document_title: Summer vacation

question_text: when does the english school summer holidays start

question_tokens: when does the english school summer holidays start

text: Summer vacation

text: Criticisms and support[edit]

text:
In some countries, school summer vacation is only six weeks or two months supposedly so students don't forget large amounts of information learned in the past year (See: Summer learning loss).[1][2]
Other education reformers believed that children were overstimulated in a system which required 48 weeks of schooling. They believe that over-schooling could lead to nervous disorders, depression, insanity, and separation anxiety towards families.[3] They believe that children need the 2–3 months off to relax and also to take a break from other childhood stresses associated with school such as peer pressure, cliques, bullying, and the pressure of heavy loads of homework.

text: Some critics of summer vacation point out that American students spend approximately 180 days (26 weeks) per year in school, but Asian students are "in school for 240 to 250 days". This is consistent with the conclusions of researchers who suggest that advanced abilities are in proportion to the time spent learning. Summer holidays in Japan start from late July until early September.[4]

text: By country[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: In Southern Argentina, the school year ends in early- or mid-December and starts late February or early March. Also the majority of students get two weeks of holidays during winter, which varies depending on the region of the country from early June to late July or mid-July to early August.

text:
Primary education: From mid-December to late February (2 months)
Secondary education: From early December to early March (3 months)
University education: From last day of December (31 December) to early April (3 months)

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, summer officially lasts from December to February, and therefore includes Christmas and New Year holidays. The dates of Australian school holidays (the term used, rather than "vacation") are determined by each state's Department of Education, the Christmas summer holiday being the longest in duration. Typically Christmas summer holiday in Australia last approximately six weeks, usually from late December (depending on school level) to late January. This is significantly shorter than North American summer holiday, but Australian schools also break for 2 weeks at Easter, and in June and September, giving students and teachers a total of twelve weeks of annual holidays. In many public schools, years 10 through 12 will finish before December 15, allowing time to complete exam marking and results. Year 10 commonly finishes at the end of November, Year 11 at the end of October, and year 12 (Senior Year) also at mid or the end of October after 3 weeks of end-of-year exams. This can bring the normal 12 weeks of vacation to 20 weeks of vacation. The intervening periods of school operation without holidays are called "School Terms", each term lasting approximately ten weeks. All Australian states have relatively similar holiday periods between each term, but there is the ability for this to change, as it did in the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games, when the first term in Victorian schools was shortened to 6 weeks and the other subsequently extended to 12 weeks due to severe disruptions to the public and private bus networks used by school students. Most private schools in Australia have up to four weeks of additional holidays, due to their longer teaching hours during term.

text: Austria[edit]

text: In Austria, summer vacation dates vary by region, however the break lasts nine weeks throughout the whole country. School usually ends in early July and starts in early September. In the regions of Vienna, Lower Austria and the Burgenland summer break starts on the first Saturday in July and one week later in Carinthia, Styria, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salzburg and Upper Austria. School recommences on the first Monday in September in Vienna, Lower Austria and the Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in the other regions.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: In Bangladesh, summer vacation begins in mid-May and ends in mid June (4 weeks). According to Bengali calendar summer vacation related with availability of different kinds of summer fruits in the month of Joishtho (mid May to mid June). This is slightly odd for schools to open before the summer solstice begins. Also, it is becoming difficult for children to attend school in high temperatures.

text: Barbados[edit]

text: In Barbados, summer holiday dates have varied throughout the years due to the beginning of the hurricane season on June 1st. Because of this, major storms affecting the island can cause schools to remain closed for days resulting in a pushback of vacation dates, for example with Hurricane Tomas in 2010. Currently, summer holiday begins in late June or early July and ends in the second week of September.

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
In Belgium, summer vacation lasts in general from July 1 until September 1 (2 months).
Universities and colleges have longer vacations they also start July 1 but last mostly until mid-September (3 months). This is because there are resits at the end of August and the beginning of September.

text: Bolivia[edit]

text: In Bolivia, summer vacation runs from early December to early February[5] (2 months).

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

text: In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the start of summer break varies by school, but usually starts at the beginning or mid-June. School starts on the first Monday of September. There is also a three-to-four weeks long break during winter (typically starting on 31 December). School is not out on Christmas or Easter, but students who celebrate those holidays are allowed to miss that day of school.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, summer break lasts between 50 and 60 days; from late November - early December, to early February, typically February 14–25. In addition, for the majority of Brazilian students there are two to three weeks off for Winter in July.

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: In Bulgaria, the time of the break differs according to the grade of the students. The following periods are applied:

text: 1st grade: May 24 – September 15

text: 2nd-4th grade: May 31 – September 15

text: 5th-7th grade: June 15 – September 15

text: 8th-11th grade: June 30 – September 15

text: 12th grade: School year ends in mid-May.

text: Note that 8th grade classes that focus on intensive language learning's summer vacation also starts on the 30th of June, rather than the 15th.[6]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, the first day of summer vacation for public schools is the last Saturday in June. However, in some provinces students get a Professional Activity day on the final Friday of that school week, and their last day would be on the Thursday. Depending on the province, students can get 2–3 months of summer vacation. This may vary in Quebec (earlier due to provincial June 24 holiday). The last day of summer vacation is Labour Day. This can vary in Private schools. School generally resumes the day after Labour Day (in September). Most have two weeks off for Christmas and New Year, and a week off in March or April for Spring Break (sometimes called March Break or Easter Break).

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile, summer vacation lasts from early or mid-December until late February or early March (10, 11 or 12 weeks). In addition, schools have two or three weeks off for Winter in July, and one-week-long break for National Holidays in mid-September.

text: China[edit]

text: In the People's Republic of China, summer holidays start in early July and often end in early September (2 months).

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In Colombia, summer vacation varies. Because of Colombia's equatorial climate (see Climate of Colombia for more information), schools run two different calendars. Public schools and some private schools run "Calendar A" which has a break between June and July. Only some private schools run "Calendar B" in which there is a long vacation in July and August. On the other hand, "Calendar A" has a long vacation around Christmas.

text: Costa Rica[edit]

text: In Costa Rica, summer vacation lasts 2 months. Usually begin in late December and end in early February. There are a few schools using the "american" style, those school usually take vacations in late May and then resume again in early August.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: In Croatia, the school year finishes around 10th June and it usually starts on the first Monday of September, but if the first Monday is on 1st or 2nd September, the school year is more likely to start on the second Monday. Winter break usually begins a few days before Christmas and it lasts until mid January. Eastern break lasts 10 days.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In the Czech Republic, summer holiday begins on July 1 and ends on August 31 (2 months).[7]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: In Denmark, summer break lasts from the end of June to early or mid-August (6 weeks) . High schools (colleges) usually return to school in early August, but for younger students it can be in the middle.

text: Ecuador[edit]

text: In Ecuador, summer vacation varies. Because of Ecuador's equatorial climate (see Climate of Ecuador for more information), schools run two different calendars. The Coastal region runs vacation  January or February, but in the Sierra region, summer vacation follows the pattern in July and August.

text: Egypt[edit]

text: In Egypt, summer break lasts from the beginning or the middle of June until the middle of September (3 Months – 14 Weeks) in public schools, though length slightly differs according to age. In most private schools, summer break lasts from the middle or end of June to the beginning of September (2.5 Months – 10 Weeks)

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, summer holidays start in the beginning of June, the date ranging for different grades. School begins every year on September 1, with a week off in autumn, 2 weeks off at Christmas and a week in spring.

text: Ethiopia[edit]

text: In Ethiopia, the school year usually ends in late May to mid-June and begins in mid-September (8 to 12 weeks).

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, summer vacation starts on Saturday in late May, or in the beginning of June. The vacation lasts for 21⁄2 to 3 months. Usually, school starts again on August 7 to 18.

text: France[edit]

text: In France, summer vacation usually consists of July and August (2 months), though secondary school students finish in mid-June due to the senior's exams. This may vary for private schools.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, summer vacation lasts six and a half weeks. The exact dates vary by state as well as from one to the next year, from the earliest (mid-June to late July) to the latest (late July to early September). In Germany the annual holidays are split into winter holidays (about one week), Easter holidays (mostly about two weeks), summer holiday (about six and a half weeks), autumn holidays (about one to two weeks) and Christmas holidays (about one to two weeks). Some states like Bavaria also have holidays for Pentecost. Summed up over the whole year the holidays are about thirteen weeks.

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, the summer vacation lasts for 3 months. Schools close on June 14 and reopen on September 11. Universities generally close in mid-July, but with great differences between faculties.

text: Guatemala[edit]

text: In Guatemala, the summer holidays start in middle October and end in early January (approx 12 weeks).

text: Guyana[edit]

text: In Guyana, the summer holidays start in early July and end in early September (2 months).

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungary, summer vacation usually lasts from mid-June to early September (11 or 12 weeks).

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, summer vacation normally begins in mid-July and ends on the beginning of September (6–7 weeks) for most public schools. However, the starting and ending times of international schools are variable. For example, most ESF-based schools start in late June and finish mid-August (7 weeks).

text: Iceland[edit]

text: In Iceland, the duration of the summer vacation can vary from one school to another. Typically students start their summer vacation during the first week of June and return to school in the fourth week of August.[8]

text: India[edit]

text: India covers a wide spectrum of climates, resulting in a large variation in times and durations of summer vacation. Different parts of the country face different climatic conditions at the same time.

text: In northern India, summer vacation typically begins in the second week of May and ends by the last week of June, except in Kashmir Valley, where summer vacation is only for ten days, with a long winter break from mid-December to the end of February instead.

text: In central India, summer vacation begins in mid-April and schools re-open in mid-June.

text: In the south, schools finish in the last week of March and resume in early June.

text: In the north-eastern states, a new school year commences before the holidays, in April. A few weeks later, schools finish for summer vacation between May and June, during the hottest months of the year.

text: Moreover, summer vacation lasts for no more than six weeks in most schools. The duration may decrease to as little as three weeks for older students, with the exception of two month breaks  being scheduled to allow some high school and university students to participate in internship and summer school programmes.

text: Iran[edit]

text: In Iran, summer vacation lasts three months. Schools close in late June and reopen in late September.

text: Iraq[edit]

text: In Iraq, summer vacation begins in late May and ends in late September, but the 12th grade vacation begins in late June and ends in mid-October.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, most secondary schools start summer holidays the first week of June, or at the end of the Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams (approximately 20th June), and don't return until 20-26th August. Other holidays include two weeks for Easter and another two for Christmas and New Year, as well as two midterms with one in October/November during the week of Halloween and one usually in the month of February. Primary schools in the Republic of Ireland work sixteen days longer, so they start their summer holiday at the end of June but do not return until the first week of September.[9] Private schools in the Republic of Ireland follow the same pattern.

text: Israel[edit]

text: The start of the summer vacation for middle schools and high schools is on June 20 and the end is August 31 (two months and 10 days) and the summer vacation for primary schools and kindergartens start on June 30 and ends on August 31 (two months and 1 day).

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, summer vacation for elementary, middle and high schools normally starts on the second week of June and lasts until the first week of September included, for a total of three months. For kindergartens, summer vacation starts at the end of May and lasts until the first week of September. Final term examinations for middle school and high school are held until the end of June.

text: Jamaica[edit]

text: In Jamaica, summer holidays for primary and secondary schools starts in the first week of July and ends in the first week of September which gives a duration of about eight weeks.

text: These schools also have term breaks at Christmas (typically two weeks) and Easter (typically one and a half weeks), as well as mid-term breaks of a few days each usually around National Heroes Day in the Christmas (First) Term, Ash Wednesday in the Easter (Second) Term and Labour Day in the Summer (Third) term.

text: At the start of each year The Ministry of Education provides dates for each term and suggested dates for mid-term breaks for primary and secondary schools.  These dates might be adjusted based on circumstance such as the loss of teaching time caused by the passage of a hurricane.

text: Tertiary institutions using the semester system typically have summer holidays starting in May (at the end of examinations) and ending in early September.  This can, however, vary among institutions.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, the summer vacation generally lasts from late July to early September, and due to the way education in Japan is structured, it takes place within a school year.

text: Jordan[edit]

text: In Jordan, summer vacation lasts almost 3 months and most schools take summer vacation from mid-June to mid-September.

text: Kuwait[edit]

text: In Kuwait, summer vacation for elementary and middle school, [1st to 9th grade] starts at the end of May or at the beginning of June and ends at the Beginning to late September, sometimes as far as early October (Public Schools). For high school students, [10th to 12th grade] it starts on June 19–20 and ends at the same time as elementary and middle school.

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: In Lebanon, summer vacation lasts almost 3 months and most schools take summer vacation from mid-June to mid-September.

text: Libya[edit]

text: In Libya, summer break lasts from the beginning or the middle of June until the middle of September (3 Months – 14 Weeks). There are 5 other smaller vacations : Mid-year two-week break around February and two Hijri Lunar calendar 3-Day religious breaks for Eid Fitr (25 June in 217) and Eid Adha (1 Sept in 2017).

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: In Lithuania, summer vacation starts in June 1 and ends on September 1 with the start of a new school year (3 months).

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: In Luxembourg, summer vacation starts on July 16 and ends on September 15, lasting a total of two months. There are 5 other smaller vacations : All Saints (1 week), Christmas (2 weeks), Carnival (1 week), Easter (2 weeks), Pentecost (1 week).

text: Macedonia[edit]

text: In Macedonia, the summer vacation starts on June 10 and ends on September 1 in every school.

text: Malta[edit]

text: In Malta, the summer holidays usually last from the end of June until the end of September (3 months).

text: Moldova[edit]

text: In Moldova, summer vacation begins on 1 June and ends in 1 September (3 months).

text: Morocco[edit]

text: In Morocco, summer vacation lasts from June 20 until the beginning of September (2 months).

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, summer vacation starts in early July and finishes in mid-August since 2000. In addition, Mexican children get two or three weeks off for Christmas and New Year (from the third Thursday in December to January 7), and two weeks off in March or April for Spring Break (from the Friday before lazarus Saturday to the Monday after Easter Monday).

text: However, high school students (from tenth to twelfth grade) and college students have mostly three months of vacation -from late May or early June to early August. Like elementary and middle school students, high school students have in addition two weeks off for Christmas and New Year, and two weeks off in March or April for Spring Break. Moreover, college students get four weeks off for Christmas and New Year (from mid-December to mid-January) but only one week of Spring Break.

text: Mongolia[edit]

text: In Mongolia, summer vacation usually starts from late May or early June (varies between schools) to the end of August. The school year is divided into 4 terms lasting 8 to 9 weeks each and students take 1 week off after the first and second terms and 2 weeks after the third term.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: In Nepal, summer vacation runs from the end of May to the end of July.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, summer vacation is about 6 weeks for primary school and High school, usually from mid-July to late August. School students officially get the same time off but there often is a one-week period before the vacation during which the student will only have to go to school for 2 days to receive their grade lists and bring back their books making the holiday 7 weeks unofficially for high school students. However, this does not apply to every school.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, the school holidays (the term used, rather than "vacation") typically start in mid-December, and end in late January, which is usually 6 weeks.[10] Senior secondary school students in Year 11, 12 and 13 finish in late-October for study leave. But the summer holidays still do not start until mid-December. And university students don't start until early March and finish in late-October. Throughout the year there are 2 week breaks at Easter, in July and  in September.

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: In Nigeria, primary and secondary Schools usually start Summer vacation in mid-July and resume in the early weeks of September.  The vacation is also known as the "3rd-term holiday" and it is the longest break in a school year (typically up to two months). The "first-term break" starts between one and two weeks prior to Christmas and ends the first or second week in January, lasting for about three weeks. The "first-term break" is usually the shortest break in a school year. The "second-term break" usually starts a week before Easter and lasts for another three weeks. This gives a total of about 14 weeks of holiday in a year. The geographical location of the school is also a factor.

text: Tertiary institutions follow a different pattern, as the holiday in each school depends on various factors which include, the Course of study and the academic calendar of the school. Some tertiary institutions observe their Summer breaks in the normal summer period when elementary and high schools observe theirs, while others don't. Some courses of study also don't observe any significant holidays, such programmes include Engineering, Nursing, Medicine and a few others. This is usually as a result of students doing their laboratory work, workshop practice, Practicals, Internship etc. (as the case may be), while the other students in other programmes are on holiday. Tertiary schools observe two semesters; while some schools observe a break after the first semester, many others have their breaks combined to just the summer holidays. This long break helps the students get good jobs during the holiday. The total length of break observed in tertiary institutions in a year is 12 to 14 weeks.

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, summer vacation typically lasts from mid June to mid August, for a minimum of 8 weeks.

text: Oman[edit]

text: In Oman, summer vacation starts in late May and ends in early September (3 months).

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, Summer vacation lasts for two to three months depending on the type of school (public or private). Typical summer vacation is from the end of May to mid-August.[11] Many private schools are also open in June and July for 8th to 10th grades under the programmes called "summer camps".

text: Panama[edit]

text: In Panama, summer vacation starts in early December on both types of school (public or private), and ends in late February. (3 months)

text: Paraguay[edit]

text: In Paraguay, summer holidays start in December and end in late February (2 months).

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, summer holidays for kindergarten, elementary, and high schools typically start on the third week of March and end in the first to third week of June. This coincides with the country's tropical dry season months from March to June. Colleges and universities, however, offer summer classes for students who wants to take advanced subjects or those who fail to pass the prerequisites for the next school year. School year begins in the first week of June, the start of Philippines' wet season.

text: Select universities have adapted the school year schedule of other countries, starting the school year in September and having the summer holidays from June to August.[12][13] Some of the schools who complied are still in transition, their academic calendars still beginning in July, others in August, with their summer vacations adjusted accordingly.[14]

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, summer vacation starts on the first Saturday after June 20 and ends on the first weekday of September except Friday or Saturday. Students usually spend 1–1.5 hours at school to pick up their report cards on their last day of school.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal, summer vacation starts in mid-June, and finishes in the middle of September.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia, summer vacation starts on May 25 with the end of an old school year (for 1st–8th and 10th grades) and ends on September 1 with the beginning of a new school year. For 9th and 11th grades, due to exams (EGE), the vacation starts in the middle (9th grade) or in the end (11th grade) of June.

text: Romania[edit]

text: In Romania, summer vacation starts in the second and third week of June and ends  September 9-16 (3 months). [2]

text: Saint Lucia[edit]

text: In Saint Lucia, summer vacation starts in early July and ends on the first Monday of September (6 weeks).

text: Saudi Arabia[edit]

text: In the school year 2016–2017 the summer break for Saudi Arabian students started from 24th of May till the 17th of September. This means it will be 110 days, 3 Months and a half. In 2018-2019, schools will end in May 13th and start early September, this is because the Ministry of Education wants students to finish school before Ramadan begins.

text: Serbia[edit]

text: In Serbia, the summer vacation starts around the ending of June, more precisely by the end of 2nd or 3rd week of June. Summer holiday ends on August 31. School officially starts on first working day of September (if September 1 is on Saturday or Sunday, starting of school is delayed until Monday). There are also several other holidays. Two day holiday in the first week of November, Three week holiday from December 31st to the third week of January and finally a two-week break during Easter.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: In Slovakia, summer break lasts from July 1 until September 1 (2 months and Constitution Day).[15]

text: Slovenia[edit]

text: In Slovenia, final exams are usually taken from mid-May to mid-June (high schools) or in June (primary schools). The last day of school is June 24th, and school resumes on September 1st.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, summer holidays usually begin in early December and end in mid-January. Winter Break lasts from late June to early July, and there are 10 days of Easter holidays.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, summer vacation starts in late July and ends in mid-August. The South Korean summer vacation takes place within a school year. The winter vacation takes place from the last week of December or early January to the first week of February.

text: South Sudan[edit]

text: In South Sudan, summer vacation starts on December 21 and ends on March 19.

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain, the school year finishes in mid or late June and begins in mid-September. Vacation varies by region but often includes a family vacation to cooler temperatures in the north of Spain or south or east to the Mediterranean beaches.[16]

text: Suriname[edit]

text: In Suriname, summer vacation usually starts in mid-August and ends in early-October.[17] In 2012, a change of summer vacation was proposed by several legislators having summer vacation the same time as the Caribbean Community.[17] The proposed plan is summer vacation starts from mid-August and ends in early-October.[17]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, summer vacation is between the spring and autumn term. Normally it lasts from mid-June to late August (a minimum of 9–10 weeks, differs for each county). In Sweden, students end their term, either at a church or in their school, singing traditional summer songs like Den blomstertid nu kommer (normally only the first two verses).

text: The winter vacation is between the winter and late winter term. It is typically three weeks long, lasting from late December until early January.

text: Children in elementary school until high school have a week of vacation in the autumn/winter term and two weeks in the spring/summer term. The one in the autumn is called "Novemberlov" which means "November vacation/break" or "Höstlov" which means "Autumn vacation/break". The two in the spring/summer term are called "Sportlov" which means "Sport break/vacation" and "Påsklov" which means "Easter break/vacation".

text: Schools have additional breaks on 1 May (May Day) and 6 June (the National Day of Sweden).

text: Switzerland[edit]

text:
In Switzerland, summer vacation varies in each canton. As an example in Zürich, it lasts five weeks and between mid-July and mid-August.[18]
In Ticino, it last about ten weeks between late June and early September.
[19]

text: Syria[edit]

text:
In Syria, summer vacation lasts 3 months.
It starts mid June (for primary and secondary schools)and ends mid September.
University students have a vacation from early July to early October. This varies 2 or 3 days by school or year .
The mid-term holiday is usually a week long.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, summer vacation starts in early July (late June for University students) and ends in late August (mid-September for University students).

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand, summer vacation begins in late February to early March and ends in mid-May.

text: Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

text: Primary and Secondary Schools close the first Friday of July and open on the first Monday of September (giving students two months). This can vary a day or two by school or year. International schools are in link with the British, Canadian, or American systems.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: In Turkey, summer vacation starts in mid-June and ends in mid-September (3 months).

text: Tunisia[edit]

text: In Tunisia, summer vacation for the middle school (7th–9th grade) and high school starts on May 30 and ends on September 15. Primary schools are off to vacation on June 1 and end on September 15.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In England and Wales, summer holidays for state schools usually last from the second half of July through to early September which gives a duration of six or seven weeks. In addition, all schools in England and Wales have three one-week-long half-term breaks for each of the three terms, one in the autumn term, one in the spring term and one in the summer term. State schools have two weeks off for Christmas and Easter, which brings the total number of weeks off for state school students per year to 13.

text: In Scotland, school summer holidays start in late June and last for about six or seven weeks, with most schools returning around mid-August. In addition to summer holidays, Scottish schools have breaks lasting one week in October, two weeks at Christmas and two weeks at Easter. They also have a week off in Mid-February. They have two bank holidays in May/June, and one in September.

text: In Northern Ireland, most schools' summer vacation starts in late June and runs through to the beginning of September. Students doing exams (GCSEs and A-Levels) often get "Study-Leave" from May and do the exams sometime in that month, or early June. Schools also have a two-week break for Christmas and Easter as well as several Bank Holidays, in addition to a week off for Mid Term in Mid February. Some schools, generally integrated, or Catholic, also get time off for St. Patrick's Day in March. Protestant schools don't usually get this day off.

text: In the United Kingdom, holiday dates for independent schools mostly differ from those of state schools; these differences typically take the form of an extra week's holiday at the beginning and end of each of the long vacations, meaning four weeks for the Christmas and Easter breaks and eight to ten weeks for the summer break, though variations in summer vacation length exist between independent schools themselves. In addition, all schools in the United Kingdom have three week-long half-term breaks for each of the three terms, including one in the autumn term at the end of October, one in the spring term in mid-February and one in the summer term in late May, although these breaks do not always coincide with state school breaks in the Autumn and Spring terms. The summer half term break is determined by the break in public exams at the end of May. Some universities grant an extended "Exam-Leave" to students which typically commences in early April, so as to give students a good number of weeks to prepare for the summer exam season which usually starts in mid to late May and finishes in early or mid-June. Final-year students at independent schools typically finish their time at school when their last exam in the summer exam season finishes, and as an encore a special event is usually arranged for late June by the school for leavers and staff as a way of providing an opportunity for final farewells to be bid. The universities they go on to typically schedule their first term to commence in early October, giving school leavers an extended summer break between their time of leaving school and starting university.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, summer vacation lasts two to three months. The dates vary depending on the location of the school district, with two major formats. One is from late May-mid June to early September (in most northern states), the other major format lasting from late May to mid August (in most southern and western states). (Excluding some districts, as some schools may end late June and begin early September).

text: Summer vacation or break lasts for about 12 weeks, starting anywhere from late May to mid June, and ending anywhere from late August to Labor Day, the first Monday in September. This often depends on the region – for example, most schools in the Northeastern United States end in June and start the Wednesday after Labor Day (Teachers report back on Tuesday), while the majority of schools in the Southern United States have schools end in May and start again in August.

text: The origins of the summer holiday break are often believed to be rooted in agriculture. It is widely believed that the school calendar follows the agrarian farming calendar because during the settlement of the United States, the nation primarily consisted of a farming population.  This belief maintains that the current school calendar has a two to three-month break so that children could assume the necessary tasks of planting and harvesting crops. However, planting of most crops occurred in the spring and harvest occurred in the fall.  Rural schools would often break for spring and fall seasons, but continue schooling throughout the summer.[20][21]

text: The modern school calendar has roots in 19th century school reform movements seeking standardization between urban and rural areas; multiple causes lead to the summer break known by modern American students. In fact, schools in the early 1800s held school throughout the summer.  As schooling progressed through bureaucracy, society’s population growth and change, as well as improvements in technology, such as better transportation for students and air conditioned buildings, school calendars also changed.[20][21]

text: Many citizens of upper and middle classes would vacation outside of the sweltering cities during the hot summers.  If school continued into the summer months, families would no longer have time together for summer vacations.[22]

text: As school systems grew throughout the United States they became more aligned with college and university schedules, which already observed a break during summer. Breaks became more frequent as well.  Original schools observed New Year’s Day, Easter, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.  The duration of breaks at these observances varied from school to school.  More observances have been honored as time has passed, continually changing the school calendar.[23]

text:
As the nation expanded and grew, the nation saw the need for an educated populace and more public schools were built.  But the need for academic breaks from learning was always seen as necessary.
Nineteenth century and early twentieth century belief regarded the brain as a muscle, and thought that too much work and strain on the brain could result in injury.  Therefore, they believed that students should not receive too much education.  This was particularly true of younger children whose minds were still developing.[24]
As industrialism led to automation and wealth, and the nation recovered and expanded following the Civil War, leisure activity became more important to Americans.  Leading advocates for play such as Henry Curtis[25]  believed strongly that children were not having enough time for play.  In addition to advocating playground equipment, Curtis also advocated that summer should be spent working with families in gardens, and going camping.  Curtis was a large supporter of boy and girl scouts and encouraged children to engage in scouting during the summer.  If children lived in the cities and were unable to go camping or tend to gardens, schools were a premier place for children to be, but the emphasis should be on learning lifelong skills; sewing, woodworking, crafts, and manual labor.[26]

text: Uruguay[edit]

text: In Uruguay, summer holidays usually begin in early December, and finish in early March (3 months). Students have one week for Easter Holidays, another week for Spring Holidays, and two weeks for the Holiday season.

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: In Venezuela, summer holidays begin in late June or early July and end in late September or early October.

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: In Vietnam, summer holidays usually begin in late May or early June and last for two months. Vietnamese students also have a week or two weeks off for Lunar New Year which is in late January or mid-February. Students additionally have other holidays including but not limited to Independence Day on September 2, International Labour Day on May 1 and Reunification Day on April 30.


document_title: Not Too Young To Run

question_text: who sponsored not too young to run bill

question_tokens: who sponsored not too young to run bill

root

text: Not Too Young To Run

text: History of Not Too Young To Run bill[edit]

text: The Age Reduction Bill popularly known as Not Too Young To Run bill is a constitutional amendment movement led by young Nigerians. The bill was conceived by a civil society group known as YIAGA Africa in May 2016. The group is headed by Samson Itodo, a human right activist and good governance campaigner who is the Executive Director of YIAGA Africa. The bill was sponsored in Nigeria's House of Representatives by Tony Nwulu and in the Nigeria's Senate by AbdulAziz Nyako. The bill seeks alteration in sections 65, 106, 131, 177 of the Constitution of Nigeria, which is reduce the age of running for elective positions for House of Assembly and House of Representatives from 30 year old to 25 year old, Senate and Governorship from 35 year old to 30 year old and office of the president from 40 to 30 and independent candidature in Nigeria.[14]

tag: p

text: Advocacies[edit]

text: On April 20, 2018, the campaigners of the bill met with Nigeria's Vice President Yemi Osinbajo to advocate for the Presidency to assent the bill.

text: Passage of Not Too Young To Run bill at Nigeria Parliaments[edit]

text: The bill was first read at Nigeria's House of Representatives and was passed with votes of (86-10) in Senate on July 26, 2017 and 261-23 in House of Representatives on July 27, 2017.[15] The bill passed first and second reading in Nigeria's Parliament and was presented to Committee on Constitutional Review. For any constitutional amendments to become a law in Nigeria, the amendments needed to be presented to all the House of Assemblies of 36 states of federation and not less than 24 states are expected to vote Yes to the amendments. It was reported by 33 house of assemblies in Nigeria voted Yes, except Zamfara, Lagos and Kano. The bill was rejected by Taraba State of Assembly initially, but, was reversed after the group made a press release inaugurating the Taraba House of Assembly into the Hall of Shame.[16][17] On February 16, 2018, the conveners gave the Nigeria Parliaments and their president 30days ultimatum to conclude the processes of passage and signing of the bill into law.[18]

text: Assent of Not Too Young To Run bill by Nigeria's President[edit]

text: In April, 2018, the Nigeria's Senate resolved to transmit the Not Too Young To Run bill to the President of Nigeria.[19] On May 21, 2018, 55 youth-led organizations gave President Buhari an 8day ultimatum to assent on the bill.[20][21] On  29 May 2018, Nigeria's President Buhari announced in his 'democracy day' national address that he planned to sign the bill into law. He subsequently signed the bill on the 31st of May 2018.[22] On May 31, 2018, Muhammadu Buhari signed the Not Too Young To Run bill into law.[23][24][25][26]

text: Political Controversy[edit]

text: There was a controversy that the Not Too Young To Run bill was removed from the constitutional review report during the Nigeria's constitutional review meeting.[27]


document_title: Geography of Russia

question_text: where is most of russia's territory located

question_tokens: where is most of russia 's territory located

text: Geography of Russia

text: Global position and boundaries[edit]

text: Located in the north, west and east latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, most of Russia is much closer to the North Pole than to the equator. Individual country comparisons are of little value in gauging Russia's enormous size and diversity. The country's 17.09 million square kilometers include one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Its European portion, which occupies a substantial part of continental Europe, is home to most of Russia's industrial activity and is where, roughly between the Dnieper River and the Ural Mountains, the Russian Empire took shape. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia.

text: From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 secession of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. This distance spanning about 6,800 kilometres (4,200 mi), to Nome, Alaska. From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain.

text: Extending for 57,792 kilometres (35,910 mi), the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea.

text: Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the year. Thirteen seas and parts of three oceans—the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific—wash Russian shores.

text: Russia shares a maritime boundary with the United States and with Japan.

text: Administrative and territorial divisions[edit]

text: With a few changes of status, most of the Soviet-era administrative and territorial divisions of the Russian Republic were retained in constituting the Russian Federation. As of 2014, there are eighty-five administrative territorial divisions (called federal subjects): twenty-two republics, nine krais (territories), forty-six oblasts (provinces), one autonomous oblast, four autonomous okrugs, and three cities with federal status, namely the cities of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sevastopol.

text: The republics include a wide variety of peoples, including northern Europeans, Tatars, Caucasus peoples, and indigenous Siberians. The largest federal subjects are in Siberia. Located in east-central Siberia, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is the largest federal subject in the country (and the largest country subdivision in the world), twice the size of Alaska. Second in size is Krasnoyarsk Krai, located west of Sakha in Siberia. Kaliningrad Oblast, which is a noncontiguous constituent entity of Russia, is the smallest oblast. The Republic of Ingushetia is both the smallest republic and the smallest federal subject of Russia except for the three federal cities. The two most populous federal subjects, Moscow Oblast (with Moscow) and Krasnodar Krai, are in European Russia.

text: Topography and drainage[edit]

text: Geographers traditionally divide the vast territory of Russia into five natural zones: the tundra zone; the taiga, or forest, zone; the steppe, or plains, zone; the arid zone; and the mountain zone. Most of Russia consists of two plains (the East European Plain and the West Siberian Plain), two lowlands (the North Siberian and the Kolyma, in far northeastern Siberia), two plateaus (the Central Siberian Plateau and the Lena Plateau to its east), and a series of mountainous areas mainly concentrated in the extreme northeast or extending intermittently along the southern border.

text: Ecoregions[edit]

text:
desert      tundra      alpine tundra      taiga      forest
     temperate broadleaf forest      temperate steppe      steppe

tag: table

text: East European plain[edit]

text: The East European Plain encompasses most of European Russia. The West Siberian Plain, which is the world's largest, extends east from the Urals to the Yenisei River. Because the terrain and vegetation are relatively uniform in each of the natural zones, Russia presents an illusion of uniformity. Nevertheless, Russian territory contains all the major vegetation zones of the world except a tropical rain forest.

text: Icecaps[edit]

text: The Russian Arctic stretches for close to 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) west to east, from Karelia and the Kola Peninsula to Nenetsia, the Gulf of Ob, the Taymyr Peninsula and the Chukchi Peninsula (Kolyma, Anadyr River, Cape Dezhnev). Russian islands and archipelagos in the Arctic Sea include Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands.

text: About 57 percent of Russia is tundra—a treeless, marshy plain. The tundra is Russia's northernmost zone, stretching from the Finnish border in the west to the Bering Strait in the east, then running south along the Pacific coast to the northern Kamchatka Peninsula. The zone is known for its herds of wild reindeer, for so-called white nights (dusk at midnight, dawn shortly thereafter) in summer, and for days of total darkness in winter. The long, harsh winters and lack of sunshine allow only mosses, lichens, and dwarf willows and shrubs to sprout low above the barren permafrost. Although several powerful Siberian rivers traverse this zone as they flow northward to the Arctic Ocean, partial and intermittent thawing hamper drainage of the numerous lakes, ponds, and swamps of the tundra. Frost weathering is the most important physical process here, gradually shaping a landscape that was severely modified by glaciation in the last ice age. Less than one percent of Russia's population lives in this zone. The fishing and port industries of the northwestern Kola Peninsula and the huge oil and gas fields of northwestern Siberia are the largest employers in the tundra. With a population of 180,000, the industrial frontier city of Norilsk is second in population to Murmansk among Russia's settlements above the Arctic Circle. From here you can also see the auroras (northern lights).

text:
[show]

v
t
e

World deserts

Desert
Desertification
List of deserts
List of deserts by area

Africa

Algerian
Bayuda
Blue
Chalbi
Danakil
Djurab
Eastern
Ferlo
Farafra (White)
Kalahari
Libyan
Moçâmedes
Namib
Nubian
Nyiri
Owami
Richtersveld
Sahara
Tanezrouft
Ténéré
Western

Asia

Ad-Dahna
Akshi
Arabian
Aral Karakum
Aralkum
Badain Jaran
Betpak-Dala
Cholistan
Dasht-e Kavir
Dasht-e Khash
Dasht-e Leili
Dasht-e Loot
Dasht-e Margo
Dasht-e Naomid
Gurbantünggüt
Gobi
Hami
Indus Valley
Judaean
Karakum
Katpana
Kharan
Kumtag
Kyzylkum
Lop
Maranjab
Muyunkum
Nefud
Negev
Polond
Ordos
Qaidam
Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
Rub' al Khali
Russian Arctic
Registan
Saryesik-Atyrau
Syrian
Taklamakan
Tengger
Thal
Thar
Ustyurt Plateau
Wahiba Sands

Australia

Gibson
Great Sandy
Great Victoria
Little Sandy
Nullarbor Plain
Painted
Pedirka
Simpson
Strzelecki
Sturt's Stony
Tanami
Tirari

Europe

Accona
Bardenas Reales
Błędów
Cabo de Gata
Deliblatska Peščara
Hálendi
Monegros
Oleshky
Oltenian Sahara
Ryn
Stranja
Tabernas

North America

Alvord
Amargosa
Baja California
Black Rock
Carcross
Carson
Channeled scablands
Chihuahuan
Colorado
Escalante
Forty Mile
Gran Desierto de Altar
Great Basin
Great Salt Lake
Great Sandy
Jornada del Muerto
Kaʻū
Lechuguilla
Mojave
North American Arctic
Owyhee
Painted Desert
Red Desert
Sevier
Smoke Creek
Sonoran
Tonopah Desert
Tule (Arizona)
Tule (Nevada)
Yp
Yuha
Yuma

South America

Atacama
La Guajira
Los Médanos de Coro
Monte
Patagonian
Sechura
Tatacoa

Zealandia

Rangipo Desert

Polar Regions

Antarctica
Arctic
Greenland
North American Arctic
Russian Arctic

Project
Category
Commons

text: Taiga[edit]

text: Taiga - the most extensive natural area of Russia - stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Pacific. It occupies the territory of the Eastern Europe and West Siberian plains to the north of 56 ° -58 ° N and most of the territory east of Yenisei River taiga forests reach the southern borders of Russia in Siberia taiga only accounts for over 60% of Russia. In the north-south direction the eastern taiga is divided (east of the Yenisei River), with a continental climate, and west, with a milder climate, in general, the climate zone is moist, moderately warm (cool in the north) in the summer and harsh winter, there is a steady snow cover in the winter. In the latitudinal direction the taiga is divided into three subzones - northern, middle and southern taiga. In the western taiga dense spruce and fir forests on wetlands alternate with pine forests, shrubs and meadows on the lighter soils. Such vegetation is typical of the eastern taiga, but it plays an important role not fir and larch. Coniferous forest, however, does not form a continuous array and sparse areas of birch, alder, willow (mainly in river valleys), the wetlands - marshes. Within the taiga are widespread fur-bearing animals - sable, marten, ermine, moose, brown bear, wolverine, wolf, and muskrat.[4]

text: In the taiga is dominated by podzolic and cryogenic taiga soils, characterized by clearly defined horizontal structure (only in the southern taiga there are sod-podzolic soil). Formed in a leaching regime, poor humus om. Groundwater is normally found in the forest close to the surface, washing calcium from the upper layers, resulting in the top layer of soil of the taiga discolored and oxidized. Few areas of the taiga, suitable for farming, are located mainly in the European part of Russia. Large areas are occupied by sphagnum marshes (here is dominated by podzolic-boggy soil). To enrich the soil for agricultural purposes should be making lime and other fertilizer.

text: Russian Taiga has the world's largest reserves of coniferous wood, but from year to year - as a result of intensive logging - they decrease. Development of hunting, farming (mainly in river valleys).

text: Mixed and deciduous forests[edit]

text: The mixed and deciduous forest belt is triangular, widest along the western border and narrower towards the Ural Mountains. The main trees are Oak and Spruce, but many other growths of vegetation such as ash, aspen, birch, hornbeam, maple, and pine reside there. Separating the taiga from the wooded steppe is a narrow belt of birch and aspen woodland located east of the Urals as far as the Altay Mountains. Much of the forested zone has been cleared for agriculture, especially in European Russia. Wildlife is more scarce as a result of this, but the roe deer, wolf, fox, and squirrel are very common.

text: Steppe[edit]

text: The steppe has long been depicted as the typical Russian landscape. It is a broad band of treeless, grassy plains, interrupted by mountain ranges, extending from Hungary across Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan before ending in Manchuria. Most of the Soviet Union's steppe zone was located in the Ukrainian and Kazakh republics; the much smaller Russian steppe is located mainly between those nations, extending southward between the Black and Caspian Seas before blending into the increasingly desiccated territory of the Republic of Kalmykia. In a country of extremes, the steppe zone provides the most favorable conditions for human settlement and agriculture because of its moderate temperatures and normally adequate levels of sunshine and moisture. Even here, however, agricultural yields are sometimes adversely affected by unpredictable levels of precipitation and occasional catastrophic droughts. The soil is very dry.

text: Topography[edit]

text: Russia's mountain ranges are located principally along its continental dip (the Ural Mountains), along the southwestern border (the Caucasus), along the border with Mongolia (the eastern and western Sayan Mountains and the western extremity of the Altay Mountains), and in eastern Siberia (a complex system of ranges in the northeastern corner of the country and forming the spine of the Kamchatka Peninsula, and lesser mountains extending along the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan). Russia has nine major mountain ranges. In general, the eastern half of the country is much more mountainous than the western half, the interior of which is dominated by low plains. The traditional dividing line between the east and the west is the Yenisei River valley. In delineating the western edge of the Central Siberian Plateau from the West Siberian Plain, the Yenisey runs from near the Mongolian border northward into the Arctic Ocean west of the Taymyr Peninsula.

text: Ural Mountains[edit]

text: The Ural Mountains form the natural boundary between Europe and Asia; the range extends about 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from the Arctic Ocean to the northern border of Kazakhstan. Several low passes provide major transportation routes through the Urals eastward from Europe. The highest peak, Mount Narodnaya, is 1,894 metres (6,214 ft). The Urals also contain valuable deposits of minerals.

text: West Siberian plain[edit]

text: To the east of the Urals is the West Siberian Plain, stretching about 6 kilometers from west to east and about 670 kilometers from north to south. With more than half its territory below 200 meters in elevation, the plain contains some of the world's largest swamps and floodplains. Most of the plain's population lives in the drier section south of 77 north latitude.

text: Central Siberian plateau[edit]

text: The region directly east of the West Siberian Plain is the Central Siberian Plateau, which extends eastward from the Yenisei River valley to the Lena River valley. The region is divided into several plateaus, with elevations ranging between 320 and 740 meters; the highest elevation is about 1,800 meters, in the northern Putoran Mountains. The plain is bounded on the south by the Baikal Mountains system and on the north by the North Siberian Lowland, an extension of the West Siberian Plain extending into the Taymyr Peninsula on the Arctic Ocean.

text: Sayan and Stanovoy Mountains[edit]

text: In the mountain system west of Lake Baikal in south-central Siberia, the highest elevations are 3,300 meters in the Western Sayan, 3,200 meters in the Eastern Sayan, and 4,500 meters at Belukha Mountain in the Altay Mountains. The Eastern Sayan reach nearly to the southern shore of Lake Baikal; at the lake, there is an elevation difference of more than 4,500 meters between the nearest mountain, 2,840 meters high, and the deepest part of the lake, which is 1,700 meters below sea level. The mountain systems east of Lake Baikal are lower, forming a complex of minor ranges and valleys that reaches from the lake to the Pacific coast. The maximum height of the Stanovoy Range, which runs west to east from northern Lake Baikal to the Sea of Okhotsk, is 2,550 meters. To the south of that range is southeastern Siberia, whose mountains reach 800 meters. Across the Strait of Tartary from that region is Sakhalin Island, Russia's largest island, where the highest elevation is about 1,700 meters. The small Moneron Island, the site of the shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, is found to its west.

text: Caucasus Mountains[edit]

text: Truly alpine terrain appears in the southern mountain ranges. Between the Black and Caspian seas, the Caucasus Mountains rise to impressive heights, forming a boundary between Europe and Asia. One of the peaks, Mount Elbrus, is the highest point in Europe, at 5,642 meters. The geological structure of the Caucasus extends to the northwest as the Crimean and Carpathian Mountains and southeastward into Central Asia as the Tian Shan and Pamirs. The Caucasus Mountains create an imposing natural barrier between Russia and its neighbors to the southwest, Georgia and Azerbaijan.

text: Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka[edit]

text: Northeastern Siberia, north of the Stanovoy Range, is an extremely mountainous region. The long Kamchatka Peninsula, which juts southward into the Sea of Okhotsk, includes many volcanic peaks, some of which are still active. The highest is the 4,750-meter Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest point in the Russian Far East. The volcanic chain continues from the southern tip of Kamchatka southward through the Kuril Islands chain and into Japan. Kamchatka also is one of Russia's two centers of seismic activity (the other is the Caucasus). In 1995, a major earthquake largely destroyed the oil-processing town of Neftegorsk. Also located in this region is the very large Beyenchime-Salaatin crater.

text: Drainage[edit]

text: Russia is a water-rich country, divided into twenty watershed districts. The earliest settlements in the country sprang up along the rivers, where most of the urban population continues to live. The Volga, Europe's longest river, is by far Russia's most important commercial waterway. Four of the country's thirteen largest cities are located on its banks: Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Kazan, and Volgograd. The Kama River, which flows west from the southern Urals to join the Volga in the Republic of Tatarstan, is a second key European water system whose banks are densely populated.

text: Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water, providing it with one of the world's largest surface-water resources. However, most of Russia's rivers and streams belong to the Arctic drainage basin, which lies mainly in Siberia but also includes part of European Russia. Altogether, 84 percent of Russia's surface water is located east of the Urals in rivers flowing through sparsely populated territory and into the Arctic and Pacific oceans. In contrast, areas with the highest concentrations of population, and therefore the highest demand for water supplies, tend to have the warmest climates and highest rates of evaporation. As a result, densely populated areas such as the Don and Kuban River basins north of the Caucasus have barely adequate (or in some cases inadequate) water resources.

text: Forty of Russia's rivers longer than 1,000 kilometers are east of the Urals, including the three major rivers that drain Siberia as they flow northward to the Arctic Ocean: the Irtysh-Ob system (totaling 5,380 kilometers), the Yenisei (4,000 kilometers), and the Lena (3,630 kilometers). The basins of those river systems cover about eight million square kilometers, discharging nearly 50,000 cubic meters of water per second into the Arctic Ocean. The northward flow of these rivers means that source areas thaw before the areas downstream, creating vast swamps such as the 48,000-square-kilometer Vasyugan Swamp in the center of the West Siberian Plain. The same is true of other river systems, including the Pechora and the Northern Dvina in Europe and the Kolyma and the Indigirka in Siberia. Approximately 10 percent of Russian territory is classified as swampland.

text: A number of other rivers drain Siberia from eastern mountain ranges into the Pacific Ocean. The Amur River and its main tributary, the Ussuri, form a long stretch of the winding boundary between Russia and China. The Amur system drains most of southeastern Siberia. Three basins drain European Russia. The Dnieper, which flows mainly through Belarus and Ukraine, has its headwaters in the hills west of Moscow. The 1,860-kilometer |Don originates in the Central Russian Upland south of Moscow and then flows into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea at Rostov-on-Don. The Volga is the third and by far the largest of the European systems, rising in the Valdai Hills west of Moscow and meandering southeastward for 3,510 kilometers before emptying into the Caspian Sea. Altogether, the Volga system drains about 1.4 million square kilometers. Linked by several canals, European Russia's rivers long have been a vital transportation system; the Volga system still carries two-thirds of Russia's inland water traffic.

text: Russia's inland bodies of water are chiefly a legacy of extensive glaciation. In European Russia, the largest lakes are Ladoga and Onega northeast of Saint Petersburg, Lake Peipus on the Estonian border, and the Rybinsk Reservoir north of Moscow. Smaller man-made reservoirs, 160 to 320 kilometers long, are on the Don, the Kama, and the Volga rivers. Many large reservoirs also have been constructed on the Siberian rivers; the Bratsk Reservoir northwest of Lake Baikal is one of the world's largest.

text: The most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest and most capacious freshwater lake. Lake Baikal alone holds 85% of the freshwater resources of the lakes in Russia and 20% of the world's total. It extends 632 kilometers in length and 59 kilometers across at its widest point. Its maximum depth is 1,713 meters. Numerous smaller lakes dot the northern regions of the European and Siberian plains. The largest of these are lakes Belozero, Topozero, Vygozero, and Ilmen in the European northwest and Lake Chany in southwestern Siberia.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Russia has a largely continental climate because of its sheer size and compact configuration. Most of its land is more than 400 kilometers (250 mi) from the sea, and the centre is 3,840 kilometers (2,386 mi) from the sea. In addition, Russia's mountain ranges, predominantly to the south and the east, block moderating temperatures from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but European Russian and northern Siberia lack such topographic protection from the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.

text: Because only small parts of Russia are south of 50° north latitude and more than half of the country is north of 60° north latitude, extensive regions experience six months of snow cover over subsoil that is permanently frozen to depths as far as several hundred meters. The average yearly temperature of nearly all of Siberia is below freezing, and the average for most of European Russia is between 5 and 0 °C (41 and 32 °F). Most of Russia has only two seasons, summer and winter, with very short intervals of moderation between them. Transportation routes, including entire railroad lines, are redirected in winter to traverse rock-solid waterways and lakes. Some areas constitute important exceptions to this description, however: the moderate maritime climate of Kaliningrad Oblast on the Baltic Sea is similar to that of the American Northwest; the Russian Far East, under the influence of the Pacific Ocean, has a monsoonal climate that reverses the direction of wind in summer and winter, sharply differentiating temperatures; and a narrow, subtropical band of territory provides Russia's most popular summer resort area on the Black Sea.

text: In winter, an intense high-pressure system causes winds to blow from the south and the southwest in all but the Pacific region of the Russian landmass; in summer, a low-pressure system brings winds from the north and the northwest to most of the landmass. Russia is the coldest country of the world (average annual temperature is −5.5 °C (22.1 °F)). That meteorological combination reduces the wintertime temperature difference between north and south. Thus, average January temperatures are −6 °C (21 °F) in Saint Petersburg, −27 °C (−17 °F) in the West Siberian Plain, and −43 °C (−45 °F) at Yakutsk (in east-central Siberia, at approximately the same latitude as Saint Petersburg), while the winter average on the Mongolian border, whose latitude is some 10° farther south, is barely warmer. Summer temperatures are more affected by latitude, however; the Arctic islands average 4 °C (39.2 °F), and the southernmost regions average 20 °C (68 °F). Russia's potential for temperature extremes is typified by the national record low of −68 °C (−90 °F), recorded at Verkhoyansk in north-central Siberia and the record high of 45 °C (113.0 °F), recorded at several southern stations (Utta).

text: The long, cold winter has a profound impact on almost every aspect of life in Russia. It affects where and how long people live and work, what kinds of crops are grown, and where they are grown (no part of the country has a year-round growing season). The length and severity of the winter, together with the sharp fluctuations in the mean summer and winter temperatures, impose special requirements on many branches of the economy. In regions of permafrost, buildings must be constructed on pilings, machinery must be made of specially tempered steel, and transportation systems must be engineered to perform reliably in extremely low and extremely high temperatures. In addition, during extended periods of darkness and cold, there are increased demands for energy, health care, and textiles.

text: Because Russia has little exposure to ocean influences, most of the country receives low to moderate amounts of precipitation. The highest precipitation falls in the northwest, with amounts decreasing from northwest to southeast across European Russia. The wettest areas are the small, lush subtropical region adjacent to the Caucasus and along the Pacific coast: Sochi receives 1,500 millimetres (60 in) per year and the Kuril Islands typically around 1,000 to 1,500 millimetres (40 to 60 in) - much of which is snow. Along the Baltic coast, average annual precipitation is 600 millimeters (20 in), and in Moscow it is 525 millimeters (20 in). An average of only 20 millimeters (0.8 in) falls along the Russian–Kazakh border, and as little as 15 millimeters (0.6 in) may fall along Siberia's Arctic coastline. Average annual days of snow cover, a critical factor for agriculture, depends on both latitude and altitude. Cover varies from forty to 200 days in European Russia, and from 120 to 250 days in Siberia.

text: Area and boundaries[edit]

text: Area (excluding Crimea):

text:
Total: 17,098,242 km²
Land: 17,021,900 km²
Water: 79,400 km²

tag: ul

text:
Area - comparative:
Slightly larger than twice size of Brazil

text: Land boundaries:

text: Total (excluding Crimea): 19,917 km

text: Kaliningrad forms the westernmost part of Russia, having no land connection to the rest of the country. It is bounded by Poland, Lithuania, and the Baltic Sea.

text: Crimea, a peninsula on the Black Sea, is claimed and de facto administered by the Russian Federation since Russia annexed it in March 2014. It is recognized as a territory of Ukraine by most of the international community.

text: Border countries:

text:
Country
Length (km)

Norway
195.8

Finland
1,271.8

Estonia
138

Latvia
270.5

Lithuania
266

Poland
204.1

Belarus
1,239

Ukraine
1,925.8

Georgia
875.5

Azerbaijan
372.6

Kazakhstan
7,512.8

Mongolia
3485

China
4,209.3

North Korea
17

Japan
water

US
water

text:
Country
Length (km)

Abkhazia
255.4

South Ossetia
70

remaining border with Georgia
365

text: Coastline excluding Crimea: 37,653 km (23,396 mi)

text: Maritime claims:

text:
Russian continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)

text: Elevation extremes:

text:
Lowest point: Caspian Sea: −28 m
Highest point: Mount Elbrus: 5,642 m

text: Natural resources and land use[edit]

text: Russia holds the greatest reserves of mineral resources than any country in the world. Though they are abundant, they are in remote areas with extreme climates, making them expensive to mine. The country is the most abundant in mineral fuels. It may hold as much as half of the world's coal reserves and even larger reserves of petroleum. Deposits of coal are scattered throughout the region, but the largest are located in central and eastern Siberia. The most developed fields lie in western Siberia, in the northeastern European region, in the area around Moscow, and in the Urals. The major petroleum deposits are located in western Siberia and in the Volga-Urals. Smaller deposits are found throughout the country. Natural gas, a resource of which Russia holds around forty percent of the world's reserves, can be found along Siberia's Arctic coast, in the North Caucasus, and in northwestern Russia. Major iron-ore deposits are located south of Moscow, near the Ukrainian border in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly; this area contains vast deposits of iron ore that have caused a deviation in the Earth's magnetic field. There are smaller deposits in other parts of the country. The Ural mountains hold small deposits of manganese. Nickel, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum and other iron alloying elements occur in adequate quantities.

text: Russia also contains most of the nonferrous metals. Aluminium ores are scarce and are found primarily in the Ural region, northwestern European Russia, and south central Siberia. Copper is more abundant and major reserves are located in the Urals, the Norilsk area near the mouth of the Yenisey in eastern Siberia, and the Kola Peninsula. Another vast deposit located east of Lake Baikal only became exploited when the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad was finished in 1989.

text: The North Caucasus, far eastern Russia, and the western edge of the Kuznetsk Basin in southern Siberia contain an abundance of lead and zinc ores. These are commonly found along with copper, gold, silver, and a large amount of other rare metals. The country has one of the largest gold reserves in the world; mostly in Siberia and the Urals. Mercury deposits can be found in the central and southern Urals and in south central Siberia.

text: Raw materials are abundant as well, including potassium and magnesium salt deposits in the Kama River region of the western Urals. Russia also contains one of the world's largest deposits of apatite found in the central Kola Peninsula. Rock salt is located in the southwestern Urals and the southwest of Lake Baikal. Surface deposits of salt are found in salt lakes along the lower Volga Valley. Sulfur can be found in the Urals and the middle Volga Valley.

text: Eight percent of the land is used for arable farming, four percent—for permanent pastures, forty-six percent of the land is forests and woodland, and forty-two percent is used for other purposes.

text: Natural hazards[edit]

text: Volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands and volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka peninsula are other natural hazards.

text: Antipodes[edit]

text: The antipodes of Russia lie in the South Pacific and South Atlantic near Antarctica. Only a small amount is antipodal to land. This includes the arctic islands of Franz Josef Land, Victoria, and North Novaya Zemlya (to Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica); Severnaya Zemlya (to the Ronne Ice Shelf and the Ellsworth Mountains behind it); the De Long Islands (to Coats Land, or just off shore); and Wrangel Island (to Queen Maud Land and its offshore Fimbul Ice Shelf).

text: In addition, northern Ellsworth Land and the base of the Antarctic Peninsula are largely antipodal to the Taymyr Peninsula, while Alexander Island is antipodal to eastern Taymyria south of the Khatanga Gulf. The free part of the Antarctic Peninsula is antipodal to the western Sakha Republic, from its northwestern coast southward, running east of the Lena River, with the northern end of the peninsula covering the towns of Vilyuysk and Kysyl-Syr and stopping about 300 km short of Yakutsk.

text: The antipodes of the South Orkney Islands are on the Aldan River on the other side of Yakutsk, between Ust-Maya and Eldikan, in southwestern Sakha. The southern two South Sandwich Islands are antipodal to the Pyagin Peninsula east of Magadan. Western South Georgia Island is antipodal to the northern tip of Sakhalin.

text: Peter I Island, claimed by Norway on the other side of the Peninsula, is opposite a spot 70 km SE of Norilsk.

text: The only inhabited lands antipodal to Russia are southern Patagonia, including Tierra del Fuego, which correspond to much of Buryatia, the western shore of Lake Baikal in Irkutsk Oblast, and southwestern Zabaykalsky Krai, down to the Mongolian border, with Ulan-Ude being antipodal to Puerto Natales, Chile. The sparsely inhabited West Falkland and neighboring islets are antipodal to eastern Zabaykalsky on the border with northern Inner Mongolia.


document_title: Madam Secretary (TV series)

question_text: who plays the female russian president on madam secretary

text: Madam Secretary (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Madam Secretary explores Secretary Elizabeth McCord's life as the determined United States Secretary of State. McCord drives international diplomacy, battles office politics, and circumvents protocol if needed as she negotiates worldwide issues. The show also focuses on the personal lives of the characters.[5][6]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Téa Leoni as Elizabeth "Bess" Adams McCord, the United States Secretary of State. She spent twenty years as a CIA analyst before becoming a professor of political science at the University of Virginia. She was selected by her old boss, Conrad Dalton, who is now the President of the United States, to replace Secretary of State Vincent Marsh, who died in a plane crash.
Tim Daly as Henry McCord, Elizabeth's husband of 25 years. A former Marine captain aviator during Operation Desert Storm and theology professor, his unique blend of skills are sought by the National Security Agency, which engages him as an operative in combating religious extremism. At the end of season 3, Henry is named the head of the CIA Special Activities Division.
Bebe Neuwirth as Nadine Tolliver (seasons 1–4), Elizabeth's chief of staff who had a six-year affair with the deceased Secretary of State, Vincent Marsh, beginning when he was a senator. Originally suspicious and resentful of the new Secretary of State, Nadine soon learns to trust Elizabeth, and the two cultivate a strong working relationship. In season 1, Nadine slowly began to date again, romancing the Administrator of NASA, Glenn, and later fell into a relationship with the recurring political consultant Mike Barnow. In season 4, Nadine leaves the State Department to spend more time with her family.
Željko Ivanek as Russell Jackson, White House Chief of Staff.[7] His primary objective of keeping the President politically secure at home and abroad sets him up for occasional confrontations with Secretary McCord's unorthodox diplomatic maneuvering.
Erich Bergen as Blake Moran, Elizabeth's personal assistant, and the only member of her staff that she hired rather than inherited. After Nadine leaves in season 4 he becomes Elizabeth's acting chief of staff.
Patina Miller as Daisy Grant, Elizabeth's press coordinator. Daisy dates Matt during season 1 but goes on to date other men following their breakup. In season 3 she dates "Kevin" from Budget and Planning, who turns out to be an undercover operative for the CIA investigating the State Department. He is killed in a weapons-trafficking conspiracy, and Daisy subsequently finds herself pregnant with his child.
Geoffrey Arend as Matt Mahoney, Elizabeth's speechwriter. Matt and Daisy dated during season 1, but ended things.
Wallis Currie-Wood as Stephanie "Stevie" McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's older daughter. Stevie attended Lovell University and later Georgetown University and applied to Harvard Law school. Stevie serves as an intern to Russell Jackson and was, for a time, engaged to Jareth Glover. She has an affair with Dmitri Petrov (then undercover) in season 4 that puts her in danger.
Kathrine Herzer as Alison McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's younger daughter. Alison planned to attend Rafferty College to pursue her dreams of fashion and design, but later changed her mind.
Evan Roe as Jason McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's teenage son, a self-proclaimed anarchist. Jason is critical of political systems in general, but in season 1 he was expelled from his school for punching a student who insulted Elizabeth.
Keith Carradine as Conrad Dalton (season 2–present; recurring season 1), the President of the United States. Conrad served in the United States Marine Corps as a second lieutenant during the Vietnam War and was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency during Elizabeth's time at the CIA. In the third season, Dalton secures reelection as an independent after failing to secure his party's nomination, partly due to a controversial change in policy championed by Elizabeth. He offers Elizabeth the role of Vice President during his campaign, but eventually names someone else in order to further his campaign. Elizabeth remains Secretary of State.
Sebastian Arcelus as Jay Whitman, Elizabeth's current chief of staff and previous senior policy advisor (season 3–present; recurring season 1–2). In season 3, it is revealed that Jay's busy schedule working for the Secretary has strained his marriage. He is currently separated from his wife Abby, who maintains custody of their daughter Chloe. Jay is promoted to chief of staff in season 4.
Sara Ramirez as Kat Sandoval, Elizabeth's Policy Advisor and a former Chief of Staff to the UN Ambassador (season 4)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Johanna Day as Ellen Hill, a retired admiral and the National Security Advisor. She was the first female Chairwoman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff prior to being appointed National Security Advisor.
Tony Plana as Ed Parker, an admiral and member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Francis Jue as Ming Chen, China's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth's Chinese counterpart.
Mandy Gonzalez as Lucy Knox, President Dalton's aide.
Mike Pniewski as Gordon Becker, the United States Secretary of Defense.
Kevin Rahm as Michael "Mike B." Barnow, a political official who is said to drift between the United States Cabinet departments. It is mentioned that he is a Rhodes Scholar, who turned his brilliant legal career into a promising political career that was cut short by a scandalous divorce six years prior to his first appearance before settling into his current job. He is often seen assisting Secretary McCord.
Jason Ralph as Harrison Dalton (season 1–2), son of President Dalton and long-time friend of Stevie McCord. In season 1, it is revealed Harrison has a drug addiction and is color blind. In season 4 it is revealed that he is back in rehab.
Cotter Smith as Darren Hahn (season 1–2), President Dalton's first known National Security Advisor.
Patrick Breen as Andrew Munsey (season 1), the Director of the CIA and a protégé of President Dalton.
Nilaja Sun as Juliet Humphrey (season 1; guest season 3), a former CIA analyst, friend and colleague of Elizabeth and Isabelle.
Usman Ally as Zahed Javani (season 1), Iran's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth's Iranian counterpart.
Dion Graham as Fred Cole (season 1), the Bureau of Diplomatic Security Head Agent who served as Elizabeth's principal bodyguard.
Josh Hamilton as Arthur Gilroy (season 1), Stevie's 39-year-old microloan employer and ex-boyfriend.
Anna Deavere Smith as Mary Campbell (season 1), the United States Attorney General.
Marin Hinkle as Isabelle Barnes (season 1), a CIA analyst and Elizabeth's close friend, who assists the McCords with the investigation of the death of Secretary of State Vincent Marsh.
Yorgo Constantine as Anton Gorev (season 1–2), Russia's Foreign Minister and a friend of both Secretary and Dr. McCord.
Clifton Davis as Ephraim Ware (season 2–present), Director of National Intelligence.
Julian Acosta as Craig Sterling (season 2), a former US Department of Defense official, he becomes National Security Advisor in season 2 much to Elizabeth and Russell's dismay, and rival of Elizabeth's.
Alex Fernandez as Mark Delgado (season 2), the Vice President of the United States.
Angela Gots as Maria Ostrova (season 2), the President of Russia and widow of late Russian President Pavel Ostrov.
Leslie Hendrix as Louise Cronenberg (season 2), the United States Attorney General.
Jill Hennessy as Jane Fellows (season 2), Henry's DIA superior, and a member of Murphy Station; the first Ishbal Jahed task force.
Kobi Libii as Oliver Shaw (season 2; guest season 3), the Cybersecurity Coordinator. Shaw looked into the attack against Air Force One and is the love interest of Daisy Grant in the second season.
Chris Petrovski as Dmitri Petrov (seasons 2 & 4; guest season 3), a 24-year-old Russian Army captain who studied at the National War College. He was recruited by Professor Henry McCord (on behalf of the DIA) to become an American spy in exchange for getting his sick sister medical care in Stockholm, Sweden. Dmitri is captured by the Russians and eventually exchanged to the Americans for another traitor to the state. Following his capture Dmitri feels abandoned by Henry and is very angry and bitter toward him. He is placed into a witness protection program under the name Alexander (Alex) Mehranov. In season 4, he gets recruited by the CIA as an analyst.
Masha King as Talia Petrov, Dmitri's sister who was placed into witness protection with her brother and is now his roommate.
Carlos Gómez as Jose Campos (season 2–3), an Ishbal Jahed task force member.
J. C. MacKenzie as Sam Evans (season 3), the governor of Pennsylvania and the presidential nominee for Dalton's party. Evans is particularly vindictive during the campaign and, following Dalton's victory through a vote in the House of Representatives, threatens to have the vote overturned due to little-known law he claims Elizabeth broke. However, he is manipulated into accepting the terms of the vote after Russel Jackson threatens to expose him for having a gene that makes him likely to develop early-onset Alzheimer's.
René Auberjonois as Walter Novack (season 2–present), a State Department analyst with the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.
Christopher O'Shea as Jareth Glover, Stevie's fiance from England. He gave up a fellowship at Oxford to return to America to be with Stevie after she had trouble adjusting to life in England. His family is a member of the upper class and even nobility in England. Stevie and Jareth broke up in season 4.
Justine Lupe as Ronnie Baker (season 3), a United States Army captain assigned to United States Cyber Command who assists Elizabeth on several occasions.
Eric Stoltz as Will Adams, Secretary Elizabeth McCord's younger brother and a member of Doctors Without Borders.
Jordan Lage as Kohl, a United States Army general.
Sam Breslin Wright as Dylan Larson, an ex–Army Ranger who has been working for the CIA for seven years as of the start of season 4.
Christine Garver as Molly Reid, a career CIA agent, starting her career as a field agent in Chechnya. She is pregnant and due in a couple months from the start of season 4.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Yuval David as Matvey Sokolov (season 4), a Russian special agent.
Louis Gossett, Jr. as Laurent Vasseur (season 1, episode 6), a Catholic priest and an old friend of Henry's.
William Allen Young as Steven Cushing (season 1, episode 12), the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State.
Tom Skerritt as Patrick McCord (season 1, episode 13), Henry's father.
Bob Schieffer as himself (season 1, episode 17). Schieffer is the former moderator of Face the Nation.
Morgan Freeman as Frawley, the Chief Justice of the United States (season 2, episode 1; season 3, episode 1; season 4, episode 1).
Madeleine Albright as herself (season 2, episode 2). Albright was the first female U.S. Secretary of State.
Kate Burton as Maureen McCord-Ryan (season 2, episode 13), Henry's sister.
Jane Pauley as herself (season 2, episode 18; season 3, episode 1).
Shivam Chopra as Sanjay (season 1, episode 7).
Stephanie J. Block as Abby, Jay's wife. Block is the real-life wife of Sebastian Arcelus. Mirroring real life, Block had previously given birth to their daughter while Arcelus was filming season 1, episode 17, where Jay's wife also gives birth to a daughter.
Joel de la Fuente as Datu Andrada (season 3, episode 15), the President of the Philippines.
Christine Ebersole as Lydia Dalton, the First Lady.

text: Dalton Cabinet and principal advisors[edit]

text:
The Dalton Cabinet

Office
Name
Term

President
Conrad Dalton (Keith Carradine)
2013–

Vice President
Mark Delgado (Alex Fernandez)
2013–2017

Teresa Hurst (Jan Maxwell/Jayne Atkinson)
2017–

Secretary of State
Vincent Marsh (Brian Stokes Mitchell)
2013–2014

Elizabeth McCord (Téa Leoni)
2014–

Secretary of Treasury
Max Quinn (Michael Cumpsty)
2013–2014

Secretary of Defense
Gordon Becker (Mike Pniewski)
2013–

Attorney General
Mary Campbell (Anna Deavere Smith)
2013–2015

Louise Cronenberg (Leslie Hendrix)
2015–2016

Unknown (Shown in "French Revolution")
2016–2017

Nolan (John Bolton)
2017–

Chief of Staff
Russell Jackson (Željko Ivanek)
2013–

National Security Advisor
Darren Kahn (Cotter Smith)
2013–2015

Craig Sterling (Julian Acosta)
2015–2015

ADM (Ret.) Ellen Hill (Johanna Day)
2016–

Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
ADM Ellen Hill, USN (Johanna Day)
2013–2015

GEN Kelsey Reeves, US Army (Ralph Byers)
2015–

Director of National Intelligence
Ephraim Ware (Clifton Davis)
2013–

Director of the
Central Intelligence Agency
Andrew Munsey (Patrick Breen)
2013–2015

Sean Williams (Larry Pine)
2015–2015

Dennis Ellerman (John Doman)
2015–2016

Hugh Haymond (Michael Gaston)
2016–

Director of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Neil Hendricks (Wayne Duvall)
2013–2016

Keith Doherty (Michael Boatman)
2016–

text: Other officials[edit]

text:
Office
Name
Term

Chief Justice of the United States
Frawley (Morgan Freeman)
2013–

Deputy Secretary of State
Steven Cushing (William Allen Young)
2013–

Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
Susan Thompson (Tonya Pinkins)
2014–

United States Ambassador to Yemen
Paul Wellington (Tim Guinee)
2013–

United States Ambassador to Myanmar
Arlen Maxwell (David Rasche)
2013–2014

United States Ambassador to Algeria
Roy Curtis (Dakin Matthews)
2013–2016

Deputy Director of the FBI
Marguerite Sanchez (Rosyln Ruff)
2013–

Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Glenn (John Pankow)
2013–

Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board
Humphrey Nelson (Alfredo Narciso)
2013–

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)

2
23
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)

3
23
October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)

4
22
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Canada, the series airs on Global at the same time as the original broadcast.[8] In Finland, it premiered January 1, 2016, on MTV3.[9] The series has been popular in Finland: 11% of Finnish people watched the first episode.[10] In Australia, it premiered on October 2, 2014 on Network Ten.[11] On October 23, 2014, it was announced that it will air on Sky Living in the United Kingdom, along with new formats to air TV3 in Ireland, and other international channels.[12] The series launched in the United Kingdom on April 23, 2015.[13] It is broadcast on Sony Channel Asia.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Timeslot (ET)
Original airing
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Season premiere
Season finale
TV season

1
22
Sunday 8:00 pm
September 21, 2014
May 3, 2015
2014–2015
No. 10
14.17[14]

2
23
October 4, 2015
May 8, 2016
2015–2016
No. 14
12.39[15]

3
23
Sunday 9:00 pm
October 2, 2016
May 21, 2017
2016–2017
No. 18
10.92[16]

4
22
Sunday 10:00 pm
October 8, 2017
May 20, 2018
2017–2018

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Madam Secretary has been met with generally positive reviews from TV critics. On Metacritic, the show has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17] On Rotten Tomatoes, the show holds a rating of 66%, based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's consensus reads, "Bolstered by Tea Leoni's strong central performance, Madam Secretary is a solid but unspectacular political drama."[18]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Three women have served as Secretary of State to date: Madeleine Albright from 1997 to 2001 under Bill Clinton, Condoleezza Rice from 2005 to 2009 under George W. Bush, and Hillary Clinton from 2009 to 2013 under Barack Obama. Shortly after the series' debut, Fox News asked if the show therefore served as a campaign ad supporting Hillary Clinton, but quoted the Los Angeles Times saying the lead character was "no Hillary knockoff" and a New York publicist calling the casting of a woman "simple business and smart on CBS' behalf". Conservative activist organization Culture and Media Institute, however, said the connection was clear, citing the women's blond hair and pantsuits.[19]

text: When the trailer of the fifteenth episode of Season 3 (Break in Diplomacy) was released showing McCord punching fictional Philippine president Datu Andrada in the face as a response to the latter making sexual advancements to the protagonist, it became controversial in the Philippines due to what was seen as Andrada having parallelism with real-life President Rodrigo Duterte, who was known for making inappropriate and sexist remarks.[20] The Philippine Embassy in Washington even published a statement protesting the negative depiction on its Facebook page.[21]

text: The first episode of the fourth season, News Cycle, led to a hard protest from East Timor's Minister of State and Nobel Peace Prize laureate José Ramos-Horta. "It's a slander against a country that only shows ignorance and racism," he explained. The TV show used the border dispute between Australia and East Timor in the Timor Sea (The dispute is transferred in the TV show to the South China Sea, although neither Australia nor East Timor is bordering to it) as background story. East Timor is shown as a country controlled by a Mexican drug cartel and used for drug transfer. US Secretary of State McCord is asking China to take measures to prevent the leader of the drug cartel from making a narco-state out of East Timor.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2014
TV Guide Award
Favorite New Show
Madam Secretary
Nominated

2015
American Cinema Editors Awards 2015[23]
Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television
Elena Maganini and Michael D. Ornstein
Nominated

41st People's Choice Awards[24]
Favorite Actress in a New TV Series
Téa Leoni
Nominated

Favorite New TV Drama
Madam Secretary
Nominated

Publicists Guild of America
The Maxwell Weinberg Publicists Showmanship Television Award
CBS Television Studio/Madam Secretary
Nominated

2015
Humanitas Prize
60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television
Madam Secretary
Nominated

2016
CBS MVP Awards[25]
Best Motivational Speech
Téa Leoni
Nominated

2016
Humanitas Prize
60 Minute Network of Syndicated Television
Madam Secretary
Nominated