document_title: List of Star Trek: Discovery characters

question_text: who plays the science officer in star trek discovery

text: List of Star Trek: Discovery characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Michael Burnham[edit]

text: Michael Burnham (portrayed by Sonequa Martin-Green) is a Science Specialist on USS Discovery. Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou, where she was referred to as "Number One",[1][2] until convicted of mutiny and sentenced to life in prison. Discovery Captain Gabriel Lorca brings Burnham back to duty with a temporary war-time assignment as a scientist on his crew. Burnham was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek, and is the first human to attend the Vulcan Learning Center and Vulcan Science Academy.[3][4]

text: Series co-creator Bryan Fuller had anticipated casting announcements for the show in October 2016,[2] but no announcements had been made by the end of that month. The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then, but no actress had been cast for the series' lead role. This was a source of "some internal stress" at CBS, with the casting of the character deemed "a far tougher assignment" than expected.[5] Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role, with CBS "not seeking a huge star and [preferring] a fresh face for the part."[6] Martin-Green was cast in the role in December, which was revealed with the character's production codename "lieutenant commander Rainsford".[7][8] Her casting was officially confirmed in April 2017, following the end of her run on The Walking Dead, with the character's actual name also revealed.[1] The character has an inner conflict due to being raised by Sarek, with showrunner Aaron Harberts explaining that many of the actresses tested for the role "either went way too robotic and chilly or way too emotional", but Martin-Green was "able to be aloof but warm; logical but able to surrender her emotional side to the audience."[3]

text: Since Sarek's son Spock never mentioned a sister in the original series, executive producer Alex Kurtzman said that the specifics of Burnham's backstory would be revealed in a way that would not break the existing canon continuity.[4] As the show's protagonist, Burnham was not made a starship captain, like those of previous Star Trek series, "to see a character from a different perspective on the starship—one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain, with subordinates, it gave us richer context".[9] She is referred to as Number One to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot "The Cage",[3] and was initially pitched to CBS as only being called Number One in the series.[2] Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name as he did with the female leads of his previous series. Martin-Green decided that the character was named after her father.[10]

text: Saru[edit]

text: Saru (portrayed by Doug Jones) is a Lieutenant Commander serving as First Officer of the USS Discovery,[11] and the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet.[12]

text: Jones was revealed to have been cast as Saru in November 2016.[11] Kelpiens, a new species created for Discovery, were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death. They have a reputation for cowardice in the Federation.[12] Jones was excited to, "from the ground up, develop and find this character and his species" and not have to honor a previous fan-favorite representation.[13] He based Saru's walk on that of a supermodel,[4] out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character's hooved feet forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet.[14] The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series.[12]

text: Saru was introduced in the series premiere as a senior bridge officer on the USS Shenzhou, which received massive damage in the series' second episode.[citation needed] Before the events of "Context is for Kings", Saru joins the crew of the USS Discovery.[15]

text: Ash Tyler[edit]

text: Ash Tyler (portrayed by Shazad Latif) is a Starfleet lieutenant and former prisoner of war.[16]

text: Latif was originally cast in the role of the Klingon Kol in December 2016, before being recast as Tyler at the end of April 2017.[17][18][16] Latif noted that Tyler's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life, calling Tyler "a very complex and painful and deep character."[16] The character explores these issues with different characters, including Lorca due to their shared military background, and Burnham with whom "there’s a chemistry, a relationship".[19]

text: Paul Stamets[edit]

text: Paul Stamets (portrayed by Anthony Rapp) is a Science Officer specializing in astromycology (the study of fungi in space).[11][20]

text: Rapp was revealed to have been cast as Stamets in November 2016.[11] He was originally cast in a different, smaller role, but when discussing gay actors who could portray the character Stamets, the executive producers realized that Rapp was the actor they wanted to fill that role instead. He did not audition for either role.[21] He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series, and the showrunners "wanted to roll out that character's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life". Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond, calling that "a nice nod. But in this case, we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation, in our living quarters, you get to see our relationship over time, treated as any other relationship would be treated".[22]

text: Stamets is inspired by a real-life mycologist of the same name,[23] whom Fuller had introduced to the series' writers early on after becoming interested in his research into spores. The character's outlook that physics and biology are quantifiably the same thing also comes from the real Stamets' research and theories.[24]

text: Sylvia Tilly[edit]

text: Sylvia Tilly (portrayed by Mary Wiseman) is a cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy, assigned to the Discovery.[25][26] She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery, and becomes roommates there with Burnham.[26]

text: Wiseman was cast in March 2017.[25] Tilly was included to represent people "at the very bottom of this ladder" of the Starfleet hierarchy. She is "the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart", and Harberts described her as "sort of the soul of our show".[21] The character was named after showrunner Gretchen J. Berg's two-year-old niece.[24]

text: Gabriel Lorca[edit]

text: Gabriel Lorca (portrayed by Jason Isaacs) is Captain of the Discovery,[27] a "brilliant military tactician".[28]

text: Isaacs joined the series in March 2017,[27] describing Lorca as "probably more f-d up than any of" the previously seen Star Trek captains,[4] and comparing the character to his portrayal of Mike Steele in the film Black Hawk Down. Isaacs was initially given the first two scripts for the series, which Lorca does not appear in, and an early draft of his introduction in the third that was going to be re-written, but agreed to join the series after discussing the series and character with the executive producers.[29] He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent,[30] wanting to avoid using his own English accent and being "a very pale shadow of the brilliant Patrick Stewart [Picard on The Next Generation]", and "he’s a military man, but he can be immensely charming. I’ve been privileged enough to work with the [U.S. Army] Rangers at Fort Benning, and no matter where you come from in America, if you train down South where most of the bases are, you pick up some form of a Southern accent. And I wanted something that had subliminal hints at the military."[31] Isaacs initially wanted to ad-lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one, coming up with "git'r done" which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and copyrighted by Larry the Cable Guy.[30] Comparing his character to Captain Georgiou, Isaacs said, "Georgiou is a mother figure, and I am unsentimental and don’t see my job as protecting [Burnham] emotionally or any other way. I see her as a very, very useful asset in this war."[31] In addition to having a standard Captain's ready-room, Lorca also has a room referred to as his "menagerie" where he keeps things that he collects. This includes the skeleton of a Gorn, a species that is apparently first discovered later in the original series, with Harberts feeling that the presence of this skeleton added to the mystery of the character—how did he come about it, and how does the rest of Starfleet not know of the species if he does?[24]

text: Guest characters[edit]

text: Introduced in previous series[edit]

text:
Sarek (portrayed by James Frain): A Vulcan ambassador and astrophysicist, the father of Spock, and the surrogate father of Michael Burnham.[32][4] Frain appears as a younger version of the character who was first portrayed by Mark Lenard in the original Star Trek series.[32][33]
Amanda Grayson (portrayed by Mia Kirshner): The human wife of Sarek. She also appeared in the original series, portrayed by Jane Wyatt.[9][34]
Harry Mudd (portrayed by Rainn Wilson) is a charismatic con-man. In March 2017, Wilson was cast as a younger version of the character played by Roger C. Carmel in the original Star Trek series,[35] to guest star in nine episodes of the season.[36][37] He described his version as "a reimagining, a reinvention in the same way so many things have been reimagined and reinvented. He's a bit more dastardly than the original. But that character made such an impression on me, and it is a dream come true to try to bring him to life with as much drama and comedy as possible."[38] Wilson "stole a lot of things that I loved from [Carmel's] performance, and then added a lot more of my own."[19]

text: Introduced in Discovery[edit]

text:
Philippa Georgiou (portrayed by Michelle Yeoh): Captain of the Shenzhou.[39][40]
L'Rell (portrayed by Mary Chieffo): Battle Deck Commander of the Klingon ship.[41] L'Rell is a member of both the house of T'Kuvma and the house of Mo'Kai[42]
T'Kuvma (portrayed by Chris Obi): The leader of an ancient Klingon house who is looking to unite all of the Klingon houses.[41][43]
Brett Anderson (portrayed by Terry Serpico): A Starfleet admiral.[44]
Danby Connor (portrayed by Sam Vartholomeos): A junior officer in Starfleet Academy, assigned to the Shenzhou.[44][45]
Kol (portrayed by Kenneth Mitchell): Commanding Officer of the Klingons, and opponent of T'Kuvma's goals.[41][18]
Ellen Landry (portrayed by Rekha Sharma): Security Officer for the Discovery.[18]
Hugh Culber (portrayed by Wilson Cruz): Medical Officer of the Discovery. Culber is Stamets' love interest and partner.[46]
Katrina Cornwell (portrayed by Jayne Brook): A Starfleet admiral and Lorca's direct superior.
Keyla Detmer (portrayed by Emily Coutts): Conn officer, red-haired Lieutenant with a cranial/ocular implant to replace function lost when injured in a bridge explosion while serving on the U.S.S. Shenzhou during the Battle at the Binary Stars against the Klingons.
Lieutenant Commander Airiam (portrayed by Sara Mitich): Science officer (Spore drive operator) who is an 'augmented human' with artificial skin.
Voq (portrayed by Javid Iqbal): An albino Klingon, described as being "touched by fate and fire".[47][48]

text: Damon Runyan and Clare McConnell portray Ujilli and Dennas, leaders in the Klingon Empire, respectively.[18]


document_title: List of Nottingham Forest F.C. seasons

question_text: when did nottingham forest last play in the premier league

root

text: List of Nottingham Forest F.C. seasons

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Seasons spent at Level 1 of the football league system: 56
Seasons spent at Level 2 of the football league system: 53
Seasons spent at Level 3 of the football league system: 5
Seasons spent at Level 4 of the football league system: 0

tag: ul

text: Key[edit]

text:
P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position

Div 1 = Football League First Division
Div 2 = Football League Second Division
Prem = Premier League
n/a = Not applicable

R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
R4 = Round 4
R5 = Round 5
QF = Quarter-finals
SF = Semi-finals
R/U = Runners Up
W= Winners

tag: table

text:
Season
League
FA Cup
League
Cup
Europe / Other
Top goalscorer(s)[1]

Division
P
W
D
L
F
A
Pts
Pos
Name
Goals

1878–79

SF

1879–80

SF

1880–81

R2

1881–82

R1

1882–83

R3

1883–84

R2

1884–85

SF

1885–86

R3

1886–87

R3

1887–88

R5

1888–89

R2

1889–90
FA
22
6
5
11
31
62
17
11th
R1

1890–91
22
9
7
6
66
39
23
5th
R3

1891–92
22
14
5
3
59
22
33
1st
SF

1892–93
Div 1
30
10
8
12
48
52
28
10th
R2

Sandy Higgins
13

1893–94
30
14
4
12
57
48
32
7th
R3

Tom McInnes
14

1894–95
30
13
5
12
50
56
31
7th
R3

Albert Carnelly
17

1895–96
30
11
3
16
42
57
25
13th
R1

Tom McInnes
9

1896–97
30
9
8
13
44
49
26
11th
R3

Arthur Capes
9

1897–98
30
11
9
10
47
49
31
8th
W

Len Benbow
13

1898–99
34
11
11
12
42
42
33
11th
R3

Fred Spencer
9

1899–1900
34
13
8
13
56
55
34
8th
SF

Jack Calvey
19

1900–01
34
16
7
11
53
36
39
4th
R2

Jack Calvey
16

1901–02
34
13
9
12
43
43
35
5th
SF

Jack Calvey
14

1902–03
34
14
7
13
49
47
35
10th
R2

Grenville Morris
26

1903–04
34
11
9
14
57
57
31
9th
R2

Grenville Morris
Billy Shearman
14

1904–05
34
9
7
18
40
61
25
16th
R1

Billy Shearman
14

1905–06
38
13
5
20
58
79
31
19th
R3

Grenville Morris
22

1906–07
Div 2
38
28
4
6
74
36
60
1st
R1

Grenville Morris
22

1907–08
Div 1
38
13
11
14
59
62
37
9th
R1

Enoch West
26

1908–09
38
14
8
16
66
57
36
14th
R4

Enoch West
25

1909–10
38
11
11
16
54
72
33
14th
R3

Grenville Morris
20

1910–11
38
9
7
22
55
75
25
20th
R1

Grenville Morris
12

1911–12
Div 2
38
13
7
18
46
48
33
15th
R1

Grenville Morris
10

1912–13
38
12
8
18
58
59
32
17th
R2

Tommy Gibson
21

1913–14
38
7
9
22
37
76
23
20th
R1

Jack Derrick
8

1914–15
38
10
9
19
43
77
29
18th
R1

Jack Coleman
16

In 1915, competitive football was abandoned in Britain owing to World War I

1919–20
Div 2
42
11
9
22
43
73
31
18th
R1

John Lythgoe
11

1920–21
42
12
12
18
48
55
36
18th
R1

Jack Spaven
11

1921–22
42
22
12
8
51
30
56
1st
R3

Jack Spaven
22

1922–23
Div 1
42
13
8
21
41
70
34
20th
R1

Jack Spaven
10

1923–24
42
10
12
20
42
64
32
20th
R1

Duncan Walker
17

1924–25
42
6
12
24
29
65
24
22nd
R2

Duncan Walker
8

1925–26
Div 2
42
14
8
20
51
73
36
17th
QF

Syd Gibson
10

1926–27
42
18
14
10
80
55
50
5th
R4

Syd Gibson
17

1927–28
42
15
10
17
83
84
40
10th
QF

Noah Burton
16

1928–29
42
15
12
15
71
70
42
11th
R3

Sam Jennings
17

1929–30
42
13
15
14
55
69
41
10th
QF

Johnny Dent
18

1930–31
42
14
9
19
80
85
37
17th
R3

Johnny Dent
23

1931-32
42
16
10
16
77
72
42
11th
R3

Billy Dickinson
23

1932–33
42
17
15
10
67
59
49
5th
R3

Billy Dickinson
15

1933–34
42
13
9
20
73
74
35
17th
R4

Johnny Dent
27

1934–35
42
17
8
17
76
70
42
9th
R5

Tom Peacock
21

1935–36
42
12
11
19
69
76
35
19th
R4

Tom Peacock
21

1936–37
42
12
10
20
68
90
34
18th
R3

Dave Martin
31

1937–38
42
14
8
20
47
60
36
20th
R4

Dave Martin
15

1938–39
42
10
11
21
49
82
31
20th
R3

Harry Crawshaw
Jack Surtees
9

1939–40
3
2
0
1
5
5
4
n/a[2]

In 1939, competitive football was abandoned in Britain owing to World War II

1945–46

R3

1946–47
Div 2
42
15
10
17
69
74
40
11th
R5

Sailor Brown
16

1947–48
42
12
11
19
54
60
35
19th
R3

Tom Johnston
12

1948–49
42
14
7
21
50
54
35
21st
R3

George Lee
10

1949–50
Div 3
(S)
42
20
9
13
67
39
49
4th
R2

Wally Ardron
25

1950–51
46
30
10
6
110
40
70
1st
R2

Wally Ardron
36

1951–52
Div 2
42
18
13
11
77
62
49
4th
R3

Wally Ardron
29

1952–53
42
18
8
16
77
67
44
7th
R4

Wally Ardron
22

1953–54
42
20
12
10
86
59
52
4th
R3

Alan Moore
29

1954–55
42
16
7
19
58
62
39
15th
R5

Jim Barrett
10

1955–56
42
19
9
14
68
63
47
7th
R3

Jim Barrett
17

1956–57
42
22
10
10
94
55
54
2nd
QF

Jim Barrett
30

1957–58
Div 1
42
16
10
16
69
63
42
10th
R4

Tommy Wilson
22

1958–59
42
17
6
19
71
74
40
13th
W

Tommy Wilson
27

1959–60
42
13
9
20
50
74
35
20th
R4

Tommy Wilson
12

1960–61
42
14
9
19
62
78
37
14th
R3
R4

Colin Booth
19

1961–62
42
13
10
19
63
79
36
19th
R4
R3
Fairs Cup
R1
Colin Booth
14

1962–63
42
17
10
15
67
69
44
9th
QF
n/a[3]

Colin Addison
20

1963–64
42
16
9
17
64
68
41
13th
R3
n/a

Frank Wignall
16

1964–65
42
17
13
12
71
67
47
5th
R5
n/a

Colin Addison
Frank Wignall
16

1965–66
42
14
8
20
56
72
36
18th
R4
n/a

Colin Addison
9

1966–67
42
23
10
9
64
41
56
2nd
SF
R2

Ian Storey-Moore
25

1967–68
42
14
11
17
52
64
39
11th
R4
R3
Fairs Cup
R2
Joe Baker
21

1968–69
42
10
13
19
45
57
33
18th
R3
R2

Ian Storey-Moore
18

1969–70
42
10
18
14
50
71
38
15th
R3
R4

Ian Storey-Moore
12

1970–71
42
14
8
20
42
61
36
16th
R3
R4

Ian Storey-Moore
22

1971–72
42
8
9
25
47
81
25
21st
R3
R3

Ian Storey-Moore
14

1972–73
Div 2
42
14
12
16
47
52
40
14th
R3
R2

John Galley
8

1973–74
42
15
15
12
57
43
45
7th
QF
R2

Duncan McKenzie
28

1974–75
42
12
14
16
43
55
38
16th
R4
R2

Neil Martin
12

1975–76
42
17
12
13
55
40
46
8th
R3
R3

Ian Bowyer
16

1976–77
42
21
10
11
77
43
52
3rd
R4
R3
Anglo-Scottish Cup
W
Peter Withe
19

1977–78
Division 1
42
25
14
3
69
24
64
1st
QF
W

Peter Withe
Tony Woodcock
19

1978–79
42
21
18
3
61
26
60
2nd
R5
W
Charity Shield
W
Garry Birtles
26

European Cup
W

1979–80
42
20
8
14
63
43
48
5th
R5
R/U
Super Cup
W
John Robertson
19

European Cup
W

1980–81
42
19
12
11
62
44
50
7th
QF
R4
Intercontinental Cup
R/U
Ian Wallace
13

Super Cup
R/U

European Cup
R1

1981–82
42
15
12
15
42
48
47
12th
R3
R5

Ian Wallace
12

1982–83
42
20
9
13
62
50
69
5th
R3
R5

Ian Wallace
17

1983–84
42
22
8
12
76
45
74
3rd
R3
R2
UEFA Cup
S/F
Peter Davenport
17

1984–85
42
19
7
16
56
48
64
9th
R4
R3
UEFA Cup
R1
Peter Davenport
17

1985–86
42
19
11
12
69
53
68
8th
R3
R4

Nigel Clough
18

1986–87
42
18
11
13
64
51
65
8th
R3
R5

Nigel Clough
17

1987–88
40
20
13
7
67
39
73
3rd
SF
R3

Nigel Clough
22

1988–89
38
17
13
8
64
43
64
3rd
SF
W
Full Members Cup
W
Nigel Clough
21

1989–90
38
15
9
14
55
47
54
9th
R3
W

Steve Hodge
14

1990–91
38
14
12
12
65
50
54
8th
R/U
R4

Nigel Clough
20

1991–92
42
16
11
15
60
58
59
8th
QF
R/U
Full Members Cup
W
Teddy Sheringham
22

1992–93[4]
Premier League
42
10
10
22
41
62
40
22nd
R5
R5

Nigel Clough
12

1993–94
Division 1
46
23
14
9
74
49
83
2nd
R3
R5

Stan Collymore
25

1994–95
Premier League
42
22
11
9
72
43
77
3rd
R4
R4

Stan Collymore
25

1995–96
38
15
13
10
50
54
58
9th
QF
R2
UEFA Cup
QF
Ian Woan
12

1996–97
38
6
16
16
31
59
34
20th
R5
R3

Kevin Campbell
Alf-Inge Håland
6

1997–98
Division 1
46
28
10
8
82
42
94
1st
R3
R2

Pierre van Hooijdonk
34

1998–99
Premier League
38
7
9
22
35
69
30
20th
R3
R4

Dougie Freedman
12

1999–2000
Division 1
46
14
14
18
53
55
56
14th
R4
R4

Dougie Freedman
Alan Rogers
11

2000–01
46
20
8
18
55
53
68
11th
R3
R1

Chris Bart-Williams
15

2001–02
46
12
18
16
50
51
54
16th
R3
R3

Stern John
14

2002–03
46
20
14
12
82
50
74
6th
R3
R2

David Johnson
29

2003–04
46
15
15
16
61
58
60
14th
R4
R3

Andy Reid
13

2004–05[5]
Championship
46
9
17
20
42
66
44
23rd
R5
R4

Gareth Taylor
11

2005–06
League
One
46
19
12
15
67
52
69
7th[6]
R1
R2
Football League Trophy
R1S
Ian Breckin
Nathan Tyson
10

2006–07
46
23
13
10
65
41
82
4th
R4
R1
Football League Trophy
SQF
Grant Holt
18

2007–08
46
22
16
8
64
32
82
2nd
R2
R2
Football League Trophy
R1S
Junior Agogo
13

2008–09
Championship
46
13
14
19
50
65
53
19th
R4
R2

Robert Earnshaw
17

2009–10
46
22
13
11
65
40
79
3rd
R3
R3

Robert Earnshaw
17

2010–11
46
20
15
11
69
50
75
6th
R4
R1

Lewis McGugan
13

2011–12
46
14
8
24
48
63
50
19th
R3
R3

Garath McCleary
9

2012–13
46
17
16
13
63
59
67
8th
R3
R2

Billy Sharp
11

2013–14
46
16
17
13
67
64
65
11th
R5
R3

Jamie Paterson
12

2014–15
46
15
14
17
71
69
59
14th
R3
R3

Britt Assombalonga
15

2015–16
46
13
16
17
43
47
55
16th
R4
R1

Nélson Oliveira
9

2016–17
46
14
9
23
62
72
51
21st
R3
R3

Britt Assombalonga
14

Champions
Runners-up
Third-place
Play-offs
Promoted
Relegated

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Includes all goals scored in Premier League, The Football League, FA Cup, Football League Cup, Full Members Cup, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup, Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, UEFA Super Cup and Charity/Community Shield matches
Jump up ^ Competitive football was abandoned three games into the new season and all results were annulled.
Jump up ^ In the League Cup's early seasons, some major clubs opted not to enter the competition. Forest did not enter between 1962-66.
Jump up ^ The Premier League was created before the 1992-93 season, replacing the First Division as the highest tier of English football. The First Division became the second tier.
Jump up ^ The First Division was rebranded as The Championship prior to the 2004-05 season.
Jump up ^ Lowest League finish.

tag: ol

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Nottingham Forest Football Club

The Club

The Club
History
Statistics
Seasons
Women's team
Academy
Players
Internationals
Hillsborough disaster

Stadia

Forest Recreation Ground
Trent Bridge
Town Ground
City Ground

Rivalries

Nottingham derby
Derby County rivalry (Brian Clough Trophy)
Leicester City rivalry

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Nottingham Forest F.C. seasons

1865–66
1883–84
1884–85
1885–86
1886–87
1887–88
1888–89
1889–90
1890–91
1891–92
1892–93
1893–94
1894–95
1895–96
1896–97
1897–98
1898–99
1899–1900
1900–01
1901–02
1902–03
1903–04
1904–05
1905–06
1906–07
1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Lists of English football seasons by club

Premier League

Arsenal
Bournemouth
Brighton & Hove Albion
Burnley
Chelsea
Crystal Palace
Everton
Huddersfield Town
Leicester City
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Newcastle United
Southampton
Stoke City
Swansea City
Tottenham Hotspur
Watford
West Bromwich Albion
West Ham United

Championship

Aston Villa
Barnsley
Birmingham City
Bolton Wanderers
Brentford
Bristol City
Burton Albion
Cardiff City
Derby County
Fulham
Hull City
Ipswich Town
Leeds United
Middlesbrough
Millwall
Norwich City
Nottingham Forest
Preston North End
Queens Park Rangers
Reading
Sheffield United
Sheffield Wednesday
Sunderland
Wolverhampton Wanderers

League One

AFC Wimbledon
Blackburn Rovers
Blackpool
Bradford City
Bristol Rovers
Bury
Charlton Athletic
Doncaster Rovers
Fleetwood Town
Gillingham
Milton Keynes Dons
Northampton Town
Oldham Athletic
Oxford United
Peterborough United
Plymouth Argyle
Portsmouth
Rochdale
Rotherham United
Scunthorpe United
Shrewsbury Town
Southend United
Walsall
Wigan Athletic

League Two

Accrington Stanley
Barnet
Cambridge United
Carlisle United
Cheltenham Town
Chesterfield
Colchester United
Coventry City
Crawley Town
Crewe Alexandra
Exeter City
Forest Green Rovers
Grimsby Town
Lincoln City
Luton Town
Mansfield Town
Morecambe
Newport County
Notts County
Port Vale
Stevenage
Swindon Town
Wycombe Wanderers
Yeovil Town

Non-League

Aldershot Town
Alfreton Town
Altrincham
Arlesey Town
Ashford United
Banbury United
Bradford Park Avenue
Burnham
Cambridge City
Chippenham Town
Chesham United
Cirencester Town
Corby Town
Dagenham & Redbridge
Darlington
Dartford
Dover Athletic
Eastbourne Borough
F.C. United of Manchester
Gateshead
Glossop North End
Gloucester City
Harrow Borough
Hartlepool United
Havant & Waterlooville
Hayes & Yeading United
Hitchin Town
Kidderminster Harriers
Leyton Orient
Macclesfield Town
Maidstone United
Margate
Nelson
Northwich Victoria
Nuneaton Town
Redditch United
Southport
Sutton United
Swindon Supermarine
Tamworth
Torquay United
Tranmere Rovers
Walton & Hersham
Walton Casuals
Welling United
Weymouth
Wingate & Finchley
Woking
Wrexham
York City

Defunct teams

Aldershot
Chester City
Hereford United
Hinckley United
Rushden & Diamonds
Salisbury
Scarborough
Wimbledon
Wigan Borough

 Category

text: Nottingham Forest F.C.Nottingham Forest F.C. seasonsEnglish football club seasonsNottingham-related lists

text: Use British English from March 2015Use dmy dates from March 2012


document_title: Secretary-General of the United Nations

question_text: how many un secretary generals have there been

text: Secretary-General of the United Nations

text: Role[edit]

text: The Secretary-General was envisioned by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator", but the vague definition provided by the United Nations Charter left much room for interpretation. The Secretary-General is the "chief administrative officer" of the UN (Article 97) "in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs" (Article 98). They are also responsible for making an annual report to the General Assembly. They may notify the Security Council on matters which "in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security".

tag: p

text: Other than these few guidelines, little else is dictated by the Charter. Interpretation of the Charter has varied between Secretaries-General, with some being much more active than others.[citation needed] The Secretary-General, along with the Secretariat, is given the prerogative to exhibit no allegiance to any state but to only the United Nations organization; decisions must be made without regard to the state of origin.[citation needed]

text: The Secretary-General is highly dependent upon the support of the member states of the UN. Although the Secretary-General may place any item on the provisional agenda of the Security Council, much of their mediation work takes place behind the scenes.[1]

text: In the early 1960s, Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position. The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state, one vote system meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would potentially be sympathetic towards the West. Khrushchev proposed to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person directorate (a "troika"): one member from the West, one from the Eastern Bloc, and one from the Non-Aligned powers. This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal.[2][3]

text: Selection and term of office[edit]

text: The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. As the recommendation must come from the Security Council, any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination. Most Secretaries-General are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame.

text: Unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections. The appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council's five permanent members.[4] The General Assembly resolution 51/241 in 1997 stated that in the appointment of "the best candidate", due regard should be given to regional (continental) rotation of the appointee's national origin and to gender equality,[5]:5 although no woman has yet served as Secretary General.

text: The length of the term is discretionary, but all Secretaries-General since 1971 have been appointed to five-year terms. Every Secretary-General since 1961 has been re-selected for a second term, with the exception of Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who was vetoed by the United States in the 1996 selection. There is a term limit of two full terms, established when China cast a record 16 vetoes against Kurt Waldheim's third term in the 1981 selection. No Secretary-General since 1981 has attempted to secure a third term.

text: The selection process is opaque and is often compared to a papal conclave.[6][7] Since 1981, the Security Council has voted in secret in a series of straw polls. The Security Council then submits the winning candidate to the General Assembly for ratification. No candidate has ever been rejected by the General Assembly.[citation needed] In 2016, the General Assembly and the Security Council sought nominations and conducted public debates for the first time. However, the Security Council voted in private and followed the same process as previous selections, leading the President of the General Assembly to complain that it "does not live up to the expectations of the membership and the new standard of openness and transparency".[8]

text: Residence[edit]

text: The official residence of the Secretary-General is a townhouse at 3 Sutton Place, Manhattan, in New York City, United States. The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921, and donated to the United Nations in 1972.[9]

text: List of Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
№
Portrait
Secretary-General
(Born–Died)
Dates in office
Country of origin
UN Regional Group
Reason of withdrawal
Ref.

–

Gladwyn Jebb
(1900–1996)
24 October 1945 –
1 February 1946
 United Kingdom
Western European & Others
Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election.
[10]

After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie.

1

Trygve Lie
(1896–1968)

2 February 1946 –
10 November 1952
 Norway
Western European & Others
Resigned.
[11]

Lie, a foreign minister and former labour leader, was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War, the Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The United States circumvented the Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5, with eight abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in 1952.[12]

2

Dag Hammarskjöld
(1905–1961)

10 April 1953 –
18 September 1961
 Sweden
Western European & Others
Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo.
[13]

After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council. He was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis, and suggested that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika, or three-man executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1961.[12] U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century".[14]

3

U Thant
(1909–1974)

30 November 1961 –
31 December 1971
 Burma
Asia-Pacific
Declined to stand for a third election.
[15]

In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld, the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American Secretary-General. U Thant was nominated. However, due to opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence) and the Arabs (Burma supported Israel), Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. He was the first Asian Secretary-General. The following year, on 30 November, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a new term ending on 3 November 1966. He was re-elected on 2 December 1966, finally for a full 5-year term, ending on 31 December 1971. Thant did not seek a third election.[12]

4

Kurt Waldheim
(1918–2007)
1 January 1972 –
31 December 1981
 Austria
Western European & Others
China vetoed his third term.
[16]

Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom, in the third round, Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. From 1986 to 1992, Waldheim served as President of Austria, making him the first former Secretary-General to rise to the position of head of state.[17] In 1985, it was revealed that a post–World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal – based on his involvement with the army of Nazi Germany. The files had been stored in the UN archive.[12]

5

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(born 1920)

1 January 1982 –
31 December 1991
 Peru
Latin American & Caribbean
Did not stand for a third term.
[18]

Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. Pérez de Cuéllar, a Peruvian diplomat who a decade earlier had served as President of the UN Security Council during his time as Peruvian Ambassador to the UN, was a compromise candidate, and became the first and thus far only Secretary-General from the Americas. He was re-elected unanimously in 1986.[12]

6

Boutros Boutros-Ghali
(1922–2016)

1 January 1992 –
31 December 1996
 Egypt
African
The United States vetoed his second term.
[19]

The 102-member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls—a first for the council—and Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round. In 1996, the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN.[12]

7

Kofi Annan
(born 1938)

1 January 1997 –
31 December 2006
 Ghana
African
Retired after two full terms.
[20]

On 13 December 1996, the Security Council recommended Annan.[21][22] He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly.[23] He started his second term as Secretary-General on 1 January 2002.

8

Ban Ki-moon
(born 1944)

1 January 2007 –
31 December 2016
 South Korea
Asia-Pacific
Retired after two full terms.
[24]

Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General and the second Asian overall after U Thant. He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011. His second term began on 1 January 2012.[25] Prior to his selection, he was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006.

9

António Guterres
(born 1949)

1 January 2017 –
present
 Portugal
Western European & Others

Guterres is the first former head of government to become Secretary-General, and the first Secretary-General born after the establishment of the United Nations. He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002. He has also been President of Socialist International (1999–2005) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–2015).

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
#
Secretary-General
Date of birth
Age at ascension
(first term)
Time in office
(total)
Age at retirement
(last term)
Date of death
Longevity

acting
Jebb, Gladwyn Gladwyn Jebb
19000425April 25, 1900(April 5, 1900)
45 18245 years, 182 days
00 101101 days
45 28345 years, 283 days
19961024October 24, 1996
7004352460000000000♠35,24696 years, 182 days

1
Lie, Trygve Trygve Lie
18960716July 16, 1896(July 16, 1896)
49 20149 years, 201 days
06 2826 years, 282 days
56 11756 years, 117 days
19681230December 30, 1968
7004264640000000000♠26,46472 years, 167 days

2
Hammarskjöld, Dag Dag Hammarskjöld
19050729July 29, 1905(July 29, 1905)
47 25547 years, 255 days
08 1618 years, 161 days
56 05156 years, 51 days
19610918September 18, 1961
7004205050000000000♠20,50556 years, 51 days

3
Thant, U U Thant
19090122January 22, 1909(January 22, 1909)
52 31252 years, 312 days
10 03110 years, 31 days
62 34362 years, 343 days
19741125November 25, 1974
7004240480000000000♠24,04865 years, 307 days

4
Waldheim, Kurt Kurt Waldheim
19181221December 21, 1918(December 21, 1918)
53 01153 years, 11 days
09 3649 years, 364 days
63 01063 years, 10 days
20070614June 14, 2007
7004323170000000000♠32,31788 years, 175 days

5
Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
19200119January 19, 1920(January 19, 1920)
61 34761 years, 347 days
09 3649 years, 364 days
71 34671 years, 346 days
Living
7004358830000000000♠35,8837004358830000000000♠98 years, 88 days (Living)

6
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros Boutros Boutros-Ghali
19221114November 14, 1922(November 14, 1922)
69 04869 years, 48 days
04 3644 years, 364 days
74 04774 years, 47 days
20160216February 16, 2016
7004340620000000000♠34,06293 years, 94 days

7
Annan, Kofi Kofi Annan
19380408April 8, 1938(April 8, 1938)
58 26858 years, 268 days
09 3649 years, 364 days
68 26768 years, 267 days
Living
7004292290000000000♠29,2297004292290000000000♠80 years, 9 days (Living)

8
Ki-moon, Ban Ban Ki-moon
19440613June 13, 1944(June 13, 1944)
62 20262 years, 202 days
09 3649 years, 364 days
72 20172 years, 201 days
Living
7004269710000000000♠26,9717004269710000000000♠73 years, 308 days (Living)

9
Guterres, António António Guterres
19490430April 30, 1949(April 30, 1949)
7004250830000000000♠67 years, 246 days
7002471000000000000♠7002471000000000000♠1 year, 106 days (Ongoing)
Incumbent
Living
7004251890000000000♠25,1897004251890000000000♠68 years, 352 days (Living)

text: By regional group[edit]

text:
UN Regional Group
Secretaries-General
Terms

WEOG
4
7

Eastern European Group
0
0

GRULAC
1
2

Asia-Pacific Group
2
4

African Group
2
3

text: Lifespan timeline[edit]

text: This is a graphical lifespan timeline of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations. They are listed in order of office.

text: Living former Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(1982–1991)
(1920-01-19) 19 January 1920 (age 98)

Kofi Annan
(1997–2006)
(1938-04-08) 8 April 1938 (age 80)

Ban Ki-moon
(2007–2016)
(1944-06-13) 13 June 1944 (age 73)

text: As of April 2018, the only former Secretaries-General that are alive are Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Kofi Annan, and Ban Ki-moon. The most recent death of a former Secretary-General was that of Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992–96) on 16 February 2016.[26]


document_title: Trinidad and Tobago Carnival

question_text: when did carnival start in trinidad and tobago

text: Trinidad and Tobago Carnival

text: History[edit]

text: The Cedula of Population of 1783 laid the foundation and growth of the population of Trinidad. The Spanish who were in possession of the island, contributed little towards advancements, with El Dorado the focus, Trinidad was perfect due to its geographical location. French planters with their slaves, free coloureds and mulattos from neighbouring islands of Martinique, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Guadeloupe, and Dominica migrated to the Trinidad during the French Revolution. The Spanish also gave many incentives to lure settlers to the island, including exemption from taxes for ten years and land grants in accordance to the terms set out in the Cedula. These new immigrants establishing local communities of Blanchisseuse, Champs Fleurs, Cascade, Carenage and Laventille. Trinidad's population jumped to over 15,000 by the end of 1789, from just under 1,400 in 1777. In 1797, Trinidad became a British crown colony, with a French-speaking population. This exodus was encouraged due to the French Revolution.

text: Beginning in 1845, major influxes of indentured immigrants from India and other parts of the world dramatically changed the ethnic composition of the islands. These indentured servants brought their own folk music, primarily from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, to the creole mix, resulting in chutney music. In addition to Indians, Syrians, Portuguese, Chinese and Africans came to the islands in waves between 1845 and 1917, and even after.

text: Origin[edit]

text: The Mas tradition started in the late 18th century with French plantation owners organizing masquerades (mas) and balls before enduring the fasting of Lent. The slaves, who could not take part in Carnival, formed their own, parallel celebration called "Canboulay". Canboulay (from the French cannes brulées, meaning burnt cane) is a precursor to Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, and has played an important role in the development of the music of Trinidad and Tobago.

text: Calypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African Kaiso and canboulay music brought by African slaves imported to that Caribbean island to work on sugar plantations. These slaves, brought to toil on sugar plantations, were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and not allowed to talk to each other. They used calypso to mock the slave masters and to communicate with each other. Many early calypsos were sung in French Creole by an individual called a griot. As calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually, calypsonian.[2]

text: Steelpan

text: Stick fighting and African percussion music were banned in 1881, in response to the Canboulay Riots. They were replaced by bamboo "Bamboo-Tamboo" sticks beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn. In 1937 they reappeared, transformed as an orchestra of frying pans, dustbin lids and oil drums. These steelpans (or pans) are now a major part of the Trinidadian music scene and are a popular section of the Canboulay music contests. In 1941, the United States Navy arrived on Trinidad, and the panmen, who were associated with lawlessness and violence, helped to popularize steel pan music among soldiers, which began its international popularization.

text: J'Ouvert

text: J’Ouvert (translated from French as “break of day”), symbolizes the start of the official two days of Carnival. Beginning early Monday, revellers parade through town in the tradition of the Canboulay celebrations. Jouvay, as it is commonly known, features a variety of homemade or satirical costumes. Some participants even douse themselves in oil, mud and powder in stark contrast to the attractive and more formal costumes that are donned later in the day on Carnival Monday and on Tuesday.

text: Carnival dates[edit]

text: The table shows a list of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival dates from 2009 to 2020.[3]

text:
Calendar Year
Carnival Monday
Carnival Tuesday

2009
February 23
February 24

2010
February 15
February 16

2011
March 7
March 8

2012
February 20
February 21

2013
February 11
February 12

2014
March 3
March 4

2015
February 16
February 17

2016
February 8
February 9

2017
February 27
February 28

2018
February 12
February 13

2019
March 4
March 5

2020
February 24
February 25

text: Competitions[edit]

text: Today musical competitions make up a large part of formal Carnival; groups and win large amount of money. To be named Calypso Monarch is one of the country's greatest honours, the competition which is called Dimanche Gras is aired on television. Along with the honour comes an enormous trophy, a car, TT $2,000,000 (approx.) and possible endorsements and other contracts. Other prestigious titles are the King and Queen of the Bands ; the International Soca Monarch (both Groovy and Power); the Carnival Road March; and Panorama (for steelpan). For the latter, the 2011 prize was TT$2 million. There are also other competitions that are involved in the Calypso Monarch.

text: Traditionally, musicians use drums, claves, and the steelpan, created in Trinidad and reported to be the only non-electrical instrument invented in the 20th century, that has been hammered down in different areas to create a wide range of different notes. A group of performers practise weeks in advance on these pans to compete.

text: Trinidad and Tobago is multicultural (Amerindian, European, African, Indian, Chinese and Middle Eastern), and all of its groups have contributed musical influences to the sounds of Carnival. These cultures have combined to create a music vastly different from that of Carnival in Spain, Venice, or New Orleans.

text: As with other Carnivals, many participants wear elaborate costumes, often decorated with feathers and sequins. Carnival bands are organized groups made up of participants who pay for costumes fashioned by a designer and assembled by teams of volunteers. The costumed participants dance through the streets to the sounds of a steel band, a soca band or a d.j. – this is called "playing mas'". A unique feature of this parade is that locals and tourists alike participate in the parade of bands. Each band is led by a King and Queen, who wear extremely large costumes, often requiring extensions and wheels to assist the masquerader to carry it through the streets. Each year on Dimanche Gras (Carnival Sunday), a competition is held to award the King and Queen of Carnival title to two of these masqueraders.

text: On Carnival Monday and Tuesday, the bands are in competition to win the Band of the Year title. Small monetary prizes are associated with these titles, though they do not cover the full amount of producing the band's music or the King's or Queen's costumes. Participation occurs at all levels of society; three-time calypso monarch David Rudder described it as "from bourgeois to grassroots." Children participate from as early as parents can get them into costume; sometime even strollers are decorated.

text: Children can extend their fun by participating in smaller "Kiddies' Carnival" shows, competitions and parades as early as 4 weeks before the culmination of the festival. For weeks ahead, several preliminary rounds of competitions and parties (or fêtes) take place. As Carnival is part of the national curriculum, several programmes take place at schools across the country. Regional authorities handle smaller Carnival celebrations in smaller towns and villages.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main Article: List of Trinidad Carnival Character Costumes

text: A few specific characters have evolved during the history of Trinidad and Tobago's Carnival. Among these characters are:

text:
Pierrot – A well-dressed character that prides himself on his knowledge[1]
Minstrels – A group of singers[1]
Midnight Robber – A character who brags about himself and who's costume is influenced by American Cowboy clothes[1]
Jab Jab – The name comes from the French Patois word for devil. [1]
Dame Lorraine – An ample voluptuous woman. The costume parodies the dress of 18th-century French aristocratic women and is stuffed in the hips and bust.
Burrokeet – A "donkey-man" character constructed so as to give the illusion of a dancer riding a small burro or donkey. This masquerade was brought to Trinidad by Venezuelan settlers.


document_title: Monetary policy of India

question_text: what is the current repo rate in india

question_tokens: what is the current repo rate in india

text: Monetary policy of India

text: Monetary Policy Committee[edit]

text: The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (RBI Act) was amended by the Finance Act, 2016, to provide for a statutory and institutionalised framework for a  Monetary Policy Committee, for maintaining price stability, while keeping in mind the objective of growth. The Monetary Policy Committee is entrusted with the task of fixing the benchmark policy rate (repo rate) required to contain inflation within the specified target level. As per the provisions of the RBI Act, out of the six Members of Monetary Policy Committee, three Members will be from the RBI and the other three Members of MPC will be appointed by the Central Government.

text: The Government of India, in consultation with RBI, notified the 'Inflation Target' in the Gazette of India Extraordinary dated 5th August 2016 for the period beginning from the date of publication of this notification and ending on the March 31, 2021 as 4%. At the same time lower and upper tolerance levels were notified to be 2% and 6% respectively.[2]

text: Monetary operations[edit]

text: Monetary operations involve monetary techniques which operate on monetary magnitudes such as money supply, interest rates and availability of credit aimed to maintain Price Stability, Stable exchange rate, Healthy Balance of Payment, Financial stability, Economic growth. RBI, the apex institute of India which monitors and regulates the monetary policy of the country stabilizes the price by controlling Inflation. RBI takes into account the following monetary policies:

text: Instruments of Monetary policy[edit]

text: These instruments are used to control the money flow in the economy,

text: Key Indicators[edit]

text: As of  1 August 2018[update], the key indicators are[10][11]

text:
Indicator
Current rate

Inflation
3.69%

CRR
4%

SLR
19.5%

Repo rate
6.50% [13]

Reverse repo rate
6.25%


document_title: The Song of Roland

question_text: who would have most likely sung the song of roland

text: The Song of Roland

text: Manuscripts and dating[edit]

text: Set in the Carolingian era, it was written much later. There are nine extant manuscripts of the Song of Roland in Old French. The oldest of these manuscripts is held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford. This copy dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in Anglo-Norman.[2]

text: Scholars estimate that the poem was written, possibly by a poet named Turold, between approximately 1040 and 1115, and most of the alterations were performed by about 1098. Some favor an earlier dating, because it allows one to say that the poem was inspired by the Castilian campaigns of the 1030s, and that the poem went on to be a major influence in the First Crusade. Those who prefer a later dating do so on grounds of what they interpret as brief references made in the poem to events of the First Crusade.

text: In the poem, the term d'oltre mer or l'oltremarin comes up three times in reference to named Muslims who came from oltre mer to fight in Spain and France. Oltre mer, modern French Outremer, literally "oversea, beyond sea, other side of the sea", is a native French term from the classical Latin roots ultra = "beyond" and mare = "sea". The name was commonly used by the Crusaders to refer to Palestine.[citation needed]

text: The occurrence of this term in the poem cannot be interpreted as showing influence from the Crusades in the poem; on the contrary, the way it is used in the poem, in which it is simply a Muslim land, indicates that the author of the poem was unacquainted with the Crusades, and that the term was in French before the Crusades began meaning the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. The bulk of the poem is adjudged to date from before the Crusades (which started in 1098), but there are a few items where questions remain about these items being late additions shortly after the Crusades started.

text: After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835, the Song of Roland became recognized as France's national epic when an edition was published in 1837.[3]

text: Critical opinions[edit]

text: Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions[edit]

text: Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the Song of Roland differed in its presentation depending on oral or textual transmission; namely, although a number of different versions of the song containing varying material and episodes would have been performed orally, the transmission to manuscript resulted in greater cohesiveness across versions.

text: Early editors of the Song of Roland, informed in part by patriotic desires to produce a distinctly French epic, could thus overstate the textual cohesiveness of the Roland tradition. This point is clearly expressed by Andrew Taylor, who notes,[4] "[T]he Roland song was, if not invented, at the very least constructed. By supplying it with an appropriate epic title, isolating it from its original codicological context, and providing a general history of minstrel performance in which its pure origin could be located, the early editors presented a 4,002 line poem as sung French epic".

text: Plot[edit]

text: Charlemagne's army is fighting the Muslims in Spain. They have been there for seven years, and the last city standing is Saragossa, held by the Muslim King Marsile. Threatened by the might of Charlemagne's army of Franks, Marsile seeks advice from his wise man, Blancandrin, who councils him to conciliate the Emperor, offering to surrender and giving hostages. Accordingly, Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne, promising treasure and Marsile's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France.

text: Charlemagne and his men, tired of fighting, accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsile's court. The protagonist Roland, Charlemagne's nephew, nominates his stepfather Ganelon as messenger. Ganelon, who fears to be murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this, takes revenge by informing the Saracens of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne's army, led by Roland, as the Franks re-enter France through the mountain passes.

text: As Ganelon predicted, Roland leads the rear guard, with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce Archbishop Turpin. The Muslims ambush them at Roncesvalles and the Christians are overwhelmed. Oliver pleads with Roland to blow his horn to call for help, but Roland tells him that blowing his horn in the middle of the battle would be an act of cowardice. If Roland continues to refuse, Oliver will not let Roland see his sister again whom Roland loves the most. However, Archbishop Turpin intervenes and tells them that the battle will be fatal for all of them and so instructs Roland to blow his horn oliphant (the word is an old alternative to "elephant", and was used to refer to a hunting horn made from an elephant tusk) to call for help from the Frankish army. The emperor hears the call on their way to France. Charlemagne and his noblemen gallop back even though Count Ganelon tries to trick them.

text: The Franks fight well, but are outnumbered, until almost all Roland's men are dead and he knows that Charlemagne's army can no longer save them. Despite this, he blows his olifant to summon revenge, until his temples burst and he dies a martyr's death. Angels take his soul to Paradise.

text: When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield, they find the dead bodies of Roland's men, who have been utterly annihilated. They pursue the Muslims into the river Ebro, where the Muslims drown. Meanwhile, Baligant, the powerful emir of Babylon, has arrived in Spain to help Marsile. His army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles, where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead. Both sides fight valiantly. When Charlemagne kills Baligant, the Muslim army scatters and flees, leaving the Franks to conquer Saragossa. With Marsile's wife Bramimonde, Queen of Saragossa, Charlemagne and his men ride back to Aix, their capital in France.

text: The Franks discover Ganelon's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial, where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge, not treason. While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor's fate is initially swayed by this claim, one man, Thierry, argues that because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him, Ganelon's action constitutes a betrayal.

text: Ganelon's friend Pinabel challenges Thierry to trial by combat. By divine intervention, Thierry kills Pinabel. By this the Franks are convinced of Ganelon's treason. Thus, he is torn apart by having four galloping horses tied one to each arm and leg and thirty of his relatives are hanged.

text: Form[edit]

text: The poem is written in stanzas of irregular length known as laisses. The lines are decasyllabic (containing ten syllables), and each is divided by a strong caesura which generally falls after the fourth syllable. The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same vowel sound as every other end-syllable in that laisse. The laisse is therefore an assonal, not a rhyming stanza.

text: On a narrative level, the Song of Roland features extensive use of repetition, parallelism, and thesis-antithesis pairs. Roland proposes Ganelon for the dangerous mission to Sarrogossa; Ganelon designates Roland to man the rearguard. Charlemagne is contrasted with Baligant.[5] Unlike later Renaissance and Romantic literature, the poem focuses on action rather than introspection. The characters are presented through what they do, not through what they think or feel.

text: The narrator gives few explanations for characters' behavior. The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits; for example, Roland is loyal and trusting while Ganelon, though brave, is traitorous and vindictive.

text: The narrator is openly biased towards the Franks. His moral view is very black-and-white: the Franks are good, and the pagans are bad.

text: The story moves at a fast pace, occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time. The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to light with each shot.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Principal characters[edit]

text:
Andriodos, helpless boy; despite the honor came from King Charlemagne.
Baligant, emir of Babylon; Marsile enlists his help against Charlemagne.
Blancandrin, wise pagan; suggests bribing Charlemagne out of Spain with hostages and gifts, and then suggests dishonouring a promise to allow Marsile's baptism
Bassalt, came from the name of rocks that are solid and may occur in the second phrase of the poem; captured the horse of the king.
Bramimonde, Queen of Saragossa, King Marsile's wife; captured and converted by Charlemagne after the city falls.
Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor; his forces fight the Saracens in Spain.
Ganelon, treacherous lord and Roland's stepfather who encourages Marsile to attack the French army.
King Marsile, Saracen king of Spain; Roland wounds him and he dies of his wound later.
Naimon, Charlemagne's trusted adviser.
Oliver, Roland's friend; mortally wounded by Margarice. He represents wisdom.
Roland, the hero of the Song; nephew of Charlemagne; leads the rear guard of the French forces; bursts his temples by blowing his olifant-horn, wounds from which he eventually dies facing the enemy's land.
Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, represents the force of the Church.

text: Secondary characters[edit]

text:
Aude, the fiancée of Roland and Oliver's sister
Basan, French baron, murdered while serving as Ambassador of Marsile.
Bérengier, one of the twelve paladins killed by Marsile’s troops; kills Estramarin; killed by Grandoyne.
Besgun, chief cook of Charlemagne's army; guards Ganelon after Ganelon's treachery is discovered.
Geboin, guards the French dead; becomes leader of Charlemagne's 2nd column.
Godefroy, standard bearer of Charlemagne; brother of Thierry, Charlemagne’s defender against Pinabel.
Grandoyne, fighter on Marsile’s side; son of the Cappadocian King Capuel; kills Gerin, Gerier, Berenger, Guy St. Antoine, and Duke Astorge; killed by Roland.
Hamon, joint Commander of Charlemagne's Eighth Division.
Lorant, French commander of one of the first divisions against Baligant; killed by Baligant.
Milon, guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces.
Ogier, a Dane who leads the third column in Charlemagne's army against Baligant's forces.
Othon, guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces.
Pinabel, fights for Ganelon in the judicial combat.
Thierry, fights for Charlemagne in the judicial combat.

text: Durandal[edit]

text: According to the Song of Roland, this legendary sword was first given to Charlemagne by an angel. It contained one tooth of Saint Peter, blood of Saint Basil, hair of Saint Denis, and a piece of the raiment of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and was supposedly the sharpest sword in all existence. In the story of the Song of Roland, the weapon is given to Roland, and he uses it to defend himself single-handedly against thousands of Muslim attackers. According to one 12th century legend from the French town of Rocamadour, Roland threw the sword into a cliffside. You can still see the sword embedded into the cliff-face.

text: Historical adaptations[edit]

text: A Latin poem, Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis, was composed around 1120, and a Latin prose version, Historia Caroli Magni (often known as "The Pseudo-Turpin") even earlier. Around 1170, a version of the French poem was translated into the Middle High German Rolandslied by Konrad der Pfaffe[5] (formerly thought to have been the author of the Kaiserchronik). In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones. The work was translated into Middle Dutch in the 13th century.

text: It was also rendered into Occitan verse in the 14th- or 15th-century poem of Ronsasvals, which incorporates the later, southern aesthetic into the story. An Old Norse version of the Song of Roland exists as Karlamagnús saga, and a translation into the artificial literary language of Franco-Venetian is also known; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in Italy. In 1516 Ludovico Ariosto published his epic Orlando Furioso, which deals largely with characters first described in the Song of Roland.

text: There is also Faroese adoption of this ballad named "Runtsivalstríðið" (Battle of Roncevaux).[6] The ballad is one of many sung during the Faroese folkdance tradition of chain dancing.

text: Modern adaptations[edit]

text: The Chanson de Roland has an important place in the background of Graham Greene's The Confidential Agent. The book's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work, until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War forced him to become a soldier and secret agent. Throughout the book, he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of "Roland". Particularly, the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary, which is relevant to its 20th-century plot line: "Oliver, when he saw the Saracens coming, urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back Charlemagne – but Roland wouldn't blow. A big brave fool. In war one always chooses the wrong hero. Oliver should have been the hero of that song, instead of being given second place with the blood-thirsty Bishop Turpin.(...) In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end, he gives Roland his death-blow by accident, his eyes blinded by wounds. [But] the story had been tidied up. In truth, Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge – because of what he has done to his men, all the wasted lives. Oliver dies hating the man he loves – the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith. This makes the story tragedy, not just heroics".[7]

text: It is also adapted by Stephen King, in the Dark Tower series in which Roland Deschain wishes to save the Dark Tower from the Crimson King.

text: The Song of Roland is part of the Matter of France (the Continental counterpart to the Arthurian legendarium known as the Matter of Britain), and related to Orlando Furioso. The names Roland and Orlando are cognates.

text: Emanuelle Luzzati’s animated short film, I paladini di Francia, together with Giulio Gianini, in 1960, was turned into the children’s picture-story book, with verse narrative, I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz, which translates literally as “The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz” (Ugo Mursia Editore, 1962). This was then republished, in English, as Ronald and the Wizard Calico (1969). The Picture Lion paperback edition (William Collins, London, 1973) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition (1969), which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books.

text: Luzatti’s original verse story in Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore – White Flower, or Blanchefleur – and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and Ricardo and his paladins – the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moors. Battling with these good people are the wicked Moors – North African Muslims and Arabs – and their Sultan, in Jerusalem. With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician, Gano of Maganz, Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle, and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan. The catalyst for victory is the good magician, Urlubulu, who lives in a lake, and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird. The English translators, using the original illustrations, and the basic rhyme patterns, slightly simplify the plot, changing the Christians-versus-Muslim-Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights. The French traitor in The Song of Roland, who is actually Roland’s cowardly step-father, is Ganelon – very likely the inspiration for Luzzati’s traitor and wicked magician, Gano. Orlando Furioso (literally, Furious or Enraged Orlando, or Roland), includes Orlando’s cousin, the paladin Rinaldo, who, like Orlando, is also in love with Angelica, a pagan princess. Rinaldo is, of course, the Italian equivalent of Ronald. Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic hippogriff.

text: On July 22, 2017, Michael Eging and Steve Arnold released a novel ″The Silver Horn Echoes: A Song of Roland," inspired by the La Chanson de Roland. This work is more closely based on a screen play written by Michael Eging in 2008, simply known as "Song of Roland" and first optioned to Alan Kaplan at Cine LA that same year. The book explores the untold story of how Roland finds himself at Ronceveaux, betrayed by Ganelon and facing the expansive Saragossan host. Primary characters in the novel include Charles (Charlemagne), Ganelon, Bishop Turpin, Oliver, Aude, Marsilion, Blancandarin and others recognizable from the poem. Introduced in this tale are additional characters that inject intrigue and danger to the story, including Charles oldest son, Pepin, Marsilion's treacherous son, Saleem, and the scheming Byzantine emissary, Honorius. The cover artwork was hand painted by Jordan Raskin. The authors determined when writing both the screenplay and the novel to remain in the world created by the poem; thus Charles remains an older man near the end of his long reign rather than in 778 when the attack on the rearguard actually occurred. Further, this novel bookends the story with William the Conqueror's use of the poem as a motivator for Norman forces prior to the Battle of Hastings in 1066. [8]


document_title: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)

question_text: what is the purpose of south africa truth and reconciliation commission

text: Creation and mandate[edit]

text: The TRC was set up in terms of the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, No. 34 of 1995, and was based in Cape Town. The hearings started in 1996. The mandate of the commission was to bear witness to, record, and in some cases grant amnesty to the perpetrators of crimes relating to human rights violations, as well as reparation and rehabilitation.

text: The TRC had a number of high-profile members, including Archbishop Desmond Tutu (chairman), Alex Boraine (deputy chairman), Sisi Khampepe, Wynand Malan, and Emma Mashinini.

text: Committees[edit]

text: The work of the TRC was accomplished through three committees:

text:
The Human Rights Violations Committee investigated human rights abuses that occurred between 1960 and 1994.
The Reparation and Rehabilitation Committee was charged with restoring victims' dignity and formulating proposals to assist with rehabilitation.
The Amnesty Committee considered applications from individuals who applied for amnesty in accordance with the provisions of the Act.

text: Process[edit]

text: Public hearings of the Human Rights Violations Committee and the Amnesty Committee were held at many venues around South Africa, including Cape Town (at the University of the Western Cape), Johannesburg (at the Central Methodist Mission), and Randburg (at the Rhema Bible Church).

text: The commission was empowered to grant amnesty to those who committed abuses during the apartheid era, as long as the crimes were politically motivated, proportionate, and there was full disclosure by the person seeking amnesty. To avoid victor's justice, no side was exempt from appearing before the commission. The commission heard reports of human rights violations and considered amnesty applications from all sides, from the apartheid state to the liberation forces, including the African National Congress.

text: Numbers[edit]

text: A total of 5,392 amnesty applications were refused, granting only 849 out of the 7,112 (which includes the number of additional categories, such as "withdrawn").[4]

text: Significance and impact[edit]

text: The TRC's emphasis on reconciliation is in sharp contrast to the approach taken by the Nuremberg Trials and other de-Nazification measures. The reconciliatory approach was seen as a successful way of dealing with human-rights violations after political change, either from internal or external factors.[citation needed] Consequently, other countries have instituted similar commissions, though not always with the same scope or the allowance for charging those currently in power.

text: There are varying opinions as to whether the restorative justice method (as employed by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission) is more or less effective than the retributive justice method (which was used during the Nuremberg Trials). In one survey study,[5] the effectiveness of the TRC Commission was measured on a variety of levels:

text:
Its usefulness in terms of confirming what had happened during the apartheid regime ("bringing out the truth")
The feelings of reconciliation that could be linked to the Commission
The positive effects (both domestically and internationally) that the Commission brought about (i.e. in the political and the economic environment of South Africa).

text: In the study by Orlando Lentini, the opinions of three ethnic groups were measured in this study: the British Africans, the Afrikaners, and the Xhosa.[5] According to the researchers, all of the participants perceived the TRC to be effective in bringing out the truth, but to varying degrees, depending on the group in question.

text: The differences in opinions about the effectiveness can be attributed to how each group viewed the proceedings. Some viewed them as not entirely accurate, as many people would lie in order to keep themselves out of trouble while receiving amnesty for their crimes. (The Commission would grant amnesty to some with consideration given to the weight of the crimes committed.) Some said that the proceedings only helped to remind them of the horrors that had taken place in the past when they had been working to forget such things. Thus, the TRC's effectiveness in terms of achieving those very things within its title is still debatable.[5]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: The hearings were initially set to be heard in camera, but the intervention of 23 non-governmental organisations eventually succeeded in gaining media access to the hearings. On 15 April 1996, the South African National Broadcaster televised the first two hours of the first human rights violation committee hearing live. With funding from the Norwegian government, radio continued to broadcast live throughout. Additional high-profile hearings, such as Winnie Mandela's testimony, were also televised live.

text: The rest of the hearings were presented on television each Sunday, from April 1996 to June 1998, in hour-long episodes of the "Truth Commission Special Report". The program was presented by progressive Afrikaner journalist Max du Preez, former editor of the Vrye Weekblad.[6] The producers of the program included Anneliese Burgess, Jann Turner, Benedict Motau, Gael Reagon, Rene Schiebe and Bronwyn Nicholson, a production assistant.[7]

text: In the arts and popular culture[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: Various films have been made about the commission:

text: Documentary film[edit]

text:
Confronting the Truth (2006) by Steve York. Produced in association with the United States Institute of Peace.
Facing the Truth (1999) by Bill Moyers. 2-part PBS series.[8]
Long Night's Journey into Day (2000) by Frances Reid.[9] Won the Grand Jury Prize for best documentary at the Sundance Film Festival.
A Snake Gives Birth to a Snake (2014) by Michael Lessac. Documentary. While not documenting the TRC per se, it features diverse group of South African actors who tour the war-torn regions of Northern Ireland, Rwanda, and the former Yugoslavia to share their country's experiment with reconciliation.

text: Feature film[edit]

text:
Forgiveness (2004) by Ian Gabriel. A South African feature film starring South African–born actor Arnold Vosloo as a disgraced ex-cop seeking forgiveness from the family of the activist he killed under the Apartheid regime. With Quanita Adams and Zane Meas.
In My Country (2004). A feature film very loosely based on Country of My Skull, an autobiographical text by Antjie Krog which dealt with her coverage of the hearings. With Samuel L. Jackson and Juliette Binoche.
Red Dust (2004). A feature film based on the novel of the same title by South African writer Gillian Slovo. With Hilary Swank, Jamie Bartlett and Chiwetel Ejiofor.
Zulu Love Letter (2004) by Ramadan Suleman. With Pamela Nomvete.

text: Theatre[edit]

text: Several plays have been produced about the TRC:

text:
"Truth in Translation" (2006), by Paavo Tom Tammi, in collaboration with American director, Michael Lessac and the company of Colonnades Theatre Lab, South Africa.
Ubu and the Truth Commission (1997), by Jane Taylor and William Kentridge.
Nothing but the Truth (2002), by John Kani.
The Story I Am About to Tell, created in collaboration with the Khulumani support group.
The Dead Wait, by Paul Herzberg.
"Truth and reconciliation", Debbie Tucker Green (2011)

text: Fiction[edit]

text:
Taylor, Jane. Ubu and the Truth Commission. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2007.
Wicomb, Zoe. 2006. Playing in the Light
Slovo, Gillian 2000. "Red Dust". Virago ISBN 978-0-393-32399-3

text: Poetry[edit]

text: Some of Ingrid de Kok's poetry in Terrestrial Things (2002) deals with the TRC (e.g. "The Archbishop Chairs the First Session", "The Transcriber Speaks", "The Sound Engineer").

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: A 1998 study by South Africa's Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation & the Khulumani Support Group,[10][11] which surveyed several hundred victims of human rights abuse during the Apartheid era, found that most felt that the TRC had failed to achieve reconciliation between the black and white communities. Most believed that justice was a prerequisite for reconciliation rather than an alternative to it, and that the TRC had been weighted in favour of the perpetrators of abuse.[12][13] As a result of the TRC's shortcomings and the unaddressed injuries of many victims, victims' groups, together with NGOs and lawyers, took various TRC-related matters to South African and US courts in the early 2000s.[14]

text: Another dilemma facing the TRC was how to do justice to the testimonials of those witnesses for whom translation was necessary. It was believed that, with the great discrepancy between the emotions of the witnesses and those translating them, much of the impact was lost in interlingual rendition. A briefly tried solution was to have the translators mimic the witnesses' emotions, but this proved disastrous and was quickly scrapped.[15]

text: While former president F.W. de Klerk appeared before the commission and reiterated his apology for the suffering caused by apartheid, many black South Africans were angered at amnesty being granted for human rights abuses committed by the apartheid government. The BBC described such criticisms as stemming from a "basic misunderstanding" about the TRC's mandate,[16] which was to uncover the truth about past abuse, using amnesty as a mechanism, rather than to punish past crimes. Critics of the TRC dispute this, saying that their position is not a misunderstanding but a rejection of the TRC's mandate.

text: Among the highest-profile of these objections were the criticisms levelled by the family of prominent anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko, who was killed by the security police, and whose story was featured in the film Cry Freedom.[17] Biko's family described the TRC as a "vehicle for political expediency", which "robbed" them of their right to justice.[18] The family opposed amnesty for his killers on these grounds and brought a legal action in South Africa's highest court, arguing that the TRC was unconstitutional.

text: On the other side of the spectrum, former apartheid State President P.W. Botha defied a subpoena to appear before the commission, calling it a "circus". His defiance resulted in a fine and suspended sentence, but these were overturned on appeal.[19] Playwright Jane Taylor, responsible for the acclaimed Ubu and the Truth Commission, found fault with the Commission's lopsided influence:

text: The TRC is unquestionably a monumental process, the consequences of which will take years to unravel. For all its pervasive weight, however, it infiltrates our culture asymmetrically, unevenly across multiple sectors. Its place in small rural communities, for example, when it establishes itself in a local church hall, and absorbs substantial numbers of the population, is very different from its situation in large urban centres, where its presence is marginalised by other social and economic activities.[20]


document_title: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions

question_text: who has the maximum number of wimbledon single titles

text: History[edit]

text: The Wimbledon Championships are played in the first two weeks of July (as of July 2017, prior to this it was last week in June and 1st week in July) and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]

text: The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best of 12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979.[5][6][7]

text: Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2017, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £2,220,000.[10]

text: In the Amateur Era, William Renshaw (1881–1886, 1889) holds the record for the most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, winning Wimbledon seven times. Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from (1881 to 1886). The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry (1934–1936).[4]

text: In the Open Era, since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968, Roger Federer (2003–2007, 2009, 2012, 2017) holds the record for the  most Gentlemen's Singles titles with eight. Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007) share the record for most consecutive victories with five.[4]

text: This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice, in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer.

text: Roger Federer is the only player in history, in both the Amateur and Open Era, to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final eleven times. He has won on eight occasions and lost on three.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Regular competition

All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡

Defending champion, Challenge round winner †

All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

text: Amateur era[edit]

text:
Year[d]

Country

Champion

Country

Runner-up

Score in the final[4]

1877
 BRI[e]
Spencer Gore
 BRI
William Marshall
6–1, 6–2, 6–4

1878
 BRI
Frank Hadow ‡
 BRI
Spencer Gore
7–5, 6–1, 9–7

1879
 BRI
John Hartley ◊
 BRI
Vere St. Leger Goold
6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1880
 BRI
John Hartley †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3

1881
 BRI
William Renshaw ‡
 BRI
John Hartley
6–0, 6–1, 6–1

1882
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2

1883
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3

1884
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–0, 6–4, 9–7

1885
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1886
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4

1887
 BRI
Herbert Lawford ◊
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

1888
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–3, 7–5, 6–0

1889
 BRI
William Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0

1890
 BRI
Willoughby Hamilton ‡
 BRI
William Renshaw
6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1

1891
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Joshua Pim
6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0

1892
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley †
 BRI
Joshua Pim
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2

1893
 BRI
Joshua Pim ‡
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1894
 BRI
Joshua Pim †
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
10–8, 6–2, 8–6

1895
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Wilberforce Eaves
4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3

1896
 BRI
Harold Mahony ‡
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3

1897
 BRI
Reginald Doherty ‡
 BRI
Harold Mahony
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1898
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Laurence Doherty
6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1

1899
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Arthur Gore
1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3

1900
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Sydney Smith
6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2

1901
 BRI
Arthur Gore ‡
 BRI
Reginald Doherty
4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4

1902
 BRI
Laurence Doherty ‡
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0

1903
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
7–5, 6–3, 6–0

1904
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
6–1, 7–5, 8–6

1905
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 AUS
Norman Brookes
8–6, 6–2, 6–4

1906
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3

1907
 AUS
Norman Brookes ◊
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

1908
 BRI
Arthur Gore ◊
 BRI
Herbert Roper Barrett
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4

1909
 BRI
Arthur Gore †
 BRI
Major Ritchie
6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1910
 NZL
Anthony Wilding ‡
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2

1911
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 BRI
Herbert Roper Barrett
6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[f]

1912
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

1913
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 USA
Maurice McLoughlin
8–6, 6–3, 10–8

1914
 AUS
Norman Brookes ‡
 NZL
Anthony Wilding
6–4, 6–4, 7–5

1915
No competition (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 AUS
Gerald Patterson ‡
 AUS
Norman Brookes
6–3, 7–5, 6–2

1920
 USA
Bill Tilden ‡
 AUS
Gerald Patterson
2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4

1921
 USA
Bill Tilden †
 SAF
Brian Norton
4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5

1922
 AUS
Gerald Patterson
 BRI
Randolph Lycett
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1923
 USA
Bill Johnston
 USA
Francis Hunter
6–0, 6–3, 6–1

1924
 FRA
Jean Borotra
 FRA
René Lacoste
6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4

1925
 FRA
René Lacoste
 FRA
Jean Borotra
6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6

1926
 FRA
Jean Borotra
 USA
Howard Kinsey
8–6, 6–1, 6–3

1927
 FRA
Henri Cochet
 FRA
Jean Borotra
4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5

1928
 FRA
René Lacoste
 FRA
Henri Cochet
6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2

1929
 FRA
Henri Cochet
 FRA
Jean Borotra
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1930
 USA
Bill Tilden
 USA
Wilmer Allison
6–3, 9–7, 6–4

1931
 USA
Sidney Wood
 USA
Frank Shields
walkover[h]

1932
 USA
Ellsworth Vines
 GBR
Bunny Austin
6–4, 6–2, 6–0

1933
 AUS
Jack Crawford
 USA
Ellsworth Vines
4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4

1934
 GBR
Fred Perry
 AUS
Jack Crawford
6–3, 6–0, 7–5

1935
 GBR
Fred Perry
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1936
 GBR
Fred Perry
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–1, 6–1, 6–0

1937
 USA
Don Budge
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1938
 USA
Don Budge
 GBR
Bunny Austin
6–1, 6–0, 6–3

1939
 USA
Bobby Riggs
 USA
Elwood Cooke
2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

1940
No competition (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 FRA
Yvon Petra
 AUS
Geoff Brown
6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4

1947
 USA
Jack Kramer
 USA
Tom Brown
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1948
 USA
Bob Falkenburg
 AUS
John Bromwich
7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5

1949
 USA
Ted Schroeder
 TCH
Jaroslav Drobný
3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4

1950
 USA
Budge Patty
 AUS
Frank Sedgman
6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3

1951
 USA
Dick Savitt
 AUS
Ken McGregor
6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1952
 AUS
Frank Sedgman
 EGY
Jaroslav Drobný
4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2

1953
 USA
Vic Seixas
 DEN
Kurt Nielsen
9–7, 6–3, 6–4

1954
 EGY
Jaroslav Drobný
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7

1955
 USA
Tony Trabert
 DEN
Kurt Nielsen
6–3, 7–5, 6–1

1956
 AUS
Lew Hoad
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4

1957
 AUS
Lew Hoad
 AUS
Ashley Cooper
6–2, 6–1, 6–2

1958
 AUS
Ashley Cooper
 AUS
Neale Fraser
3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11

1959
 PER[j]
Alex Olmedo
 AUS
Rod Laver
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1960
 AUS
Neale Fraser
 AUS
Rod Laver
6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5

1961
 AUS
Rod Laver
 USA
Chuck McKinley
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

1962
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
Martin Mulligan
6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1963
 USA
Chuck McKinley
 AUS
Fred Stolle
9–7, 6–1, 6–4

1964
 AUS
Roy Emerson
 AUS
Fred Stolle
6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3

1965
 AUS
Roy Emerson
 AUS
Fred Stolle
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1966
 ESP
Manuel Santana
 USA
Dennis Ralston
6–4, 11–9, 6–4

1967
 AUS
John Newcombe
 FRG
Wilhelm Bungert
6–3, 6–1, 6–1

text: Open era[edit]

text:
Year[d]

Country

Champion

Country

Runner-up

Score in the final[4]

1968
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
Tony Roche
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1969
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
John Newcombe
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4

1970
 AUS
John Newcombe
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1

1971
 AUS
John Newcombe
 USA
Stan Smith
6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4

1972
 USA
Stan Smith
 ROM
Ilie Năstase
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5

1973
 TCH
Jan Kodeš
 URS
Alex Metreveli
6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3

1974
 USA
Jimmy Connors
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
6–1, 6–1, 6–4

1975
 USA
Arthur Ashe
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1976
 SWE
Björn Borg
 ROM
Ilie Năstase
6–4, 6–2, 9–7

1977
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Jimmy Connors
3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1978
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–2, 6–2, 6–3

1979
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Roscoe Tanner
6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4

1980
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
John McEnroe
1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6

1981
 USA
John McEnroe
 SWE
Björn Borg
4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1982
 USA
Jimmy Connors
 USA
John McEnroe
3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4

1983
 USA
John McEnroe
 NZL
Chris Lewis
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1984
 USA
John McEnroe
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 6–2

1985
 FRG
Boris Becker
 USA[n]
Kevin Curren
6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4

1986
 FRG
Boris Becker
 TCH
Ivan Lendl
6–4, 6–3, 7–5

1987
 AUS
Pat Cash
 TCH
Ivan Lendl
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5

1988
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
 FRG
Boris Becker
4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2

1989
 FRG
Boris Becker
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4

1990
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
 FRG
Boris Becker
6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4

1991
 GER
Michael Stich
 GER
Boris Becker
6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1992
 USA
Andre Agassi
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4

1993
 USA
Pete Sampras
 USA
Jim Courier
7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3

1994
 USA
Pete Sampras
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0

1995
 USA
Pete Sampras
 GER
Boris Becker
6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1996
 NED
Richard Krajicek
 USA
MaliVai Washington
6–3, 6–4, 6–3

1997
 USA
Pete Sampras
 FRA
Cédric Pioline
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1998
 USA
Pete Sampras
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2

1999
 USA
Pete Sampras
 USA
Andre Agassi
6–3, 6–4, 7–5

2000
 USA
Pete Sampras
 AUS
Patrick Rafter
6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2

2001
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
 AUS
Patrick Rafter
6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7

2002
 AUS
Lleyton Hewitt
 ARG
David Nalbandian
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

2003
  SUI
Roger Federer
 AUS
Mark Philippoussis
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

2004
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4

2005
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2006
  SUI
Roger Federer
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3

2007
  SUI
Roger Federer
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2

2008
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
  SUI
Roger Federer
6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7

2009
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14

2010
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
 CZE
Tomáš Berdych
6–3, 7–5, 6–4

2011
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3

2012
  SUI
Roger Federer
 GBR
Andy Murray
4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4

2013
 GBR
Andy Murray
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
6–4, 7–5, 6–4

2014
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
  SUI
Roger Federer
6–7(7–9), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 6–4

2015
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
  SUI
Roger Federer
7–6(7–1), 6–7(10–12), 6–4, 6–3

2016
 GBR
Andy Murray
 CAN
Milos Raonic
6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2)

2017
  SUI
Roger Federer
 CRO
Marin Čilić
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

2018
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
 RSA
Kevin Anderson
6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple Champions[edit]

text: Title defended in the challenge round

text:
Player

Open Era

Amateur Era

All-time

Years

 Roger Federer (SUI)
8
0
8
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

 William Renshaw (BRI)
0
7
7
1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889

 Pete Sampras (USA)
7
0
7
1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

 Laurence Doherty (BRI)
0
5
5
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906

 Björn Borg (SWE)
5
0
5
1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

 Reginald Doherty (BRI)
0
4
4
1897, 1898, 1899, 1900

 Anthony Wilding (NZL)
0
4
4
1910, 1911, 1912, 1913

 Rod Laver (AUS)
2
2
4
1961, 1962, 1968, 1969

 Novak Djokovic (SRB)
4
0
4
2011, 2014, 2015, 2018

 Wilfred Baddeley (BRI)
0
3
3
1891, 1892, 1895

 Arthur Gore (BRI)
0
3
3
1901, 1908, 1909

 Bill Tilden (USA)
0
3
3
1920, 1921, 1930

 Fred Perry (GBR)
0
3
3
1934, 1935, 1936

 John Newcombe (AUS)
2
1
3
1967, 1970, 1971

 John McEnroe (USA)
3
0
3
1981, 1983, 1984

 Boris Becker (GER)
3
0
3
1985, 1986, 1989

 John Hartley (BRI)
0
2
2
1879, 1880

 Joshua Pim (BRI)
0
2
2
1893, 1894

 Norman Brookes (AUS)
0
2
2
1907, 1914

 Gerald Patterson (AUS)
0
2
2
1919, 1922

 Jean Borotra (FRA)
0
2
2
1924, 1926

 René Lacoste (FRA)
0
2
2
1925, 1928

 Henri Cochet (FRA)
0
2
2
1927, 1929

 Don Budge (USA)
0
2
2
1937, 1938

 Lew Hoad (AUS)
0
2
2
1956, 1957

 Roy Emerson (AUS)
0
2
2
1964, 1965

 Jimmy Connors (USA)
2
0
2
1974, 1982

 Stefan Edberg (SWE)
2
0
2
1988, 1990

 Rafael Nadal (ESP)
2
0
2
2008, 2010

 Andy Murray (GBR)
2
0
2
2013, 2016

text: Champions by country[edit]

text:
Country

Amateur Era

Open Era

All-time

First title

Last title

 United Kingdom (UK)[e][k]
35
2
37
1877
2016

 United States (USA)
18
15
33
1920
2000

 Australia (AUS)
15
6
21
1907
2002

  Switzerland (SUI)
0
8
8
2003
2017

 France (FRA)
7
0
7
1924
1946

 Sweden (SWE)
0
7
7
1976
1990

 Germany (GER)[l]
0
4
4
1985
1991

 New Zealand (NZL)
4
0
4
1910
1913

 Serbia (SRB)
0
4
4
2011
2018

 Spain (ESP)
1
2
3
1966
2010

 Croatia (CRO)
0
1
1
2001
2001

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m]
0
1
1
1973
1973

 Egypt (EGY)
1
0
1
1954
1954

 Netherlands (NED)
0
1
1
1996
1996

text: Former country ¤


document_title: In the Garden (1912 song)

question_text: when was the hymn in the garden written

question_tokens: when was the hymn in the garden written

text: In the Garden (1912 song)

text:
In the Garden

by C. Austin Miles

Genre
Hymn

Written
1913

Based on
John 20:14

Meter
8.9.10.7 with refrain

text: "In the Garden" (sometimes rendered by its first line "I Come to the Garden Alone" is a gospel song written by American songwriter C. Austin Miles (1868–1946), a former pharmacist who served as editor and manager at Hall-Mack publishers for 37 years. According to Miles' great-granddaughter, the song was written "in a cold, dreary and leaky basement in Pitman, New Jersey that didn't even have a window in it let alone a view of a garden."[1] The song was first published in 1912 and popularized during the Billy Sunday evangelistic campaigns of the early twentieth century by two members of his staff, Homer Rodeheaver and Virginia Asher.

text: Roy Rogers and Dale Evans recorded the song with vocal quartet and orchestra on March 3, 1950.[2] Tennessee Ernie Ford performed the song on his 1956 platinum album Hymns. A June 18, 1958 recording by Perry Como was part of his album When You Come to the End of the Day.[3] Rosemary Clooney included it on her 1959 MGM Records album Hymns from the Heart. It is also used in juxtaposition to "Blue Tail Fly" near the beginning of the Merchant Ivory film The Ballad of the Sad Cafe. The book of poetry Tea by D. A. Powell also refers to the song. Doris Day recorded the song on her 1962 album You'll Never Walk Alone. Elvis Presley recorded the song on his gospel album How Great Thou Art (1967). Willie Nelson recorded the song on his 1976 gospel album The Troublemaker.[4] Glen Campbell recorded the song on his 1989 gospel album Favorite Hymns. The gospel song is sung in the closing scene of the film Places in the Heart (1984) and by Ronee Blakley in the Robert Altman film Nashville (1975).

text: The song is included on Johnny Cash's 5-CD box set Cash Unearthed, released posthumously in November, 2003,[5] and featured on disc 4, My Mother's Hymn Book. This collection of gospel songs was released as a stand-alone disc six months later.

text: The Avett Brothers regularly sing this song as an encore at their concerts.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
I come to the garden alone,
While the dew is still on the roses;
And the voice I hear, falling on my ear,
The Son of God discloses.

text: Refrain: And He walks with me, and He talks with me, And He tells me I am His own, And the joy we share as we tarry there, None other has ever known.

text:
He speaks, and the sound of His voice
Is so sweet the birds hush their singing;
And the melody that He gave to me
Within my heart is ringing.

text:
I'd stay in the garden with Him
Tho' the night around me be falling;
But He bids me go; thro' the voice of woe,
His voice to me is calling.