document_title: Pacific Time Zone

question_text: where does pacific time change to mountain time

text: Pacific Time Zone

text: Canada[edit]

text: Only one Canadian territory is entirely in the Pacific Time Zone:

text: Yukon

text: One Canadian province and one territory are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone:

text:
British Columbia – all, except for the Highway 95 corridor (including Golden and Creston) in the southeast, and Tumbler Ridge, Fort St. John, and Dawson Creek in the northeast
Northwest Territories – Tungsten

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, the Zona Noroeste, which corresponds to Pacific Time in the United States and Canada, includes:

text:
Baja California
Colima – Clarion Island

text: United States[edit]

text: Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone:

text:
California
Washington

text: Three states are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone:

text:
Idaho – Idaho Panhandle
Nevada – all, except for West Wendover and Jackpot, Mountain City, Owyhee, and Jarbidge.
Oregon – all, except for the majority of Malheur County

text: One state is split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Alaska Time Zone:

text: Alaska – Hyder

text: Daylight time[edit]

text: Through 2006, the local time (PST, UTC−8) changed to daylight time (PDT, UTC−7) at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and returned at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October.

text: Effective in the U.S. in 2007 as a result of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the local time changes from PST to PDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and the time returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007. In Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates.


document_title: Hail Mary pass

question_text: who coined the phrase hail mary in football

root

text: Hail Mary pass

text: Origins[edit]

text: Crowley often told the story of an October 28, 1922, game between Notre Dame and Georgia Tech in which the Fighting Irish players said Hail Mary prayers together before scoring each of the touchdowns, winning the game 13-3. According to Crowley, it was one of the team’s linemen, Noble Kizer (a Presbyterian), who suggested praying before the first touchdown, which occurred on a fourth and goal play at the Tech 6-yard line during the second quarter. Quarterback Harry Stuhldreher, another of the Horsemen, threw a quick pass over the middle to Paul Castner for the score. The ritual was repeated before a third and goal play, again at Tech’s six, in the fourth quarter. This time Stuhldreher ran for a touchdown, which sealed the win for Notre Dame. After the game, Kizer exclaimed to Crowley, "Say, that Hail Mary is the best play we've got." Crowley related this story many times in public speeches beginning in the 1930s.[2]

tag: p

text: On November 2, 1935, with 32 seconds left in the so-called "Game of the Century" between Ohio State and Notre Dame, Irish halfback Bill Shakespeare found receiver Wayne Millner for a 19-yard, game-winning touchdown. Notre Dame head coach Elmer Layden (who had played in the 1922 Georgia Tech game) afterwards called it a "Hail Mary" play.[2]

text: An early appearance of the term was in an Associated Press story about the upcoming 1941 Orange Bowl between the Mississippi State Bulldogs and the Georgetown Hoyas. The piece appeared in several newspapers including the December 31, 1940 Daytona Beach Morning Journal under the headline, "Orange Bowl: [Georgetown] Hoyas Put Faith in 'Hail Mary' Pass"). As the article explained, "A 'hail Mary' pass, in the talk of the Washington eleven, is one that is thrown with a prayer because the odds against completion are big."

text: During an NBC broadcast in 1963, Staubach, then a Navy quarterback, described a pass play during his team's victory over Michigan that year as a "Hail Mary play". He scrambled to escape a pass rush, nearly getting sacked 20 yards behind the line of scrimmage before completing a desperation pass for a one-yard gain.[2]

text: Examples[edit]

text: Arguably the most memorable and replayed Hail Mary pass came on November 23, 1984 in a game now known as "Hail Flutie".[3] Boston College was losing to Miami (FL) with six seconds left on the clock when their quarterback Doug Flutie threw a 52-yard touchdown pass to Gerard Phelan, succeeding primarily because Miami's secondary stood on the goal line to keep the receivers in front of them without covering a post route behind them. Miami's defense was based on the assumption that Flutie couldn't throw the ball as far as the end zone, but Flutie hit Phelan in stride against a flatfooted defense a yard deep in the end zone.[4] To commemorate the play, a statue of Flutie in his Hail Mary passing pose was unveiled outside Alumni Stadium at Boston College on November 7, 2008.[5]

text: Other noteworthy examples include:

text:
December 19, 1980: Known as "The Miracle Bowl", BYU quarterback Jim McMahon threw a 41-yard touchdown pass to tight end Clay Brown to defeat SMU in the 1980 Holiday Bowl 46–45, which completed BYU's comeback from a 45–25 deficit which the Cougars faced with four minutes remaining.[6]
September 24, 1994: Known as the "Miracle at Michigan", Colorado quarterback Kordell Stewart threw a 64-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Michael Westbrook to beat Michigan 27–26 (Stewart's pass traveled 73 yards in the air from the Colorado 26 to the opposite 1 yard line, was tipped by Blake Anderson, then caught by Westbrook 4 yards deep in the end zone).[7]
November 9, 2002: Known as the "Bluegrass Miracle", LSU quarterback Marcus Randall threw a 74-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Devery Henderson in the game to defeat Kentucky 33–30.[8]
October 22, 2011: Known as "Rocket", Michigan State quarterback Kirk Cousins threw a 44-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keith Nichol to beat Wisconsin 37–31.[9]
November 16, 2013: Known as the "Prayer at Jordan–Hare", Auburn quarterback Nick Marshall threw a 73-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Ricardo Louis on fourth-and-18 with 36 seconds left to beat Georgia 43–38.[10]
September 5, 2015: Known as the "Miracle at Memorial", BYU quarterback Tanner Mangum threw a 42-yard desperation pass to wide receiver Mitch Mathews as time expired to defeat Nebraska 33-28. This play snapped a string of 29 consecutive home opener victories for the Cornhuskers. Mangum, a freshman just two months removed from a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was the backup to senior Taysom Hill, who had left the game earlier with a season-ending Lisfranc injury. This game was Mangum's first organized football game in nearly four years.[11]
December 3, 2015: Known as the "Miracle in Motown", due to a defensive penalty on the Detroit Lions as the game clock ran out, the Green Bay Packers — who had been trailing the entire game — were given one additional play with no time left. Green Bay quarterback Aaron Rodgers threw a 61-yard touchdown pass, which was caught in the end zone by tight end Richard Rodgers to win the game 27–23. The ball left Aaron Rodgers' hand at Green Bay's 35-yard line and was caught a few yards into the end zone, making it the longest game-ending game-winning "Hail Mary pass" in NFL history.[12]
January 16, 2016: In the postseason after the Miracle in Motown, Aaron Rodgers completed two Hail Mary passes in one drive. Faced with 4th and 20 on his own 4-yard line and a 20-13 deficit against the Arizona Cardinals in the final minute of the game, Rodgers threw a 60-yard completion to Jeff Janis. Then, on the final play of regulation, he completed a 41-yard touchdown pass to Janis, making Green Bay the first postseason team ever to score a game-tying touchdown on the final play of the 4th quarter. Arizona, however, won the game in overtime.[citation needed]
October 1, 2016: After a 47-yard touchdown pass with 10 seconds remaining on the clock, a University of Georgia player took off his helmet, resulting in a 15-yard celebration penalty. The kickoff was returned to the Georgia 43-yard line, and on the final play, University of Tennessee QB Joshua Dobbs threw a game-winning touchdown as time expired, to win 34-31.[13]
January 8, 2017: In a wildcard playoff game between the Green Bay Packers and the New York Giants, Aaron Rodgers completed a 42-yard pass to Randall Cobb over the heads of a crowd of players from both teams on the last play before halftime. This gave Green Bay a 14-6 halftime lead and they went on to win 38-13.[citation needed]
September 16, 2017: In a key Southeastern Conference matchup between the Florida Gators and the Tennessee Volunteers, Florida quarterback Feleipe Franks completed a 63-yard pass to Tyrie Cleveland to earn the University of Florida a victory at the end of the game as time expired.[14][15]

tag: ul

text: In other fields[edit]

text: The term "Hail Mary pass" has become generalized to refer to any last-ditch effort with little chance of success.

text: In basketball, a "Hail Mary shot" or "Hail Mary throw" is a shot thrown from a place far away from the basket (e.g., behind the half court line).[16] It is typically attempted when there is not enough time left in the period to execute a more traditional play, and (in a case where the team attempting the shot is in the final regulation period or overtime) when they are either tied or behind by no more than three points. In basketball, successful shots at the basket will count as long as the ball is released prior to the expiration of time. A scoring shot that enters the basket after time expires is called a buzzer beater (in reference to the "buzzer" that sounds to signal the end of the period).

text: There are similar usages in other fields, such as a "Hail Mary shot" in photography where the photographer holds the view finder of an SLR camera far from his eye (so unable to compose the picture), usually high above his head, and takes a shot. This is often used in crowded situations.[17]

text: In computer security, a "Hail Mary attack" will throw every exploit it has against a system to see whether any of them work.[18]


document_title: List of countries by gold production

question_text: which country is the largest producer of gold

text: List of countries by gold production

text: This is a list of countries by gold production in 2017.

text: For many years until 2006, South Africa was the world's dominant gold producer, but recently other countries have surpassed South Africa: China, Russia, Canada, the United States, Peru and Australia. Albeit, none of these countries have approached South Africa's peak production which occurred in the apartheid-era 1970s.[1]

text: Note the figures are for primary production. In the US, for example, for the years 2010-14, new and old scrap exceeded both primary production and reported domestic consumption.[2]

text:
Rank
Country
Gold production(metric tons)[2]
Reserves(metric tons)

1
 China
440

2,000

2
 Australia
300

9,800

3
 Russia
255

5,500

4
 United States
245

3,000

5
 Canada
180

2,200

6
 Peru
155

2,300

7
 South Africa
145

6,000

8
 Mexico
110

1,400

9
 Uzbekistan
100

1,800

10
 Brazil
85

2,400

11
 Indonesia
80

2,500

11
 Ghana
80

1,000

13
 Papua New Guinea
60

1,300

Rest of the world
845

12,000

World (rounded)
3,150

54,000

tag: table


document_title: The 5th Wave (novel)

question_text: what was the 3rd wave in the 5th wave

question_tokens: what was the 3rd wave in the 5th wave

text: The 5th Wave (novel)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set roughly in present-day Dayton, Ohio, The 5th Wave follows 16-year-old Cassiopeia "Cassie" Sullivan as she tries to survive in a world devastated by the waves of an alien invasion that decimated the Earth's population. She is headed to a "training" facility, in the hopes of saving her five-year-old brother, Sam, who was taken there.

text: Cassie comes across a gas station where she finds a wounded soldier. She kills him after mistaking the crucifix in his hand for a gun. This intensely disturbs her. While on an Ohio highway, on her way to find her brother, she comes across the recently deceased. Cassie is then suddenly shot in the leg by an unknown sniper. She takes cover under a car and has to make a difficult choice: try to flee the area and risk being shot by the sniper, or bleed to death under the car.

text: The plot then jumps to Ben Parish, Cassie's crush in high school, who is sick with the disease spread during the 3rd Wave; he is tended to by a friend named Chris. Ben is taken by soldiers to a woman named Dr. Pam and miraculously recovers from his disease. Dr. Pam tells him the Others raided his camp, Camp Haven at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, by inhabiting human hosts and posing as refugees. Dr. Pam puts Ben through a program called "Wonderland" and takes him to a hospital room, where Chris sits wired to a chair. Dr. Pam lets Ben look through a special eyepiece to find that a creature is attached to Chris's brain, which Dr. Pam confirms is an Other. She explains to Ben that the only way to kill the creature inside is to kill the host, which Reznik, a senior drill instructor, pressures Ben into doing.

text: Commander Vosch, who killed Cassie's father at their refugee camp, meets Ben in his room. Vosch is straightforward and tells Ben they will all die, but not without a fight. He gives Ben a position in Camp Haven's new army, and he becomes Private Zombie. Cassie awakens in a four-poster bed hooked up to an IV machine with her wounds nearly healed. She meets her savior, Evan Walker, who tells her they are in his rural country house, and he'd found her on the highway, crawling in blood. Cassie insists that she must go to Camp Haven to save her brother, but Evan is unsure that she is fit enough for the journey yet, and so they stay. Over time, the two grow closer. One night, Cassie and Evan get into a fight, but Evan ends it by saying that Cassie saved him, rather than vice versa, and kisses her.

text: Sam Sullivan, Cassie's brother, has arrived at Camp Haven via the bus on which he was taken. The soldiers at Camp Haven mark the children: greens for unhealthy, reds for healthy. Sammy is marked red and is called to be processed and cleaned. He is put through the Wonderland program and asked many questions relating to his personal life. After Sammy is fully processed, Dr. Pam offers to let him see an Other.

text: Ben Parish, now Private Zombie, has been assigned to squad 53. His squad sergeant, Sergeant Reznik, is a cruel, uncaring man who taunts his members about their personal lives, which he learned about via the Wonderland program. He takes a liking to a member of another squad. Another member is added to squad 53, Sammy Sullivan, whom Reznik calls "Private Nugget". Reznik taunts Nugget, Zombie blurts out, "Leave him alone!", and Reznik punches Zombie in his throat, but respects his spirit and appoints him as the new leader of squad 53.

text: During a fire drill at Camp Haven, Nugget is scared, so Zombie slings him on his shoulder and runs with him. Zombie slows the squad down by 45 seconds, angering them. Private Tank goes "Dorothy", (meaning crazy), and pulls his gun out. Private Flintstone takes Tank down before anyone is hurt. Tank is later found dead in the P&D (Process and Disposal) hangar and is replaced by Private Ringer, whom Zombie had previously taken a liking to. Ringer attempts to improve the squad's marksmanship and succeeds; Squad 53 skyrockets through the ranks and graduates with the other top three squads.

text: Cassie continuously confronts the dilemma of whether or not to trust Evan. Either way, Evan and Cassie continue building a relationship. While Evan leaves for one of his night hunts, which Cassie suspects are something far more terrible than he lets on, she searches through his things for any evidence that points to Evan's being one of the Others. She finds her M16 in Evan's barn under a blanket, but Evan casually says that he simply found it near her when he found her. After a few more days, Cassie feels she is fit enough for the journey and Evan, against Cassie's wishes, sets out with her, burning his house down as a distraction to the Others.

text: Zombie and his squad are on their first patrol. They are given special headsets with lenses that can supposedly distinguish between a human and an Other. The squad is attacked, and Private Oompa is killed. Zombie and Ringer pursue their assailants, while Private Poundcake covers them from above with his sniper. While under the cover of a building, Ringer cuts out her implant, and her head lights up green through Zombie's lens. They piece the evidence together and conclude that Camp Haven is not a human training camp, but an "Other death camp". They find that their assailant is Reznik and kill him. Reznik is holding a piece of equipment with a map of green spots: the implants. Ringer and Zombie return to the squad and explain to them what they know. Flintstone, who is skeptical, snatches the equipment away and pulls a switch. He drops dead. Zombie is reluctant to leave whilst Nugget is still at Camp Haven and has Ringer shoot him, so that his story will look real. Zombie is then evacuated by a helicopter to Camp Haven.

text: While on their journey, Cassie and Evan are attacked by a group of juvenile soldiers. Cassie is shocked as she watches Evan take them down with ease, though he injures his thigh and buttocks in the process. Once the soldiers are taken down, Cassie makes Evan confirm that he is the Silencer who shot her. Cassie initially decides to leave him there to bleed to death, but afterwards decides to help him. The two then orchestrate a plan wherein Evan has little involvement, though he strongly disapproves of this.

text: Cassie arrives at the base on a bus and is called for processing. Dr. Pam meets with her, and Cassie knocks her unconscious. Zombie awakens in a hospital bed and sees Vosch, who tells him that Zombie will be put through Wonderland. After Vosch leaves, Zombie escapes and steals an outfit from a dead guard. Cassie finds Sammy/Nugget and meets Zombie, but the three are captured by Vosch. Vosch attempts to kill Nugget by electrocuting him.

text: It is revealed that Evan has planted bombs and hacked into the base's mainframe. When Vosch heads to Control, Evan appears and kills the soldiers guarding Zombie, Cassie, and Sam. Evan says goodbye before allegedly setting off "eyes", the same bombs Vosch used to destroy Cassie's refugee camp. The members of Squad 53 arrive and save Zombie, Cassie, and Sam. They ride off as Camp Haven is destroyed.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Cassiopeia Marie Sullivan or "Cassie"– the novel's protagonist, is 16 years old, short, and has curly strawberry-blonde hair. Before the waves hit, she had a crush on Ben Parish, a popular football player. She later has a relationship with her "silencer", Evan Walker.

text: Evan Walker – a boy from rural Ohio who lived with his large family; he is described as having chocolate brown eyes and brown hair. His family and girlfriend were all killed during the 3rd Wave. He has a brief relationship with Cassie.

text: Benjamin Thomas Parish/Zombie – a popular football player and honors student at Cassie's high school; he is described as tall, buff, and dark haired. While in high school, Cassie had a crush on Ben, but he never noticed her. After the 3rd Wave, Ben contracts the plague but is "rescued" by soldiers who take him to Camp Haven. There, he becomes a part of Squad 53 and is renamed Zombie. Zombie soon discovers the "soldiers" are actually aliens in disguise. He manages to escape with Cassie and Sammy.

text: Sissy Parish- Ben's little sister. She was killed by an other while escaping her house with Ben, and he left her behind, he keeps her locket she wore around her neck in her memory. She was described by Cassie to be hoisted onto Ben's shoulders after his football games, and she would join him in a parade. He says he misses Sissy terribly.

text: Samuel Jackson Sullivan/Nugget/Sammy – Cassie's younger brother who is 5 years old; he is described as having messy brown hair and large, teddy bear eyes. He is taken away from the refugee camp where he, his father, and Cassie had stayed. He is taken to Camp Haven to join Squad 53, after being renamed Nugget. Nugget and Zombie become good friends, and Zombie acts like Sam's big brother. Sammy manages to escape with Cassie and Zombie at the end of the novel.

text: Ringer/Marika – a girl who joins Squad 53 after Tank, a former member, goes "Dorothy" (slang for crazy); she is described as tall and skinny, with pale white skin and long, glossy, straight black hair, three quarters Asian and a quarter Apache. She is the best shot in the group and is very quiet, yet scary. She and Zombie become friends, and she helps him shoot better. She is often threatening and serious toward the other squad members, but can also be vulnerable at times.

text: Commander Vosch – the leader of the soldiers and the mastermind behind the plans. He is very sadistic, cruel, and unfeeling. He at first is shown as a "hero" to those at Cassie's refugee camp, but he soon reveals his true nature by personally killing Cassie's father, destroying the camp, and abducting the children, including Sam, to fight. He is also responsible for Camp Haven and becomes familiar with Cassie, Ringer, and Ben Parish.

text: Dumbo – a member of Squad 53; he is around 12 years old, has huge ears, and is good with medicine and anatomy.

text: Teacup/Allison – a member of Squad 53; she is seven years old. Originally, she was the only girl, and was the youngest in the squad before Nugget and Ringer arrived.

text: Poundcake – a member of Squad 53; he is around 8 years old, large and chubby, and rarely speaks, but is good with a gun.

text: Flintstone – the former leader of Squad 53; he was around 16 years old and had a unibrow. He often challenged Zombie's authority, mainly in jealousy over taking his job as leader. After Zombie reveals Reznik's device, Flintstone takes it and accidentally kills himself with it.

text: Tank – a former member of Squad 53. He went "Dorothy" (crazy) and was taken away. Dumbo and Zombie discover him dead in the P&D (Processing and Disposal) hangar.

text: Kenny/Oompa – a member of Squad 53; he was around 8 or 9 years old, chubby, and had crooked teeth. After Zombie sets off an explosion, Oompa is impaled with shrapnel and dies after an unsuccessful attempt to save him.

text: Waves[edit]

text: First Wave: Lights Out: During the first wave, the Others release an EMP wave that takes out all electronics/lights/technology and kills half a million people by shorting out all moving vehicles, including planes in mid-flight.

text: Second wave: Surf's Up: The Others, realizing that roughly 40 percent of Earth's population lives within 60 miles (97 km) of coastline, drop enormous rods "twice as tall as the Empire State Building and three times as heavy" (45) onto the Earth's fault lines, causing massive tsunamis that wipe out three billion people.

text: Third wave: Pestilence: The Others launch a scheme to infect as many remaining survivors as possible with a deadly virus. Using the Earth's birds as carriers (via falling excrement), the plague claims 97 percent of remaining survivors. The virus, which resembles an advanced form of Ebola, causes victims to slowly bleed to death until eventually "you've become a viral bomb. And when you explode, you blast everyone around you with the virus" (46).

text: Fourth wave: Silencers: After the 3rd wave, the remaining human population tries desperately to survive off whatever resources remain by looting, all the while clinging to the hope that "the people in charge", wherever they may be, are working toward a solution. Eventually, this belief seems legitimate when an impressive battalion of soldiers (with functioning vehicles) arrives at the makeshift camp where Cassie, Sam, and her father are staying. The soldiers and commander, however, only appear interested in the children and promptly load them onto waiting buses before ordering all the adults into the camp barracks. Once the humans are surrounded, Commander Vosch orders a massacre and kills everyone at the camp. Cassie, however, narrowly escapes and witnesses her father's death by Vosch's hand. At this moment, the 4th wave becomes clear: not all "humans" are actually humans.

text: Fifth wave: The Fifth wave is referenced in "The Last Star".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception of the book has been very positive. It received starred reviews from both Publishers Weekly and Kirkus,[3][4] and reviewers have noted that it has broad audience appeal, blurring the lines between young adult and adult fiction, and between genre and mainstream fiction, so that it cannot be easily wedged into one genre despite having many of the characteristics of young adult fiction.[1][5] The New York Times listed it as one of the best young adult books of 2013,[6] and it was a Goodreads finalist for Best Young Adult Fantasy or Science Fiction novel in 2013.[7]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The 5th Wave is the first book in a trilogy. The second book in the series, The Infinite Sea, was released on September 16, 2014.[8] The third book in the series, The Last Star, was released on May 24, 2016.[9]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: A film adaption with the same name was released by Columbia Pictures on January 22, 2016. It was directed by J Blakeson, with a screenplay by Susannah Grant, Akiva Goldsman, and Jeff Pinkner.


document_title: Burt Reynolds

question_text: who co-starred with burt reynolds in smokey and the bandit

question_tokens: who co-starred with burt reynolds in smokey and the bandit

text: Burt Reynolds

text: Early life[edit]

text: Burton Leon Reynolds Jr. was the son of Harriette Fernette "Fern" (née Miller; 1902–1992) and Burton Milo Reynolds (1906–2002). He had Dutch, English, Scots-Irish, and Scottish ancestry. He also claimed Cherokee and Italian roots, both of which remain unverified.[5][6]

text: During his career, he often claimed to have been born in Waycross, Georgia, although he said in 2015 he was actually born in Lansing, Michigan.[7] He was born on February 11, 1936,[8] and in his autobiography stated that Lansing is where his family lived when his father was drafted into the United States Army.[9][10]

text: He, his mother, and his sister joined his father at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, and lived there for two years. When his father was sent to Europe, the family moved to Lake City, Michigan, where his mother had been raised.[11] In 1946, the family moved to Riviera Beach, Florida. His father eventually became Chief of Police of Riviera Beach, which is adjacent to the north end of West Palm Beach, Florida.

text: During 10th grade at Palm Beach High School, Reynolds was named First Team All State and All Southern as a fullback, and received multiple scholarship offers.[12]

text: College[edit]

text: After graduating from Palm Beach High School, he attended Florida State University on a football scholarship and played halfback.[13] While at Florida State, he roomed with college football broadcaster and analyst Lee Corso, and also became a brother of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity.[14]

text: He had hoped to be named to All-American teams and have a career in professional football; however, he injured his knee in the first game of his sophomore season, and later that year lost his spleen and injured his other knee in a bad car accident.[15] These injuries hampered his abilities on the field, and after being beaten in coverage for the game-winning touchdown in a 7-0 loss to North Carolina State on October 12, 1957, he decided to give up football.

text: Ending his college football career, Reynolds thought of becoming a police officer; however, his father suggested he finish college and become a parole officer. To keep up with his studies, he began taking classes at Palm Beach Junior College (PBJC) in neighboring Lake Park.

text: Early acting[edit]

text: In his first term at PBJC, he was in an English class taught by Watson B. Duncan III. Duncan pushed him into trying out for a play he was producing, Outward Bound. He cast him in the lead role based on having heard him read Shakespeare in class, leading to his winning the 1956 Florida State Drama Award for his performance. "I read two words and they gave me a lead," he later said.[16]

text: In his autobiography, he referred to Duncan as his mentor and the most influential person in his life.[17]

text: Career[edit]

text: Theatre[edit]

text: The Florida State Drama Award included a scholarship to the Hyde Park Playhouse, a summer stock theatre, in Hyde Park, New York. Reynolds saw the opportunity as an agreeable alternative to more physically demanding summer jobs, but did not yet see acting as a possible career. While working there, Reynolds met Joanne Woodward, who helped him find an agent.

text: "I don't think I ever actually saw him perform," said Woodward later. "I knew him as this cute, shy, attractive boy. He had the kind of lovely personality that made you want to do something for him."[16]

text: He was cast in Tea and Sympathy at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. After his Broadway debut in Look, We've Come Through, he received favorable reviews for his performance and went on tour with the cast, driving the bus as well as appearing on stage.[18]

text: After the tour, Reynolds returned to New York and enrolled in acting classes, along with Frank Gifford, Carol Lawrence, Red Buttons and Jan Murray.

text: "I was a working actor for two years before I finally took my first real acting class (with Wynn Handman at the Neighborhood Playhouse)," he said. "It was a lot of technique, truth, moment-to-moment, how to listen, improv."[16]

text: After a botched improvisation in acting class, Reynolds briefly considered returning to Florida, but soon gained a part in a revival of Mister Roberts, in which Charlton Heston played the starring role.

text: After the play closed, the director, John Forsythe, arranged a film audition with Joshua Logan for Reynolds. The film was Sayonara (1957). Reynolds was told he could not be in the film because he looked too much like Marlon Brando. Logan advised Reynolds to go to Hollywood, although Reynolds did not feel confident enough to do so.[19] (Another source says Reynolds did a screen test after Lew Wasserman saw the effect he had on secretaries in his office but the test was unsuccessful.[20])

text: He worked in a variety of jobs, such as waiting tables, washing dishes, driving a delivery truck and as a bouncer at the Roseland Ballroom. Reynolds wrote that, while working as a dockworker, he was offered $150 to jump through a glass window on a live television show.[21]

text: Early television and Riverboat[edit]

text: Reynolds began acting on television in the late 1950s, guest starring on shows like Flight, M Squad, Schlitz Playhouse, The Lawless Years and Pony Express. He signed a seven-year contract with Universal.[22] "I don't care whether he can act or not," said Wasserman. "Anyone who has this effect on women deserves a break."[20]

text: Reynolds' first big break came when he was cast alongside Darren McGavin in the lead of the TV series Riverboat (1959–61), playing Ben Frazer. According to a contemporary report Reynolds was considered "a double for Marlon Brando".[23] The show went for two seasons but Reynolds quit after only 20 episodes, claiming he did not get along with McGavin or the executive producer, and that he had "a stupid part".[24]

text: Reynolds says then he "couldnt get a job. I didn't have a very good reputation. You just don't walk out on a network television series."[22]

text: Reynolds returned to guest starring on television shows. As he put it, "I played heavies in every series in town"[24] appearing in episodes of Playhouse 90, Johnny Ringo, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Lock Up, The Blue Angels, Michael Shayne, Zane Grey Theater, The Aquanauts and The Brothers Brannagan. "They were depressing years," he later said.[22]

text: Reynolds made his film debut in the low budget Angel Baby (1961), billed fourth. He followed it with a role in a war film, Armored Command (1961). "It was the one picture that Howard Keel didn't sing on," reminisced Reynolds later. "That was a terrible mistake."[25]

text: In 1961 he returned to Broadway to appear in Look, We've Come Through under the direction of José Quintero, but it lasted only five performances.[26]

text: Reynolds continued to guest star on shows such as Naked City, Ripcord, Everglades, Route 66, Perry Mason, and The Twilight Zone ("The Bard"). He later said, "I learned more about my craft in these guest shots than I did standing around and looking virile on Riverboat".[27]

text: Gunsmoke[edit]

text: In 1962 Dennis Weaver wanted to leave the cast of Gunsmoke, one of the top rated shows in the country. The producers developed a new character, "halfbreed" blacksmith Quint Asper: Reynolds was cast, beating over 300 other contenders. Reynolds announced he would stay on the show "until it ends. I think it's a terrible mistake for an actor to leave a series in the middle of it".[24]

text: Reynolds left Gunsmoke in 1965. He later said the show was "the happiest period of my life. I hated to leave that show but I felt I had served my apprenticeship and there wasn't room for two leading men."[22]

text: He was cast in his first lead role in a film, the low budget action film Operation CIA (1965). He guest starred on Flipper, The FBI and 12 O'Clock High.

text: Hawk and leading roles in films[edit]

text: Reynolds was given the title role in a TV series, Hawk (1966–67), playing Native American detective John Hawk. It ran for 17 episodes before being cancelled.[28]

text: He played another Native American in the spaghetti western Navajo Joe (1966) shot in Spain."It wasn't my favorite picture," ...he said later...."I had two expressions - mad and madder."[29]

text: He guest starred on Gentle Ben; and made a pilot for a TV series, Lassiter, where he would have played a magazine journalist. Unfortunately, it was not picked up.[30]

text: Reynolds then made a series of films in quick succession. Shark! (1968), shot in Mexico, was directed by Sam Fuller who removed his name from it after which its release was held up a number of years. Fade-In which he described as "the best thing I've ever done,"[31] was not released for a number of years, and the director Judd Taylor took his name off. Impasse (1969), was a war movie shot in the Philippines.  He played the title role Sam Whiskey (1969), a comic Western written by William W. Norton which Reynolds later claimed was "way ahead of its time. I was playing light comedy and nobody cared."[25]

text: Reynolds supported Jim Brown and Raquel Welch in another Western, 100 Rifles (1969), later saying "I spent the entire time refereeing fights between Jim Brown and Raquel Welch."[32]

text: In a 1969 interview he expressed interest in playing roles like the John Garfield part in The Postman Always Rings Twice, but no one sent him those sort of roles. "Instead, the producer hands me a script and says 'I know it's not there now kid but I know we can make it work'."[31]

text: Reynolds had been offered a lead role in MASH (1970), but turned it down after "they told me the other two leads would be Barbra Streisand's husband and that tall, skinny guy who was in The Dirty Dozen." Tom Skerritt played the role and Reynolds instead went into Skullduggery (1970), shot in Jamaica. Reynolds joked that after making "those wonderful forgettable pictures... I suddenly realized I was as hot as Leo Gorcey."[33]

text: Reynolds starred in two TV films Hunters Are for Killing (1970) and Run, Simon, Run (1970). In Hunters his character was originally a Native American, but Reynolds requested this element be changed, feeling he had played it too many times already and it was not needed for the character.[34]

text: Dan August and talk shows[edit]

text: Reynolds played the title character in police drama Dan August (1970–71), produced by Quinn Martin.[35] The series was given a full-season order of 26 episodes based on the reputation of Martin and Reynolds but struggled in the ratings against Hawaii 5-0 and was not renewed.[33]

text: Albert R. Broccoli asked Reynolds to play James Bond, but he turned that role down, saying "An American can't play James Bond. It just can't be done."[36]

text: Following the series' cancellation, Reynolds did his first stage play in six years, a production of The Tender Trap at Arlington Park Theatre. He was offered other TV pilots but was reluctant to play a detective again.

text: Around this time he had become well known as an entertaining talk show guest, starting with an appearance on The Merv Griffin Show. He made jokes at his own expense, calling himself America's most "well-known unknown" who only made the kind of movies "they show in airplanes or prisons or anywhere else the people can't get out." He proved enormously popular and was frequently asked back by Griffin, then Johnny Carson; he even guest hosted.[16] He was so popular as a guest he was offered his own talk show but he wanted to keep on as an actor.[37]

text: He later said the talk shows "the best thing that ever happened to me. They changed everything drastically overnight. I spent ten years looking virile saying 'Put up your hands'. After the Carson, Griffin, Frost, Dinah's show, suddenly I have a personality."[38]

text: "I realized that people liked me, that I was enough," said Reynolds. "So if I could transfer that character - the irreverent, self-deprecating side of me, my favorite side of me - onto the screen, I could have a big career.[39]

text: Deliverance and the centerfold[edit]

text: Reynolds had his breakout role in Deliverance, directed by John Boorman, who cast him off on the basis of a talk show appearance. "It's the first time I haven't had a script with Paul Newman's and Robert Redford's fingerprints all over it," Reynolds joked. "The producers actually came to me first."[37]

text: "I've waited 15 years to do a really good movie," he said in 1972. "I made so many bad pictures. I was never able to turn anyone down. The greatest curse in Hollywood is to be a well known unknown."[40]

text: Reynolds also gained notoriety around this time when he began a well-publicized relationship with Dinah Shore and after he posed naked in the April 1972 issue of Cosmopolitan.[41][42] Reynolds said he did it for "a kick. I have a strange sense of humor" and because he knew he had Deliverance coming out.[40] He later expressed regret for posing for Cosmopolitan.[43]

text: Deliverance was a huge commercial and critical success and, along with the talk show appearances, helped establish Reynolds as a star. "The night of the Academy Awards, I counted a half-dozen Burt Reynolds jokes," he later said. "I had become a household name, the most talked-about star at the award show."[16]

text: He was then in Fuzz (1972), reuniting him with Welch, and made a cameo in Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*(*But Were Afraid to Ask) (1972).  He also returned to the stage, appearing in The Rainmaker at the Arlington.[44]

text: Reynolds played the title role in Shamus (1973), a modern-day private eye, which was a solid box office success. Reynolds described it as "not a bad film, kind of cute."[45]

text: He was in The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing (1973) co-starring Sarah Miles. The film is best remembered for the scandal during filming where Miles' lover committed suicide; it was a minor hit.[45] He was meant to reunite with Boorman in Zardoz but fell ill and was replaced by Sean Connery.[46]

text: White Lightning[edit]

text: Another career turning moment in Reynolds' career came when he made the light-hearted car chase film written by Norton, White Lightning (1973). Reynolds later called it "the beginning of a whole series of films made in the South, about the South and for the South... you could make back the cost of the negative just in Memphis alone. Anything outside of that was just gravy."[45] Car chase films would be Reynolds' most profitable genre.  At the end of 1973 Reynolds was voted into the list of the ten most popular box office stars in the US, at number four. He would stay on that list until 1984.

text: He made a sports comedy with Robert Aldrich, The Longest Yard (1974) which was popular. Aldrich later said "I think that on occasion he's a much better actor than he's given credit for. Not always: sometimes he acts like a caricature of himself."[47]

text: Reynolds then appeared in two big budget fiascos: At Long Last Love (1975), a musical for Peter Bogdanovich, and Lucky Lady (1975) with Gene Hackman and Liza Minnelli.

text: More popular was another light hearted car chase film, W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings (1975), and a tough cop drama with Aldrich, Hustle (1975).[45]  He did a cameo for Mel Brooks in Silent Movie (1976).

text: Director[edit]

text: Reynolds made his directorial debut in 1976 with Gator, the sequel to White Lightning, written by Norton.[48] "I waited 20 years to do it [directing] and I enjoyed it more than anything I've ever done in this business," he said after filming. "And I happen to think it's what I do best."[49]

text: He was reunited with Bogdanovich for the screwball comedy Nickelodeon (1976), which was a commercial disappointment. Aldrich later commented, "Bogdanovich can get him to do the telephone book! Anybody else has to persuade him to do something. He's fascinated by Bogdanovich. I can't understand it."[47] He turned down the part of Clark Gable in Gable and Lombard.[50]

text: Smokey and the Bandit and career peak[edit]

text: Reynolds had the biggest hit of his career with a car chase film Smokey and the Bandit (1977), directed by Hal Needham and co-starring Jackie Gleason and Sally Field.

text: He followed it with a comedy about football players, Semi-Tough (1977), co-starring Jill Clayburgh and Kris Kristofferson and produced by David Merrick. He then made his second film as director The End (1978), a black comedy, playing a role originally written for Woody Allen.[51]

text: More popular was a car comedy he made with Needham and Field, Hooper (1978), where he played a stuntman.

text: "My ability as an actor gets a little better every time," he said around this time. I'm very prolific in the amount of films I make - two-and-a-half or three a year - and when I look at any picture I do now compared to Deliverance, it's miles above what I was doing then. But when you're doing films that are somewhat similar to each other, as I've been doing, people take it for granted."[50]

text: He turned down the Alan Alda part in California Suite (1978) because the part was too small.[50]

text: He also said "I'd rather direct than act. I'd rather do that than anything. It's the second-best sensation I've ever had." He added that David Merrick had offered to produce two films Reynolds would direct without having to act in them.[50]

text: Reynolds tried a change of pace with Starting Over (1979), a romantic comedy co-starring Clayburgh and Candice Bergen; it was co-written and produced by James L. Brooks. He played a jewel thief in Rough Cut (1980) produced by Merrick, who fired and then rehired director Don Siegel during filming.

text: Reynolds had two huge hits with car films directed by Needham, Smokey and the Bandit II (1980) and The Cannonball Run (1981). He did another romantic comedy, Paternity (1981) then directed himself in a tough action film, Sharky's Machine (1981).

text: Reynolds wanted to try a musical again and so agreed to do The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982). It was a hit, as was Best Friends (1982) with Goldie Hawn. In 1982, Reynolds was voted the most popular star in the US for the fifth year in a row.

text: Around this time he reflected:

text: The only thing I really enjoy is this business, and I think my audience knows that. I've never been able to figure out exactly who that audience is. I know there have been a few pictures even my mother didn't go see, but there's always been an audience for them. I guess it is because they always know that I give it 100 percent, and good or bad, there's going to be quite a lot of me in that picture. That's what they're looking for. I don't have any pretensions about wanting to be Hamlet. I would just like to be the best Burt Reynolds around.[52]

text: Career decline[edit]

text: James L. Brooks offered Reynolds the role of astronaut Garrett Breedlove in Terms of Endearment (1983) but he turned it down to do Stroker Ace (1983), another car chase comedy directed by Needham. The Endearment role went to Jack Nicholson, who went on to win an Academy Award. Reynolds said he made this decision because "I felt I owed Hal more than I owed Jim" but Stroker Ace flopped. Reynolds felt this was a turning point in his career from which he never recovered. "That's where I lost them," he says of his fans.[53]

text: The Man Who Loved Women (1983), directed by Blake Edwards also flopped.  In an interview around this time he said:

text: Getting to the top has turned out to be a hell of a lot more fun than staying there. I've got Tom Selleck crawling up my back. I'm in my late 40s. I realize I have four or five more years where I can play certain kinds of parts and get away with it. That's why I'm leaning more and more toward directing and producing. I don't want to be stumbling around town doing Gabby Hayes parts a few years from now. I'd like to pick and choose and maybe go work for a perfume factory like Mr. Cary Grant, and look wonderful with everybody saying, 'Gee, I wish he hadn't retired.[52]

text: Cannonball Run II (1984), directed by Needham, brought in some money but only half of the original. City Heat (1984), which teamed Reynolds and Eastwood was mildly popular but considered a major box office disappointment. He was injured during filming, causing him to lose weight and for rumors to start that he had AIDS.[53]

text: Reynolds returned to directing with Stick (1985) from an Elmore Leonard novel but it was a critical and commercial failure. So too were three other action films he made: Heat (1986), based on a William Goldman novel, Malone (1987), and Rent-a-Cop (1987) with Liza Minnelli.[53] He later said he did Heat and Malone "because there were so many rumors about me [about AIDS]. I had to get out and be seen."[54]

text: Reynolds tried a screwball comedy, Switching Channels (1989), but it was a box office disappointment. Even more poorly received was Physical Evidence (1989), directed by Michael Crichton. Reynolds received excellent reviews for Breaking In (1989) but the commercial reception was poor.[55]

text: "When I was doing very well," he said at the time, "I wasn't conscious I was doing very well, but I became very conscious when I wasn't doing very well. The atmosphere changed."[54]

text: Return to TV: BL Stryker and Evening Shade[edit]

text: Reynolds returned to TV series with B.L. Stryker (1989–90). It only ran one season, during which time Reynolds played a supporting part in Modern Love (1990).

text: Reynolds then starred in a sitcom, Evening Shade (1990–94) as Woodward "Wood" Newton. The program was a considerable success and ran for four seasons and 98 episodes. This role earned him an Emmy Award.

text: During the series' run, Reynolds also made a cameo in The Player (1992). He starred in a film aimed at children, Cop & 1/2 (1993), and two TV movies, Wind in the Wire (1993) and The Man from Left Field (1993); he also directed the latter, which co-starred Reba McEntire.[56]

text: Character actor[edit]

text: When Evening Shade ended, Reynolds played the lead in a horror film, The Maddening (1995). However, he gradually moved into being more of a character actor - he had key support roles in Citizen Ruth (1996), an early work from Alexander Payne, and Striptease (1996) with Demi Moore. He had to audition for the latter. The film's producer later said, "To be honest, we were not enthusiastic at first. There was the hair and his reputation, but we were curious."[57] Reynolds got the role and earned some strong reviews.

text: Reynolds was a supporting actor in Frankenstein and Me (1996), Mad Dog Time (1996), The Cherokee Kid (1996), Meet Wally Sparks (1997) with Rodney Dangerfield, and Bean (1997) with Rowan Atkinson. He had the lead in Raven (1996), a straight-to-DVD action film. Around this time he claimed he was broke, having gone through $13 million.[57]

text: In 1996, Reynolds' agent said "Regarding Burt, there's a split between the executives in town who are under 40 and those who are over 40. The younger executives are more open to Burt because they grew up loving Deliverance. But the older executives remember how crazy he was, and they are less receptive."[57]

text: Boogie Nights and career revival[edit]

text: Reynolds appeared as an adult film director in the hit film Boogie Nights (1997), which was considered a comeback role for him; he received 12 acting awards and 3 nominations for the role, including a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Nevertheless, Reynolds refused to appear in Boogie Nights writer/director Paul Thomas Anderson's subsequent film, Magnolia (1999), saying he hated working on the film and hated Anderson.[4][58]

text: He had the lead in Big City Blues (1997) and support roles in Universal Soldier II: Brothers in Arms (1998) and Universal Soldier III: Unfinished Business (1998).

text: Reynolds returned to directing with Hard Time (1998) an action TV film starring himself. It led to two sequels, which he did not direct, Hard Time: The Premonition (1999) and Hard Time: Hostage Hotel (1999) (directed by Hal Needham).

text: He starred in the straight to video The Hunter's Moon (1999), Stringer (1999), and Waterproof (2000).

text: Reynolds played support roles in Pups (1999), Mystery, Alaska (1999) and had the lead in The Crew (2000) alongside Richard Dreyfuss.

text: Reynolds directed The Last Producer (2000), starring himself, and was second billed in Renny Harlin's Driven (2001), starring Sylvester Stallone.

text: He was also in Tempted (2001), Hotel (2001) directed by Mike Figgis, and The Hollywood Sign (2001).

text: He voiced Avery Carrington in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, released in 2002.[59]

text: Reynolds was top billed in Snapshots (2002) with Julie Christie, Time of the Wolf (2002), and Hard Ground (2003), and supported in Johnson County War (2002) with Tom Berenger, and Miss Lettie and Me (2003) with Mary Tyler Moore.

text: Reynolds was in a series of supporting roles that referred to earlier performances: Without a Paddle (2004), a riff on his role in Deliverance, The Longest Yard (2005), a remake of his 1974 hit with  Adam Sandler playing Reynolds' old role; and The Dukes of Hazzard (2005) as Boss Hogg in a nod to his performances in 1970s car chase films.[60]

text: Reynolds continued to play lead roles in films such as Cloud 9 (2006), Forget About It (2006), Deal (2008), and A Bunch of Amateurs (2008), and supporting parts like End Game (2006), Grilled (2006), Broken Bridges (2006), In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale (2007), Not Another Not Another Movie (2011), and Reel Love (2011).

text: Reynolds was top billed in Category 5 (2014) and Elbow Grease (2016) and could be seen in Pocket Listing (2014), and Hollow Creek (2015). He returned to regular role on TV in Hitting the Breaks (2016) but it only ran for ten episodes. He was in Apple of My Eye (2016).

text: The Last Movie Star and final films[edit]

text: Reynolds turned in a critically acclaimed performance in the title role in the 2017 drama The Last Movie Star, one of his last films.[61]

text: His final performances include roles in  the films Miami Love Affair (2017), Henri (2017), Shadow Fighter (2018) and Defining Moments (2018).

text: In May 2018, he joined the cast for Quentin Tarantino's film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood as George Spahn (an eighty year old blind man who rented out his ranch to Charles Manson),[62] but he died before shooting his scenes,[63] and was later replaced by Bruce Dern.[64]

text: Author[edit]

text: Reynolds co-authored the 1997 children's book Barkley Unleashed: A Pirate's Tail, a "whimsical tale [that] illustrates the importance of perseverance, the wonders of friendship and the power of imagination".[65]

text: Music[edit]

text: In 1973, Reynolds released the country/easy listening album Ask Me What I Am. He also sang in two movie musicals: At Long Last Love (1975) and The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982).[66]

text: Bankruptcy[edit]

text: Despite his lucrative career, in 1996 he filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, due in part to an extravagant lifestyle, a divorce from Loni Anderson and failed investments in some Florida restaurant chains.[67][68]  Reynolds emerged from bankruptcy two years later.[3]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Reynolds was married to English actress Judy Carne from 1963 to 1965. He and American singer-actress Dinah Shore were in a relationship in the early 1970s for about five years.[69] He had a relationship from 1977 to 1982[70] with American actress Sally Field,[71] during which time they appeared together in four films. Reynolds was married to American actress Loni Anderson from 1988 to 1993. They adopted a son, Quinton.[72] He and Anderson separated after he fell in love with a cocktail waitress, with whom he later traded lawsuits which were settled out of court.[3]

text: Reynolds' close friends included Johnny Carson, James Hampton, Dom DeLuise, Jerry Reed, Charles Nelson Reilly, Tammy Wynette, Lucie Arnaz, Adrienne Barbeau, Tawny Little, Dinah Shore, Clint Eastwood and Chris Evert.[73]

text: In the late 1970s, Reynolds opened Burt's Place, a nightclub restaurant in the Omni International Hotel in the Hotel District of Downtown Atlanta, and briefly operated a second version at Lenox Square.[74] He was a lifelong fan of American football, a result of his collegiate career, and was a minority owner of the Tampa Bay Bandits of the USFL from 1982 to 1986.[75][76] The team's name was inspired by the Smokey and the Bandit trilogy and Skoal Bandit, a primary sponsor for the team as a result of also sponsoring Reynolds' motor racing team.[77]

text: Reynolds co-owned a NASCAR Winston Cup team, Mach 1 Racing, with Hal Needham, which ran the #33 "Skoal Bandit" car with driver Harry Gant.[78] He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Florida State University in 1981 and later endorsed the construction of a new performing arts facility in Sarasota, Florida.[79]

text: He also owned a private "dinner theater" in Jupiter, Florida, with a focus on training young performers looking to enter show business.[80] The theater was later renamed to the Burt Reynolds Jupiter Theater and closed in 1997 after Reynolds declared bankruptcy.[citation needed]

text: In 1984, he opened a restaurant in Fort Lauderdale, "Burt & Jacks", which he co-owned with Jack Jackson.[81]

text: While filming City Heat, Reynolds was struck in the face with a metal chair and had temporomandibular joint dysfunction. He lost thirty pounds from not eating. The painkillers he was prescribed led to addiction, which lasted several years. He underwent back surgery in 2009 and a quintuple coronary artery bypass surgery in February 2010.[3]

text: On August 16, 2011, Merrill Lynch Credit Corporation filed foreclosure papers, claiming Reynolds owed US$1.2 million on his home in Hobe Sound, Florida.[82] He owned the Burt Reynolds Ranch, where scenes for Smokey and the Bandit were filmed and which once had a petting zoo, until its sale during bankruptcy.[83] In April 2014, the 153-acre (62 ha) rural property was rezoned for residential use and the Palm Beach County school system was empowered to sell it which they did to the residential developer K. Hovnanian Homes.[84] Reynolds also once purchased a mansion on a tract of land in Loganville, Georgia, while married to Loni Anderson.[85][86]

text: Death[edit]

text: Reynolds died from a heart attack at the Jupiter Medical Center in Jupiter, Florida, on September 6, 2018, at the age of 82.[87][88] His ex-wife Loni Anderson issued a statement saying that she and their son Quinton would miss him and "his great laugh".[89] On September 20, 2018, the two held a private memorial service for Reynolds at a funeral home in North Palm Beach, Florida. Those in attendance included Sally Field,[90] FSU coach Bobby Bowden, friend Lee Corso, and quarterback Doug Flutie.[91]

text: On the day of Reynolds' death, Antenna TV, which airs The Tonight Show nightly, aired an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson from February 11, 1982, featuring an interview and a This Is Your Life-style skit with Reynolds. The local media in Atlanta and elsewhere in the state noted on their television news programs that evening that he was the first to make major films in Georgia, all of which were successful, which helped make the state one of the top filming locations in the country.[92][93][94][95] Reynolds' body was cremated at the Gold Coast Crematory in Florida.[96]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Ask Me What I Am (1973)[97]

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Chart positions

Album

Songwriter

US Country

US

CAN Country

1980

"Let's Do Something Cheap and Superficial"

51

88[98]

33

Smokey and the Bandit II Soundtrack

Richard Levinson

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards and nominations for acting

Year

Association

Category

Nominated work

Result

Ref.

1971

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor – Television Series Drama

Dan August

Nominated

[2]

1975

Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

The Longest Yard

Nominated

[2]

1980

Starting Over

Nominated

[2]

1991

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series

Evening Shade

Nominated

[99]

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy

Nominated

[2]

1992

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy

Won

[2]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series

Won

[99]

1993

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy

Nominated

[2]

1997

Boston Society of Film Critics

Best Supporting Actor

Boogie Nights

2nd place

[100]

Los Angeles Film Critics Association

Best Supporting Actor

Won

[101]

New York Film Critics Circle

Best Supporting Actor

Won

[101]

Online Film Critics Society

Best Supporting Actor

Won

[102]

1998

Academy Awards

Best Supporting Actor

Nominated

[103]

Golden Globe Awards

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture

Won

[2]

British Academy Film Awards

Best Actor in a Supporting Role

Nominated

[104]

Chicago Film Critics Association

Best Supporting Actor

Won

[101]

Florida Film Critics Circle

Best Cast

Won

[105]

National Society of Film Critics

Best Supporting Actor

Won

[101]

Satellite Awards

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture

Won

[106]

Screen Actors Guild

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role

Nominated

[107]

Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

Nominated

[107]

text: Other honors[edit]

text:
1978: Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6838 Hollywood Blvd.[108]
2000: Children at Heart Award[109]
2003: Atlanta IMAGE Film and Video Award[110]

text: Works[edit]

text:
Reynolds, Burt. (1994) My Life. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6130-4
Reynolds, Burt. (2015) But Enough About Me: A Memoir. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-3991-7354-4


document_title: Saving Private Ryan

question_text: where is the opening scene of saving private ryan

text: Saving Private Ryan

text: Plot[edit]

text: An elderly veteran visits the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial with his family. Upon seeing one particular grave, he falls to his knees overcome with emotion. The scene then shifts to the morning of June 6, 1944, as American soldiers land on Omaha Beach as part of the Normandy Invasion. They suffer heavy losses in assaulting German defensive positions of artillery and machine guns raining down intense fire on the American forces. Captain John H. Miller of the 2nd Ranger Battalion assembles a group to penetrate the German defenses, leading to a breakout from the beach. Elsewhere on the beach, a dead soldier lies face-down in the bloody surf; his pack is stenciled Ryan, S.

text: In Washington, D.C., at the U.S. War Department, General George Marshall learns that three of the four brothers of the Ryan family were killed in action and that the fourth son, James, has been parachuted somewhere over Normandy but is currently unable to be located. He is also informed that their mother will receive all three telegrams notifying her of her three sons' deaths on the same day. After reading Abraham Lincoln's Bixby letter aloud for his staff, he orders that James Ryan be found and returned home immediately.

text: Three days after D-Day, Miller receives orders to find Ryan and bring him back from the front. He assembles six men from his company—T/Sgt. Mike Horvath, Privates First Class Richard Reiben and Adrian Caparzo, Privates Stanley Mellish and Danny Jackson, medic Irwin Wade—plus T/5 Timothy Upham, a cartographer and interpreter borrowed from another unit. They move out to Neuville, where they meet a squad from the 101st Airborne Division, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper, quickly taken out by Jackson. They locate a Private James Ryan but quickly learn he is not their man. They eventually encounter a friend of James Ryan, who tells them that he is defending an important bridge in the town of Ramelle.

text: On the way to Ramelle, Miller decides to neutralize a German machine gun position at a derelict radar station, despite his men's misgivings; Wade is killed in the skirmish. Miller, at Upham's urging, declines to execute a surviving German soldier (nicknamed "Steamboat Willie") and sets him free on the condition that he surrender to the first Allied unit he encounters. Losing confidence in Miller's leadership, Reiben declares his intention to desert, prompting a confrontation with Horvath, which Miller defuses by disclosing his civilian background as a teacher, about which his men had set up a betting pool. Reiben reluctantly decides to stay.

text: Outside Ramelle, Miller and the squad encounters a German half-track with troops and ambush them together with three paratroopers, one of whom is Ryan. In the town, Miller's squad find a small group of paratroopers preparing to defend the key bridge, and where Miller tells Ryan about his brothers and their orders to bring him home, with two of his men having been lost in finding him. He is distressed at the loss of his brothers, but asks Miller to tell his mother that he intends to stay "with the only brothers [he has] left." Miller decides to join his unit with the paratroopers in defense of the bridge against the imminent German attack. Miller forms ambush positions throughout the ruined town, preparing to attack arriving tanks and infantry with mines, Molotov cocktails, detonation cords and "sticky bombs" made from socks filled with Composition B smeared with thick grease.

text: Elements of the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrive with infantry and armor, comprising two Tiger I tanks and two Marder tank destroyers/light assault guns. Although they managed to inflict heavy casualties on the Germans, including destroying one Tiger tank and both Marders, most of the paratroopers, along with Jackson, Mellish and Horvath are killed, while Upham avoids fighting due to his jittery nerves and hides himself from his German foes. Miller attempts to blow up the bridge, but is shot and mortally wounded by Steamboat Willie, who had somehow rejoined the Germans. In confusion and supposed desperation after suffering intense German fire, Miller crawls to the middle of the bridge and attempts to open fire on the oncoming German tank and accompanying troops with his pistol. Just before the last Tiger tank reaches the bridge, an American P-51 Mustang flies overhead and destroys the tank, followed by American armored units which rout the remaining Germans. Witnessing Miller's shooting, Upham leaps out from his hiding and confronts Steamboat Willie and his group as they attempt to retreat. Steamboat Willie raises his hands in surrender and smiles, believing that Upham will accept because of their earlier encounter. Instead, Upham kills him, but lets the other Germans flee.

text: Reiben and Ryan are with Miller as he dies and utters his last words, "James...earn this. Earn it."

text: The elderly veteran is revealed to be Ryan and the grave he is standing at is Miller’s. Ryan expresses his appreciation for what Miller and the others did for him. He then asks his wife if he is a "good man" worthy of their sacrifices, to which she tells him he is. Ryan comes to attention and salutes Miller's grave.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Captain Miller
Tom Sizemore as Sergeant Horvath
Edward Burns as Private Reiben
Barry Pepper as Private Jackson
Adam Goldberg as Private Mellish
Vin Diesel as Private Caparzo
Giovanni Ribisi as T-4 Medic Wade
Jeremy Davies as Corporal Upham
Matt Damon as Private Ryan
Ted Danson as Captain Hamill
Paul Giamatti as Sergeant Hill
Dennis Farina as Lieutenant Colonel Anderson
Joerg Stadler as Steamboat Willie
Max Martini as Corporal Henderson
Nathan Fillion as Minnesota Ryan
Leland Orser as Lieutenant DeWindt
Ryan Hurst as Paratrooper Mandelsohn
Harve Presnell as General Marshall
Dale Dye as War Department Colonel
Bryan Cranston as War Department Colonel
Harrison Young as Ryan as Old Man
Kathleen Byron as Old Mrs. Ryan

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1994, Robert Rodat wrote the script for the film. Rodat's script was submitted to producer Mark Gordon, who liked it and in turn passed it along to Spielberg to direct. The film is loosely based on the World War II life stories of the Niland brothers. A shooting date was set for June 27, 1997.[3]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In casting the film Spielberg sought to create a cast that "looked" the part, stating in an interview, "You know, the people in World War II actually looked different than people look today", adding to this end that he cast partly based on wanting the cast "to match the faces I saw on the newsreels." [4]

text: Before filming began, several of the film's stars, including Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, Giovanni Ribisi, and Tom Hanks, endured ten days of "boot camp" training led by Marine veteran Dale Dye and Warriors, Inc., a California-based company that specializes in training actors for realistic military portrayals.[5] Matt Damon was intentionally not brought into the camp, to make the rest of the group feel resentment towards the character.[6] Spielberg had stated that his main intention in forcing the actors to go through the boot camp was not to learn the proper techniques but rather "because I wanted them to respect what it was like to be a soldier."[4]

text: The film's second scene is a 20+ minute sequence recounting the landing on the beaches of Normandy. Spielberg chose to include this particularly violent sequence in order "to bring the audience onto the stage with me" specifically noting that he did not want the "audience to be spectators" but rather he wanted to "demand them to be participants with those kids who had never seen combat before in real life, and get to the top of Omaha Beach together."[4]

text: Spielberg had already demonstrated his interest in World War II themes with the films 1941, Empire of the Sun, Schindler's List, and the Indiana Jones series. Spielberg later co-produced the World War II themed television miniseries Band of Brothers and its counterpart The Pacific with Tom Hanks. When asked about this by American Cinematographer, Spielberg said, "I think that World War II is the most significant event of the last 100 years; the fate of the baby boomers and even Generation X was linked to the outcome. Beyond that, I've just always been interested in World War II. My earliest films, which I made when I was about 14 years old, were combat pictures that were set both on the ground and in the air. For years now, I've been looking for the right World War II story to shoot, and when Robert Rodat wrote Saving Private Ryan, I found it."[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Spielberg wanted an almost exact replica of the Omaha Beach landscape for the movie, including similar sand and a bluff similar to the one where German forces were stationed and a near match was found in Ireland. The D-Day scenes were shot in Ballinesker Beach, Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, just east of Curracloe, County Wexford, Ireland.[8][9][10] Hanks recalled to Roger Ebert that although he realized it was a movie, the experience still hit him hard, stating, "The first day of shooting the D-Day sequences, I was in the back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was."[11] Filming began June 27, 1997, and lasted for two months.[12][13][14] Some shooting was done in Normandy, for the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer and Calvados. Other scenes were filmed in England, such as a former British Aerospace factory in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Thame Park, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. Production was due to also take place in Seaham, County Durham, but government restrictions disallowed this.[15]

text: Portrayal of history[edit]

text: Saving Private Ryan has received critical acclaim for its realistic portrayal of World War II combat. In particular, the sequence depicting the Omaha Beach landings was named the "best battle scene of all time" by Empire magazine and was ranked number one on TV Guide's list of the "50 Greatest Movie Moments".[16] The scene cost US$12 million and involved up to 1,500 extras, some of whom were members of the Irish Reserve Defence Forces. Members of local reenactment groups such as the Second Battle Group were cast as extras to play German soldiers.[17] In addition, twenty to thirty actual amputees were used to portray American soldiers maimed during the landing.[18] Spielberg did not storyboard the sequence, as he wanted spontaneous reactions and for "the action to inspire me as to where to put the camera".[19]

text: The historical representation of Charlie Company's actions, led by its commander, Captain Ralph E. Goranson, was well maintained in the opening sequence. The sequence and details of the events are very close to the historical record, including the sea sickness experienced by many of the soldiers as the landing craft moved toward the shoreline, significant casualties among the men as they disembarked from the boats, and difficulty linking up with adjacent units on the shore.

text: The distinctive signature "ping" of the US soldiers' M1 Garand rifles ejecting their ammunition clips is heard throughout the battle sequence. The contextual details of the Company's actions were well maintained, for instance, the correct code names for the sector Charlie Company assaulted, and adjacent sectors, were used. Included in the cinematic depiction of the landing was a follow-on mission of clearing a bunker and trench system at the top of the cliffs which was not part of the original mission objectives for Charlie Company, but which they did undertake after the assault on the beach.[20]

text: The landing craft used included twelve actual World War II examples, 10 LCVPs and 2 LCMs, standing in for the British LCAs that the Ranger Companies rode in to the beach during Operation Overlord.[20][21] The filmmakers used underwater cameras to better depict soldiers being hit by bullets in the water. Forty barrels of fake blood were used to simulate the effect of blood in the seawater.[18] This degree of realism was more difficult to achieve when depicting World War II German armored vehicles, as few examples survive in operating condition. The Tiger I tanks in the film were copies built on the chassis of old, but functional, Soviet T-34 tanks.[22] The two vehicles described in the film as Panzers were meant to portray Marder III tank destroyers. One was created for the film using the chassis of a Czech-built Panzer 38(t) tank[23] similar to the construction of the original Marder III; the other was a cosmetically modified Swedish SAV m/43 assault gun, which also used the 38(t) chassis.[24]

text: There are, however, historical inaccuracies in the film's depiction of the Normandy campaign. At the time of the mission, American forces from the two American beach areas, Utah and Omaha, had not yet linked up.[25] In reality, a Ranger team operating out of the Omaha beach area would have had to move through the heavily enemy-occupied city of Carentan, or swim or boat across the estuary linking Carentan to the channel, or transfer by boat to the Utah landing area. On the other hand, US forces moving out of Utah would have had direct and much shorter routes, relatively unencumbered by enemy positions, and were already in contact with some teams from both US airborne divisions landed in the area.[26]

text: The Utah beach landings, however, were relatively uncontested, with assault units landing on largely unoccupied beaches and experiencing far less action than the landings at Omaha.[27] The filmmakers chose to begin the narrative with a depiction of the more dramatic story of Omaha, despite the strategic inaccuracy of an impossible mission that could easily have been pursued from the other beach area. In addition, one of the most notable of the operational flaws is the depiction of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich as the adversary during the fictional Battle of Ramelle. The 2nd SS was not engaged in Normandy until July, and then at Caen against the British and Canadians, 100 miles east.[28] Furthermore, the Merderet River bridges were not an objective of the 101st Airborne Division but of the 82nd Airborne Division, part of Mission Boston.[29]

text: Much has also been said about various "tactical errors" made by both the German and American forces in the film's climactic battle. Spielberg responded, saying that in many scenes he opted to replace sound military tactics and strict historical accuracy for dramatic effect.[30] Some other technical errors were also made, often censored, including the mistaken reversed orientation of the beach barriers; the tripod obstructions with a mine at the apex.

text: To achieve a tone and quality that was true to the story as well as reflected the period in which it is set, Spielberg once again collaborated with cinematographer Janusz Kamiński, saying, "Early on, we both knew that we did not want this to look like a Technicolor extravaganza about World War II, but more like color newsreel footage from the 1940s, which is very desaturated and low-tech." Kamiński had the protective coating stripped from the camera lenses, making them closer to those used in the 1940s. He explains that "without the protective coating, the light goes in and starts bouncing around, which makes it slightly more diffused and a bit softer without being out of focus." The cinematographer completed the overall effect by putting the negative through bleach bypass, a process that reduces brightness and color saturation. The shutter timing was set to 90 or 45 degrees for many of the battle sequences, as opposed to the standard of 180-degree timing. Kamiński clarifies, "In this way, we attained a certain staccato in the actors' movements and a certain crispness in the explosions, which makes them slightly more realistic."[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Saving Private Ryan was a critical and commercial success and is credited with contributing to a resurgence in America's interest in World War II. Old and new films, video games, and novels about the war enjoyed renewed popularity after its release.[32] The film's use of desaturated colors, hand-held cameras, and tight angles has profoundly influenced subsequent films and video games.[33][34] Saving Private Ryan was released in 2,463 theaters on July 24, 1998, and grossed $30.5 million on its opening weekend. The film grossed $216.5 million in the US and Canada. and $265.3 million in other territories, bringing its worldwide total to $481.8 million and making it the highest-grossing US film of the year.[1] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 45.74 million tickets in the United States and Canada.[35]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received critical acclaim and has a 'certified fresh' rating of 92% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 132 reviews with an average score of 8.6 out of 10. The consensus states "Anchored by another winning performance from Hanks, Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre."[36] The film also has a score of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 35 critic reviews indicating "universal acclaim".[37]

text: Much of the praise went for the realistic battle scenes[38] and the actors' performances.[39] However, it did earn some criticism for ignoring the contributions of several other countries to the D-Day landings in general and at Omaha Beach specifically.[40] The most direct example of the latter is that during the actual landing the 2nd Rangers disembarked from British ships and were taken to Omaha Beach by Royal Navy landing craft (LCAs). The film depicts them as being United States Coast Guard-crewed craft (LCVPs and LCMs) from an American ship, the USS Thomas Jefferson (APA-30).[20][41][42] This criticism was far from universal with other critics recognizing the director's intent to make an "American" film.[43] The film was not released in Malaysia after Spielberg refused to cut the violent scenes;[44] however, the film was finally released there on DVD with an 18SG certificate much later in 2005. Many critics associations, such as New York Film Critics Circle and Los Angeles Film Critics Association, chose Saving Private Ryan as Film of the Year.[45] Roger Ebert gave it four stars out of four and called it "a powerful experience".[39]

text: Filmmaker Robert Altman wrote a letter to Spielberg stating, "Private Ryan was awesome -- best I've seen."[46] Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino has expressed admiration for the film and has cited it as an influence on his 2009 film, Inglourious Basterds.[47]

text: Many World War II veterans stated that the film was the most realistic depiction of combat they had ever seen.[48] The film was so realistic that combat veterans of D-Day and Vietnam left theaters rather than finish watching the opening scene depicting the Normandy invasion. Their visits to posttraumatic stress disorder counselors rose in number after the film's release, and many counselors advised "'more psychologically vulnerable'" veterans to avoid watching it.[49] The Department of Veterans Affairs set up a nationwide hotline for veterans who were affected by the film, and less than two weeks after the film was released it had already received over 170 calls.[50]

text: The film has gained criticism and negative reviews from war veterans and film critics. Film director and military veteran Oliver Stone has accused the film of promoting "the worship of World War II as the good war," and has placed it alongside films such as Gladiator and Black Hawk Down that he believes were well-made, but may have inadvertently contributed to Americans' readiness for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[51] In defense of the film's portrait of warfare, Brian De Palma commented, "The level of violence in something like Saving Private Ryan makes sense because Spielberg is trying to show something about the brutality of what happened."[52] Actor Richard Todd, who performed in The Longest Day and was amongst the first of the Allied soldiers to land in Normandy (Operation Tonga), said the film was "Rubbish. Overdone."[53] American academic Paul Fussell, who saw combat in France during World War II, objected to what he described as, "the way Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan, after an honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening visualizing details of the unbearable bloody mess at Omaha Beach, degenerated into a harmless, uncritical patriotic performance apparently designed to thrill 12-year-old boys during the summer bad-film season. Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious."[54]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, and won five including Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Film Editing, and Best Director for Spielberg, but lost the Best Picture award to Shakespeare in Love, being one of a few that have won the Best Director award without also winning Best Picture.[55][56] The Academy's decision to not award the film with the Best Picture Oscar has resulted in much criticism in recent years, with many considering it as one of the biggest snubs in the ceremony's history.[57][58]

text: The film also won the Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Director, the BAFTA Award for Special Effects and Sound, the Directors Guild of America Award, a Grammy Award for Best Film Soundtrack, the Producers Guild of America Golden Laurel Award, and the Saturn Award for Best Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.[45] The American Film Institute has included Saving Private Ryan in many of its lists, ranking it as the 71st greatest American movie in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition),[59] as well as the 45th most thrilling film in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills,[60] the 10th most inspiring in AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers,[61] and the eighth best epic film in "AFI's 10 Top 10".[62]

text:
List of awards and nominations received by Saving Private Ryan

Award
Category
Nominee
Result

71st Academy Awards
Best Picture
Steven Spielberg, Ian Bryce, Mark Gordon and Gary Levinsohn
Nominated

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Original Screenplay
Robert Rodat
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Won

Best Art Direction
Thomas E. Sanders and Lisa Dean
Nominated

Best Sound Mixing
Gary Rydstrom, Gary Summers, Andy Nelson and Ron Judkins
Won

Best Film Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Sound Effects Editing
Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns
Won

Best Makeup
Lois Burwell, Conor O'Sullivan and Daniel C. Striepeke
Nominated

Best Music, Original Dramatic Score
John Williams
Nominated

Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films
Best Thriller Film

Won

Best Special Effects

Nominated

Amanda Awards
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

American Cinema Editors
Best Edited Feature Film
Michael Kahn
Won

American Society of Cinematographers
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases
Janusz Kamiński
Nominated

Art Directors Guild
Feature Film

Nominated

Awards of the Japanese Academy
Best Foreign Film

Nominated

BAFTA Awards
Best Sound

Won

Best Special Visual Effects

Won

Best Music
John Williams
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Nominated

Best Editing
Michael Kahn
Nominated

Best Film

Nominated

Best Makeup & Hair

Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Production Design

Nominated

Best Direction
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

BMI Film Music Award
BMI Film Music Award
John Williams
Won

Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Favorite Actor
Tom Hanks
Won

Favorite Supporting Actor
Jeremy Davies
Nominated

Boston Society of Film Critics Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

British Society of Cinematographers
Best Cinematography

Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Best Score
John Williams
Won

Camerimage
Best Cinematography

Nominated

Casting Society of America
Best Casting

Won

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Picture

Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Cinematography

Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society
Best Sound

Won

Czech Lions
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Won

César Awards
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards
Best Picture

Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Directors Guild of America
Outstanding Directorial Achievement
Steven Spielberg
Won

Empire Awards
Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Film

Nominated

European Film Award
Screen International Award
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards
Best Foreign Film

Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Golden Globes
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Motion Picture – Drama

Won

Best Original Score
John Williams
Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Screenplay

Nominated

Grammy Awards
Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television
John Williams
Won

Huabiao Film Awards
Best Foreign Film

Won

Humanitas Prize
Feature Film Category

Nominated

Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists
Best Foreign Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Film

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Jeremy Davies
Won

Key Art Awards
Best of Show – Audiovisual

Won

Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

London Critics Circle Film Awards
Film of the Year

Won

Actor of the Year
Matt Damon
Nominated

Actor of the Year
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Director of the Year
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

MTV Movie Awards
Best Action Sequence
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Male Performance
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Movie

Nominated

Motion Picture Sound Editors
Best Sound Editing – Dialogue

Won

Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects

Won

Best Sound Editing – Music

Nominated

National Board of Review
Top Ten Films

Won

National Society of Film Critics Awards
Best Film

Nominated

New York Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Film

Won

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Cinematography

Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Ensemble

Won

Best Film

Won

Best Film Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Music
John Williams
Nominated

PGA Awards
Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award

Won

Russian Guild of Film Critics
Best Foreign Film
Steven Spielberg
Won

Satellite Awards
Best Editing
Michael Kahn
Won

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Best Film

Nominated

Best Cinematography

Nominated

Best Original Score

Nominated

Best Original Screenplay

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Tom Sizemore
Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Action or Adventure Film

Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Best Ensemble

Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Toronto Film Critics Association Awards
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Won

Best Picture

Won

Best Male Performance
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Writers Guild of America
Best Original Screenplay
Robert Rodat
Nominated

text: Television broadcasts[edit]

text: On Veterans Day from 2001–2004, the American Broadcasting Company aired the film uncut and with limited commercial interruption. The network airings were given a TV-MA rating, as the violent battle scenes and the profanity were left intact. The 2004 airing was marred by pre-emptions in many markets because of the language, in the backlash of Super Bowl XXXVIII's halftime show controversy.[63] However, critics and veterans' groups such as the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars assailed those stations and their owners, including Hearst-Argyle Television (owner of 12 ABC affiliates); Scripps Howard Broadcasting (owner of six); and Belo (owner of four) for putting profits ahead of programming and honoring those who gave their lives at wartime, saying the stations made more money running their own programming instead of being paid by the network to carry the film, especially during a sweeps period.

text: A total of 65 ABC affiliates—28% of the network—did not clear the available timeslot for the film, even with the offer of The Walt Disney Company, ABC's parent, to pay all fines for language to the Federal Communications Commission.[64] In the end, however, no complaints were lodged against ABC affiliates who showed Ryan, perhaps because even conservative watchdogs like the Parents Television Council supported the unedited rebroadcast of the film.[65] Additionally, some ABC affiliates in other markets that were near affected markets, such as Youngstown, Ohio, ABC affiliate WYTV (which is viewable in parts of the Columbus, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh markets, none of which aired the film) and Gainesville, Florida, ABC affiliate WCJB-TV (which is viewable in parts of the Orlando and Tampa markets), still aired the film and gave those nearby markets the option of viewing the film.[66] TNT and Turner Classic Movies have also broadcast the film.[67][68]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film was released on home video in May 1999 with a VHS release that earned over $44 million.[69] The DVD release became available in November of the same year,[70] and was one of the best-selling titles of the year, with over 1.5 million units sold.[71] The DVD was released in two separate versions: one with Dolby Digital and the other with DTS 5.1 surround sound. Besides the different 5.1 tracks, the two DVDs are identical. The film was also issued in a limited 2-disc LaserDisc in November 1999, making it one of the last feature films to be issued in this format, as LaserDiscs ceased manufacturing and distribution by year's end.[72]

text: In 2004, a Saving Private Ryan special edition DVD was released to commemorate the 60th anniversary of D-Day. This two-disc edition was also included in a box set titled World War II Collection, along with two documentaries produced by Spielberg, Price For Peace (about the Pacific War) and Shooting War (about war photographers, narrated by Tom Hanks).[73] The film was released on Blu-ray Disc on April 26, 2010 in the UK and on May 4, 2010 in the US, as part of Paramount Home Video's premium Sapphire Series.[74] However, only weeks after its release, Paramount issued a recall due to audio synchronization problems. The studio issued an official statement acknowledging the problem, which they attributed to an authoring error by Technicolor that escaped the quality control process, and that they had already begun the process of replacing the defective discs.[75]

text: On May 8, 2018, Paramount Home Media Distribution will release Saving Private Ryan on Ultra HD Blu-ray to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of the film.[76]