document_title: Abundance of the chemical elements

question_text: what are the 2 most common elements in the universe

text: Abundance of the chemical elements

text: Universe[edit]

text:
Ten most common elements in the Milky Way Galaxy estimated spectroscopically[3]

Z
Element
Mass fraction (ppm)

1
Hydrogen
739,000

2
Helium
240,000

8
Oxygen
10,400

6
Carbon
4,600

10
Neon
1,340

26
Iron
1,090

7
Nitrogen
960

14
Silicon
650

12
Magnesium
580

16
Sulfur
440

text: The elements – that is, ordinary (baryonic) matter made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are only a small part of the content of the Universe. Cosmological observations suggest that only 4.6% of the universe's energy (including the mass contributed by energy, E = mc² ↔ m = E / c²) comprises the visible baryonic matter that constitutes stars, planets, and living beings. The rest is thought to be made up of dark energy (68%) and dark matter (27%).[4] These are forms of matter and energy believed to exist on the basis of scientific theory and observational deductions, but they have not been directly observed and their nature is not well understood.

text: Most standard (baryonic) matter is found in intergalactic gas, stars, and interstellar clouds, in the form of atoms or ions (plasma), although it can be found in degenerate forms in extreme astrophysical settings, such as the high densities inside white dwarfs and neutron stars.

text: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second.  However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are substantially less common.

text: The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside of stars.

text: Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74% and 24% of all baryonic matter in the universe respectively. Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe, the remaining "heavy elements" can greatly influence astronomical phenomena. Only about 2% (by mass) of the Milky Way galaxy's disk is composed of heavy elements.

text: These other elements are generated by stellar processes.[5][6][7] In astronomy, a "metal" is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This distinction is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang.  Thus, the metallicity of a galaxy or other object is an indication of stellar activity, after the Big Bang.

text: In general, elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovae. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number.

text: Solar system[edit]

text:
Most abundant nuclides in the Solar System[8]

Nuclide

A

Mass fraction in parts per million

Atom fraction in parts per million

Hydrogen-1
1
705,700
909,964

Helium-4
4
275,200
88,714

Oxygen-16
16
9,592
477

Carbon-12
12
3,032
326

Nitrogen-14
14
1,105
102

Neon-20
20
1,548
100

Other nuclides:
3,879
149

Silicon-28
28
653
30

Magnesium-24
24
513
28

Iron-56
56
1,169
27

Sulfur-32
32
396
16

Helium-3
3
35
15

Hydrogen-2
2
23
15

Neon-22
22
208
12

Magnesium-26
26
79
4

Carbon-13
13
37
4

Magnesium-25
25
69
4

Aluminium-27
27
58
3

Argon-36
36
77
3

Calcium-40
40
60
2

Sodium-23
23
33
2

Iron-54
54
72
2

Silicon-29
29
34
2

Nickel-58
58
49
1

Silicon-30
30
23
1

Iron-57
57
28
1

text:
The following graph (note log scale) shows abundance of elements in the Solar System. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass.[3]
Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are uniform throughout the universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements.

text: The abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin from the Big Bang and nucleosynthesis in a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, while the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays).

text: Beginning with carbon, elements have been produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). The effect of odd-numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in the universe was empirically noticed in 1914, and is known as the Oddo-Harkins rule.

text: Relation to nuclear binding energy[edit]

text:
Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the nuclear binding energy curve.  Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang, and during the development of the universe thereafter.
[9]
See the article about nucleosynthesis for the explanation on how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning, etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.

text:
A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the elemental abundance curve, and a similar pattern of energy levels in the nuclear binding energy curve. This alternation is caused by the higher relative binding energy (corresponding to relative stability) of even atomic numbers compared with odd atomic numbers and is explained by the Pauli Exclusion Principle.[10]
The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), also called Weizsäcker's formula or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula, gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy.[11]

text: Earth[edit]

text: The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system. In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements.

text: The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements.[12]

text: The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental-mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure.

text:
Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth.[13] The right two columns give the fraction of the mass in parts per million (ppm) and the fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion (ppb).
show

Atomic Number

Name

Symbol

Mass fraction (ppm)

Atomic fraction (ppb)[13]

8
oxygen
O
297000
482,000,000

12
magnesium
Mg
154000
164,000,000

14
silicon
Si
161000
150,000,000

26
iron
Fe
319000
148,000,000

13
aluminum
Al
15900
15,300,000

20
calcium
Ca
17100
11,100,000

28
nickel
Ni
18220
8,010,000

1
hydrogen
H
260
6,700,000

16
sulfur
S
6350
5,150,000

24
chromium
Cr
4700
2,300,000

11
sodium
Na
1800
2,000,000

6
carbon
C
730
1,600,000

15
phosphorus
P
1210
1,020,000

25
manganese
Mn
1700
800,000

22
titanium
Ti
810
440,000

27
cobalt
Co
880
390,000

19
potassium
K
160
110,000

17
chlorine
Cl
76
56,000

23
vanadium
V
105
53,600

7
nitrogen
N
25
46,000

29
copper
Cu
60
25,000

30
zinc
Zn
40
16,000

9
fluorine
F
10
14,000

21
scandium
Sc
11
6,300

3
lithium
Li
1.10
4,100

38
strontium
Sr
13
3,900

32
germanium
Ge
7.00
2,500

40
zirconium
Zr
7.10
2,000

31
gallium
Ga
3.00
1,000

34
selenium
Se
2.70
890

56
barium
Ba
4.50
850

39
yttrium
Y
2.90
850

33
arsenic
As
1.70
590

5
boron
B
0.20
480

42
molybdenum
Mo
1.70
460

44
ruthenium
Ru
1.30
330

78
platinum
Pt
1.90
250

46
palladium
Pd
1.00
240

58
cerium
Ce
1.13
210

60
neodymium
Nd
0.84
150

4
beryllium
Be
0.05
140

41
niobium
Nb
0.44
120

76
osmium
Os
0.90
120

77
iridium
Ir
0.90
120

37
rubidium
Rb
0.40
120

35
bromine
Br
0.30
97

57
lanthanum
La
0.44
82

66
dysprosium
Dy
0.46
74

64
gadolinium
Gd
0.37
61

52
tellurium
Te
0.30
61

45
rhodium
Rh
0.24
61

50
tin
Sn
0.25
55

62
samarium
Sm
0.27
47

68
erbium
Er
0.30
47

70
ytterbium
Yb
0.30
45

59
praseodymium
Pr
0.17
31

82
lead
Pb
0.23
29

72
hafnium
Hf
0.19
28

74
tungsten
W
0.17
24

79
gold
Au
0.16
21

48
cadmium
Cd
0.08
18

63
europium
Eu
0.10
17

67
holmium
Ho
0.10
16

47
silver
Ag
0.05
12

65
terbium
Tb
0.07
11

51
antimony
Sb
0.05
11

75
rhenium
Re
0.08
10

53
iodine
I
0.05
10

69
thulium
Tm
0.05
7

55
cesium
Cs
0.04
7

71
lutetium
Lu
0.05
7

90
thorium
Th
0.06
6

73
tantalum
Ta
0.03
4

80
mercury
Hg
0.02
3

92
uranium
U
0.02
2

49
indium
In
0.01
2

81
thallium
Tl
0.01
2

83
bismuth
Bi
0.01
1

text: Crust[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a complete list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust.

text: The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust— the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.

text: Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories:

text:
rock-forming elements (major elements in green field, and minor elements in light green field);
rare earth elements (lanthanides, La-Lu, and Y; labeled in blue);
major industrial metals (global production >~3×107 kg/year; labeled in red);
precious metals (labeled in purple);
the nine rarest "metals" — the six platinum group elements plus Au, Re, and Te (a metalloid) — in the yellow field. These are rare in the crust from being soluble in iron and thus concentrated in the Earth's core.

text: Note that there are two breaks where the unstable (radioactive) elements technetium (atomic number: 43) and promethium (atomic number: 61) would be. These elements are surrounded by stable elements, yet both have relatively short half lives (~ 4 million years and ~ 18 years respectively). These are thus extremely rare, since any primordial initial fractions of these in pre-Solar System materials have long since decayed and disappeared. These two elements are now only produced naturally through the spontaneous fission of very heavy radioactive elements (for example, uranium, thorium, or the trace amounts of plutonium that exist in uranium ores), or by the interaction of certain other elements with cosmic rays. Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars, where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes.

text: There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six noble gases would be, since they are not chemically bound in the Earth's crust, and they are only generated by decay chains from radioactive elements in the crust, and are therefore extremely rare there.

text: The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements (polonium, astatine, francium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed away eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium.

text: Oxygen and silicon are notably the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and in rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals. In this way, they are the lightest of all of the two-percent "astronomical metals" (i.e., non-hydrogen and helium elements) to form a solid that is refractory to the Sun's heat, and thus cannot boil away into space. All elements lighter than oxygen have been removed from the crust in this way.

text: Rare-earth elements[edit]

text: "Rare" earth elements is a historical misnomer. The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity. The more abundant rare earth elements are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, or lead. The two least abundant rare earth elements (thulium and lutetium) are nearly 200 times more common than gold. However, in contrast to the ordinary base and precious metals, rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. Furthermore, the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other, and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements.

text: Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in the upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects, one nuclear and one geochemical. First, the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers (58Ce, 60Nd, ...) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers (57La, 59Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. In most rare earth ore deposits, the first four rare earth elements – lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium – constitute 80% to 99% of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore.

text: Mantle[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle (see main article above) is approximately: oxygen 45%, magnesium 23%, silicon 22%, iron 5.8%, calcium 2.3%, aluminum 2.2%, sodium 0.3%, potassium 0.3%.

text: The mantle differs in elemental composition from the crust in having a great deal more magnesium and significantly more iron, while having much less aluminum and sodium.

text: Core[edit]

text: Due to mass segregation, the core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.[12]

text: Ocean[edit]

text: The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84), hydrogen (10.82), chlorine (1.94), sodium (1.08), magnesium (0.1292), sulfur (0.091), calcium (0.04), potassium (0.04), bromine (0.0067), carbon (0.0028), and boron  (0.00043).

text: Atmosphere[edit]

text: The order of elements by volume-fraction (which is approximately molecular mole-fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%),[14] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components.   Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions.

text: According to the abundance curve graph (above right), argon, a significant if not major component of the atmosphere, does not appear in the crust at all. This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust, so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass-fraction there, while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant.

text: Urban soils[edit]

text: For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils.

text: Human body[edit]

text:
Elemental abundance in the human body
show

Element
Proportion (by mass)

Oxygen
65

Carbon
18

Hydrogen
10

Nitrogen
3

Calcium
1.5

Phosphorus
1.2

Potassium
0.2

Sulfur
0.2

Chlorine
0.2

Sodium
0.1

Magnesium
0.05

Iron
< 0.05

Cobalt
< 0.05

Copper
< 0.05

Zinc
< 0.05

Iodine
< 0.05

Selenium
< 0.01

text: By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (H2O), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.[15]

text: Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements.[16]

text:
Nutritional elements in the periodic table

H

He

Li
Be

B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Na
Mg

Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

K
Ca
Sc

Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

Rb
Sr
Y

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

Cs
Ba
La
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

Fr
Ra
Ac
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

*
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

**
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr

text:
The four basic organic elements

  Quantity elements

  Essential trace elements

  Deemed essential trace element by U.S., not by European Union

  Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling, but no clearly-identified biochemical function in humans

  Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals

  No evidence for biological action in mammals, but essential in some lower organisms.(In the case of lanthanum, the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides. Thus Ce, Pr, and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La, and the smaller Sm, Eu, and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth.)


document_title: Rules of chess

question_text: where does the queen go on a chess board

question_tokens: where does the queen go on a chess board

root

text: Rules of chess

text: Initial setup

text:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

tag: table

text: Chess is played on a chessboard, a square board divided into 64 squares (eight-by-eight) of alternating color, which is similar to that used in draughts (checkers) (FIDE 2008). No matter what the actual colors of the board, the lighter-colored squares are called "light" or "white", and the darker-colored squares are called "dark" or "black". Sixteen "white" and sixteen "black" pieces are placed on the board at the beginning of the game. The board is placed so that a white square is in each player's near-right corner. Horizontal rows are called ranks and vertical rows are called files.

tag: p

text: Each player controls sixteen pieces:

text:
Piece
King
Queen
Rook
Bishop
Knight
Pawn

Number
1
1
2
2
2
8

Symbols

text: At the beginning of the game, the pieces are arranged as shown in the diagram: for each side one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The pieces are placed, one on a square, as follows:

text:
The rooks are placed on the outside corners, right and left edge.
The knights are placed immediately inside of the rooks.
The bishops are placed immediately inside of the knights.
The queen is placed on the central square of the same color of that of the player: white queen on the white square and black queen on the black square.
The king takes the vacant spot next to the queen.
The pawns are placed one square in front of all of the other pieces.

tag: ul

text: Popular mnemonics used to remember the setup are "queen on her own color" and "white on right". The latter refers to setting up the board so that the square closest to each player's right is white (Schiller 2003:16–17).

text: Gameplay

text: The player controlling the white pieces is named "White"; the player controlling the black pieces is named "Black". White moves first, then players alternate moves. Making a move is required; it is not legal to skip a move, even when having to move is detrimental. Play continues until a king is checkmated, a player resigns, or a draw is declared, as explained below. In addition, if the game is being played under a time control players who exceed their time limit lose the game.

text: The official chess rules do not include a procedure for determining who plays White. Instead, this decision is left open to tournament-specific rules (e.g. a Swiss system tournament or Round-robin tournament) or, in the case of non-competitive play, mutual agreement, in which case some kind of random choice is often employed. A common method is for one player to conceal a piece (usually a pawn) of each color in either hand; the other player chooses a hand to open, and receives the color of the piece that is revealed.

text: Movement

text: Basic moves

text:
Basic moves of the king

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Moves of a rook

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

text:
Moves of a bishop

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Moves of the queen

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

text:
Moves of a knight

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Moves of a pawn

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

The pawns can move to the squares marked "×" in front of them. The pawn on c6 can also take either black rook.

text: Each type of chess piece has its own method of movement. A piece moves to a vacant square except when capturing an opponent's piece.

text: Except for any move of the knight and castling, pieces cannot jump over other pieces. A piece is captured (or taken) when an attacking enemy piece replaces it on its square (en passant is the only exception). The captured piece is thereby permanently removed from the game.[1] The king can be put in check but cannot be captured (see below).

text:
The king moves exactly one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. A special move with the king known as castling is allowed only once per player, per game (see below).
A rook moves any number of vacant squares in a horizontal or vertical direction. It also is moved when castling.
A bishop moves any number of vacant squares in any diagonal direction.
The queen moves any number of vacant squares in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction.
A knight moves to the nearest square not on the same rank, file, or diagonal. (This can be thought of as moving two squares horizontally then one square vertically, or moving one square horizontally then two squares vertically—i.e. in an "L" pattern.) The knight is not blocked by other pieces: it jumps to the new location.
Pawns have the most complex rules of movement:

text:
A pawn moves straight forward one square, if that square is vacant. If it has not yet moved, a pawn also has the option of moving two squares straight forward, provided both squares are vacant. Pawns cannot move backwards.
Pawns are the only pieces that capture differently from how they move. A pawn can capture an enemy piece on either of the two squares diagonally in front of the pawn (but cannot move to those squares if they are vacant).

text: Castling

text:
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8

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Position of pieces before castling

a
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Positions of the king and rook after kingside (White) and queenside (Black) castling

text: Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then placing the rook on the other side of the king, adjacent to it.[2] Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:

text:
The king and rook involved in castling must not have previously moved;
There must be no pieces between the king and the rook;
The king may not currently be in check, nor may the king pass through or end up in a square that is under attack by an enemy piece (though the rook is permitted to be under attack and to pass over an attacked square);
The king and the rook must be on the same rank (Schiller 2003:19).[3]

text: En passant

text: When a pawn advances two squares from its original square and ends the turn adjacent to a pawn of the opponent's on the same rank, it may be captured by that pawn of the opponent's, as if it had moved only one square forward. This capture is only legal on the opponent's next move immediately following the first pawn's advance. The diagrams on the right demonstrate an instance of this: if the white pawn moves from a2 to a4, the black pawn on b4 can capture it en passant, moving from b4 to a3 while the white pawn on a4 is removed from the board.

text: Pawn promotion

text: If a player advances a pawn to its eighth rank, the pawn is then promoted (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color at the choice of the player (a queen is usually chosen). The choice is not limited to previously captured pieces. Hence it is theoretically possible for a player to have up to nine queens or up to ten rooks, bishops, or knights if all of their pawns are promoted. If the desired piece is not available, the player should call the arbiter to provide the piece (Schiller 2003:17–19).[4]

text: Check

text: A king is in check when it is under attack by at least one enemy piece. A piece unable to move because it would place its own king in check (it is pinned against its own king) may still deliver check to the opposing player.

text: It is illegal to make a move that places or leaves one's king in check. The possible ways to get out of check are:

text:
Move the king to a square where it is not in check.
Capture the checking piece (possibly with the king).
Block the check by placing a piece between the king and the opponent's threatening piece (Just 2014), (Polgar & Truong 2005:32,103), (Burgess 2009:550).

text: If it is not possible to get out of check, the king is checkmated and the game is over (see the next section).

text: In informal games, it is customary to announce "check" when making a move that puts the opponent's king in check. However, in formal competitions check is rarely announced (Just 2014).

text: Competition rules

text: These rules apply to games played "over the board". There are special rules for correspondence chess, blitz chess, computer chess, and for handicapped players.

text: Act of moving the pieces

text: The movement of pieces is to be done with one hand. Once the hand is taken off a piece after moving it, the move cannot be retracted unless the move is illegal. When castling, the player should first move the king with one hand and then move the rook with the same hand (Schiller 2003:19–20).

text: In the case of a pawn promotion, if the player releases the pawn on the eighth rank, the player must promote the pawn. After the pawn has moved, the player may touch any piece not on the board and the promotion is not finalized until the new piece is released on the promotion square (Just 2014).

text: Touch-move rule

text: In serious play, if a player having the move touches a piece as if having the intention of moving it, then the player must move it if it can be legally moved. So long as the hand has not left the piece on a new square, any legal move can be made with the piece. If a player touches one of the opponent's pieces then that piece must be captured if there is a legal move that does so. If none of the touched pieces can be moved or captured there is no penalty (Schiller 2003:19–20).

text: When castling, the king must be the first piece touched.[5] If the player touches the rook at the same time as touching the king, the player must castle with that rook if it is legal to do so. If the player completes a two-square king move without touching a rook, the player must move the correct rook accordingly if castling in that direction is legal. If a player starts to castle illegally, another legal king move must be made if possible, including castling with the other rook (Schiller 2003:20).

text: If a player moves a pawn to its eighth rank, it cannot be substituted for a different move of the pawn when the player has stopped touching it. However, the move is not complete until the promoted piece is released on that square.

text: If a player wishes to touch a piece with the intention of adjusting its position on a square, the player must first alert the opponent of this intention by saying J'adoube or "I adjust". Once the game has started, only the player with the move may touch the pieces on the board (Schiller 2003:19–20).

text: Timing

text: Tournament games are played under time constraints, called time controls, using a chess clock. Players must make their moves within the time control or forfeit the game. There are different types of time controls. In some cases each player will have a certain amount of time to make a certain number of moves. In other cases each player will have a limited amount of time to make all of their moves. Also, the player may gain a small amount of additional time for each move made, either by a small increment added for each move made, or by the clock delaying a small amount of time each time it is started after the opponent's move (Schiller 2003:21–24).

text:
If a player delivers a checkmate, the game is over and that player wins, no matter what is subsequently noticed about the time on the clock.
If player A calls attention to player B being out of time while player A is not out of time and some sequence of legal moves leads to B being checkmated then player A wins automatically.
If player A does not have the possibility of checkmating B then the game is a draw (Schiller 2003:28).

text: The United States Chess Federation (USCF) rule is different. USCF Rule 14E defines "insufficient material to win on time", that is lone king, king plus knight, king plus bishop, and king plus two knights opposed by no pawns, and there is no forced win in the final position. Hence to win on time with this material, the USCF rule requires that a win can be forced from that position, while the FIDE rule merely requires a win to be possible. (See Monika Soćko rules appeal in 2008 and Women's World Chess Championship 2008 for a famous instance of this rule.)

text:
If a player is out of time and also calls attention to their opponent running out of time, then:

If a sudden death time control is not being used, the game continues in the next time control period (Schiller 2003:23).
if the game is played under a sudden death time control, then if it can be established which player ran out of time first, the game is lost by that player; otherwise the game is drawn (Schiller 2003:29).

text: If a player believes that the opponent is attempting to win the game on time and not by normal means (i.e. checkmate), if it is a sudden death time control and the player has less than two minutes remaining, the player may stop the clocks and claim a draw with the arbiter. The arbiter may declare the game a draw or postpone the decision and allot the opponent two extra minutes (Schiller 2003:21–24,29).[6]

text: Recording moves

text: Each square of the chessboard is identified with a unique pair of a letter and a number. The vertical files are labeled a through h, from White's left (i.e. the queenside) to White's right. Similarly, the horizontal ranks are numbered from 1 to 8, starting from the one nearest White's side of the board. Each square of the board, then, is uniquely identified by its file letter and rank number. The white king, for example, starts the game on square e1. The black knight on b8 can move to a6 or c6.

text: In formal competition, each player is obliged to record each move as it is played in a chess notation in order to settle disputes about illegal positions, overstepping time control, and making claims of draws by the fifty-move rule or repetition of position. Algebraic chess notation is the accepted standard for recording games today. There are other systems such as ICCF numeric notation for international correspondence chess and the obsolete descriptive chess notation. The current rule is that a move must be made on the board before it is written on paper or recorded with an electronic device.[7][8]

text: Both players should indicate offers of a draw by writing "=" at that move on their score sheet (Schiller 2003:27). Notations about the time on the clocks can be made. If a player has less than five minutes left to complete all of their moves, they are not required to record the moves (unless a delay of at least thirty seconds per move is being used). The score sheet must be made available to the arbiter at all times. A player may respond to an opponent's move before writing it down (Schiller 2003:25–26).

text: Adjournment

text: Irregularities

text: Illegal move

text: A player who makes an illegal move must retract that move and make a legal move. That move must be made with the same piece if possible, because the touch-move rule applies. If the illegal move was an attempt to castle, the touch-move rule applies to the king but not to the rook. The arbiter should adjust the time on the clock according to the best evidence. If the mistake is only noticed later on, the game should be restarted from the position in which the error occurred (Schiller 2003:24–25). Some regional organizations have different rules.[9]

text: If blitz chess is being played (in which both players have a small, limited time, e.g. five minutes) the rule varies. A player may correct an illegal move if the player has not pressed their clock. If a player has pressed their clock, the opponent may claim a win if he or she hasn't moved. If the opponent moves, the illegal move is accepted and without penalty (Schiller 2003:77).[10]

text: According to the FIDE Laws of Chess, the first completed illegal move is penalized by awarding the opponent two additional minutes on the clock. The second completed illegal move by the same player results in the loss of the game, unless the position is such that it is impossible for the opponent to win by any series of legal moves (e.g. if the opponent has a bare king) in which case the game is drawn.[11] A move is completed when it has been made and the player has pressed the clock.[12] In rapid chess and blitz chess, the first completed illegal move results in a loss.[13]

text: Illegal position

text: If it is discovered during the game that the starting position was incorrect, the game is restarted. If it is discovered during the game that the board is oriented incorrectly, the game is continued with the pieces transferred to a correctly oriented board. If the game starts with the colors of the pieces reversed, the game continues (unless the arbiter rules otherwise) (Schiller 2003:24). Some regional organizations have different rules.[14]

text: If a player knocks over pieces, it is their responsibility to restore them to their correct position on their time. If it is discovered that an illegal move has been made, or that pieces have been displaced, the game is restored to the position before the irregularity. If that position cannot be determined, the game is restored to the last known correct position (Schiller 2003:24–25).

text: Conduct

text: Players may not use any notes, outside sources of information (including computers), or advice from other people. Analysis on another board is not permitted. Scoresheets are to record objective facts about the game only, such as time on the clock or draw offers. Players may not leave the competition area without permission of the arbiter (Schiller 2003:30–31).

text: High standards of etiquette and ethics are expected. Players should shake hands before and after the game. Generally a player should not speak during the game, except to offer a draw, resign, or to call attention to an irregularity. An announcement of "check" is made in amateur games but should not be used in officially sanctioned games. A player may not distract or annoy another player by any means, including repeatedly offering a draw (Schiller 2003:30–31,49–52).

text: Due to increasing concerns about the use of chess engines and outside communication, in 2014 FIDE banned all mobile phones from the playing area during chess competitions, under penalty of forfeiture of the game or even expulsion from the tournament. However, the rules also allow for less rigid enforcement in amateur events.[15]

text: Equipment

text: The size of the squares of the chessboard should be approximately 1.25 to 1.3 times the diameter of the base of the king, or 50 to 65 mm. Squares of approximately 57 mm (2 1⁄4 inches) normally are well-suited for pieces with the kings in the preferred size range. The darker squares are usually brown or green and the lighter squares are off-white or buff.

text: Pieces of the Staunton chess set design are the standard and are usually made of wood or plastic. They are often black and white; other colors may be used (like a dark wood or even red for the dark pieces) but they would still be called the "white" and "black" pieces (see White and Black in chess). The height of the king should be 85 to 105 millimetres (3.35–4.13 inches).[16] A height of approximately 95 to 102 mm (3 3⁄4–4 inches) is preferred by most players. The diameter of the king should be 40 to 50% of its height. The size of the other pieces should be in proportion to the king. The pieces should be well balanced (Just 2014).[17]

text: In games subject to time control, a chess clock is used, consisting of two adjacent clocks and buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, such that the two component clocks never run simultaneously. The clock can be analog or digital though a digital clock is highly preferred under both USCF and FIDE rulesets. This is since most tournaments now include either a time delay (a countdown to when a clock starts again) or add (extra time being added prior or after the move) to their time controls. Before the start of the game, either the arbiter decides, or whomever is playing Black, where the chess clock is placed.

text: End of the game

text: Checkmate

text: If a player's king is placed in check and there is no legal move that player can make to escape check, then the king is said to be checkmated, the game ends, and that player loses (Schiller 2003:20–21). Unlike other pieces, the king is never actually captured or removed from the board because checkmate ends the game (Burgess 2009:502).

text: The diagram shows an example checkmate position. The white king is threatened by the black queen; the square to which the king could move is also threatened; it cannot capture the queen, because it would then be in check by the rook.

text: Resigning

text: Either player may resign at any time and their opponent wins the game. Players typically resign when they believe they are very likely to lose the game. A player may resign by saying it verbally or by indicating it on their score sheet in any of three ways: (1) by writing "resigns", (2) by circling the result of the game, or (3) by writing "1–0" if Black resigns or "0–1" if White resigns (Schiller 2003:21). Tipping over the king also indicates resignation, but it is not frequently used (and should be distinguished from accidentally knocking the king over). Stopping both clocks is not an indication of resigning, since clocks can be stopped to call the arbiter. An offer of a handshake is not necessarily a resignation either, since one player could think they are agreeing to a draw (Just 2014).

text: Draws

text: The game ends in a draw if any of these conditions occur:

text:
The game is automatically a draw if the player to move is not in check but has no legal move. This situation is called a stalemate. An example of such a position is shown in the adjacent diagram.
The game is immediately drawn when there is no possibility of checkmate for either side with any series of legal moves. This draw is often due to insufficient material, including the endgames

king against king;
king against king and bishop;
king against king and knight;
king and bishop against king and bishop, with both bishops on squares of the same color (see Checkmate#Unusual mates).[18]

Both players agree to a draw after one of the players makes such an offer.

text: The player having the move may claim a draw by declaring that one of the following conditions exists, or by declaring an intention to make a move which will bring about one of these conditions:

text:
Fifty-move rule: There has been no capture or pawn move in the last fifty moves by each player.
Threefold repetition: The same board position has occurred three times with the same player to move and all pieces having the same rights to move, including the right to castle or capture en passant.

text: If the claim is proven true, the game is drawn (Schiller 2003:21,26–28).

text: At one time, if a player was able to check the opposing king continually (perpetual check) and the player indicated their intention to do so, the game was drawn. This rule is no longer in effect; however, players will usually agree to a draw in such a situation, since either the rule on threefold repetition or the fifty-move rule will eventually be applicable (Staunton 1847:21–22), (Reinfeld 1954:175).

text: Time control

text: A game played under time control will end as a loss for a player who uses up all of their allotted time, unless the opponent cannot possibly checkmate him (see the Timing section above). There are different types of time control. Players may have a fixed amount of time for the entire game or they may have to make a certain number of moves within a specified time. Also, a small increment of time may be added for each move made.

text: History

text: The rules of chess have evolved much over the centuries from the early chess-like games played in India in the 6th century. For much of that time the rules have varied from area to area. The modern rules first took form in Italy during the 13th century, giving more mobility to pieces that previously had more restricted movement (such as the queen and bishop). Such modified rules entered into an accepted form during the late 15th century (Hooper & Whyld 1992:41,328) or early 16th century (Ruch 2004). The basic moves of the king, rook, and knight are unchanged. Pawns originally did not have the option of moving two squares on their first move and promoted only to a queen if they reached the eighth rank. The queen was originally the fers or farzin, which could move one square diagonally in any direction. In European chess it became able to leap two squares diagonally, forwards, backwards, or to left or right on its first move; some area also gave this right to a newly promoted pawn. In the Persian and Arabic game the bishop was a pīl (Persian) or fīl (Arabic) (meaning "elephant") which moved two squares diagonally with jump (Davidson 1949:13). In the Middle Ages the pawn could only be promoted to the equivalent of a queen (which at that time was the weakest piece) if it reached its eighth rank (Davidson 1949:59–61). During the 12th century the squares on the board sometimes alternated colors, and this became the standard in the 13th century (Davidson 1949:146).

text: Between 1200 and 1600 several laws emerged that drastically altered the game. Checkmate became a requirement to win; a player could not win by capturing all of the opponent's pieces. Stalemate was added, although the outcome has changed several times (see History of the stalemate rule). Pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move, and the en passant rule was a natural consequence of that new option. The king and rook acquired the right to castle (see Variations throughout history of castling for different versions of the rule).

text: Between 1475 and 1500 the queen and the bishop also acquired their current moves, which made them much stronger pieces[19] (Davidson 1949:14–17). When all of these changes were accepted the game was in essentially its modern form (Davidson 1949:14–17).

text: The rules for pawn promotion have changed several times. As stated above, originally the pawn could only be promoted to the queen, which at that time was a weak piece. When the queen acquired its current move and became the most powerful piece, the pawn could then be promoted to a queen or a rook, bishop, or knight. In the 18th century rules allowed only the promotion to a piece already captured, e.g. the rules published in 1749 by François-André Danican Philidor. In the 19th century this restriction was lifted, which allowed for a player to have more than one queen, e.g. the 1828 rules by Jacob Sarratt (Davidson 1949:59–61).

text: Two new rules concerning draws were introduced, each of which have changed through the years:

text:
The threefold repetition rule was added, although at some times up to six repetitions have been required, and the exact conditions have been specified more clearly (see Threefold repetition#History).
The fifty-move rule was also added. At various times, the number of moves required was different, such as 24, 60, 70, or 75. For several years in the 20th century, the standard fifty moves was extended to one hundred moves for a few specific endgames (see Fifty-move rule's history).

text: Another group of new laws included (1) the touch-move rule and the accompanying "j'adoube/adjust" rule; (2) that White moves first (in 1889[20]); (3) the orientation of the board; (4) the procedure if an illegal move was made; (5) the procedure if the king had been left in check for some moves; and (6) issues regarding the behavior of players and spectators. The Staunton chess set was introduced in 1849 and it became the standard style of pieces. The size of pieces and squares of the board was standardized (Hooper & Whyld 1992:220–21,laws, history of).

text: Until the middle of the 19th century, chess games were played without any time limit. In an 1834 match between Alexander McDonnell and Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais, McDonnell took an inordinate amount of time to move, sometimes up to 1½ hours. In 1836 Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant suggested a time limit, but no action was taken. At the 1851 London tournament, Staunton blamed his loss in his match against Elijah Williams on Williams' slow play; one game was adjourned for the day after only 29 moves.[21] The next year a match between Daniel Harrwitz and Johann Löwenthal used a limit of 20 minutes per move.The first use of a modern-style time limit was in an 1861 match between Adolph Anderssen and Ignác Kolisch (Sunnucks 1970:459).

text: Codification

text: The first known publication of chess rules was in a book by Luis Ramírez de Lucena about 1497, shortly after the movement of the queen, bishop, and pawn were changed to their modern form (Just 2014). In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were differences of opinion concerning rules such as castling, pawn promotion, stalemate, and en passant. Some of these differences existed until the 19th century (Harkness 1967:3). Ruy López de Segura gave rules of chess in his 1561 book Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez (Sunnucks 1970:294).

text: As chess clubs arose and tournaments became common, there was a need to formalize the rules. In 1749 Philidor (1726–1795) wrote a set of rules that were widely used, as well as rules by later writers such as the 1828 rules by Jacob Sarratt (1772–1819) and rules by George Walker (1803–1879). In the 19th century, many major clubs published their own rules, including The Hague in 1803, London in 1807, Paris in 1836, and St. Petersburg in 1854. In 1851 Howard Staunton (1810–1874) called for a "Constituent Assembly for Remodeling the Laws of Chess" and proposals by Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa (1818–1889) were published in 1854. Staunton had published rules in Chess Player's Handbook in 1847, and his new proposals were published in 1860 in Chess Praxis; they were generally accepted in English-speaking countries. German-speaking countries usually used the writings of chess authority Johann Berger (1845–1933) or Handbuch des Schachspiels by Paul Rudolf von Bilguer (1815–1840), first published in 1843.

text: In 1924, Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) was formed and in 1929 it took up the task of standardizing the rules. At first FIDE tried to establish a universal set of rules, but translations to various languages differed slightly. Although FIDE rules were used for international competition under their control, some countries continued to use their own rules internally (Hooper & Whyld 1992:220–21). In 1952 FIDE created the Permanent Commission for the Rules of Chess (also known as the Rules Commission) and published a new edition of the rules. The third official edition of the laws was published in 1966. The first three editions of the rules were published in French, with that as the official version. In 1974 FIDE published the English version of the rules (which was based on an authorized 1955 translation). With that edition, English became the official language of the rules. Another edition was published in 1979. Throughout this time, ambiguities in the laws were handed by frequent interpretations that the Rules Commission published as supplements and amendments. In 1982 the Rules Commission rewrote the laws to incorporate the interpretations and amendments (FIDE 1989:7–8). In 1984 FIDE abandoned the idea of a universal set of laws, although FIDE rules are the standard for high-level play (Hooper & Whyld 1992:220–21). With the 1984 edition, FIDE implemented a four-year moratorium between changes to the rules. Other editions were issued in 1988 and 1992 (FIDE 1989:5), (Just 2014).

text: The rules of national FIDE affiliates (such as the United States Chess Federation, or USCF) are based on the FIDE rules, with slight variations (Just 2014).[22] Kenneth Harkness published popular rulebooks in the United States starting in 1956, and the USCF continues to publish rulebooks for use in tournaments it sanctions.

text: In 2008 FIDE added the variant Chess960 to the appendix of the Laws of Chess. Chess960 uses a random initial set-up of main pieces, with the conditions that the king is placed somewhere between the two rooks, and bishops on opposite-color squares. The castling rules are extended to cover all these positions.[23]

text: In 2014 a rule about mobile phones was brought in: see #Conduct.

text: Variations

text: From time to time, rules have been introduced at certain tournaments to discourage players from agreeing to short draws. One such case was the "no drawing or resigning during the first 30 moves" rule used at the 2009 London Chess Classic.[24]


document_title: Governor of Illinois

question_text: what are the qualifications to be governor of illinois

text: Governor of Illinois

text: Qualifications[edit]

text: The term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election. A single term ends four years later. A governor is required to be:

text:
at least twenty-five years old
a United States citizen
a resident of Illinois for three years prior to election

text: Residence[edit]

text: The governor is allowed the occupancy of the Illinois Executive Mansion in Springfield, the state capital. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855. It is one of three oldest governor's residences in continuous use in the United States.

text: The governor is also given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds, also located in Springfield. Governors have traditionally used this residence part of the year.

text: However, some governors, such as Rod Blagojevich, have chosen to not use the governor's homes as their primary residence, instead commuting either by car or plane to Springfield from their home cities.[2] Many Chicago-based governors also have done much of their business out of the governor's office in Chicago's James R. Thompson Center, an office building owned by the state named for former governor James R. Thompson (1977-1991) Illinois' longest-serving governor.

text: Corruption[edit]

text: Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships; four were convicted, and of those, one (Blagojevich) was the first to be impeached and removed from office.

text: Acquitted[edit]

text:
Len Small (R), governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted; thereafter, eight of the jurors received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a former governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings, that the governorship has the divine right of kings.[3]
William G. Stratton (R), governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965.[4]

text: Convicted[edit]

text:
Otto Kerner, Jr. (D), governor from 1961 to 1968; Stratton's successor and later a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, was convicted of 17 counts of bribery, conspiracy, perjury, and income-tax charges from his time as governor,[5] and received three years in prison and a $50,000 fine in 1973. He was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson.[5]
Daniel Walker (D), governor from 1973 to 1977, was later involved in the savings and loan scandals and convicted of federal crimes related to fraudulent loans to himself from his own First American Savings & Loan Association of Oak Brook. He was sentenced to seven years in prison with five years of probation following his release.[6]
George Ryan (R), governor from 1999 to 2003, was convicted in 2006 of corruption related to his time as Illinois Secretary of State in the 1990s, when commercial driver's licenses were issued to unqualified truckers in exchange for bribes, and one of the truckers was involved in a crash that killed six children. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan.[7] Ryan was released in 2013.
Rod Blagojevich (D), governor from 2003 to 2009, and Ryan's successor, was impeached and removed from office by the Illinois General Assembly in a unanimous vote in January 2009 after being tied to multiple "pay to play" schemes, including attempting to sell the former Senate seat of then-President-elect Barack Obama.[8] In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges.[9] Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27, 2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count and the jury was hung on two. On December 7, 2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison.


document_title: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

question_text: who plays zoey in day of the dead bloodline

text: Day of the Dead: Bloodline

text: Plot[edit]

text: Medical student Zoe Parker reluctantly attends a party at her college, Whittendale University, at the behest of her friends. While retrieving a keg of beer from the morgue, Zoe is confronted by her disturbed patient Max. Max, who is in love with her, attacks and attempts to rape her. However, a corpse reanimates and bites into Max’s throat. Zoe flees and warns everyone at the party, but hordes of the corpses, later dubbed Rotters, burst in and kill all except Zoe, who escapes through a window, only to find the city besieged by Rotters. The survivors of the initial outbreak are sent to refugee camps; Zoe is sent to High Rock Emergency Bunker, run by Lieutenant Miguel Salazar.

text: 5 years later, High Rock Emergency Bunker has lost contact with the other camps. Zoe and her friend Elyse serve as the camp doctors, treating illnesses and using Rotter blood samples to create a cure for the Rotters, though Miguel believes a cure is impossible. Miguel, at Zoe’s urging, sends Zoe, Elyse, his brother and her boyfriend Baca, Frank, Lucy, Derek, and Thomas on a supply run to retrieve medication from Whittendale University for Lily, a little girl suffering bacterial pneumonia. While taking medication from a professor’s office, Zoe encounters Max, now partially a Rotter. Horrified, Zoe flees and accidentally attracts the attention of other Rotters. The group saves her, but Frank is infected and is killed. Zoe successfully administers the medicine to Lily; however Max has managed to enter the camp.

text: Due to Frank’s death, animosity between Zoe and Miguel increase. While walking on her own, Zoe is attacked by Max, but signals for help and is rescued by Miguel, Baca, Thomas, Lucy, and Derek. Realizing that Max is not fully a Rotter, Zoe convinces Miguel to allow her to use Max’s blood to create a vaccine, and Miguel gives her 48 hours to create it, having been convinced by Frank’s wife Elle. Zoe and Elyse realize they need to test Max’s blood on blood samples from Live Rotters. She convinces Baca to help her by opening the gates to allow one Rotter in and take a blood sample from it. Though it initially goes well, Rotters burst through the gates and kill Thomas and infect Elyse. Miguel kills several Rotters and seals the doors to the compound, and, ignoring Zoe’s pleas that she can use the vaccine on Elyse, kills her.

text: Miguel tells Baca that earlier he saw Zoe’s name carved into Max’s arm; when Baca confronts Zoe about this, she tells him about Max’s rape attempt. Max steals the keys to his handcuffs from Alphonse in a scuffle. Max begins to taunt Zoe, telling her repeatedly “You are mine” before freeing himself and attempting to rape her again; however, he is fended off by Baca. Lily’s mother who Max had previously infected, chases after Lily and kills Derek, only for Max to kill her and chase Lily to the motor pool.

text: The remaining military personnel arrive, but Max opens the doors and allows a horde of Rotters inside, which kill Miguel, Elle, Lucy, and several others, though most of the Rotters are killed. Lily flees outside and Zoe chases after her. Max follows them and follows them into a greenhouse, where Zoe, hidden in mud, disembowels and decapitates Max. Zoe and Lily walk back into the compound, where she finds an infected Baca about to commit suicide. Zoe convinces Baca she can cure him with the vaccine and injects him with it, curing him. Some time later, High Rock Emergency Bunker has been repaired and Zoe sends a message to any remaining survivors that they have the vaccine, while the Rotters’ growls are heard from within a nearby forest.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnathon Schaech as Max
Sophie Skelton as Zoe Parker
Marcus Vanco as Baca Salazar
Jeff Gum as Miguel Salazar
Mark Rhino Smith as Alphonse
Cristina Serafini as Elle
Lillian Blankenship as Lily
Shari Watson as Elyse
Atanas Sreberev as Frank
Ulyana Chan as Lucy
Nathan Cooper as Savin
Vladimir Mihailov as Thomas

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 10, 2013 it was announced that there would be a remake of Day of the Dead, titled Day of the Dead: Bloodline. Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman, two of the producers behind Texas Chainsaw 3D[7] have obtained the rights. Campbell, who had a small role in the first remake said "We want to keep it as close to the Romero version as possible. To make sure that his fans are happy. These are not going to be zombies climbing walls and doing back flips like in World War Z." Campbell and Grobman held meetings with possible writers to figure out the best way to adapt the story.[7] It began filming in June 2016.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally planned to be released in 2017, though it was later announced that it was delayed to a later release date of January 5, 2018.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 0% based on 6 reviews, and an average rating of 2.1/10.[8]

text: Michael Gingold of Rue Morgue called the idea of a remake "a foolish and pointless exercise" and said the film's themes were "strictly and tediously standard-issue."[9] Brian Tallerico on Rogerebert.com gave the film a star-and-a-half, stating there were a few well-choreographed action scenes but "I was just watching people I didn’t care about yell at each other and make really stupid decisions."[10] Matt Donato of We Got This Covered gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and stated "Day Of The Dead: Bloodline somehow dethrones 2008's earlier remake attempt as an even more forgettable 'reimagining' (aka rip-off)."[11]


document_title: Nomad (comics)

question_text: who does steve rogers became after captain america

text: Nomad (comics)

text: Steve Rogers[edit]

text: The original Nomad is an alternate identity that Steve Rogers adopts after he abandons the Captain America costume and title.

text: In Captain America #180 (December 1974) Rogers becomes disillusioned with the United States government, when he discovers that a high ranking government official (heavily hinted to be the then President of the United States Richard Nixon) is the leader of the terrorist organization known as the Secret Empire.

text: Rogers then decides to abandon his Captain America identity, feeling that he cannot continue to serve America after this latest discovery has shattered his faith in the nation's status. However, a confrontation with Hawkeye (disguised as the Golden Archer) forces Rogers to realize that he cannot abandon a life of heroism, and he subsequently takes on the name "Nomad" (as it means "man without a country") adopting a new dark blue and yellow uniform with no patriotic markings on it at all.

text: This identity is short-lived, with Rogers maintaining it for a mere four issues of the comic to varying degrees of success; he even trips over his own cape at one point. At the conclusion of Captain America #184 (April 1975) Rogers returns to the role of Captain America when he realizes that he could champion America's ideals without blindly supporting its government.

text: Edward Ferbel[edit]

text: Introduced in Captain America #261 (September 1981), the second Nomad was Edward Ferbel, a short-lived character who is given the Nomad costume and equipment by the Red Skull in an effort to discredit Captain America.

text: He is killed by an agent of the Skull, the Ameridroid, in Captain America #263 (November 1981).[2]

text: Jack Monroe[edit]

text: The third and best known Nomad is Jack Monroe, who was formerly known as the third Bucky. He was created by writer Steve Englehart and artist Sal Buscema in Captain America #153 (September 1972).

text: Rikki Barnes[edit]

text: After the events of the Onslaught Reborn mini-series, a version of Rikki Barnes, the female Bucky established in the Heroes Reborn Captain America series, now resides in the mainstream Marvel Universe, and has befriended the Young Avenger known as Patriot in the hopes of contacting the new Captain America (the original Bucky, now free of his Winter Soldier programming).[3] In September 2009, Rikki Barnes took on the identity of Nomad in the mini-series, Nomad: Girl Without A World, by Sean McKeever and David Baldeon.[4]

text: Ian Rogers[edit]

text: While trapped in the mysterious Dimension Z, Captain America rescues Leopold, the infant son of Arnim Zola.[5] Raising the child under the name "Ian", he manages to evade Zola's forces for eleven years, until Ian is accidentally shot and apparently killed by Sharon Carter.[6] After Captain America escapes Dimension Z, Ian is revealed to have survived and taken up a costume and shield similar to that of his adoptive father. Now calling himself Nomad, Ian acts as the defender of Dimension Z.[7]

text: During the AXIS storyline, Nomad assists Steve Rogers and Spider-Man in rescuing Loki in Las Vegas.[8]


document_title: Bachelor Party (1984 film)

question_text: who played the belly dancer in bachelor party

text: Bachelor Party (1984 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Party-animal Rick Gassko (Tom Hanks), who makes his living as a Catholic school bus driver,  decides to finally settle down and marry his girlfriend Debbie Thompson (Tawny Kitaen). After gathering his buddies to give them the news, his shocked friends (led by Jay (Adrian Zmed)) decide to throw him the bachelor party to end all bachelor parties. The bride's wealthy, conservative parents are not at all happy with her decision and her father decides to enlist the help of Debbie's ex-boyfriend Cole Whittier (Robert Prescott) to break them up and win her back.

text: While Debbie worries and goes off to her bridal shower thrown by her friends, Rick heads off to the bachelor party and promises to remain faithful. Both parties start off on the wrong foot thanks to a little sabotage by Cole. As the bachelor party starts to heat up, Debbie and the girls decide to get even with Rick and his friends by having a party of their own. Both parties eventually collide leading to Debbie accusing Rick of infidelity.

text: Both parties end up becoming one big drunken orgy and the bachelors' hotel room ends up getting trashed much to the chagrin of the hotel's ever-frustrated manager (Kenneth Kimmins).  Adding to the confusion is Rick's friend, Brad who has become despondent over his wife breaking up with him.  At various points during the movie, he riotously botches every suicide he attempts.  He even tries slitting his wrists with an electric razor to which Rick says, "Well.....at least your wrists will be smooth and kissable."

text: Rick convinces Debbie of his love and faithfulness just as the party is raided by the police. In the ensuing melee, Rick and Debbie become separated and Cole kidnaps Debbie leaving Rick and his friends to chase after them culminating in a showdown between Rick and Cole, which includes a chase through a 36-screen movie theater.  Rick and Cole have a humorous fist fight just below the movie screen which is showing a 3D movie. The fight is in direct synchronization to the on-screen fist fight.  A female audience member gets punched in the face but attributes it to a 3D movie effect.  Rick wins and he and Debbie embrace. After the wedding, Rick and Debbie are driven to the airport for their honeymoon in Rick's school bus driven by a laughing Brad.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Richard Ernesto "Rick" Gassko
Tawny Kitaen as Deborah Julie "Debbie" Thompson
Adrian Zmed as Jay O'Neill
George Grizzard as Ed Thompson
Barbara Stuart as Mrs. Thompson
Robert Prescott as Cole Whittier
William Tepper as Dr. Stanley "Stan" Gassko
Wendie Jo Sperber as Dr. Tina Gassko
Barry Diamond as Rudy
Tracy Smith as Bobbi
Gary Grossman as Gary
Michael Dudikoff as Ryko
Gerard Prendergast as Mike
Deborah Harmon as Ilene
Kenneth Kimmins as Parkview Hotel Manager
Rosanne Katon as Bridal Shower Hooker
Christopher Morley as She-Tim
Brett Baxter Clark as Nick (credited as Brett Clark)
Monique Gabrielle as Tracey (naked)
Angela Aames as Mrs. Klupner
Hugh McPhillips as Father O'Donnell
Billy Beck as Patient
Milt Kogan as Restaurant Customer
Pat Proft as Screaming Man (Newlywed)
Tad Horino as Japanese Businessman
Toni Alessandrini as Miss Desiree, exotic dancer with Max the Magical Sexual Mule
Bradford Bancroft as Brad

text: Production[edit]

text: The origins of the film came from an actual bachelor party thrown by producer Ron Moler and a group of friends for fellow producer Bob Israel.  In fact, several members of the cast and crew involved with the production of the movie were at that party when the idea began to take shape.[2]

text: The film was made in the wake of the success of Police Academy.[3]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Bachelor Party: Original SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleased
June 1984Genre
New waveLength
30:44Label
I.R.S. (remastered and re-released in 2003 by Superfecta Recordings)

text: The soundtrack album from Bachelor Party was released in 1984.

text:
"American Beat '84" – The Fleshtones (3:28)
"Something Isn't Right" – Oingo Boingo (3:42)
"Crazy Over You" – Jools Holland (2:59)
"Little Demon" – Adrian Zmed, Alex Carlin, Tommy Dunbar, John Seabury,  (3:21)
"Wind Out" – R.E.M. (1:58)

tag: ol

text:
"Bachelor Party Theme" – Oingo Boingo (3:49)
"What Kind of Hell" – The Alarm (2:43)
"Alley Oop" – Darlene Love (3:57)
"Why Do Good Girls Like Bad Boys?" – Angel and the Reruns (2:10)
"Dream of the West" – Yip Yip Coyote (3:07)

text: The film also features songs:

text:
"Dance Hall Days" – Wang Chung
"Rehumanize Yourself" – The Police
"Nature Took Over" – Angel and the Reruns
"Gotta Give a Little Love" – Timmy Thomas
"Prepare to Energize" – Torch Song
"Who Do You Want to Be" – Oingo Boingo
"Hall of Fame" – The Fleshtones

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews for Bachelor Party were mixed, holding a rating of 54% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews. While some critics appreciated the humor, others found it to be vulgar and gratuitous. Both film critics Roger Ebert and Janet Maslin recommended the film, but had reservations about certain aspects, calling it "sophomoric" and "not a great film".[4][5]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Twenty-four years after Bachelor Party was released, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment produced a straight-to-DVD sequel-in-name-only[6] called Bachelor Party 2: The Last Temptation.

text: TV show[edit]

text: On October 21, 2014, it was reported that American Broadcasting Company will be developing a TV show inspired by the film.[7]


document_title: List of Wynonna Earp episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 2 of wynonna earp

text: List of Wynonna Earp episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)
June 24, 2016 (2016-06-24)

2
12
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Purgatory"
Paolo Barzman
Emily Andras
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01) (USA)
April 4, 2016 (2016-04-04) (Canada)
0.80[19]

Wyatt Earp's great-great-granddaughter, Wynonna Earp, returns to Purgatory to attend her uncle's funeral. Her trip home begins with a flat tire on the bus, a missing passenger, and a scream in the night. Despite her Aunt Gus' warning, Wynonna investigates her uncles death and reunited with her younger sister Waverly in the process. Waverly reminds Wynonna (who was institutionalized as a child for insisting demons exist) of the family curse which she has been researching; Wyatt Earp killed 77 outlaws with his gun, now those outlaws are resurrecting as Revenants and they are coming for the Earps. The older sister Willa was destined to inherit Wyatt's abilities and gun but after she is kidnapped, Wynonna became the heir. Gus tries to buy Wynonna off, offering her money to leave town. Wynonna is recruited by Black Badge Agent Xavier Dolls to use Wyatt's gun "Peacemaker" to send the Revenants of his kills back to Hell. Doc Holliday climbs out of his prison after Wynonna unknowingly saved him, introduces himself as Henry to Wynonna. Waverly is kidnapped by a group of Revenants, who resurrect when the heir turns 27. Wynonna uses Peacemaker to rescue Waverly and send the Revenants back to Hell. [18]

2
2
"Keep the Home Fires Burning"
Ron Murphy
Emily Andras
April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08) (USA)
April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11) (Canada)
0.65[21]

Wynonna is welcomed to the Black Badge Division and sent on her first solo assignment. Her target is a Revenant named Red, but without Peacemaker all the weapons Dolls hands her are barely effective. After he escapes, the Revenants debate whether she actually has Peacemaker. Wynonna later puts Red down and Bobo , leader of the Revenants, decides to hire Killer Miller, a dark shadow assassin Revenant, to go after her. Waverly meets the new Sheriff Deputy Nicole Haught who flirts with her. Dolls commandeers offices at the Purgatory's Sheriff office much to the displeasure of Sheriff Nedley who has a history with Wynonna At 178 years old, Doc Holliday is not a Revenant, but Doc fears that it will not be long until the Earps figure out what he did to Wyatt Earp. Doc, posing as Henry Holliday, steals a book of outlaw names from Waverly and summons Killer Miller, to appease Bobo. Wynonna and Waverly hunt down a talisman that can protect the homestead from Revenants as Killer Miller arrives. Wynonna defeats him and sends another Revenant, Levi, back with a message for Bobo. Bobo orders Doc to drag Levi beyond the Ghost River Triangle line, which a Revenant cannot cross without starting to painfully decay. Bobo promises to Doc to give him the person who made him immortal. [20]

3
3
"Leavin' on Your Mind"
Ron Murphy
Brendon Yorke
April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15) (USA)
April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18) (Canada)
0.64[23]

Three revenants execute a long awaited plan to escape the Ghost River Triangle. Bobo continues to try to manipulate Doc, but Doc refuses to do anything else for Bobo. Bobo says that to get the name that Doc wants, he will have to get close to Wynonna. The three Revenants hold up a local hardware store. Wynonna turns herself over to the hostage takers in return for the release of all of the hostages. The revenants only release a woman hostage. One of the hostages is Waverly's pretty and dumb boyfriend, Champ. After they kill each other the final revenant tells Wynonna the materials they killed for were a ritual for the Stone Witch to possess a human body to leave the Ghost Rive Triangle. The final revenant possesses Shorty, a local beloved bartender, who was wounded but saves Wynonna and then begs her to kill him. Doc formally introduces himself to Wynonna as Doc Holliday. [22]

4
4
"The Blade"
Paolo Barzman
James Hurst
April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22) (USA)
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25) (Canada)
0.57[25]

Doc tells Wynonna that Wyatt asked him to ride to Purgatory with him to kill a corrupt lawman but was unable to go because he was dying. Wynonna doubts Doc until he shows his prowess with a gun. A revenant begins killing people while moving through a mirror and demanding his victims beg for forgiveness. Waverly’s research initially points them to a minister who murdered women. Doc points Wynonna to Bobo’s encampment but warns her she’ll be outgunned if she tries anything. Wynonna and Dolls find minister but he’s crippled. As they continue to investigate Wynonna is called to the home of a woman who framed Wynonna as drug dealer. Wynonna, unable to honestly forgive the woman, is now the revenant’s new target. Waverly interrogates Doc and finds the right revenant. Confronting the revenant Wynonna states her worst sins were killing their father, allowing Willa to be taken, and becoming the heir instead of Waverly who insists she already forgave Wynonna. With Doc’s help, Wynonna kills the revenant. In a flashback Doc remembers Wyatt’s anger and hatred on finding Doc made a deal for immortality. [24]

5
5
"Diggin' Up Bones"
Paolo Barzman
Shelley Scarrow
April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29) (USA)
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02) (Canada)
0.64[27]

Wynonna has a nightmare about Willa’s death and swears to Waverly to get revenge. Dolls and Wynonna meet with Judge Cryderman to attempt to get information and a search warrant on Bobo’s trailer park. Wynonna and Dolls raid the trailer park to find a crate but find nothing. Waverly sneaks into Bob’s interrogation and tells him she knows Bobo was the one who ordered the attacked that killed her father and Willa. Bobo displays the power of telekinesis when Wynonna attempts to execute him with Peacemaker and is released by his attorney, Miss Stone. Wynonna is abducted by a revenant who offers to give her a picture of the seven revenants who killed her father and Willa. After they are found by Doc and Waverly, the revenant who Doc calls Fish, admits he just wants to find his lover, Levi. Miss Stone is revealed to be the Stone Witch who demands Bobo completes a task for her, finding the bones of her dead children. Doc helps Wynonna find Levi and reunites them. Fish begs Wynonna to kill both of them and to finally break the curse. Doc tells Wynonna he’s only there to kill the Stone Witch whose real name is Constance Clootie. After an argument about morality Wynonna and Doc have sex. Dolls develops the picture he received from Fish and wonders where he saw it before. It’s revealed the picture is also in Cryderman’s office. [26]

6
6
"Constant Cravings"
Brett Sullivan
Alexandra Zarowny
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06) (USA)
May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09) (Canada)
0.55[29]

A hiker is attacked in the hills in Purgatory. Waverly and Wynonna review the picture of The Seven and realize Wynonna has already killed five. Waverly notices a brand on one and fearfully suggests only The Blacksmith can help them. Dolls and Wynonna visit The Blacksmith, a witch, who gives them a lead and implies Dolls is more than what he seems. Champ delivers Waverly and Wynonna’s inheritance from their uncle and continues to unknowingly belittle Waverly’s intelligence and her heritage. Waverly finds a poem in her uncle’s effects and realizes it’s for her. Doc asks Wynonna for an audience with Dolls where he offers information on Bobo for information on Constance. Wynonna and Dolls use The Blacksmith’s information to track down the Tate family. After Dolls is captured Wynonna is able to deduce the family mother was a cannibal, her son found people for her, and her daughter helped killed Wynonna’s father believing it would end the curse. Wynonna kills the daughter and saves Dolls. Waverly follows her uncle’s clues and discovers a skull hidden in Shorty’s. After Champ unknowingly insults her again, Waverly breaks up with him. After which she visits The Blacksmith who tells Waverly she was destined for greater things as she is now protecting the skull of one of Constance’s son. Dolls is revealed to be cut off from Black Badge of a serum he desperately needs. He injects some of the last he has and his eyes change. [28]

7
7
"Walking After Midnight"
Brett Sullivan
Emily Andras & Caitlin D. Fryers
May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13) (USA)
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16) (Canada)
0.40[31]

The Blacksmith is attacked by Constance who gets her to reveal Waverly has her son’s skull. Dolls calls Wynonna to inform her he has to leave town on business and is escorted into a black SUV by several suits. Waverly tries to prove she’s normal by trying to throw a bachelorette party for a friend. She soon finds she’s lost most of her friend by living with Wynonna in the house where their father died. Doc, hiding from Constance on the property, reveals to Waverly the skull she’s protecting isn’t from a human and later joins to party to help Waverly. Wynonna and Nicole drink together where Nicole tells Wynonna about a strange case which Wynonna recognizes as the work a revenant. Wynona visits the morgue only to realize the final of The Seven is toying with her. Constance attacks the Earp homestead but after finding her strength Waverly stand up to her by destroying Constance’s son’s skull. Wynonna arrives at the homestead to find Waverly and Doc defended themselves. Dolls is forced to defend his work to his superior, Agent Lucado, who has a clear grudge against him. Dolls offers information about Doc Holliday being immortal to save his own life. The next morning Nicole arrives to question the craziness of Purgatory but Doc finds both her and Wynonna have been kidnapped from Nicole’s car. [30]

8
8
"Two-Faced Jack"
Ron Murphy
James Hurst
May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20) (USA)
May 23, 2016 (2016-05-23) (Canada)
0.57[33]

Wynonna wakes up and is told by a morgue attendant she met in the previous episode she was in an accident. Wynonna quickly realizes the attendant is a killer and likely the final of The Seven revenants. Doc informs Dolls and Waverly the final of The Seven is the Jack of Knives. Sheriff Nedley finds Nicole and Doc gets a lead on her interrogation leading him and Dolls to the revenant Whiskey Jim. Whiskey Jim demands they fight to the death for information and to make the fight more interesting Whiskey Jim gives Doc a report that Dolls gave information to Black Badge about Doc’s immortality and suggestion of dissection. Doc thinks he kills Dolls in the ring and receives the information only to find Dolls had special ops training in how to fake his death. Wynonna tricks the morgue attendant into leading her to Peacemaker and finds he is just a human patsy. The real revenant implies he’s actually Jack the Ripper. Doc and Dolls arrive in time to help Wynonna. With her gun on Jack he taunts her that she’s exactly like him and not ready for Bobo. Dolls informs Lucado he lied about Holliday but delivers Whiskey Jim instead and promises to test the physical limits of the revenants while secretly determined to find out who is a mole within Black Badge. [32]

9
9
"Bury Me With My Guns On"
Ron Murphy
Alexandra Zarowny
May 27, 2016 (2016-05-27) (USA)
May 30, 2016 (2016-05-30) (Canada)
0.39[35]

Wynonna celebrates the death of The Seven but is clearly still in pain. Constance steals the bones Bobo has found of her sons and resurrects them as a single son. Black Badge insists Wynonna gets psychoanalyzed, which she fails forcing Dolls to suspend her. A man offers to buy Shorty’s barfrom Gus making Wynonna think the man is a revenant. When Wynonna threatens him with Peacemaker and he turns out to be human, Wynonna realizes she might be having problems. Gus tells Waverly that she’s only selling Shorty’s to ensure Waverly can have a normal life. Constance resurrects a son without all the parts and he returns deformed. Nedley confronts Nicole about her supernatural reports and demands she rewrite them but he secretly files her reports. Nicole confronts Waverly about her suspicions of the supernatural but Waverly mistakes the conversation and admits she may be attracted to Nicole. Constance attempts to leave town but is stopped by Bobo who murders her son and demands she return something to him. Nedley implies to Dolls he knows the supernatural nature of Purgatory and is willing to quietly help. Doc and Wynonna track down Constance who says the Earp curse was vengence for Wyatt killing her and her demon husband’s children. She also brags she only gave Doc immortality to try to trap him down a well for eternity because she thought it would torture Wyatt. Wynonna and Doc bury Constance in a salt flats up to her neck to preserve her forever and, as they believed, ensure Doc would continue to live forever. Waverly finally directly admits she likes Nicole and they kiss. A revenant laughingly tells Wynonna that Bobo was behind the purchase of Shorty’s. [34]

10
10
"She Wouldn't Be Gone"
Peter Stebbings
Brendon Yorke
June 3, 2016 (2016-06-03) (USA)
June 6, 2016 (2016-06-06) (Canada)
0.54[37]

Wynonna and Waverly make a scene at Shorty’s only to covertly plant a bug. A revenant witnesses a woman killed by a wolf and reports to Bobo that Lou has returned which Bobo replies to in anger. Bobo discovers the bug and uses it to tell Dolls that Wynonna is sleeping with Doc. Wynonna gives Doc Constance’s car which confuses him about their relationship and his future in Purgatory. Wynonna tracks Dolls to where he’s holding Whiskey Jim and demands information about Lou leading her to be captured by a cult in the forest. The cult, run by a man named Yiska, has a woman named Eve who believes she and Wynonna have a connection. Wynonna escapes with a list of women’s names from Eve and Waverly finds they are all murdered runaways. Wynonna returns and finds Yiska is actually Lou and commands a skin-walker to control his cult. After Wynonna is injured by the skin-walker, Eve picks up Peacemaker and is able to use it to kill Lou. Back at the police station, Wynonna shares a disturbing theory about Eve which Gus later confirms. Eve is actually Willa Earp. [36]

11
11
"Landslide"
Peter Stebbings
James Hurst & Amona Barckert
June 10, 2016 (2016-06-10) (USA)
June 13, 2016 (2016-06-13) (Canada)
0.52[39]

Dolls confirms that Eve is Willa Earp. Wynonna and Waverly attempt to get Willa to remember her past. Cryderman tries to use Bobo to use to sexually talented revenants to service high rollers for Purgatory’s poker spectacular but they murder a high roller. After shooting Peacemaker Willa begins to remember Wynonna and the abuse of their father. Doc attempts to leave town he’s approached by the mysterious Juan Carlo who informs Doc that Wynonna is in danger. If an Earp heir willingly leaves the Ghost River Triangle with a revenant that everyone in Purgatory will die. Doc can either leave town or help Wynonna. Dolls and Wynonna track down Bobo’s sexual revenants and kill them off after both state Dolls is very powerful. Willa runs away from Waverly after Waverly tells her about the funeral. Wynonna tracks Willa to Shorty’s where Willa tells her that their father knew the revenants would attacks. After this Willa takes Peacemaker and starts kill revenants in Shorty’s despite Wynonna’s insistence they needed to fly under the radar. Willia calls her a pawn for Dolls and says their family duty is to kill revenants no matter the consequences. Wynonna and Willa reconnect over childhood memories but mercenaries attack the homestead injuring Waverly. Bobo appears suddenly, saving Willa. Wynonna attempts to finally kill Bobo but is pushed out of the way by Willia who says only Bobo know about her unknown past. Dolls shows Wynonna a picture he found on the mercenaries suggesting he was the target. Cryderman is revealed to be behind the hit attempt much to Bobo’s anger so he demands Cryderman hold a party for him. On his way back to town, Doc’s new car breaks down and he’s abducted. [38]

12
12
"House of Memories"
Paolo Barzman
Alexandra Zarowny
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17) (USA)
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20) (Canada)
0.53[41]

Wynonna and Willa interrogate Whiskey Jim who he states he knows nothing about Willa. Willa starts to show serious contempt for Waverly. Bobo is revealed to have ordered a revenant chemist to create a deadly poison. Dolls and Wynonna track Dolls’ assassins to a biker club who admit Cryderman hired them. During the fight Wynonna finds Peacemaker no longer responds to her. Nicole and Waverly make out in the Earp’s barn but Willa finds them and insults Waverly who replies about her own memories that Willa tortured her as a child. Dolls tells Wynonna that he knows Doc has been taken but reminds her that Doc can take care of himself. Willa finds an origami swan on the edge Earp’s land left by Bobo and talks to him until Waverly scares him off with a shotgun. Held in Shorty’s basement, Doc tricks Bobo’s chemist into releasing him so he can stop Purgatory from being poisoned. Wynonna and Dolls find Cryderman trying to hang himself and get him to reveal Bobo will do something at a town party he’s hosting that night. Waverly and Willa find where Willa was held and Willa realizes Constance released her. Willa tells Wynonna that their father struck a deal for “The Lead” to end the curse. At Bobo’s party Wynonna realizes that Willa is “The Lead” and only needs to leave Ghost River Triangle with a revenant willingly to end the curse destroy Purgatory. At the party, Dolls kisses Wynonna only for Doc to return and tell them of the poison. Bobo arrives at the party to tell the party-goers he has poisoned the champagne and will give the antidote to the one person who delivers him Wynonna Earp, dead or alive. Willa, having completely regained her memories, walks away with Bobo hand in hand. [40]

13
13
"I Walk the Line"
Paolo Barzman
Emily Andras
June 24, 2016 (2016-06-24) (USA)
June 27, 2016 (2016-06-27) (Canada)
0.45[43]

Doc and Dolls make sure Wynonna and Waverly escape from the party but Waverly is chloroformed and captured. Willa and Bobo declare their love for each and attempt to leave the Ghost River Triangle. However Willa doesn’t have Peacemaker which means Bobo can’t leave. Doc confronts Dolls about his medication. Nicole confronts both of them about the supernatural, when Doc tells her the truth she accepts it relieved leading Dolls to deputize her. On the homestead, Willa confronts Wynonna about finding Peacemaker who is confused why Willa cares more about Peacemaker than Waverly. A call leads Wynonna and Willa back to the Sheriff’s office. Waverly is revealed to have taken Peacemaker because she doesn’t trust Willa. To get Peacemaker back Willa informs Wynonna of Waverly and Nicole’s relationship and eventually shoots Nicole who turns out to be wearing a bulletproof vest. Wynonna congratulates Waverly on finally dating someone intelligent. When a lynch mob corners Wynonna, Nedley makes an passionate plea to the folks of Purgatory that Wynonna is only what they made her to be and she is their only savior which saves her. Doc and Dolls attack the revenants in Shorty’s which fatally inures Dolls. Doc injects Dolls with his medication which turns Dolls into a berserker who destroys the revenant army. Waverly confronts Bobo and learns she may not be an Earp. Wynonna and Doc develop a plan to stop Bobo and Willa from crossing the line of the Ghost River Triangle. Lucado orders Dolls to stand down since Black Badge wants to see what happens when Willa and Bobo cross the barrier, Dolls defies his orders and helps Wynonna. Willa crosses the barrier telling Wynonna she wants revenge against Purgatory. Willa attempts to kill Wynonna with Peacemaker but Peacemaker stops working for her. A black tentacle monster takes Willa forcing Wynona to cross the barrier to retrieve Peacemaker. Peacemaker glows blue as Wynonna reluctantly kills Willa and Wynonna returns to Purgatory severing the tentacle attempting to grab her. As Wynonna attempts to mourn Willa, Black Badge takes Bobo and Dolls to a black site. After Juan Carlo appears before and informs Wynonna that breaking the barrier will have consequences, Wynonna kills Bobo before he can be tortured by Black Badge and swears to retrieve Dolls. Waverly touches black goo from the tentacle and appears to shoots Wynonna. [42]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Steel Bars and Stone Walls"
Brett Sullivan
Emily Andras
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
(USA and Canada)
0.46[45]

[44]

15
2
"Shed Your Skin"
Brett Sullivan
Alexandra Zarowny
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
0.57[47]

[46]

16
3
"Gonna Getcha Good"
Ron Murphy
Brendon Yorke
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
0.50[49]

[48]

17
4
"She Ain't Right"
Ron Murphy
Ramona Barckert
June 30, 2017 (2017-06-30)
0.58[51]

[50]

18
5
"Let's Pretend We're Strangers"
April Mullen
John Callaghan
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
0.50[53]

[52]

19
6
"Whiskey Lullaby"
April Mullen
Caitlin D. Fryers
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
0.50[55]

[54]

20
7
"Everybody Knows"
Paolo Barzman
Brendon Yorke
July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)
0.40[57]

[56]

21
8
"No Future in the Past"
Paolo Barzman
Emily Andras
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
0.57[59]

[58]

22
9
"Forever Mine Nevermind"
Ron Murphy
Alexandra Zarowny
August 4, 2017 (2017-08-04)
0.53[61]

[60]

23
10
"I See a Darkness"
Ron Murphy
John Callaghan
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
0.47[63]

[62]

24
11
"Gone as a Girl Can Get"
Paolo Barzman
Alexandra Zarowny
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)
0.48[65]

[64]

25
12
"I Hope You Dance"
Paolo Barzman
Emily Andras
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
0.44[67]

[66]