document_title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

question_text: where was the movie salem's lot filmed

question_tokens: where was the movie salem 's lot filmed

text: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Plot[edit]

text: At a church in Guatemala, a man and a boy, Ben Mears (David Soul) and Mark Petrie (Lance Kerwin), are filling small bottles with holy water. When one of the bottles begins to emit an eerie supernatural glow, Mears tells Mark that "they've found us again." Knowing an evil presence is nearby, they decide to stay to fight it.

text: Two years earlier, Mears, a successful author, returns after a long absence to his small hometown of Salem's Lot (formally known as Jerusalem's Lot) in Maine in the United States. Mears intends to write a book about the Marsten House, an old, ominous property on a hilltop which has a reputation for being haunted, and attempts to rent it. However, Mears finds that another new arrival in town, the mysterious Richard Straker (James Mason), has recently bought the Marsten House. Straker is also in the process of opening an antique shop with his oft-mentioned but always absent business partner, Kurt Barlow. Meanwhile, Mears moves into a boarding house in town run by Eva Miller (Marie Windsor), and develops a romantic relationship with a local woman, Susan Norton (Bonnie Bedelia). He befriends Susan's father, Dr. Bill Norton (Ed Flanders), and reconnects with his kindly former school teacher, Jason Burke (Lew Ayres). Mears tells Burke that he feels the Marsten House is somehow inherently evil, recalling a traumatic childhood experience which took place inside it.

text: After a large crate is delivered to the Marsten House one night, an increasing number of townspeople begin to disappear or die under strange circumstances. Mears and Straker are the main suspects as they are both new in town, but it eventually becomes clear that the crate contained Straker's business partner, Kurt Barlow (Reggie Nalder) — an ancient master vampire who has come to Salem's Lot after sending Straker to make way for his arrival. Straker kidnaps a young boy, Ralphie Glick (Ronnie Scribner), as an offering to Barlow, while Barlow himself kills local realtor Larry Crockett (Fred Willard). The Glick boy then returns as a vampire to claim his brother, Danny (Brad Savage), who becomes one as well. In turn, the undead Danny infects a gravedigger, Mike Ryerson (Geoffrey Lewis), then attempts to prey on one of his schoolfriends, Mark Petrie. However, Mark is a horror film buff and manages to repel Danny with a cross.

text: As the vampirism spreads, Mears, Burke, and Dr. Norton gradually realize what is happening to the town and attempt to stop it. Mears is attacked by Ralph and Danny's presumed-dead mother Marjorie Glick (Clarissa Kaye) after she revives on a mortician's table, but defends himself using a makeshift cross. Mark's parents are both killed by Barlow, though Mark is allowed to escape thanks to some assistance from a local priest. Jason Burke, however, suffers a severe heart attack following an encounter with the newly vampirised Mike Ryerson.

text: Seeking revenge for his parents' deaths, Mark breaks into the Marsten House, and a concerned Susan follows him inside; both are soon captured by Straker. Later, Mears and Dr. Norton enter the house, too, where Straker kills Norton by impaling him on a pair on antlers before he himself is fatally shot by Mears. Afterwards, Mears and the freed Mark find Barlow's coffin in the cellar and destroy him by driving a stake through his heart. Fleeing the other vampires in the house (the infected townsfolk), the two set fire to the Marsten property as they leave, though Susan is nowhere to be found. While the house burns, the wind carries the fire towards the town itself. As he and Mark drive away from Salem's Lot, Mears comments that the fire is a good thing because it will drive all the vampires from their hiding places and purify the town from the evil that has engulfed it.

text: The story returns to Mears and Mark at the church in Guatemala two years later. It becomes clear that they are on the run from the surviving Salem's Lot vampires, and that their bottles of holy water glow whenever a vampire is nearby. Realising that they have been tracked down yet again, Mears and Mark return to their lodgings to collect their belongings. Once there, Mears finds Susan lying in his bed. Now a vampire, she prepares to bite him as he leans down to kiss her, but instead Mears drives a stake through her heart and kills her. A grief-stricken Mears then leaves with Mark, knowing that the vampires will continue to pursue them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Reggie Nalder as Kurt Barlow
David Soul as Ben Mears
James Mason as Richard Straker
Lance Kerwin as Mark Petrie
Bonnie Bedelia as Susan Norton
Lew Ayres as Jason Burke
Ed Flanders as Bill Norton
Fred Willard as Larry Crockett
Julie Cobb as Bonnie Sawyer
Kenneth McMillan as Constable Parkins Gillespie
Geoffrey Lewis as Mike Ryerson
Barney McFadden as Ned Tibbets
Marie Windsor as Eva Miller
Bonnie Bartlett as Ann Norton
George Dzundza as Cully Sawyer
Elisha Cook Jr. as Gordon "Weasel" Phillips
Clarissa Kaye as Marjorie Glick
Ned Wilson as Henry Glick
Barbara Babcock as June Petrie
Joshua Bryant as Ted Petrie
James Gallery as Father Callahan
Brad Savage as Danny Glick
Ronnie Scribner as Ralphie Glick
Faithful - Ryerson's Dog

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After Warner Bros. acquired the rights to 'Salem's Lot, the studio sought to turn the 400-page novel by Stephen King into a feature film, while still remaining faithful to the source material. Producer Stirling Silliphant, screenwriter Robert Getchell, and writer/director Larry Cohen all contributed screenplays but none proved satisfactory. "It was a mess," Stephen King said. "Every director in Hollywood who's ever been involved with horror wanted to do it, but nobody could come up with a script."[1]

text: The project was eventually turned over to Warner Bros. Television and producer Richard Kobritz decided Salem's Lot would work better as a television miniseries than as a feature film format due the novel's length. Television writer Paul Monash was contracted to write the teleplay, having previously produced the film adaptation of Stephen King's novel Carrie and worked on the television series Peyton Place and as such was familiar with writing about small towns. A screening of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), resulted in Richard Kobritz selecting Tobe Hooper as director.[1]

text: With a budget of $4 million, principal photography began on July 10, 1979, in the Northern California town of Ferndale, with some scenes filmed at the Burbank studios. Filming officially wrapped on August 29, 1979.[1]

text: Adaptation from source material[edit]

text: Although generally the same story, the television adaptation takes several liberties with King's source novel. Many characters have been combined or merely deleted, as have certain subplots, and the character of Barlow is totally different in the miniseries from how he is in the novel. However, Stephen King praised Paul Monash's screenplay and commented "Monash has succeeded in combining the characters a lot, and it works."[1]

text: However, much of the violence and graphic scenes in the novel had to be omitted to meet broadcast restrictions. Producer Richard Kobritz, who took a strong creative interest in his films, also added several changes to Monash's script including turning the head vampire Kurt Barlow from a cultured human-looking villain into a speechless demonic-looking monster. Kobritz explained:

text:
“
We went back to the old German Nosferatu concept where he is the essence of evil, and not anything romantic or smarmy, or, you know, the rouge-cheeked, widow-peaked Dracula. I wanted nothing suave or sexual, because I just didn't think it'd work; we've seen too much of it. The other thing we did with the character which I think is an improvement is that Barlow does not speak. When he's killed at the end, he obviously emits sounds, but it's not even a full line of dialogue, in contrast to the book and the first draft of the screenplay. I just thought it would be suicidal on our part to have a vampire that talks. What kind of voice do you put behind a vampire? You can't do Bela Lugosi, or you're going to get a laugh. You can't do Regan in The Exorcist, or you're going to get something that's unintelligible, and besides, you've been there before. That's why I think the James Mason role of Straker became more important."[1]
”

text: Other changes by Kobritz included having the final confrontation with Barlow in the cellar of the Marsten House whereas in the book it is in the basement of Eva Miller's boarding house, a concept Kobritz felt "Just doesn't work. I mean, from a point of sheer construction in a well-written screenplay, he's got to reside in the inside of the Marsten House. He's a major star in the picture - the third or fourth most important character - he's got to be there. It may have worked in the book, but not in the movie." Susan's death was also moved to the climax, to give her death "more impact and provide the film with a snap ending."[1]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On playing Ben Mears, David Soul said "I cleaned up my speech pattern a little bit. I sound like a writer, a man who's at home with words."

text: For the roles of Richard K. Straker and the vampire Kurt Barlow, James Mason and Reggie Nalder had been on producer Richard Kobritz's "wish list".[2] Kobritz sent Mason a copy of the script, who loved the part and his wife, Clarissa Kaye-Mason, was also cast as Marjorie Glick.[1] However, Nalder was less impressed. "The makeup and contact lenses were painful but I got used to them. I liked the money best of all."[3]

text: The miniseries also features Elisha Cook, Jr. as Weasel Philips and Marie Windsor as Eva Miller, two characters with a relationship. This casting was an inside joke by producer Kobritz, a fan of Stanley Kubrick; Cook and Windsor had previously played a couple in Kubrick's The Killing (1956).[1]

text: Direction[edit]

text: Salem's Lot does not rely on the same kind of dynamics as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. "This film is very spooky - it suggests things and always has the overtone of the grave. It affects you differently than my other horror films. It's more soft-shelled," director Tobe Hooper explains. "A television movie does not have blood or violence. It has atmosphere which creates something you cannot escape - the reminder that our time is limited and all the accoutrements that go with it, such as the visuals."[1]

text: Although Salem's Lot was aimed at television, a European theatrical release was planned from the start, which would include more violence. Two versions of the scene where Cully Sawyer threatens Larry Crockett with a shotgun were shot. In one version, Larry holds the gun barrel in his mouth, while in the mini-series the barrel is in front of his face. "They worked at a feature film pace instead of a TV pace," recalled actor Lance Kerwin on the filming. "It's really even hard to tell the flow of the film. It was a miniseries originally, then we shot a feature film version for Europe at the same time. They've edited and cut together so much."[4]

text: Design and effects[edit]

text: Unable to find a house in Ferndale that resembled the Marsten House from the book, an estimated $100,000 was spent on constructing a three-story facade over an already-existing house on a hillside, overlooking Ferndale and the Eel River Valley. Designed by Mort Rabinowitz, it took 20 days to build. Another $70,000 was spent on constructing the interior set of the house which proved even more difficult for designer Rabinowitz,[1] who also designed the building of Straker's antique shop and the small village in Guatemala where the beginning and end of the miniseries is set.[1]

text: The vampire makeup involving glowing contact lenses was invented by Jack Young. According to Tobe Hooper, the makeup on actor Reggie Nalder would constantly fall off, as well as the fake nails and teeth, and the contact lenses would go sideways.[5] The contact lenses could only be worn for 15 minutes at a time before they had to be removed to let the eye rest for 30 minutes.[1]

text: The vampire levitations were accomplished by placing the actors on a boom crane instead of traditional wires: "We didn't fly our vampires in on wires, because even in the best of films you can see them," producer Richard Korbitz explained. "We wanted to get a feeling of floating. And the effect is horrific, because you know there are no wires. It has a very spooky, eerie quality to it."[1] The levitation sequences were also shot-in-reverse [sic] to make the scenes more eerie.[1]

text: Music[edit]

text: With producer Richard Korbitz wanting "a good, atmospheric, old-fashioned, Bernie Herrmann-type score", the score was composed and conducted by Harry Sukman, whom Korbitz described as "a former cohort and protege of Victor Young".[1] It was the composer's last work before he died in 1984. Sukman's score was officially released on CD by Intrada Records on October 15, 2013.

text: Inspirations and influences[edit]

text: Tobe Hooper, a great admirer of Alfred Hitchcock, pays several homages to Psycho (1960) in Salem's Lot. The appearance of Kurt Barlow is an homage to Count Orlok in Nosferatu (1922).[1]

text: Salem's Lot had a significant impact on the vampire genre, as it inspired horror films such as Fright Night (1985) and the scenes of vampire boys floating outside windows would be referenced in The Lost Boys (1987) (and later spoofed in The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror IV"). Salem's Lot has also been cited as one of the primary influences for Joss Whedon's hit TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[6] Swedish heavy metal band Ghost's debut album Opus Eponymous has a cover that is a tribute to the Salem's Lot film poster.

text: Writer Bryan Fuller stated that the scene where a character is impaled on a deer's antlers in Salem's Lot inspired him to do a similar scene in his 2013 TV series Hannibal because the original scene frightened him so much as a child.[7] This also happens to the vampire leader in The Lost Boys (1987) and to a female vampire in the sequel, Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008), as well as to a female character in the controversial slasher film Silent Night, Deadly Night (1984).

text: Release[edit]

text: Salem's Lot originally aired on CBS on November 17 and 24 of 1979 in two 2-hour segments. The following year, CBS aired an edited version of the miniseries in one 3-hour segment. NAL/Signet Books also published a paperback tie-in of the novel which included "8 pages of blood-chilling photos".

text: Theatrical cut[edit]

text: A 112-minute edit of the miniseries was subsequently given a theatrical release in Europe. The theatrical cut of Salem's Lot features different musical cues, alternative scenes, and deletes many scenes, including the prologue and epilogue with Ben Mears and Mark Petrie in Guatemala as well as Susan's fate.

text: Home release[edit]

text: The theatrical cut also aired on cable television and was titled Salem's Lot: The Movie for its VHS release. It was later released alongside A Return to Salem's Lot on VHS as a "Movie Double Feature". Warner Bros. eventually released the full-length miniseries on to VHS, as well as on DVD. The DVD release includes all of the extra scenes from the theatrical version, except the alternative scene of Larry Crockett putting Cully Sawyer's gun in his mouth. A Blu-ray version was released on September 20, 2016 alongside other Stephen King adaptations like Cat's Eye and It.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Salem's Lot has received generally positive reviews. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reports 85% of critics gave the movie positive write-ups based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10.[8] British film critic Mark Kermode has called it "very scary"[9] and "one of the very best screen adaptations of a Stephen King novel to date."[10] Helen O'Hara of Empire Magazine gave the film three out of five stars.[11] American critic Leonard Maltin called it "A well-made hellraiser."[12] Time Out praised "Hooper's fluid camerawork, creepy atmospherics, and skilful handling of the gripping climax."[13] Salem's Lot was also placed on Time Out's list of best vampire films.[14] The Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review called it "one of the most underrated of all King adaptations".[15] Brian McKay of eFilm Critic wrote "Although I'll admit it is incredibly dated, it still manages to be thoroughly creepy."[16]

text: Salem's Lot was featured on AMC's list of Remembering Made-for-TV Terrors[17] and Reggie Nalder's Nosferatu-like portrayal of Kurt Barlow was ranked #8 on Entertainment Weekly's "20 Greatest Vampires".[18] Ronnie Scribner's infamous "window" scene as the child vampire Ralphie Glick was ranked #4 on Empire Magazine's list of "Top 10 Scariest Movie Scenes"[19] and was ranked #42 on the UK Channel 4's 100 Greatest Scary Moments (2003).[20]

text: The 112-minute "movie" version of the miniseries has been mostly disparaged in recent years,[21] though it was preferred by some people including Stephen King himself.[22]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

1980
Edgar Award
Best Television Feature or Miniseries
Paul Monash[23]
Nominated

1980
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Graphic Design and Title Sequences
Gene Kraft[24]
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Makeup
Ben Lane and Jack H. Young[24]
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Limited Series or a Special (Dramatic Underscore)
Harry Sukman[24]
Nominated

text: Sequels and other adaptations[edit]

text: A sequel television series, intended to air on NBC, was originally planned. The series was to be produced by Richard Korbitz and involved Robert Bloch, and was set to continue the vampire hunting actives of Ben Mears and Mark Petrie, though it was ultimately never made.[25]

text: In a 1989 Fangoria interview, actor Reggie Nalder acknowledged to have spoken with production people about a sequel to Salem's Lot, but nothing came out of it.[2] In 1987, a loose sequel named A Return to Salem's Lot was released, directed and written by Larry Cohen. The sequel used the poster art from the original depicting Nalder as Kurt Barlow, although the film features neither the character nor the actor.[2]

text: In 2004, a new television adaptation of Salem's Lot was made by TNT in association with Warner Bros. Directed by Mikael Salomon, the remake was shown in two parts with a similar running length to the original 1979 miniseries. It stars Rob Lowe as Ben Mears, Donald Sutherland as Richard Straker, Rutger Hauer as Kurt Barlow, and James Cromwell as Father Callahan (a substantially expanded role compared to the 1979 version).


document_title: Electronic throttle control

question_text: what is drive by wire electronic throttle control

root

text: Electronic throttle control

text:
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tag: table

text: Electronic throttle control (ETC) is an automobile technology which electronically "connects" the accelerator pedal to the throttle, replacing a mechanical linkage.[1] A typical ETC system consists of three major components: (i) an accelerator pedal module (ideally with two or more independent sensors), (ii) a throttle valve that can be opened and closed by an electric motor (sometimes referred to as an electric or electronic throttle body (ETB)), and (iii) a powertrain or engine control module (PCM or ECM).[2] The ECM is a type of electronic control unit (ECU), which is an embedded system that employs software to determine the required throttle position by calculations from data measured by other sensors, including the accelerator pedal position sensors, engine speed sensor, vehicle speed sensor, and cruise control switches. The electric motor is then used to open the throttle valve to the desired angle via a closed-loop control algorithm within the ECM.

tag: p

text: The benefits of electronic throttle control are largely unnoticed by most drivers because the aim is to make the vehicle power-train characteristics seamlessly consistent irrespective of prevailing conditions, such as engine temperature, altitude, and accessory loads. Electronic throttle control is also working 'behind the scenes' to dramatically improve the ease with which the driver can execute gear changes and deal with the dramatic torque changes associated with rapid accelerations and decelerations.

text: Electronic throttle control facilitates the integration of features such as cruise control, traction control, stability control, and precrash systems and others that require torque management, since the throttle can be moved irrespective of the position of the driver's accelerator pedal. ETC provides some benefit in areas such as air-fuel ratio control, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption reduction, and also works in concert with other technologies such as gasoline direct injection.

text: A criticism of the very early ETC implementations was that they were "overruling" driver decisions.[citation needed] Nowadays, the vast majority of drivers have no idea how much intervention is happening. Much of the engineering involved with drive-by-wire technologies including ETC deals with failure and fault management. Many ETC systems have redundant pedal and throttle position sensors and controller redundancy, even as complex as independent microprocessors with independently written software[citation needed] within a control module whose calculations are compared to check for possible errors and faults.

text: Failure modes[edit]

text: There is no mechanical linkage between the accelerator pedal and the throttle valve with electronic throttle control. Instead, the position of the throttle valve (i.e., the amount of air in the engine) is fully controlled by the ETC software via the electric motor. But just opening or closing the throttle valve by sending a new signal to the electric motor is an open loop condition and leads to inaccurate control. Thus, most if not all current ETC systems use closed loop feedback systems, such as PID control, whereby the ECU tells the throttle to open or close a certain amount. The throttle position sensor(s) are continually read and then the software makes appropriate adjustments to reach the desired amount of engine power.

text: There are two primary types of throttle position sensors (TPS): a potentiometer or a non-contact sensor Hall Effect sensor (magnetic device). A potentiometer is a satisfactory way for non-critical applications such as volume control on a radio, but as it has a wiper contact rubbing against a resistance element, dirt and wear between the wiper and the resistor can cause erratic readings. The more reliable solution is the magnetic coupling, which makes no physical contact, so will never be subject to failing by wear. This is an insidious failure as it may not provide any symptoms until there is total failure. All cars having a TPS have what is known as a 'limp-home-mode'. When the car goes into the limp-home-mode it is because the accelerator and engine control computer and the throttle are not talking to each other in a way that they can understand. The engine control computer shuts down the signal to the throttle position motor and a set of springs in the throttle set it to a fast idle, fast enough to get the transmission in gear but not so fast that driving may be dangerous.

text: Software or electronic failures within the ETC have been suspected by some to be responsible for alleged incidents of unintended acceleration. A series of investigations by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) were unable to get to the bottom of all of the reported incidents of unintended acceleration in 2002 and later model year Toyota and Lexus vehicles. A February 2011 report issued by a team from NASA (which studied the source code and electronics for a 2005 Camry model, at the request of NHTSA) did not rule out software malfunctions as a potential cause.[3] In October 2013, the first jury to hear evidence about Toyota's source code (from expert witness Michael Barr (software engineer)) found Toyota liable for the death of a passenger in a September 2007 unintended acceleration collision in Oklahoma.[4]


document_title: Rose Bowl Game

question_text: what is the highest score in rose bowl history

question_tokens: what is the highest score in rose bowl history

text: Rose Bowl Game

text: History[edit]

text: Originally titled the "Tournament East–West football game",[4] the first Rose Bowl was played on January 1, 1902, starting the tradition of New Year's Day bowl games. The football game was added in 1902 to help fund the cost of the Rose Parade.[5] The inaugural game featured Fielding H. Yost's dominating 1901 Michigan team, representing the East, which crushed a previously 3-1-2 team from Stanford University, representing the West, by a score of 49–0 after Stanford quit in the third quarter. Michigan finished the season 11–0 and was crowned the national champion. Yost had been Stanford's coach the previous year. The game was so lopsided that for the next thirteen years, the Tournament of Roses officials ran chariot races, ostrich races, and other various events instead of football.[6] But, on New Year's Day 1916, football returned to stay as the State College of Washington (now Washington State University) defeated Brown University in the first annual Rose Bowl with that explicit name.

text: Tournament Park and Rose Bowl stadium[edit]

text: Before the Rose Bowl was built for the January 1, 1923 match, games were played in Pasadena's Tournament Park, approximately three miles (5 km) southeast of the current Rose Bowl stadium near the campus of Caltech. Tournament Park was determined to be unsuitable for the larger and larger crowds gathering to watch the game and a new, permanent home for the game was commissioned.

text: The Rose Bowl stadium, designed after the Yale Bowl in New Haven, then hosted the first "Rose Bowl" game in 1923. The name of the stadium was alternatively "Tournament of Roses Stadium" or "Tournament of Roses Bowl", until the name "Rose Bowl" was settled on before the 1923 game.[7]

text: The stadium seating has been reconfigured several times since its original construction in 1922. For many years, the Rose Bowl stadium had the largest football stadium capacity in the United States, eventually being surpassed by Michigan Stadium in 1998.[8][9] The maximum stated seating capacity was 104,594 from 1972 to 1997. Capacity was lowered following 1998; the 2006 game, which was also the BCS championship game, had a crowd of 93,986; and a crowd of 94,118 saw the 2011 game between TCU and Wisconsin.[10] As of 2012, the Rose Bowl is number seven on the List of American football stadiums by capacity with a current official seating capacity of 92,542 and is still the largest stadium that hosts post-season bowl games.[11] The Rose Bowl is also the only CFP bowl game that is held in a non-NFL stadium.

text: Team selection 1916–1946[edit]

text: In the game's early years, except during World War I, the Rose Bowl always pitted a team—not necessarily the conference champion—from the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), the predecessor of the current Pac-12 Conference, against an opponent from the Eastern U.S. During the last two years of World War I, teams from military bases met in the Rose Bowl. During its history, a number of notable matchups have been made with the top football teams and top coaches of the time. These include the 1925 game, with Knute Rockne's Notre Dame and their Four Horsemen, against "Pop" Warner's Stanford; the 1926 edition saw the Alabama Crimson Tide's win over Washington; and 1940 featured Howard Jones' USC Trojans against Bob Neyland's Tennessee Volunteers. During this period, there were ten games in which undefeated teams were matched.

text: World War II – 1942 venue change to Durham, North Carolina[edit]

text: After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and a series of attacks on West Coast shipping beginning on December 18,[12] there were concerns about a possible Japanese attack on the West Coast. The Rose Parade, with a million watchers, and the Rose Bowl, with 90,000 spectators, were presumed to be ideal targets for the Japanese. Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt recommended that the Rose Parade and Rose Bowl festivities be cancelled.[13][14][15] The Rose Bowl committee originally planned to cancel the game. On December 16, Duke University invited the game and Oregon State to Duke's home stadium in Durham, North Carolina.[16][17] After the 1942 Allied victory in the Battle of Midway and the end of the Japanese offensives in the Pacific Theater during 1942, it was deemed that the West Coast was no longer vulnerable to attack, and the Rose Bowl game continued on in the Rose Bowl Stadium. Few Georgia fans were able to make the trip to the 1943 Rose Bowl because of wartime travel restrictions.[18] There were a large number of military servicemen in attendance.[19] The Tournament of Roses parade itself still was not held in 1943 due to the war.[20]

text: Big Nine–PCC agreement[edit]

text: During World War II, many college football schools had dropped some conference opponents and instead played football against local military base teams. Many colleges could not even field teams due to the draft and manpower requirements.[21] After the war was over, demobilization and the G.I. Bill enabled returning servicemen to attend college. The 1946 season was the first true post-war college football season with travel restrictions lifted and civilian college opponents returning to schedules.

text: The Big Nine and PCC were of the same accord when it came to treating players as amateurs, as compared to the semi-professional status that the Southern Universities proposed. Also, the Big Nine and PCC both had the same attitudes towards desegregation and allowing African-Americans to play football.[22] Many other universities were still segregated. None of the Southeastern Conference schools had an African American athlete until 1966. The Cotton Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Sugar Bowl would not be integrated until 1948, 1955, and 1956 respectively.[23]

text: The Big Nine agreed in 1946, after eight years of negotiating over payments, rules, and ticket allocations, to a five-year exclusive deal with the Rose Bowl to send the conference champion to meet the PCC conference champion.[24] UCLA, USC, Minnesota and Illinois all voted against it.[25] The 1947 Rose Bowl, with UCLA meeting Illinois, was the first game under this agreement.

text: Big Ten–AAWU/Pac-8/10 agreement[edit]

text: When the PCC dissolved prior to the 1959 season following a pay-for-play scandal in 1958, there was no official agreement in force. The Tournament of Roses selected from the former members of PCC and invited Washington, the first champion of the newly formed Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), to play Big Ten champion Wisconsin in the 1960 Rose Bowl. The Big Ten authorized its members to accept any Rose Bowl invitation at their discretion.

text: The AAWU signed an agreement with the Rose Bowl that remained in force from the 1961 Rose Bowl until the advent of the BCS era in 1998. In 1962, after Minnesota changed its vote against pursuing a new agreement (resolving a 5–5 voting deadlock which had prevented any new negotiations for years), a Big Ten agreement was finalized, which went into effect with the 1963 Rose Bowl and lasted until the BCS era.

text: While the Big Ten supplied the "East" representative and the PCC, AAWU, or Pac-8/10 supplied the "West" representative from the 1947 Rose Bowl to the BCS era, statements about an "exclusive" Rose Bowl agreement existing during this period are not entirely accurate: the Big Ten was not part of any agreement for the 1961 and 1962 games and the status of the agreement for 1960 is questionable, at best. The fact that the 1961 Big Ten champion, Ohio State, declined the invitation to play in the 1962 Rose Bowl (without penalty) is the clearest evidence that this "exclusive agreement" did not exist in these years.

text: The AAWU used "Big Five", "Big Six", and "Pacific-8" as unofficial nicknames (each reflecting the number of conference members). It officially adopted the "Pacific-8" name for the 1968 season. The name changed to "Pacific-10" with the arrival of Arizona and Arizona State in 1978, its last official name change prior to the formation of the BCS in 1998. The Big Ten Conference retained the same name throughout this period, even though it had eleven members by the start of the BCS era due to the addition of Penn State in 1990.

text: Both conferences had a "no repeat" rule in force for a number of years. Under this rule, any team that had appeared in the Rose Bowl game the previous season could not go, even if they were the conference champion. The notable exceptions to this rule were Washington playing in the 1960 and 1961 games and Minnesota playing in the 1961 and 1962 games during the period when the conference agreements were in a state of flux. The Big Ten abolished this rule in 1972. The AAWU/Pac-8 had abandoned its no-repeat rule by the time Southern California played in four consecutive Rose Bowl games from 1967 to 1970.

text: Both conferences also had "exclusive agreements" with the Rose Bowl game, in the sense that member schools were not allowed to play in any other bowl game. Both conferences abolished this rule before the 1975 college football season. As a result, Michigan and USC were allowed to play in the 1976 Orange Bowl and the 1975 Liberty Bowl, respectively.

text: Bowl Championship Series[edit]

text: As of the 1998 season, with the creation of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), team selection for the Rose Bowl was tied to the other three BCS bowls, although in any given year the Rose Bowl still attempted, if possible, to maintain the traditional Pac-10 (Pac-12 after the addition of Utah and Colorado in 2011) versus Big Ten format (though if the champ from either or both conference was ranked BCS #1 or #2, they were allowed into the national championship game and the runner up of their conference got the nod). Twice in this era, the Rose Bowl had served as the BCS championship game.

text: The 2002 game served as the BCS championship game between the BCS No. 1–ranked Miami, then a member of the Big East Conference, and the BCS No. 2–ranked Nebraska, then a member of the Big 12 Conference. The Nebraska selection as the BCS No. 2 team was controversial because Oregon was ranked No. 2 in both the AP and Coaches Polls, while Nebraska was ranked No. 4 in both polls and did not play in its conference championship game (No. 3 Colorado, who would play Oregon in that year's Fiesta Bowl, did and won the Big 12's automatic bid to the BCS). This prevented a West Coast team playing in the Rose Bowl for their first time, and it also marked the first matchup since 1946 not to feature the traditional pairing of Pac-10 vs. Big Ten teams.

text: The 2006 Rose Bowl game featured offensive powerhouses Texas, riding a 19-game winning streak, and USC, which entered the game with a 34-game winning streak and two Heisman Trophy winners. Texas won 41–38. The game had a television viewership of 35.6 million,[26] the highest for college football contest since the 1987 Fiesta Bowl between Penn State and Miami.

text: On two other occasions during the BCS era, Rose Bowl participation had expanded beyond the Big Ten and Pac-10. The 2003 Rose Bowl couldn't select Big Ten co-champion and automatic qualifier Ohio State, who finished No. 2 in the BCS and thus received a bid to the Fiesta Bowl to play for the national championship. The Rose Bowl was poised to select Big Ten co-champion Iowa as an at-large in order to preserve the traditional Big Ten/Pac-10 match up. However, the Orange Bowl, which selected ahead of the Rose Bowl that year, chose the Hawkeyes. As a result, the Rose Bowl featured the first appearance by Oklahoma, who faced Pac-10 Champion Washington State. The 2005 game featured Texas of the Big 12 Conference, selected, amid some controversy, over California of the Pac-10, marking the second time a West Coast team did not make the Rose Bowl. The controversy was the result of the BCS computer rankings which elevated Texas over California. Texas went on to defeat Michigan in the 2005 game, featuring a four-touchdown performance by Vince Young, foreshadowing his 467-yard performance a year later in the 2006 defeat of USC that won the National Title for Texas.

text: The 2004 game is also noteworthy. In this game, USC defeated Michigan, 28–14, thus earning the top ranking in the AP Poll and a share of the national championship with BCS champion LSU. USC, despite being No. 1 in the AP poll, did not qualify for the BCS championship game because of their standing in the BCS system.

text: The second BCS-era Rose Bowl arrangement ran from 2004 through 2014. The Big Ten and Pac-12 (the new name of the Pac-10) retained their bids, but a provision was inserted mandating that the first time that either conference could not fill their bid (due to a school from the Big Ten or Pac-12 qualifying for the BCS National Championship Game), and if a non-BCS conference school qualified, the Rose Bowl was required to take that school.[27] As a result, Texas Christian University (TCU) became the first team from a non-automatic qualifying conference to play in the Rose Bowl in the BCS era. The 2010 TCU Horned Frogs finished their second consecutive regular season at 12–0, were back-to-back champions of the Mountain West Conference, and ranked No. 3 in the final BCS Poll. TCU defeated No. 5 Wisconsin 21–19 in the 2011 Rose Bowl. TCU's appearance satisfied the 'first time' clause of the current agreement.

text: The 100th Rose Bowl Game featured a traditional pairing of Big Ten champion versus Pac-12 champion, with Michigan State playing against Stanford on January 1, 2014. Michigan State won the game, 24–20.

text: The Bowl Championship Series format ended with the 2014 BCS National Championship Game, played at the Rose Bowl stadium on January 6.

text: College Football Playoff[edit]

text: The BCS was replaced in 2014 by the College Football Playoff, which selects four teams for two national semifinal games, leading to a championship game. As part of the arrangement, the Rose Bowl game functions as a semifinal playoff game every three years. In years when the Rose Bowl is not hosting a semifinal, it takes the Pac-12 and Big Ten champions, provided they are outside of the top four and not in a semifinal.

text: The first game under the new arrangement was played on January 1, 2015 and was known as the College Football Playoff semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. It featured the Oregon Ducks of the Pac-12 Conference and the Florida State Seminoles, the first Atlantic Coast Conference team to participate in the Rose Bowl. Oregon defeated Florida State, 59–20, ending the Seminoles' 29-game winning streak, which dated back to the end of the 2012 season. As a result, Oregon advanced to the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship played on January 12. The 59 points were a new Rose Bowl Game scoring record for a team.

text: The 2016 Rose Bowl featured Pac-12 champions Stanford against Big Ten West Division champions Iowa. Stanford defeated Iowa 45–16, scoring 35 points in the first half, the most points ever scored in the first half of a Rose Bowl. Big Ten champions Michigan State defeated Iowa 16–13 in the Big Ten championship Game, but lost 38–0 to Alabama in a CFP semifinal on New Year's Eve. There was some controversy over the selection of the Big Ten's Rose Bowl representative, given that both Iowa and Ohio State finished their seasons with only one loss, both losing to Michigan State. In the end, the College Football Playoff Committee ranked Iowa ahead of Ohio State, which led to Iowa's first Rose Bowl berth since 1991.[28][29] Iowa was ranked fifth in the final College Football Playoff rankings, and Stanford sixth, meaning that the 2016 Rose Bowl featured the strongest matchup that was not part of the College Football Playoff.

text: In the 2018 Rose Bowl, the Georgia Bulldogs (12–1) defeated the Oklahoma Sooners (12–1) 54–48 in double overtime in a semifinal playoff game to advance to the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game. It was the first Rose Bowl game to ever go into overtime period(s).

text: Sponsorship and broadcasting rights[edit]

text: For many years the Rose Bowl eschewed sponsorship, but in 1999, it became "The Rose Bowl Game presented by AT&T." Unlike the other bowl games, the sponsor was not added to the title of the game, but instead as a presenter.[31] In 2002 it was branded The Rose Bowl Game presented by PlayStation 2. From 2003 to 2010, after the agreement with Sony expired, the game was presented by Citi.

text: In June 2010, Citi decided to end sponsorship of the Rose Bowl games, including the National Championship game.[32] In October 2010, HDTV maker Vizio signed a 4-year contract to be the official sponsor of the Rose Bowl games through 2014.[33] After Vizio declined to renew sponsorship in 2014, financial services giant Northwestern Mutual became the new presenting sponsor.[34]

text: The 1952 game was the first nationally televised bowl game and the first nationally televised college game of any sport.[35] From 1952 to 1988,[36] the Rose Bowl was televised by NBC at 2 p.m. PST, and in most years was the only New Year's Day bowl airing at that time. The 1962 game was the first college football game broadcast in color.

text: From 1989 to 2010, the game was broadcast on ABC, usually at 2 p.m. PST; the 2005 edition was the first one broadcast in HDTV. Beginning in 2007, FOX had the broadcast rights to the other Bowl Championship Series games, but the Rose Bowl, which negotiates its own television contract independent of the BCS, had agreed to keep the game on ABC.

text: Beginning with the 2010 season, ESPN (majority-owned by ABC's parent company, The Walt Disney Company) now broadcasts all the BCS/CFP games, including the Rose Bowl game.[37][38] The game is also broadcast nationally by ESPN Radio and by ESPN International for Latin America. In 2013 ESPN Deportes provided the first Spanish language telecast in the U.S. of the Rose Bowl Game.[39]

text: The Rose Bowl game contract with ESPN was extended on June 28, 2012, to 2026, for a reportedly $80 million per year.[40][41] Northwestern Mutual took over as presenting sponsor in 2015 and will continue until 2020.

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Winners in boldface
Italics denote a tie game

text:
Date played
West / Pac-12
East / Big Ten
Attendance[42]
Notes

January 1, 1902
Stanford
0
Michigan
49
8,000
notes

January 1, 1916
Washington State
14
Brown
0
7,000
notes

January 1, 1917
Oregon
14
Pennsylvania
0
26,000
notes

January 1, 1918[b]
Mare Island – USMC
19
Camp Lewis – US Army
7
N/A
notes

January 1, 1919[b]
Mare Island – USMC
0
Great Lakes – US Navy
17
N/A
notes

January 1, 1920
Oregon
6
Harvard
7
30,000
notes

January 1, 1921
California
28
Ohio State
0
42,000
notes

January 2, 1922
California
0
Washington & Jefferson
0
40,000
notes

January 1, 1923
USC
14
Penn State
3
43,000
notes

January 1, 1924
Washington
14
Navy
14
40,000
notes

January 1, 1925
Stanford
10
Notre Dame
27
53,000
notes

January 1, 1926
Washington
19
Alabama
20
50,000
notes

January 1, 1927
Stanford
7
Alabama
7
57,417
notes

January 2, 1928
Stanford
7
Pittsburgh
6
65,000
notes

January 1, 1929
California
7
Georgia Tech
8
66,604
notes

January 1, 1930
USC
47
Pittsburgh
14
72,000
notes

January 1, 1931
Washington State
0
Alabama
24
60,000
notes

January 1, 1932
USC
21
Tulane
12
75,562
notes

January 2, 1933
USC
35
Pittsburgh
0
78,874
notes

January 1, 1934
Stanford
0
Columbia
7
35,000
notes

January 1, 1935
Stanford
13
Alabama
29
84,474
notes

January 1, 1936
Stanford
7
SMU
0
84,474
notes

January 1, 1937
#5 Washington
0
#3 Pittsburgh
21
87,196
notes

January 1, 1938
#2 California
13
#4 Alabama
0
90,000
notes

January 2, 1939
#7 USC
7
#3 Duke
3
89,452
notes

January 1, 1940
#3 USC
14
#2 Tennessee
0
92,200
notes

January 1, 1941
#2 Stanford
21
#7 Nebraska
13
91,500
notes

January 1, 1942
#12 Oregon State
20
#2 Duke
16
56,000[a]
notes

January 1, 1943
#13 UCLA
0
#2 Georgia
9
93,000
notes

January 1, 1944
USC
29
#12 Washington
0
68,000
notes

January 1, 1945
#7 USC
25
#12 Tennessee
0
91,000
notes

January 1, 1946
#11 USC
14
#2 Alabama
34
93,000
notes

January 1, 1947
#4 UCLA
14
#5 Illinois
45
90,000
notes

January 1, 1948
#8 USC
0
#2 Michigan
49
93,000
notes

January 1, 1949
#4 California
14
#7 Northwestern
20
93,000
notes

January 2, 1950
#3 California
14
#6 Ohio State
17
100,963
notes

January 1, 1951
#5 California
6
#9 Michigan
14
98,939
notes

January 1, 1952
#7 Stanford
7
#4 Illinois
40
96,825
notes

January 1, 1953
#5 USC
7
#11 Wisconsin
0
101,500
notes

January 1, 1954
#5 UCLA
20
#3 Michigan State
28
101,000
notes

January 1, 1955
#17 USC
7
#1 Ohio State
20
89,191
notes

January 2, 1956
#4 UCLA
14
#2 Michigan State
17
100,809
notes

January 1, 1957
#10 Oregon State
19
#3 Iowa
35
97,126
notes

January 1, 1958
Oregon
7
#2 Ohio State
10
98,202
notes

January 1, 1959
#16 California
12
#2 Iowa
38
98,297
notes

January 1, 1960
#8 Washington
44
#6 Wisconsin
8
100,809
notes

January 2, 1961
#6 Washington
17
#1 Minnesota
7
97,314
notes

January 1, 1962
#16 UCLA
3
#6 Minnesota
21
98,214
notes

January 1, 1963
#1 USC
42
#2 Wisconsin
37
98,698
notes

January 1, 1964
Washington
7
#3 Illinois
17
96,957
notes

January 1, 1965
#8 Oregon State
7
#4 Michigan
34
100,423
notes

January 1, 1966
#5 UCLA
14
#1 Michigan State
12
100,087
notes

January 2, 1967
USC
13
#7 Purdue
14
100,807
notes

January 1, 1968
#1 USC
14
#4 Indiana
3
102,946
notes

January 1, 1969
#2 USC
16
#1 Ohio State
27
102,063
notes

January 1, 1970
#5 USC
10
#7 Michigan
3
103,878
notes

January 1, 1971
#12 Stanford
27
#2 Ohio State
17
103,839
notes

January 1, 1972
#16 Stanford
13
#4 Michigan
12
103,154
notes

January 1, 1973
#1 USC
42
#3 Ohio State
17
106,869
notes

January 1, 1974
#7 USC
21
#4 Ohio State
42
105,267
notes

January 1, 1975
#5 USC
18
#3 Ohio State
17
106,721
notes

January 1, 1976
#11 UCLA
23
#1 Ohio State
10
105,464
notes

January 1, 1977
#3 USC
14
#2 Michigan
6
106,182
notes

January 2, 1978
#13 Washington
27
#4 Michigan
20
105,312
notes

January 1, 1979
#3 USC
17
#5 Michigan
10
105,629
notes

January 1, 1980
#3 USC
17
#1 Ohio State
16
105,526
notes

January 1, 1981
#16 Washington
6
#5 Michigan
23
104,863
notes

January 1, 1982
#12 Washington
28
#13 Iowa
0
105,611
notes

January 1, 1983
#5 UCLA
24
#19 Michigan
14
104,991
notes

January 2, 1984
UCLA
45
#4 Illinois
9
103,217
notes

January 1, 1985
#18 USC
20
#6 Ohio State
17
102,594
notes

January 1, 1986
#13 UCLA
45
#4 Iowa
28
103,292
notes

January 1, 1987
#7 Arizona State
22
#4 Michigan
15
103,168
notes

January 1, 1988
#16 USC
17
#8 Michigan State
20
103,847
notes

January 2, 1989
#5 USC
14
#11 Michigan
22
101,688
notes

January 1, 1990
#12 USC
17
#3 Michigan
10
103,450
notes

January 1, 1991
#8 Washington
46
#17 Iowa
34
101,273
notes

January 1, 1992
#2 Washington
34
#4 Michigan
14
103,566
notes

January 1, 1993
#9 Washington
31
#7 Michigan
38
94,236
notes

January 1, 1994
#14 UCLA
16
#9 Wisconsin
21
101,237
notes

January 2, 1995
#12 Oregon
20
#2 Penn State
38
102,247
notes

January 1, 1996
#17 USC
41
#3 Northwestern
32
100,102
notes

January 1, 1997
#2 Arizona State
17
#4 Ohio State
20
100,635
notes

January 1, 1998
#8 Washington State
16
#1 Michigan
21
101,219
notes

January 1, 1999
#6 UCLA
31
#9 Wisconsin
38
93,872
notes

January 1, 2000
#22 Stanford
9
#4 Wisconsin
17
93,731
notes

January 1, 2001
#4 Washington
34
#14 Purdue
24
94,392
notes

January 3, 2002[c]
#4 Nebraska
14
#1 Miami (FL)
37
93,781
notes

January 1, 2003
#7 Washington State
14
#8 Oklahoma
34
86,848
notes

January 1, 2004
#1 USC
28
#4 Michigan
14
93,849
notes

January 1, 2005
#6 Texas
38
#13 Michigan
37
93,468
notes

January 4, 2006[c]
#1 USC
38
#2 Texas
41
93,986
notes

January 1, 2007
#8 USC
32
#3 Michigan
18
93,852
notes

January 1, 2008
#6 USC
49
#13 Illinois
17
93,923
notes

January 1, 2009
#5 USC
38
#6 Penn State
24
93,293
notes

January 1, 2010
#7 Oregon
17
#8 Ohio State
26
93,963
notes

January 1, 2011
#3 TCU
21
#4 Wisconsin
19
94,118
notes

January 2, 2012
#6 Oregon
45
#9 Wisconsin
38
91,245
notes

January 1, 2013
#8 Stanford
20
Wisconsin
14
93,359
notes

January 1, 2014
#5 Stanford
20
#4 Michigan State
24
95,173
notes

January 1, 2015[d]
#3 Oregon
59
#2 Florida State
20
91,322
notes

January 1, 2016
#5 Stanford
45
#6 Iowa
16
94,268
notes

January 2, 2017
#9 USC
52
#5 Penn State
49
95,128
notes

January 1, 2018[d]
#2 Oklahoma
48
#3 Georgia
54
92,844
notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c The 1942 game was played in Duke Stadium in Durham, North Carolina, due to a restriction on crowds allowed on the West Coast after Pearl Harbor
^ Jump up to: a b During World War I, military teams played
^ Jump up to: a b Denotes BCS National Championship Game
^ Jump up to: a b Denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game

tag: ol

text: Frequent participants[edit]

text:
“
If there are any Big Ten teams that shoot for a national championship, they're damn fools...You play to win the Big Ten championship, and if you win it and go to the Rose Bowl and win it, then you've had a great season.
”

— Bo Schembechler of Michigan, July 1989[43]

text: USC has played the most times in the Rose Bowl, with 34 appearances, followed by Michigan (20), Stanford (15), Ohio State and Washington (14 each), and UCLA (12). Alabama, 4–1–1 in Rose Bowls, has made the most appearances of any team outside the Pac-12 and Big Ten conferences. Pittsburgh appeared four times in a nine-year period, from 1927 to 1936. Among Pac-8/10/12 and Big Ten schools, the record for longest drought since a team's last Rose Bowl appearance is held by California (1959), followed by Minnesota (1962), Oregon State (1965), and Indiana (1968).

text: USC has also won the most Rose Bowls (25), followed by Michigan (8); Washington, Ohio State, and Stanford (7 each); and UCLA (5). Michigan has lost the most (12), followed by USC (9), Ohio State, UCLA and Stanford (7 each), Washington and Wisconsin (6 each). Among Pac-8/10/12 and Big Ten schools who have played in at least one Rose Bowl, the record for the longest period since a win is held jointly by Indiana and Nebraska, who have never won, followed by Washington State (1916), Cal (1939), Oregon State (1942), Northwestern (1949), and Iowa (1959). As of 2016, head coaches Howard Jones (5–0) and John Robinson (4–0) lead the list of undefeated Rose Bowl records.[44]

text: The most frequent Rose Bowl matchup is USC–Michigan, occurring for the eighth time in 2007, with USC holding a 6–2 advantage (including rare meetings outside the Rose Bowl, USC leads this series 6–4). The next most frequent matchup is USC–Ohio State, occurring for the seventh time in 1985, with USC holding a 4–3 advantage.

text: From the 1946 season (1947 Rose Bowl), when the Big Ten-Rose Bowl agreement began, through the 1971 season (1972 Rose Bowl), the Big Ten did not permit the same team to represent that Conference in the Rose Bowl in consecutive years. There was one exception: Minnesota played in the 1961 Rose Bowl and 1962 Rose Bowl games, as previously explained in the section on the conference agreements after the collapse of the Pacific Coast Conference.

text: Also of note, during this era Big Ten and Pac-8 teams could play only in the Rose Bowl; this restriction was not lifted until the 1975 season.

text: Archie Griffin of Ohio State and Brian Cushing of USC are the only players to ever start in four Rose Bowl games. Legendary coach Woody Hayes led Ohio State to the Rose Bowl from 1973 to 1976, while USC head coach Pete Carroll led the Trojans to the Rose Bowl from 2006 to 2009.

text: Current members of the Pac-12 or the Big Ten to have not appeared in the Rose Bowl are Arizona (who joined the then-Pac-10 in 1978), Colorado and Utah (who both joined the Pac-12 in 2011), and Maryland and Rutgers (who both joined the Big Ten in 2014), though California appeared in the Rose Bowl only as a member of a predecessor league to the Pac-12.[45] Similar to Cal, Nebraska played in the 1941 and 2002 games, but was not a member of the Big Ten Conference at these times. Idaho and Montana, who were members of the Pacific Coast Conference from 1922 until 1958 and 1950 respectively, never finished near the top in the PCC football standings. Former Big Ten member Chicago withdrew from the league prior to the bowl arrangement being set.

text: USC has played the most Big Ten schools in the Rose Bowl. As of 2016, the only opponents remaining for the Trojans are Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, and the two newest Big Ten schools that have yet to appear in the Rose Bowl: Maryland and Rutgers. Michigan has played the most schools in the Pac-12 in the Rose Bowl. The remaining opponents for the Wolverines are Oregon and the three Pac-12 schools that have yet to appear in the Rose Bowl: Arizona, Utah, and Colorado.

text: The Rose Bowl was exclusively a Big Ten-Pac-10 affair for 52 years, from 1946 (1947 Rose Bowl) through 1997 (1998 Rose Bowl). While the Big Ten dominated the game in the late 1940s and 1950s, and the Pac-10 dominated during the 1970s and early 1980s, over the entire 52-year span, each conference won 26 games.

text: The BCS era covered sixteen games, starting with the 1999 (85th) Rose Bowl to the 2014 (100th) Rose Bowl. Of the eleven games featuring a Big Ten-Pac-12 matchup, the Pac-12 leads in wins, 7-4. However, the 2007 (93rd) Rose Bowl and 2008 (94th) Rose Bowl, each Big Ten losses to the Pac-12, actually featured the Big Ten runner-up, as conference champion Ohio State was selected to play each of those years in the BCS National Championship Game.

text: The 2002 and 2006 Rose Bowls represented the National Championship game. In 2002, there was neither a Big Ten or Pac-10 school, as Oregon was in the Fiesta Bowl while Illinois was in the Sugar Bowl. In 2006, top-ranked USC represented the Pac-10 in the National Championship Game in the Rose Bowl against second-ranked Texas from the Big 12 Conference. Third-ranked Penn State, the Big Ten Champion, played in the Orange Bowl while fourth-ranked Ohio State played in the Fiesta Bowl that year.

text: The other two non-Big Ten vs. Pac-10 matchups in the BCS era involved Big 12 Conference teams: Oklahoma in the 2003 (89th) Rose Bowl and Texas in the 2005 (91st) Rose Bowl.

text: The 2011 Rose Bowl Game marked the sole time during the BCS era that a school from a non-BCS conference played in the game (as Oregon, the Pacific-10 champion, was selected to play in the BCS National Championship Game). TCU, led by Quarterback Andy Dalton, beat Wisconsin 21–19.

text: Game arrangements[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Beginning with the 1947 Rose Bowl, the Pacific Coast representative was the home team, and the Big Nine representative was the visitor. This arrangement would alternate each year. The stadium seating started with the Big Nine representatives in the end zone, but eventually was set with the Big Ten fans and team on the West (press box) side, and Pacific-10 fans and team on the East side. The home team wears their darkest home jerseys, and the visiting team wears the white visiting jerseys. There have been exceptions to the uniform arrangement: UCLA wore their home jerseys, light blue, in the 1962, 1966, and 1976 Rose Bowl games, with the Big Ten opponent also wearing their home uniforms.

text: From 1947 through 2001, the Big Ten team was the home team in odd-numbered years, and the Pac-10 team was the home team in even-numbered years. In 2003, Washington State was the home team, as a non-Big Ten or Pac-10 school (Oklahoma of the Big 12) was the opponent; the same applied in 2005, when Michigan played another Big 12 school, Texas.

text: Beginning with the 2002 Rose Bowl, Nebraska was home, with team and fans on the East sideline. From 2006 through 2013, the home team has been the team with the highest BCS season ending ranking. For the 2005 Rose Bowl, the Michigan team was on the East sideline; Texas was the visiting team and was on the West sideline. For the 2006 Rose Bowl, USC was the home team and Texas was the visiting team on the West sideline. Traditionally, the Big Ten (or its BCS replacement) is on the West side (press box) and the Pac-12 team is on the East side.

text: During the BCS era, the institution with the higher BCS ranking performed the national anthem, and performed first at halftime. With the exception of BCS championship years, the National Anthem was performed by the band. In BCS Championship years, a performer was invited to sing the Anthem, the last being LeAnn Rimes in 2006. The Rose Bowl does not have other performers during the halftime show besides the school marching bands. As part of the television contract, a portion of each band's halftime performance is shown on television. Each school and each conference are allocated television spots to advertise. For the 100th game on January 1, 2014, Merry Clayton, Lisa Fischer, Judith Hill and Darlene Love sang the national anthem. This was the first time in Rose Bowl history that the anthem was performed by singers rather than by a marching band.[46] Today, the institution with the higher ranking by the CFP selection committee performs the national anthem and performs first at halftime.

text: Appearances and win–loss records[edit]

text:
Big Ten and Pac-12 teams

Team
Appearances
Won
Lost
Tied
Latest

USC
34
25
9

2017

Michigan
20
8
12

2007

Stanford^
15
7
7
1
2016

Washington
14
7
6
1
2001

Ohio State
14
7
7

2010

UCLA
12
5
7

1999

Wisconsin
9
3
6

2013

California
8
2
5
1
1959

Oregon
7
3
4

2015

Iowa
6
2
4

2016

Michigan State
5
4
1

2014

Illinois
5
3
2

2008

Washington State^
4
1
3

2003

Penn State*
4
1
3

2017

Oregon State
3
1
2

1965

Arizona State
2
1
1

1997

Minnesota
2
1
1

1962

Northwestern
2
1
1

1996

Purdue
2
1
1

2001

Nebraska†
2
0
2

2002

Indiana
1
0
1

1968

Big Ten Conference
69
31
38
0
2017

Pac-12 Conference
96
50
43
3
2017

Other teams

Team
Appearances
Won
Lost
Tied
Latest

Alabama‡
6
4
1
1
1946

Pittsburgh
4
1
3

1937

Texas
2
2
0

2006

Georgia‡
2
2
0

2018

Oklahoma
2
1
1

2018

Duke
2
0
2

1942

Tennessee‡
2
0
2

1945

Columbia
1
1
0

1934

Georgia Tech‡
1
1
0

1929

Harvard
1
1
0

1920

Miami (FL)
1
1
0

2002

Notre Dame
1
1
0

1925

TCU
1
1
0

2011

Navy
1
0
0
1
1924

Washington & Jefferson
1
0
0
1
1922

Brown
1
0
1

1916

Florida State
1
0
1

2015

Penn
1
0
1

1917

SMU
1
0
1

1936

Tulane‡
1
0
1

1932

text: ^ The Pacific Coast Conference, predecessor to the Pac-12 Conference, had their first football season in 1916, so Washington State's appearance in 1916 for the 1915 season and Stanford's appearance in 1902 for the 1901 season do not count toward the conference's total.

text: * Penn State was not a member of the Big Ten at the time of their 1923 Rose Bowl appearance, so Penn State's appearance in 1923 for the 1922 season does not count toward the Big Ten's conference's total

text: † Nebraska was not a member of the Big Ten at the time of either of their appearances. Therefore, as of 2017, they have not represented the Big Ten in the Rose Bowl.

text: ‡ The Southeastern Conference has one current member and two former members who made additional appearances in the Rose Bowl while those schools were not members of the SEC. Alabama made additional appearances in 1926, 1927, and 1931 before becoming a charter member of the SEC in 1932. Another SEC charter member, Georgia Tech, made an appearance in 1929, and left the SEC in 1964. Tulane, also a charter member, made an appearance in 1932, prior to the SEC's establishment in December of that year. Tulane left the SEC in 1966.

text: Rose Bowl Most Valuable Player Award[edit]

text: The most valuable player in the Rose Bowl game is given a crystal trophy that is the Rose Bowl Most Valuable Player Award.[47][48] The award was created in 1953 and awarded retroactively for players all the way back to the 1902 Rose Bowl. Occasionally, the award has been shared by two players. Beginning with the 2005 Rose Bowl Game, the Rose Bowl MVP Award has been given to both an offensive and defensive player.[49] Four players have been named the MVP of more than one Rose Bowl: Bob Schloredt, Washington (1960, 1961), Charles White, USC (1979, 1980), Ron Dayne, Wisconsin (1999, 2000), and Vince Young, Texas (2005, 2006).

text:
Year played
MVP
Team
Position

1902
Neil Snow
Michigan
FB

1916
William Henry Dietz
Washington State
FB

1917
John Beckett
Oregon
T

1918
Hollis Huntington
Mare Island
FB

1919
George Halas
Great Lakes
E

1920
Edward Casey
Harvard
HB

1921
Harold Muller
California
E

1922
Russell Stein
Washington & Jefferson
T

1923
Leo Calland
USC
G

1924
Ira McKee
Navy
QB

1925
Elmer Layden
Notre Dame
FB

Ernie Nevers
Stanford
FB

1926
Johnny Mack Brown
Alabama
HB

George "Wildcat" Wilson
Washington
HB

1927
Fred Pickhard
Alabama
T

1928
Clifford "Biff" Hoffman
Stanford
FB

1929
Benjamin Lom
California
HB

1930
Russell Saunders
USC
QB

1931
John "Monk" Campbell
Alabama
QB

1932
Erny Pinckert
USC
HB

1933
Homer Griffith
USC
QB

1934
Cliff Montgomery
Columbia
QB

1935
Millard "Dixie" Howell
Alabama
HB

1936
James "Monk" Moscrip
Stanford
E

Keith Topping
Stanford
E

1937
Bill Daddio
Pittsburgh
E

1938
Victor Bottari
California
HB

1939
Doyle Nave
USC
QB

Al Krueger
USC
E

1940
Ambrose Schindler
USC
QB

1941
Peter Kmetovic
Stanford
HB

1942
Donald Durdan
Oregon State
HB

1943
Charles Trippi
Georgia
HB

1944
Norman Verry
USC
G

1945
Jim Hardy
USC
QB

1946
Harry Gilmer
Alabama
HB

1947
Claude "Buddy" Young
Illinois
HB

Julius Rykovich
Illinois
HB

1948
Bob Chappuis
Michigan
HB

1949
Frank Aschenbrenner
Northwestern
HB

1950
Fred "Curly" Morrison
Ohio State
FB

1951
Don Dufek
Michigan
FB

1952
William Tate
Illinois
HB

1953
Rudy Bukich
USC
QB

1954
Billy Wells
Michigan State
HB

1955
Dave Leggett
Ohio State
QB

1956
Walter Kowalczyk
Michigan State
HB

1957
Kenneth Ploen
Iowa
QB

1958
Jack Crabtree
Oregon
QB

1959
Bob Jeter
Iowa
HB

1960
Bob Schloredt
Washington
QB

George Fleming
Washington
HB

1961
Bob Schloredt
Washington
QB

1962
Sandy Stephens
Minnesota
QB

1963
Pete Beathard
USC
QB

Ron Vander Kelen
Wisconsin
QB

1964
Jim Grabowski
Illinois
FB

1965
Mel Anthony
Michigan
FB

1966
Bob Stiles
UCLA
DB

1967
John Charles
Purdue
DB

1968
O.J. Simpson
USC
TB

1969
Rex Kern
Ohio State
QB

1970
Bob Chandler
USC
FL

1971
Jim Plunkett
Stanford
QB

1972
Don Bunce
Stanford
QB

1973
Sam Cunningham
USC
FB

1974
Cornelius Greene
Ohio State
QB

1975
Pat Haden
USC
QB

John McKay, Jr.
USC
SE

1976
John Sciarra
UCLA
QB

1977
Vince Evans
USC
QB

1978
Warren Moon
Washington
QB

1979
Charles White
USC
TB

Rick Leach
Michigan
QB

1980
Charles White
USC
TB

1981
Butch Woolfolk
Michigan
RB

1982
Jacque Robinson
Washington
RB

1983
Don Rogers
UCLA
FS

Tom Ramsey
UCLA
QB

1984
Rick Neuheisel
UCLA
QB

1985
Tim Green
USC
QB

Jack Del Rio
USC
LB

1986
Eric Ball
UCLA
TB

1987
Jeff Van Raaphorst
Arizona State
QB

1988
Percy Snow
Michigan State
LB

1989
Leroy Hoard
Michigan
FB

1990
Ricky Ervins
USC
TB

1991
Mark Brunell
Washington
QB

1992
Steve Emtman
Washington
DT

Billy Joe Hobert
Washington
QB

1993
Tyrone Wheatley
Michigan
RB

1994
Brent Moss
Wisconsin
RB

1995
Danny O'Neil
Oregon
QB

Ki-Jana Carter
Penn State
RB

1996
Keyshawn Johnson
USC
WR

1997
Joe Germaine
Ohio State
QB

1998
Brian Griese
Michigan
QB

1999
Ron Dayne
Wisconsin
RB

2000
Ron Dayne
Wisconsin
RB

2001
Marques Tuiasosopo
Washington
QB

2002
Ken Dorsey
Miami
QB

Andre Johnson
Miami
WR

2003
Nate Hybl
Oklahoma
QB

2004
Matt Leinart
USC
QB

2005
Vince Young
Texas
QB

LaMarr Woodley
Michigan
LB

2006
Vince Young
Texas
QB

Michael Huff
Texas
S

2007
Dwayne Jarrett
USC
WR

Brian Cushing
USC
OLB

2008
John David Booty
USC
QB

Rey Maualuga
USC
LB

2009
Mark Sanchez
USC
QB

Kaluka Maiava
USC
LB

2010
Terrelle Pryor
Ohio State
QB

Kenny Rowe
Oregon
DE

2011
Andy Dalton
TCU
QB

Tank Carder
TCU
LB

2012
Lavasier Tuinei
Oregon
WR

Kiko Alonso
Oregon
LB

2013
Stepfan Taylor
Stanford
RB

Usua Amanam
Stanford
DB

2014
Connor Cook
Michigan State
QB

Kyler Elsworth
Michigan State
LB

2015
Marcus Mariota
Oregon
QB

Tony Washington
Oregon
LB

2016
Christian McCaffrey
Stanford
RB

Aziz Shittu
Stanford
DE

2017
Sam Darnold
USC
QB

Stevie Tu’ikolovatu
USC
DT

2018
Sony Michel
Georgia
RB

Roquan Smith
Georgia
LB

text: Game records[edit]

text:
Team
Performance vs. opponent
Year

Most points scored
59, Oregon vs. Florida State
2015

Most points scored (losing team)
49, Penn State
2017

Most points scored (both teams)
102, Georgia vs. Oklahoma
2018

Most points scored in a half
41 (second half), Oregon vs. Florida State
2015

Most points scored in a half (both teams)
56 (first half), Oregon vs. Wisconsin
2012

Fewest points allowed
0, Washington vs. Iowa (tied with 17 others)
1982

First downs
33, USC vs Penn State
2017

Rushing yards
503, Michigan vs. Stanford
1902

Passing yards
456, Oregon vs. Penn State
1995

Total yards
639, Oregon vs. Florida State
2015

Individual
Performance, team vs. opponent
Year

Total offense
473, Sam Darnold, USC vs Penn State
2017

Touchdowns
5, Sam Darnold, USC vs Penn State
2017

Rushing yards
247, Charles White, USC vs. Ohio State (39 attempts, 1 TD)
1980

Rushing TDs
5, Neil Snow, Michigan vs. Stanford
1902

Passing yards
456, Danny O'Neil, Oregon vs. Penn State (41-61-2, 2 TD)
1995

Tackles
17, John Boyett, Oregon vs. Wisconsin (tied with 1 other)
2012

Sacks
3, Kenny Rowe, Oregon vs. Ohio State (tied with 3 others)
2010

Interceptions
3, Bill Paulman, Stanford vs. SMU (tied with 1 other)
1936

Long plays
Performance, team vs. opponent
Year

Touchdown run
91, De'Anthony Thomas, Oregon vs. Wisconsin
2012

Touchdown pass
76, Rick Leach to Curt Stephenson, Michigan vs. Washington
1978

Kickoff return
103, Al Hoisch, UCLA vs. Illinois (TD)
1947

Punt return
86, Aramis Dandoy, USC vs. Ohio State (TD)
1955

Interception return
78, Elmer Layden, Notre Dame vs. Stanford (TD)
1925

Fumble return
58, Tony Washington, Oregon vs. Florida State (TD)
2015

Punt
73, Don Bracken, Michigan vs. Washington
1981

Field goal
55, Rodrigo Blankenship, Georgia vs. Oklahoma
2018

text: Note: When there is a tie, the most recent one will be listed.

text: Top-ranked teams[edit]

text: Top No. 1 ranked teams at the end of the season that have played in the Rose Bowl games are listed below:

text: No. 1–ranked teams[edit]

text:
1954 Season/1955 Game: No. 1 Ohio State defeated No. 17 USC, 20–7
1960 Season/1961 Game: No. 6 Washington defeated No. 1 Minnesota, 17–7
1962 Season/1963 Game: No. 1 USC defeated No. 2 Wisconsin, 42–37
1965 Season/1966 Game: No. 5 UCLA defeated No. 1 Michigan State, 14–12
1968 Season/1969 Game: No. 1 Ohio State defeated No. 2 USC, 27–16
1972 Season/1973 Game: No. 1 USC defeated No. 3 Ohio State, 42-17
1975 Season/1976 Game: No. 11 UCLA defeated No. 1 Ohio State, 23-10
1979 Season/1980 Game: No. 3 USC defeated No. 1 Ohio State, 17–16
1997 Season/1998 Game: No. 1 Michigan defeated No. 8 Washington State, 21–16
2001 Season/2002 BCS National Championship Game: No. 1 Miami defeated No. 4 Nebraska, 37–14
2003 Season/2004 Game: No. 1 USC defeated No. 4 Michigan, 28–14
2005 Season/2006 BCS National Championship Game: No. 2 Texas defeated No. 1 USC, 41–38

tag: ul

text: No. 1 vs. No. 2 teams[edit]

text:
1962 Season/1963 Game: No. 1 USC defeated No. 2 Wisconsin, 42–37.
1968 Season/1969 Game: No. 1 Ohio State defeated No. 2 USC, 27–16. Ohio State was voted national champion.
2005 Season/2006 BCS National Championship Game: No. 2 Texas defeated No. 1 USC, 41–38. Texas was voted national champion.

text: Twice in a season[edit]

text: Five times in Rose Bowl Game history, the two participants had played during the regular season. In three of those instances, the same team won both the regular season game and the Rose Bowl Game. UCLA won three of those five Rose Bowl games, including both instances in which a different team lost the regular season game but won the Rose Bowl Game.

text:
1956 Iowa 14, Oregon State 13; 1957 Rose Bowl Rematch: Iowa 35, Oregon State 19
1965 Michigan State 13, UCLA 3; 1966 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 14, Michigan State 12
1975 Ohio State 41, UCLA 20; 1976 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 23, Ohio State 10
1982 UCLA 31, Michigan 27; 1983 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 24, Michigan 14
1987 Michigan State 27, USC 13; 1988 Rose Bowl Rematch: Michigan State 20, USC 17

text: Rose Bowl Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Inductees (by year):

text:
1989 – C.W. "Bump" Elliott, Michigan; W.W. "Woody" Hayes, Ohio State; Howard Jones, USC; Jim Plunkett, Stanford
1990 – Archie Griffin, Ohio State; Bob Reynolds, Stanford; Neil Snow, Michigan; Wallace Wade, Brown, Alabama, & Duke; Charles White, USC
1991 – Rex Kern, Ohio State; John McKay, USC; Ernie Nevers, Stanford; Roy Riegels, California; Bob Schloredt, Washington; John Sciarra, UCLA; Russell Stein, Washington & Jefferson; Charley Trippi, Georgia; Ron Vander Kelen, Wisconsin; George Wilson, Washington
1992 – Frank Albert, Stanford; Bob Chappuis, Michigan; Sam Cunningham, USC; Bill Daddio, Pittsburgh; Bob Griese, Purdue; Hollis Huntington, Oregon & Mare Island Marines; Shy Huntington, Oregon; Elmer Layden, Notre Dame; Jim Owens, Washington
1993 – Frank Aschenbrenner, Northwestern; Dixie Howell, Alabama; Don Hutson, Alabama; Curly Morrison, Ohio State; Brick Muller, California; Julius Rykovich, Illinois; Bo Schembechler, Michigan; O.J. Simpson, USC; Bob Stiles, UCLA; Buddy Young, Illinois
1994 – Vic Bottari, California; Jim Hardy, USC; Don James, Washington; Bob Jeter, Iowa; Lay Leishman, Tournament of Roses; Pat Richter, Wisconsin; Russell Sanders, USC
1995 – Gary Beban, UCLA; Dick Butkus, Illinois; Harry Gilmer, Alabama; Pat Haden, USC; Al Krueger, USC; Doyle Nave, USC; Ted Shipkey, Stanford
1996 – Eric Ball, UCLA; Pete Beathard, USC; John Ferraro, USC; Stan Hahn, Tournament of Roses; John Ralston, Stanford; Bill Tate, Illinois
1997 – Terry Donahue, UCLA; Jim Grabowski, Illinois; Warren Moon, Washington; Erny Pinckert, USC; Ken Ploen, Iowa; Sandy Stephens, Minnesota
1998 – Jack Crabtree, Oregon; Don Durdan, Oregon State; J.K. McKay, USC; Rick Neuheisel, UCLA; Bill Nicholas, Tournament of Roses; Butch Woolfolk, Michigan
1999 – Al Hoisch, UCLA; Keith Jackson, ABC Sports; Dave Kaiser, Michigan State
2000 – Johnny Mack Brown, Alabama; Marv Goux, USC
2001 – No inductees
2002 – Ambrose "Amblin' Amby" Schindler, USC; Mel Anthony, Michigan
2003 – Harriman Cronk, Tournament of Roses; Danny O'Neil, Oregon; John Robinson, USC
2004 – Alan Ameche, Wisconsin; Rudy Bukich, USC; Wayne Duke, Big Ten; Jim Stivers, Tournament of Roses
2005 – Richard N. Frank, Lawry's Restaurants (Beef Bowl); Curt Gowdy, Sports Broadcaster
2006 – Steve Emtman, Washington; Rube Samuelsen, Sports Journalist; Jeff Van Raaphorst, Arizona State
2007 – Pete Johnson, Ohio State; Tom Ramsey, UCLA; Dennis Swanson, Television Executive
2008 – Keyshawn Johnson, USC; Virgil "Virg" Lubberden, USC (administrator); Chuck Ortmann, Michigan
2009 – Barry Alvarez, Wisconsin; Tom Hansen, Pacific-10 Conference; John Hicks, Ohio State
2010 – Brad Budde, USC; Hayden Fry, Iowa; Leroy Keyes, Purdue
2011 – Ron Dayne, Wisconsin; Dick Enberg, NBC; George Fleming, Washington
2012 – John Cooper, Arizona State and Ohio State; Brian Griese, Michigan; and Ron Yary, USC
2013 – Lloyd Carr, Michigan; Orlando Pace, Ohio State; Lynn Swann, USC
2014 – Knute Rockne, Notre Dame; Dick Vermeil, UCLA and Ki-Jana Carter, Penn State[50]
2015 – Mark Brunell, Washington; Jim Muldoon (Pac-10); Fritz Pollard, Brown; and Tyrone Wheatley, Michigan[51]
2016 – Bobby Bell, Minnesota; Ricky Ervins, USC; Tommy Prothro, UCLA and Art Spander, UCLA[52]
2017 – Mack Brown, Texas; Cade McNown, UCLA; Charles Woodson, Michigan; and Dr. Charles West, Washington & Jefferson

text: All-Century Class[edit]

text: The Rose Bowl Game All-Century Class was announced by Rose Bowl Hall of Fame member Keith Jackson, on Sunday, December 8, 2013 at 4:00 p.m. at Tournament House.

text: They are:

text:
1900s–1910s: George Halas (Great Lakes Navy)
1920s: Ernie Nevers (Stanford)
1930s: Don Hutson (Alabama) and Howard Jones (USC)
1940s: Charley Trippi (Georgia)
1950s: Woody Hayes (Ohio State)
1960s: John McKay (USC)
1970s: Archie Griffin (Ohio State)
1980s: Bo Schembechler (Michigan)
1990s: Ron Dayne (Wisconsin)
2000s: Vince Young (Texas)
2010s: Montee Ball (Wisconsin)

text: In addition to being named as All-Century representatives for their respective decades, John McKay and Archie Griffin were named the 100th Rose Bowl Game All-Century Coach and Player respectively. Griffin and McKay (represented by his son John McKay, Jr.) will participate in the 2014 Rose Parade.

text: The finalists:

text:
1900–1919: Paddy Driscoll (Great Lakes Navy, 1919), Neil Snow (Michigan, 1902) and George Halas (Great Lakes Navy, 1919)
1920–1929: Ernie Nevers (Stanford, 1925), Elmer Layden (Notre Dame, 1925) and Johnny Mack Brown (Alabama, 1926)
1930–1939: Millard "Dixie" Howell (Alabama, 1935), Don Hutson (Alabama, 1935) and Howard Jones (USC, 1930, 1932–33, 1939–40)
1940–1949: Bob Chappuis (Michigan, 1948), Harry Gilmer (Alabama, 1946) and Charley Trippi (Georgia, 1943)
1950–1959: Alan Ameche (Wisconsin, 1953), Bob Jeter (Iowa, 1959) and Woody Hayes (Ohio State, 1954, 1957, 1968, 1970, 1972–1975)
1960–1969: Ron Vander Kelen (Wisconsin, 1963), O.J. Simpson (USC, 1968–69) and John McKay (USC, 1963, 1967–70, 1973–1975)
1970–1979: Jim Plunkett (Stanford, 1971), Charles White (USC, 1979–1980) and Archie Griffin (Ohio State, 1973–1976)
1980–1989: Don James (Washington, 1978, 1981–82, 1991–93), John Robinson (USC, 1977, 1979–80, 1996) and Bo Schembechler (Michigan, 1970, 1972, 1977–79, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1989–90)
1990–1999: Barry Alvarez (Wisconsin, 1994, 1999, 2000 and 2013), Keyshawn Johnson (USC, 1996) and Ron Dayne (Wisconsin, 1999 and 2000)
2000–2009: Matt Leinart (USC, 2004 and 2006), Vince Young (Texas, 2005–06) and Brian Cushing (USC, 2006–09), John David Booty (USC 2006–07)
2010–2012: Terrelle Pryor (Ohio State, 2010), Tank Carder (TCU, 2011) and Montee Ball (Wisconsin, 2011–13)

text: Nominated by The Football Writers Association of America.[53]

text: Player and coach[edit]

text: Nine former players have come back to coach a team in the game (played and coached, as listed by the Tournament of Roses Association):[54]

text:
Bret Bielema: Iowa (1991); Wisconsin (2011, 2012)
Terry Donahue: UCLA (1966); UCLA (1983, 1984, 1986, 1994)
Bump Elliott: Michigan (1948); Michigan (1965)
Pete Elliott: Michigan (1948); California (1959); Illinois (1964)
Jess Hill: USC (1930); USC (1953, 1955)
Shy Huntington: Oregon (1917); Oregon (1920)
Rick Neuheisel: UCLA (1983, 1984 – MVP); Washington (2001)
John Robinson: Oregon (1958); USC (1977, 1979, 1980, 1996)
Chuck Taylor: Stanford (1941); Stanford (1952)

text: Coaches with two teams[edit]

text:
Hugo Bezdek: Oregon, 1917; Mare Island, 1918; Penn State, 1923 (three teams)
John Cooper: Arizona State, 1987; Ohio State, 1997 (Only coach to win the Rose Bowl Game with both a Big Ten and Pac-10 team)
Bill "Lone Star" Dietz: Washington State, 1916; Mare Island, 1919
Pete Elliott: California, 1959; Illinois, 1964
Robert Folwell: Pennsylvania, 1917; Navy 1924
Tommy Prothro: Oregon State, 1965; UCLA 1966
Wallace Wade: Alabama, 1926, 1927, 1931; Duke 1939, 1942

text: Related[edit]

text: Events[edit]

text:
Selection Sunday, December 6, 2015[55]
Lawry's Beef Bowl – December 27, 28, 2015
Hall of Fame ceremony, Pasadena Convention Center, December 30, 2015
Kickoff Luncheon, Rose Bowl, December 31, 2015
Rose Bowl Game Public Tailgate, January 1, 2016

text: Notes[edit]

text:
January 1, 1918 – Hugo Bezdek was the first college football coach to lead two separate schools (Oregon, 1917 and Mare Island, 1918) to victories; He also coached Penn State in a loss in the 1923 Rose Bowl
January 2, 1922 – First bowl game not played on New Year's Day
January 3, 2002 – First time hosting the BCS National Championship where Miami defeated Nebraska, 37-14, and the Rose Parade and the Rose Bowl Game were held on separate days

text: Books[edit]

text:
America's New Year Celebration. The Rose Parade & Rose Bowl Game. Albion Publishing Group, Santa Barbara, California. 1999.
Samuelsen, Rube. The Rose Bowl Game. Doubleday Company and Inc. 1951.
Big Ten Conference football media guide. (PDF copy available at http://bigten.cstv.com.)
Pacific-10 Conference football media guide. (PDF copy available at http://www.pac-10.org.)
Malcolm, Moran, and Keith Jackson (foreword). The Rose Bowl: 100th: The History of the Granddaddy of Them All. Whitman Publishing, LLC, 06/01/2013. ISBN 9780794837938.