document_title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)

question_text: who played eugene on days of our lives

question_tokens: who played eugene on days of our lives

text: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)

text: Jessica Blake Fallon[edit]

text:
Jessica Blake Fallon

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Jean Bruce Scott

Duration

1980–82
2012

First appearance
April 30, 1980

Last appearance
September 6, 2012

Created by
Nina Laemmle

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1980)
Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2012)

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Angelique Horton (birth name)
Angel, Angelica (alternate personalities)

Occupation
Nurse

Residence
Ohio

[show]Family

Family
Horton

Parents

Marie Horton
Alex Marshall

Spouse
Joshua Fallon (1982–)

Sons
Nick Fallon

Grandparents

Tom Horton
Alice Horton

Aunts and uncles

Harley Marshall
Tom Horton Jr.
Addie Horton
Mickey Horton
Bill Horton

First cousins

Sandy Horton
Julie Williams
Steve Olson
Hope Williams Brady
Melissa Horton (adoptive)
Sarah Horton (legal)
Mike Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton

text: Jessica Blake Fallon was portrayed by Jean Bruce Scott from April 30, 1980. Scott departed from the series on November 9, 1982. In August 2012, it was announced that Scott would return to the show after nearly a thirty-year absence, airing on August 31 till September 6, 2012.[1][2][3][4]

text: The character of Jessica is the daughter of Marie Horton and Alex Marshall, granddaughter of Tom and Alice Horton and mother of recent character, Nick Fallon. Jessica suffers from dissociative identity disorder; one of her alters, Angelica, terrorized her mother while the other one, Angel, became involved with Jake Kositchek, who would later be known as the Salem Strangler, a serial killer. Angel and Jake ran off to Las Vegas to elope, but Jessica came to and called Alex. Marie and Alex rushed to Vegas and stopped the wedding just in the nick of time. Jessica fell apart and was hospitalized.

text: In 1982 after recovering from her mental problems, Jessica broke off her relationship with Jake and became engaged to Joshua Fallon. Joshua and Jessica married and eventually left Salem. Offscreen, they had a son named Nick who came to Salem without his parents in 2006.

text: In 2012, Jessica came to Salem to see Nick, who was in prison for murder and was getting paroled. Nick was put on probation and chose to serve out his probation in Salem, so Jessica left Salem alone. In 2014, Jessica received horrible news that Nick had been murdered, and Julie Olson Williams delivered Nick's body to her and Joshua, so they could bury him. Nick's murderer, Gabi Hernandez, accepted a plea deal and Jessica agreed to it, not wanting the heartache of a trial.

text: Jake Kositchek[edit]

text:
Jake Kositchek

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Jack Coleman

Duration
1981–82

First appearance
June 10, 1981

Last appearance
June 1, 1982

Created by
Gary Tomlin and Michelle Poteet Lisanti

Introduced by
Betty Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Salem Strangler (serial killer alias)

[show]Family

Parents
Stanislaus Kositchek

Siblings
Chris Kositchek
Amy Kositchek

text: Jake Kositchek was played by Jack Coleman from June 10, 1981, until June 1, 1982, when the character was written out of the show. After Days, Coleman would later be known as the second actor to play Steven Carrington in the ABC prime time soap opera Dynasty and as Noah Bennet in the NBC science-fiction drama series Heroes and its spin-off Heroes Reborn.

text: Jake was the younger brother of Chris Kositchek (Josh Taylor), shortly after coming to town he fell in love with Angel, the alternate personality of Jessica Blake Fallon (Jean Bruce Scott). Jake was also briefly involved with Jessica's cousin, Hope Williams (Tammy Taylor). When Jake and "Angel" got engaged and planned to elope in Las Vegas, Jessica's parents Marie Horton (Lanna Saunders) and Alex Marshall (Quinn Redeker) learned of the elopement after Hope discovered Jessica's illness. Marie and Alex arrived in the nick of time to see Jessica reemerge and the wedding be interrupted. Jake was heartbroken after being rejected by Jessica who was going through psychiatric treatment under Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall). Jessica's rejection became the catalyst for Jake's mental breakdown, leading him to become the Salem Strangler, a serial killer who strangled many women to death including Mary Anderson (Melinda O. Fee) and Marlena's twin Samantha Evans (Andrea Hall), who was killed in a case of mistaken identity.

text: The Salem Strangler storyline was the very first serial killer storyline in the soap's history, and the supposed murder of Marlena at the hands of the killer resulted in one of the first fan campaigns ever.

text: Eugene Bradford[edit]

text:
Eugene Bradford

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
John de Lancie

Duration

1982–86
1989–90

First appearance
January 18, 1982

Last appearance
January 10, 1990

Created by
Pat Falken Smith

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1982)
Ken Corday and Shelley Curtis (1989)

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Bettina Lovelcraft

Occupation
Inventor
Columnist

Residence
New York City

[show]Family

Mother
Vanessa Van Kessler

Spouse
Bonita Jean Bradford (19??–82)
Trista Evans (1983)
Marlena Evans (1983)
Madeline Rutherford (1984)
Calliope Jones (1985–)

Grandfathers
Reginald Bradford

First cousins
Letitia Bradford

text: Eugene Bradford was played by John de Lancie from 1981 to 1986 and again in 1989. Also known as Gene and Euge, he went by the pseudonym Bettina Lovecraft while working as a Salem Today columnist.

text: Eugene was a distant relative of the DiMera family through a prior marriage, and referred to Tony DiMera as a cousin. Prior to marrying Calliope Jones on December 31, 1985, Eugene had been married four other times. Eugene's first two wives were murdered, while his third marriage to Marlena Evans was actually a cover-up (Eugene pretended to be married to Marlena when she was pregnant with Roman Brady's twins; at this time Roman was believed to be dead) and not legal. He later served as the namesake for Roman and Marlena's daughter Samantha Gene.

text: Throughout the show, Eugene was portrayed as having psychic premonitions, and on a number of occasions they were useful in helping Salem Police and the ISA.

text: In the last Days episode in which he appeared, he created a time machine type device and used the device. Upon activation, there was a big explosion and Eugene disappeared. He has not been seen on Days since. In 2006, Calliope returned as the fashion designer hired to make Mimi Lockhart's wedding dress. She told all that she and Eugene remain happily married.

text: Diana Colville[edit]

text:
Diana Colville

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Genie Francis

Duration
1987–89

First appearance
April 13, 1987 (1987-04-13)

Last appearance
June 21, 1989 (1989-06-21)

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation

Journalist

[show]Family

Parents

Philip Colville
Serena Colville

text: Diana Colville was portrayed by Genie Francis, who was widely known for her three-decade long portrayal of Laura Spencer on ABC's General Hospital.

text: Actress Genie Francis joined Days of Our Lives in the contract role of Diana Colville on April 13, 1987.[5] In June 1989, Francis announced her decision to depart the series.[6] She last aired on June 21, 1989.

text: Trista Evans Bradford[edit]

text:
Trista Evans Bradford

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Barbara Crampton

Duration
1983–84

First appearance
March 4, 1983

Last appearance
March 9, 1984

Created by
Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson

Introduced by
Betty Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse

[show]Family

Parents

Robert Evans
Barbara Talmadge

Spouse
Eugene Bradford (1983)

Aunts and uncles
Frank Evans

First cousins

Marlena Evans
Samantha Evans

text: Trista Evans Bradford was played by Barbara Crampton from March 4, 1983. Crampton only lasted in the role for six months when she departed from the series on October 24, 1983, when the character was killed off during the Salem Slasher storyline. Crampton later returned as Trista but only in flashbacks from February 14 to March 9, 1984.

text: Larry Welch[edit]

text:
Larry Welch

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Andrew Masset

Duration

1983–85
2002–03
2016

First appearance
July 11, 1983

Last appearance
June 8, 2016

Created by
Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1983)
Ken Corday and Stephen Wyman (2002)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)

Classification
Former; guest

Profile

Occupation
District Attorney

[show]Family

Father
Victor Chorvat

Siblings
Ben Welch (adoptive)

Spouse

Cynthia Welch (pre–1983)
Hope Williams Brady (1984–85)

text: Larry Welch, played by Andrew Hyatt Masset from July 11 to October 21, 1983 on a recurring status and November 1, 1983 to December 9, 1985 and again from October 15, 2002 to March 11, 2003 on contract status, then back to recurring from June 10 to July 23, 2003 and finally a guest appearance on June 8, 2016, was a constant obstacle in Bo and Hope's supercouple love story. Larry blackmailed Hope into marrying him but on the day of the wedding Bo rode in on his motorcycle and kidnapped Hope from the wedding. In 1985, Larry killed Stefano's daughter, Megan, and dumped her body in a hot tub; Hope was the prime suspect. Victor Kiriakis learned the truth and forced Larry to take the fall for the crime syndicate that he was running.

text: Larry returned in 2002 when he again kidnapped Hope in an attempt to get his revenge on her, Bo and Victor. He was presumed dead after a prison break, but in reality, was helping Nicole in her plans to murder Victor. Larry was hit and killed by a car in early 2003.

text: Ilya Petrov[edit]

text:
Petrov

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Kai Wulff (1983–91)
Mark Laursen (2016)

Duration

1983–85
1991
2016

First appearance
February 18, 1983

Last appearance
March 8, 2016

Created by
Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1983)
Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1991)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)

Classification
Former; guest

Profile

Occupation

Henchman
Teacher
Assassin

text: Ilya Petrov was portrayed by Kai Wulff from 1983 to 1986 and for a few episodes in 1991. With the exception of Bart and Rolf, Petrov is the most well known henchman of Stefano. In comparison to Bart, he mostly succeeded and completed his assignments. Petrov assisted Stefano in a few of his many schemes. When Stefano kidnapped Marlena Evans & Liz Chandler in early 1983, Petrov was the one who kept an eye of them so they wouldn't escape. He then had small assignments in Stefano's devilish Salem Slasher plot. When Stefano had to escape after some failures of both himself and André DiMera, Petrov was already in the car. But Roman and Abe were ready as well and chased them. After struggling to shake off the police, and a drunk Alex Marshall caused some problem, the car drove off a bridge and fell down into a river. Alex was found but neither Petrov or Stefano.

text: A few months later, Stefano was seen very much alive looking for the three prisms, and soon Petrov was seen taking orders from Stefano. He kidnapped Hope Williams for Stefano in an attempt to faster lure Roman into Stefano's trap. He also got instructions from Stefano on how to activate the volcano. After locking up a noisy Shane Donovan, he fulfilled his orders and activated the volcano successfully.

text: In late 1985-early 1986, Petrov was seen in Miami, representing Stefano in a three-way wager with Victor Kiriakis and corrupt ISA chief George Nickerson, with the stakes being "the Purse (provided by Victor, which turned out to be clues to the locations of (1) a set of stolen U.S. Treasury engravings which were hidden in 1979 in Stockholm, and (2) a priceless Mayan treasure that could only be located during a specific astronomical event in 1991), The Power (provided by the ISA, a codebook with information that ostensibly gave the holder total immunity from every intelligence and law enforcement network in the world), and the Pawn (a "most formidable and dangerous man" controlled by Stefano, at the time believed to be the missing-and-presumed-dead Roman Brady but later retconned into the separate character of John Black)."

text: In 2015, John Black embarked on an ISA-assisted quest to unravel the mysteries of his heretofore unknown past, including his parentage, once and for all. This coincided with the show's 50th anniversary. An important scene showed John viewing an ISA computer file on Petrov, which expanded his story to reveal that he was a Cold War-era Soviet agent who defected to the West, and became at one point a teacher at a private school in Vermont called Winterthorne around the time he became one of Stefano's henchmen. Winterthorne was later revealed to be a "front" for a secret training facility for assassins, run by a Far Eastern organization called the Phantom Alliance, which turned out to have been founded in the 1950s by John's real father, Timothy Robecheaux aka "Yo Ling". Petrov was revealed to have been Yo Ling's accomplice, and temporarily "defected" to Stefano's organization. In this storyline, it was suggested that Petrov eventually returned to the Phantom Alliance's fold.

text: Calliope Jones Bradford[edit]

text:
Calliope Jones Bradford

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Arleen Sorkin

Duration

1984–90
1992
2006
2010

First appearance
June 29, 1984

Last appearance
May 14, 2010

Created by
Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson

[show]Family

Spouse
Eugene Bradford (1985–)

text: Calliope Jones Bradford was played by Arleen Sorkin from 1984 to 1990, 1992, 2001, 2006 and 2010[7]

text: Calliope came to Salem in 1984.[8] She was employed in Liz Curtis's clothing business and her first scenes featured her making a dress for Anna DiMera. One of her trademarks was her endless collections of hats, which were very creative and sometimes very outlandish. However, Calliope soon came to possess a diamond necklace which was originally owned by Daphne DiMera. She claimed it as her own, but didn't realize that Stefano DiMera was after it, for it contained one of three prisms he was after. Her white lie unknowingly thrust her into a major storyline.[8]

text: Calliope went on to co-host a daytime talk show with Jennifer Horton-Deveraux. The show was a success, but Calliope would eventually turn over the show over to Jennifer and leave town. However, since her departure in 1990, Calliope has visited Salem several times.

text: In 2006, Calliope returned to town as a successful wedding planner. Although hired to plan her good friend Marlena’s wedding to Alex North, she was also able to help Shawn-Douglas Brady and Mimi Lockhart with theirs, despite normally being booked two years in advance. Still eccentric, Calliope butted heads with Mimi’s mother Bonnie Lockhart, a fellow eccentric, but with a different wild taste. During her trip, Calliope also commented Eugene was doing just fine and she was now living in New York City.

text: Calliope briefly returned in 2010, when she was hired by Rafe Hernandez to collect evidence to prove that Anna Dimera was hired by EJ to kidnap Sami and EJ's daughter Sydney Dimera.

text: Anjelica Deveraux[edit]

text:
Anjelica Deveraux

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Jane Elliot (1987–89)
Shelley Taylor Morgan (1989)
Judith Chapman (1989–91)
Morgan Fairchild (2017)

Duration

1987–91
2017

First appearance
March 18, 1987 (1987-03-18)

Last appearance
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; recurring

Profile

Other names
Anjelica Deveraux Curtis

[show]Family

Spouse

Harper Deveraux (until 1988)
Neil Curtis (1988–89)

Sons
Alexander Kiriakis

text: Anjelica Deveraux was originated by Jane Elliot on March 18, 1987. Elliot was best known for her portrayal of Tracy Quartermaine on General Hospital. Elliot vacated the role on February 15, 1989. Shelley Taylor Morgan briefly played Anjelica for one month from February 21 to March 24, 1989. Judith Chapman later took over on April 7, 1989 until March 19, 1990, when the character was killed off in a plane accident with her son Alexander. Chapman returned for two episodes, airing on January 22 and 23, 1991. Anjelica is known for being the second wife of Harper Deveraux, the Riverfront Knifer, and the mistress of Justin Kiriakis (Wally Kurth).

text: On May 11, 2017, it was announced that veteran actress Morgan Fairchild had been cast to portray Anjelica.[9] Fairchild departed the show on August 29, 2017, when Anjelica suffers a sudden heart attack and dies.

text: Harper Deveraux[edit]

text:
Harper Deveraux

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Joseph Campanella

Duration

1987–88
1990–92

First appearance
May 8, 1987

Last appearance
April 22, 1992

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Riverfront Knifer (serial killer alias)

Occupation
Senator

[show]Family

Spouse

Camille Deveraux (pre–1987)
Anjelica Deveraux (pre–1987–88)

Adoptive sons
Jack Deveraux

Grandchildren

Abigail Deveraux (adoptive)
JJ Deveraux (adoptive)

text: Harper Deveraux was played by Joseph Campanella on a recurring status May 8, 1987. On May 10, 1988, Campanella was upgraded to contract status when Harper was revealed to be the Riverfront Knifer, a serial killer who murdered women in Salem including Janice Barnes (Elizabeth Storm) and Grace Forrester (Camilla More). Among his other victims, Eve Donovan (Charlotte Ross), Kayla Brady (Mary Beth Evans), Kimberly Brady (Patsy Pease) and several others managed to survive. Campanella briefly the departed the role on July 5, 1988, when he was downgraded back to recurring from August 9, 1988 until October 21, 1988. Campanella later returned as Harper one last time to thwart the second wedding of Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady and later in visions had by his adopted son Jack from March 9, 1990 to April 22, 1992.

text: Andrew Donovan[edit]

text:
Andrew Donovan

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Robert Eliot Canko (1986–88)
Brandon Ambar (1988–89)
Sky Rumph (1989)
Justin Page (1989–90)
Bradley Pierce (1990–91)
Brian Davila (1991–92)

Duration

1986–92
1996–97

First appearance
May 16, 1986

Last appearance
December 24, 1997

Created by
Sheri Anderson, Thom Racina, and Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; recurring

Profile

Other names
Teddy Stewart
Andrew Shawn Donovan IV

[show]Family

Family
Brady

Parents

Shane Donovan
Kimberly Brady

Siblings

Eve Donovan
Theresa Donovan

Grandparents

Andrew Donovan II
Margaret Donovan
Shawn Brady
Caroline Brady

Aunts and uncles

Drew Donovan
Roman Brady
Kayla Brady
Frankie Brady (adoptive)
Max Brady (adoptive)
Bo Brady
Hope Williams Brady

Nieces and nephews

Paige Larson
Tate Black

First cousins

Carrie Brady Reed
Sami Brady
Eric Brady
Rex Brady
Cassie Brady
Stephanie Johnson
Joey Johnson
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Chelsea Brady
Zack Brady
Ciara Brady
Will Horton

text: Andrew Donovan was portrayed by several child actors including Bradley Pierce, later known for his role in movies such as Jumanji and Beauty and the Beast, until the character left the series in 1992, with further guest appearances in both 1996 and 1997. Andrew is the eldest son of supercouple Shane Donovan and Kimberly Brady (Charles Shaughnessy and, most prominently, Patsy Pease).

text: Shane Donovan[edit]

text:
Shane Donovan

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Charles Shaughnessy Joseph Mascolo (2017)

Duration

1984–92
2002
2010
2012–13
2016–17

First appearance
July 31, 1984 (1984-07-31)

Last appearance
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)

Created by

Margaret DePriest
Sheri Anderson

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Other names
Stefano DiMera (2017)

Occupation
Retired ISA Agent

Residence
Los Angeles, California

[show]Family

Parents
Andrew Donovan II
Margaret Donovan

Siblings
Drew Donovan

Spouse
Emma Donovan (1984–85)
Kimberly Brady (1987–90, 2010–)

Children
Eve Donovan
Andrew Donovan IV
Theresa Donovan

Grandchildren
Paige Larson
Tate Black

text: Shane Donovan is an agent of the ISA and husband to Kimberly Brady Donovan.[10] Donovan and Brady were a supercouple.[11]

text: In 1984, Shane came to Salem to keep an eye on Stefano DiMera's illegal dealings. He posed as Larry Welche's butler, and eventually learned of Stefano's acquisitions of two of three rare prisms designed by Larry's father. Shane teamed up with Bo, and the two intended on taking Stefano down. Later that year Shane learned that Stefano was about to acquire the third and final prism through a Russian ice skating troop that came to town. Hope and Bo got the prism from the troop, but after a long chase with Stefano's men the prism ended up embedded in the ice rink.

text: Shane returned to Salem briefly in the winter of 2002 when Hope was kidnapped by Larry Welch.

text: Shane later returned in 2010 and was revealed to have been held prisoner in a South American prison while on assignment with the ISA. Shane escaped with the help of Rafe and both returned to Salem in time for Alice Horton's funeral. Shane reconnected with Kimberly, who was in town for Alice's memorial service, and admitted that he wanted his future with her and the family and not with the ISA. Shane and Kimberly reunited and moved to LA to be together as a family.

text: In July 2013, Jeannie appeared in Salem having dropped the name and instead uses her middle name, Theresa. She worked at the hospital as Jennifer Horton's assistant and then in Human Resources as the assistant to Anne Milbauer.

text: In late 2016, Shane, apparently back in the ISA, returned to warn Theresa that her ex-boyfriend, a Mexican drug cartel boss, was back in town and wanting to reunite with her. The man was apparently so powerful that even Victor Kiriakis as afraid to cross him. Theresa relented and staged her disappearance to return to Mexico with him in order to protect her friends and family, who the man had threatened.

text: In January 2017, agent Shane was back in town to inform the Salem gang that Stefano DiMera, for whose murder Hope Brady was serving a life sentence, was actually seen alive and well in Prague orchestrating a series of arms deals. Shane's mysterious demeanor during these appearances suggest more to the story than he was letting on. This proved to be true when it was revealed that Shane and brother-in-law Steve Johnson engineered the whole affair, and that Shane himself was impersonating Stefano, in order to "prove" that Stefano was alive and thereby secure Hope's freedom.

text: Eve Donovan[edit]

text:
Eve Donovan

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Charlotte Ross (1987–1991)
Kassie DePaiva (2014–)

Duration

1987–91
2014–

First appearance
July 16, 1987 (1987-07-16)

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by

Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)
Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng (2014)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016–17)

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Other names

Eve Baron
Eve Larson
Blair
Chelsea

Occupation

Singer
Former prostitute

Residence
Salem, Illinois

[show]Family

Parents

Shane Donovan
Gabrielle Pascal

Stepparents
Kimberly Brady

Siblings

Andrew Donovan IV
Theresa Donovan

Spouse

Jack Deveraux (1991)
Frankie Brady[a]
Eduardo Larson
Deimos Kiriakis (2017)

Daughters
Paige Larson

Grandparents

Andrew Donovan II
Margaret Donovan

Aunts and uncles

Andrew Donovan III

Nieces and nephews
Tate Black

text: Eve Donovan was portrayed by actress Charlotte Ross, until her exit in 1991. In June 2014, the character returned, this time portrayed by actress Kassie DePaiva. Introduced as a prostitute, Eve is the daughter of Shane Donovan (Charles Shaughnessy) and Gabrielle Pascal. She is also the half-sister of Andrew Donovan IV and Theresa Donovan (Jen Lilley). Upon her return in 2014, she made an immediate connection with Dr. Daniel Jonas (Shawn Christian) and reunited with her daughter Paige Larson (True O'Brien). In September 2015, DePaiva was let go from the soap, and last appeared on February 2, 2016.[12] In May 2016, it was announced that DePaiva would briefly reprise her role as Eve, and she aired from September 8 to October 4, 2016.[13][14][15][16][17] The character returned from December 9 to 12, 2016 following a two-month hiatus. In May 2017, it was revealed the character would yet again return on October 27, 2017.[18]

text: In 2014, after 22 years, Eve returned to Salem and is shown meeting with Dr Daniel Jonas to discuss a throat surgery which she hopes will help relaunch her singing career. She soon reunites with her daughter Paige Larson who she does not know is dating JJ Deveraux, the son of Eve's ex-husband Jack Deveraux and her old high school rival, Jennifer Horton. Eve hopes to gain financial support by obtaining half the profits made by Jack's book about his life in the army, which he apparently owed her as part of their annulment agreement. Jennifer, who is the executive of Jack's estate, refuses to give her any share of the money as it being donated to a charity which supports war veterans, when Eve threatens to sue her, Jennifer can not risk the toll this will have on her family and agrees to give Eve her share.

text: When Eve learns about JJ's history of drug dealing from her half-sister Theresa, she becomes wary of his and Paige's relationship and does everything she can to split them up. When Eve learns that she will never be able to sing again she is devastated, JJ comes by her apartment hoping to have it out with her after having just broken up with Paige but once he sees how fragile she is he comforts her, they end up having sex and are distraught afterwards when they realize what they have just done to Paige. JJ and Paige soon get back together but are forced to break up when JJ once again sleeps with Eve.

text: Eve and JJ continue their affair until they are caught in bed together by Jennifer who furiously attacks Eve. Jennifer decides not to tell Paige the truth about JJ and Eve but blackmails Eve into encouraging Paige to get back together with JJ. Eve tries to get JJ arrested by having drugs planted in his backpack, when JJ confronts her about it in order to get a recorded confession, they do not realize that Paige is in the next room and hears them confessing to their affair. An enraged Paige slaps Eve and disowns her as her mother before going to JJ's house and revealing the truth to all his friends and family who were attending a surprise birthday party JJ was throwing for Paige.

text: Eve's life is shattered when Paige is murdered by a serial killer known as the Neck-tie killer, who is later revealed to be Ben Rogers. This prompts Paige's estranged father and Eve's ex-husband Eduardo Larson to come to Salem in the hope of consoling Eve through her grief but Eve is still resentful towards him for abandoning her and Paige years previously. She is even more angered to learn that Eduardo is the father of Rafe and Gabi Hernandez, who are part of another family Eduardo left before he met Eve.

text: Eve begins a relationship with Justin Kiriakis who helped console Eve after Paige's death, when Eduardo wants to set up a music program in Paige's name at the community center, he asks Eve to run it and she accepts. Eve takes a particular interest in Claire Brady, one of her students and believes she possesses great talent as a singer. Eve starts indulging much of her time with Claire much to the annoyance of her mother Belle Brady, who believes Eve is using Claire as a surrogate daughter to replace Paige. When Eve gets Claire an audition for a place at Juilliard School for the performing arts in New York City, she and Claire sneak off to New York without Belle's permission.

text: Claire returns soon after and reveals that she did not get a place in Juilliard but Eve does not return with her and her Whereabouts remain unknown until her sister Theresa reveals that she is no longer living in Salem when talking about her upcoming wedding to her fiancée Brady Black.

text: Eve returns several months later for Theresa's bachelorette party and wedding. However, before the wedding starts the party is invaded by former Salem criminal Orpheus who grabs Eve and holds her at gunpoint. She and several other guests are released when Paul Narita takes her place as a hostage. Afterwards at the police station, Eve forms a bond with Nicole Walker over their shared grief of lost loved one's. Eve goes back to New York soon after but not before helping her ex-boyfriend Justin realize he still has feelings for his ex-wife Adrienne.

text: Alexander Kiriakis[edit]

text:
Alexander Kiriakis

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Jonathan Thornton

Duration
1989–91

First appearance
February 21, 1989

Last appearance
February 5, 1991

Created by
Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former; recurring

Profile

Other names
Alexander Neil Kiriakis

Residence
Scottsdale, Arizona

[show]Family

Family
Kiriakis

Parents

Justin Kiriakis
Anjelica Deveraux

Stepmother
Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis (1987–2015)

Siblings

Joey Kiriakis (adoptive)
Victor Kiriakis II (adoptive)
Sonny Kiriakis

Grandparents

Alexander Kiriakis
Christina Kiriakis

Other relatives
Victor Kiriakis

text: Alexander Kiriakis was portrayed by child actor, Jonathan Thornton.

text: Alexander was conceived by Justin Kiriakis (Wally Kurth) and Anjelica Deveraux (Jane Elliot, Shelley Taylor Morgan, Judith Chapman), when Justin was separated from his wife Adrienne Johnson (Judi Evans). Alexander was originally thought to be Harper Deveraux's (Joseph Campanella) son, before Anjelica realized that Harper was sterile, thus couldn't be the baby's father. Even then, she lied to Justin about the child's paternity and she married Neil Curtis (Joseph Gallison) in hopes of giving her child a name. Victor Kiriakis wanted Angelica to marry him so he could use the baby as his heir, but she refused him. Neil planned on adopting Alexander as his own, but the adoption never went through because Anjelica realized she had a chance with Justin, and told him that Alexander was his son. Justin put her and Alexander up in a penthouse of their own, complete with a nanny, J.J. Bagwood (Patti Johns), because she knew that there was no way Justin would let his ruthless uncle raise his son.

text: Angelica tried to use Alexander to split up Adrienne and Justin, and she almost succeeded by telling Justin that Adrienne had faked a pregnancy of her own to hold onto him. Justin and Adrienne still remained in love and Anjelica decided to get Adrienne out of the picture once and for all, and hired Hank Tobin (John Lavachielli, Ron Kuhlman, Rick J. Porter) to bomb the site that Adrienne's construction company was working on. Tobin had an attack of conscience at the last minute, and lost his own life saving Adrienne's. When Justin learned the truth behind the bombing, Angelica fled town with Alexander. The two were presumed dead in a plane crash and Justin and Adrienne found their way back to each other.

text: Alexander was finally reunited with his father in 1991, when Johnny Corelli found him and Anjelica, when it was revealed they switched flights before the crash. Anjelica had a miraculous change of heart and agreed to let Johnny take Alexander back to Salem, where he was reunited with his father and stepmother. Justin and Adrienne soon took Alexander to Dallas, Texas, with his adopted twin brothers Joey Kiriakis (Loren Mead, Jacob Iorio) and Victor Kiriakis II (Candace Mead, Benjamin Iorio). Soon after they arrived in Texas, Adrienne gave birth to his younger half-brother, Jackson "Sonny" Kiriakis (Freddie Smith).

text: Although never shown on-screen, Alexander returned to Salem in 2007 with his parents and brothers, where he attended Salem High School. His time in town was short lived, however, and by January 2008 the entire family moved again - this time to Dubai. In 2009, Sonny revealed that Alexander had a difficult time at first accepting when he first came out as gay. In 2015, Alexander was revealed to be living in Arizona when Sonny was going through troubles with his husband Will Horton (Guy Wilson) and he went to visit him.

text: Tamara Price[edit]

text:
Tamara Price

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Marilyn McCoo

Duration
1986–87

First appearance
August 21, 1986 (1986-08-21)

Last appearance
May 7, 1987 (1987-05-07)

Created by
Sheri Anderson, Thom Racina and Leah Laiman

Introduced by
Betty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin

Classification
Former, recurring

Profile

Occupation
Singer

Residence
Miami, Florida

[show]Family

Daughters
Lani Price

text: Tamara Price, portrayed by Marilyn McCoo, was introduced in August 1986 as the college roommate of Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall).[19] Tamara surprises Marlena as she is set to remarry Roman Brady (Drake Hogestyn). Tamara initially clashes with Roman's best friend Abe Carver (James Reynolds) as she cut him off in traffic rushing to the ceremony.[20] Tamara is running from Coleman, a mysterious man from her past. Tamara gets a gig singing at Blondie's which upsets Liz Chandler's (Gloria Loring) as she is out of a job. Despite their rocky start, Abe and Tamara begin dating. However, it becomes obvious Tamara is keeping something from him. She is horrified when Coleman confronts her and promises to go "legit" if she returns to him.[21] However, Coleman does not want to leave his wife. Abe looks into Coleman's background when Tamara suddenly announces that they have reunited. She leaves town in May 1987.[22]

text: Henderson[edit]

text: Henderson is Victor's butler. Ron Leath is the actor who plays Henderson. He is routinely seen answering the door and serving meals in the Kiriakis mansion. He is extremely loyal to Victor Kiriakis.[23]

text: Kristina Andropolous[edit]

text: Kristina is the sole daughter of Teodor Andropolous. The Andropolous were wealthy neighbors, business partners, and friends of the Kiriakis. Thus, She grew up in the Greek island of Naphleon along with Justin Kiriakis, and she even attended the same Swiss boarding school as he. Kristina and Justin had always been fierce rivals in everything they did, but at the same time kept a very close relationship that turned into a high school romance. After they graduated, they went their separate ways. Kristina eventually became a savvy business woman, as her father prepped her to take over the helm of the Andropolous business.

text: Vern Scofield[edit]

text: Vern Scofield, played by Wayne Heffley from 1988 to 1993 and again in 2002, 2003, and 2006, raised three children (Brian, Tanner, and Cassie) after the death of his wife. Vern's primary role was to be Jack's right-hand man at the Spectator and supported Jack's relationship with Jennifer. Vern began dating Jo Johnson, Jack's mother, in 1999 when both characters left the canvas. In 2002, it was revealed that Vern and Jo had married and were still living in Salem. They returned for Jack's "funeral" in 2003 and later for Jack and Jennifer's wedding and farewell in 2006. Although Heffley died in 2008, Vern was mentioned as alive in December, 2016.


document_title: Emil Minty

question_text: who played the boy in mad max 2

question_tokens: who played the boy in mad max 2

root

text: Emil Minty

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Emil Minty

Born
1972 (age 44–45)
Sydney, Australia

Occupation
Actor

Years active
1981–1992

text: Emil Minty (born 1972) is an Australian former child actor. He played The Feral Kid, a feral child in the 1981 film Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior. As an actor, he had no lines in the film. After Mad Max 2, Minty had minor parts in Fluteman (1982) and in The Winds of Jarrah (1983). In 1990 he appeared in a few episodes of A Country Practice.

tag: p

text: Minty withdrew from acting when he finished school. He became a jeweller, and has worked at Chris Lewis Jewellers in Sydney's Gladesville since the early 1990s. He is a father of two.[1]


document_title: Ain't

question_text: when was ain't put into the dictionary

question_tokens: when was ai n 't put into the dictionary

text: Ain't

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Ain't has several antecedents in English, corresponding to the various forms of to be not and to have not that ain't contracts. The development of ain't for to be not and to have not is a diachronic coincidence;[1] in other words, they were independent developments at different times.

text: Contractions of to be not[edit]

text: Amn't as a contraction of am not is known from 1618.[2] As the "mn" combination of two nasal consonants is disfavoured by many English speakers, the "m" of amn't began to be elided, reflected in writing with the new form an't.[3] Aren't as a contraction for are not first appeared in 1675.[4] In non-rhotic dialects, aren't lost its "r" sound, and began to be pronounced as an't.[5]

text: An't (sometimes a'n't) arose from am not and are not almost simultaneously. An't first appears in print in the work of English Restoration playwrights.[6] In 1695 an't was used as a contraction of "am not", in William Congreve's play Love for Love: "I can hear you farther off, I an't deaf".[7] But as early as 1696 Sir John Vanbrugh uses an't to mean "are not" in The Relapse: "Hark thee shoemaker! These shoes an't ugly, but they don't fit me".[8]

text: An't for is not may have developed independently from its use for am not and are not. Isn't was sometimes written as in't or en't, which could have changed into an't. An't for is not may also have filled a gap as an extension of the already-used conjugations for to be not.[6] Jonathan Swift used an't to mean is not in Letter 19 of his Journal to Stella (1710–13): It an't my fault, 'tis Patrick's fault; pray now don't blame Presto.[9]

text: An't with a long "a" sound began to be written as ain't, which first appears in writing in 1749.[10] By the time ain't appeared, an't was already being used for am not, are not, and is not.[6] An't and ain't coexisted as written forms well into the nineteenth century—Charles Dickens used the terms interchangeably, as in Chapter 13, Book the Second of Little Dorrit (1857): "'I guessed it was you, Mr Pancks," said she, 'for it's quite your regular night; ain't it? ... An't it gratifying, Mr Pancks, though; really?'". In the English lawyer William Hickey's memoirs (1808–1810), ain't appears as a contraction of aren't; "thank God we're all alive, ain't we..."[11]

text: Contractions of to have not[edit]

text: Han't or ha'n't, an early contraction for has not and have not, developed from the elision of the "s" of has not and the "v" of have not.[6] Han't appeared in the work of English Restoration playwrights,[6] as in The Country Wife (1675) by William Wycherley: Gentlemen and Ladies, han't you all heard the late sad report / of poor Mr. Horner.[12] Much like an't, han't was sometimes pronounced with a long "a", yielding hain't. With H-dropping, the "h" of han't or hain't gradually disappeared in most dialects, and became ain't.[6]

text: Ain't as a contraction for has not/have not first appeared in dictionaries in the 1830s, and appeared in 1819 in Niles' Weekly Register: Strike! Why I ain't got nobody here to strike....[13] Charles Dickens likewise used ain't to mean haven't in Chapter 28 of Martin Chuzzlewit (1844): "You ain't got nothing to cry for, bless you! He's righter than a trivet!"[14]

text: Like with an't, han't and ain't were found together late into the nineteenth century, as in Chapter 12 of Dickens' Our Mutual Friend: "'Well, have you finished?' asked the strange man. 'No,' said Riderhood, 'I ain't'....'You sir! You han't said what you want of me.'"[15]

text: Contractions of to do not[edit]

text: Ain't meaning didn't is widely considered a feature unique to African American Vernacular English,[16] although it can be found in some dialects of Caribbean English as well.[17] It may function not as a true variant of didn't, but as a creole-like tense-neutral negator (sometimes termed generic ain't).[16] Its origin may have been due to approximation when early African Americans acquired English as a second language; it is also possible that early African Americans inherited this variation from colonial European-Americans, and later kept the variation when it largely passed out of wider usage. Ain't is rarely attested for the present-tense constructions do not or does not.

text: Linguistic characteristics[edit]

text: Linguistically, ain't is formed by the same rule that English speakers use to form aren't and other contractions of auxiliary verbs.[3] Most linguists consider usage of ain't to be grammatical, as long as its users convey their intended meaning to their audience.[18] In other words, a sentence such as "She ain't got no sense" is grammatical because it generally follows a native speaker's word order, and because a native speaker would recognize the meaning of that sentence.[19] Linguists draw a distinction, however, between grammaticality and acceptability: what may be considered grammatical across all dialects may nevertheless be considered not acceptable in certain dialects or contexts.[20] The usage of ain't is socially unacceptable in some situations.[21]

text: Functionally, ain't has operated in part to plug what is known as the "amn't gap" – the anomalous situation in standard English whereby there are standard contractions for other forms of to be not (aren't for are not, and isn't for is not), but no standard contraction for am not. Historically, ain't has filled the gap where one might expect amn't, even in contexts where other uses of ain't were disfavored.[22] Standard dialects that regard ain't as non-standard often substitute aren't for am not in tag questions (e.g., "I'm doing okay, aren't I?"), while leaving the "amn't gap" open in declarative statements.[23]

text: Prescription and stigma[edit]

text: Ain't has been called "the most stigmatized word in the language,"[24] as well as "the most powerful social marker" in English.[25] It is a prominent example in English of a shibboleth – a word used to determine inclusion in, or exclusion from, a group.[24]

text: Historically, this was not the case. For most of its history, ain't was acceptable across many social and regional contexts. Throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, ain't and its predecessors were part of normal usage for both educated and uneducated English speakers, and was found in the correspondence and fiction of, among others, Jonathan Swift, Lord Byron, Henry Fielding, and George Eliot.[26] For Victorian English novelists William Makepeace Thackeray and Anthony Trollope, the educated and upper classes in 19th century England could use ain't freely, but in familiar speech only.[27] Ain't continued to be used without restraint by many upper middle class speakers in southern England into the beginning of the 20th century.[28][29]

text: Ain't was a prominent target of early prescriptivist writers. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, some writers began to propound the need to establish a "pure" or "correct" form of English.[30] Contractions in general were disapproved of, but ain't and its variants were seen as particularly "vulgar."[24] This push for "correctness" was driven mainly by the middle class, which led to an incongruous situation in which non-standard constructions continued to be used by both lower and upper classes, but not by the middle class.[27][31] The reason for the strength of the prescription against ain't is not entirely clear.

text: The strong prescription against ain't in standard English has led to many misconceptions, often expressed jocularly (or ironically), as "ain't ain't a word" or "ain't ain't in the dictionary."[32] Ain't is listed in most dictionaries, including the Oxford Dictionary of English[33] and Merriam-Webster.[34] However, Oxford states "it does not form part of standard English and should never be used in formal or written contexts,"[33] and Merriam-Webster states it is "widely disapproved as non-standard and more common in the habitual speech of the less educated".[34]

text: Webster's Third New International Dictionary, published in 1961, went against then-standard practice when it included the following usage note in its entry on ain't: "though disapproved by many and more common in less educated speech, used orally in most parts of the U.S. by many cultivated speakers esp. in the phrase ain't I."[35] Many commentators disapproved of the dictionary's relatively permissive attitude toward the word, which was inspired, in part, by the belief of its editor, Philip Gove, that "distinctions of usage were elitist and artificial."[36]

text: Regional usage and dialects[edit]

text: Ain't is found throughout the English-speaking world across regions and classes,[37] and is among the most pervasive nonstandard terms in English.[38] It is one of two negation features (the other being the double negative) that are known to appear in all nonstandard English dialects.[39] Ain't is used throughout the United Kingdom, with its geographical distribution increasing over time.[40] It is also found throughout the United States, including in Appalachia, the South, New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Upper Midwest.[25] In its geographical ubiquity, ain't is to be contrasted with other folk usages such as y'all, which is confined to the South region of the United States.[41]

text: In England, ain't is generally considered a non-standard or illiterate usage, as it is used by speakers of a lower socio-economic class, or by educated people in an informal manner.[42] In the nineteenth century, ain't was often used by writers to denote regional dialects such as Cockney English.[43] Ain't is a non-standard feature commonly found in mainstream Australian English,[44] and in New Zealand, ain't is a feature of Maori-influenced English.[45] In American English, usage of ain't corresponds to a middle level of education,[42] although it is widely believed that its use establishes of lack of education or social standing in the speaker.[46]

text: The usage of ain't in the southern United States is distinctive, however, in the continued usage of the word by well-educated, cultivated speakers.[47] Ain't is in common usage of educated Southerners.[48] In the South, the use of ain't can be used as a marker to separate cultured speakers from those who lack confidence in their social standing and thus avoid its use entirely.[49]

text: Rhetorical and popular usage[edit]

text: Ain't can be used in both speech and writing to catch attention and to give emphasis, as in "Ain't that a crying shame," or "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary gives an example from film critic Richard Schickel: "the wackiness of movies, once so deliciously amusing, ain't funny anymore."[50] It can also be used deliberately for what The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style describes as "tongue-in-cheek" or "reverse snobbery".[51] Star baseball pitcher Dizzy Dean, a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and later a popular announcer, once said, "A lot of people who don't say ain't, ain't eatin'."[52]

text: Although ain't is seldom found in formal writing, it is frequently used in more informal written settings, such as popular song lyrics. In genres such as traditional country music, blues, rock n' roll, and hip-hop, lyrics often include nonstandard features such as ain't.[53] This is principally due to the use of such features as markers of "covert identity and prestige."[53]

text: Ain't is standard in some fixed phrases, such as "You ain't seen nothing yet".

text: Notable usage[edit]

text:
"Ain't I a Woman?", 1851 speech by abolitionist Sojourner Truth.[54]
"If you want to know who we are", from The Mikado lyrics by W. S. Gilbert "We figure in lively paint: Our attitude's queer and quaint—You're wrong if you think it ain't." (1885).[55]
George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion "I ain't done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman" said Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle.[56]
Great baseball hitter Willie Keeler's advice to young hitters was: "Keep your eye on the ball, and hit 'em where they ain't."[57]
"Say it ain't so, Joe", apocryphal quote from a young baseball fan to Shoeless Joe Jackson after the fan learned about the Black Sox scandal involving throwing the 1919 World Series.[58] "Say it ain't so" was subsequently used as the title of a song by Weezer and an album by Murray Head, and an opera about the 2008 US vice presidential debate.
"You ain't heard nothing yet!" spoken by Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer (1927), the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences.[59] That spoken line, and others in the film, introduced the "talkies" and revolutionized the movie industry.[60]
"It Ain't Necessarily So", song from Porgy and Bess (1935); music by George Gershwin, words by Ira Gershwin.[61]
"He ain't heavy, he's my brother" has been used as the motto of Boys Town since 1943,[62] and inspired a song He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother, written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell, and recorded by The Hollies, Neil Diamond, and other artists.
"Ain't That a Shame" is a song written by Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew, released by Imperial Records in 1955, which went on to sell over a million copies and introduced Fats Domino to a wider audience.[63]

tag: ul


document_title: Secretary-General of the United Nations

question_text: who was the secretary general of the united nations

text: Secretary-General of the United Nations

text: Role[edit]

text: The Secretary-General was envisioned by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator", but the vague definition provided by the UN Charter[1] left much room for interpretation by those who would later occupy the position. According to the UN website, their roles are further defined as "diplomat and advocate, civil servant, and CEO".[2] Nevertheless, this more abstract description has not prevented the office holders from speaking out and playing important roles on global issues to various degrees.[3] Article 97 under Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter states that the Secretary-General shall be the "chief administrative officer" of the Organization, but does not dictate their specific obligations.[citation needed]

text: Responsibilities of the Secretary-General are further outlined in Articles 98 through 100. Article 98 states that they shall act as the chief administrative officer "in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs". They are also responsible for making an annual report to the General Assembly. According to Article 99, they may notify the Security Council on matters which "in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security". Other than these few guidelines, little else is dictated by the Charter. Interpretation of the Charter has varied between Secretaries-General, with some being much more active than others.[citation needed]

text: The Secretary-General, along with the Secretariat, is given the prerogative to exhibit no allegiance to any state but to only the United Nations organization: decisions must be made without regard to the state of origin.[citation needed]

text: The Secretary-General is highly dependent upon the support of the member states of the UN. "The Secretary-General would fail if they did not take careful account of the concerns of Member States, but they must also uphold the values and moral authority of the United Nations, and speak and act for peace, even at the risk, from time to time, of challenging or disagreeing with those same Member States."[2]

text: "The personal skills of the Secretary-General and their staff are crucial to their function. The central position of the UN headquarters in the international diplomatic network is also an important asset. The Secretary-General has the right to place any dispute on the provisional agenda of the Security Council. However, they work mostly behind the scenes if the members of the council are unwilling to discuss a dispute. Most of their time is spent on good offices missions and mediation, sometimes at the request of deliberative organs of the UN, but also frequently on their own initiative. Their function may be replaced or supplemented by mediation efforts by the major powers. UN peacekeeping missions are often closely linked to mediation (peacemaking). The recent improvement in relations between the permanent members of the Security Council (P5) has strengthened the role of the Secretary-General as the world's most reputable intermediary."[4]

text: In the early 1960s, Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position. The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state, one vote system meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would potentially be sympathetic towards the West. Khrushchev proposed to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person leading council (a "troika"): one member from the West, one from the Eastern Bloc, and one from the Non-Aligned powers. This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal.[5][6]

text: Selection and term of office[edit]

text: Article 97 of the United Nations Charter determines that the Secretary-General is "appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council." As the recommendation must come from the Security Council, any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination. Most Secretaries-General are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame. Unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections. The appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council's five permanent members.[7] The General Assembly resolution 51/241 in 1997 stated that in the appointment of "the best candidate", due regard should be given to regional (continental) rotation of the appointee's national origin and to gender equality.[8]:5

text: The Secretary-General is customarily appointed for a five-year term, although the length of the term is discretionary. Trygve Lie's second appointment was for three years,[8]:4 and U Thant's first two terms were short terms that added up to five years. The Secretary-General customarily runs unopposed for a second term if she or he wishes to continue serving, and she or he is reappointed unless vetoed by a permanent member. Although there is no formal limit to the number of terms, none so far has held office for more than two full terms.[9] Kurt Waldheim ran for a third full term in 1981, but one candidate ran to oppose him with China casting a record 16 vetoes against Waldheim, forcing him to suspend his candidacy, which allowed for the nomination of a further 13 candidates, one of whom was elected at the first subsequent ballot. No Secretary-General since 1981 has attempted to secure a third term.

text: Since 1981, Secretaries-General have been chosen behind closed doors by the Security Council and then had their names submitted to General Assembly for ratification. No candidate has ever been rejected by the General Assembly.[citation needed] The Security Council and General Assembly took steps in 2016 to make the selection process more transparent and open, sending a letter to UN member states asking them to nominate candidates for the position. However, the Security Council voted in private and followed the same process as previous selections, leading the President of the General Assembly to complain that it "does not live up to the expectations of the membership and the new standard of openness and transparency".[10]

text: Residence[edit]

text: The official residence of the Secretary-General is a townhouse at 3 Sutton Place, Manhattan, in New York City, United States. The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921, and donated to the United Nations in 1972.[11]

text: List of Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
№
Portrait
Secretary-General
(Born–Died)
Dates in office
Country of origin
UN Regional Group
Reason of withdrawal
Ref.

–

Gladwyn Jebb
(1900–1996)
24 October 1945 –
1 February 1946
 United Kingdom
Western European & Others
Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election.
[12]

After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie.

1

Trygve Lie
(1896–1968)

2 February 1946 –
10 November 1952
 Norway
Western European & Others
Resigned.
[13]

Lie, a foreign minister and former labour leader, was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War, the Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The United States circumvented the Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5, with eight abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in 1952.[14]

2

Dag Hammarskjöld
(1905–1961)

10 April 1953 –
18 September 1961
 Sweden
Western European & Others
Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo.
[15]

After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council. He was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis, and suggested that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika, or three-man executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1961.[14] U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century".[16]

3

U Thant
(1909–1974)

30 November 1961 –
31 December 1971
 Burma
Asia-Pacific
Declined to stand for a third election.
[17]

In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld, the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American Secretary-General. U Thant was nominated. However, due to opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence) and the Arabs (Burma supported Israel), Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. He was the first Asian Secretary-General. The following year, on 30 November, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a new term ending on 3 November 1966. He was re-elected on 2 December 1966, finally for a full 5-year term, ending on 31 December 1971. Thant did not seek a third election.[14]

4

Kurt Waldheim
(1918–2007)

1 January 1972 –
31 December 1981
 Austria
Western European & Others
China vetoed his third term.
[18]

Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom, in the third round, Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. From 1986 to 1992, Waldheim served as President of Austria, making him the first former Secretary-General to rise to the position of head of state[19]. In 1985, it was revealed that a post–World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal – based on his involvement with the army of Nazi Germany. The files had been stored in the UN archive.[14]

5

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(born 1920)

1 January 1982 –
31 December 1991
 Peru
Latin American & Caribbean
Did not stand for a third term.
[20]

Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. Pérez de Cuéllar, a Peruvian diplomat who a decade earlier had served as President of the UN Security Council during his time as Peruvian Ambassador to the UN, was a compromise candidate, and became the first and thus far only Secretary-General from the Americas. He was re-elected unanimously in 1986.[14]

6

Boutros Boutros-Ghali
(1922–2016)

1 January 1992 –
31 December 1996
 Egypt
African
The United States vetoed his second term.
[21]

The 102-member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls—a first for the council—and Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round. In 1996, the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN.[14]

7

Kofi Annan
(born 1938)

1 January 1997 –
31 December 2006
 Ghana
African
Retired after two full terms.
[22]

On 13 December 1996, the Security Council recommended Annan.[23][24] He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly.[25] He started his second term as Secretary-General on 1 January 2002.

8

Ban Ki-moon
(born 1944)

1 January 2007 –
31 December 2016
 South Korea
Asia-Pacific
Retired after two full terms.
[26]

Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General and the second Asian overall after U Thant. He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011. His second term began on 1 January 2012.[27] Prior to his selection, he was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006.

9

António Guterres
(born 1949)

1 January 2017 –
present
 Portugal
Western European & Others

Guterres is the first former head of government to become Secretary-General, and the first Secretary-General born after the establishment of the United Nations. He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002. He has also been President of Socialist International (1999–2005) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–2015).

text: By regional group[edit]

text:
UN Regional Group
Secretaries-General
Terms

WEOG
4
7

Eastern European Group
0
0

GRULAC
1
2

Asia-Pacific Group
2
4

African Group
2
3

text: Lifespan timeline[edit]

text: This is a graphical lifespan timeline of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations. They are listed in order of office.

text: Living former Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(1982–1991)
(1920-01-19) 19 January 1920 (age 97)

Kofi Annan
(1997–2006)
(1938-04-08) 8 April 1938 (age 79)

Ban Ki-moon
(2007–2016)
(1944-06-13) 13 June 1944 (age 73)

text: As of October 2017, the only former Secretaries-General that are alive are Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Kofi Annan, and Ban Ki-moon. The most recent death of a former Secretary-General was that of Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992–96) on 16 February 2016.[28]


document_title: Lake Powell

question_text: when was the last time lake powell was full

text: Lake Powell

text: History[edit]

text: In the 1940s and early 1950s, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation planned to construct a series of Colorado River dams in the rugged Colorado Plateau province of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. Glen Canyon Dam was born of a controversial damsite the Bureau selected in Echo Park, in what is now Dinosaur National Monument in Colorado. A small but politically effective group of objectors led by David Brower of the Sierra Club succeeded in defeating the Bureau's bid, citing Echo Park's natural and scenic qualities as too valuable to submerge. By agreeing to a relocated damsite near Lee's Ferry between Glen and Grand Canyons, however, Brower did not realize what he had gambled away. At the time, Brower had not actually been to Glen Canyon. When he later saw Glen Canyon on a river trip, Brower discovered that it had the kind of scenic, cultural, and wilderness qualities often associated with America's national parks.[2] Over 80 side canyons in the colorful Navajo Sandstone contained clear streams, abundant wildlife, arches, natural bridges, and numerous Native American archeological sites. By then, however, it was too late to stop the Bureau and its commissioner Floyd Dominy from building Glen Canyon Dam. Brower believed the river should remain free, and would forever after consider the loss of Glen Canyon his life's ultimate disappointment.[3]

text: Construction on Glen Canyon Dam began with a demolition blast keyed by the push of a button by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at his desk in the Oval Office on October 1, 1956. The first blast started clearing tunnels for water diversion. On February 11, 1959, water was diverted through the tunnels so dam construction could begin. Later that year, the bridge was completed, allowing trucks to deliver equipment and materials for the dam, and also for the new town of Page, Arizona.

text: Concrete placement started around the clock on June 17, 1960. The last bucket of concrete was poured on September 13, 1963. Over 5 million cubic yards (4,000,000 m³) of concrete make up Glen Canyon Dam. The Dam is 710 feet (216 m) high, with the surface elevation of the water at full pool being approximately 3700 feet (1100 m). Construction of the Dam cost $155 million, and 18 lives were lost in the process. From 1970 to 1980, turbines and generators were installed for hydroelectricity. On September 22, 1966, Glen Canyon Dam was dedicated by Lady Bird Johnson.

text: Upon completion of Glen Canyon Dam on September 13, 1963, the Colorado River began to back up, no longer being diverted through the tunnels. The newly flooded Glen Canyon formed Lake Powell. It took 11 years for the lake to fill to the 3,700 feet (1,100 m) level, on June 22, 1980. The lake level fluctuates considerably depending on the seasonal snow runoff from the Rocky Mountains.[4][5][6] The all-time highest water level was reached on July 14, 1983, during one of the heaviest Colorado River floods in recorded history, in part influenced by a strong El Niño event. The lake rose to 3,708.34 feet (1,130.30 m) above sea level, with a water content of 25,757,086 acre feet (31.770898 km3).[7]

text: Colorado River flows have been below average since the year 2000, leading to lower lake levels. In the winter of 2005 (before the spring run-off) the lake reached its lowest level since filling, an elevation of 3,555.10 feet (1,083.59 m)[8] above sea level, which was approximately 150 feet (46 m) below full pool. Since 2005 the lake level has slowly rebounded, although it has not filled completely since then. Summer 2011 saw the third largest June and the second largest July runoff since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam, and the water level peaked at nearly 3,661 feet (1,116 m), 77 percent of capacity, on July 30.[9] However, the years 2012 and 2013 were, respectively, the third and fourth-lowest runoff years recorded on the Colorado River. By April 9, 2014 the lake level had fallen to 3,574.31 feet (1,089.45 m), largely erasing the gains made in 2011.[10]

text: Colorado River levels returned to normal during water years 2014 and 2015 (pushing the lake to 3,606 feet (1,099 m) by the end of water year 2015[11]), a trend projected to continue in 2016. However, the Bureau of Reclamation in 2014 reduced the Lake Powell release from 8.23 to 7.48 million acre-feet, for the first time since the lake filled in 1980. This was done due to the "equalization" guideline which stipulates that an approximately equal amount of water must be retained in both Lake Powell and Lake Mead, in order to preserve hydro-power generation capacity at both lakes. This resulted in Lake Mead declining to the lowest level on record since the 1930s.

text: Climate[edit]

text: These data are for the Wahweap climate station on Lake Powell just south of the Utah-Arizona border.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Wahweap, AZ

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
69
(21)
78
(26)
85
(29)
94
(34)
104
(40)
110
(43)
120
(49)
115
(46)
105
(41)
96
(36)
80
(27)
70
(21)
120
(49)

Average high °F (°C)
47.2
(8.4)
53.8
(12.1)
63.0
(17.2)
72.8
(22.7)
83.8
(28.8)
94.1
(34.5)
98.8
(37.1)
95.7
(35.4)
87.7
(30.9)
73.7
(23.2)
58.3
(14.6)
47.1
(8.4)
73
(22.78)

Average low °F (°C)
26.9
(−2.8)
31.8
(−0.1)
37.8
(3.2)
44.6
(7)
54.9
(12.7)
64.1
(17.8)
71.3
(21.8)
69.3
(20.7)
60.7
(15.9)
48.9
(9.4)
36.9
(2.7)
27.4
(−2.6)
47.88
(8.81)

Record low °F (°C)
−2
(−19)
4
(−16)
21
(−6)
16
(−9)
29
(−2)
40
(4)
48
(9)
51
(11)
36
(2)
24
(−4)
15
(−9)
3
(−16)
−2
(−19)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.59
(15)
0.56
(14.2)
0.63
(16)
0.37
(9.4)
0.36
(9.1)
0.17
(4.3)
0.51
(13)
0.75
(19)
0.59
(15)
0.85
(21.6)
0.57
(14.5)
0.41
(10.4)
6.36
(161.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
0.2
(0.5)
0.2
(0.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.3
(0.8)
0.7
(1.8)

Source: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?az9114

text: Geology[edit]

text: Glen Canyon was carved by differential erosion from the Colorado River over an estimated 5 million years. The Colorado Plateau, through which the canyon cuts, arose some 11 million years ago. Within that plateau lie layers of rock from over 300 million years ago to the relatively recent volcanic activity. Pennsylvanian and Permian formations can be seen in Cataract Canyon and San Juan Canyon. The Moenkopi Formation, which dates from 230 million years ago (Triassic Period), and the Chinle Formation are found at Lees Ferry and the Rincon. Both formations are the result of the ancient inland sea that covered the area. Once the sea drained, windblown sand invaded the area, creating what is known as Wingate Sandstone.

text: The more recent (Jurassic Period) formations include Kayenta Sandstone, which produces the trademark blue-black "desert varnish" that streaks down many walls of the canyons. Above this is Navajo Sandstone. Many of the arches, including Rainbow Bridge, lie at this transition point. This period also includes light yellow Entrada Sandstone, and the dark brown, almost purple Carmel Formation. These latter two can be seen on the tops of mesas around Wahweap, and the crown of Castle Rock and Tower Butte. Above these layers lie the sandstone, conglomerate and shale of the Straight Cliffs Formation that underlies the Kaiparowits Plateau and San Rafael Swell to the north of the lake.

text: The confluences of the Escalante, Dirty Devil and San Juan rivers with the Colorado lie within Lake Powell. The slower flow of the San Juan river has produced goosenecks where 5 miles (8.0 km) of river are contained within 1-mile (1.6 km) on a straight line.

text: Environmental impacts[edit]

text: For information on environmental impacts see the Glen Canyon Dam article.

text: Landmarks[edit]

text:
Glen Canyon Dam, the dam that keeps Lake Powell the way it is today. (location: Lake Powell's Arizona part)
Rainbow Bridge, one of the world's largest natural bridges. (location: Lake Powell's Utah part)
Hite Crossing Bridge, the only bridge spanning Lake Powell. Although the bridge informally marks the upstream limit of the lake, when the lake is at its normal high water elevation, backwater can stretch up to 30 miles (48 km) upstream into Cataract Canyon

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Lake Powell has been a shooting location for 45 television series and films,[12] including:

text:
Gravity (2013)
John Carter (2012)
Doctor Who: The Impossible Astronaut and The Wedding of River Song (2011)
Walking with Monsters (2005), the BBC prequel to Walking with Dinosaurs as a stand-in for inland Silurian
Evolution (2001)
Planet of the Apes (both 1968 and 2001 versions)
Maverick (1994)
Koyaanisqatsi (1982)

text: Features[edit]

text: The lake's main body stretches up Glen Canyon, but has also filled many (over 90) side canyons. The lake also stretches up the Escalante River and San Juan River where they merge into the main Colorado River. This provides access to many natural geographic points of interest as well as some remnants of the Anasazi culture.

text:
Rainbow Bridge National Monument
Defiance House ruin (Anasazi)
Cathedral in the Desert
San Juan goosenecks
Kaiparowits Plateau
Hole-in-the-Rock crossing
the Rincon
Three-Roof Ruin
Padre Bay
Waterpocket Fold
Antelope Island lies mostly in Arizona just north of Page in the southwest part of Lake Powell.

text: Development[edit]

text: Access to the lake is limited to developed marinas because most of the lake is surrounded by steep sandstone walls:

text:
Lee's Ferry Subdistrict
Page/Wahweap Marina
Antelope Point Marina
Halls Crossing, Utah Marina
Bullfrog Marina
Hite Marina

text: The following marinas are accessible only by boat:

text:
Dangling Rope Marina
Rainbow Bridge National Monument
Escalante Subdistrict

text: Glen Canyon National Recreation Area draws more than two million visitors annually. Recreational activities include boating, fishing, waterskiing, jet-skiing, and hiking. Prepared campgrounds can be found at each marina, but many visitors choose to rent a houseboat or bring their own camping equipment, find a secluded spot somewhere in the canyons, and make their own camp (there are no restrictions on where visitors can stay).

text: The Castle Rock Cut is one of the most important navigational channels in the lake; it was blasted as early as the 1970s to allow boaters to bypass the winding canyons between the Glen Canyon Dam and reaches of Lake Powell further upstream – saving, on average, one hour of travel time. The cut has been deepened several times since then, to allow the use of the channel during droughts.[13] During the protracted 21st century drought, however, the lake has dropped so quickly on several occasions that the cut dried up during the summer tourist season, most recently in 2013. Continued deepening of the Castle Rock cut has been criticized for its high cost, but boaters and the National Park Service argue that it improves safety, saves millions of dollars in fuel, and improves emergency response time.[14]

text: Currently most Marinas on the lake don't have Automatic Identification System monitoring stations that transmit boat positions to the AIS websites for the boating community. A substantial number of vessels on the lake do not have AIS transponders as there currently are no mandatory requirements for AIS usage for this body of water. Extra precautions must be taken with respect to boating safety, as the fractal nature of the lake's hydrologic surface area can allow vessels with limited charting equipment to become easily lost.

text: The burying of human (and pet) waste in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area is prohibited. Anyone who camps farther than a quarter of a mile from a marina, however, must bring a portable toilet. Pet waste must also be packed out.

text: The southwestern end of Lake Powell in Arizona can be accessed via U.S. Route 89 and State Route 98. State Route 95 and State Route 276 lead to the northeastern end of the lake in Utah.

text: Fish species[edit]

text: Some of these fish species are on the US Endangered Species List. Currently most native species on the Colorado River Basin are subject to ongoing restoration efforts of some kind.

text: Bass

text:
Smallmouth bass
Largemouth bass
Striped bass

text: Carp, pike and others

text:
Crappie
Sunfish
Channel catfish
Northern pike
Walleye
Common carp
Razorback sucker
Brown trout
Bonytail chub
Gizzard shad

text: Introduced species[edit]

text: Zebra and quagga mussels at Lake Powell[edit]

text: Zebra and quagga mussels first appeared in the United States in the 1980s.[15]

text: The mussels were initially brought to the United States through the ballast water of ships entering the Great Lakes. These aquatic invaders soon spread to many bodies of water in the Eastern United States and have even made their way to the western United States. In January 2008,[16][17] Zebra mussels have been detected in several reservoirs along the Colorado River system such as Lakes Mead, Mojave, and Havasu.

text: By the early 2000s Arizona, California, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada and Utah have all confirmed the presence of larval zebra mussels in lakes and reservoirs.

text: Zebra and quagga mussels can be destructive to an ecosystem due to competition for resources with native species. The filtration of zooplankton by the mussels can negatively impact the feeding for some species of fish. Zebra and quagga mussels can attach to hard surfaces and build layers on underwater structures. The mussels are known to clog pipes including those in hydroelectric power systems, thus becoming a costly and time-consuming problem for water managers in the West.

text: Control policies have recently been introduced to alleviate the hydroelectric problems as well as ecological problems faced by Western infestation. Beginning in 1999 Lake Powell began to visually monitor for the mussels.

text: In 2001 hot water boat decontamination sites were established at Wahweap, Bullfrog, and Halls Crossing marinas. In January 2007, zebra mussels were detected in Lake Mead and new action plans were announced to prevent the spread of mussels to Lake Powell. In August 2007, preliminary testing was positive for zebra or quagga larvae in Lake Powell. These tests were deemed false positives, but adult quagga mussels were found in 2013.

text: In August 2010, Lake Powell was declared mussel free. Lake Powell introduced a mandatory boat inspection for each watercraft entering the reservoir beginning in June 2009. Effective June 29, 2009, every vessel entering Lake Powell must have a mussel certificate, although boat owners were allowed to self-certify. These measures were intended to help prevent vessels from transporting Zebra mussels into Lake Powell.

text: Despite these measures, quagga mussel DNA was detected in 2012 and live mussels were found at a number of sites in Spring and Summer 2013. As of June 2013 the NPS was attempting a diver based eradication program to find and remove mussels before the lake becomes infested.


document_title: Jason

question_text: mythological ship used by jason in his search for the golden fleece

text: Jason

text: Family

text: Parentage

text: Jason's father is invariably Aeson, but there is great variation as to his mother's name. According to various authors, she could be:

text:
Alcimede, daughter of Phylacus[1][2][3]
Polymede,[4][5] or Polymele,[6][7] or Polypheme,[8] a daughter of Autolycus
Amphinome[9]
Theognete, daughter of Laodicus[8]
Rhoeo[6]
Arne or Scarphe[10]

text: Jason was also said to have had a younger brother Promachus[9][11].

text: Children

text: By Medea:

text:
Alcimenes, murdered by Medea.
Thessalus, twin of Alcimenes and king of Iolcus.
Tisander, murdered by Medea
Mermeros killed either by the Corinthians or by Medea
Pheres, as above
Eriopis, their only daughter
Medus or Polyxemus, otherwise son of Aegeus
Argus[12]
seven sons and seven daughters[13]

text: By Hypsipyle:

text:
Euneus, King of Lemnos and his twin
Nebrophonus[14] or
Deipylus[15] or
Thoas[16]

text:
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF JASON'S FAMILY

Relation

Name

Source

(Sch. on) Homer

(Sch. on) Euripides

(Sch. on) Apollonius

Diodorus

Valerius

Apollodorus

Ptolemy

Pausanias

Hyginus

Tzetzes

Smith

Parentage

Aeson and Polymele or

√

√

Aeson and Polypheme or

√

Aeson and Polymede

√

√

Aeson and Alcimede

√

√

√

Aeson and Theognete

√

Aeson and Amphinome

√

Aeson and Rhoe

√

Aeson and Arne

√

Aeson and Scarphe

√

Sibling

Promachus

√

√

Consort

Medea

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

Hypsipyle

√

√

√

Children

Mermeros

√

√

√

Pheres

√

√

√

Alcimenes

√

Thessalus

√

Tisandrus

√

7 sons & 7 daughters

√

Eriopis

√

Medus or Polyxemus

√

Argus

√

Euneus

√

√

√

Nebrophonus

√

Deipylus

√

Thoas

√

text: Persecution by Pelias

text: Pelias (Aeson's half-brother) was power-hungry and sought to gain dominion over all of Thessaly. Pelias was the progeny of a union between their shared mother, Tyro ("high born Tyro"), the daughter of Salmoneus, and the sea god Poseidon. In a bitter feud, he overthrew Aeson (the rightful king), killing all the descendants of Aeson that he could. He spared his half-brother for unknown reasons. Aeson's wife Alcimede I had a newborn son named Jason whom she saved from Pelias by having female attendants cluster around the infant and cry as if he were still-born. Fearing that Pelias would eventually notice and kill her son, Alcimede sent him away to be reared by the centaur Chiron,[17]; she claimed that she had been having an affair with him all along. Pelias, fearing that his ill-gotten kingship might be challenged, consulted an oracle, who warned him to beware of a man wearing only one sandal.

text: Many years later, Pelias was holding games in honor of Poseidon when the grown Jason arrived in Iolcus, having lost one of his sandals in the river Anauros ("wintry Anauros") while helping an old woman (actually the Goddess Hera in disguise) to cross[17]. She blessed him for she knew, as goddesses do, what Pelias had planned. When Jason entered Iolcus (present-day city of Volos), he was announced as a man wearing only one sandal. Jason, aware that he was the rightful king, so informed Pelias. Pelias replied, "To take my throne, which you shall, you must go on a quest to find the Golden Fleece." Jason readily accepted this condition.

text: The Quest for the Golden Fleece

text: Jason assembled for his crew, a number of heroes, known as the Argonauts after their ship, the Argo.[17] The group of heroes included the Boreads (sons of Boreas, the North Wind) who could fly, Heracles, Philoctetes, Peleus, Telamon, Orpheus, Castor and Pollux, Atalanta, Meleager and Euphemus.

text: The Isle of Lemnos

text: The isle of Lemnos is situated off the Western coast of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). The island was inhabited by a race of women who had killed their husbands. The women had neglected their worship of Aphrodite, and as a punishment the goddess made the women so foul in stench that their husbands could not bear to be near them. The men then took concubines from the Thracian mainland opposite, and the spurned women, angry at Aphrodite, killed all the male inhabitants while they slept. The king, Thoas, was saved by Hypsipyle, his daughter, who put him out to sea sealed in a chest from which he was later rescued. The women of Lemnos lived for a while without men, with Hypsipyle as their queen.

text: During the visit of the Argonauts the women mingled with the men creating a new "race" called Minyae. Jason fathered twins with the queen. Heracles pressured them to leave as he was disgusted by the antics of the Argonauts. He had not taken part, which is truly unusual considering the numerous affairs he had with other women. [note 1]

text: Cyzicus

text: After Lemnos the Argonauts landed among the Doliones, whose king Cyzicus treated them graciously. He told them about the land beyond Bear Mountain, but forgot to mention what lived there. What lived in the land beyond Bear Mountain were the Gegeines which are a tribe of Earthborn giants with six arms and wore leather loincloths. While most of the crew went into the forest to search for supplies, the Gegeines saw that few Argonauts were guarding the ship and raided it. Heracles was among those guarding the ship at the time and managed to kill most them before Jason and the others returned. Once some of the other Gegeines were killed, Jason and the Argonauts set sail.

text: Sometime after their fight with the Gegeines, they sent some men to find food and water. Among these men was Heracles' servant Hylas who was gathering water while Heracles was out finding some wood to carve a new oar to replace the one that broke. The nymphs of the stream where Hylas was collecting were attracted to his good looks, and pulled him into the stream. Heracles returned to his Labors, but Hylas was lost forever. Others say that Heracles went to Colchis with the Argonauts, got the Golden Girdle of the Amazons and slew the Stymphalian Birds at that time.[citation needed]

text: The Argonauts departed, losing their bearings and landing again at the same spot that night. In the darkness, the Doliones took them for enemies and they started fighting each other. The Argonauts killed many of the Doliones, among them the king Cyzicus. Cyzicus' wife killed herself. The Argonauts realized their horrible mistake when dawn came and held a funeral for him.

text: Phineas and the harpies

text: Soon Jason reached the court of Phineus of Salmydessus in Thrace. Zeus had sent the harpies to steal the food put out for Phineas each day. Jason took pity on the emaciated king and killed the Harpies when they returned; in other versions, Calais and Zetes chase the harpies away. In return for this favor, Phineas revealed to Jason the location of Colchis and how to pass the Symplegades, or The Clashing Rocks, and then they parted.

text: The Symplegades

text: The only way to reach Colchis was to sail through the Symplegades (Clashing Rocks), huge rock cliffs that came together and crushed anything that traveled between them. Phineas told Jason to release a dove when they approached these islands, and if the dove made it through, to row with all their might. If the dove was crushed, he was doomed to fail. Jason released the dove as advised, which made it through, losing only a few tail feathers. Seeing this, they rowed strongly and made it through with minor damage at the extreme stern of the ship. From that time on, the clashing rocks were forever joined leaving free passage for others to pass.

text: The arrival in Colchis

text: Jason arrived in Colchis (modern Black Sea coast of Georgia) to claim the fleece as his own. It was owned by King Aeetes of Colchis. The fleece was given to him by Phrixus. Aeetes promised to give it to Jason only if he could perform three certain tasks. Presented with the tasks, Jason became discouraged and fell into depression. However, Hera had persuaded Aphrodite to convince her son Eros to make Aeetes' daughter, Medea, fall in love with Jason. As a result, Medea aided Jason in his tasks. First, Jason had to plow a field with fire-breathing oxen, the Khalkotauroi, that he had to yoke himself. Medea provided an ointment that protected him from the oxen's flames. Then, Jason sowed the teeth of a dragon into a field. The teeth sprouted into an army of warriors (spartoi). Medea had previously warned Jason of this and told him how to defeat this foe. Before they attacked him, he threw a rock into the crowd. Unable to discover where the rock had come from, the soldiers attacked and defeated one another. His last task was to overcome the sleepless dragon which guarded the Golden Fleece. Jason sprayed the dragon with a potion, given by Medea, distilled from herbs. The dragon fell asleep, and Jason was able to seize the Golden Fleece.[18] He then sailed away with Medea. Medea distracted her father, who chased them as they fled, by killing her brother Apsyrtus and throwing pieces of his body into the sea; Aeetes stopped to gather them. In another version, Medea lured Apsyrtus into a trap. Jason killed him, chopped off his fingers and toes, and buried the corpse. In any case, Jason and Medea escaped.

text: The return journey

text: On the way back to Iolcus, Medea prophesied to Euphemus, the Argo's helmsman, that one day he would rule Cyrene. This came true through Battus, a descendant of Euphemus. Zeus, as punishment for the slaughter of Medea's own brother, sent a series of storms at the Argo and blew it off course. The Argo then spoke and said that they should seek purification with Circe, a nymph living on the island of Aeaea. After being cleansed, they continued their journey home.

text: Sirens

text: Chiron had told Jason that without the aid of Orpheus, the Argonauts would never be able to pass the Sirens—the same Sirens encountered by Odysseus in Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. The Sirens lived on three small, rocky islands called Sirenum scopuli and sang beautiful songs that enticed sailors to come to them, which resulted in the crashing of their ship into the islands. When Orpheus heard their voices, he drew his lyre and played music that was more beautiful and louder, drowning out the Sirens' bewitching songs.

text: Talos

text: The Argo then came to the island of Crete, guarded by the bronze man, Talos. As the ship approached, Talos hurled huge stones at the ship, keeping it at bay. Talos had one blood vessel which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by only one bronze nail (as in metal casting by the lost wax method). Medea cast a spell on Talos to calm him; she removed the bronze nail and Talos bled to death. The Argo was then able to sail on.

text: Jason returns

text: Thomas Bulfinch has an antecedent to the interaction of Medea and the daughters of Pelias. Jason, celebrating his return with the Golden Fleece, noted that his father was too aged and infirm to participate in the celebrations.  He had seen and been served by Medea's magical powers. He asked Medea to take some years from his life and add them to the life of his father.  She did so, but at no such cost to Jason's life. Medea withdrew the blood from Aesons body and infused it with certain herbs; putting it back into his veins, returning vigor to him.[19] Pelias' daughters saw this and wanted the same service for their father.

text: Medea, using her sorcery, claimed to Pelias' daughters that she could make their father smooth and vigorous as a child by chopping him up into pieces and boiling the pieces in a cauldron of water and magical herbs. She demonstrated this remarkable feat with the oldest ram in the flock, which leapt out of the cauldron as a lamb. The girls, rather naively, sliced and diced their father and put him in the cauldron. Medea did not add the magical herbs, and Pelias was dead.[20] Pelias' son, Acastus, drove Jason and Medea into exile for the murder, and the couple settled in Corinth.

text: Treachery of Jason

text: In Corinth, Jason became engaged to marry Creusa (sometimes referred to as Glauce), a daughter of the King of Corinth, to strengthen his political ties. When Medea confronted Jason about the engagement and cited all the help she had given him, he retorted that it was not she that he should thank, but Aphrodite who made Medea fall in love with him. Infuriated with Jason for breaking his vow that he would be hers forever, Medea took her revenge by presenting to Creusa a cursed dress, as a wedding gift, that stuck to her body and burned her to death as soon as she put it on. Creusa's father, Creon, burned to death with his daughter as he tried to save her. Then Medea killed the two boys that she bore to Jason, fearing that they would be murdered or enslaved as a result of their mother's actions. When Jason came to know of this, Medea was already gone; she fled to Athens in a chariot of dragons sent by her grandfather, the sun-god Helios.[20]

text: Later Jason and Peleus, father of the hero Achilles, attacked and defeated Acastus, reclaiming the throne of Iolcus for himself once more.  Jason's son, Thessalus, then became king.

text: As a result of breaking his vow to love Medea forever, Jason lost his favor with Hera and died lonely and unhappy[citation needed]. He was asleep under the stern of the rotting Argo when it fell on him, killing him instantly.[citation needed]

text: In literature

text: Though some of the episodes of Jason's story draw on ancient material, the definitive telling, on which this account relies, is that of Apollonius of Rhodes in his epic poem Argonautica, written in Alexandria in the late 3rd century BC.

text: Another Argonautica was written by Gaius Valerius Flaccus in the late 1st century AD, eight books in length. The poem ends abruptly with the request of Medea to accompany Jason on his homeward voyage. It is unclear if part of the epic poem has been lost, or if it was never finished. A third version is the Argonautica Orphica, which emphasizes the role of Orpheus in the story.

text: Jason is briefly mentioned in Dante's Divine Comedy in the poem Inferno. He appears in the Canto XVIII. In it, he is seen by Dante and his guide Virgil being punished in Hell's Eighth Circle (Bolgia 1) by being driven to march through the circle for all eternity while being whipped by devils. He is included among the panderers and seducers (possibly for his seduction and subsequent abandoning of Medea).

text: The story of Medea's revenge on Jason is told with devastating effect by Euripides in his tragedy Medea.

text: The mythical geography of the voyage of the Argonauts has been connected to specific geographic locations by Livio Stecchini[21] but his theories have not been widely adopted.

text: Popular culture

text: Jason appeared in the Hercules episode "Hercules and the Argonauts" voiced by William Shatner. He is shown to have been a student of Philoctetes and takes his advice to let Hercules travel with him.

text: In The Heroes of Olympus story "The Lost Hero," there was a reference to the mythical Jason when Jason Grace and his friends encounter Medea.

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Note: In "Hercules, My Shipmate" Robert Graves claims that Heracles fathered more children than anyone else of the crew.

tag: ol