document_title: History of Jerusalem

question_text: when did romans destroy 2nd temple of jerusalum

question_tokens: when did romans destroy 2nd temple of jerusalum

text: History of Jerusalem

text: Ancient period

text: Proto-Canaanite period

text: Archaeological evidence suggests that the first settlement was established near Gihon Spring between 4500–3500 BCE. The first known mention of the city was in c. 2000 BCE in the Middle Kingdom Egyptian Execration Texts in which the city was recorded as Rusalimum.[11][12] The root S-L-M in the name is thought to refer to either "peace" (compare with modern Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew) or Shalim, the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion.

text: Canaanite and New Kingdom Egyptian period

text: Archaeological evidence suggests that by the 17th century BCE, the Canaanites had built massive walls (4 and 5 ton boulders, 26 feet high) on the eastern side of Jerusalem to protect their ancient water system.[13]

text: By c. 1550–1400 BCE, Jerusalem had become a vassal to Egypt after the Egyptian New Kingdom under Ahmose I and Thutmose I had reunited Egypt and expanded into the Levant. The Amarna letters contain correspondence from Abdi-Heba, headman[14] of Urusalim and his suzerain Amenhotep III.

text: The power of the Egyptians in the region began to decline in the 12th century BCE, during the Bronze Age collapse. The Battle of Djahy (Djahy being the Egyptian name for Canaan) in 1178 BCE between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marked the beginning of this decline. The gradual loss of a central power gave rise to independent kingdoms in the region. According to the Bible, Jerusalem at this time was known as Jebus and its independent Canaanite inhabitants at this time were known as Jebusites.

text: Independent Israel and Judah (House of David) period

text: This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: According to the Bible, the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE, with King David's sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel.[11] According to the Books of Samuel, the Jebusites managed to resist attempts by the Israelites to capture the city, and by the time of King David were mocking such attempts, claiming that even the blind and lame could defeat the Israelite army. Nevertheless, the masoretic text for the Books of Samuel states that David managed to capture the city by stealth, sending his forces through a "water shaft" and attacking the city from the inside. Archaeologists now view this as implausible as the Gihon spring – the only known location from which water shafts lead into the city – is now known to have been heavily defended (and hence an attack via this route would have been obvious rather than secretive). The older[citation needed] Septuagint text, however, suggests that rather than by a water shaft, David's forces defeated the Jebusites by using daggers rather than through the water tunnels coming through the Gihon spring. There was another king in Jerusalem, Araunah, during, and possibly before, David's control of the city, according to the biblical narrative,[15] who was probably the Jebusite king of Jerusalem.[16] The city, which at that point stood upon the Ophel, was, according to the biblical account, expanded to the south, and declared by David to be the capital city of the Kingdom of Israel. David also, according to the Books of Samuel, constructed an altar at the location of a threshing floor he had purchased from Araunah; a portion of biblical scholars view this as an attempt by the narrative's author to give an Israelite foundation to a pre-existing sanctuary.[17]

text: Later, according to the biblical narrative, King Solomon built a more substantive temple, the Temple of Solomon, at a location which the Book of Chronicles equates with David's altar. The Temple became a major cultural centre in the region; eventually, particularly after religious reforms such as those of Hezekiah and of Josiah, the Jerusalem temple became the main place of worship, at the expense of other, formerly powerful, ritual centres, such as Shiloh and Bethel. However, according to K. L. Noll, in Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion, the Biblical account of the centralization of worship in Jerusalem is a fiction, although by the time of Josiah, the territory he ruled was so small that the Jerusalem temple became de facto the only shrine left.[18] Solomon is also described as having created several other important building works at Jerusalem, including the construction of his palace, and the construction of the Millo (the identity of which is somewhat controversial). Archaeologists are divided over whether the biblical narrative is supported by the evidence from excavations.[19] Eilat Mazar contends that her digging uncovered remains of large stone buildings from the correct time period, while Israel Finkelstein disputes both the interpretation and the dating of the finds.[20][21]

text: When the Kingdom of Judah split from the larger Kingdom of Israel (which the Bible places near the end of the reign of Solomon, c. 930 BCE, though Israel Finkelstein and others dispute the very existence of a unified monarchy to begin with[22]), Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, while the Kingdom of Israel located its capital at Shechem in Samaria. Thomas L. Thompson argues that it only became a city and capable of acting as a state capital in the middle of the 7th century.[23]

text: Both the Bible and regional archaeological evidence suggest the region was politically unstable during the period 925–732 BCE. In 925 BCE, the region was invaded by Egyptian Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period, who is possibly the same as Shishak, the first Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible who captured and pillaged Jerusalem. Around 75 years later, Jerusalem's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against the Neo-Assyrian King Shalmaneser III in the Battle of Qarqar. According to the bible, Jehoshaphat of Judah was allied to Ahab of the Northern Kingdom of Israel at this time.

text: The Bible records that shortly after this battle, Jerusalem was sacked by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians, who looted King Jehoram's house, and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son Jehoahaz.

text: Two decades later, most of Canaan including Jerusalem was conquered by Hazael of Aram Damascus. According to the Bible, Jehoash of Judah gave all of Jerusalem's treasures as a tribute, but Hazael proceeded to destroy "all the princes of the people" in the city. And half a century later, the city was sacked by Jehoash of Israel, who destroyed the walls and took Amaziah of Judah prisoner.

text: By the end of the First Temple Period, Jerusalem was the sole acting religious shrine in the kingdom and a centre of regular pilgrimage; a fact which archaeologists generally view as being corroborated by the evidence,[citation needed] though there remained a more personal cult involving Asherah figures, which are found spread throughout the land right up to the end of this era.[22]

text: Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires period

text: Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah for some 400 years. It had survived an Assyrian siege in 701 BCE by Sennacherib, unlike Samaria, the capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel, that had fallen some twenty years previously. According to the Bible, this was a miraculous event in which an angel killed 185,000 men in Sennacherib's army. According to Sennacherib's own account preserved in the Taylor prism, an inscription contemporary with the event, the king of Judah, Hezekiah, was "shut up in the city like a caged bird" and eventually persuaded Sennacherib to leave by sending him "30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver, and diverse treasures, a rich and immense booty".

text: The siege of Jerusalem in 597 BCE led to the city being overcome by the Babylonians, who then took the young King Jehoiachin into Babylonian captivity, together with most of the aristocracy. Zedekiah, who had been placed on the throne by Nebuchadnezzar (the Babylonian king), rebelled, and Nebuchadnezzar, who at the time (587/586 BCE) was ruler of a most powerful empire, recaptured the city, killed Zedekiah's descendants in front of him, and plucked out Zedekiah's eyes so that that would be the last thing he ever saw. The Babylonians then took Zedekiah into captivity, along with prominent members of Judah. The Babylonians then burnt the temple, destroyed the city's walls, and appointed Gedaliah son of Achikam as governor of Judah. After 52 days of rule, Yishmael, son of Netaniah, a surviving descendant of Zedekiah, assassinated Gedaliah after encouragement by Baalis, the king of Ammon. Some of the remaining population of Judah, fearing the vengeance of Nebuchadnezzar, fled to Egypt.

text: Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period

text: This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: According to the Bible, and perhaps corroborated by the Cyrus Cylinder, after several decades of captivity in Babylon and the Achaemenid conquest of Babylonia, Cyrus II of Persia allowed the Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the Temple. The books of Ezra-Nehemiah record that the construction of the Second Temple was finished in the sixth year of Darius the Great (516 BCE), following which Artaxerxes I sent Ezra and then Nehemiah to rebuild the city's walls and to govern the Yehud province within the Eber-Nari satrapy. These events represent the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible.[24]

text: During this period, Aramaic-inscribed "Yehud coinage" were produced – these are believed to have been minted in or near Jerusalem, although none of the coins bear a mint mark.

text: Classical antiquity

text: Hellenistic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic/Seleucid) period

text: When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, Jerusalem and Judea fell under Greek control and Hellenistic influence. After the Wars of the Diadochoi following Alexander's death, Jerusalem and Judea fell under Ptolemaic control under Ptolemy I and continued minting Yehud coinage. In 198 BCE, as a result of the Battle of Panium, Ptolemy V lost Jerusalem and Judea to the Seleucids under Antiochus the Great.

text: Under the Seleucids many Jews had become Hellenized and with their assistance tried to Hellenize Jerusalem, eventually culminating in a rebellion by the High Priest Matityahu ben Yoḥanan and his five sons: Simon, Yochanan, Eleazar, Jonathan and Yehuda ha-Makabi, also known as the Maccabees. As a result of the rebellion, Jerusalem became the capital of the independent Hasmonean Kingdom.

text: Hasmonean Period

text: The Hasmonean Kingdom lasted for 103 years. It was ruled by Simon Maccabaeus, the son of Matityahu; then by his son Yochanan, known as John Hyrcanus, who started minting his own Hasmonean coins; then by his son Yehuda Aristobulus; then by his wife Salome Alexandra; then by his brother Alexander Yannai; then by his sons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. When the brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus each asked for Rome to intervene on their behalf, Judea fell under the greater rule of Rome as an autonomous province but still with a significant amount of independence. The last Hasmonean king was Aristobulus' son Antigonus II Matityahu.

text: Roman Jerusalem

text: In 37 BCE, Herod the Great captured Jerusalem after forty-day siege, ending Hasmonean rule. Herod ruled the Province of Judea as a client-king of the Romans, rebuilt the Second Temple, upgraded the surrounding complex, and expanded the minting of coins to many denominations. Pliny the Elder, writing of Herod's achievements, called Jerusalem "the most famous by far of the Eastern cities and not only the cities of Judea." The Talmud comments that "He who has not seen the Temple of Herod has never seen a beautiful building in his life." And Tacitus wrote that "Jerusalem is the capital of the Jews. In it was a Temple possessing enormous riches."[25]

text: Herod also built Caesarea Maritima which replaced Jerusalem as the capital of the Roman province.[Note 5] In 6 CE, following Herod's death in 4 BCE, Judea and the city of Jerusalem came under direct Roman rule through Roman prefects, procurators, and legates (see List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers). Nevertheless, Herod's descendants remained nominal kings of Iudaea Province as Agrippa I (41–44) and Agrippa II (48–100).

text: In 66 CE, the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire in what is now known as the First Jewish–Roman War or Great Revolt. Roman legions under future emperor Titus reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Also the Second Temple was burnt and all that remained was the great external (retaining) walls supporting the esplanade on which the Temple had stood, a portion of which has become known as the Western Wall. Titus' victory is commemorated by the Arch of Titus in Rome. Agrippa II died c. 94 CE, which brought the Herodian dynasty to an end almost thirty years after the destruction of the Second Temple. After the end of this revolt, Jews continued to live in Jerusalem in significant numbers,[citation needed] and were allowed to practice their religion, only if they paid the Jewish Tax.

text: In the 1st century CE, Jerusalem became the birthplace of Early Christianity. According to the New Testament, it is the location of the crucifixion, resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ (see also Jerusalem in Christianity). It was in Jerusalem that, according to the Acts of the Apostles, the Apostles of Christ received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and first began preaching the Gospel and proclaiming his resurrection. Jerusalem eventually became an early centers of Christianity and home to one of the five Patriarchates of the Christian Church. After the Great Schism, it remained a part of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

text: Roman Aelia Capitolina period

text: What is today known as the "Old City" was laid out by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century, when he began to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city. In 130, Hadrian visited the ruins of Jerusalem remaining after the First Jewish-Roman War of 66–73. He rebuilt the city, renaming it Aelia Capitolina in 135 CE. Hadrian placed the city's main Roman Forum at the junction of the main Cardo and Decumanus, now the location of the (smaller) Muristan. Hadrian built a large temple to Jupiter Capitolinus, which later became the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[27] He placed restrictions on some Jewish practices, which caused a revolt led by Simon Bar Kokhba. Hadrian responded with overwhelming force, putting down the rebellion, killing as many as a half million Jews, and resettling the city as a Roman colonia. Jews were forbidden to enter the city but for a single day of the year, Tisha B'Av, (the Ninth of Av), the fast day on which Jews mourn the destruction of both Temples. For the next 150 years, the city remained a relatively unimportant pagan Roman town.

text: Post-Crisis Roman and Early Byzantine Empire period

text: The Emperor Constantine, however, rebuilt Jerusalem as a Christian center of worship, building the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 335. Jerusalem had received special recognition in Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea in 325. Constantine's mother, Helena, made a pilgrimage to the city and claimed to have recovered the cross of Christ. Jews were still banned from the city throughout the remainder of its time as a Roman province, except during a brief period of Persian rule from 614 to 629.

text: Middle Ages

text: Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period

text: Although the Qur'an does not mention the name "Jerusalem", the hadith assert that it was from Jerusalem that Muhammad ascended to heaven in the Night Journey, or Isra and Miraj.[citation needed] The city was one of the Arab Caliphate's first conquests in 638 CE; according to Arab historians of the time, the Rashidun Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab personally went to the city to receive its submission, cleaning out and praying at the Temple Mount in the process. Sixty years later the Dome of the Rock was built, a structure enshrining a stone from which Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven during the Isra. (The octagonal and gold-sheeted Dome is not the Al-Aqsa Mosque to the south, the latest version of which was built more than three centuries later). Umar ibn al-Khattab also allowed the Jews back into the city and freedom to live and worship after four hundred years.

text: Under the early centuries of Muslim rule, especially during the Umayyad (650–750) and Abbasid (750–969) dynasties, the city prospered; geographers Ibn Hawqal and al-Istakhri (10th century) describe it as "the most fertile province of Palestine",[citation needed] while its native son, the geographer al-Muqaddasi (born 946) devoted many pages to its praises in his most famous work, The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Climes. Under Muslim rule Jerusalem did not achieve the political or cultural status enjoyed by the capitals Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo etc. Interestingly, al-Muqaddasi derives his name from the Arabic name for Jerusalem, Bayt al-Muqaddas, which is linguistically equivalent to the Hebrew Beit Ha-Mikdash, the Holy House.

text: Fatimid period

text: The early Arab period was also one of religious tolerance.[citation needed] However, in the early 11th century, the Egyptian Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the destruction of all churches. In 1033, there was another earthquake, severely damaging the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir rebuilt and completely renovated the mosque between 1034 and 1036. The number of naves was drastically reduced from fifteen to seven.[28] Az-Zahir built the four arcades of the central hall and aisle, which presently serve as the foundation of the mosque. The central aisle was double the width of the other aisles and had a large gable roof upon which the dome—made of wood—was constructed.[29] Persian geographer, Nasir Khusraw describes the Aqsa Mosque during a visit in 1047:

text: The Haram Area (Noble Sanctuary) lies in the eastern part of the city; and through the bazaar of this (quarter) you enter the Area by a great and beautiful gateway (Dargah)... After passing this gateway, you have on the right two great colonnades (Riwaq), each of which has nine-and-twenty marble pillars, whose capitals and bases are of colored marbles, and the joints are set in lead. Above the pillars rise arches, that are constructed, of masonry, without mortar or cement, and each arch is constructed of no more than five or six blocks of stone. These colonnades lead down to near the Maqsurah.[30]

text: Seljuk period

text: Under Az-Zahir's successur al-Mustansir Billah, the Fatimid Caliphate entered a period of instability and decline, as factions fought for power in Cairo. In 1071, Jerusalem was captured by the Turkish warlord warlord Atsiz ibn Uvaq, who seized most of Syria and Palestine as part of the expansion of the Seljuk Turks throughout the Middle East. As the Turks were staunch Sunnis, they were opposed not only to the Fatimids, but also to the numerous Shia Muslims, who saw themselves removed from dominance after a century of Fatimid rule. In 1176, riots between Sunnis and Shiites in Jerusalem led to a massacre of the latter. Although the Christians of the city were left unmolested, and allowed access to the Christian holy sites, the wars with Byzantium and the general instability in Syria impeded the arrival pilgrims from Europe. The Seljuks also forbade the repair of any church, despite the damages suffered in the recent turmoils. There does not appear to have been a significant Jewish community in the city at this time.

text: In 1086, the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Tutush I, appointed Artuk Bey governor of Jerusalem. Artuk died in 1091, and his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi succeeded him. In August 1098, while the Seljuks were distracted by the arrival of the First Crusade in Syria, the Fatimids under vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah appeared before the city and laid siege to it. After six weeks, the Seljuk garrison capitulated and was allowed to leave for Damascus and Diyar Bakr. The Fatimid takeover was followed by the expulsion of most of the Sunnis, in which many of them were also killed.

text: Crusader period

text: Fatimid control of Jerusalem ended when it was captured by Crusaders in July 1099. The capture was accompanied by a massacre of almost all of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Godfrey of Bouillon, was elected Lord of Jerusalem on 22 July 1099, but did not assume the royal crown and died a year later.[31] Barons offered the lordship of Jerusalem to Godfrey's brother Baldwin, Count of Edessa, who had himself crowned by the Patriarch Daimbert on Christmas Day 1100 in the basilica of Bethlehem.[31]

text: Christian settlers from the West set about rebuilding the principal shrines associated with the life of Christ. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was ambitiously rebuilt as a great Romanesque church, and Muslim shrines on the Temple Mount (the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque) were converted for Christian purposes. It is during this period of Frankish occupation that the Military Orders of the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar have their beginnings. Both grew out of the need to protect and care for the great influx of pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem in the 12th century.

text: Ayyubid, Bahri Mamluk and Burji Mamluk period

text: The Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted until 1291; however, Jerusalem itself was recaptured by Saladin in 1187 (see Siege of Jerusalem (1187)), who permitted worship of all religions. According to Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, German Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. Thus when the knights of the First Crusade came to besiege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to the German city of Worms to repay the favor.[32] Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakic questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century.[33]

text: In 1173 Benjamin of Tudela visited Jerusalem. He described it as a small city full of Jacobites, Armenians, Greeks, and Georgians. Two hundred Jews dwelt in a corner of the city under the Tower of David. In 1219 the walls of the city were razed by order of al-Mu'azzam, the Ayyubid sultan of Damascus. This rendered Jerusalem defenseless and dealt a heavy blow to the city's status. The Ayyubids destroyed the walls in expectation of ceding the city to the Crusaders as part of a peace treaty. In 1229, by treaty with Egypt's ruler al-Kamil, Jerusalem came into the hands of Frederick II of Germany. In 1239, after a ten-year truce expired, he began to rebuild the walls; these were again demolished by an-Nasir Da'ud, the emir of Kerak, in the same year.

text: In 1243 Jerusalem came again into the power of the Christians, and the walls were repaired. The Khwarezmian Empire took the city in 1244 and were in turn driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247. In 1260 the Mongols under Hulagu Khan engaged in raids into Palestine. It is unclear if the Mongols were ever in Jerusalem, as it was not seen as a settlement of strategic importance at the time. However, there are reports that some of the Jews that were in Jerusalem temporarily fled to neighboring villages.[citation needed]

text: In 1267 the Jewish Catalan sage Nahmanides travelled to Jerusalem. In the Old City he established the Ramban Synagogue, the second oldest active synagogue in Jerusalem, after that of the Karaite Jews built about 300 years earlier. In the middle of the 13th century, Jerusalem was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate.

text: Early modern period

text: The first provincial or superior of the Franciscan religious order, founded by Francis of Assisi, was Brother Elia from Assisi. In the year 1219 the founder himself visited the region in order to preach the Gospel to the Muslims, seen as brothers and not enemies. The mission resulted in a meeting with the sultan of Egypt, Malik al-Kamil, who was surprised by his unusual behaviour. The Franciscan Province of the East extended to Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, and the Holy Land. Before the taking over of Acre (on 18 May 1291), Franciscan friaries were present at Acre, Sidon, Antioch, Tripoli, Jaffa, and Jerusalem.[34]

text: From Cyprus, where they took refuge at the end of the Latin Kingdom, the Franciscans started planning a return to Jerusalem, given the good political relations between the Christian governments and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Around the year 1333 the French friar Roger Guerin succeeded in buying the Cenacle[35] (the room where the Last Supper took place) on Mount Zion and some land to build a monastery nearby for the friars, using funds provided by the king and queen of Naples. With two papal bullae, Gratias Agimus and Nuper Carissimae, dated in Avignon, 21 November 1342, Pope Clement VI approved and created the new entity which would be known as the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land (Custodia Terrae Sanctae).[34][36]

text: The friars, coming from any of the Order's provinces, under the jurisdiction of the father guardian (superior) of the monastery on Mount Zion, were present in Jerusalem, in the Cenacle, in the church of the Holy Sepulcher, and in the Basilica of the Nativity at Bethlehem. Their principal activity was to ensure liturgical life in these Christian sanctuaries and to give spiritual assistance to the pilgrims coming from the West, to European merchants resident or passing through the main cities of Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon, and to have a direct and authorized relation with the Eastern Christianity Oriental communities.[34]

text: The monastery on Mount Zion was used by Brother Alberto da Sarteano for his papal mission for the union of the Oriental Christians (Greeks, Copts, and Ethiopians) with Rome during the Council of Florence (1440). For the same reason the party guided by Brother Giovanni di Calabria halted in Jerusalem on his way to meet the Christian Negus of Ethiopia (1482).[34]

text: In 1482, the visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a dwelling place of diverse nations of the world, and is, as it were, a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a possible Druze sect and Mamluks. Christians and Jews alike in Jerusalem lived in great poverty and in conditions of great deprivation, there are not many Christians but there are many Jews, and these the Muslims persecute in various ways."[37] Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".[38]

text: In 1551 the Friars were expelled by the Turks[39] from the Cenacle and from their adjoining monastery. However, they were granted permission to purchase a Georgian monastery of nuns in the northwest quarter of the city, which became the new center of the Custody in Jerusalem and developed into the Latin Convent of Saint Saviour [40] (known as Dayr al Ātīn دير الاتين دير اللاتين Arabic)[41])[34]

text:
Old Yishuv

Jewish life in the Land of Israel under Ottoman rule

Key events

Aliya of Nachmanides (1267)
Alhambra (1492)
Manuel I decree (1496)
Hebron and Safed massacres (1517)
Revival of Tiberias (1563)
Sack of Tiberias (1660)
Hebron massacre (1834)
Safed attack (1838)
Jerusalem expansion
Moshavot establishment

Key figures

Ishtori Haparchi (d. 1313)
Joseph Saragossi (d. 1507)
Obadiah MiBartenura (d. 1515)
Levi ibn Habib (d. 1545)
Jacob Berab (d. 1546)
Joseph Nasi (d. 1579)
Moses Galante (d. 1689)
Moses ibn Habib (d. 1696)
Yehuda he-Hasid (d. 1700)
Haim Abulafia (d. 1744)
Menachem Mendel (d. 1788)
Haim Farhi (d. 1820)
Jacob Saphir (d. 1886)
Haim Aharon Valero (d. 1923)

Economy

Etrog cultivation
Winemaking
Banking
Printing
Soap production
Textiles

Philanthropy

Kollel
Halukka

Montefiore
Judah Touro

Communities

Musta'arabim
Sephardim
Perushim
Hasidim

Jerusalem

Mea Shearim
Mishkenot Sha'ananim

Hebron
Safed
Tiberias
Jaffa
Haifa
Peki'in
Acco
Shechem
Gaza
Kafr Yasif
Shefa-'Amr
Petah Tikva

Synagogues

Great Academy of Paris (1258)
Ramban (1267)
Abuhav (1490s)
Abraham Avinu (1540)
Ari (1570s)
Johanan ben Zakai (1600s)
Hurva (1700)
Tifereth Israel (1872)

Related articles

History of the Jews and Judaism
in the Land of Israel

Four Holy Cities
Applicability of religious laws

History of Zionism

Timeline
Pre-Modern Aliyah
Return to Zion
Three Oaths
Haredim and Zionism

Edah HaChareidis
ShaDaR

v
t
e

text: Early Ottoman period

text: In 1517, Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent, including the construction of the walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem (although some foundations were remains of genuine antique walls). The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of "religious peace"; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation.[citation needed]

text: In 1700, Judah HeHasid led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to the Land of Israel in centuries. His disciples built the Hurva Synagogue, which served as the main synagogue in Jerusalem from the 18th century until 1948, when it was destroyed by the Arab Legion.[Note 6] The synagogue was rebuilt in 2010.

text: Between 1703 and 1705, Jerusalem's Muslim religious leadership and the majority of its inhabitants revolted against the Ottoman governor of the district, Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram in what became known as the Naqib al-Ashraf Revolt. During the course of the revolt, Jerusalem's residents administered their own affairs, engaging in virtual self-rule, until the central Ottoman authorities restored their control over the city.[citation needed]

text: Modern era

text: Decline of the Ottoman Empire

text: In the mid-19th century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the city was a backwater, with a population that did not exceed 8,000. Nevertheless, it was, even then, an extremely heterogeneous city because of its significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The population was divided into four major communities – Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Armenian – and the first three of these could be further divided into countless subgroups, based on precise religious affiliation or country of origin. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was meticulously partitioned between the Greek Orthodox, Catholic, Armenian, Coptic, and Ethiopian churches. Tensions between the groups ran so deep that the keys to the shrine and its doors were safeguarded by a pair of 'neutral' Muslim families.

text: At the time, the communities were located mainly around their primary shrines. The Muslim community surrounded the Haram ash-Sharif or Temple Mount (northeast), the Christians lived mainly in the vicinity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (northwest), the Jews lived mostly on the slope above the Western Wall (southeast), and the Armenians lived near the Zion Gate (southwest). In no way was this division exclusive, though it did form the basis of the four quarters during the British Mandate (1917–1948).

text: Several changes with long-lasting effects on the city occurred in the mid-19th century: their implications can be felt today and lie at the root of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict over Jerusalem. The first of these was a trickle of Jewish immigrants from the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The first such immigrants were Orthodox Jews: some were elderly individuals, who came to die in Jerusalem and be buried on the Mount of Olives; others were students, who came with their families to await the coming of the Messiah, adding new life to the local population. At the same time, European colonial powers began seeking toeholds in the city, hoping to expand their influence pending the imminent collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This was also an age of Christian religious revival, and many churches sent missionaries to proselytize among the Muslim and especially the Jewish populations, believing that this would speed the Second Coming of Christ. Finally, the combination of European colonialism and religious zeal was expressed in a new scientific interest in the biblical lands in general and Jerusalem in particular. Archeological and other expeditions made some spectacular finds, which increased interest in Jerusalem even more.[citation needed]

text: By the 1860s, the city, with an area of only one square kilometer, was already overcrowded. Thus began the construction of the New City, the part of Jerusalem outside of the city walls. Seeking new areas to stake their claims, the Russian Orthodox Church began constructing a complex, now known as the Russian Compound, a few hundred meters from Jaffa Gate. The first attempt at residential settlement outside the walls of Jerusalem was undertaken by Jews, who built a small complex on the hill overlooking Zion Gate, across the Valley of Hinnom. This settlement, known as Mishkenot Sha'ananim, eventually flourished and set the precedent for other new communities to spring up to the west and north of the Old City. In time, as the communities grew and connected geographically, this became known as the New City.

text: In 1882, around 150 Jewish families arrived in Jerusalem from Yemen. Initially they were not accepted by the Jews of Jerusalem and lived in destitute conditions supported by the Christians of the Swedish-American colony, who called them Gadites.[43] In 1884, the Yemenites moved into Silwan.

text: British Mandate period

text: The British were victorious over the Ottomans in the Middle East during World War I and victory in Palestine was a step towards dismemberment of that empire. General Sir Edmund Allenby, commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, entered Jerusalem on foot out of respect for the Holy City, on 11 December 1917.[44]

text: By the time General Allenby took Jerusalem from the Ottomans in 1917, the new city was a patchwork of neighborhoods and communities, each with a distinct ethnic character. This continued under British rule, as the New City of Jerusalem grew outside the old city walls and the Old City of Jerusalem gradually emerged as little more than an impoverished older neighborhood. Sir Ronald Storrs, the first British military governor of the city, issued a town planning order requiring new buildings in the city to be faced with sandstone and thus preserving some of the overall look of the city even as it grew.[45] During the 1930s, two important new institutions, the Hadassah Medical Center and Hebrew University were founded on Jerusalem's Mount Scopus.

text: British rule marked, however, a period of growing unrest. Arab resentment at British rule and the influx of Jewish immigrants (by 1948 one in six Jews in Palestine lived in Jerusalem) boiled over in anti-Jewish riots in Jerusalem in 1920, 1929, and the 1930s that caused significant damage and several deaths. The Jewish community organized self-defense forces in response to the Jerusalem pogrom of April 1920 and later disturbances; while other Jewish groups carried out bombings and attacks against the British, especially in response to suspected complicity with the Arabs and restrictions on immigration during World War II imposed by the White Paper of 1939.[citation needed] The level of violence continued to escalate throughout the 1930s and 1940s. In July 1946 members of the underground Zionist group Irgun blew up a part of the King David Hotel, where the British forces were temporarily located, an act which led to the death of 91 civilians.

text: On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly approved a plan which would partition the British Mandate of Palestine into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. Each state would be composed of three major sections, linked by extraterritorial crossroads, plus an Arab enclave at Jaffa. Expanded Jerusalem would fall under international control as a Corpus Separatum.

text:
Jewish Legion soldiers at the Western Wall after taking part in 1917 British conquest of Jerusalem

Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem during 1944 British demolition of recent construction obscuring the historic city walls

Main residential areas of Jerusalem in 1947

The Jerusalem boundary in 1947 and the proposed boundary of a Corpus Separatum.

text: Partition between Israel and Jordan

text: After partition, the fight for Jerusalem escalated, with heavy casualties among both fighters and civilians on the British, Jewish, and Arab sides. By the end of March 1948, just before the British withdrawal, and with the British increasingly reluctant to intervene, the roads to Jerusalem were cut off by Arab irregulars, placing the Jewish population of the city under siege. The siege was eventually broken, though massacres of civilians occurred on both sides,[citation needed] before the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began with the end of the British Mandate in May 1948.

text: The 1948 Arab–Israeli War led to massive displacement of Arab and Jewish populations. According to Benny Morris, due to mob and militia violence on both sides, 1,500 of the 3,500 (mostly ultra-Orthodox) Jews in the Old City evacuated to west Jerusalem as a unit.[46] See also Jewish Quarter. The comparatively populous Arab village of Lifta (today within the bounds of Jerusalem) was captured by Israeli troops in 1948, and its residents were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem.[46][47][48] The villages of Deir Yassin, Ein Karem and Malcha, as well as neighborhoods to the west of Jerusalem's Old City such as Talbiya, Katamon, Baka, Mamilla and Abu Tor, also came under Israeli control, and their residents were forcibly displaced;[citation needed] in some cases, as documented by Israeli historian Benny Morris and Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, among others, expulsions and massacres occurred.[46][49]

text: In May 1948 the US Consul, Thomas C. Wasson, was assassinated outside the YMCA building. Four months later the UN mediator, Count Bernadotte, was also shot dead in the Katamon district of Jerusalem by the Jewish Stern Group.[citation needed]

text: Division between Jordan and Israel (1948–1967)

text: The United Nations proposed, in its 1947 plan for the partition of Palestine, for Jerusalem to be a city under international administration. The city was to be completely surrounded by the Arab state, with only a highway to connect international Jerusalem to the Jewish state.

text: Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided. The Western half of the New City became part of the newly formed state of Israel, while the eastern half, along with the Old City, was occupied by Jordan. According to David Guinn,

text: Concerning Jewish holy sites, Jordan breached its commitment to appoint a committee to discuss, among other topics, free access of Jews to the holy sites under its jurisdiction, mainly in the Western Wall and the important Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives, as provided in the Article 8.2 of the Cease Fire Agreement between it and Israel dated April 3, 1949. Jordan permitted the paving of new roads in the cemetery, and tombstones were used for paving in Jordanian army camps. The Cave of Shimon the Just became a stable.[50]

text: According to Gerald M. Steinberg, Jordan ransacked 57 ancient synagogues, libraries and centers of religious study in the Old City Of Jerusalem, 12 were totally and deliberately destroyed. Those that remained standing were defaced, used for housing of both people and animals. Appeals were made to the United Nations and in the international community to declare the Old City to be an 'open city' and stop this destruction, but there was no response.[51] (See also Hurva Synagogue)

text: On 23 January 1950, the Knesset passed a resolution that stated Jerusalem was the capital of Israel.[52] It is also the largest city in the country.

text: State of Israel

text: East Jerusalem was captured by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1967 Six Day War. The Moroccan Quarter containing several hundred homes was demolished and its inhabitants expelled; thereafter a public plaza was built in its place adjoining the Western Wall. However, the Waqf (Islamic trust) was granted administration of the Temple Mount and thereafter Jewish prayer on the site was prohibited by both Israeli and Waqf authorities.

text: Most Jews celebrated the event as a liberation of the city; a new Israeli holiday was created, Jerusalem Day (Yom Yerushalayim), and the most popular secular Hebrew song, "Jerusalem of Gold" (Yerushalayim shel zahav), became popular in celebration. Many large state gatherings of the State of Israel take place at the Western Wall today, including the swearing-in of various Israel army officers units, national ceremonies such as memorial services for fallen Israeli soldiers on Yom Hazikaron, huge celebrations on Yom Ha'atzmaut (Israel Independence Day), huge gatherings of tens of thousands on Jewish religious holidays, and ongoing daily prayers by regular attendees. The Western Wall has become a major tourist destination spot.

text: Under Israeli control, members of all religions are largely granted access to their holy sites. The major exceptions being security limitations placed on some Arabs from the West Bank and Gaza Strip from accessing holy sites due to their inadmissibility to Jerusalem, as well as limitations on Jews from visiting the Temple Mount due to both politically motivated restrictions (where they are allowed to walk on the Mount in small groups, but are forbidden to pray or study while there) and religious edicts that forbid Jews from trespassing on what may be the site of the Holy of the Holies. Concerns have been raised about possible attacks on the al-Aqsa Mosque after a serious fire broke in the mosque in 1969 (started by Denis Michael Rohan, an Australian fundamentalist Christian found by the court to be insane). Riots broke out following the opening of an exit in the Arab Quarter for the Western Wall Tunnel on the instructions of the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, which prior Prime Minister Shimon Peres had instructed to be put on hold for the sake of peace (stating "it has waited for over 1000 years, it could wait a few more").

text: Conversely, Israeli and other Jews have showed concerns over excavations being done by the Waqf on the Temple Mount that could harm Temple Relics, particularly excavations to the north of Solomon's Stables that were designed to create an emergency exit for them (having been pressured to do so by Israeli authorities).[53] Some Jewish sources allege that the Waqf's excavations in Solomon's Stables also seriously harmed the Southern Wall; however an earthquake in 2004 that damaged the eastern wall could also be to blame.

text: The status of East Jerusalem remains a highly controversial issue. The international community does not recognize the annexation of the eastern part of the city, and most countries, including the US, maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv. The United States Congress has pledged to move its embassy to Jerusalem, subject to Presidential approval, which has not been forthcoming as the peace process continues. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared that the Knesset's 1980 "Jerusalem Law" declaring Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". This resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. The council has also condemned Israeli settlement in territories captured in 1967, including East Jerusalem (see UNSCR 452, 465 and 741).

text: Since Israel gained control over East Jerusalem in 1967, Jewish settler organizations have sought to establish a Jewish presence in neighborhoods such as Silwan.[54][55] In the 1980s, Haaretz reports, the Housing Ministry "then under Ariel Sharon, worked hard to seize control of property in the Old City and in the adjacent neighborhood of Silwan by declaring them absentee property. The suspicion arose that some of the transactions were not legal; an examination committee ... found numerous flaws." In particular, affidavits claiming that Arab homes in the area were absentee properties, filed by Jewish organizations, were accepted by the Custodian without any site visits or other follow-up on the claims.[56] ElAd, a settlement organization[57][58][59][60] which Haaretz says promotes the "Judaization" of East Jerusalem,[61] and the Ateret Cohanim organization, are working to increase Jewish settlement in Silwan in cooperation with the Committee for the Renewal of the Yemenite Village in Shiloah.[62]

text: See Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem).

text: Graphical overview of Jerusalem's historical periods

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ "No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people."[5]
Jump up ^ "For three thousand years, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be 'Jerusalem.'"[6]
Jump up ^ "Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland: Canaanites, Jebusites, Philistines from Crete, Anatolian and Lydian Greeks, Hebrews, Amorites, Edomites, Nabateans, Arameans, Romans, Arabs, and European crusaders, to name a few. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as Ancient Egyptians, Hittites, Persians, Babylonians, and Mongols, were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine. The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity – albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and Arabic culture."[7]
Jump up ^ "(With reference to Palestinians in Ottoman times) Although proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the 7th century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations."[8]
Jump up ^ "When Judea was converted into a Roman province in 6 CE, Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities (Sebaste, Caesarea and others)."[26]
Jump up ^ "This was not done in the heat of battle, but by official order. Explosives were placed carefully and thoughtfully under the springing points of the domes, of the great Hurva synagogue."[42]

tag: ol


document_title: Fringe (season 4)

question_text: when does olivia remember peter in season 4

root

text: Fringe (season 4)

text: Season summary[edit]

text: Peter's use of the Wave Form Device to create a bridge between the two universes has caused him to erase himself from the timeline; a new timeline, in which young Peter was not saved by September after falling through the ice of Reiden Lake in 1985 after Walter's crossing, is set in motion. Despite the absence of Peter, the bridge has created a healing effect on the parallel universe, and both Fringe teams resolve their former differences and begin to work together.

tag: p

text: Olivia and (now more sheltered and reclusive) Walter continue to explore Fringe events, but are aware of a memory of Peter that haunts them. Due to their actions, Peter suddenly materializes in this timeline, though his identity is not initially known nor is he trusted. However, as he spends time with the Fringe team, Olivia starts to gain memories of the original timeline, and though both are initially worried about this effect, allow it to continue on, rediscovering their romance from before. During one case, a wounded September appears to Olivia, warning her that she dies in every future that he can see, before disappearing. September later appears to Peter after he activates a strange artifact, which acted like a homing beacon to September. September explains the other Observers hid this universe from him purposely, and that this timeline is Peter's true home.

text: As part of the change of the original timeline, David Robert Jones remains alive and is able to cross back and forth between the two universes, using an advanced army of shapeshifters, the parallel universe's version of Nina Sharp, and the parallel Broyles, whom he has blackmailed to initiate events. He gathers a large collection of the mineral amphilicite, which enables him to build devices that can merge the two universes together for disastrous results. Both Fringe teams fear that a larger plan is afoot, and later, when Jones is able to trigger microquakes across the globe in both universes simultaneously, the two sides agree that Jones must be stopped before both worlds are destroyed.

text: Their first action is to disable the bridge created by the Wave Form Device, believing this enables the simultaneous events, but this proves ineffective. The prime universe Fringe team continues to track Jones' actions, and discover that he is in the employ of William Bell, still alive in this timeline, who seeks to destroy both universes as to create a void for a third one to be made, with Olivia's Cortexiphan abilities enabling this event to occur. In a stalemate, Walter shoots Olivia in the head with a bullet, disrupting Bell's plan, and as Bell escapes, Walter helps to extract the bullet from Olivia, her Cortexiphan healing her body.

text: After Olivia's recovery, she finds herself pregnant with Peter's child. Walter is approached by September and told that "they are coming", alluding to a future in 2036 where the Observers have taken over humanity.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Anna Torv as Olivia Dunham (21 episodes)
Joshua Jackson as Peter Bishop (22 episodes)
John Noble as Dr. Walter Bishop (22 episodes)
Lance Reddick as Phillip Broyles (21 episodes)
Blair Brown as Nina Sharp (14 episodes)
Jasika Nicole as Astrid Farnsworth (22 episodes)
Seth Gabel as Lincoln Lee (17 episodes)

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Michael Cerveris as September/The Observer (6 episodes)
Jared Harris as David Robert Jones (5 episodes)
Michelle Krusiec as Nadine Park (3 episodes)
Eugene Lipinski as December (3 episodes)
Leonard Nimoy as Dr. William Bell (3 episodes)
Orla Brady as Elizabeth Bishop (2 episodes)
Rebecca Mader as Jessica Holt (2 episodes)
Ryan McDonald as Brandon Fayette (1 episode)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

66
1
"Neither Here Nor There"
Joe Chappelle
Story by: Jeff Pinkner & J. H. Wyman & Akiva Goldsman
Teleplay by: J. H. Wyman & Jeff Pinkner
September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23)
3X7001
3.48[2]

A week passes after the Fringe divisions in both universes have begun to work together to solve the impending collapse. Olivia investigates a case where Lincoln Lee from the prime universe witnessed a man with translucent skin attacking and killing his partner Robert (guest star Joe Flanigan) while tracking a sale of illegal weapons. Lincoln insists on following Olivia and the division around to solve the case for his partner's sake and he discovers that there is more than one victim and multiple bodies have turned up undisclosed by the Fringe division. They eventually track down not one, but two killers with the same translucent skin at their hideout and kill them, but not before the killers burn their research notes and a third suspect, unobserved, gets away. Olivia decides to bring Lincoln into the loop and have him visit the hangar with the doomsday device with both teams setting up inside the facility. Lincoln meets Fauxlivia as she is being informed by Olivia about a biological device recovered from one of the killer's bodies. Olivia deduces they are a new form of shapeshifters originated from humans. Throughout the episode, Peter Bishop appears and disappears and Walter gets a fright upon seeing him although not recognizing him due to the changed timeline. The Observer is sent to "correct" the timeline by erasing Peter's presence completely but does not go through in the end, while Walter is shocked to see Peter appear again on the reflection of his TV screen at the end of the episode.

67
2
"One Night in October"
Brad Anderson
Alison Schapker & Monica Owusu-Breen
September 30, 2011 (2011-09-30)
3X7002
3.05[3]

The parallel universe Fringe division requests the prime universe's counterparts to help capture a highly intelligent serial killer, John McClellan, who has killed his victims by freezing their brain while experiencing the happier moments of their life. The parallel universe's Olivia wants Olivia to escort the prime universe's version of John, a professor in forensic psychology, to track down his movements, but without revealing the existence of the parallel universe to him. John helps to identify the killer's movements, but soon comes to realize that he is in the parallel universe, and escapes from the Fringe team. He ultimately meets with his doppelganger, and together they discover that though sharing the same life as a boy, their lives diverged due to the presence of a woman named Marjorie in the prime John's life that helped to soothe his homicidal tendencies. The parallel universe's John uses his equipment to experience the joy of Marjorie from his counterpart, but becomes distraught over his actions and commits suicide. The experience traumatizes the prime universe's John, removing the memories of his experience in the parallel universe and of Marjorie. At the end of the episode, Walter starts hearing Peter's voice, begging for his help.

68
3
"Alone in the World"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Fury
October 7, 2011 (2011-10-07)
3X7003
3.18[4]

Two young bullies are found dead and in just a few hours they rot to an advanced state of decomposition. The Fringe team investigates and uncovers a fungus is behind the decay. The fungus is emotionally tied to a young boy, Aaron, who Walter bonds with while having more hallucinations of Peter. He fears he will be considered insane and put back in the mental institution if he tells anyone about them. When the Fringe team discovers the fungus can be killed using ultraviolet light, it becomes clear that due to his emotional connection with the fungus, Aaron would die too. Walter succeeds in severing the connection and the fungus is killed without Aaron being harmed. In the end, Walter finds out that Olivia has similar hallucinations of Peter and concludes that he is not insane.

69
4
"Subject 9"
Joe Chappelle
Jeff Pinkner & J. H. Wyman & Akiva Goldsman
October 14, 2011 (2011-10-14)
3X7004
3.16[5]

Olivia uncovers a dangerous force that may be connected to past experiments with the nootropic drug Cortexiphan. The investigation forces Walter to leave the lab for the first time in years and travel with Olivia to interview Cameron James, one of the Cortexiphan subjects Walter experimented on. After gaining James' help, his talent enables Peter Bishop to return to the timeline.

70
5
"Novation"
Paul Holahan
J. R. Orci & Graham Roland
November 4, 2011 (2011-11-04)
3X7005
3.21[6]

Peter Bishop has returned to the altered timeline, but no one recognizes him. Walter refuses to have anything to do with him. Meanwhile, the Fringe division deals with the threat of the translucent shapeshifters when a former Massive Dynamic scientist is taken by a shapeshifter, who forces him to create a serum that will enable them to change their form more quickly. Eventually, the shapeshifter escapes and the Fringe team is no closer than before.

71
6
"And Those We've Left Behind"
Brad Anderson
Robert Chiappetta & Glen Whitman
November 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)
3X7006
3.03[7]

All over Boston, time anomalies are occurring, looping back four years. The Fringe team traces the anomalies back to a married couple. The husband has used his wife's research to construct a machine that reverts their home to the state four years prior, before she fully suffered from rapid deterioration of Alzheimer's disease. He has been convincing her younger version to complete her research to allow him to stabilize the time bubble. With help from Walter, Peter enters the house, and he and the wife persuade the husband to shut down the machine, which is later disassembled by the FBI. The husband intends to rebuild it later, but he discovers that his wife has blacked out all the equations she had written down. In the end, Peter notes that the husband's success with the time bubble started simultaneously with his appearance in the alternate timeline.

72
7
"Wallflower"
Anthony Hemingway
Matthew Pitts & Justin Doble
November 18, 2011 (2011-11-18)
3X7007
2.88[8]

A man mysteriously dies by an invisible force. The Fringe Team traces it to an old experiment done by Massive Dynamic on a newborn baby who was born with an incurable genetic disease which allowed him to become invisible. Meanwhile, Olivia is suffering from sudden headaches, secretly revealed to be the work of Nina Sharp, who is dosing her nightly with Cortexiphan.

73
8
"Back to Where You've Never Been"
Jeannot Szwarc
David Fury & Graham Roland
January 13, 2012 (2012-01-13)
3X7008
2.87[9]

Wanting to return home, Peter gets the help of Olivia and Lincoln to travel to the alternate universe to try to find his way home, while the Fringe teams in both universes continue to deal with the threat of shapeshifters, as their origin mystery expands. Lincoln has his own purposes for crossing Over There, namely to spy on Secretary Bishop, much to Peter's concern. After nearly being shot by two Fringe agents, Peter is able to get his mother's help to see the Secretary, who is revealed not to be the cause of the shapeshifters. Meanwhile, while awaiting Lincoln and Peter's return, Olivia is visited by September, who warns her that she will die in all possible futures.

74
9
"Enemy of My Enemy"
Joe Chappelle
Monica Owusu-Breen & Alison Schapker
January 20, 2012 (2012-01-20)
3X7009
3.19[10]

The alternate Fringe team tracks the shapeshifters to a revived David Robert Jones, who survived the universe crossing with Peter's erasure from time. After capturing him, he initiates several terrorist attacks until he is released. After being released, he disappears only to appear in the prime universe to steal a rare mineral, 'Amphilicite', only to cross back to the parallel universe and disappear. In the wake of Jones' escape, the two universes agree to work together to defeat Jones and his army.

75
10
"Forced Perspective"
David Solomon
Ethan Gross
January 27, 2012 (2012-01-27)
3X7010
3.33[11]

Olivia copes with September's warning. Peter and the team track a girl who has predicted several deaths and drawn them in perfect detail. They discover that her name is Emily, and her father has been moving his family across country and changing their identities, trying to stay ahead of people he believes are trying to take Emily and experiment on her ability to see the future. He does not allow the Fringe team to help out any further, but Emily meets Olivia privately and shows her her latest picture: a pile of dead bodies. The drawing does not give enough information to guess where the deaths may occur, but Walter is able to pinpoint the location, a nearby courthouse, by hypnotizing Emily. The team races there, and the man who is about to blow up the courthouse is persuaded by Olivia to stand down. Emily's final drawing shows her own death, and she dies from an overload of electrical activity in her brain caused by her ability, with her father holding her.

76
11
"Making Angels"
Charles Beeson
Akiva Goldsman & J. H. Wyman & Jeff Pinkner
February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)
3X7011
3.20[12]

Alternate Astrid discreetly visits her counterpart to talk about her recently deceased father. Fauxlivia is sent to escort her back. Peter and Olivia track a killer targeting people who will die a painful death to save them from suffering, using a toxin from the future. With help from Alternate Astrid, they identify their man as a TSA agent who cleared all his victims prior. He gained knowledge of their future by solving certain equations when he was a mathematics professor at MIT. Having survived a car accident that took his father and twin brother, he overheard his mother saying that God had taken the wrong son, which motivated him to act as a savior. When the Fringe team is about to arrest him, he fires a gunshot towards Olivia, purposely missing her, upon which she returns fire and kills him. The parallel versions of Astrid and Olivia return to their universe after warm goodbyes. Two Observers, including December, learn the killer found the toxin he used on Reiden Lake; it had been lost by September when he had unsuccessfully tried to save Peter. December learns that Peter has reappeared in this timeline.

77
12
"Welcome to Westfield"
David Straiton
J. R. Orci & Graham Roland
February 10, 2012 (2012-02-10)
3X7012
3.05[13]

Peter, Olivia and Walter come face to face with a Fringe event as they get trapped in Westfield, Vermont, a town that there's no escaping from and most of whose inhabitants act delusionally. Walter realizes they have been fused with their doppelgangers from the parallel universe, giving them a new set of memories. The town has been merged with its counterpart too, which makes it unstable. When it is on the point of collapsing, Walter and Peter locate an area that acts like the eye of a storm, and lead all survivors there. The rest of Westfield vanishes. The remainder of the Fringe team is able to reach the survivors and help them; Olivia learns that they found several strange devices equipped with amphilicite planted around the perimeter of Westfield and believes them to have been set by David Robert Jones. Throughout her stay in Westfield, she has remembered more and more things from the original timeline. At the end of the episode, she kisses Peter as though they are still in a relationship.

78
13
"A Better Human Being"
Joe Chappelle
Story by: Glen Whitman & Robert Chiappetta
Teleplay by: Alison Schapker & Monica Owusu-Breen
February 17, 2012 (2012-02-17)
3X7013
3.00[14]

A reporter is murdered by three teenagers. The Fringe team learns that another teenager, Sean Martin, in a mental institution witnessed the murder at a long distance by hearing voices from "outside" his head. Analyzing blood from an assailant injured in the attack, Walter finds that Sean and the assailant must have a common ancestor. Olivia and Lincoln learn that Sean was conceived by in vitro fertilisation, and that the killed reporter had been looking into the process. Walter concludes that Sean is reading the thoughts of other in vitro children who are protecting themselves like animals in a hive. The doctor that performed the process, Dr. Frank, admits to the team that he modified and donated samples of his own DNA to re-introduce instinctive traits into humans, attempting to build "a better human being". As Olivia and Peter try to retrieve Dr. Frank's files, they are ambushed but manage to capture their attackers. However, a second pair of attackers kills Dr. Frank. Walter discovers that Olivia has recently been given doses of Cortexiphan. He and Lincoln confront Nina Sharp and demand an inspection of the Cortexiphan samples in Massive Dynamic's headquarters. Those samples have been replaced with food coloring, implicating Nina. Meanwhile, Olivia is abducted. She regains consciousness tied up opposite Nina, who is also tied up.

79
14
"The End of All Things"
Jeff Hunt
David Fury
February 24, 2012 (2012-02-24)
3X7014
3.08[15]

David Robert Jones holds Olivia and Nina captive, torturing Nina to activate Olivia's Cortexiphan-induced abilities. Olivia recognizes from Nina's answers to questions about their shared past that this Nina is in fact the one from the parallel universe. However, Olivia plays along, explaining to Nina that her abilities could only be activated by being near Peter. The Observer September appears in the lab, bleeding from a chest wound. With Walter's help, Peter enters the Observer's mind to learn of Olivia's location. He finds out that the Observers are scientists from one possible future of humanity. When September tried to observe the point where Peter's cure was discovered, he caused several unintended changes within the timeline, including the war between the two universes. September explains that Peter's reappearance may be a means to set things right, and insists he find a way to reunite with his original Olivia. Finally, September tells Peter to "go home". Peter wakes up in the lab, and September's body vanishes. Following September's advice, Peter returns to his home, from where he is abducted by Jones' men. He is brought to the same facility as Olivia and tied up. Olivia uses her powers to free herself and Peter, but Jones and Nina are able to escape. Peter tells Olivia that he fears he has been unintentionally imprinting his memories of "his" original Olivia onto her. Consequently, he leaves her.

80
15
"A Short Story About Love"
J. H. Wyman
J. H. Wyman & Graham Roland
March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)
3X7015
2.87[16]

Several wives have died shortly after the passing of their respective husbands. Discovering traces of the husbands' DNA on the bodies of the wives, Walter suspects that the killer is using pheromones taken from the husbands as a perfume to get close to the wives. They identify the murderer as a former employee of a perfume company, and are able to save his last intended victim and apprehend him. As he is taken away, he admits he was trying to discover what love was, so that he could reproduce it. During the investigation, Olivia realizes that she is in love with Peter. After the conclusion of the case, she tells Nina that she will let the memories she is gaining from Peter's original timeline override her own memories, even if this means she will forget the times she spent with Nina.
Simultaneous to these events, Peter has left Boston to stay away from Olivia, so as not to further erode her original memories. Walter calls him back, identifying that the Observer September has implanted something in Peter's eye during the events of the previous episode. The small disc reveals an address. Equipment found there enables Peter to bring back September, who explains that the other Observers hid the universe from him. In response to Peter's questions about trying to return to his own timeline, September states that Peter is actually home; he was never truly erased from time as his love for his friends and their love for him brought him back. September vanishes, and Peter and Olivia rejoin each other with a kiss.

81
16
"Nothing As It Seems"
Frederick E. O. Toye
Jeff Pinkner & Akiva Goldsman
March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)
3X7016
3.08[17]

A passenger, Marshall Bowman, on a plane transforms into a strange beast, due to a "designer virus" with which he has been injected. Peter recognizes this as a case from his original timeline but in this timeline, Bowman never fully transformed on the plane, allowing it to land safely. However, while under investigation by the TSA, Bowman transformed and attacked the agents before dying. Meanwhile, Olivia, having accepted the replacement of her memories with those from Peter's original timeline, is determined to be unfit for field work because she can't remember her "real" past. Lincoln Lee is put in charge of the Fringe team. Peter uses his recollection of the Bowman case to lead the team to Daniel Hicks, who was to receive the designer virus before he too transformed. Hicks, now transformed, escapes. The team finds out that the Hicks creature is nocturnal and can fly. Lincoln leads the team to stop the creature along with a woman who was caring for it. The creature is killed, while the woman is unable to supply answers about where the designer virus originated from. Phillip Broyles tells Olivia that while she may be losing part of her memories, she is still an asset and is allowed back to active duty. The episode ends on a reveal of a container ship that contains a number of other transformed humans and other creatures at sea.

82
17
"Everything in Its Right Place"
David Moxness
Story by: J. R. Orci & Matthew Pitts
Teleplay by: David Fury & J. R. Orci
April 6, 2012 (2012-04-06)
3X7017
3.01[18]

Lincoln Lee, following the death of his long-time partner and the recent changes in Olivia's memories that have caused her to forget her romantic meetings with him, struggles to find his place in the Fringe team. When running an errand in the parallel universe, he offers to help Fauxlivia with a case involving the murders of several criminals. During the investigation, he meets his alternate, Captain Lincoln Lee, and recognizes the close, romantic connection between Fauxlivia and Captain Lee. The Fringe division discover shapeshifter extraction marks in the bodies of the criminals, though more advanced than the means used by the initial models. After another attack on a criminal, the team finds and captures the shapeshifter. He calls himself Canaan and was the first prototype of a new kind of shapeshifter created by David Robert Jones. Broyles secretly contacts the Nina Sharp of the parallel universe, who arranges for a sniper near the building where Canaan is being held. When the sniper attempts to kill Canaan, Fauxlivia kills the shooter while keeping Canaan safe, but Captain Lee is injured and later dies in hospital. Canaan agrees to help Fringe and takes on the appearance of the sniper, allowing him to enter Nina's secured facility. He is able to override the facility's security controls for Fringe to raid the site. Nina and several others are captured. However, Captain Lee's death shatters Fauxlivia's emotions.
Agent Lee takes Canaan to the prime universe, where Walter and Peter promise to help fix him. Lee returns to help Fauxlivia recover from her loss.

83
18
"The Consultant"
Jeannot Szwarc
Christine Lavaf
April 13, 2012 (2012-04-13)
3X7018
2.84[19]

In the prime universe, three people are killed by a mysterious force. Consulting the parallel universe's Fringe division, the Fringe team learn the counterparts of the victims died in a plane crash at the same time. Walter crosses to the parallel universe and determines that the two universes normally resonate at different frequencies, but that someone synchronized the oscillation of these three people. Then a woman in the prime universe, whose parallel universe counterpart drowned when her taxi drove into a river, coughs up water and suffocates. Examining the taxi, the team find a device filled with amphilicite, a mineral used by David Robert Jones. Walter concludes that Jones is trying to collapse both universes.
Fauxlivia, Lincoln and Astrid suspect there is a mole within Fringe. Walter gives Fauxlivia the idea that it may be Broyles. She tricks Nina into revealing Broyles' complicity. Unknown to them, Broyles has agreed to collaborate with Jones in order to maintain a supply of life-giving medication for his son. Jones has recently given Broyles a device to plant within the bridge connecting both universes. The Fringe team track down Broyles, who gives himself up, having previously contacted his prime universe counterpart to arrange his surrender. Lincoln stays with Fauxlivia. Walter returns to the prime universe to study the device, recognizing it as Jones' work, and that if it had been planted, it could have collapsed both universes.

84
19
"Letters of Transit"
Joe Chappelle
Akiva Goldsman & J. H. Wyman & Jeff Pinkner
April 20, 2012 (2012-04-20)
3X7019
3.03[20]

In 2036, the Observers have taken over the Earth and established a totalitarian regime using their superior technology and their ability to read the minds of most humans. They are helped by human "Loyalists". Some members of the current Fringe team, including Etta and Simon, are part of the resistance. Walter has spent the past 21 years in amber and has recently been freed in the hope that he will be able to build a device that will allow humankind to defeat the Observers. However, his brain has been damaged and he does not remember how to build the device. Simon and Etta turn to Nina, learning that Walter had William Bell remove a piece of his brain. The team manage to retrieve it from the old Massive Dynamic facility, tightly controlled by Observers, in part due to the inability of the Observers to read Etta's mind, and restore Walter's memories. Walter explains that the Observers made the Earth uninhabitable by 2609, traveled back in time and took over the planet. He kills approaching Observers and Loyalists using an antimatter bomb, then he leads Simon and Etta to where Peter, Astrid and William Bell have been ambered. Astrid is freed. Simon sacrifices himself to the amber in order to push Peter free, while Walter severs Bell's hand for later use. Peter realizes that Etta is his daughter.

85
20
"Worlds Apart"
Charles Beeson
Story by: Graham Roland
Teleplay by: Matthew Pitts & Nicole Phillips
April 27, 2012 (2012-04-27)
3X7020
3.09[21]

Several earthquakes occur at the same time and locations in both universes. The combined Fringe teams agree that David Robert Jones is behind the quakes; he is trying to collapse the universes. The idea of shutting down the bridge is brought up, believing that the bridge is enabling Jones' plan. However, this is considered a last resort, as destroying the bridge will affect the healing of the singularities in the parallel universe. When a second set of earthquakes occurs, the parallel universe's version of Nick Lane approaches Lincoln Lee of the prime universe. This way, the Fringe teams learn that Nick had visions of being at the epicenter of the quake before it began. Olivia in the prime universe concludes that Cortexiphan subjects like Nick's counterpart are the epicenter of the quakes, linking to their parallel universe versions to achieve synchronization. With the help of Nick from the parallel universe, his prime version is captured when attempting to get into the right position. However, earthquakes still continue across the world.
Walter and Walternate prepare to shut down the bridge before time runs out. Lincoln decides to stay in the parallel universe, where he feels at home. Walter and Walternate talk about Peter, Walter expressing concern that if the bridge disappears, so will Peter. The other Fringe members say their goodbyes to their counterparts. Eventually, the Machine is deactivated, and the universes are disconnected. To Walter's relief, Peter remains.

86
21
"Brave New World (Part 1)"
Joe Chappelle
J. H. Wyman & Jeff Pinkner & Akiva Goldsman
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)
3X7021
2.73[22]

Walter is forced to revisit his painful past when a fringe event causes people to spontaneously combust; the team faces off with David Robert Jones.

87
22
"Brave New World (Part 2)"
Joe Chappelle
Jeff Pinkner & J. H. Wyman & Akiva Goldsman
May 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)
3X7022
3.11[23]

The Fringe team is pushed to their breaking point as they desperately attempt to prevent a catastrophic event that threatens the lives of everyone.

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Crew[edit]

text: In May 2011, David Fury joined the series as a writer and producer, having previously worked with co-creator J.J. Abrams on Lost.[24] His first writing credit included the season's third episode, "Alone in the World".[25]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
Peter's return will "give us an engine for the greater part of the season."

— Co-showrunner Jeff Pinkner discussing the consequences of how Peter returns[26]

tag: div

text: According to executive producers/showrunners Jeff Pinkner and J.H. Wyman, the fourth season would start with the idea that "Peter no longer exists", and also that the audience would "very much see the consequences of what happened in Seasons 1, 2 and 3".[27] These consequences included changes in the past; Pinkner and Wyman noted that though Peter was the impetus for Walter to cross over starting the chain of events, in this alternate history, Walter and William likely would have found their own way to cross, leading to the same events but with some events that "may have happened differently".[28] Specifically, they identified that instead of Walter being brought out of a mental institution by Peter, Olivia becomes the one that does this; this changes Walter's re-acclimation to the outside world, and further alters Astrid's fate, now a field agent instead of being Walter's caretaker.[29]

text: The producers stated they would continue to employ the use of flashbacks episodes as they "deepened the emotions of these characters", using these as well as flash-forwards "if it suits the story and the things we are trying to get across".[30] Pinkner and Wyman also stated that they viewed the premiere episode of the fourth season "like a new pilot" to draw in viewers who wanted to watch the show but did not know when to start.[31] Actor John Noble later clarified that this approach can be used "to unravel some of that mythology a bit" to explain the impact of the disappearance of Peter to new viewers.[32] Despite the apparent disappearance of his character, Joshua Jackson remains as the show's lead actor and is committed to a full fourth season.[28] Jackson stated that Peter will be back on the show, but "will be different than he was before".[33] This fact was played with at the 2011 San Diego Comic Convention where the Fringe cast appeared for a panel; a teaser video showed fake auditions for the open role of Peter, and included cameo appearances by Michael Emerson, Zachary Quinto, Greg Grunberg, Jorge Garcia, Danny Pudi, and Jeff Probst and concluded with Jackson himself dressed as an Observer.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: IGN reviewer Ramsey Isler gave the fourth season a score of 7.5 out of 10, calling it "not Fringe's best." His criticisms were that he felt the first third of the season was "inconsistent", with some episodes feeling "aimless", and the absence of Joshua Jackson as Peter in the beginning of the season hurt the show. Isler was more positive of the second half of the season, labeling the episode "Enemy of My Enemy" as the turning point of the season, with the reintroduction of villain David Robert Jones (played by Jared Harris). He highlighted "The End of All Things" as the best of the season, saying it had "absolutely brilliant writing and clever plot twists". The episodes "A Short Story About Love" and "Letters of Transit" were also named standouts, with the latter episode being called "intriguing and bold". He also enjoyed the return of William Bell (Leonard Nimoy), calling it "the biggest and most welcome surprise of the season". He concluded in saying the two-part finale wrapped up "adequately", but felt the biggest strength was the setting up for the final season, with the world we saw in "Letters of Transit".[34]

text: After viewing "Letters of Transit", the season's 19th episode, Entertainment Weekly columnist Ken Tucker stated, "I've said it before: One reason Fringe has a tough time attracting a big audience is that the mass audience that’s dropped away doesn't realize how much heart and soul, how much well-wrought romanticism, has been poured into this series, while its cult audience is regularly grumpy that Fringe declines to turn into the sci-fi epic some seem to want it to be. I know this season's timeline switcheroo has alienated some viewers, but even when the show veers off into mythology complexities that start to give me the megrims, I keep faith that Fringe is going to bring it back to the heart of what matters."[35]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The season premiere was watched by an estimated 3.5 million viewers.[2] It scored a 1.5/5 ratings share among viewers 18-49, up 25% from the previous spring's season finale.[36] By the end of November 2011, Fringe was the network's lowest rated program.[37]

text: According to a report released by Nielsen Company, Fringe was the only network television series among the top ten of most time-shifted shows of 2011. The report continued that time shifting increased the series' overall audience by eighty percent.[37]

text: Home media release[edit]

text:
Fringe: The Complete Fourth Season

Set details
Special features

22 episodes
6-disc DVD set; 4-disc Blu-ray Disc set
UltraViolet digital downloads (Blu-ray)

Beyond the Fringe comic book
"A World Without Peter" featurette
"The Observers" featurette
Peter Bishop audition tapes
Gag reel
Deleted scenes
Blu-ray exclusive featurettes: "The Scientist Roundtable" and "Fringe Decoded"

Release dates

 United States
 Canada
 Australia

September 4, 2012 (2012-09-04)[38]
October 31, 2012 (2012-10-31)[39]