document_title: Krillin

question_text: does krillin come back to life in dragon ball

text: Krillin

text: Design and appearance[edit]

text: Toriyama originally created Krillin along with the Tenka'ichi Budōkai as a method to help add depth to the story, as his editor Kazuhiko Torishima had stated that the series' protagonist, Goku, was too plain.[4] Torishima explained that in order to develop Goku's characterization, they needed someone petty and mischievous to provide contrast. Leading to the introduction of Krillin.[5] Yūsuke Watanabe, who wrote the screenplay for the film Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, had originally written the film to take place at Krillin and Android #18's wedding, but Toriyama wrote it to take place at Bulma's birthday party. Watanabe thought Toriyama made the change because he wanted fans to imagine the wedding for themselves.[6] Toriyama cited Krillin and Bulma's older ages at the end of the manga as a reason he chose for Battle of Gods to take place after the Boo arc since they were in their "strongest condition at that time."[7]

text: Krillin's appearance stays relatively the same for the majority of the series. He is first introduced at age 13, with a shaved head and still dressed in the yellow-and-orange clothing worn at the monastery at which he had been training. He does not possess a visible nose, and has six spots of moxibustion burns on his forehead, a reference to the practice of Shaolin monks. Toriyama once stated, seemingly humorously, that Krillin's lack of a nose is because he has a "physical idiosyncrasy" that allows him to breathe through the pores of his skin.[8] Later, he wears the orange gi uniform that is presented to both himself and Goku by Kame-Sen'nin in honor of their first martial arts competition.[9] Occasionally he is seen in casual clothes, but for the most part continues to dress for training or fighting at all times.[10] During the Freeza arc, he wears Saiyan armor provided by Vegeta,[11] but during the Cell arc he returns to wearing the orange gi, accompanied by a blue short-sleeved undershirt and boots.[12] After the defeat of Cell, Krillin stops shaving his head, and grows his black hair out, before later shaving it again during Frieza's resurrection.[13] When he settles down with his family, Krillin is shown wearing a workout outfit consisting of a red T-shirt and brown drawstring pants.[14]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In Dragon Ball[edit]

text: Krillin first appears arriving at Kame-Sen'nin's island to become his apprentice,[15] meeting Son Goku, and the two become rivals. However, after doing the hardships that Kame-Sen'nin assigns, the two become friends. After finishing their training, Kame-Sen'nin has Krillin and Goku compete in the 21st Tenka'ichi Budōkai.[9] Krillin beats the odored fighter Bacterian, who uses his stench as a weapon, and makes it to the semi-finals. However, he is defeated by Jackie Chun, who is really Kame-Sen'nin in disguise preventing his students from becoming arrogant with too many victories. Krillin continues to train with Kame-Sen'nin and helps Goku to collect the Dragon Balls by fighting against General Blue and participating in Baba Uranai's tournament. However, he is quickly defeated by Dracula Man, who bites down on his head, causing blood to pour out.[16] Three years later, Krillin enters the 22nd Tenka'ichi Budōkai.[17] Again, he makes it to the semi-finals by defeating Chaozu, but loses to Goku. Soon after, Krillin is killed by a henchman of Piccolo Daimao, who wanted to steal Goku's Dragon Ball.[18] After Goku defeats Piccolo, Krillin is revived by the Dragon Balls. Another 3 years later, Krillin enters the 23rd Tenka'ichi Budōkai.[19] This time however, he only makes it to the quarter-finals, losing to Piccolo Junior.[20] Krillin then tries to intervene in the fight between Piccolo and Goku when Piccolo gains the upper hand, until realizing he is outclassed.[21]

text: Several years later, in the span of a day, Krillin is attacked by Raditz while attending a reunion,[22] and is unable to save Gohan from Piccolo, who takes him for training.[23] A year afterward, Krillin confronts the Saiyan invaders Vegeta and Nappa along with his friends,[24] following months of training in preparation for their arrival. After Yamcha's death, he avenges his friend by killing most of the Saibermen. In the battle against Nappa, Krillin tries to get involved in his fight with Tenshinhan after Nappa severs the latter's arm, though is stopped by Nappa.[25] Krillin double teams Nappa with Piccolo, creating multiple copies of themselves with the Tri-Form and failing thanks to the clones cutting their power.[26] Krillin later goes toe-to-toe with Nappa alone, launching a Kienzan at him that Nappa almost catches before Vegeta warns him, and is saved from an attack from Nappa by Piccolo.[27] After Nappa is defeated, and Goku arrives, Krillin requests that he fight Vegeta elsewhere to prevent their friends' corpses from being destroyed. He and Gohan leave the battlefield but return after Gohan worries for Goku, who is being crushed by Vegeta in his Oozaru form. Krillin unsuccessfully attempts cutting Vegeta's tail in a sneak attack,[28] and later is given the Genki Dama to launch at Vegeta by Goku, which misses initially but is bounded back by Gohan.[29] After Vegeta yields from further conflict given his extensive injuries, Krillin takes Yajirobe's sword and moves in to kill him, but agrees to spare his life per Goku's request.[30] He then travels with Gohan and Bulma to planet Namek to use the Namekian Dragon Balls to revive their dead friends, since the Earth's Dragon Balls vanished due to Piccolo's death.[31] Once there, they save a young Namekian called Dende from death at the hands of Freeza's henchmen. Krillin receives an increase in power from Guru, the grand elder of the Namekians, when he unlocks his hidden potential.[32] After a few close encounters with Vegeta, Krillin and Gohan are forced to team up with him in order to fight Freeza's strongest warriors, the Ginyu Force. They are overpowered by them until Goku arrives and defeats the Force.[33] After Krillin and Gohan collect the seven Dragon Balls and wish back Piccolo, they begin a battle against Freeza, during which Krillin is stabbed in the chest,[34] removes Freeza's tail following being healed by Dende, thereby distracting Freeza from continuing to crush Gohan to death,[35] and injures Vegeta in an attempt to capitalize on his Saiyan ability to grow stronger when in a near-death state at Vegeta's request.[36] After a long fight between Goku and Freeza, Goku decides to use the Genki-dama, Krillin giving his energy to Piccolo so he can stall Freeza and attacking Freeza himself with his last bit of strength.[37] When the group recovers from the Genki-dama, and Freeza emerges unscathed, the latter detonates Krillin from the inside, killing him instantly, which triggers Goku's first ever transformation into a Super Saiyan.[38] After Freeza's defeat, Krillin is revived by the Namekian Dragon Balls.[39]

text: Krillin trains for three years to confront Dr. Gero who tries to use his androids to kill Goku.[40] Krillin is momentarily forced to leave his friends with the androids to take Yamcha away from the battlefield in the aftermath of his deadly encounter with Gero, who Krillin finds the base of and signals the others to his location after having a fight with Gero.[41] When the Androids, #16, #17 and #18 are released, Krillin is the only hero present that does not engage #17 and #18 due to his fear. After the duo defeat his friends, Krillin unsuccessfully pleads for the androids to spare Goku's life, and becomes infatuated with the female #18 after she kisses him on the cheek, and he then heals his defeated friends. After Krillin encounters the artificial life form Cell, Krillin and Trunks travel to Dr. Gero's laboratory basement, where Krillin kills the present timeline version of Cell and the two discover the weakness to the androids is a deactivating controller, which Bulma constructs and gives to Krillin. Krillin soon after encounters #18 with the module and after a period of deliberation, destroys it.[42] Because of this, regardless of his efforts, Cell absorbs her and achieves his perfect form.[43] Enraged over her loss, Krillin engages Cell in combat, the latter standing in place while Krillin's attacks have no effect and striking Krillin only once, placing Krillin in a near-death state.[44] After Krillin is revived by Trunks, he warns Trunks of Cell's strength, having been able to sense his true power right before being attacked. He moves Vegeta away from the impending fight between Trunks and Cell, healing Vegeta during the battle between the two.[45] He later participates in the Cell Games, a martial arts tournament created by Cell for entertainment, and fights one of the Cell Juniors who attack him and his friends, but is saved by Gohan.[46] After Gohan punches Cell in the stomach, he regurgitates Android #18 and Krillin cares for her comatose body while Gohan destroys Cell. After Cell's death,[47] Krillin then travels to the lookout, where he uses the second wish from the Dragon Balls to remove the bombs from #17 and #18.[48]

text: Seven years later, Krillin has quit fighting, settled down with #18, with whom he has a daughter named Marron (マーロン, Māron).[1] This left Goku confused, until Krillin explained that Android 18 is a cyborg (meaning she is human still), and she was able to have a baby with him.[14] However, after learning of Goku's return from the afterlife to compete in the 25th Tenka'ichi Budōkai, he decides to also participate, also being encouraged to do so for the money by #18. During Goten and Trunks' match, Krillin worries that Trunks' energy attack will hit the crowd.[49] Krillin wins his sole match, against Pintar, during the competition with ease.[50] After the Kaiō-shin enlists several of Krillin's friends to help him defeat the wizard Bobbidi, Krillin joins them, in doing so forfeiting his entry in the tournament, but is stopped from assisting any further thanks to Dabura turning him into stone with his spit.[51] Upon Dabura's death however, Krillin is freed[52] and he saves Goten and Trunks from the impact of Vegeta's self-explosion. Krillin later evacuates Earth after Majin Boo's awakening.[53] When Boo has transformed, he finds Krillin's groups and kills them. During Goku and Vegeta's fight against Boo, Krillin is brought back to life by the Namekian Dragon Balls and gives his energy to Goku's Genki-Dama attack, which is used to destroy Boo.[54]

text: In Toriyama's films and Dragon Ball Super[edit]

text: Krillin appears in two of the three Dragon Ball films; in the second, Krillin is used as leverage by Lucifer to convince Goku to give the Sleeping Princess to him;[55] and in the third, Krillin trains for the World Martial Arts Tournament, held in Mifan.[56] Krillin appears in fourteen out of the fifteen Dragon Ball Z films; in the first movie, he assists during the battle against Garlic Junior after he kidnaps Gohan;[57] in the second, Krillin battles Dr. Willow, firing a Kamehameha wave in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat him;[58] in the third, Krillin unintentionally brings Turles to Earth by using the Dragon Balls to restore the forest after a fire and fights the Saiyan's henchmen;[59] in the fourth, Krillin tries to prevent the Earth from being destroyed by a meteorite containing Lord Slug and his henchmen;[60] in the fifth, Krillin shelters Goku after he is injured by Cooler and is defeated in a fight with Salza;[61] in the sixth, Krillin travels to New Namek and combats Cooler's forces;[62] in the seventh, Krillin avoids fighting Android 13 though is injured during the battle;[63] in the eighth, Krillin tours New Planet Vegeta;[64] in the ninth, Krillin participates in a tournament and fights Zangya;[65] in the tenth, Krillin comes to the aid of Trunks and Goten in combating Broly;[66] in the eleventh, Krillin, Android 18, Goten and Trunks combat the bio-engineered Broly in a factory;[67] in the thirteenth, Krillin appears before Hirudegarn is released;[68] in the fourteenth, Krillin backs down from engaging Beerus due to not knowing his power;[69] and lastly, in the fifteenth, Krillin works as a police officer[70] and after having his head shaven by Android 18, joins in the fight against the resurrected Freeza afterward.[71] After the events of the last two films, Krillin assists in acquiring two more members for his universe's team in a tournament, namely Piccolo and Majin Boo,[72] after learning about it from Android #18 and reunites with Trunks,[73] who he tries to stop from attacking Android #18 when she greets him, revealing her as his wife.[74] #18 tries to get Krillin a gift with the Dragon Balls until being convinced by Bulma her presence alone is good enough for him,[75] and Krillin later participates in a baseball game between Universes 6 and 7.[76] Krillin tries stopping a pair of wrongdoers when he is knocked out by an arriving Gohan in his Saiyaman guise.[77] Krillin agrees to train with Goku after some reluctance and the two travel to get Paradise Grass from an island, encountering large, physical versions of past enemies that Krillin becomes fearful of.[78] The two are revealed to be in the "Forest of Fear", Krillin saving Goku from a phantom of Super Shenron that the two destroy together.[79] Krillin is requested by Goku and Gohan for participation in the Tournament of Power; he accepts.[80] Krillin eliminates Universe 4's Shosa and Majora before being eliminated himself by Frost.[81] Krillin's shouts of encouragement for Android 18 contribute to her victory over Universe 2's Ribrianne,[82] and he feeds Vegeta a Senzu Bean after his elimination by Universe 11's Jiren.[83]

text: Voice actors[edit]

text: Krillin is voiced by Mayumi Tanaka in the original Japanese anime and in all related media. Toriyama chose Tanaka after hearing her portrayal of the protagonist Giovanni in the film Night on the Galactic Railroad.[84] When Krillin and Yajirobe, another character voiced by Tanaka, appeared in the same frame she gave the latter a Nagoya dialect in order to distinguish them.[85]

text: When Dragon Ball received a short-lived English dub by Saban Entertainment, Funimation, and Ocean Productions in the mid 1990s, Krillin would be voiced by Terry Klassen. He would reprise his role in the Ocean dub of the latter half of the series produced by AB Groupe for European and Canadian markets. Another short-lived English dub produced by Harmony Gold in the late-1980s featured Wanda Nowicki as the voice of Krillin (here named Bongo). In the Blue Water 2003 re-dub of Dragon Ball, he is voiced by Mike Thiessen. Dan Gascon voiced him in the Blue Water dub of Dragon Ball GT. When the series' full production was taken over by Funimation in the US, Krillin would be voiced by Laurie Steele as a child in Dragon Ball and Sonny Strait as an adult in all media released to the US. Strait gained the role following auditioning in Texas and moved to Los Angeles to keep it. He found the character's constant deaths amusing and thought him comical: "Krillin is the party. If you don’t wish back the party, you’re going to be bored."[86] In the rare English dub distributed exclusively in Europe by AB Groupe he was voiced by Sharon Mann (here named Clearin).[87] Apollo Abraham voiced Krillin (here named Kurin) in an English dub distributed in the Philippines by Creative Products Corporation. Krillin is voiced by Brian Beacock in the Toonami Asia broadcast of Dragon Ball Super.

text: Abilities[edit]

text: Krillin has many abilities including, super-strength, super-speed, and the ability to fly using his ki energy, known as Bukū-jutsu (舞空術, lit. "Air Dance Technique"). His main techniques include the Kamehameha (かめはめ波, lit. "Turtle Destruction Wave"), an attack he learned from Master Roshi, which enables him to emit a powerful ki energy blast from his hands.[88] Kakusandan (拡散弾, lit. "Scattershots"), another chi attack, involves firing two blasts, one from each hand, and merging them before directing the blast above an opponent where it will break up and rain down on them, he was only seen using this twice—the first time was very successful as he managed to wipe out three Saibamen with it. From Tenshinhan, he obtained the Taiyōken (太陽拳, lit. "Solar Fist", renamed "Solar Flare" in the English anime dub), an attack Krillin is capable of using to blind his opponents, sometimes used to make a quick escape.[89] One of his signature techniques is the Kienzan (気円斬, lit. "Energy Disc Razor", renamed "Destructo Disc" in the English anime dub), where he puts a hand in the air to create an electric floating disc, using it to slice through his enemies. Lacking the other protagonists' advantage of getting stronger every time he is injured, Krillin is however the strongest Earthling and was recognized as having great technique by Vegeta.[90][citation needed]

text: Appearances in other media[edit]

text: In a filler episode of Dragon Ball, Krillin trains with Kame-Sen'nin[91] and after the 23rd Tenka'ichi Budōkai, Krillin can be seen on a plane with his friends.

text: In filler episodes of Dragon Ball Z, during the Saiyan arc, Krillin fails to tell Chi-Chi of Goku's passing after being tasked with informing her,[92] though does inform Yamcha when coming to one of his baseball games followed by recruiting him for training with Kami,[93] and trains for the Saiyans by facing members of their race from the past using the Pendulum Room.[94] Before the Namek arc, Krillin encounters a group of children who help him find Namek[95] and spends some time on a fake version of the planet searching for Dragon Balls during a distraction and preventing his ship from being stolen. After the Namek arc, Krillin is one of a few not affected by the Black Water Mist set by Garlic Jr., Krillin having to fight his friends[96] before journeying to Kami's Lookout, where he appears to fall under the effects of the Black Water Mist, only to be revealed as faking[97] as part of a plan by Piccolo.[98] Krillin's near-death state by the hands of the Spice Boys, Spice and Vinegar, triggers Gohan's power boost and subsequent killing of the pair.[99] During this time, he breaks up with Maron once he becomes convinced she deserves better than himself, learning afterward that she would have married him.[100] During the Cell arc, he stops Cell from murdering a girl and her younger brother[101] and while waiting for the Cell Games, celebrates Gohan's birthday.[102] In the Boo arc, Krillin charges Boo after Boo escapes the Room of Spirit and Time, being easily defeated and attacks Boo again in the afterlife. After Boo's defeat, Krillin attends a gathering with his family.

text: In Dragon Ball GT, Krillin is killed by Android #17[103] after succeeding in snapping Android #18 from his brainwashing and trying to persuade him against his developing villainy. His death prompts #18 to seek vengeance and assist Goku in defeating Super 17. Krillin is revived by Shenlong after the defeat of Omega Shenron and has a match with Goku, who decided to leave Earth.[104] He is shown in GT sporting a mustache, wearing grey pants, shirt and tie with a cardigan in his few appearances.[105]

text: Krillin appears in multiple Dragon Ball-related video games, sometimes as a playable character. He also appears in the crossover game Jump Superstars.[106] In the 1992 Videkko game Dragon Ball: Get Together! Goku World, Krillin along with Goku, Trunks, Bulma, and Gohan travels back in time to examine event in the past.[107] In the 2002 game Dragon Ball Z: Budokai, Cell has a nightmare where he accidentally absorbs Krillin and becomes Cellin (セルリン, Serurin), the form making him weaker.[108] In the 2015 video game Dragon Ball: Xenoverse, Krillin serves as a mentor to the player character, teaching his Kienzan. He also appears during Android 18's mentorship of the player, fighting them alongside her.[109] In the Freeza arc, Krillin and Vegeta being defeated by Freeza, leaving Gohan alone to fight the tyrant, causes Goku to exit the healing chamber still wounded.[110] In the final fight against Demigra, Krillin gives energy to the player. In the 2016 game Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2, during the Freeza arc, the player assists Krillin in battling Zarbon,[111] and Krillin later leaves the player to fight Lord Slug and Turles alone per the player's request.[112] In the 2018 game Dragon Ball FighterZ, after clones of various heroes and villains from the series appear, Krillin investigates the origin of them before being knocked out by his own clone.[113] Following Goku rescuing him,[114] the two rescue various allies from clones until encountering Cell, who Krillin becomes aggressive toward for his defeat of Android 18.[115]

text: In June 1988, Krillin along with other Dragon Ball characters were featured in two public safety announcement shorts. The first was entitled The Goku Traffic Safety (悟空の交通安全, Gokū no Kōtsū Anzen),[116] and the second called The Goku Fire Fighting Regiment (悟空の消防隊, Gokū no Shōbō-tai) where he along with Kame-Sen'nin, Yamcha, and later Goku become volunteer fire fighters.[116]

text: Krillin also appears in the Dragon Ball and One Piece crossover manga Cross Epoch where he and Tony Tony Chopper run the Kuri-Chopa Marine Train Coster. In 2003, He would appear in the interactive feature entitled Kyutai Panic Adventure! (球体パニックアドベンチャー!, Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā!, Orb Panic Adventure!). Where he and Gohan attempt to save visitors of at Fuji Television's orb section from drowning, while Goku battles Freeza.[117][118] In the 2004 followup Kyūtai Panic Adventure Returns! (球体パニックアドベンチャーリターンズ!, Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā Ritānzu!, Orb Panic Adventure Returns!), Krillin is one of the seven Dragon Ball characters who delivers the Dragon Balls to restore the aqua city of Odaiba after Goku and Monkey D. Luffy's battle with Eneru.[119]

text: Krillin has performed many songs throughout the years. These songs feature his voice actor Mayumi Tanaka in character singing cheerfully about certain thing pertaining to Krillin. First with the song "Asa - Hiru - Yoru - Kimi - Boku" from the album Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection IV: Character Special released in 1990.[120] Then with "Ichido wa Kekkon Shitai Manbo" from Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection 8: Character Special 2 released in 1991. Where he happily sings about the desire to get married.[121] And the title track from Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection 17: Hippy Hoppy Shake!! released in 1995.[122]

text: Before and after Dragon Ball Z debuting in the U.S. in 1996, Krillin became a part of the country's pop culture. In 1994, the character was featured on the cover of Voodoo Glow Skulls' first full-length album Who Is, This Is?, though his face was removed in the 2012 digital re-release. The song "Blessing" by Chance the Rapper mentions Krillin referencing Android 18 to the lyricist's delight.[123] Krillin appears in an episode of Mad watching the other Dragon Ball characters after they are drafted for the Oakland A's by Billy Beane in a parody of the film Moneyball.[124]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Krillin is a popular character in the series; in 2004 Japanese fans voted him the seventh most popular character.[125] In January 2007, Oricon held a poll in which they asked Japanese fans of manga and anime which characters from any series they would most like to see in spin-off series. Krillin ranked third in the men's poll and sixth in the overall poll.[126] In 2016, Krillin was ranked No. 3 on the saikoplus.com list 10 Most Popular Characters in Dragon Ball Z.[127] When younger fans would belittle the character as weak, Krillin's voice actress Mayumi Tanaka said she would explain to them that Krillin and Yamcha are the strongest earthlings, the other characters are all aliens. She also said it was more fun to play Krillin when he was a dirty-minded bad kid, that she was not fond of him growing his hair out and was shocked when he died for the first time.[85]

text: Various publications for manga, anime and other media have commented on Krillin's character, adding praise and criticism to his development and traits in the series. Anime News Network writer Carl Kimlinger liked Krillin and Goku's childhood, noting it to be the warmth that the later Dragon Ball Z anime does not have.[128] Also believing the first anime to have more development than the sequel, Tim Jones from Them Anime Reviews cited how Krillin was not a friend to Goku when first introduced.[129] David F. Smith of IGN comments that Krillin and #18's relationship really help make the storyline more interesting. Additionally, he liked Krillin's appearances in the fight against Cell as he has more screen time than the main character, Goku.[130] Although Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment thought that Krillin had a drastic change in Dragon Ball GT, he mentioned that fans from the previous series would like some of its episodes due to the appearance of Krillin and other older characters.[131]


document_title: 2016 FA Cup Final

question_text: who scored the winning goal in last seasons fa cup final

root

text: 2016 FA Cup Final

text: Background[edit]

text: Manchester United went into the final with a record of 11 wins from 18 FA Cup finals, one win and appearance behind Arsenal in FA Cup wins and FA Cup Final appearances respectively.[2] United last played a final in 2007, the first at the new Wembley, where they lost 1–0 after extra time to Chelsea. Their last victory in the competition was in 2004, a 3–0 win against Millwall at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium.[2][6] Crystal Palace's only previous FA Cup final was the aforementioned 1990 final, which they lost to Manchester United after a replay.[6]

tag: p

text: Route to the final[edit]

text: Crystal Palace[edit]

text:
Round
Opposition
Score

3rd
Southampton (A)
1–2

4th
Stoke City (H)
1–0

5th
Tottenham Hotspur (A)
0–1

6th
Reading (A)
0–2

SF
Watford (N)
2–1

Key: (H) = Home venue; (A) = Away venue; (N) = Neutral venue.

tag: table

text: As a Premier League team, Crystal Palace started in the third round. They were drawn away at fellow Premier League team Southampton. At St Mary's Stadium on 9 January, Crystal Palace won 2–1 with goals from Joel Ward and Wilfried Zaha either side of Oriol Romeu's equaliser.[7]

text: In the fourth round, they hosted another top-flight team in the shape of Stoke City at Selhurst Park, and Zaha scored the only goal.[8] For the third consecutive round they had Premier League opposition in the shape of Tottenham Hotspur in the fifth round on 21 February. At White Hart Lane, Crystal Palace won with Martin Kelly scoring the only goal at the end of the first half to advance to the quarter-finals for the first time since 1995.[9]

text: There, they had their first game against a lower-division team, facing Championship side Reading at the Madejski Stadium. A 2–0 win through Yohan Cabaye and Fraizer Campbell put them into the last four, again for the first time in 21 years.[10] On 24 April at Wembley, Palace faced Watford in a repeat of the 2013 Football League Championship play-off Final. They took the lead through Yannick Bolasie, and Watford equalised when Troy Deeney headed in a corner from José Manuel Jurado. In the 61st minute, Palace found their winning goal as Connor Wickham headed from a Pape Souaré cross.[11]

text: Manchester United[edit]

text:
Round
Opposition
Score

3rd
Sheffield United (H)
1–0

4th
Derby County (A)
1–3

5th
Shrewsbury Town (A)
0–3

6th
Replay
West Ham United (H)
West Ham United (A)
1–1
1–2

SF
Everton (n)
1–2

Key: (h) = Home venue; (a) = Away venue; (n) = Neutral venue.

text: As a Premier League team, Manchester United entered in the third round, hosting Sheffield United of League One at Old Trafford on 9 January 2016. They got their first shot on target through substitute Memphis Depay, who was fouled in second half stoppage time by Dean Hammond for a penalty kick, from which Wayne Rooney scored the only goal with United's only other shot on target. Manager Louis van Gaal was under pressure for Manchester United's poor form prior to the match, and the victory was compared to one in the same competition in 1990, in which a goal by Mark Robins reportedly saved the career of Alex Ferguson.[12]

text: Twenty days later in the next round, United travelled to Pride Park to play Derby County, situated in the play-off places in the Championship. Rooney scored the first goal from outside the penalty area, but George Thorne soon equalised. In the second half, further United goals by Daley Blind and Juan Mata relieved Van Gaal of further pressure; it was the first time in 15 games that the team won by a margin of more than one goal.[13]

text: On 22 February, United played the fifth round away at League One strugglers Shrewsbury Town. Chris Smalling opened the scoring, and Mata doubled the advantage in first-half added time. Jesse Lingard confirmed a 3–0 win with about half an hour left to play; in the closing stages United had to play with only 10 men when Will Keane was injured and no substitutes remained.[14]

text: United hosted their sixth-round match against top-flight opponents West Ham United on 13 March. The visitors took the lead via a free-kick from Dimitri Payet, and only seven minutes remained when the hosts equalised with Anthony Martial's close-range finish.[15] A month later, the game went to a replay, the final FA Cup match at the Boleyn Ground. A curled effort from Marcus Rashford gave Manchester United a lead in the second half, and the lead was doubled by Marouane Fellaini. West Ham halved the deficit late on after James Tomkins' header passed into David de Gea's net, and they threatened an equaliser but could not achieve it.[16]

text: On 23 April, Manchester United travelled to Wembley to play Everton in the semi-finals. Martial assisted Fellaini to open the scoring against his former team, giving a half-time lead. After the break, a penalty was given when Timothy Fosu-Mensah fouled Ross Barkley, but De Gea saved the spot-kick after Romelu Lukaku took it. Everton brought on Gerard Deulofeu whose cross was put into United's net via a Chris Smalling own goal to level the scores. In added time, Ander Herrera set up Martial for the winner.[17]

text: A bomb scare at Old Trafford on the final day of the Premier League meant that Manchester United's game with Bournemouth had to be called off, eventually being rearranged for the following Tuesday, 17 May. The incident meant that United had four days to prepare for the final, two days less than Crystal Palace.[18]

text: Ticket allocation[edit]

text: Each club received an allocation of 28,780 tickets. This was an increase on previous seasons from 71% of available seats for supporters of the two opposing teams to 80%. All tickets prices were also reduced by £5 each.[19]

text: Pre-match[edit]

text: An inaugural tournament was held on 7 May in which a fan of each of the 64 teams who reached the third round competed in a knock-out football video game tournament in rooms around Wembley Stadium. The prize was tickets to the actual final.[20]

text: Match[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Crystal Palace took the lead in the 78th minute when Jason Puncheon brought the ball down from a ball played into the penalty box by Joel Ward and cut in on the left before firing past David de Gea at his near post with his left foot. Manager Alan Pardew celebrated this goal by doing a dance on the touchline[21] It was 1–1 in the 81st minute when Juan Mata scored from ten yards out with a low shot from the left after a chest down from Marouane Fellaini after a cross from Wayne Rooney on the right, with the ball taking a slight deflection and going through the legs of Joel Ward on the goal line.[22] The match went to extra-time and just before the end of the first period, Chris Smalling was sent-off for a tackle on Yannick Bolasie near the halfway line. With 10 minutes to go Jesse Lingard scored the winner for Man Utd with a right foot volley from inside the penalty area which flew past Wayne Hennessey before he could move.[23]

text: Details[edit]

text: Crystal Palace v Manchester United

text:
21 May 2016 (2016-05-21)
17:30 BST

text:
Crystal Palace
1–2 (a.e.t.)
Manchester United

Puncheon  78'
Report
Mata  81'
Lingard  110'

text:
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 88,619
Referee: Mark Clattenburg (County Durham)

text:
Crystal Palace

Manchester United

text:
GK
13
 Wayne Hennessey

RB
2
 Joel Ward

CB
6
 Scott Dann
 47'
 90+4'

CB
27
 Damien Delaney
 62'

LB
23
 Pape Souaré

CM
15
 Mile Jedinak (c)

CM
18
 James McArthur
 108'

RW
11
 Wilfried Zaha

AM
7
 Yohan Cabaye

 72'

LW
10
 Yannick Bolasie

CF
21
 Connor Wickham

 86'

Substitutes:

GK
1
 Julián Speroni

DF
3
 Adrian Mariappa

 90+4'

DF
34
 Martin Kelly

MF
26
 Bakary Sako

MF
42
 Jason Puncheon

 72'

FW
16
 Dwight Gayle

 86'

FW
25
 Emmanuel Adebayor

Manager:

 Alan Pardew

GK
1
 David de Gea

RB
25
 Antonio Valencia

CB
12
 Chris Smalling
 18', 105'

CB
17
 Daley Blind

LB
5
 Marcos Rojo
 40'
 66'

CM
16
 Michael Carrick

CM
10
 Wayne Rooney (c)
 87'

RW
8
 Juan Mata
 45'
 90'

AM
27
 Marouane Fellaini
 101'

LW
9
 Anthony Martial

CF
39
 Marcus Rashford

 72'

Substitutes:

GK
20
 Sergio Romero

DF
4
 Phil Jones

DF
36
 Matteo Darmian

 66'

MF
18
 Ashley Young

 72'

MF
21
 Ander Herrera

MF
28
 Morgan Schneiderlin

MF
35
 Jesse Lingard
 111'
 90'

Manager:

 Louis van Gaal


document_title: Betts

question_text: where does the last name betts come from

text: Betts

text: Betts is an English surname, and may refer to[1]

text:
Alejandro Betts (born 1947), Argentine historian
Arnie F. Betts (1909-1993), American politician
Blair Betts (born 1980), Canadian ice hockey player
Charles Betts (born 1986), American professional wrestler better known as Chad Gable
Chris Betts, baseball player
Clive Betts (born 1950), British politician
Daisy Betts, Australian actress
Daniel Betts (born 1971), British actor
Denis Betts (born 1969), English rugby league player
Dickey Betts (born 1943), American guitarist, singer, and songwriter
Edward Betts (1815–1872), English railway contractor
Frederick Betts (1859–1944), landowner, donated Betts Park[2]
Frederick Nicholson Betts (1906–1973), British Indian Army officer and ornithologist
Harry Betts (died 1985), jazz composer
Jackson Edward Betts (1904–1993), Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio
John Betts, several people
Jonathan Betts (born 1955), British horological scholar
Jonathan Betts-LaCroix, American computer company executive
Keter Betts (1928–2005), American jazz double bassist
Ladell Betts (born 1979), American football running back
Leah Betts (1977–1995), English ecstasy-related death
Mahlon Betts (1795–1867), American carpenter, shipwright, businessman, banker
Melvyn Betts (born 1975), English cricketer
Mookie Betts (born 1992), Major League baseball player
Morton Betts (1847–1914), English sportsman
Naomi Betts (born 1982), American criminal
Robert Betts (born 1981), English footballer
Roland W. Betts (born 1946), American businessman
Sally Betts, Mayor of Waverley Council (New South Wales, Australia)
Samuel Betts (1660–1733), Connecticut state representative
Samuel Rossiter Betts (1786–1868), United States congressman and federal judge from New York
Thaddeus Betts (1789–1840), United States Senator and Lieutenant Governor from Connecticut
Thomas Betts (1650–1717), member of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Todd Betts (born 1973), Canadian baseball player
Torben Betts (born 1968), English playwright and screenwriter

tag: ul

text:
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Betts. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: Betts may also refer to;

text:
Betts electrolytic process for separating lead and bismuth
the Supreme Court Case Betts v. Brady
R v Betts and Ridley, a famous case in British law
Betts Group in Australia


document_title: Playback singer

question_text: who has sung the most songs in the world

text: Playback singer

text: South Asia

text: South Asian movies produced in the Indian subcontinent are particularly known for using this technique. A majority of Indian movies as well as Pakistani movies typically include six or seven songs. After Alam Ara (1931), the first Indian talkie film, for many years singers made dual recordings for a film, one during the shoot, and later in the recording studio, until 1952 or 1953. Popular playback singers in India enjoy the same status as popular actors, and music directors.[2][3][4] also receive wide public admiration. Most of the playback singers are initially trained in classical music, but they later often expand their range.[5]

text: Mohammed Rafi and Ahmed Rushdi are regarded as two of the most influential playback singers in South Asia.[6][7][8][9]  The sisters Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle, who have mainly worked in Hindi films, are often referred to as two of the best-known and most prolific playback singers in India.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][excessive citations] In 2011, Guinness officially acknowledged Lata Mangeshkar's sister Asha Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history.[17]

text: Popular Indian singers include Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi, Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, Asha Bhosle, Bhupen Hazarika, K. J. Yesudas, Dr. Rajkumar, Mukesh, Kishore Kumar, Manna Dey, Hemant Kumar, Mahendra Kapoor, Talat Mahmood, Shamshad Begum, Suraiya, Mubarak Begum, Sandhya Mukherjee, Geeta Dutt, Anuradha Paudwal, Amit Kumar, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,[10] K. S. Chithra, S. Janaki, Vani Jayaram,  P. Leela, Swarnalatha,[18] Shreya Ghoshal, Alka Yagnik, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Sadhana Sargam, Mano, Sujatha Mohan, Sunidhi Chauhan, Aditi Singh Sharma, Anuradha Sriram, Harini, Udit Narayan, Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Arijit Singh, Jubin Nautiyal, Palak Muchhal, Armaan Malik, Jonita Gandhi, Nakash Aziz, Neeti Mohan, Sonu Nigam, Neha Kakkar, Mohit Chauhan, Shaan, KK,  Himesh Reshammiya,  Nitin Mukesh, Mika Singh, Rajesh Krishnan, Rekha Bhardwaj, Shweta Subram, Shweta Mohan, Zubeen Garg, Vijay Prakash, Rajesh Krishnan, Shankar Mahadevan.[19][20]

text: Famous Pakistani playback singers include Ahmed Rushdi, Mehdi Hassan, Mehnaz, Shafqat Amanat Ali, Nazia Hassan, Alamgir,[21] Masood Rana, Adnan Sami Khan, Noor Jehan, Mala, Atif Aslam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Ali Zafar, Ghulam Ali, Runa Laila, Hadiqa Kiani, Alycia Dias, Saleem Raza, Akhlaq Ahmed, Mujeeb Aalam, Asad Amanat Ali Khan, Bashir Ahmad, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Abrar-ul-Haq, Abida Parveen, Ali Azmat, Brian O'Connell, Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan, Fariha Pervez, Ghulam Haider, Humera Arshad, Jawad Ahmad, Sajjad Ali, Salma Agha, Muhammad Juman, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Waqar Ali, Zohaib Hassan, Naheed Akhtar and A. Nayyar.[22]

text: Hollywood

text: Playback singing is not as common in contemporary Hollywood as musicals are less frequent.[citation needed] It was, however, more widely used in the past. Notable Hollywood performances include Marni Nixon in West Side Story for Natalie Wood's portrayal of Maria, in The King and I for Deborah Kerr's Anna Leonowens, and for Audrey Hepburn's Eliza in My Fair Lady; Bill Lee singing for John Kerr's Lieutenant Cable in South Pacific and for Christopher Plummer's Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music,[23] Lindsay Ridgeway for Ashley Peldon's character as Darla Dimple in the animated film Cats Don't Dance, Claudia Brücken providing the singing voice for Erika Heynatz's character as Elsa Lichtmann in L.A. Noire, and Betty Noyes singing for Debbie Reynolds in Singin' in the Rain,[24] a movie in which playback singing is a major plot point.


document_title: First Great Awakening

question_text: was a leading preacher during the great awakening

text: First Great Awakening

text: International dimension[edit]

text: The evangelical revival was international in scope, affecting predominantly Protestant countries of Europe. The emotional response of churchgoers marked the start of the English awakening in Bristol and London in 1737, and of the Kingswood colliers (coal miners) with white gutters on their cheeks caused by tears in 1739 under the preaching of George Whitefield.[6] Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom sees it as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created Pietism in Germany, the Evangelical Revival and Methodism in England.[7] Revivalism was a critical component of the Great Awakening, and actually began in the 1620s in Scotland among Presbyterians, and featured itinerant preachers.[8]

text: American colonies[edit]

text: The idea of a "great awakening" has been contested by Butler (1982) as vague and exaggerated, but it is clear that the period was a time of increased religious activity, particularly in New England. The First Great Awakening led to changes in Americans' understanding of God, themselves, the world around them, and religion. In the Middle and Southern colonies, especially in the "back country" regions, the Awakening was influential among Presbyterians. In the southern Tidewater and Low Country, northern Baptist and Methodist preachers converted both white and black people. Some were enslaved at their time of conversion while others were free. Caucasians began to welcome dark-skinned individuals into their churches, taking their religious experiences seriously, while also admitting them into active roles in congregations as exhorters, deacons, and even preachers, although the last was a rarity.[9]

text: The message of spiritual equality appealed to many slaves, and, as African religious traditions continued to decline in North America, black people accepted Christianity in large numbers for the first time.[10] Evangelist leaders in the southern colonies had to deal with the issue of slavery much more frequently than those in the North. Still, many leaders of the revivals proclaimed that slaveholders should educate their slaves so that they could become literate and be able to read and study the Bible. Many Africans were finally provided with some sort of education.[11] Africans hoped that their newly acquired spiritual equality would translate into earthly equalities. As black people started to make up substantial proportions of congregations, they were given a chance to momentarily forget about their bondage and enjoy a slight sense of freedom. Before the American Revolution, the first black Baptist churches were founded in the South in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia; two black Baptist churches were founded in Petersburg, Virginia.[12]

text: Prominent leaders[edit]

text: Jonathan Edwards[edit]

text: The revival began with Jonathan Edwards in Northampton, Massachusetts. Edwards came from Puritan, Calvinist roots, but emphasized the importance and power of immediate, personal religious experience. Religious experience had to be immediate, he taught. He distrusted hierarchy and catechisms. His sermons were "solemn, with a distinct and careful enunciation, and a slow cadence."[13] His sermons were powerful and attracted a large following. Anglican preacher George Whitefield visited from England; he continued the movement, traveling throughout the colonies and preaching in a more dramatic and emotional style, accepting everyone into his audiences. Both Edwards and Whitefield were slave owners and believed that blacks would acquire absolute equality with whites in the Millennial church.[14]

text: Winiarski (2005) examines Edwards's preaching in 1741, especially his famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." At this point, Edwards countenanced the "noise" of the Great Awakening, but his approach to revivalism became more moderate and critical in the years immediately following.[15]

text: George Whitefield[edit]

text: The arrival of young Anglican preacher George Whitefield sparked the Great Awakening. Whitefield's reputation preceded his visit as a great pulpit and open-air orator. He traveled through the colonies in 1739 and 1740. He attracted large and emotional crowds everywhere, eliciting countless conversions as well as considerable controversy. He declared the whole world his "parish." God was merciful, Whitefield proclaimed. Men and women were not predestined to damnation, but could be saved by repenting of their sins. Whitefield mainly spoke about the concept of spiritual "rebirth", explaining that men and women could experience a spiritual revival in life that would grant them entrance to the Promised Land. He appealed to the passions of his listeners, powerfully sketching the boundless joy of salvation and the horrors of damnation.

text: Critics condemned his "enthusiasm", his censoriousness, and his extemporaneous and itinerant preaching. His techniques were copied by numerous imitators, both lay and clerical. They became itinerant preachers themselves, spreading the Great Awakening from New England to Georgia, among rich and poor, educated and illiterate, and in the back country as well as in seaboard towns and cities.

text: Whitefield's sermons reiterated an egalitarian message, but only translated into a spiritual equality for Africans in the colonies who mostly remained enslaved. Whitefield was known to criticize slaveholders who treated their slaves cruelly and those who did not educate them, but he had no intention to abolish. He lobbied to have slavery reinstated in Georgia and proceeded to become a slave holder himself.[16] Whitefield shared a common belief held among Evangels that, after conversion, slaves would be granted true equality in Heaven.

text: Despite his stance on slavery, Whitefield became influential to many Africans.[17] Benjamin Franklin became an enthusiastic supporter of him.[18] Franklin was a Deist who rarely attended church, and he did not subscribe to Whitefield's theology, but he admired him for exhorting people to worship God through good works. He printed Whitefield's sermons on the front page of his Gazette, devoting 45 issues to Whitefield's activities. Franklin used the power of his press to spread Whitefield's fame by publishing all of his sermons and journals. Many of Franklin's publications between 1739–1741 contained information about Whitefield's work, and helped promote the evangelical movement in America. Franklin remained a friend and supporter of Whitefield until Whitefield's death in 1770.[19]

text: Samuel Davies[edit]

text: Samuel Davies was a Presbyterian minister who later became the fourth president of Princeton University.[20] He was noted for preaching to African slaves who converted to Christianity in unusually large numbers, and is credited with the first sustained proselytization of slaves in Virginia.[21] Davies wrote a letter in 1757 in which he refers to the religious zeal of an enslaved man whom he had encountered during his journey. "I am a poor slave, brought into a strange country, where I never expect to enjoy my liberty. While I lived in my own country, I knew nothing of that Jesus I have heard you speak so much about. I lived quite careless what will become of me when I die; but I now see such a life will never do, and I come to you, Sir, that you may tell me some good things, concerning Jesus Christ, and my Duty to GOD, for I am resolved not to live any more as I have done."[22]

text: Davies became accustomed to hearing such excitement from many blacks who were exposed to the revivals. He believed that blacks could attain knowledge equal to whites if given an adequate education, and he promoted the importance for slaveholders to permit their slaves to become literate so that they could become more familiar with the instructions of the Bible.[23]

text: Impact on individuals[edit]

text:
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text: The new style sermons and the way in which people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America. Participants became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion, rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner. Ministers who used this new style of preaching were generally called "new lights", while the preachers who remained unemotional were referred to as "old lights". People affected by the revival began to study the Bible at home. This effectively decentralized the means of informing the public on religious matters and was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation.

text: The Awakening played a major role in the lives of women, though they were rarely allowed to preach or take leadership roles.[24] A deep sense of religious enthusiasm encouraged women, especially to analyze their feelings, share them with other women, and write about them. They became more independent in their decisions, as in the choice of a husband.[25] This introspection led many women to keep diaries or write memoirs. The autobiography of Hannah Heaton (1721–94), a farm wife of North Haven, Connecticut, tells of her experiences in the Great Awakening, her encounters with Satan, her intellectual and spiritual development, and daily life on the farm.[26]

text: Phillis Wheatley was the first published black female poet, and she was converted to Christianity as a child after she was brought to America. Her beliefs were overt in her works; she describes the journey of being taken from a Pagan land to be exposed to Christianity in the colonies in a poem entitled "On Being Brought from Africa to America."[27] Wheatley became so influenced by the revivals and especially George Whitefield that she dedicated a poem to him after his death in which she referred to him as an "Impartial Saviour."[28] Sarah Osborn adds another layer to the role of women during the Awakening. She was a Rhode Island schoolteacher, and her writings offer a fascinating glimpse into the spiritual and cultural upheaval of the time period, including a 1743 memoir, various diaries and letters, and her anonymously published The Nature, Certainty and Evidence of True Christianity (1753).[29]

text: The emotionality of the revivals appealed to many Africans and African leaders started to emerge from the revivals soon after they converted in substantial numbers. These figures paved the way for the establishment of the first black congregations and churches in the American colonies.[30]

text: The newly incorporated town of Uxbridge, Massachusetts saw the first new Congregational church congregation and worship building in Massachusetts in the Great Awakening period of 1730–60.[31] It was headed by Pastor Rev. Nathan Webb, a native of Braintree, who remained in the ministry in Uxbridge for the next 41 years. His student Samuel Spring served as a chaplain in the American Revolutionary War, and started the Andover Seminary and the Massachusetts Missionary Society.

text: Schisms and conflict[edit]

text: The Calvinist denominations were especially affected. For example, Congregational churches in New England experienced 98 schisms, which in Connecticut also had impact on which group would be considered "official" for tax purposes.[32] These splits were between the New Lights (those who were influenced by the Great Awakening) and the Old Lights (those who were more traditional). It is estimated in New England that in the churches there were about 1/3 each of New Lights, Old Lights, and those who saw both sides as valid.[33]

text: Connecticut[edit]

text: In Connecticut, the Saybrook Platform of 1708 marked a conservative counter-revolution against a non-conformist tide which had begun with the Halfway Covenant and culminated in the Great Awakening in the 1740s.

text: The Great Awakening bitterly divided Congregationalists between the "New Lights" or "Arminians" who welcomed the revivals, and the "Old Lights" or "Calvinists" who used governmental authority to suppress revivals. The Arminians believed that every person could be saved by experiencing a religious conversion and one of the revivals, while the Calvinists held that everyone's fate was a matter of predestination, and revivals were a false religion.[citation needed] The legislature was controlled by the Old Lights who passed an "Act for regulating abuses and correcting disorder in ecclesiastical affairs" in 1742 that sharply restricted ministers from leading revivals. Another law was passed to prevent the opening of a New Light seminary.[citation needed] Numerous New Light evangelicals were imprisoned or fined. The New Lights responded by their own political organization, fighting it out town by town. The religious issues declined somewhat after 1748, although the New Light versus Old Light factionalism spilled into other issues, such as disputes over currency and Imperial issues. However, the divisions involved did not play a role in the coming of the American Revolution, which both sides supported.[34]


document_title: List of Sonic the Hedgehog characters

question_text: what type of animal is sonic the hedgehog

text: List of Sonic the Hedgehog characters

text: Characters

text: Sonic the Hedgehog

text: Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku Za Hejjihoggu), trademarked Sonic The Hedgehog,[1] is a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog and the main protagonist of the series. Developed as a replacement for their existing Alex Kidd mascot, as well as Sega's response to Mario, his first appearance was in the arcade game, Rad Mobile (as a cameo), before making his official debut in Sonic the Hedgehog (1991). Sonic's greatest ability is his running speed, and he is known as the world's fastest hedgehog.[2] Using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds, he becomes Super Sonic and can achieve even greater speeds.

text: Doctor Eggman

text: Doctor Ivo Robotnik[3] (ロボトニック, Robotonikku), better known by his alias Doctor Eggman[4] (ドクター・エッグマン, Dokutā Egguman), is a mad scientist and the main antagonist of the series. Debuting in the first game of the series, Sonic the Hedgehog, he was shown attempting to collect the Chaos Emeralds and turn all of the animals inhabiting the land into robots. He is a self-proclaimed or certifiable genius with an IQ of 300.[5][6][7] His fondness for mechas has made him a renowned authority on robotics. Ultimately, Eggman's goal is to conquer the world and create his ultimate utopia, Eggmanland (alternatively known as the Eggman Empire and Robotnikland).[8]

text: When Sega had petitioned its research and development department to create a character who would replace Alex Kidd as its company mascot, a caricature of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was also among the proposed designs. It lost to Sonic the Hedgehog, but eventually became the basis for Dr. Eggman instead.[9][10]

text: Miles "Tails" Prower

text: Miles Prower (マイルス・パウアー, Mairusu Pauā), better known by his nickname Tails (テイルス, Teirusu) is a two-tailed fox who is Sonic's best friend and sidekick. His name is a pun on "miles per hour". He is able to use his two tails to propel himself into the air like a helicopter for a limited time. Yasushi Yamaguchi, originally the main artist and zone designer for Sega's Sonic Team, designed Tails for an internal competition for a sidekick to Sonic. His first appearance was in Sonic 2 for the Game Gear, where he was kidnapped by Robotnik for a "hefty" ransom, and was first made playable in the Genesis version of Sonic the Hedgehog 2.[11] Tails has appeared in almost every Sonic game since his first appearance. Tails also starred in two solo spinoff games for the Sega Game Gear in 1995 - Tails' Skypatrol, and Tails Adventures.[12] Frequently portrayed as a sweet-natured[13] and humble fox,[14] Tails used to be picked on because of his twin tails, before he met Sonic.[15] Tails has a very high IQ and excellent mechanical ability.

text: Amy Rose

text: Amy Rose (エミー・ローズ, Emī Rōzu) is a pink girl hedgehog who believes herself to be Sonic's girlfriend.[16] Her first appearance in the games was in Sonic CD, introduced and kidnapped by Metal Sonic, although she was alluded to "Princess Sally" in the Western game manuals, in order to tie in with the cartoon.[17] After this appearance, she became known as Amy. Her first playable appearance was in Sonic Drift, although that game was not released outside Japan, making Sonic Drift 2 her first playable game for other regions. Not possessing the speed or strength of the other characters, Amy uses her iconic "Piko Piko Hammer" as her weapon instead.[16]

text: Metal Sonic

text: Metal Sonic (メタル・ソニック, Metaru Sonikku) is an evil robotic version of Sonic created by Dr. Robotnik. He first appears in Sonic the Hedgehog CD. He is given orders to go back in time and change the past so that Dr. Robotnik can rule the future. Sonic must race him in Stardust Speedway to free Amy Rose. He is severely wounded when he crashes and falls, but is rejuvenated by Robotnik in Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode II, only to be defeated again in a similar style. He returns in Knuckles' Chaotix, where he attempts to obtain the Chaos Rings, but he is stopped by the Chaotix. Metal Sonic notably acted as the main antagonist in Sonic Heroes, appearing in a new form as Neo Metal Sonic before transforming into the game's final boss, the Metal Overlord. Upon being defeated by Super Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles, he reverts to his traditional appearance. He also appears as the main antagonist in the Sonic the Hedgehog (OVA), where Eggman records Sonic's abilities and uploads them to Metal Sonic, who proceeds in attempting to destroy the world before being tossed into lava by Sonic. Metal Sonic appears as a bonus playable character in Sonic Rivals, reprogrammed to aid Eggman Nega in his attempt to take over the world. He returns as a playable character in Sonic Rivals 2, now under orders from Eggman to aid Shadow in stopping Eggman Nega's plans. In Sonic Free Riders, Metal Sonic is a playable character and the final opponent in the game's story mode. In Sonic Generations, he appears in his classic form as a rival boss, battling Classic Sonic in Stardust Speedway before ultimately being destroyed. Metal Sonic returns as a boss character in Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric and Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal. He also appears in the Sonic Boom episode, "It Wasn't Me, It Was the One-Armed Hedgehog". Metal Sonic appears as a boss in the Sonic story mode of Lego Dimensions.

text: Metal Sonic also appeared as a playable character in the multiplayer mode of Sonic Adventure 2: Battle, as well as Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing, Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed, and all the Mario & Sonic titles beginning with Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games. Collecting all the emblems in Sonic Adventure DX: Director's Cut unlocks Metal Sonic as a bonus playable character in Sonic's stages, and purchasing both episodes of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 unlocks bonus levels in which Metal Sonic is playable.

text: He possesses great strength, a laser cannon built into his abdomen, a jet engine protruding from his back, and a force field device he can use to protect himself from projectiles and certain attacks. He usually only communicates with a series of electronic noises. The only notable time Metal Sonic was able to talk was in Sonic Heroes in which he was voiced by Jun'ichi Kanemaru in Japanese and Ryan Drummond in English.

text: GameDaily placed Metal Sonic 13th on their "Top 25 Video Game Robots" list, describing him as Dr. Robotnik's "greatest creation" and praising the strength of his abilities.[18]

text: Knuckles the Echidna

text: Knuckles the Echidna (ナックルズ・ザ・エキドゥナ, Nakkurusu Za Ekiduna) is Sonic's friendly rival. First introduced in the Genesis game Sonic the Hedgehog 3, Knuckles lives on Angel Island, which hovers in the sky due to the power of the Master Emerald. As the last surviving member of the Echidna people who once inhabited the island, his duty is to guard the Master Emerald.

text: During conception of Sonic the Hedgehog 3, the development team wanted to create a new rival for Sonic. The final design of Knuckles was the result of dozens of possible designs inspired by numerous different animals.[19] A character with many different abilities and skills, he is physically one of the strongest characters of the Sonic series.[20] His strength and mastery of martial arts, specialising in punches, enables him to perform feats such as shattering boulders with his fists, while he can trap air underneath his dreadlocks in order to glide for short distances.

text: EggRobo

text: An EggRobo (エッグロボ, Eggurobo) is an egg-shaped humanoid robot which resembles Doctor Eggman. They first appeared as enemies in the game Sonic & Knuckles. In Sonic's storyline, they only appeared as standard enemies in the Sky Sanctuary Zone. In Knuckles' story, however, one EggRobo in particular replaces Eggman as the end-of-zone boss in a number of levels. An EggRobo later appears in Sonic R as a playable character, and in the form of a kart racer in Sonic Adventure 2.

text: Fang the Sniper

text: Fang the Sniper (ファング・ザ・スナイパー, Fangu Za Sunaipā),[21] initially known as Nack the Weasel[22] in English localizations, is a purple wolf/weasel hybrid[23] (a wolf/jerboa hybrid in Japan[24][25]) that first appeared in the Game Gear video game Sonic the Hedgehog: Triple Trouble in 1994. His character is a treasure hunter in search of the Chaos Emeralds; however he does not know of their true power and merely wants to sell them for profit.[22] He is a slick,[23] sneaky, and mischievous[21] character who will steal the Emeralds for an easier job.[22] Fang tries hard to outwit others, but is held back by his naivety and often fails.[21]

text: Outside of Triple Trouble, Fang had playable roles in Sonic Drift 2 and Sonic the Fighters in 1995 and 1996, and had been planned to be in the cancelled Sonic Xtreme. He has not had any significant roles since, though he made a cameo appearance on an in-game poster in 2011's Sonic Generations, and as a robot character's illusion in Sonic Mania in 2017.

text: Chaotix

text: The Chaotix are a group of four characters who debuted in the game Knuckles' Chaotix as the main characters, later forming their own detective agency in Sonic Heroes. IGN described the characters as "charming" and noted that they were introduced before fans became weary of all the new characters in the series.[26]

text: Big the Cat

text: Big the Cat[27] first appeared in the 1998 Dreamcast game Sonic Adventure, where he was placed to justify the presence of a fishing rod in the game, although he was conceived beforehand.[28] Big is a large, blue anthropomorphic cat, who is depicted as—while unintelligent—sweet, easygoing, and physically strong.[29][30]

text: In Sonic Adventure, Big's story involves fishing his frog friend, Froggy,[31] out of various bodies of water after Froggy swallows a Chaos Emerald and part of the tail of Chaos, the game's antagonist. In Sonic Heroes, Big teams up with Amy Rose and Cream the Rabbit to search for Froggy and a lost Chao creature called Chocola. He is also a more minor playable character in other Sonic games like Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood and Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing and a non-player character in titles such as the Nintendo DS version of Sonic Colors. Reflecting the story of Adventure, Big appears in the Sonic X anime and the Sonic the Hedgehog comics.

text: Big has been derided by the video game press and fanbase for his obesity, low intelligence, one-dimensional development and uselessness within his games; he has appeared on several lists of the worst video game characters of all time and within the Sonic cast.[32][33][34] Due to his poor reception and apparent uselessness, Sonic Team decided to remove him from any future games starting in 2012,[35] although head Takashi Iizuka has since stated that a game starring Big is a possibility.[36] Big has, however, made additional cameo appearances. He made a brief appearance in the Sonic the Hedgehog world in Lego Dimensions, where he asks for the player's assistance in catching Froggy as a side-quest.[37]

text: Chaos

text: Chaos (カオス, Kaosu) is a Chao mutated by the Chaos Emeralds that acts as a guardian for its species, protects the Master Emerald, and provides clear water around its altar.[38] It is a water-like being that can easily manipulate its body, allowing it to stretch limbs or liquefy itself. Without any Chaos Emeralds, it is known as "Chaos Zero", but with each Emerald it absorbs, it transforms into a more powerful form, eventually becoming "Perfect Chaos" with all 7 Emeralds.

text: Its first appearance is in Sonic Adventure, where Dr. Eggman attempts to use it to conquer the world. Chaos tracks down the emeralds, becomes "Perfect Chaos", and floods all of Station Square, but is ultimately defeated by Super Sonic. It reappears in Sonic Adventure 2 as a bonus multiplayer character, in Sonic Battle as a playable fighter, and in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games as an ice version of Perfect Chaos. He reappears in his perfect form in Sonic Generations as a boss where he has a new look with green teeth and dark blue reptilian skin for the upper half of his body.[39] This was supposed to be how he always looked, but the technology of the Dreamcast at the time made this look impossible.[40] Chaos appears as the final boss in the Sonic the Hedgehog pack of Lego Dimensions.

text: E-100 Series

text: The E-100 Series is a group of robots created by Doctor Eggman, who uses them in his quest to conquer the world; However some of their members have since gone rogue.[41]

text: E-100 Alpha (アルファ, Arufa), better known as Zero, is the first of the E-100 series and considered the prototype of the line.[42] He was created by Dr. Eggman and ordered to capture the Chaos Emerald from Amy Rose's Flicky friend, Birdie. He first appeared in Sonic Adventure as the main antagonist in Amy's story, where he repeatedly tries to capture Birdie. At the end of Amy's story, she destroys him. In Sonic Advance 2, he appears in special stages, trying to prevent players from getting the seven Chaos Emeralds.

text: E-102 Gamma (E-102ガンマ, Ī-Ichi-Zero-Ni Ganma) also primarily appears in Sonic Adventure. He is a red, bulky robot[43] with a powerful gun built into his arm.[44] Gamma turns against his master after a heartfelt conversation with Amy Rose, who becomes his friend.[45][46] He offers shoot-'em-up gameplay to a largely platforming-focused game.[47] Gamma later appears as a playable character in Sonic Battle. He has garnered mixed comments from critics.[48] While Xbox World generally commended his story,[49] others criticized the slow and repetitive nature of his gameplay.[50][51][52]

text: E-123 Omega (オメガ, Omega) first appears in Sonic Heroes, Eggman seals Omega within an abandoned base, along with Shadow, until Rouge the Bat releases Shadow from his stasis pod, accidentally reactivating Omega.[53] Omega decides to team up with the other two in order to obtain revenge on Eggman and prove that he is the most powerful robot of all.[54] He returns with the same goal in Shadow the Hedgehog, and teams up with Shadow in certain levels to destroy Eggman's robots. During Sonic the Hedgehog 2006, he is playable after Rouge orders him to support Shadow many years in the future.[55] He is also one of the secret unlockable characters in Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood.[56] He also appeared in the DS version of Sonic Colors where he challenges Sonic to perform a mission, and reveals to Sonic the location of Eggman's base in the Asteroid Coaster world. Omega has appeared in Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games as a rival in speed skating and intense short track[57] and in Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games as a rival in the 100m Sprint.

text: Omega has an array of destructive weapons concealed in his arms, including machine guns, flamethrowers, missile launchers, beam cannons and rocket-propelled drills. He can also retract his hands in order to attach a spinning Shadow and Rouge in their place, either using the two as melee weapons or firing them.[53] Omega has seen negative reception. Eurogamer staff writer Tom Bramwell called Omega a "lesser" character among the Heroes cast.[58] An Electronic Gaming Monthly preview of Heroes referred to him as an imitation of the T-1000s from the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[59] However, Jeremy Dunham from IGN called Omega a "supreme machine".[60]

text: Omochao

text: Omochao (オモチャオ, /ˈoʊmoʊtʃaʊ/) is a robotic Chao with a propeller on its head. Omochao was introduced in Sonic Adventure as part of the Chao Races, and it later appeared in Sonic Adventure 2, where it serves as an in-game manual to teach players how to play the game. Since then, it has appeared in a multitude of Sonic games, such as a guide in the training level and instructions for what everything does in Sonic Heroes, or as a type of gun in Shadow the Hedgehog, a referee in Sonic Riders, a collectable card, and referee in Sonic Rivals 2, a referee in Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Games, giving hints in Sonic Advance 3, and as a supporting character in multiplayer of Sonic and the Secret Rings. He has also been seen as the host of the World Grand Prix in Sonic Free Riders. He also appears in Sonic Generations as an optional gameplay guide. "Omochao" is a pun on "omocha" (玩具, toy) and "chao".

text: Tikal the Echidna

text: Tikal (ティカル, Tikaru, /tɪˈkæl/) is an echidna, who is the daughter of Chief Pachacamac (パチャカマ, Pachakama) from the same tribe that Knuckles the Echidna descends, the Knuckles Tribe.[61] She first appears in Sonic Adventure and returns in Sonic Adventure 2. Thousands of years before the main events of the series, she opposes her father's power-hungry ways of invading other countries.[62] She eventually comes into contact with Chaos and a group of Chao at the shrine of the Master Emerald, who accept her due to her friendliness to them. She tries to reason with him about raiding the shrine for the emeralds, but he, hesitated by what she said to him, briefly snaps at her and orders the Knuckles Clan to attack. When the Clan does as it is told, they ran over Tikal and the Chao, which angers Chaos, as he punishes Pachacamac and the Knuckles Clan for what they did to Tikal and the Chao, by destroying them, absorbing the negative power of the emeralds. After that, Tikal tells the Master Emerald to stop Chaos, as it seals her inside itself.[63] Several thousand years later, Doctor Eggman shatters the Master Emerald and awakens the angry Chaos and Tikal's spirit. Tikal helps the main characters defeat Chaos and then leaves with it.[64] She has only had small cameos in Sonic games since the two Sonic Adventure games.

text: Shadow the Hedgehog

text: Shadow the Hedgehog (シャドウ・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Shadō Za Hejjihoggu) is an artificially created life form in the design of a black and red male hedgehog, similar to Sonic. His trademark hover skates propel him at extreme speeds that rival those of Sonic.[65]

text: According to official profiles, Shadow was created 50 years ago by Professor Gerald Robotnik as the "Ultimate Life Form",[66] which is ageless and immortal.[67] Sharp witted and seemingly always on the edge,[7][68] once he has set himself to a goal, he will do whatever it takes to accomplish it,[7] regardless of any danger.[69] After the trauma of the death of his only friend, Maria Robotnik, Shadow strives to fulfill his purpose and keep the promise he made to her.[7][69] Although his relationship with Sonic seems to have developed from antagonistic to friendly rivalry, animosity from not understanding their different mindsets still occurs.[70]

text: However, Shadow shares a lot of similarities with Sonic.[69][71] He can perform spin attacks common to Sonic,[66] which are a variation on the tendency for hedgehogs to roll into tight balls for protection. Additionally, with the power of a Chaos Emerald, Shadow can warp time and space with Chaos Control.[66][68][69] Shadow is also able to use a variety of other Chaos powers, such as "Chaos Spear" and "Chaos Blast".[69]

text: Using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds, Shadow uses his super transformation to transform into Super Shadow[72] and bestows new abilities of flight and near invulnerability, with normal abilities of speed and enhanced Chaos powers.

text: Professor Gerald Robotnik

text: Professor Gerald Robotnik (プロフェッサー・ジェラルド・ロボトニック, Purofessā Jerarudo Robotonikku) is the grandfather of Maria Robotnik and Dr. Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik. Fifty years before the main series, he attempted to create the "Ultimate Life Form" under the funding of the United Federation, hoping that it can help cure Maria's illness. He appears in Sonic Adventure 2 and Shadow the Hedgehog.

text: Maria Robotnik

text: Maria Robotnik (マリア・ロボトニック, Maria Robotonikku) is a character that appears mostly in flashbacks in Sonic Adventure 2 and Shadow the Hedgehog. She is the granddaughter of Professor Gerald Robotnik, and is the cousin of Dr. Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik. Maria suffers from the illness known as "NIDS" (Neuro-Immuno Deficiency Syndrome), which was incurable at the time. Gerald takes on Project Shadow in order to save her life. Soon after Shadow is created, the two bond deeply, though it is short-lived as a government organization named "G.U.N." soon raids the ARK, fatally shooting Maria. Before she dies, she encases Shadow in an escape pod and asks him to bring hope to humanity and give humans a chance to be happy. This experience with Maria scars Shadow for life, but ultimately his determination to keep his promise to her leads him to team up with Sonic and save the Earth multiple times.

text: Maria's first, and only, playable appearance is in Shadow the Hedgehog, where she can be controlled as a partner character by a second player during specific in-game missions.

text: Rouge the Bat

text: Rouge the Bat (ルージュ・ザ・バット, Rūju Za Batto) is a white, anthropomorphic bat who made her first appearance in Sonic Adventure 2 in 2001, and who has been featured in several games since. She is depicted as a professional treasure hunter devoted to the pursuit of jewels,[73] calling herself the "World's Greatest Treasure Hunter". She has a tendency to ignore abstract morality or manners for potential profit;[74] her "feminine charm" makes her appear careless, but she is actually scheming and manipulative.[73] Additionally, she serves as a part-time spy for the government.[73] She fights using kicks, especially her signature "Screw Kick," and she can fly using her wings.[75]

text: Cream the Rabbit and Cheese

text: Cream the Rabbit (クリーム・ザ・ラビット, Kurīmu Za Rabitto) is a peach-colored rabbit with a constant companion named Cheese (チーズ, Chīzu), a blue Chao with a red bow bow-tie. Their names were based on "cream cheese".[76][77] Cream is portrayed as being naive because of being brought up like a princess by her mother, Vanilla.[78] She always politely minds her manners[79] but sometimes acts childishly.[79] Cream can achieve flight for short periods of time by flapping with her two large ears,[78] while Cheese often attacks on Cream's behalf by ramming into her adversaries.[80]

text: Cream first appeared as a playable character in Sonic Advance 2.[81] She returned in Sonic Heroes as part of "Team Rose", working together with Amy Rose and Big the Cat to defeat Metal Sonic,[82] and then again for Sonic Advance 3.[83]

text: Since her first trio of games, she has been relegated to being an extra playable character in Sonic spinoffs and multiplayer games. She is a playable character in the Sonic and the Secret Rings multiplayer mode, a playable fighter within Sonic Battle, a secret unlockable party member in Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood[84] and a playable racer in Sonic Riders, Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity, and Sonic Free Riders.

text: Cream has received mostly negative opinions from the video game press. Thomas East of Official Nintendo Magazine ranked her as the fifth worst Sonic character, criticizing various aspects of her like her high-pitched voice, repetitious speech in Sonic Heroes, "ridiculous smile", and single eyelash on each eye.[85] Christian Nutt of GameSpy singled her out as one of the negative features of Sonic Advance 2, calling her "corny" and "dopey-looking".[86] GamesRadar writer Jim Sterling ranked her as his second worst, stating that she "represents perhaps everything that's wrong with Sonic the Hedgehog characters", particularly finding her name to be random.[87] Similarly, Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer exclaimed "oh God" at her and Cheese's names.[88] David Houghton of GamesRadar ranked her name as one of the 25 worst among all video game characters, seeing a double entendre in the word "cream".[89] In contrast, Xbox World's review of Heroes stated that "we love Cream" and called her "the best new Sonic character since Tails."[90]

text: G.U.N. Commander

text: The G.U.N. Commander (司令官, Shireikan) is the leader of the Guardian Units of Nations (G.U.N.), a major military organization in the Sonic universe. His childhood took place aboard the ARK, a massive space station that was first explored in Sonic Adventure 2, although he did not appear in that game. While there, he befriended Maria Robotnik and witnessed the creation of Shadow. His family was killed when G.U.N. attacked the ARK, and he began to harbor a deep resentment towards Shadow as a result, though he would later join the organization. He appears throughout Shadow the Hedgehog as an antagonist; he tries to kill Shadow at first, though in one of the game's branching pathways, he realizes that Shadow has no memories of the incident and lets him go. Dialogue from levels in this game indicates that he has at least one child and one grandchild. The Commander also appears in Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood, where he allies with the game's playable characters against the Marauders, an antagonistic nation.

text: Blaze the Cat

text: Blaze the Cat (ブレイズ・ザ・キャット, Bureizu Za Kyatto) is a purple cat princess from an alternate dimension. She has been appointed as guardian of the Sol Emeralds, her dimension's version of the Chaos Emeralds,[91] making her role similar to that of Knuckles the Echidna.[92] She is portrayed as calm and levelheaded, hiding her true feelings.[93] She is sometimes "bogged down" by her own strict discipline and devotion to her position, making her appear withdrawn.[93] Blaze can control fire,[91] but wears a cape to conceal it as she was teased about her pyrokinetic abilities when she was young.[92] Using the Sol Emeralds, she transforms into Burning Blaze. Blaze wears a purple dress and white tights with pink high heels and a yellow necklace.

text: Blaze debuted in Sonic Rush as a playable character along with Sonic.[94] She arrives in Sonic's dimension from another dimension along with the Sol Emeralds. While searching for the Emeralds, she befriends Sonic and Cream and helps them stop Dr. Eggman and Eggman Nega before returning to her dimension. She reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog as Silver the Hedgehog's friend during the future of Sonic's dimension. The two attempt to fix their ruined future world by traveling back in time. Blaze ends up sacrificing her life to seal Iblis, the fiery monster that has destroyed their world, inside herself, but is brought back to life at the end of the game when Sonic destroyed Iblis in his own time period. She appeared again as the main character in Sonic Rush Adventure, where Sonic and Tails are transported to her dimension and help her retrieve the "Jeweled Scepter".[95]

text: Since her first trio of games, she has been relegated to being an extra playable character in Sonic spinoffs and multiplayer games. She is an unlockable multiplayer character in the Sonic and the Secret Rings and Sonic and the Black Knight, a playable racer in Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity and Sonic Free Riders and a playable athlete in all five Mario and Sonic at the Olympics games. She also appears together with Silver in Sonic Colors DS in several cutscenes and missions.

text: Blaze has been mostly well received by critics. IGN remarked upon seeing her at TGS 2005 that she "easily earned her place in the team" amidst unremarkable secondary characters. Her gameplay has been praised as "fast-moving and fun" as opposed to slower characters introduced earlier in the series,[96] but criticized for its resemblance to that of Sonic.[86] Blaze has been called "a nice addition to Sonic's cast" and "one of the more complex, multifaceted characters in the Sonic canon".[86][97]

text: Eggman Nega

text: Eggman Nega (エッグマン・ネガ, Egguman Nega) is Eggman's descendant from 200 years in the future, first introduced in Sonic Rush as the arch-enemy of Blaze the Cat and later Silver the Hedgehog.[98] He is known to cause trouble not only through time travel, but through inter-dimensional travel as well. Although his outward appearance resembles that of Doctor Eggman, his personality is different.[99] He is heartless and calculating, but maintains polite speech and manners.[99] His exact role in the overall series varies; in the Sonic Rush series, he works alongside the original Eggman as a team,[100] while in the Sonic Rivals series, he tends to use the fact that he resembles Eggman to his advantage, letting Eggman take the heat for his actions.[101]

text: Babylon Rogues

text: The Babylon Rogues are a group of avian thieves. They have only appeared collectively in the three racing games Sonic Riders, Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity and Sonic Free Riders. Producer Takashi Yuda considered them best-suited for Sonic series racing games, and noted in a 2006 interview that Sonic characters are usually designed with one specific storyline in mind.[102]

text: The Rogues have received predominantly negative comments from gaming journalists. Alex Navarro and Joe Dodson of GameSpot separately criticized their clichéd backstory,[103][104] as did Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell.[105] IGN's Jack DeVries specifically called Jet a "jerk" and stated that his voice is annoying, especially in Free Riders.[106]

text: Jet the Hawk

text: Jet the Hawk (ジェット・ザ・ホーク, Jetto Za Hōku) is a green hawk and the leader of the Babylon Rogues,[107] and nicknamed the "Legendary Wind Master"[108] due to his mastery of Extreme Gear.[109] This mastery comes from his forefathers.[107] His skills make him a possible match to Sonic the Hedgehog,[109] whom he considers a rival.[107] Jet is aware of his duties as leader but must sometimes be helped by his team.[107] Filled with extreme pride, the thing he likes most other than treasure is himself.[107] He despises losing and those who are faster or more confident than him and fights using Bashyo Fans.[107]

text: Wave the Swallow

text: Wave the Swallow (ウェーブ・ザ・スワロー, Wēbu Za Suwarō) is a purple swallow who is the current team's mechanic, as her father was for the previous generation of the Babylon Rogues.[110] Gifted in this craft,[110] she has a superb mechanical knowledge of Extreme Gear, which surpasses both Miles "Tails" Prower and Dr. Eggman.[111] Because of this knowledge, she is full of confidence.[112] She hates thick-headed or stupid people and notices everything, but her advice tends to be understandable only to her.[112] Although she looks on Jet the Hawk as an "unreliable younger brother" and can be stubborn, she follows his leadership.[112]

text: Storm the Albatross

text: Storm the Albatross (ストーム・ザ・アルバトロス, Sutōmu Za Arubatorosu) is a hulking albatross who is described as the muscle of the Babylon Rogues and Jet the Hawk's "right hand man."[113] The strength of his loyalty to Jet is greater than any other and he hates rivals to the team.[114] When he is angry, he becomes destructive;[114] and the raw power of his physical strength makes up for his lower intelligence[113] and lack of speed.[115] With his quick temper, he may stutter when flustered,[113] and he hates having to wait.[114]

text: Silver the Hedgehog

text: Silver the Hedgehog (シルバー・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Shirubā Za Hejjihoggu) is a silver-furred hedgehog from 200 years in the future of the main timeline. He first appeared in the 2006 Sonic the Hedgehog. His individual episode revolves around him traveling back in time with Blaze the Cat to find and slay Sonic the Hedgehog, who they believe is the cause of their world being destroyed in the future. Silver's primary ability is telekinesis;[116] he is able to levitate objects and use them as projectiles to either defeat enemies, or interact with his environment.[117] Like Sonic and Shadow, he transforms into "super form" by using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds.

text: Silver's creation was inspired by the game's early development stages, where the development team was making huge levels with multiple paths through them, and decided they wanted to include a new character with unique abilities for an alternate way to play through the levels.[116] The design team developed over fifty different concepts for the character.[116] At one point he was to actually be an orange mink named Venice (named after the city of the same name), but the developers ultimately decided against this, fearing a mink would not blend in with the rest of the characters.[116] They ended up deciding to make another hedgehog instead.[116] Orange was originally decided for his fur, but they soon moved away from that in color, in favor to a white-gray one.[116] While developing the character models and textures, they focused on using the hardware to develop the textures rather than just use white-gray, which lead to Silver's color and name.[116] Additionally, Silver's backstory was inspired by Trunks from the 1984 manga Dragon Ball, who made a similar journey to the past to kill two androids that would eradicate most of humanity in his own time; the script for Sonic the Hedgehog (2006) flat-out states "Essentially, think Trunks from Dragon Ball Z."[118]

text: Since his first appearance in Sonic the Hedgehog (2006), he has mainly appeared in the Sonic series spinoffs, multiplayer games, and small cameo roles. He is one of the playable characters in Sonic Rivals and Sonic Rivals 2, a playable character strictly in the multiplayer modes in Sonic and the Secret Rings and Sonic and the Black Knight, a playable racer in Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity,[119] and Sonic Free Riders, and a playable athlete in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games and the 2012 Olympic games sequel. He appears in Sonic Generations as a boss in the stages Crisis City (console version) and Tropical Resort (3DS version). Additionally, Silver was one of a few Sega characters to make a cameo in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, in the background of Sonic's Green Hill Zone stage,[120] and as a trophy and sticker.[121]

text: The character has generally not been very well received by critics.[122][123]

text: Orbot and Cubot

text: Orbot (オーボット, Ōbotto, /ˈɔːrbɒt/) is a robotic assistant of Dr. Eggman who first appears in Sonic Unleashed. While he generally assists in monitoring Eggman's data, he often makes sarcastic remarks pointing out general flaws in Eggman's plans, prompting a quick smack in return. He appears again in Sonic Colors, alongside a similar robot named Cubot (キューボット, Kyūbotto, /ˈkjuːbɒt/).[124] Conversely to Orbot, Cubot is rather slow, not witty, and suffers from a defect that causes him to randomly speak with different accents.[125] They also made a cameo in Sonic Generations and later reappeared in Sonic Lost World assisting Dr. Eggman. The duo made a cameo in Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games as one of the helping characters in the London Party, copying stickers for the participants.[126] The duo also appeared in Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games as the hosts of the Action and Answer Tour and in the Sonic Boom animated series. Digital Spy praised their inclusion in the plot of Sonic Colors especially Cubot, when tasked cleaning up another robot Sonic had destroyed, saying "When you consider what we're doing from a robot's perspective, this is actually pretty gruesome".[124]

text: Wisps

text: Wisps (ウィスプ, Uisupu) are a race of extraterrestrial creatures who live on a grassy, lush planet called Planet Wisp.[127][128] The mother of all Wisps is a much larger, pink one named Mother Wisp.[129] She created Planet Wisp and raised all of her children.[130] Wisps speak a common language that Sonic and Tails cannot understand,[131] though Tails builds a translation device in the game Sonic Colors.[132] Their Japanese and English name comes from Tails' translation of a word in their language;[133] other characters in the game simply refer to them as "aliens".[134][135] Wisps are composed of an energy force called "Hyper-go-ons",[136] which they can use to phase into the body of playable protagonist Sonic and give him temporary elemental powers.[127][137] They come in numerous breeds, each carrying one of many elemental powers known as "Color Powers".[127] When Sonic collects a Wisp, he can use its power once at will; however, he can only carry one at a time.[138]

text: There are numerous types of Wisps, each with its own special ability. Colors introduced ten types between the Wii and Nintendo DS versions of the game; some only appear in one version. For example, Purple Wisps, whose "Frenzy" ability turns Sonic into a difficult-to-control demon that can chomp through obstacles, is exclusive to the Wii version,[139] but Violet Wisps, which scale up Sonic's density to black hole-like levels and causes him to absorb enemies, obstacles, and rings, appear only in the DS version.[140] However, others appear in both versions, such as Yellow Wisps, which allow Sonic to drill underground and find otherwise inaccessible areas.[139] Lost World introduced more types of Wisps while keeping some old types.[141] Among these are Magenta Wisps, which bounce Sonic across paths of musical notes by having the player tap them on the Wii U's touch screen,[142] and Black Wisps, which turn Sonic into a bomb that can roll over enemies and explode.[143] The Colors manual describes each type of Wisp as having a different general personality; for example, Cyan Wisps, which allow Sonic to bounce off surfaces, are scatterbrained and energetic, while Orange Wisps, which blast him rapidly into the air, have fluctuating and explosive emotions.[144]

text: In Sonic Colors, Eggman builds an amusement park spanning the Wisps' planets under the pretense of making up for past transgressions.[128][145][146] Suspicious, Sonic and Tails investigate and rescue two Wisps from Orbot and Cubot.[135][147][148] One of them, a talkative male White Wisp named Yacker, tags along with Sonic and Tails during the game.[149] It turns out that Eggman is converting Wisps to a corrupted, purple (Wii version) or violet (DS version) state to fuel a mind control ray and control the universe.[150][151][152] Sonic frees Wisps from their confines in each level,[153] then uses several of them to defeat Eggman at the end of the game.[154] However, Eggman's mind control cannon malfunctions and creates a black hole, which sucks Sonic in until the Wisps combine their power to pull him out and neutralize the black hole.[155] Yacker frees the remaining Wisps, reverts them from their corrupted form, thanks Sonic and Tails,[156] and leaves.[157] The DS version features Mother Wisp as a post-game boss, as she was corrupted by the corrupted Wisps' Hyper-go-ons.[158][159] Wisps have also appeared in the level "Planet Wisp" in Sonic Generations[160] and the comics.[161] Iizuka stated in an interview that the Wisps were added to Colors to "expand and strengthen the platform action gameplay" without forcing the player to switch to other playable characters.[162] Another goal was to encourage players to revisit already-played levels; Sonic Team accomplished this by adding segments requiring certain types of Wisps to levels preceding their first appearances.[163] Iizuka has said that he now considers them a staple in the Sonic series.[164]

text: Critics have given mixed opinions toward Wisps and their integration into Sonic gameplay. IGN's Arthur Gies called them "the big addition" to Sonic Colors, outshining its polished physics and controls.[127] Dave McComb of film magazine Empire called them "cutesy" and "strange",[165] while John Meyer of Wired found them "cuddly" and Dale North of Destructoid called them "a cute little alien race".[166][167] Randy Nelson from Joystiq called them "plush" and speculated that they could easily lend their image to profitable merchandise.[168] Positive attention has been directed at the variety of Wisps available in Sonic Colors and Lost World and at the variety of gameplay styles they brought to the titles: for example, Gies stated that "almost all of them add interesting quirks to Sonic's basic abilities."[127] Reviewing the Nintendo DS version of Colors, Tim Turi from Game Informer stated that "each adds an interesting new gameplay mechanic" to the game.[140] Gies and Turi also praised the ability to revisit old levels with Wisps unlocked afterwards.[127][140] Nintendo Power's Steve Thomason identified them as "a truly interesting addition to the Sonic formula" amidst a series of missteps, and praised their "cleverly designed" variety.[139] Computer and Video Games writer Chris Scullion described Wisps in Lost World as "familiar power-ups that emulate mechanics in Mario's Wii adventures" as part of a larger, ambivalent point about the game being derivative of Super Mario Galaxy.[169] However, control and pacing aspects of the Wisps in general, as well as of individual types, have been criticized: for example, Gies opined that "for almost every useful ability there is a complete dud" and bemoaned the Wii controls.[170] Justin Speer from GameTrailers thought similarly and added that the Wisps "don't really feel like they belong".[171] Hardcore Gamer Magazine's review of Lost World stated that none of the Wisps make satisfying use of the Wii U's gamepad.[172] Chris Shilling of Eurogamer found them to "lead to clumsy touchscreen or gyro interludes that kill a level's pacing."[173]

text: Sticks the Badger

text: Sticks the Badger (スティックス・ザ・バジャー, Sutikkusu Za Bajā) is an orange and brown badger first introduced in the animated Sonic Boom television series. Her characteristics are wild and energetic, having lived in the wilderness alone for most of her life. Nonetheless, she is portrayed as wanting to strengthen her newfound friendship with Sonic, Amy, Tails and Knuckles.[174] Sticks appears in Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal, where she is described as "infantile" by Scott Thompson of IGN[175] and an "unlikeable idiot" by Becky Cunningham of GamesRadar,[176] albeit a "nice addition" by Chris Carter of Destructoid.[177]

text: She also appears in Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as an archer.


document_title: Geographical centre of Earth

question_text: where is located the center of the earth

text: Geographical centre of Earth

text: History of geo-centroid calculation[edit]

text: In 1864, Charles Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer Royal for Scotland, gave in his book Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid the coordinates with 30°00′N 31°00′E / 30.000°N 31.000°E / 30.000; 31.000 (Geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth (Smyth 1864)), the location of the Great Pyramid of Giza.[2][3] In addition, in October of that year, Smyth proposed to position the prime meridian at the longitude of the Great Pyramid because there it would "pass over more land than any other". He also argued the cultural significance of the location and its vicinity to Jerusalem. The expert committee deciding the issue, however, voted for Greenwich because "so many ships used the port of London".[3] Referring to Smyth's book, Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard wrote in his 1884 book, The imaginary metrological system of the Great pyramid of Gizeh, that the perfect location of the Great Pyramid along the longitudinal line could only have been purposefully done by its builders.[4]

text: In the September 1919 issue of Trestle Board Magazine, Mason William Galliher stated that knowledge of the Great Pyramid being the geographical centre was "determined by many years of scientific investigation" and that the Great Pyramid was likely to be the "last of the present land surface of the earth" to survive a cataclysmic event, due to its positioning.[5]

text: In 1973, Andrew J. Woods, a physicist with Gulf Energy & Environmental Systems in San Diego, used a digital global map and calculated the coordinates on a mainframe system as 39°00′N 34°00′E / 39.000°N 34.000°E / 39.000; 34.000 (Geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth (Woods 1973)), in modern Turkey, 1,000 km north of Giza[6][unreliable source?]

text: In 2007, Susan Wise Bauer claimed in her book Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome, that the theory that the Great Pyramid was the geographical centre of Earth would only hold true if a Mercator projection is used as the map for Earth, which was "unlikely to have been a common practice of the ancient Egyptians".[7]