document_title: Government of Karnataka

question_text: who is the forest minister of karnataka in 2018

text: Government of Karnataka

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text:
Karnataka State has been divided into four revenue divisions, 49 sub-divisions, 30 districts, 176 taluks and 747 hoblies/revenue circles and 5628 gram panchayats for administrative purposes.[1]
The state has 281 towns and 7 municipal corporations. Bangalore is the fifth largest urban agglomeration out of 23 metropolis, urban agglomerations and cities in India. It is among the fastest growing cities in the world.

text: Political and administrative reorganisation[edit]

text: Karnataka took its present shape in 1956, when the states of Mysore and Coorg (Kodagu) were merged with the Kannada-speaking districts of the former states of Bombay and Hyderabad, and Madras. Mysore state was made up of 10 districts: Bangalore, Kolar, Tumkur, Mandya, Mysore, Hassan, Chikmagalur (Kadur), Shimoga and Chitradurga; Bellary had been transferred from Madras state to Mysore in 1953, when the new Andhra State was created out of Madras' northern districts. Kodagu became a district, and Dakshina Kannada (South Kanara) district was transferred from Madras state, Uttara Kannada (North Kanara), Dharwad, Belgaum District, and  Bijapur District from Bombay state, and Bidar District, Kalaburgi District, and Raichur District from Hyderabad state.

text: In 1989, Bangalore rural district was split from Bangalore and, in 1997, Bagalkot district split from Vijayapur, Chamrajnagar district split from Mysore, Gadag district split from Dharwad, Haveri district split from Dharwad, Koppal district split from Raichur, Udupi district split from Dakshina Kannada, and Davanagere district was created from parts of Bellary, Chitradurga, Dharwad, and Shimoga.

text: Legislature[edit]

text: The state legislature is bicameral and consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members with one member nominated by the governor to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The term of office of the members is five years and the term of a member elected to the council is six years.[2] The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of its members retiring every two years.[3]

text: Ministry[edit]

text: The government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the constitutional head of the state. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested..

text: The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers. The council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the chief secretary, who is the head of the administrative services.

text: As of June 2018, the Government of Karnataka consists of 27 ministers including Chief Minister and a Deputy Chief Minister.

text: Chief Minister[edit]

text:
The present Chief Minister of Karnataka is H. D. Kumaraswamy
(List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka)

text: Cabinet[edit]

text:
Designation/Portfolio

Minister

Chief minister (including portfolios like Finance, Energy, Textiles, Cabinet Affairs, Personnel and Administrative Reforms, Intelligence Wing, Planning and Statistics, Small Scale Industries and Sugar, and other portfolios not allocated to or vacated by any ministers)

H. D. Kumaraswamy

Deputy Chief Minister (Home, Bangalore City Development)

G. Parameshwara

Public Works Department excluding Ports & Inland Transport

H. D. Revanna

Revenue excluding Muzrai, Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

R. V. Deshpande

Co-operation

Bandeppa Kashempur

Medium and Major Irrigation and Medical Education

D. K. Shivakumar

Forest, Ecology & Environment Department

R Shankar

Transport

D. C. Thammanna

Large & Medium Scale Industries, IT and BT, Science and Technology

K. J. George

Higher Education

GT Devegowda

Horticulture and
Agricultural marketing

Srinivas

Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Parliamentary Affairs, Law, Justice and Human Rights

Krishna Byregowda

Social Welfare (excluding Minority Welfare), Backward Classes

Priyank M. Kharge

Municipalities & local bodies, Public Enterprises

Ramesh Jarkiholi

Urban development (excluding Bangalore), City Corporations (excluding BBMP), Urban Land Transport, KUWSDB & KUIDFC, Housing

U. T. Khader

Health and Family Welfare (excluding Medical Education)

Shivanand Patil

Labour

Venkataramanappa

Primary and Secondary Education,

Mujarayi

Rajashekar Patil

Food and Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs, Haj Information and Wakf

Zameer Ahmed Khan

Women & Child Welfare and Kannada & Culture

Jayamala

Minor Irrigation,

C. S. Puttaraju

Fisheries and Youth services & Sports

Venkataramanappa

Agriculture

N. H. Shivashankar Reddy

Mines and Geology

Rajshekhar Baswaraj Patil

Animal Husbandry, Sericulture

Venkatarao Nadagowda

text: Karnataka Panchayat Raj[edit]

text: (Rule of Village Committee) is a three-tier system in the state with elected bodies at the village, taluk and district levels. It ensures greater participation of people and more effective implementation of rural development programmes. There will be a Grama Panchayat for a village or group of villages, a taluk level and the Zilla Panchayat at the district level.

text:
All the three institutions will have elected representatives and there is no provision for nomination by the government to any of these councils. s the first in the country to enact new Panchayat Raj Act incorporating all provisions of 73rd Amendment to the Constitution.
In 2014 Karantaka State Grama Panchayats Delimitation committee constituted By govt. of Karnataka. Chairmen S G Nanjaiahna mutt and 6 members. joint secretory of the committee Dr.Revaiah Odeyar. Report Submitted 2014 October 30. This report implemented 2015 Gram Panchayath Elections.

text: Executive[edit]

text: A district of an Indian state is an administrative unit headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka Civil Service and other Karnataka state services.

text: A Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. The commissioner is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service and other Karnataka Police officials. A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for managing the forests, environment and wildlife related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Forest Service and other Karnataka forest and wildlife officials. Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the State Services.

text: Police Administration[edit]

text: The state is divided into 20 police districts, 77 sub-divisions, 178 circles, State Police consists of 20 police districts, 5 Police Commissioners at Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, belgaum and Hubli-Dharwad cities, 77 sub-divisions, 178 circles, 696 police stations, and 317 police outposts. There are six ranges: Central Range at Bangalore, Eastern Range at Davanagere, Northern Range at Gulbarga, Southern Range at Mysore and Western Range at Mangalore. The government Railway Police is headed by a D.I.G. of Police.[4]

text: Units that assist the state in law and order include Criminal Investigation Department (Forest Cell, Anti-Dowry Cell, etc.), Dog Squad, Civil Rights Enforcement Wing, Police Wireless and Police Motor Transport Organization and special units. Village Defence Parties protect persons and property in the village and assist the police when necessary. The police force is at times supplemented by Home Guards.

text: Politics[edit]

text: Karnataka politics is dominated by the Indian National Congress (INC), Janata Dal (Secular) (JDS) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

text: Current politics of Karnataka has roots in 2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly elections. It saw unstable coalition governments of JDS and Congress, JDS and BJP during 2004 to 2007 period. The Karnataka Government for an initial term of 20 months was led by N. Dharam Singh then by  H. D. Kumaraswamy of JDS and the post was supposed to subsequently be transferred to BJP's B. S. Yeddyurappa with JDS and BJP making 20-20 agreement to topple Congress government in 2006. A political fall out, due to the failure in transfer of power to Yeddyurappa broke the coalition. The state was then under President's rule until the elections in May 2008. As a result of the BJP victory in those elections B. S. Yeddyurappa became chief minister of Karnataka opening southern gateway to BJP for the first time. But he resigned on 31 July 2011, following his indictment by the Karnataka Lokayukta in illegal iron ore export scam.  D. V. Sadananda Gowda was sworn in as the 26th chief minister of the state on 4 August 2011. Sadananda Gowda resigned in 2012. Jagadish Shettar replaced him as new chief minister of Karnataka and administered until general assembly elections May 2013. The assembly elections held to choose new assembly in May 2013 and INC got a clear majority with winning 121 of 224 seats in the assembly of Karnataka. Siddaramaiah was sworn in as the new chief minister of Karnataka. In recent election conducted in May 2018 BJP emerged as single largest party with 104 seats leaving behind INC with 79 , JDS with 38 and others 2. B. S. Yeddyurappa took oath as Chief Minister on 17th May 2018 and he could not prove the majority. After his resignation current Chief Minister Shri. H. D. Kumaraswamy was sworn in on 23rd May 2018.

text: Elections[edit]

text: Last assembly elections: Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 2018

text: LNG Terminal in Karawar, Karnataka (India)[edit]

text: Asia's Biggest LNG Terminal in Karawar, Karnataka (India). MOU Between Fox Petroleum and Govt of Karnataka worth $1,038 Million USD has been signed between Ajay Kumar and Minister of Industry - Government of Karnataka (India Govt).


document_title: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)

question_text: when did the tomb of the unknown soldier start

root

text: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)

text: Tomb of 1921[edit]

text: On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater. On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three-level marble tomb. The bottom two levels are six marble sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone, rather than marble, slab covers the rectangular opening.[4][5][6]

tag: p

text: Tomb of 1931[edit]

text: Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb, but it was not until July 3, 1926, that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 (with a completed cost of $48,000). A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich[nb 1] and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones. An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21, 1929, a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into. The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels (cap, die, base and sub-base) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides.[4][7]

text: Quarrying the Yule marble (3.9 miles south of Marble, Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company) was a one-year process beginning in 1930. The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries. The large middle block also required three tries. In late January 1931, the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry. The quarrying involved 75 men. When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons. A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons.

text: On February 3, the block reached the marble mill site (in the town of Marble) after a four-day trip from the quarry. Here it was crated, then shipped to Vermont on February 8. The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland, Vermont, and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor, Vermont, before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[8] By September, all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site, at Arlington.

text: Assembly began in September 1931. An imperfection was found in the base, requiring three more quarryings. By the end of December 1931, the assembly was completed. Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones.[4][9] (The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial). The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9, 1932.[10]

text: The Tomb[nb 2] was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown. West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II (south) and Korea (north). Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam (middle). His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, United States Air Force and were removed. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza.

text: The Tomb has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides. The 1931 symbolism[9] of the objects on the north, south and east sides changed over time.[4][7]

text: Tomb Dimensions[nb 3] as of 2004[11] (xxx)* 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry.[8]

text:
Level
Length
Width
Height
Cubic Feet
Tons

Cap
12'-5.4"
6'-6.7"
1'-3.3"
100.69
8.56

Die
12'-3.0" (14'-0")*
6'-6.4" (7'-4.8")*
5'-2.1" (6"-0")*
385.43 (621.6)*
32.76 (52.84)*

Base
13'-10.0"
7'-11.9"
1'-11.1"
198.64
16.88

Sub-Base
14'-10.4"
9'-0.2"
1'-10.9"
255.81
21.74

tag: table

text: The Unknown of World War I[edit]

text: On Memorial Day, 1921, four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France. U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger, who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in "The Great War" selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons-en-Champagne, France, on October 24, 1921.[6] Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia. Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France.[6]

text: The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day, 1921. On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. During the ceremony, the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty, on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom.[12] (The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier. Earlier, on March 4, 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing.) In 1928, the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America's youth by the Boy Scouts of America.[13]

text: The Unknowns of World War II and Korea[edit]

text: On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War.[14] The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii, and the Philippines.[15]

text: Two Unknowns from World War II, one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater, were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard the USS Canberra, a guided-missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes. Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette, then the U.S. Navy's only active-duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man, selected the World War II Unknown. The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea.[15]

text: Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii. Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection.[15]

text: Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28, 1958, where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda until the morning of May 30, when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery. President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor, and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade.[15]

text: The Unknown of Vietnam[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult – with improvements in DNA testing it is possible, though unlikely, that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified.

text: The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Allan Jay Kellogg, Jr., during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, May 17, 1984.

text: Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown. The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller. The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard the USS Brewton, where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda, California. At Travis, the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24. The next day, the remains of were flown from Travis Air Force Base, California, arriving at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army, where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse-drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment. While on display for public viewing, all branches of the US Armed Forces stood in honor, guarding the casket of the Unknown for 2 weeks.

text: Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol. An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 28, 1984.

text: President Reagan presided over the funeral, and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown, and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony. The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room.

text: Identification of the Unknown[edit]

text: In 1994, Ted Sampley, a POW/MIA activist, determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie, who was shot down near An Lộc, Vietnam, in 1972. Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie's family, who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force's casualty office without result. In January 1998 CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains.[16] The body was exhumed on May 14, 1998. Based on mitochondrial DNA testing, Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie. The identification was announced on June 30, 1998, and on July 10, Blassie's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis, Missouri; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11.[17][nb 4]

text: Redesignation of the crypt[edit]

text: The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced. The original inscription of "Vietnam" and the dates of the conflict has been changed to "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen" as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members.

text: Tomb guards[edit]

text: The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army. The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry, "Brave Rifles", who were posted nearby on Fort Myer. Since April 6, 1948, (known then as "Army Day"), when the regiment was reactivated, it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment, "The Old Guard". The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer, Virginia, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery. It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full-fledged Tomb Guards. This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the second least-awarded qualification badge of the United States military (the first being the Astronaut Badge).[18]

text: The soldier "walking the mat" does not wear rank insignia, so as not to outrank the Unknowns, whatever their ranks may have been. Non-commissioned officers (usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders), do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only. They have a separate uniform (without rank) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are "posted."

text: The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial. The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or who they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud.

text: Weapons[edit]

text: Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards. The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army, including M1903 Springfield rifle, M1 Garand and M14 rifles, M1911 and M9 pistols. Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles, which are unloaded and affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks. These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times.[19]

text: Walking the mat[edit]

text: There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves.[20] The tomb guard:

text:
Marches 21 steps south down the black mat laid across the Tomb.
Turns and faces east, toward the Tomb, for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces north, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Marches 21 steps down the mat.
Turns and faces east for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces south, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard.

tag: ol

text: After each turn, the guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.

text: Out of respect for the interred, the sentinels command silence at the tombs. If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators, or a threat, the routine is interrupted, and remains so until the disturbance is under control. The sentinel will exit the mat, place the weapon in port arms position, and confront the disturbance. Once under control, the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat, turns to shoulder arms, and continues the routine.

text: Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.

text: The mat is usually replaced twice per year: before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day. This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards. The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers. The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater.

text: On the ground not covered by the mat, a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard. The metal from the guards' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone. On the mat itself, footprints caused by standing guard are also visible.

text: Changing of the Guard[edit]

text: While Arlington National Cemetery is open, during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30, the guard is changed every half hour. During the winter months, from October 1 to March 31, the guard is changed every hour. After the cemetery closes to the public (7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September, and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March), the guard is changed every 2 hours. The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open.[21][22]

text: The guard change is very symbolic, but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations. The relief commander or assistant relief commander, along with the oncoming guard, are both required for a guard change to take place. The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to "pass on your orders" to the oncoming guard. The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard, "Post and orders remain as directed." The oncoming guard's response is always, "Orders acknowledged." During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony, the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain "silent and standing" throughout the entire event.

text: Dedication[edit]

text: A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17, 1925, to prevent, among other things, families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city. A military guard was first posted on March 25, 1926. The first 24-hour guard was posted on midnight, July 2, 1937. The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, since that time.[23] Inclement weather,[24][25] terrorist attacks,[26] et cetera, do not cause the watch to cease.[27]

text: Since 1948, the tomb guards, a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on, 24 hours off, for five days, taking the following four days off. A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform – heavy wool, regardless of the time of year – for the next day's work. In addition to preparing the uniform, guards also conduct physical training, tomb guard training, participate in field exercises, cut their hair before the next work day, and at times are involved in regimental functions as well. Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one.[21]

text: A special Army decoration, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions (from a pool of more than 300), a uniform test with two gigs (errors) or fewer (measured to the 1/64"), and a test on the guard changing sequence. After serving honorably for a period of nine months, and having passed the sequence of tests, a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge. Since the first award on February 7, 1958, fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge, including four women. A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959. Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer.[nb 5]

text: The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7, 1958. The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item, meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard. Upon leaving the duty, the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers. In 1963, a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform, even after the soldier's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns.

text: Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument[edit]

text: Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long-term preservation of the Tomb Monument. A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument's marble die block. Though this was the first time that the damage was documented, the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date.[28]

text: In 1963–1964, there were two cracks—referred to as "primary" and "secondary"—extending approximately 34 feet around the die block. By 1974, they had extended to 40 feet. They grew another 4.6 feet over the next 15 years. Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990. Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through.[28]

text: The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as 2.85 mm of the marble surface has been lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument.[28]

text: Several options have been considered to deal with the damage. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance. However, because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen, continuous grouting, regrouting, touch-up, monitoring, and maintenance would be required. Therefore, a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery's conclusion that "replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative". A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30, 2007.[28]

text: The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument. The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry, which experts agree is likely eventually to crack.[29]

text: The Trust has observed that the Cemetery's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery, in fact, commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone. In 2007, Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that: "The existing monument can easily be repaired, as was done 17 years ago, using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks. Once repaired, the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas."[30][31]

text: On September 26, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 1585) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns. The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument. Additionally, they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument. Finally, if the secretaries choose replacement, they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument. Once the report is provided, the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days. The Akaka-Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate.[32] An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument's condition. The bill also authorized repair, but not replacement, of the monument.[33] Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 (H.R. 4986) was signed by President Bush on January 28, 2008.

text: In 2003 John Haines, a retired car dealer, offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble. Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab.[34] The marble was not removed from the quarry, however, because imperfections were found and the block was rejected.

text: In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired, not replaced.[35] In 2010, the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months.[36] As of June 2011, the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument, one of which measured 28.4 feet (8.7 m) long, with another at 16.2 feet (4.9 m).[37] In September 2011, the cracks were filled again[36] and on October 21, 2011, inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success.[38]


document_title: Top of the Lake

question_text: who plays puss in top of the lake china girl

text: Top of the Lake

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Elisabeth Moss as Robin Griffin, a Sydney detective specialising in sexual assault who is visiting her remote New Zealand hometown of Laketop, agrees to investigate the pregnancy and disappearance of a local 12-year-old girl, Tui Mitcham. Her ability to empathise with Tui's circumstances is based on a horrific event during her own teenage years.
David Wenham as Al Parker, an old-school and well-liked detective sergeant, based in Queenstown, who also manages a café where young offenders are given a second chance.
Peter Mullan as Matt Mitcham, a Scotsman and head of the Mitcham family. The informal leader of the town, feared by the townspeople, but with a complex inner life.
Tom Wright as Johnno Mitcham, Matt's estranged youngest son, and Robin's teenage sweetheart. He recently returned to Laketop after serving eight years in Bangkwang, a Thai prison, for drug possession.
Holly Hunter as GJ, an androgynous Swiss spiritual leader, arriving at Paradise with a group of troubled women, who hope GJ and Laketop will help them rediscover themselves.

tag: ul

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Kip Chapman and Jay Ryan as Luke and Mark Mitcham, Matt's brute sons.
Jacqueline Joe as Tui Angel Mitcham, Matt's 12-year-old daughter who disappears after it is discovered that she is five months pregnant.
Robyn Nevin as Jude Griffin, Robin's mother, who is suffering from cancer.
Calvin Tuteao as Turangi, Jude's caring Māori boyfriend, who has a violent temper.

text:
Alison Bruce as Anne-Marie
Georgi Kay as Melissa
Lucy Lawless as Caroline Platt
Genevieve Lemon as Bunny
Robyn Malcolm as Anita
Griz Pomirska as "the Naked Lady"
Sarah Valentine as Prue
Skye Wansey as Grishina

text:
Ben Barrington as Terry
James Blake as Shotover
Byron Coll as Penguin
Cohen Holloway as Mike
Oscar Redding as Sarge
Edwin Wright as Scuzz

text:
Luke Buchanan as Jamie
Sam Dickson as Jase
Connor Olivia Moore as Kayla
Layne Opetaia as Daniel
Alice Ward as Gemma

text:
Stephen Lovatt as Officer Pete
Gavin Rutherford as Officer Joy
Madeleine Sami as Zena the secretary

text:
Edward Campbell as Putty, the "village idiot".
Lauren Dawes as Mandy, Johnno's girlfriend.
Erica Englert as Narelle, Matt's housekeeper.
Mirrah Foulkes as Simone, Jamie's mother.
Dra McKay as Delia, Tui's teacher.

text: Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]

text:
Gwendoline Christie as Miranda Hilmarson, a 35-year-old Constable in the Sydney Police Force, who becomes Robin's partner.[5]
David Dencik as Alexander "Puss" Braun, a 42-year-old charismatic East German, who is associated with a brothel, known as Silk 41. He is also Mary's boyfriend. Puss's grooming of Mary frightens Robin, Pyke and Julia.[6]
Ewen Leslie as Pyke Edwards, a successful lawyer and Mary's adoptive father.[7]
Alice Englert as Mary Edwards, Robin's 17-year-old daughter, whom she gave up for adoption. She has begun to act out, due to the separation of her parents.[5]
Nicole Kidman as Julia Edwards, Mary's adoptive mother. She has recently become estranged from her husband and daughter, due to having an affair with a female teacher from Mary's school.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: Top of the Lake[edit]

text: Actress Jennifer Ehle auditioned for the role of GJ, which went to Holly Hunter. Jane Campion originally offered the role of Robin to Anna Paquin, who had worked with her on The Piano (1993). Paquin declined due to her pregnancy, and the role went to Elisabeth Moss.[8]

text: The series was originally intended as a co-production with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. But after American-born Elisabeth Moss was cast, the network pulled their funding before production began, citing a prior agreement to put an Australian actress in the lead.[9] Australian-based channel UKTV, owned by BBC Worldwide, filled the funding gap left by the ABC.[10] Philippa Campbell was the New Zealand-based producer.

text: Filming took 18 weeks and was shot entirely on location in Queenstown and Glenorchy, in Otago, on the South Island of New Zealand. While Queenstown is referred to during the series, Glenorchy doubles as the fictitious town of Laketop. The scenes in the women's commune were filmed at Moke Lake.[8]

text: Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]

text: In early 2013, co-creator Jane Campion said that Top of the Lake comes to a distinct ending, and there would be no additional series.[11] Despite this, it was announced in October 2014 that the series had been renewed for a second season.[12] China Girl began shooting on location in Sydney, Australia in December 2015.[13][14]

text: Campion returned as co-writer and co-director. Gerard Lee returned as co-writer. The original co-director, Garth Davis, was replaced by Ariel Kleiman due to scheduling conflicts.[15] Philippa Campbell returned as producer. Actress Nicole Kidman joined the cast for China Girl, which is the second time she has worked with Campion. Kidman "plays an Australian mother, Julia, whose story dovetails with that of Detective Robin Griffin", played by Elisabeth Moss.[16] Christie, a fan of Campion's The Piano, joined the cast after sending a letter through a mutual friend.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Top of the Lake screened in its entirety at the January 2013 Sundance Film Festival, in a single seven-hour session with one intermission and a break for lunch. This was the first such screening in the history of the festival.[18] Top of the Lake was additionally shown at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival.

text: The US premiere was on the Sundance Channel on 18 March 2013,[19] in Australia on BBC UKTV on 24 March 2013,[20] and in New Zealand on 25 March, also on BBC UKTV.[21]

text: China Girl was screened in its entirety at the May 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[22] In the UK, it premiered on BBC Two on 27 July 2017, and the entire series was released on the BBC iPlayer immediately afterwards. [23] In the US, it premiered in September 2017, on Sundance TV,[24] and each episode will be available on Hulu the day after its screening on SundanceTV.[25] In Canada, China Girl will premiere on Wednesday, October 25, 2017, on CBC Television.[26]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Sundance episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"Episode 1"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
18 March 2013 (2013-03-18)

In the small town of Laketop, New Zealand, a young girl named Tui Mitcham is discovered standing chest-deep in the icy, glacial waters of the titular lake. Afterwards, a school nurse notices that the girl is pregnant. Robin Griffin, who grew up in the area, is now a police inspector in Sydney who specializes in cases involving children. While home visiting her sick mother, she agrees to interview Tui at the local police station.

2
2
"Episode 2"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
18 March 2013 (2013-03-18)

Robin encounters two women from Paradise. They tell her Tui was with them the day before she disappeared but was gone in the morning. Robin organizes the local authorities to search for Tui. During the search, Robin walks into the lake and has a vision of Tui doing the same, the latter clenching her fists in the water.

3
3
"Episode 3"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
25 March 2013 (2013-03-25)

Matt Mitcham goes to Paradise and sits in on a session with GJ, the enigmatic leader of the camp. In a mocking tone, Matt asks the group about the human mind. GJ tells Matt that the human mind schemes. Later, Al meets Matt in the middle of the lake for a secret meeting.

4
4
"Episode 4"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
1 April 2013 (2013-04-01)

Robin has dinner at Al's ultramodern, immaculate, lakeside house. Robin tells Al she thinks Tui's note, that said "No One", meant there were multiple rapists. Al counsels Robin she is getting too involved in Tui's case, likely because of Robin's own history of having been gang raped, at age 15.

5
5
"Episode 5"
Jane Campion with Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
8 April 2013 (2013-04-08)

Robin asks Johnno what he wanted to tell her about the night she was raped. Johnno describes how he heard Robin screaming and he peed himself. He says he found a latch to get out of the dog cage in the back of the truck but was too afraid to persist in trying to stop the men from raping her.

6
6
"Episode 6"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
15 April 2013 (2013-04-15)

Robin reveals to Johnno that she plans to make a case against Matt Mitcham, in hopes of encouraging Tui to come home. Robin shares that she caught Jamie attempting to take Tui with rohypnol, a "date rape" drug that Robin suspects Matt manufactures. Johnno warns Robin against bringing a case against Matt, as Matt's drug business provides much of the town with a livelihood.

7
7
"Episode 7"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
15 April 2013 (2013-04-15)

Robin goes to work at the police station the next day and tells Al that Matt said he was her father. Matt, certain that Tui could not be pregnant, searches for and finds her with her newborn baby. As he is about to kill the baby, Tui appears and kills Matt. Robin discovers that Al has been pimping young boys and girls from the barista training, including Tui, to other men for sex.

text:
BBC episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK[27] viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Paradise Sold"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
13 July 2013 (2013-07-13)
2.70

Tui's pregnancy is discovered, and the Paradise community moves in.

2
2
"Searchers Search"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
20 July 2013 (2013-07-20)
1.92

Robin's search for Tui begins.

3
3
"The Edge of the Universe"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
27 July 2013 (2013-07-27)
1.57

Robin makes a breakthrough. Over dinner at Al's place he warns her about her past being known.

4
4
"A Rainbow Above Us"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
3 August 2013 (2013-08-03)
1.32

Al dismisses Robin from the case. Her passionate affair with Johnno intensifies.

5
5
"The Dark Creator"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
10 August 2013 (2013-08-10)
1.50

Robin is back on the case. Matt gathers troops to hunt Tui down. Tui's friends celebrate her birthday in the mountains.

6
6
"No Goodbyes Thanks"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
17 August 2013 (2013-08-17)
1.72

Matt reveals his secret about Robin, and the investigation concludes.

text: Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]

text:
BBC episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK[28] viewers
(millions)

7
1
"China Girl"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
27 July 2017 (2017-07-27)
3.39

Robin tries to adjust back to life in Sydney while dealing with residual PTSD from shooting Al Parker, who has now filed a civil suit against her. She has also received a letter from her daughter, Mary, who is now 17 and, unbeknownst to Robin, is engaged to a 41 year old man, Alexander "Puss", who works and lives in a brothel. Meanwhile, a prostitute is thrown into a suitcase which is tossed into the ocean, and she washes up on Bondi Beach. Robin and her new co-worker, Miranda, are assigned to the case.

8
2
"The Loved One"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
3 August 2017 (2017-08-03)
2.38

A flashback reveals that Robin left Johnno on their wedding day because he was cheating on her. In the present, Robin is forced to team up with Miranda on the “China Girl” case. They learn that China Girl was pregnant at the time of her death. Robin finally works up the courage to contact Mary and is able to meet her for the first time. At the meeting Mary reveals she assumed that she was the product of rape, which Robin confirms.

9
3
"Surrogate"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
10 August 2017 (2017-08-10)
1.97

Robin gets a lead on the China girl case after potentially finding the biological parents she was a surrogate for. Pyke and Julia confront Mary’s boyfriend Puss with the fact that he is already married, causing a further rift between them and Mary. Robin’s mediation with Al does not go as planned when he assaults her before it begins.

10
4
"Birthday"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
17 August 2017 (2017-08-17)
1.92

Robin gets a lead on who China girl is via a John who was in love with her. Puss becomes more erratic and convinces Mary that she should begin work as a prostitute when she turns 18. She eventually agrees. Mary takes a group of the prostitutes to the beach with her, Pyke and Robin. Puss comes along and, after bringing up Robin's rape, attacks her by biting her in the face. Mary convinces her not to press charges.

11
5
"Who's Your Daddy"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24)[29]
1.69

Mary leaves the safety of Robin's home to reconnect with Puss, who learns from her that Robin is looking into the murder of Cinnamon. Brett is able to officially connect China Girl to Puss's brothel but becomes unhinged after seeing her corpse. After Miranda discloses a secret about her pregnancy, Robin is able to come closer to tying Cinnamon's disappearance to a surrogacy ring. Connected by concern over Mary and Puss, Robin and Pyke grow closer, much to Julia's annoyance.

12
6
"The Battle of the Mothers"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)[29]
1.84

Robin searches for Mary after Brett takes her hostage. Puss reveals to Robin the truth of what happened to Cinnamon and discloses the location of the missing surrogates.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews of Top of the Lake have been positive, referring to the series as "masterfully made", "beautiful", "mysterious", "riveting", and "a masterpiece".[30][31][32][33][34] It received a score of 86 out of 100 from Metacritic[35] and a score of 93 per cent from Rotten Tomatoes.[36]

text: There were also some less positive reviews. Mike Hale of The New York Times criticized the "elaborately introduced plotlines" and described Tui's disappearance as "less a story element than a metaphor for the kind of armed resistance to male hegemony that constitutes the central idea of Ms Campion’s body of work."[37]

text: Top of the Lake was lauded by feminist critics[38] for its explicit effort to analyse rape culture[39] as well as its radical construction of narratives entirely foregrounding the experiences of single women.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: AACTA Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Telefeature, Mini Series or Short Run Series
Emile Sherman, Iain Canning, Jane Campion and Philippa Campbell
Won

Best Direction in a Drama or Comedy
Garth Davis for "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Guest or Supporting Actor in a Television Drama
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama
Robyn Nevin
Nominated

Best Cinematography in Television
Adam Arkapaw for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Won

Best Sound in Television
Richard Flynn, Tony Vaccher, John Dennison, Craig Butters, Danny Longhurst and Blair Slater, for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Won

Best Original Music Score in Television
Mark Bradshaw, for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Production Design in Television
Fiona Crombie for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Costume Design in Television
Emily Seresin for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Editing in Television
Scott Gray for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

text: Critics' Choice Television Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2013
Best Movie/Miniseries
—
Nominated

Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries
Elisabeth Moss
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
David Wenham
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
Thomas M. Wright
Nominated

text: Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2013
Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Miniseries or Movie

Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie
Elisabeth Moss
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Jane Campion, Garth Davis
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Jane Campion, Gerard Lee
Nominated

Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special

Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie
Episode: "Part 1"
Won

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie
Episode: "Part 5"
Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Miniseries or Television Film
—
Nominated

Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
Elisabeth Moss
Won

text: Golden Nymph Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Miniseries
—
Won

Best Actor — Miniseries
Peter Mullan
Won

Best Actress — Miniseries
Elisabeth Moss
Won

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Elisabeth Moss
Nominated

2014
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Holly Hunter
Nominated

text: New Zealand Film Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Best Television Feature or Drama Series
Won
[40]

text: Screen Producers Australia Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Drama Television Production of the Year
Won
[41]

text: Equity Ensemble Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Miniseries or Telemovie
Won
[42]


document_title: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives

question_text: who is on the top 10 most wanted list

question_tokens: who is on the top 10 most wanted list

text: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives

text: New additions[edit]

text: The Criminal Investigative Division (CID) at FBI Headquarters calls upon all 56 Field Offices to submit candidates for the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" list.[9] The nominees received are reviewed by Special Agents in the CID and the Office of Public Affairs.[9] The selection of the "proposed" candidate(s) is forwarded to the Assistant Director of the CID for his/her approval and then to the FBI's Director for final approval.[9] This process takes some time which is why James Joseph "Whitey" Bulger, Jr., who was arrested in Santa Monica, California on June 22, 2011,[10] remained on the list until May 9, 2012[11] despite no longer being at large. Osama bin Laden similarly remained on the list for almost a year after his death at the hands of U.S. forces on May 2, 2011.[12]

text: List as of February 15, 2018[edit]

text: Rewards are offered for information leading to capture of fugitives on the list; the reward is $100,000 for all fugitives, with the exception of Jason Derek Brown, which is $200,000.

text: Seven of the ten still at large are believed or known to be living outside the United States.

text:
Photo
Name
Date added
Sequence
number
Comments

Robert William Fisher
June 29, 2002
475
Fisher is wanted for the 2001 murder of his wife Mary and their two children, Robert, Jr. and Brittney, and then blowing up the Scottsdale, Arizona house in which they lived. Investigators believe he murdered his family because he felt threatened by his wife's intent to divorce.[13][14]

Alexis Flores
June 2, 2007
487
Flores is wanted for the kidnapping, rape and murder of five-year-old Iriana DeJesus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in July 2000. He was deported to his native Honduras in 2005 after serving a prison term for forgery in Arizona. He was added to the list after deportation when his DNA was matched to the DeJesus crime.[15][16]

Jason Derek Brown
December 8, 2007
489
Brown is wanted for murder and armed robbery in Phoenix, Arizona. Authorities allege that in November 2004, he shot and killed an armored car guard outside a movie theater and fled on a bicycle with $56,000 in a duffel bag. The FBI is offering a reward of up to $200,000 for information leading to his capture.[17][18] Authorities believe he may have fled the country and could be living in France or Thailand.[19]

Eduardo Ravelo
October 21, 2009
493
Ravelo is wanted for his alleged involvement in racketeering activities, conspiracy to launder monetary instruments, and conspiracy to possess heroin, cocaine and marijuana with the intent to distribute. His alleged criminal activities began in 2003.[20] He is believed to be hiding with his wife and children in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.[21]

William Bradford Bishop, Jr.
April 10, 2014
502
Bishop is wanted for killing his mother, wife and three children in 1976 at his home in Bethesda, Maryland. It is believed that following the murders, he drove to Columbia, North Carolina to dispose of the bodies and ditched his car at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Tennessee and disappeared. He is believed to be hiding in Europe or the United States.[22][23]

Yaser Abdel Said
December 4, 2014
504
Said is wanted for the double murder of his daughters in Irving, Texas, on January 1, 2008.[24][25]

Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel
April 18, 2017
514
Patel allegedly stabbed and killed his wife in a doughnut shop in Hanover, Maryland on April 12, 2015. He was last seen taking a shuttle to Penn Station in Newark. According to authorities, he has connections to Canada, India, New Jersey, Kentucky, Georgia and Illinois.[26][27]

Santiago Villalba Mederos
September 25, 2017
515
Villalba Mederos, a member of the violent Eastside Lokotes Sureno gang, is wanted in connection with two separate shootings in Tacoma, Washington, that resulted in the death of a young woman and the serious wounding of her brother, and a month later, the murder of a young man. Mederos was a teenager at the time of the killings.[28]

Alejandro Castillo
October 25, 2017
516
Alejandro Castillo, 17 years old at the time of the killing, is wanted in connection with the 2016 murder of a 23-year-old woman, Truc Quan “Sandy” Ly Le, whom he had previously dated. The two became acquainted while working together in a Charlotte restaurant.[29]

Jesus Roberto Munguia
November 13, 2017
517
Munguia, a known gang member, is wanted for the 2008 murder of his wife. He was captured in Mexico without incident on February 15, 2018.[30][31]


document_title: Electric eel

question_text: where does the electric eel get its electricity

text: Electric eel

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: The electric eel has an elongated, cylindrical body, typically growing to about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length, and 20 kg (44 lb) in weight, making them the largest species of the Gymnotiformes.[2] Their coloration is dark gray-brown on the back and yellow or orange on the belly. Mature females have a darker color on the belly. They have no scales. The mouth is square, and positioned at the end of the snout. The anal fin extends the length of the body to the tip of the tail.

text: As in other ostariophysan fishes, the swim bladder has two chambers. The anterior chamber is connected to the inner ear by a series of small bones derived from neck vertebrae called the Weberian apparatus, which greatly enhances its hearing capability. The posterior chamber extends along the whole length of the body and maintains the fish's buoyancy. E. electricus has a well-developed sense of hearing. This fish has a vascularized respiratory system with gas exchange occurring through epithelial tissue in its buccal cavity.[3] As obligate air-breathers, electric eels must rise to the surface every ten minutes or so to inhale before returning to the bottom. Nearly eighty percent of the oxygen used by the fish is obtained in this way.[4]

text: Despite its name, the electric eel is not closely related to the true eels (Anguilliformes), but is a member of the neotropical knifefish order (Gymnotiformes), which is more closely related to the catfish.

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The electric eel has three pairs of abdominal organs that produce electricity: the main organ, the Hunter's organ, and the Sach's organ. These organs make up four-fifths of its body, and give the electric eel the ability to generate two types of electric organ discharges: low voltage and high voltage. These organs are made of electrocytes, lined up so a current of ions can flow through them and stacked so each one adds to a potential difference.[5]

text: When the eel finds its prey, the brain sends a signal through the nervous system to the electrocytes.[5] This opens the ion channels, allowing sodium to flow through, reversing the polarity momentarily. By causing a sudden difference in electric potential, it generates an electric current in a manner similar to a battery, in which stacked plates each produce an electric potential difference.[5]

text: In the electric eel, some 5,000 to 6,000 stacked electroplaques can make a shock up to 860 volts and 1 ampere of current (860 watts) for two milliseconds.[citation needed] Such a shock is extremely unlikely to be deadly for an adult human, due to the very short duration of the discharge. Atrial fibrillation requires that roughly 700 mA be delivered across the heart muscle for 30 ms or more, far longer than the eel can produce.[citation needed] Still, this level of current is reportedly enough to produce a brief and painful numbing shock likened to a stun gun discharge, which due to the voltage can be felt for some distance from the fish; this is a common risk for aquarium caretakers and biologists attempting to handle or examine electric eels.[citation needed]

text: The Sach's organ is associated with electrolocation.[6] Inside the organ are many muscle-like cells, called electrocytes. Each cell can only produce 0.15 V, though the organ can transmit a signal of nearly 10 V overall in amplitude at around 25 Hz in frequency. These signals are emitted by the main organ; the Hunter's organ can emit signals at rates of several hundred hertz.[6]

text: The electric eel is unique among the Gymnotiformes in having large electric organs that can produce potentially lethal discharges that allow them to stun prey.[7] Larger voltages have been reported, but the typical output is sufficient to stun or deter virtually any animal. Juveniles produce smaller voltages (about 100 V). They can vary the intensity of the electric discharge, using lower discharges for hunting and higher intensities for stunning prey or defending themselves. They can also concentrate the discharge by curling up and making contact at two points along its body.[8] When agitated, they can produce these intermittent electric shocks over at least an hour without tiring.

text: The electric eel also possesses high frequency-sensitive tuberous receptors, which are distributed in patches over its body. This feature is apparently useful for hunting other Gymnotiformes.[6]

text: Electric eels have been used as a model in the study of bioelectrogenesis.[9] The species is of some interest to researchers, who make use of its acetylcholinesterase and adenosine triphosphate.[10][11]

text: Bionics[edit]

text: Researchers at Yale University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology argue artificial cells could be built that not only replicate the electrical behavior of electric eel cells, but also improve on them. Artificial versions of the eel's electricity-generating cells could be developed as a power source for medical implants and other microscopic devices.[12]

text: Ecology and life history[edit]

text: Habitat[edit]

text: Electric eels inhabit fresh waters of the Amazon and Orinoco River basins in South America, in floodplains, swamps, creeks, small rivers, and coastal plains. They often live on muddy bottoms in calm or stagnant waters.[6]

text: Feeding ecology[edit]

text: Electric eels feed on invertebrates, although adult eels may also consume fish and small mammals, such as rats. First-born hatchlings eat other eggs and embryos from later clutches.[6] The juveniles eat invertebrates, such as shrimp and crabs.

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: The electric eel is known for its unusual breeding behavior. In the dry season, a male eel makes a nest from his saliva into which the female lays her eggs. As many as 3,000 young hatch from the eggs in one nest. Male electric eels are much smaller than the females.[13][14]

text: In zoos and private collections[edit]

text: These fish have always been sought after by some animal collectors, but catching them is difficult, because the only reasonable option is to make the eels tired by continually discharging their electricity.[citation needed] The fish's electric organs eventually become completely discharged, allowing the collector to wade into the water in comparative safety.[13]

text: Keeping electric eels in captivity is difficult and mostly limited to zoos and aquaria, although a few hobbyists have kept them as pets.

text: The Tennessee Aquarium in the United States is home to an electric eel that uses its electrical discharges to post from its own Twitter account. Named Miguel Wattson, the eel's exhibit is wired to a small computer that sends out a prewritten tweet when it emits electricity at a high enough threshold.[15][16]

text: Taxonomic history[edit]

text: The species is so unusual that it has been reclassified several times. Originally, it was given its own family, Electrophoridae, which was later merged into the genus of Gymnotidae, alongside Gymnotus.[7]


document_title: 2001: A Space Odyssey (score)

question_text: who composed the music for 2001 a space odyssey

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey (score)

text: Background[edit]

text: In the early stages of production, Kubrick had commissioned noted Hollywood composer Alex North, who had written the score for Spartacus and also worked on Dr. Strangelove, to write the score of his upcoming film 2001: A Space Odyssey.[1] However, during post-production, Kubrick chose to abandon North's music in favor of the now-familiar classical music pieces he had earlier chosen as "guide pieces" for the soundtrack. North did not know of the abandonment of the score until after he saw the film's premiere screening.[2] The world's first exposure to North's unused music was in 1993 via Telarc's issue of the main theme on Hollywood's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2, a compilation album by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. All the music North originally wrote was recorded commercially by North's friend and colleague Jerry Goldsmith with the National Philharmonic Orchestra and was released on Varèse Sarabande CDs shortly after Telarc's first theme release but before North's death. Eventually, a mono mix-down of North's original recordings, which had survived in the interim, would be released as a limited edition CD by Intrada Records.[3]

text: In an interview with Michel Ciment, Kubrick explained:

text: However good our best film composers may be, they are not a Beethoven, a Mozart or a Brahms. Why use music which is less good when there is such a multitude of great orchestral music available from the past and from our own time? When you are editing a film, it's very helpful to be able to try out different pieces of music to see how they work with the scene...Well, with a little more care and thought, these temporary tracks can become the final score.[4]

text: North, unaware that Kubrick had decided not to use the score in his film, was "devastated"[5] at the 1968 New York City premiere screening of 2001 not to hear his work, and later offered this account of his experience: "Well, what can I say? It was a great, frustrating experience, and despite the mixed reaction to the music, I think the Victorian approach with mid-European overtones was just not in keeping with the brilliant concept of Clarke and Kubrick."[5]

text: The original three-track score masters had been kept at Anvil Studios in England as late as 1980, but were later erased when the Anvil facility closed. All that remained of the original tracks were mono fold down tapes kept by North's family.

text: Original theme music[edit]

text: Alex North's main title theme has a striking resemblance to the "Also sprach Zarathustra" piece that would eventually be used in the final film. The original theme was listed on North's original score sheet as "Bones". It would have been used three times in the film, once as the main title music, and again during the opening "Dawn of Man" sequence as an ape smashes skeletal remains (hence the score sheet's title), and finally at the end of the film during the "Starchild" scene. This theme music made its public debut in early 1993 as part of the Telarc compilation CD Hollywood's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2, by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, and there it was titled "Fanfare for 2001" (it would therefore be the world's first exposure to North's unused 2001 music). It would eventually be recycled by North for his later scores to Shanks, Dragonslayer and The Shoes of the Fisherman.

text: Jerry Goldsmith recording[edit]

text:
Alex North's 2001:
The Legendary Original Score

Film score by Jerry Goldsmith and the National Philharmonic Orchestra

Released
October 12, 1993

Recorded
January 26–30, 1993

Genre
Soundtrack, classical

Length
35:24

Label
Varèse Sarabande

Producer
Jerry Goldsmith

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
 [6]

text: Shortly after Telarc's release of the theme, the entire original North score was released to the public, also in 1993, in the form of an entirely new recording produced and conducted by film composer Jerry Goldsmith, performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra and recorded from January 26 to January 30. It was released in CD format from Varèse Sarabande Records, with the track list sequenced by co-producer Robert Tounson. CD cover art by Matthew Joseph Peak.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Title"
1:37

2.
"The Foraging"
3:44

3.
"Eat Meat and the Kill"
3:27

4.
"The Bluff"
3:01

5.
"Night Terrors"
2:02

6.
"The Dawn of Man"
3:14

7.
"Space Station Docking"
2:22

8.
"Trip to the Moon"
3:21

9.
"Moon Rocket Bus"
5:01

10.
"Space Talk"
3:30

11.
"Interior Orion"
1:26

12.
"Main Theme"
2:31

text: Official original recording[edit]

text:
Music for
2001: A Space Odyssey

Film score by Alex North

Released
January 26, 2007

Recorded
1968

Genre
Soundtrack, classical

Length
38:54[7]

Label
Intrada

Producer
Nick Redman

text: In January 2007, Intrada Records issued 3000 copies of a limited edition CD featuring North's original recording of the score from 1968. The release was authorized by the family of North, the estate of Stanley Kubrick, Dylanna Music, North's music publishing company, and other entities (the film's current rights holder, Turner Entertainment, did not take part in this CD release).[8] The album features nine tracks from the score, as well as an alternate version of the track "The Foraging." In addition, the album features three bonus tracks, all of additional takes of other tracks on the album. The music is conducted by Henry Brant. Brant had helped North with the orchestration in 1967-68, as North had to be taken to the recording session in an ambulance due to muscle spasms and back pain brought on by the stress of completing the score.[9] The CD also includes liner notes and precise cue points as to where the music would have been found in the film so that viewers can properly track these cues in sync with the DVD/Blu-ray.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Foraging"
3:11

2.
"The Bluff"
2:38

3.
"Night Terrors"
1:47

4.
"Bones"
1:41

5.
"Eat Meat and Kill"
4:00

6.
"Space Station Docking"
5:22

7.
"Space Talk"
3:47

8.
"Trip to Moon"
3:04

9.
"Moon Rocket Bus"
5:19

10.
"The Foraging" (alternate version) (aka The Dawn of Man)
3:08

text:
Bonus Tracks

No.
Title
Length

11.
"Eat Meat and Kill" (take 7 – wild)
1:03

12.
"Space Station" (take 4 – partial)
2:11

13.
"Docking" (take 2)
1:15

text: Reception[edit]

text: In The Art of Film Music George Burt writes that North's score is outstanding and Kubrick's decision to abandon it was "most unfortunate", even though Kubrick's choice of classical music does have merit.[3]

text: On hearing the score as it might have been in the film, film scholar Gene D. Phillips argued that "it is difficult to see how North's music would have been an improvement on the background music that Kubrick finally chose for the film."[10] In his notes for the Jerry Goldsmith recording (see below), however, Kevin Mulhall argues that "there is no doubt that 2001 would have been better if Kubrick had used North's music. Even if one likes some of the choices Kubrick made for certain individual scenes, the eclectic group of classical composers employed by the director... resulted in a disturbing melange of sounds and styles overall."[5]

text: Roger Ebert notes that Alex North's rejected score contains emotional cues to the viewer while the final music selections exist outside the action, while uplifting it. With regard to the space docking sequence, Ebert notes the peculiar combination of slowness and majesty that it has as a result of the choice of Strauss's Blue Danube waltz, bringing "seriousness and transcendence" to the visuals. Speaking of the music generally, Ebert writes:

text: When classical music is associated with popular entertainment, the result is usually to trivialize it (who can listen to the William Tell Overture without thinking of the Lone Ranger?). Kubrick's film is almost unique in enhancing the music by its association with his images.[11]

text: North himself admitted:

text: Well, what can I say? It was a great, frustrating experience, and despite the mixed reaction to the music, I think the Victorian approach with mid-European overtones was just not in keeping with the brilliant concept of Clarke and Kubrick.[9]


document_title: Coelom

question_text: an animal that lacks a coelom or body cavity

text: Coelom

text: Structure[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Coelom formation begins in the gastrula stage. The developing digestive tube of an embryo forms as a blind pouch called the archenteron.

text: In Protostomes, the coelom forms by a process known as schizocoely. The archenteron initially forms, and the mesoderm splits into two layers: the first attaches to the body wall or ectoderm, forming the parietal layer and the second surrounds the endoderm or alimentary canal forming the visceral layer. The space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer is known as the coelom or body cavity.

text: In Deuterostomes, the coelom forms by enterocoely: mesoderm buds from the walls of the archenteron and hollows to become the coelomic cavities. Some examples of deuterostome coelomates are sea urchins, fish, sea stars and humans.

text: Origins[edit]

text: The evolutionary origin of the coelom is uncertain. The oldest known animal to have had a body cavity was the Vernanimalcula. Current hypothesis include:[citation needed][2]

text:
The acoelomate theory, which states that coelom evolved from an acoelomate ancestor.
The enterocoel theory, which states that coelom evolved from gastric pouches of cnidarian ancestors. This is supported by research on flatworms and small worms recently discovered in marine fauna ("coelom")

text: Functions[edit]

text: A coelom can absorb shock or provide a hydrostatic skeleton. It can also support an immune system in the form of coelomocytes that may either be attached to the wall of the coelom or may float about in it freely. The coelom allows muscles to grow independently of the body wall — this feature can be seen in the digestive tract of tardigrades (also known as water bears) which is suspended within the body in the mesentery derived from a mesoderm-lined coelom.

text: Coelomic fluid[edit]

text: The fluid inside the coelom is known as coelomic fluid. This is circulated by mesothelial cilia or by contraction of muscles in the body wall which are themselves of mesin.[4] The coelomic fluid serves several functions; it acts as a hydroskeleton, it allows free movement and growth of internal organs, it serves for transport of gases, nutrients and waste products between different parts of the body, it allows storage of sperm and eggs during maturation and it acts as a reservoir for waste.[5]

text: Classification in zoology[edit]

text: In the past, some zoologists grouped bilaterian animal phyla based on characteristics related to the coelom for practical purposes, knowing, and explicitly stating, that these groups were not phylogenetically related. Animals were classified in three informal groups according to the type of body cavity they possess, in a non-taxonomic, utilitarian way, as the Acoelomata, Pseudocoelomata, and Coelomata. These groups were never intended to represent related animals, or a sequence of evolutionary traits.

text: However, this scheme was followed by a number of college textbooks and some general classifications , but is now almost totally abandoned as a formal classification. Indeed, as late as 2010, one author of a molecular phylogeny study mistakenly called this classification scheme the "traditional, morphology-based phylogeny".[6]

text:
Coelomate animals or Coelomata (also known as eucoelomates — "true coelom") have a body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm (one of the three primary tissue layers). The complete mesoderm lining allows organs to be attached to each other so that they can be suspended in a particular order while still being able to move freely within the cavity. Most bilateral animals, including all the vertebrates, are coelomates.
Pseudocoelomate animals have a pseudocoelom (literally “false cavity”), which is a fluid filled body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate. All pseudocoelomates are protostomes; however, not all protostomes are pseudocoelomates. An example of a Pseudocoelomate is the roundworm. Pseudocoelomate animals are also referred to as Hemocoel and Blastocoelomate.
Acoelomate animals, like flatworms, have no body cavity at all. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and body wall hold their organs in place.

text: Coelomates[edit]

text: Coeloms developed in triploblasts but were subsequently lost in several lineages. The lack of a coelom is correlated with a reduction in body size. Coelom is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to any developed digestive tract. Some organisms may not possess a coelom or may have a false coelom (pseudocoelom). Animals having coeloms are called coelomates, and those without are called acoelomates. There are also subtypes of coelom:[citation needed]

text:
schizocoelom: develops from split in mesoderm found in annelids, arthropods and molluscs
haemocoelom: true coelom reduced & cavity filled with blood found from arthropoda and mollusca
enterocoelom: develops from wall of embryonic gut found from echinodermata to chordata

text: Coelomate phyla[edit]

text: According to Brusca and Brusca,[7] the following bilaterian phyla possess a coelom:

text:
Nemertea, traditionally viewed as acoelomates
Priapulida
Annelida
Sipuncula
Echiura
Onychophora
Tardigrada
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Phoronida
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Echinodermata
Chaetognatha
Hemichordata
Chordata

text: For others, the coelomate phyla excludes Nemertea but also comprises Entoprocta, Pentastoma, Pogonophora (i.e., from tiny sessile aquatic animals to great whales and everything in between).[8][unreliable source?]

text: Pseudocoelomates[edit]

text: In some protostomes, the embryonic blastocoele persists as a body cavity. These protostomes have a fluid filled main body cavity unlined or partially lined with tissue derived from mesoderm.

text: This fluid-filled space surrounding the internal organs serves several functions like distribution of nutrients and removal of waste or supporting the body as a hydrostatic skeleton.

text: A pseudocoelomate or blastocoelomate is any invertebrate animal with a three-layered body and a pseudocoel. The coelom was apparently lost or reduced as a result of mutations in certain types of genes that affected early development. Thus, pseudocoelomates evolved from coelomates.[9] "Pseudocoelomate" is no longer considered a valid taxonomic group, since it is not monophyletic. However, it is still used as a descriptive term.

text: Important characteristics:

text:
lack a vascular blood system

diffusion and osmosis circulate nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

lack a skeleton

hydrostatic pressure gives the body a supportive framework that acts as a skeleton.

no segmentation
body wall

epidermis and muscle
often syncytial
usually covered by a secreted cuticle

most are microscopic
parasites of almost every form of life (although some are free living)
eutely in some
loss of larval stage in some
possibly pedomorphism

text: Pseudocoelomate phyla[edit]

text: According to Brusca and Brusca,[7] bilaterian pseudocoelomate phyla include:

text:
Rotifera
Kinorhyncha
Nematoda
Nematomorpha
Acanthocephala
Loricifera

text: Some authors list the following phyla as pseudocoelomates:[citation needed]

text:
Nematoda (roundworms)
Rotifera (rotifers)
Kinorhyncha
Nematomorpha (nematomorphs or horsehair worms)
Gastrotricha
Loricifera
Priapulida
Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms)
Aschelminthes
Entoprocta

text: Acoelomates[edit]

text: Acoelomates lack a fluid-filled body cavity between the body wall and digestive tract. This can present some serious disadvantages. Fluid compression is negligible, while the tissue surrounding the organs of these animals will compress. Therefore, acoelomate organs are not protected from crushing forces applied to the animal’s outer surface. The coelom can be used for diffusion of gases and metabolites etc. These creatures do not have this need, as the surface area to volume ratio is large enough to allow absorption of nutrients and gas exchange by diffusion alone, due to dorso-ventral flattening.

text:
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Entoprocta, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Gnathostomulida, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Cycliophora[10]

text: According to others, acoelomates include the cnidarians (jellyfish and allies), and the ctenophores (comb jellies), platyhelminthes (flatworms including tapeworms, etc.), Nemertea, and Gastrotricha.[citation needed]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word Coelom comes from Greek: κοῖλος[11] koîlos (hollow, cavity)