestion from the latter part of the 20th century onward is to mix if so wished with two parts lemonade (optional extras are also mentioned). The deep amber product is sweet, rich and with a slightly spicy aroma. Harveys Bristol Cream is often enjoyed on its own, chilled or not chilled.

text: The business specialises in importing, blending and exporting the fortified wine, sherry. It originally sold a wider mix of Spanish and Portuguese wines and from the early 19th century specialised in fortified wines which travelled better consistently. During the 1860s and 1880s in the company's cellars, John Harvey[n 2] and his brother Edward Harvey developed what was dubbed a new type of sherry: cream sherry (in flavour and texture). This became the main product: Harveys Bristol Cream. The blend starts with wines from fifty different soleras, including three sherry types: Fino, Amontillado, and Oloroso. Finally some Pedro Ximénez wine from sun-dried 'raisonified' grapes of the region is blended for sweetness, for the richness or 'creaminess' of aftertaste that is the hallmark of the product.

text: Since its inception it has been generally reviewed as one of the major four types of sherry, although less so in some parts of Spain.[4][3] The business eventually began buying its own vineyards to invest in fermenting and fortification premises locally and to protect the quality of source material.[5] The business uses its estate vineyards in Jerez Superior and uses all of its Palomino grapes as the main source grape.[6]

text: This product has been bottled in Bristol blue glass since the 1970s,[7] and the brand was sold to Beam Global in 2010[8] and to Grupo Emperador Spain S.A. in 2015.[9]

text: Archives[edit]

text: The records of John Harveys & Sons are held by Bristol Archives (Ref. 40913) (online catalogue).