document_title: Elena Gilbert

question_text: who does elena end up with in the vampire diaries tv series

text: Elena Gilbert

text: Casting and portrayal[edit]

text:
When I look in the mirror, I just feel different when I'm Katherine or when I'm Elena. My voice changes a little bit, I think, and even just mentally, I feel like I can get away with a lot more.[1]
—Dobrev

tag: div

text: On March 9, 2009, it was announced that Bulgarian-born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev, known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi: The Next Generation, had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena.[2] She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen, who plays Elena's brother Jeremy Gilbert.[3] Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town.".[2] Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu, which he described as the "worst audition ever", and they "didn't even look at her a second time". Dobrev went back home to Canada, yet, still wanting the part, she submitted a videotape audition, which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert.[4]

text: Dobrev said that after reading the script, she was drawn to Elena because she was "this average girl who was damaged in many ways".[5] Initially, she believed that she would be playing the "bad girl" Elena from the books, but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character.[4] After researching, Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena's 534-year-old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the "complete opposite".[5] Dobrev described this as "one of the rarest, coolest opportunities in television, to play two people on the same medium". She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena.[5] Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger, Katherine; "Changing my hair helps me transform," she told Glamour.[6] Additionally, she said "I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show — I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it".[4] Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena, and found it "interesting" to create a whole new character.[1] In the novels, Katherine originated from Germany. However, in the television series, she is Bulgarian, as is Dobrev, who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said,  "The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day. One thing led to the other and voila".[7]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: In the books, Elena is considered "one of the popular girls" at her high school and always gets "anything she wants".[8] Executive producer of the television show, Julie Plec, said the Elena from the books was "really kind of selfish". In The Vampire Diaries, Elena's "selfishness" in the books as a human was never explored, because it "didn't ever feel like a characteristic" the show wanted for their heroine.[9] Plec said "We kind of abandoned that queen-bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books", while feeling that Elena's actual flaw is her "deep, deep connection to other people".[9] In the books, Elena had blonde hair, but has brown hair in the television show.[10] Describing Elena from the books, Dobrev said she is "one of those mean girls that gets what she wants, popular . . . and she's blonde and blue eyed". Williamson told her that "the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable, nice, girl next door, who the audience roots for".[4] Katherine, on the other hand, is penned as a "conniving, narcissistic, bitch".[4] Describing Elena years later, Dobrev said she evolved from a "younger, naive, sad, young girl" to a "strong woman".[1]

text: Romances[edit]

text: Before The Vampire Diaries, Elena dated Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break-up.[11] Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and later discovered he was a vampire.[12] As the episodes progressed, she developed a connection with Stefan's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), who consumes human blood, unlike Stefan, who has an animal blood diet.[13] Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena, Dobrev said they have "different qualities that are very appealing", which combined make "the perfect man". She said "Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving, and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting".[5]

text: After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena "really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real", and the couple "wants to be together and realizes that they shouldn’t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully.  In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon.

text: Transition[edit]

text: Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series, Elena was turned into a vampire too early, which was around page 200 of The Awakening.[16] Elena's transition into a vampire was planned for two years. Plec said: "That felt obviously too soon, and rushed, and we didn’t want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire. But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually".[16] At the second season's conclusion, Elena was nearly turned into a vampire.[1] Dobrev was happy that she wasn't, because she felt "it would have been too soon", and also didn't think it was something Elena or she wanted.[1]

text: In the show's third season, Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion, and begins to die.[17] In what was described by the International Business Times as "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to. At the time, Klaus was killed, meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die, which includes Damon and Stefan. She picks to say goodbye to Stefan.[17] However, all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies. To save her, Doctor Merideth Fell (Torrey DeVitto) fed Elena Damon's blood. Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge, unaware of the vampire blood in her system. She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season.[17] The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec, and described her transition as "monumental changes" which would have Elena in for a "wild ride". Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is "an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes", and "she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly".[18] While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone, Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to "rip the band-aid off".[18] Plec felt that "She’s, unfortunately, not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world. It’s going to make it more difficult for her",[18] while describing the situation as "a whole new Elena and it’s a whole new day. It’s a different dynamic between the three of them especially".[18]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Elena Gilbert is born on June 22, 1992 in Mystic Falls, Virginia to John Gilbert (David Anders) and Isobel Flemming (Mia Kirshner) while they were still in highschool. With the help of John's brother Grayson, Isobel and John flee town days later, leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own. A doctor, Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda. The next year, Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own, Jeremy Gilbert. Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan, who was her first love. On 23 May 2009, Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party. The three of them later end up in a car accident, with their car driving off a bridge. Stefan Salvatore finds them, and saves Elena, but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda, who died. It remained unknown for months who saved Elena, and it was considered a miracle that she lived. Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953. It is later revealed that he is a 162-year-old vampire. Damon also begins falling for Elena. Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her. Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago, and the person who turned them into vampires. He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death. At the end of season one, Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda weren't her biological parents, and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John, who she grew up hating, were.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger, having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce, which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later happens, but Elena is saved, because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie. However, her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite, she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon's last day, however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus' blood.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back, which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two. Meanwhile, she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus, eventually even sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved.

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
In season five, Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon. There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning. She and Damon then find the safe, only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again. However, Qetsiyah had fried Stefan's brain causing him to suffer amnesia. While trying to bring him back, they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him. Qetsiyah soon brings back Stefan's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara. This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship. Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield, and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires.
Later, when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system, Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena, a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce. But once they did, they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape. Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger, but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie, shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side, that she had injected Dr. Maxfield's enhanced ripper/werewolf virus into Elena's body, infecting Elena. The gang is eventually able to find an antidote.
She unfortunately loses trust in Damon, partly because he killed her friend Aaron, so they break up, but realise they cannot survive being apart and get back together.
Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls, setting an anti-magic barrier around the town, the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time, overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now-collapsing Other Side. Elena and Damon drive into the gas-filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it, blowing it up and killing most of the people in it, including Elena and Damon. She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body, sending her to Bonnie, where she passes to the Other Side, and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards. But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through, and as Bonnie is the anchor, she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it. This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale.

text: Season 6[edit]

text:
In season six, Elena starts back at Whitmore, and is unable to set foot in her hometown. She is also unable to recover from Damon's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians, drink their blood, then compel them to forget, but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims, Sarah, comes to town.
Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, which Alaric is able to do, due to him being an Enhanced Original, with the ability to compel other vampires. She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done. After a number of failed attempts, Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon. She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon, should she ever need them again. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but decides to stay the way she is, as she doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again. She starts to date her classmate, Liam.
Once Damon comes back to life, Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion, a decision she is reluctant to make. She eventually decides to have him undo it, but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls, causing him to lose his vampire status (he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed), meaning he will not be able to do so. She is then left to finally come face-to-face with Damon and see if she'll still feel the same way about him. They eventually rekindle their relationship, Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon. At Alaric's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena, linking her life to Bonnie's. She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn. She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon, Stefan and Caroline again one day.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Elena doesn't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon's name when he visits the Armory vault. It was a way of Sybil, the Siren, luring him into a trap.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance. When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream-like forest. Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died. Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living. When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her. Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room. Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room. After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out. Elena wakes up and wanders the school. Stefan meets up with her. It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream. He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure. He came to say goodbye. After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife. Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her. Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang. Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever. In the epilogue, Elena continued to study at medical school. After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time. After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John.

text: Post-Season 8[edit]

text: The second-last episode of The Originals, 'The Tale of Two Wolves', features Elijah and Hope Mikaelson visiting Mystic Falls, and the window of a doctor's office reads 'Elena Salvatore, M.D.', implying that Elena got her own medical practice.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Elena has received mainly positive reviews. Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise, Twilight, and its protagonist Bella Swan. West said "Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella, she has two immortal vampires fighting over her".[2] After she transitioned into a vampire, Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the "fierce" and "ripper" side of Elena would emerge when "someone messes with the people she loves".[19] McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire, "their strongest personality traits are heightened", and hoped that wouldn't see Elena's "compassion and selflessness" double into "helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health".[19] Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena "has had a taste for blood", she would lose control. Prior to her becoming a vampire, Ross thought she was less fun and "slightly boring", and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and "stop protecting everyone's feelings".[20]

text: Elena's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers, who have nicknamed them "Stelena" and "Delena".[21] Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena's relationship with Damon, which was a combination of real love and a sired bond, hoping they would live "happily ever after".[21] Vlada Gelman of TVLine, however, felt that their romance was "over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle" and questioned whether Elena was "ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away" while Stefan was still in the picture.[22]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Tonner Doll Company, Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon, from 1864.[23][24]


document_title: Funhouse (The Sopranos)

question_text: song at the end of sopranos season 2

question_tokens: song at the end of sopranos season 2

root

text: Funhouse (The Sopranos)

text: Starring[edit]

text:
James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano
Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi
Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano
Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti
Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano, Jr.
Vincent Pastore as Pussy Bonpensiero
Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante
Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri
Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr.
Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano
Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva
and Nancy Marchand as Livia Soprano

tag: ul

text: Guest starring[edit]

text:
Jerry Adler as Hesh Rabkin
John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco

text: Also guest starring[edit]

text:
Sofia Milos as Annalisa
Louis Lombardi as Skip Lipari
Frank Pellegrino as Frank Cubitoso
Nicole Burdette as Barbara Giglione
Federico Castelluccio as Furio Giunta
Dan Grimaldi as Patsy Parisi first appearance
Tom Aldredge as Hugo DeAngelis
John Fiore as Gigi Cestone
Toni Kalem as Angie Bonpensiero
Robert LuPone as Bruce Cusamano
David Margulies as Neil Mink
Matt Servitto as Agent Dwight Harris
Suzanne Shepherd as Mary DeAngelis
Maureen Van Zandt as Gabriella Dante
Barbara Andres as Aunt Quintina
David Anzuelo as Flight Attendant
Kathleen Fasolino as Meadow's Friend
Ray Garvey as Airport Guard
David Healy as Vice Principal
Sig Libowitz as Hillel
Ajay Mehta as Sundeep Kumar
Jay Palit as Indian Man
and Robert Patrick as David Scatino

text: Episode recap[edit]

text: Shortly after Janice's departure, Tony and his younger sister Barbara arrive at Livia's home to discuss her permanent living arrangements. When Barbara says her husband won't allow her to live with them, Tony hands Livia two stolen airline tickets to Arizona and warns her to leave for good. Later, Tony discusses a telephone card scheme with Silvio and Pussy at Artie's restaurant. That night, Tony dreams about meeting Silvio, Paulie, Christopher, Hesh, Philly "Spoons" Parisi, and an oddly silent Pussy in Asbury Park. Tony tells them that he is dying of terminal disease and, accepting his fate, has decided to commit suicide. He douses himself with gasoline while Paulie ignites a lighter. Chris suddenly asks whether the doctors are wrong just as the gasoline ignites, causing Tony to wake up. After falling ill with food poisoning, Tony has a fever dream where he sees himself through a tower viewer playing cards with Paulie inside the old Asbury Park Convention Hall. When Paulie says something, Tony shoots Paulie in the chest, killing him.

tag: p

text: The following morning, Artie comes over with the menu for Meadow's graduation party, only to learn about Tony's food poisoning. He and Tony argue about the quality of his food. When Artie learns that Tony ate at an Indian restaurant, he believes that to be the cause. Artie calls up Pussy to see if he is sick as well, but learns he is fine. Tony becomes delirious after receiving a house call from Dr. Cusamano, but falls asleep and dreams about having sex with Dr. Melfi during a therapy session. Tony then dreams of speaking to Pussy, who has taken the form of a dead fish and makes a tongue-in-cheek reference to "sleeping with the fishes". Against Carmela's wishes, Tony and Silvio invite Pussy to check out a new boat with them. Feigning diarrhea, Tony searches Pussy's bedroom and finds a wire hidden in cigar box.

text: While driving to meet Paulie at the docks, Tony has a final fever dream in which Meadow announces over dinner she is planning to attend Columbia University and Tony tells his family he has bought a new boat. After setting out for a ride on a yacht, Tony confronts Pussy about when he "flipped". Pussy initially denies the accusation, but quickly confesses under pressure. He claims to have supplied them with disinformation, but Tony does not believe him. To break the mood, Pussy shares tequila and brags about the girl he used to have sex with at the clinic in Puerto Rico. The others laugh, but then Tony asks if she even existed. Pussy retreats to a corner, resigned to his fate. Tony, Silvio, and Paulie pull out their guns, at which point Pussy becomes lightheaded and asks to sit. Tony instead takes the first shot; Paulie and Silvio follow suit and shoot Pussy to death. Paulie removes his identifying jewelry, and together they bind his bagged body in chains and weights, throw him off the back of the boat, and watch his body sink into the ocean.

text: Carmela receives a phone call from Livia, who is being detained in the Newark Airport for possessing stolen airline tickets. Within minutes, FBI agents arrive at the Soprano home with a search warrant. Tony is handcuffed in front of Meadow. He becomes unbalanced at one point and almost falls, appearing weak in front of the FBI agents. The agent in charge, Chief Frank Cubitoso, notes that Tony is "weak in the knees," but Tony angrily responds that he's got food poisoning and is led into a holding cell. Soon after, Neil has him released on bail, in time to attend Meadow's graduation the next day. Later, at Dr. Melfi's, Tony goes off on a rant about Indian people, because of his food poisoning, and even more against his mother. Melfi challenges him to confront the recent sorrow which she suspects he may be harboring underneath his pose. Tony stubbornly refuses to delve into his state of mind, and continues with distractions by bluntly talking about his sex dream with her, before smugly leaving the session.

text: At Meadow's graduation ceremony, Tony proudly watches his daughter accept her high school diploma. He also tells Chris that he is putting him up to become a made man. Tony then sees Davey, who tells Tony that his wife is divorcing him, that he has moved to Nevada, and that his son won't go to Georgetown University after Davey gambled away his college money. Later, Tony and Carmela throw Meadow a party at their house, and the episode ends with a montage of Tony's two "families" celebrating together. Carmela sees Tony standing by himself in a corner of the living room, slowly lighting a cigar and blowing out the smoke, with a faraway look on his face.

text: First appearances[edit]

text:
Aunt Quintina: Younger sister of Livia Soprano and mother of Tony's cousin Tony Blundetto.
Pasquale "Patsy" Parisi: Soldier in the Soprano/Gualtieri/Moltisanti crew and twin brother of the deceased Philly "Spoons" Parisi.

text: Deceased[edit]

text: Salvatore "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero: shot to death by Tony, Silvio and Paulie for being an FBI informant. His body was then weighted down tossed into the ocean.

text: Title reference[edit]

text:
In the scene when Tony's mother calls his home for help about the stolen airline tickets. Carmela answers the phone. When she hands the phone to Tony, she says: "Here, the fun never stops".
In Tony's dream, he is on the boardwalk in Asbury Park, near the Palace Amusements funhouse with the famous wide-eyed clown painted on it known as "Tillie".

text: Production[edit]

text:
David Proval and Aida Turturro are no longer billed in the opening credits, although Turturro returns next season as a full-time cast member.
Just as in the season opener, "Guy Walks Into a Psychiatrist's Office...", Silvio does his The Godfather Part III Michael Corleone impersonation in the dream, only in the dream he is referring to Pussy: "Our true enemy has yet to reveal himself".
In his dream, Tony sees Pussy as a fish who notes that two other fish on either side of him are sleeping. The reference is to death, as in "sleeps with the fishes" from The Godfather, and it foreshadows Pussy's ultimate resting place, the ocean.
Every time Tony dreams in this episode, there is a creaking sound in the background. This is the same creaking sound the boat at sea makes when Pussy is shot.

text: References to past episodes[edit]

text: Pussy's resting place mirrors a quote from The Godfather he corrected to Christopher that "Luca Brasi sleeps with the fishes." while helping to dispose of Emil Kolar's corpse in the pilot episode.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The song played throughout the episode, including the end credits, is "Thru and Thru" from the 1994 album Voodoo Lounge by The Rolling Stones (and is sung by Keith Richards).
The song played on the radio of Tony's car and in his last "fever dream" is "Free Fallin'" by Tom Petty.
The song that Pussy puts in the CD player and plays in the background while he confesses to being an informant is "Baubles, Bangles and Beads" by Frank Sinatra.
The song Meadow listens to on the radio in her room, while she is sulking after Tony is arrested in front of her friends is "Diamonds & Rust" by Joan Baez.
Tony deliriously sings the theme song from "Gilligan's Island" as he falls asleep after Dr. Cusamano visits his house to diagnose his illness.
When Tony leaves Dr. Melfi's office after retaliating when he feels she insulted him, he sings "Maybe Baby" by Buddy Holly and The Crickets.
After killing Pussy Bonpensiero, Tony watches a 1960s broadcast of The Temptations on television, performing "Ain't Too Proud to Beg".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Entertainment Weekly placed "Funhouse" #5 on their list of the 10 greatest The Sopranos episodes;[2] TIME placed it at #9.[3]

text: Awards[edit]

text: This episode was one of two viewer's choice winners on A&E, along with "Pine Barrens".


document_title: My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman

question_text: where to watch my next guest needs no introduction

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On August 8, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had ordered a six-episode interview series starring David Letterman. Each hourlong episode will feature Letterman conducting a longform conversation with a single guest and in-the-field segments, in which he will explore topics on his own.[1][2]

text: On January 5, 2018, Netflix released further information about the series. It was announced that Letterman's guests in the first season would include Barack Obama, George Clooney, Malala Yousafzai, Jay-Z, Tina Fey, and Howard Stern. It was also announced that the series would premiere on January 12, 2018 with Letterman's interview with Obama. This interview was Obama's first since leaving office.[3][4]

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's theme song and bridging music were written and recorded by Letterman's long-time bandleader, Paul Shaffer.[5] Soon after it was announced publicly that Netflix had given the series an order, Shaffer received a phone call from Letterman asking him to work on the show. Soon after, Shaffer began to receive cuts of episodes from the first season and he started to put music in afterwards where the director thought it was needed.

text: In developing the sound of the show's music, Shaffer initially looked to Letterman for guidance. Finding none, he remembered he and Letterman's shared love for the sort of music produced at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama describing it as "the honesty you hear, the southern soul feeling." The score initially included drums but the show's producers and director thought that the music should "feel like it's Dave's old friend Paul playing." so it was ultimately stripped down to solely include piano, organ, and bass guitar.[6]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Featured guest
Original release date

1
"It's a Whole New Ball Game Now"
Barack Obama
January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)

Cold open: Letterman interviewing Obama on Late Show with David Letterman.
On-location segment: Walking with Congressman John Lewis across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, site of the civil rights movement's Bloody Sunday in 1965.

2
"You Be the Newsman, I'll Be Liz Taylor"
George Clooney
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)

Cold open: Letterman and Clooney outside of LAX watching planes land and eating fast food.
On-location segment: At the home of Nick Clooney meeting Iraqi refugee Hazim Avdal whom the Clooney family is sponsoring.

3
"You Know, She Has a Nobel Peace Prize"
Malala Yousafzai
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)

Cold open: Letterman accompanies Yousafzai as she leads a tour group at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
On-location segment: Yousafzai continues to lead the tour group as Letterman tags along, the pair browse in the University of Oxford shop, and Letterman eats lunch with Yousafzai's father.

4
TBA
Jay-Z
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of My Next Guest Needs No Introduction has been met with a positive response from critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 80% approval rating with an average rating of 6.4 out of 10 based on 25 reviews.[7] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 70 out of 100 based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]


document_title: Yoda

question_text: when does yoda appear in the last jedi

question_tokens: when does yoda appear in the last jedi

text: Yoda

text: Concept and creation

text: Frank Oz provided Yoda's voice in each film and used his skills as a puppeteer in the original trilogy and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. For some walking scenes in Episodes V and I, dwarf actors Deep Roy and Warwick Davis appeared in costume as Yoda (though neither was credited). While Frank Oz served as the primary performer, he was assisted by a multitude of other puppeteers, including:[5] Kathryn Mullen (Ep. V), Wendy Froud (Ep. V), David Barclay (Ep. V-VI), Mike Quinn (Ep. VI), David Greenaway (Ep. I & VI), Don Austen (Ep. I), and Kathy Smee (Ep. I). For the radio dramatizations of The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, Yoda was voiced by John Lithgow, while Tom Kane voiced him in the Clone Wars animated series, several video games, and the series Star Wars: The Clone Wars. George Lucas had originally conceived of Yoda's full name as being "Minch Yoda" before shortening it.[6]

text: The make-up artist Stuart Freeborn based Yoda's face partly on his own and partly on Albert Einstein's.[7][8][9][10] In The Phantom Menace, he was redesigned to look younger. He was computer-generated for two distant shots, but remained mostly a puppet.[11] The puppet was re-designed by Nick Dudman from Stuart Freeborn's original design.

text: Rendered with computer animation in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Yoda appeared in ways not previously possible, including his participation in elaborate fight scenes. In Revenge of the Sith, his face appears in several big close-ups, demanding highly detailed CGI work. His performance was deliberately designed to be consistent with the limitations of the puppet version, with some "mistakes" made such as the occasional ear-jiggling.[citation needed] Rob Coleman was responsible for the character's new incarnation to the series.

text: Yoda was recreated in CGI for the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace.[12] A clip of the new CG Yoda from The Phantom Menace was first seen in the featurette The Chosen One, included in the 2005 DVD release of Revenge of the Sith.[13] The 2012 theatrical 3D release of The Phantom Menace also features the CG version of Yoda.

text: Character overview

text: Grand Jedi Master Yoda is among the oldest and most powerful known Jedi Masters in the Star Wars universe. Series creator George Lucas opted to have many details of the character's life history remain unknown. Yoda's race and home world have not been named in any official media, canonical or otherwise, and he is merely said to be of a "species unknown" by the Star Wars Databank. Yoda's characteristic speech patterns have been analyzed and discussed by academic syntacticians, who found it somewhat inconsistent, but could extrapolate that it has object–subject–verb word order[14] making it an anastrophe.

text: The films and expanded universe reveal that he had a hand in training almost every Jedi in the galaxy, including Count Dooku, who is identified in Attack of the Clones as Yoda's old Padawan Learner; Mace Windu; Obi-Wan Kenobi (partially, before Qui-Gon Jinn takes over as Obi-Wan's master);[citation needed] Ki-Adi-Mundi, Kit Fisto and eventually Luke Skywalker. During the animated series Star Wars: Clone Wars, set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith, he mentions that he trained another one of the leaders on the Jedi Council, Master Oppo Rancisis. In the Star Wars prequel films, he instructs several younglings in the Jedi Temple before they are assigned to a master. This was displayed in a scene in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. In The Empire Strikes Back he mentioned that he had been training Jedi "for 800 years", which means he must have been a Master Jedi for quite some time before that.

text: Appearances

text: Feature films

text: Original trilogy

text: The Empire Strikes Back (1980)

text: Yoda makes his first film appearance in The Empire Strikes Back. Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) arrives on Dagobah to seek his guidance, having been instructed to do so by the Force ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi (Alec Guinness).

text: Yoda does not initially identify himself to Luke and instead tests his patience by presenting himself as a comical and senile backwater individual, deliberately provoking both Luke and R2-D2 (Kenny Baker). Luke is shocked when he finally realizes that this small, elderly creature is the powerful Jedi Master he was seeking. Finding that Luke has the same anger and recklessness which caused his father's downfall, Yoda is reluctant to teach him in the ways of the Force, and agrees only at Obi-Wan's behest. Before finishing his training, however, Luke chooses to leave Dagobah in order to confront Darth Vader and save his friends at Bespin. Yoda and Obi-Wan warn him that he is not ready to face Vader and is being lured into a trap, but Luke leaves anyway, promising to return. When Obi-Wan laments that Luke is their "last hope," Yoda reminds him that "there is another".

text: Return of the Jedi (1983)

text: Yoda makes a brief appearance in Return of the Jedi, set a year after The Empire Strikes Back. Yoda, now sick and frail, informs Luke that he has completed his training but will not be a Jedi until he confronts Darth Vader; he also confirms that Vader is Luke's father, something Vader had told Luke in the previous film. Yoda then peacefully dies at the age of 900, his body disappearing as he becomes "one with the Force". He leaves Luke with the knowledge that "there is another Skywalker". Moments later, Obi-Wan's ghost helps Luke come to the realization that the "other" of whom Yoda spoke is Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher), who is his twin sister.

text: In the film's final scene, after the Empire has been defeated, Luke sees Yoda's spirit looking upon him with pride, alongside Obi-Wan and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker (Vader's former Jedi self).[15]

text: Prequel trilogy

text: Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)

text: Yoda returns as a younger version of himself in the prequel trilogy beginning with The Phantom Menace. The film marked the final time Oz would portray the character as a puppet. However, in the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace, the Yoda puppet was replaced by a CGI character to match the later depiction of the character. In the film, which is set 35 years before The Empire Strikes Back, Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) brings the young Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd) to the Jedi Council. Qui-Gon is convinced that Anakin is the "Chosen One" of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force, and requests the boy be trained as a Jedi. Yoda senses great fear in Anakin, especially in regards to his attachment to his mother, and foresees "grave danger" in his training. The Council, led at the time by Yoda's former padawan Mace Windu (Samuel L. Jackson), rejects Qui-Gon's request.

text: When Qui-Gon is mortally wounded in a duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul (played by Ray Park and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz), his dying request to his Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) is that Anakin be trained as a Jedi. Obi-Wan, determined to fulfill his promise to his master, tells Yoda that he will train the boy, even without the Council's approval. Yoda makes Obi-Wan a Jedi Knight, and reluctantly gives his blessing to Anakin's training.[16]

text: Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002)

text: Yoda makes his first CGI appearance in Attack of the Clones. Set a decade after The Phantom Menace, Yoda, now in direct control of the Order's policy as Master of the High Council in addition to his traditional position as Grandmaster, is one of the many Jedi who are concerned about the emergence of the Separatists, a group of systems rebelling against the Galactic Republic. After the first attempted assassination of Senator Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman), Chancellor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) "suggests" that she be put under the protection of Obi-Wan, who is training Anakin (now played by Hayden Christensen). At the climax of the film, Yoda arrives in time to save Obi-Wan and Anakin from the Separatists and defeats his former apprentice, Count Dooku (Christopher Lee), in a lightsaber duel.

text: Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)

text: In Revenge of the Sith, Yoda leads the Jedi Council in pursuing the mysterious Sith Lord Darth Sidious. Palpatine has by now amassed near-dictatorial emergency powers, and begins interfering in Jedi affairs by appointing Anakin as his personal representative on the Council. The Council grants Anakin a Council seat, but denies him the rank of Master, feeling that doing so would amount to giving Palpatine a vote in the Council. Additionally, they order him to spy on Palpatine, whom Anakin considers a friend and mentor. Confused and angered by the perceived snub and the instructions to commit what he believes to be treason, Anakin continues to lose faith in the Jedi Order.

text: Anakin seeks Yoda's counsel about his prophetic visions that someone close to him will die. Yoda, unaware of the person Anakin speaks of is Padmé, or that she is Anakin's wife and pregnant with his child, tells him to "train himself to let go of everything that he fears to lose". Unsatisfied, Anakin turns to Palpatine, who then reveals himself as Darth Sidious. Palpatine manipulates the young Jedi into becoming his Sith apprentice, Darth Vader, with the promise that the dark side holds the power to save Padmé from dying in childbirth.

text: Palpatine later transforms the Republic into the tyrannical Galactic Empire, proclaiming himself emperor for life, and orders the clone troopers to kill their Jedi generals. At this time, Yoda is on Kashyyyk, overseeing the battle between the Separatist forces and a combined command of clone troopers and Wookiees. Through the Force, Yoda feels the deaths of each of the Jedi as they are assassinated by their own troops. After swiftly killing the clone troopers instructed to kill him, he escapes with Wookiee leaders Tarfful and Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew), and returns to Coruscant, where he and Obi-Wan fight their way into the Jedi Temple to stop a trap for all surviving Jedi. Inside, they discover that all the Jedi inside, younglings included, have been slaughtered. They then discover a holographic recording, revealing Vader as the assassin. Yoda decides to face Palpatine, sending Obi-Wan to kill Vader. When Obi-Wan protests, Yoda tells him that the Anakin he knew no longer exists, having been "consumed by Darth Vader".

text: Subsequently, Yoda battles Palpatine in a lightsaber duel that wrecks the Senate Rotunda. In the end, neither is able to overcome the other and Yoda is forced to retreat. He goes into exile on Dagobah so that he may hide from the Empire and wait for another opportunity to destroy the Sith. At the end of the film, it was revealed that Yoda has been in contact with Qui-Gon's spirit, learning the secret of immortality from him and passing it on to Obi-Wan.

text: Yoda is also instrumental in deciding the fate of the Skywalker children after Padmé dies in childbirth, recommending that Luke and Leia be hidden from Vader and Palpatine in remote locations. Other than the ancient Jedi Master, only the Organas, the Lars family, R2-D2 and Obi-Wan know of their true identities.[17]

text: Sequel trilogy

text: Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)

text: In The Force Awakens, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, Yoda's voice is heard by the young scavenger Rey (Daisy Ridley) after she discovers Luke Skywalker's lightsaber.[18]

text: Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017)

text: In Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Yoda appears to Luke as a force ghost as Luke debates whether to burn down the tree storing the only remaining copies of the Sacred Texts of the Jedi. As Luke makes his way to the tree, Yoda appears behind him and talks to Luke about the inner conflicts going on inside him and reminds him that a Jedi must always be sure of his path. When Luke decides against burning down the tree and destroying the texts, Yoda summons a lightning bolt down upon the tree, setting it ablaze while Luke steps back in horror at the sight of the texts seemingly being lost forever (unaware that Rey had taken them earlier as she left the island.) When confronting Yoda as to why he did it, Yoda tells Luke that the true Jedi knowledge is within Jedi themselves and it is their responsibility, not books, to pass that knowledge on and continue the way of the Jedi. As Luke takes in the message, he sits with Yoda and shares a quiet moment with his former master.

text: Unlike in the later prequels, Yoda is portrayed using puppetry.

text: Animated series

text: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)

text: Yoda appears in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, voiced by Tom Kane. In the prequel film Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Yoda assigns Anakin Skywalker his own Padawan, Ahsoka Tano, as he believes that she will help Anakin grow as a Jedi and as a person. Throughout most of the series, Yoda spends his time on Coruscant with the Jedi Council, but he occasionally leaves for certain tasks, such as negotiations with King Katuunko on Rugosa, and a confrontation with Asajj Ventress' droid army. Yoda also watches over Anakin and Ahsoka throughout the series, pleased that they are both maturing due to each other's influence. However, in the final arc of season five, Ahsoka is framed for a crime she didn't commit, and Yoda and the Jedi Council expel her, at the demand of Admiral Tarkin, and turn her over to the Republic military. Along with other members of the Council, Yoda observes Ahsoka's trial, but Anakin bursts in with the true culprit, Barriss Offee, before the verdict can be read. Afterwards Yoda, Anakin and the Council personally invite Ahsoka to rejoin the Order, but to their shock, she refuses and leaves. According to Dave Filoni, Yoda blames himself for Ahsoka's departure, as he had made her Anakin's padawan in the first place.

text: In the final arc of the final season, Yoda hears Qui-Gon Jinn speaking to him from beyond the grave. Yoda flees the Jedi Temple with R2-D2 to travel to Dagobah, the planet he would make his home when he enters exile after events of Revenge of the Sith, to find answers. Shown cryptic visions of the fall of the Jedi, Yoda learns he has been "chosen" to learn how to manifest his consciousness after death as a Force ghost. Yoda is tested by a group of spirit priestesses in order to overcome trials and temptations on his pilgrimage; one of these tests is to face an illusion of ancient Sith lord Darth Bane. Yoda's final test is to resist an attempt by Darth Sidious and Dooku to lure him to the dark side with a false vision of deceased Jedi Master Sifo Dyas. Yoda engages in a metaphysical battle with Sidious, and appears to sacrifice his life in order to save Anakin's - only to awaken and discover that the battle was merely a vision, and that he has passed the test. The priestesses inform Yoda that his training will resume in time.

text: Star Wars Rebels (2014)

text: Yoda was heard in the Star Wars Rebels episode "Path of the Jedi" with Frank Oz reprising the role for the first time since Revenge of the Sith.[19] He communicates with Padawan Ezra Bridger and his master Kanan Jarrus during their experience in an ancient temple on Lothal, and helps the pair do some soul-searching to analyze their true motivations. He appears physically for the first time, in the season 2 episode "Shroud of Darkness", in which he tells Ezra he should find Malachor and reunites with Ahsoka after nearly 20 years.

text: Legends

text: With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.[20][21][22]

text: Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003)

text: Yoda appears in the 2003 Cartoon Network animated television series Star Wars: Clone Wars, voiced by Tom Kane. In the show, Yoda is made a General, like many of the Jedi Knights and Masters. Yoda escorts Padmé on their journey to an unspecified planet, but Yoda senses several Jedi in distress on Ilum. Using the Jedi mind trick to convince Captain Typho to take them to Ilum, Yoda saves two Jedi Knights and finds a message from Count Dooku giving orders to destroy the Jedi Temple on Ilum. In the animated series' final episode, Yoda fights side by side with Mace Windu to defend Coruscant, which is under attack from the Separatists. The two Jedi Masters realize too late that the battle is a distraction; Separatist leader General Grievous truly intends to kidnap Palpatine. The Jedi Master's effort to stop Grievous fails, and Palpatine is taken hostage, thus setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith.

text: Comics

text: Yoda acts as a supporting character in Dark Horse Comics' Clone Wars tie-in comic books. He is also an important character in several novels set in the Star Wars universe, particularly Yoda: Dark Rendezvous.

text: In popular culture

text: In 2007, Yoda was selected by Empire magazine as the "25th greatest movie character of all time".[23] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Yoda at number 60.[24]

text: Yoda also appears in Disney's Star Tours: The Adventures Continue attraction, where he is voiced by his original voice actor, Frank Oz.[25]

text: A life-size statue of Yoda greets visitors to Lucasfilm's Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco's Presidio, the headquarters of Industrial Light and Magic.

text: American musician and parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic used the character as inspiration for a parody of The Kinks' "Lola", in a song entitled "Yoda."

text: A Queen Mary University of London linguist claims Yoda's language resembles Hawaiian the most.[26]

text: Merchandising

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)

text: TomTom has included a "Yoda" voice as one of the Celebrity GPS voicings in their "Star Wars" voice series.[27]

text: Lego

text: Lego's Yoda minifigure was the first of their figures to be shorter than the other toys in the Lego Star Wars line; it has shorter legs than the other action figures.[28] Yoda appears in a television series based on the Lego Star Wars toys, created by the Lego company, among them Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles, Lego Star Wars: The Padawan Menace, Star Wars: The New Yoda Chronicles, and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales.


document_title: Camping World Truck Series

question_text: who has the most nascar truck series wins

text: Camping World Truck Series

text: History[edit]

text: NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series[edit]

text: The idea for the Truck Series dates back to 1991.[2] A group of SCORE off-road racers (Dick Landfield, Jimmy Smith, Jim Venable, and Frank "Scoop" Vessels)[3] had concerns about desert racing's future, and decided to create a pavement truck racing series. They visited NASCAR Western Operations Vice President Ken Clapp to promote the idea, who consulted Bill France Jr. with it, but the plans fell apart. Afterwards, Clapp told the four to build a truck before NASCAR considered it. Bakersfield fabricator Gary Collins built a prototype truck, which were first shown off during Speedweeks for the 1994 Daytona 500[2] and tested by truck owner Jim Smith around Daytona International Speedway.[4] The truck proved to be popular among fans, and NASCAR arranged a meeting in a Burbank, California hotel on April 11, 1994; the meeting ultimately led to the creation of the "SuperTruck Series".[2]

text: Four demonstration races were held during the season at Mesa Marin Raceway had six trucks, Portland Speedway, Saugus Speedway and Tucson Raceway Park.[3] Tucson held four events that winter, which were nationally televised during the Winter Heat Series coverage.[3] Tools line Craftsman served as the sponsor of the series on a three-year deal, and the series was renamed to the "Craftsman Truck Series" in 1996. In addition, the series' $580,000 purse is larger than the Busch Grand National Series' fund.[5] While a new series, it garnered immediate support from many prominent Winston Cup Series team owners and drivers. Prominent Cup owners Richard Childress, Rick Hendrick, and Jack Roush owned truck teams, and top drivers such as Dale Earnhardt and Ernie Irvan also fielded SuperTrucks for others.[5] The series also attracted the attention of drivers like sprint car racing star Sammy Swindell, Walker Evans of off-road racing fame, open-wheel veteran Mike Bliss, and Atlanta Falcons head coach Jerry Glanville.[2] The inaugural race, the Skoal Bandit Copper World Classic at Phoenix International Raceway, was held on February 5; the race, featuring an event-record crowd of 38,000 spectators,[2] concluded with eventual series champion Mike Skinner holding off Cup veteran Terry Labonte to win.[6]

text: NASCAR Camping World Truck Series[edit]

text: At the end of the 2008 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series schedule, Craftsman stopped sponsoring the series. Subsequently, Camping World signed a seven-year contract with NASCAR, rebranding the series as the "Camping World Truck Series".[7]

text: With decreasing money and increasing costs,[8] the series has struggled financially with sponsorship and prize money, the latter often being low,[9] while the former would prompt teams to shut down to reduce in size. Teams like Richard Childress Racing, a Cup team with 31 Truck wins,[10] shut down their Truck operations; in RCR's case, after the 2013 season. After the 2014 season, Brad Keselowski stated his Brad Keselowski Racing team had lost $1 million despite recording a win that year,[11] and told the Sporting News: "The truck series, you have to be able to lose money on a constant basis. That's just how the system works."[12] To cut costs, NASCAR required teams to use sealed engines, with teams not being allowed to run at most three races with a previously-used engine. Additionally, NASCAR reduced the maximum number of pit crew members allowed over the wall for a pit stop from seven to five, and required teams to only take either fuel or tires on a single pit stop in 2009.[13] This requirement was abandoned for the 2010 season.

text: Starting with the 2011 season, NASCAR implemented a new rule that allows drivers to compete for the drivers' championship in only one of the three national touring series (Cup, Xfinity, or Truck) in a given season.[14]

text: On January 19, 2016, NASCAR announced the introduction of a playoff format similar to the NASCAR Cup Series Chase for the Championship: the format consists of eight drivers across three rounds, with two drivers being eliminated after each round.[15]

text: Drivers[edit]

text: Most of the first drivers in the series were veteran short track drivers who had not made it[9] or struggled to thrive in the other NASCAR national series; for example, 1991 Featherlite Southwest Tour champion Rick Carelli[16] had failed to qualify twelve times for Cup races across 1991–1994, with only nine career Cup starts, but he finished sixth in the inaugural Truck Series championship.[17] It is worth noting that most of the early champions have become NASCAR Cup Series regulars later in their careers, such as 1995 champion Skinner, who joined Richard Childress Racing's Cup team in 1997,[18] competing on a full-time basis until 2003.[19] As the years went on, a number of younger drivers debuted in the series, using the series as a springboard for their racing careers. Current NASCAR stars Greg Biffle, Kevin Harvick, Jamie McMurray, Kurt Busch, Carl Edwards, and Kyle Busch each started in the series.[9] Kyle Busch was 16 when he was ejected from a 2001 Craftsman Truck Series race in Fontana, CA by CART (which sanctioned the Marlboro 500 that weekend) because of violations in the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, the tobacco agreement prohibited competitors under 18 in any race during the meet. The issue resulted in a 2002 rule change that mandated that any driver competing in a NASCAR national touring series (Truck, Busch, Cup) or any regional series race on the weekend of a national series race must be at least 18 in order to comply with the Master Settlement Agreement.[20] After NASCAR phased out tobacco sponsorships, the minimum age for regional touring series was changed to 16, and the Truck Series' rule regulated a minimum age of 16 for any circuit one mile or shorter (Rockingham Speedway included, despite it being 1.017 miles), and Canadian Tire Motorsport Park.[21]

text: In later years, though, the Truck Series has also become a place for Cup veterans without a ride to make their living[9] which included Ricky Craven, Jimmy Spencer, Dennis Setzer, Brendan Gaughan (who started his career in a family-owned team, and after his Nextel Cup attempt, returned to the family operation), Rich Bickle, Andy Houston, Todd Bodine, Bobby Hamilton Jr. and previous champions Johnny Benson, Mike Skinner, Ron Hornaday, Ted Musgrave, and Jack Sprague. The series was dominated by older drivers, most with Xfinity and Cup Series experience: in 2007, all ten top-10 drivers were over 30 years of age,[22] and 7 of the 10 had Cup experience, as did every race winner with the exception of Erik Darnell. Even though novice drivers play a minimal role in this "minor league" series, there is no controversy like the disputes over "Buschwhackers" in the Nationwide Series (now Xfinity Series). No current Cup regulars drive a full Truck Series schedule, although Cup driver Kevin Harvick owned his own team in the series until 2011,[23] and Kyle Busch and Brad Keselowski field their own teams, Kyle Busch Motorsports and Brad Keselowski Racing, respectively, driving part-time for them. A current Truck Series field could be split into three groups: Cup drivers that compete as owner-drivers like Busch and Keselowski or to receive additional money like David Gilliland; Truck regulars that compete full-time in the series; and young drivers who use the Truck Series to enter NASCAR.[9]

text: Racing and strategy[edit]

text: Qualifying[edit]

text: A Truck Series field currently consists of 32 trucks. Previously, 36 trucks comprised a field, but the number of entrants had been decreasing; in 2014, an average of 33 trucks were entered per race, the smallest field being 27 at Texas and the maximum being reached only eight times.[24]

text: NASCAR uses a knockout qualifying system across the three series. The sessions are three rounds long, In round one, all drivers have 20 minutes to set a time, while the 24 fastest advance to the second round. In the second round, the drivers have 10 minutes to run, and the top 12 advance to the final round; the final round, a five-minute session, determines the starting lineup of the top 12.[25] The pole position winner receives the Keystone Light Pole Award,[26] though if the pole-sitter is younger than 21 years, the award is renamed the 21 Means 21 Pole Award.[27] At the restrictor plate there are two rounds, each car takes one timed lap, while the top 12 advance to run for the pole the cars go out starting from slowest to fastest. [28]

text: The race[edit]

text: Initially, the series used a number of rules that differed from both Winston Cup and Busch Grand National Series racing. Most of the first races were no longer than 125 miles in length, with many being 150-lap races on short tracks. To save teams money by not requiring teams to hire pit specialists and buy extra tires, and because some tracks – Saugus Speedway, Flemington Raceway, Tucson Raceway Park, Evergreen Speedway and Colorado National Speedway most notably—did not have a pit road safe enough for pit stops, or had pits outside the track, starting with the second race of the series in Tucson, NASCAR adopted a five-minute "halftime" break, in place of pit stops, where teams could make any changes they would want to the truck. The only time tire changes were possible were for the interest of safety, such as a tire failure, or a danger to the tire. The rule was popular with television and fans, and was spread for the entire schedule afterwards as pit reporters could interview drivers and crew chiefs for the break in a time without stress. However, starting in 1998, NASCAR introduced competition cautions, with each team being awarded four sets of tires; with this rule change, the halftime break was abolished starting with the race at Pikes Peak International Raceway.[29] In 1999, full pit stops were added, with drivers being allowed to pit during races, but were not allowed to change more than two tires during a stop.[30]

text: In 1996, some races went to two intermissions for full tire and fuel stops, while longer races were stopped at three times—a limited break near the one-quarter and three-quarter marks for fuel stops, and at the halfway point for fuel and tire stops. If tire wear was a concern, NASCAR also permitted two-tire changes if necessary in the first and third period breaks. These rules were influential in driver development. Drivers had to learn to conserve tire wear for up to a half race, which allowed them to learn conserving the truck. Some drivers used the rules to learn tire conservation for other series. In 1997, NASCAR started phasing pit stops. During the 1997 season, trucks could only legally take fuel and make adjustments during pit stops during the race. Tire changes were still illegal except for emergency causes and at break times.

text: For a short time in 1995, NASCAR adopted traditional short-track rules by inverting a number of cars at the front of the grid after complaints about some races where drivers led the entire event. That was dropped quickly after some races ended as walkovers for drivers, leading entire races.[clarification needed]

text: A more popular rule that was effective until the middle of the 2004 season was the "overtime" rule. Unless interrupted by weather, Craftsman Truck Series races had to end under green flag conditions, and the rule mandated that all races must end with a minimum of two consecutive laps in green flag condition, often referred to as a "green-white-checkered" finish. Since racing to the yellow flag was prohibited until 1998 (and again in 2003 under the current free pass rule), scoring reverted to the last completed lap, and until racing back to the line was legalized in 1998, if the yellow waved during the first lap of a green-white-checkered finish, the entire situation would be reset. This rule meant some races would be greatly extended. In 1998, a CBS-televised race in Pikes Peak scheduled for 186 laps ran 198 laps (12 extra laps) because of multiple attempts, and the last such race, in Gateway International Raceway in 2004, lasted 14 additional laps (16.25 miles). A July 24, 2004 rule change for NASCAR's three national series meant only one "green-white-checkered" finish can be attempted, and the race can end under yellow in one of four situations—inclement weather, darkness, the yellow flag waving because of an incident during the final lap of a race, or the yellow flag waving after the one attempt at green-white-checkered begins. This was later extended by NASCAR to three attempts. (It should be noted that, while reducing the Truck Series attempts at a green-white-checkered finish to one, the rule change was part of NASCAR's implementation of the rule to the Cup and Busch Series due to complaints regarding NASCAR's policy at the time regarding late race cautions; the policy stated that a red flag would be thrown during a late race caution to attempt to ensure the race would finish under green but if a caution occurred after the window for the red flag, the race would end under caution regardless of where the incident occurred or how severe it was). Ironically, the first Truck Series race under the new rules ended with a yellow flag on the final lap.

text: In 2014, NASCAR banned tandem drafting, a method of racing in which two vehicles would line up with each other to gain speed, from the Truck Series. Drivers who commit the act are black-flagged.[31]

text: In the 2016 season, a "caution clock" rule was added, under which a caution will be thrown if a race is under a green flag for 20 minutes. No free pass will be awarded for these cautions, and the 20-minute clock will be reset upon all restarts. The caution clock is not used during the final 20 laps (10 laps at Pocono or Canadian Tire Motorsports Park) of the race, nor will it be used during the event at Eldora Speedway.[32] It was quietly removed from the series in the 2017 season following the addition of stage racing system that NASCAR implemented for all three national series in 2017.

text: Tracks[edit]

text: Initially, the Truck Series competed primarily on short tracks and tracks based on the West Coast of the United States; the series' inaugural schedule included races at tracks in Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon and Washington,with only five being based in the Southeastern U.S., such as Louisville Motor Speedway, which was not run by the Cup Series. Additionally, the longest tracks run by the series, Phoenix International Raceway and Milwaukee Mile, were one mile long.[33] By 1998, most of the short tracks were phased out in favor of speedways of 1 to 2 miles in length, and more of the races were held at tracks that hosted Cup and Busch events concurrently, but some races were held with Champ Car and Indy Racing League events. Road courses were phased out by 2001, the last race being in 2001 at Watkins Glen International, but returned in 2013 with the Truck race at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park.[34] Also in 2013, the Truck Series began racing at Eldora Speedway, the first time NASCAR has raced at a dirt track since the 1970 NASCAR Grand National Series season.[35] As of the 2015 season, the series races on 20 tracks: one dirt track (Eldora), one road course (Canadian Tire Motorsport Park), two short tracks (Bristol and Martinsville), two superspeedways (Daytona and Talladega) and 14 intermediate ovals.[36] The most recent addition to the series schedule is Atlanta Motor Speedway, which returned to hosting Truck races in 2015 after a two-year absence.[37]

text: Television[edit]

text: The 1995 season's races were nationally televised on ESPN, TNN, ABC and CBS.[38] Of the 20-race schedule, TNN aired ten races, while ESPN aired seven races and CBS two, while ABC aired the race at Mesa Marin Speedway as part of its Wide World of Sports program.[2]

text: In 2001, NASCAR moved the series exclusively to cable, first with ESPN, and in 2003, switched to Speed, a network which provided supplemental coverage for Fox's coverage of NASCAR events. Network television returned to the series from 2007 to 2010 when two races per season (the Kroger 250 at Martinsville and the City of Mansfield 250 at Mansfield, with a race at Fontana replacing Mansfield) airing on Fox as NASCAR on Fox events. These broadcasts were discontinued in 2009. On August 13, 2013, Fox Sports 1 (FS1) and Fox Sports 2 (FS2) picked up all Truck Series coverage. Eventually, it was announced that the Fred's 250 at Talladega would be moved from FS1 to Fox.[37]

text: Specifications[edit]

text:
Chassis: Steel tube frame with safety roll cage, must be NASCAR standards
Engine displacement: 358 cu in (5.87 L) Pushrod V8
Transmission: 4-speed manual
Weight: 3,400 lb (1,542 kg) minimum without driver, with fuel
Power output: 650–700 hp (485–522kw) unrestricted, ≈450 hp (335 kW) restricted
Torque: 700 N·m (520 ft·lb)
Fuel: Sunoco 260 GTX 90 MON, 98 RON, 94 AKI unleaded 85% + Sunoco Green Ethanol E15
Fuel capacity: 18 US gal (68 L)
Fuel delivery: Carburetion
Compression ratio: 12:1
Aspiration: Naturally aspirated
Carburetor size: 390 cubic feet per minute (184 liters per second) 4 barrel
Wheelbase: 112 in (2,845 mm)
Steering: Power, recirculating ball
Tires: Goodyear slick tires
Length: 206.5 in (5,245 mm)
Height: 60 in (1,524 mm)
Width: 80 in (2,032 mm)
Safety equipment: HANS device, Seat belt 6-point supplied by Willans

text: Manufacturer representation[edit]

text: The series was notable in seeing the return of Chrysler Corporation factory-supported race vehicles to the tracks. Chrysler withdrew its factory support of its Dodge and Plymouth brands after the 1972 season to cut costs, though teams continued to campaign cars with Plymouth and Dodge sheetmetal and power plants until 1985. Chrysler funded a small R&D effort, with factory funding and support for Dodge to return to NASCAR for the Craftsman Truck Series with the Dodge Ram pickup truck in 1997. By 2001 Dodge made a full-time return to NASCAR with a full factory backed effort. While Dodge continued to race in the other series until 2012, the Ram Trucks division (spun off from Dodge after the Fiat Group took control of Chrysler) raced in the Camping World Truck Series in Dodge's place. In 2014, Ram pulled out, leaving the Nationwide Series as the last series with teams fielding Dodge. As of the 2016 season, JJC Racing, MB Motorsports, Mike Harmon Racing and Shepherd Racing Ventures are the only teams in the Truck Series to field Ram trucks.[39]

text:
Dodge Ram: 1995–2009
Ram: 2010–2013, some 2014 races Ram Trucks division split from Dodge (all privateer 2009–present)

text: Ford F-150: 1995–present

text:
Chevrolet C/K: 1995–1997
Chevrolet Silverado: 1998–present

text: Toyota Tundra: 2004–present

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Year
Races
Champion
Manufacturers' Champion
Rookie of the Year
Most Popular Driver

1995
20
Mike Skinner
Chevrolet
N/A
Butch Miller

1996
24
Ron Hornaday Jr.
Chevrolet
Bryan Reffner
Jimmy Hensley

1997
26
Jack Sprague
Chevrolet
Kenny Irwin Jr.
Ron Hornaday Jr.

1998
27
Ron Hornaday Jr. (2)
Chevrolet
Greg Biffle
Stacy Compton

1999
25
Jack Sprague (2)
Ford
Mike Stefanik
Dennis Setzer

2000
24
Greg Biffle
Ford (2)
Kurt Busch
Greg Biffle

2001
24
Jack Sprague (3)
Dodge
Travis Kvapil
Joe Ruttman

2002
22
Mike Bliss
Chevrolet
Brendan Gaughan
David Starr

2003
25
Travis Kvapil
Dodge
Carl Edwards
Brendan Gaughan

2004
25
Bobby Hamilton
Dodge (3)
David Reutimann
Steve Park

2005
25
Ted Musgrave
Chevrolet
Todd Kluever
Ron Hornaday Jr.

2006
25
Todd Bodine
Toyota
Erik Darnell
Johnny Benson Jr.

2007
25
Ron Hornaday Jr. (3)
Toyota
Willie Allen
Johnny Benson Jr.

2008
25
Johnny Benson Jr.
Toyota
Colin Braun
Johnny Benson Jr.

2009
25
Ron Hornaday Jr. (4)
Toyota
Johnny Sauter
Ricky Carmichael

2010
25
Todd Bodine (2)
Toyota
Austin Dillon
Narain Karthikeyan

2011
25
Austin Dillon
Chevrolet
Joey Coulter
Austin Dillon

2012
22
James Buescher
Chevrolet (8)
Ty Dillon
Nelson Piquet Jr.

2013
22
Matt Crafton
Toyota
Ryan Blaney
Ty Dillon

2014
22
Matt Crafton (2)
Toyota
Ben Kennedy
Ryan Blaney

2015
23
Erik Jones
Toyota
Erik Jones
John Hunter Nemechek

2016
23
Johnny Sauter
Toyota (9)
William Byron
Tyler Reddick

text: All-time win table[edit]

text: All figures correct as of the 2017 Las Vegas 350 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway (September 30, 2017).[40][41]

text:
Driver
Wins

Hornaday Jr., RonRon Hornaday Jr.
51

Busch, KyleKyle Busch
49

Skinner, MikeMike Skinner
28

Sprague, JackJack Sprague
28

Bodine, ToddTodd Bodine
22

Setzer, DennisDennis Setzer
18

Musgrave, TedTed Musgrave
17

Biffle, GregGreg Biffle
16

Sauter, JohnnyJohnny Sauter
15

Benson Jr., JohnnyJohnny Benson Jr.
14

Crafton, MattMatt Crafton
14

Harvick, KevinKevin Harvick
14

Bliss, MikeMike Bliss
13

Ruttman, JoeJoe Ruttman
13

Hamilton, BobbyBobby Hamilton
10

Peters, TimothyTimothy Peters
10

Kvapil, TravisTravis Kvapil
9

Gaughan, BrendanBrendan Gaughan
8

Bell, ChristopherChristopher Bell
7

Byron, WilliamWilliam Byron
7

Dillon, AustinAustin Dillon
7

Jones, ErikErik Jones
7

Martin, MarkMark Martin
7

Buescher, JamesJames Buescher
6

Cook, TerryTerry Cook
6

Edwards, CarlCarl Edwards
6

Wallace Jr., DarrellDarrell Wallace Jr.
6

Crawford, RickRick Crawford
5

Nemechek, John HunterJohn Hunter Nemechek
5

Riggs, ScottScott Riggs
5

Wallace, MikeMike Wallace
5

Kahne, KaseyKasey Kahne
5

Blaney, RyanRyan Blaney
4

Busch, KurtKurt Busch
4

Carelli, RickRick Carelli
4

Raines, TonyTony Raines
4

Sauter, JayJay Sauter
4

Starr, DavidDavid Starr
4

Bickle, RichRich Bickle
3

Bowyer, ClintClint Bowyer
3

Dillon, TyTy Dillon
3

Houston, AndyAndy Houston
3

Reddick, TylerTyler Reddick
3

Rezendes, DaveDave Rezendes
3

Almirola, AricAric Almirola
2

Chaffin, ChadChad Chaffin
2

Compton, StacyStacy Compton
2

Custer, ColeCole Custer
2

Darnell, ErikErik Darnell
2

Elliott, ChaseChase Elliott
2

Fellows, RonRon Fellows
2

Hamlin, DennyDenny Hamlin
2

Hensley, JimmyJimmy Hensley
2

Irwin Jr., KennyKenny Irwin Jr.
2

Larson, KyleKyle Larson
2

Piquet Jr., NelsonNelson Piquet Jr.
2

Pressley, RobertRobert Pressley
2

Scott, BrianBrian Scott
2

Stewart, TonyTony Stewart
2

Tolsma, RandyRandy Tolsma
2

Wood, JonJon Wood
2

Braun, ColinColin Braun
1

Burton, JebJeb Burton
1

Cindric, AustinAustin Cindric
1

Coulter, JoeyJoey Coulter
1

Craven, RickyRicky Craven
1

Enfinger, GrantGrant Enfinger
1

Gale, CaleCale Gale
1

Grala, KazKaz Grala
1

Hendrick, RickyRicky Hendrick
1

Hmiel, ShaneShane Hmiel
1

Kennedy, BenBen Kennedy
1

Keselowski, BobBob Keselowski
1

Keselowski, BradBrad Keselowski
1

King, JohnJohn King
1

Kligerman, ParkerParker Kligerman
1

Labonte, BobbyBobby Labonte
1

Labonte, TerryTerry Labonte
1

Leffler, JasonJason Leffler
1

Lia, DonnyDonny Lia
1

Lofton, JustinJustin Lofton
1

Logano, JoeyJoey Logano
1

McMurray, JamieJamie McMurray
1

Miller, ButchButch Miller
1

Moffitt, BrettBrett Moffitt
1

Newman, RyanRyan Newman
1

Park, SteveSteve Park
1

Reffner, BryanBryan Reffner
1

Reutimann, DavidDavid Reutimann
1

Rhodes, BenBen Rhodes
1

Sadler, ElliottElliott Sadler
1

Said, BorisBoris Said
1

Schrader, KenKen Schrader
1

Speed, ScottScott Speed
1

Spencer, JimmyJimmy Spencer
1

Suárez, DanielDaniel Suárez
1

Townley, John WesJohn Wes Townley
1

Waltrip, MichaelMichael Waltrip
1

Whitt, BrandonBrandon Whitt
1

text: Most wins at each track[edit]

text: Current tracks[edit]

text:
Track
Driver
Wins

Atlanta Motor Speedway
Kyle Busch
4

Bristol Motor Speedway
Kyle Busch
4

Charlotte Motor Speedway
Kyle Busch
7

Chicagoland Speedway
Kyle Busch
5

Daytona International Speedway
Todd Bodine & Johnny Sauter
2

Dover International Speedway
Kyle Busch
4

Gateway Motorsports Park
Ted Musgrave
2

Homestead-Miami Speedway
Todd Bodine & Kyle Busch
2

Iowa Speedway
Timothy Peters & Erik Jones
2

Kansas Speedway
Matt Crafton & Kyle Busch
2

Kentucky Speedway
Ron Hornaday, Jr.
3

Las Vegas Motor Speedway
Jack Sprague & Mike Skinner
2

Martinsville Speedway
Dennis Setzer, Mike Skinner, Kevin Harvick & Johnny Sauter
3

Michigan International Speedway
Greg Biffle & Travis Kvapil
2

New Hampshire Motor Speedway
Ron Hornaday, Jr. & Kyle Busch
3

Phoenix International Raceway
Kevin Harvick
4

Talladega Superspeedway
Todd Bodine, Kyle Busch & Timothy Peters
2

Texas Motor Speedway
Todd Bodine
6

text: Former tracks[edit]

text:
Track
Driver
Wins

Auto Club Speedway
Ted Musgrave
3

Darlington Raceway
Bobby Hamilton & Kasey Kahne
2

Evergreen Speedway
Ron Hornaday, Jr. & Jack Sprague
2

Flemington Speedway
Ron Hornaday, Jr.
2

I-70 Speedway
Tony Raines
2

Louisville Motor Speedway
Ron Hornaday, Jr.
2

Lucas Oil Raceway
Ron Hornaday, Jr.
4

Memphis Motorsports Park
Ron Hornaday, Jr.
3

Mesa Marin Raceway
Mike Skinner & Dennis Setzer
2

Milwaukee Mile
Johnny Benson, Jr.
3

Nashville Superspeedway
Johnny Benson, Jr. & Kyle Busch
2

Nazareth Speedway
Jack Sprague & Greg Biffle
2

Richmond International Raceway
Jack Sprague, Tony Stewart & Mike Skinner
2

Tucson Speedway
Ron Hornaday, Jr.
2

Walt Disney World Speedway
Joe Ruttman, Ron Hornaday Jr.
1

Watkins Glen International
Ron Fellows
2


document_title: Building design

question_text: what is a person who designs buildings called

text: Building design

text: Occupations[edit]

text: Architect[edit]

text: An architect is a person trained in the planning, design and supervision of the construction of buildings. Professionally, an architect's decisions affect public safety, and thus an architect must undergo specialized training consisting of advanced education and a practicum (or internship) for practical experience to earn a license to practice architecture. In most of the world's jurisdictions, the professional and commercial use of the term "architect" is legally protected.

text: Building engineers[edit]

text: Building engineering typically includes the services of electrical, mechanical and Structural engineers.

text: Draftsperson (Draughtsman)[edit]

text: A draftsperson or documenter is someone who has attained a certificate or diploma in architectural drafting (or equivalent training), and provides services relating to the preparation of construction documents rather than building design. Some draftspersons are employed by architectural design firms and building contractors, while others are self-employed.

text: Building designer[edit]

text: In many places, building codes and legislation of professions allow persons to design single family residential buildings and in some cases light commercial buildings without an architectural license. As such, "Building designer" is a common designation in the United States, Canada and elsewhere for someone who offers building design services but is not a licensed architect or engineer.

text: Anyone may use the title of "building designer" in the broadest sense. In many places, a building designer may achieve certification demonstrating a higher level of training. In the U.S., the National Council of Building Designer Certification (NCBDC),[1] an offshoot of the American Institute of Building Design,[2] administers a program leading to the title of Certified Professional Building Designer (CPBD). In most cases, building designers are trained as architectural technologists or draftspersons; they may also be architecture school graduates that have not completed licensing requirements.

text: Many building designers are known as "residential" or "home designers", since they focus mainly on residential design and remodeling. In the U.S. state of Nevada, "Residential Designer" is a regulated term for those who are registered as such under Nevada State Board of Architecture, Interior Design and Residential Design, and one may not legally represent oneself in a professional capacity without being currently registered.

text: In Australia where use of the term architect and some derivatives is highly restricted but the architectural design of buildings has very few restrictions in place, the term building designer is used extensively by people or design practices who are not registered by the relevant State Board of Architects. In Queensland the term building design is used in legislation which licences practitioners as part of a broader building industry licensing system. In Victoria there is a registration process for building designers and in other States there is currently no regulation of the profession. A Building Designers Association operates in each state to represent the interests of building designers.

text: Building Surveyor (UK)[edit]

text:
Building surveyors are technically minded general practitioners in the United Kingdom, Australia and elsewhere,[3] trained much like architectural technologists. In the UK, the knowledge and expertise of the building surveyor is applied to various tasks in the property and construction markets, including building design for smaller residential and light commercial projects. This aspect of the practice is similar to other European occupations, most notably the geometra in Italy, but also the géomètre in France, Belgium and Switzerland.
the building surveyors are also capable on establishment of bills of quantities for the new works and renovation or maintenance or rehabilitation works.

text: The profession of Building Surveyor does not exist in the US. The title Surveyor refers almost exclusively to Land surveyors. Architects, Building Designers, Residential Designers, Construction Managers, and Home Inspectors perform some or all of the work of the U.K. Building Surveyor.