document_title: List of Olympic medalists in figure skating

question_text: who won the mens figure skating olympic gold

text: Medalists[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Ulrich Salchow
 Sweden
Richard Johansson
 Sweden
Per Thorén
 Sweden

1912 Stockholm
not included in the Olympic program

1920 Antwerp
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Andreas Krogh
 Norway
Martin Stixrud
 Norway

1924 Chamonix
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Willy Böckl
 Austria
Georges Gautschi
 Switzerland

1928 St. Moritz
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Willy Böckl
 Austria
Robert van Zeebroeck
 Belgium

1932 Lake Placid
details
Karl Schäfer
 Austria
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Montgomery Wilson
 Canada

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
Karl Schäfer
 Austria
Ernst Baier
 Germany
Felix Kaspar
 Austria

1948 St. Moritz
details
Dick Button
 United States
Hans Gerschwiler
 Switzerland
Edi Rada
 Austria

1952 Oslo
details
Dick Button
 United States
Helmut Seibt
 Austria
James Grogan
 United States

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
Hayes Alan Jenkins
 United States
Ronnie Robertson
 United States
David Jenkins
 United States

1960 Squaw Valley
details
David Jenkins
 United States
Karol Divín
 Czechoslovakia
Donald Jackson
 Canada

1964 Innsbruck
details
Manfred Schnelldorfer
 United Team of Germany
Alain Calmat
 France
Scott Allen
 United States

1968 Grenoble
details
Wolfgang Schwarz
 Austria
Timothy Wood
 United States
Patrick Péra
 France

1972 Sapporo
details
Ondrej Nepela
 Czechoslovakia
Sergei Chetverukhin
 Soviet Union
Patrick Péra
 France

1976 Innsbruck
details
John Curry
 Great Britain
Vladimir Kovalev
 Soviet Union
Toller Cranston
 Canada

1980 Lake Placid
details
Robin Cousins
 Great Britain
Jan Hoffmann
 East Germany
Charles Tickner
 United States

1984 Sarajevo
details
Scott Hamilton
 United States
Brian Orser
 Canada
Jozef Sabovčík
 Czechoslovakia

1988 Calgary
details
Brian Boitano
 United States
Brian Orser
 Canada
Viktor Petrenko
 Soviet Union

1992 Albertville
details
Viktor Petrenko
 Unified Team
Paul Wylie
 United States
Petr Barna
 Czechoslovakia

1994 Lillehammer
details
Alexei Urmanov
 Russia
Elvis Stojko
 Canada
Philippe Candeloro
 France

1998 Nagano
details
Ilia Kulik
 Russia
Elvis Stojko
 Canada
Philippe Candeloro
 France

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Alexei Yagudin
 Russia
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Timothy Goebel
 United States

2006 Torino
details
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Stéphane Lambiel
 Switzerland
Jeffrey Buttle
 Canada

2010 Vancouver
details
Evan Lysacek
 United States
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Daisuke Takahashi
 Japan

2014 Sochi
details
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
Patrick Chan
 Canada
Denis Ten
 Kazakhstan

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
Shoma Uno
 Japan
Javier Fernández
 Spain

text: Men's special figures[edit]

text: Men's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued. The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[2]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Nikolai Panin
 Russian Empire
Arthur Cumming
 Great Britain
Geoffrey Hall-Say
 Great Britain

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Madge Syers
 Great Britain
Elsa Rendschmidt
 Germany
Dorothy Greenhough-Smith
 Great Britain

1920 Antwerp
details
Magda Julin
 Sweden
Svea Norén
 Sweden
Theresa Weld
 United States

1924 Chamonix
details
Herma Szabo
 Austria
Beatrix Loughran
 United States
Ethel Muckelt
 Great Britain

1928 St. Moritz
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Fritzi Burger
 Austria
Beatrix Loughran
 United States

1932 Lake Placid
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Fritzi Burger
 Austria
Maribel Vinson
 United States

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Cecilia Colledge
 Great Britain
Vivi-Anne Hultén
 Sweden

1948 St. Moritz
details
Barbara Ann Scott
 Canada
Eva Pawlik
 Austria
Jeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain

1952 Oslo
details
Jeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain
Tenley Albright
 United States
Jacqueline du Bief
 France

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
Tenley Albright
 United States
Carol Heiss
 United States
Ingrid Wendl
 Austria

1960 Squaw Valley
details
Carol Heiss
 United States
Sjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands
Barbara Roles
 United States

1964 Innsbruck
details
Sjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands
Regine Heitzer
 Austria
Petra Burka
 Canada

1968 Grenoble
details
Peggy Fleming
 United States
Gabriele Seyfert
 East Germany
Hana Mašková
 Czechoslovakia

1972 Sapporo
details
Beatrix Schuba
 Austria
Karen Magnussen
 Canada
Janet Lynn
 United States

1976 Innsbruck
details
Dorothy Hamill
 United States
Dianne de Leeuw
 Netherlands
Christine Errath
 East Germany

1980 Lake Placid
details
Anett Pötzsch
 East Germany
Linda Fratianne
 United States
Dagmar Lurz
 West Germany

1984 Sarajevo
details
Katarina Witt
 East Germany
Rosalynn Sumners
 United States
Kira Ivanova
 Soviet Union

1988 Calgary
details
Katarina Witt
 East Germany
Elizabeth Manley
 Canada
Debi Thomas
 United States

1992 Albertville
details
Kristi Yamaguchi
 United States
Midori Ito
 Japan
Nancy Kerrigan
 United States

1994 Lillehammer
details
Oksana Baiul
 Ukraine
Nancy Kerrigan
 United States
Chen Lu
 China

1998 Nagano
details
Tara Lipinski
 United States
Michelle Kwan
 United States
Chen Lu
 China

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Sarah Hughes
 United States
Irina Slutskaya
 Russia
Michelle Kwan
 United States

2006 Torino
details
Shizuka Arakawa
 Japan
Sasha Cohen
 United States
Irina Slutskaya
 Russia

2010 Vancouver
details
Yuna Kim
 South Korea
Mao Asada
 Japan
Joannie Rochette
 Canada

2014 Sochi
details
Adelina Sotnikova
 Russia
Yuna Kim
 South Korea
Carolina Kostner
 Italy

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Alina Zagitova
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Evgenia Medvedeva
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Kaetlyn Osmond
 Canada

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
 Anna Hübler
and Heinrich Burger (GER)
 Phyllis Johnson
and James H. Johnson (GBR)
 Madge Syers
and Edgar Syers (GBR)

1912 Stockholm
not included in the Olympic program

1920 Antwerp
details
 Ludowika Jakobsson
/ Walter Jakobsson (FIN)
 Alexia Bryn
and Yngvar Bryn (NOR)
 Phyllis Johnson
and Basil Williams (GBR)

1924 Chamonix
details
 Helene Engelmann
and Alfred Berger (AUT)
 Ludowika Jakobsson
and Walter Jakobsson (FIN)
 Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)

1928 St. Moritz
details
 Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
 Lilly Scholz
and Otto Kaiser (AUT)
 Melitta Brunner
and Ludwig Wrede (AUT)

1932 Lake Placid
details
 Andrée Brunet
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
 Beatrix Loughran
and Sherwin Badger (USA)
 Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
 Maxi Herber
and Ernst Baier (GER)
 Ilse Pausin
and Erik Pausin (AUT)
 Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)

1948 St. Moritz
details
 Micheline Lannoy
and Pierre Baugniet (BEL)
 Andrea Kékesy
and Ede Király (HUN)
 Suzanne Morrow
and Wallace Diestelmeyer (CAN)

1952 Oslo
details
 Ria Falk
and Paul Falk (GER)
 Karol Kennedy
and Peter Kennedy (USA)
 Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
 Sissy Schwarz
and Kurt Oppelt (AUT)
 Frances Dafoe
and Norris Bowden (CAN)
 Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)

1960 Squaw Valley
details
 Barbara Wagner
and Robert Paul (CAN)
 Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
 Nancy Ludington
and Ronald Ludington (USA)

1964 Innsbruck
details
 Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS)
 Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
 Debbi Wilkes
and Guy Revell (CAN)[a]
 Vivian Joseph
and Ronald Joseph (USA)

1968 Grenoble
details
 Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS)
 Tatyana Zhuk
and Aleksandr Gorelik (URS)
 Margot Glockshuber
and Wolfgang Danne (FRG)

1972 Sapporo
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexei Ulanov (URS)
 Lyudmila Smirnova
and Andrei Suraikin (URS)
 Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS)
 Romy Kermer
and Rolf Österreich (GDR)
 Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS)
 Marina Cherkasova
and Sergei Shakhrai (URS)
 Manuela Mager
and Uwe Bewersdorf (GDR)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS)
 Kitty Carruthers
and Peter Carruthers (USA)
 Larisa Selezneva
and Oleg Makarov (URS)

1988 Calgary
details
 Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (URS)
 Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS)
 Jill Watson
and Peter Oppegard (USA)

1992 Albertville
details
 Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (EUN)
 Elena Bechke
and Denis Petrov (EUN)
 Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (RUS)
 Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS)
 Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)

1998 Nagano
details
 Oksana Kazakova
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS)
 Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
 Mandy Wötzel
and Ingo Steuer (GER)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
 Jamie Salé
and David Pelletier (CAN)
None awarded[b]
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

2006 Torino
details
 Tatiana Totmianina
and Maxim Marinin (RUS)
 Zhang Dan
and Zhang Hao (CHN)
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)
 Pang Qing
and Tong Jian (CHN)
 Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)

2014 Sochi
details
 Tatiana Volosozhar
and Maxim Trankov (RUS)
 Ksenia Stolbova
and Fedor Klimov (RUS)
 Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Aliona Savchenko
and Bruno Massot (GER)
 Sui Wenjing
and Han Cong (CHN)
 Meagan Duhamel
and Eric Radford (CAN)

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Lyudmila Pakhomova
and Aleksandr Gorshkov (URS)
 Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)
 Colleen O'Connor
and James Millns (USA)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Natalia Linichuk
and Gennadi Karponossov (URS)
 Krisztina Regőczy
and András Sallay (HUN)
 Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)
 Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS)
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)

1988 Calgary
details
 Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS)
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)
 Tracy Wilson
and Robert McCall (CAN)

1992 Albertville
details
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (EUN)
 Isabelle Duchesnay
and Paul Duchesnay (FRA)
 Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (EUN)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS)
 Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (RUS)
 Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)

1998 Nagano
details
 Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS)
 Anjelika Krylova
and Oleg Ovsyannikov (RUS)
 Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)
 Irina Lobacheva
and Ilia Averbukh (RUS)
 Barbara Fusar-Poli
and Maurizio Margaglio (ITA)

2006 Torino
details
 Tatiana Navka
and Roman Kostomarov (RUS)
 Tanith Belbin
and Benjamin Agosto (USA)
 Elena Grushina
and Ruslan Goncharov (UKR)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA)
 Oksana Domnina
and Maxim Shabalin (RUS)

2014 Sochi
details
 Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA)
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Elena Ilinykh
and Nikita Katsalapov (RUS)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Gabriella Papadakis
and Guillaume Cizeron (FRA)
 Maia Shibutani
and Alex Shibutani (USA)

text: Team event[edit]

text: The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event, first contested in the 2014 Games. It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines (men's singles, ladies' singles, pairs, and ice dancing) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold.

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
 Russia (RUS)
Evgeni Plushenko
Yulia Lipnitskaya
Ksenia Stolbova
Fedor Klimov
Elena Ilinykh
Nikita Katsalapov
Tatiana Volosozhar
Maxim Trankov
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
 Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kevin Reynolds
Kaetlyn Osmond
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Kirsten Moore-Towers
Dylan Moscovitch
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
 United States (USA)
Jeremy Abbott
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner
Gracie Gold
Marissa Castelli
Simon Shnapir
Meryl Davis
Charlie White

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kaetlyn Osmond
Gabrielle Daleman
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
Mikhail Kolyada
Evgenia Medvedeva
Alina Zagitova
Evgenia Tarasova
Vladimir Morozov
Natalia Zabiiako
Alexander Enbert
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
 United States (USA)
Nathan Chen
Adam Rippon
Bradie Tennell
Mirai Nagasu
Alexa Scimeca Knierim
Chris Knierim
Maia Shibutani
Alex Shibutani

text: Multi-medalists[edit]

text: Most medals[edit]

text: Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event: four medals, three of which gold, in men's singles. The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs.

text: Counting multiple events, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals, with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold. Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals, including a gold in men's singles and a team event gold.

text: Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below:[6]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Events
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
ice dancing & team
2010–2018
3
2
0
5

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
men's singles
1920–1932
3
1
0
4

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
ladies' singles
1928–1936
3
0
0
3

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
pairs
1972–1980
3
0
0
3

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
men's singles & team
2002–2014
2
2
0
4

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
1992–1998
2
1
0
3

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
pairs
1924–1932
2
0
1
3

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
 Canada (CAN)
men's singles & team
2014–2018
1
2
0
3

Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
ice dancing
1984–1992
1
1
1
3

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
ice dancing & team
2010–2014
1
1
1
3

Meagan Duhamel !Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford !Eric Radford
 Canada (CAN)
pairs & team
2014–2018
1
1
1
3

Kaetlyn Osmond !Kaetlyn Osmond
 Canada (CAN)
ladies' singles & team
2014–2018
1
1
1
3

Shen Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo
 China (CHN)
pairs
2002–2010
1
0
2
3

Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e]
 Germany (GER)
pairs
2010–2018
1
0
2
3

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
ladies' singles & pairs
1924–1932
0
2
1
3

text: Multiple golds[edit]

text: The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men's singles, Sonja Henie in ladies' singles, and Irina Rodnina in pairs. The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two, which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov. In addition, one ladies' singles skater, three men's singles skaters, and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles. Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles.

text: Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events. Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014. Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics, winning both pairs and team event. Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later, earning golds in ice dancing and team event.

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Golds
Event(s)

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
1920–1928
3
men's singles

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
1928–1936
3
ladies' singles

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1980
3
pairs

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2010, 2018
3
2 in ice dancing (2010, 2018)
1 in team event (2018)

Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer
 Austria (AUT)
1932–1936
2
men's singles

Button, DickDick Button
 United States (USA)
1948–1952
2
men's singles

Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu
 Japan (JPN)
2014–2018
2
men's singles

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
2006, 2014
2
1 in men's singles (2006)
1 in team event (2014)

Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
ladies' singles

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
1928–1932
2
pairs

Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1968
2
pairs

Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1976–1980
2
pairs

Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Russia (RUS)
1988, 1994
2
pairs

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992, 1998
2
pairs

Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov
 Russia (RUS)
2014
2
1 in pairs
1 in team event

Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov
 Russia (RUS)
1994–1998
2
ice dancing

text: Multi-medalists by event[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
1920–1932
3
1
0
4

Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer
 Austria (AUT)
1932–1936
2
0
0
2

Button, DickDick Button
 United States (USA)
1948–1952
2
0
0
2

Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu
 Japan (JPN)
2014–2018
2
0
0
2

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
2002–2014
1
2
0
3

Jenkins, DavidDavid Jenkins
 United States (USA)
1956–1960
1
0
1
2

Petrenko, ViktorViktor Petrenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1988–1992
1
0
1
2

Böckl, WillyWilly Böckl
 Austria (AUT)
1924–1928
0
2
0
2

Orser, BrianBrian Orser
 Canada (CAN)
1984–1988
0
2
0
2

Stojko, ElvisElvis Stojko
 Canada (CAN)
1994–1998
0
2
0
2

Péra, PatrickPatrick Péra
 France (FRA)
1968–1972
0
0
2
2

Candeloro, PhilippePhilippe Candeloro
 France (FRA)
1994–1998
0
0
2
2

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
1928–1936
3
0
0
3

Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
0
0
2

Albright, TenleyTenley Albright
 United States (USA)
1952–1956
1
1
0
2

Heiss, CarolCarol Heiss
 United States (USA)
1956–1960
1
1
0
2

Dijkstra, SjoukjeSjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands (NED)
1960–1964
1
1
0
2

Kim, YunaYuna Kim
 South Korea (KOR)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Altwegg, JeannetteJeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain (GBR)
1948–1952
1
0
1
2

Burger, FritziFritzi Burger
 Austria (AUT)
1928–1932
0
2
0
2

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
1924–1928
0
1
1
2

Kerrigan, NancyNancy Kerrigan
 United States (USA)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

Kwan, MichelleMichelle Kwan
 United States (USA)
1998–2002
0
1
1
2

Slutskaya, IrinaIrina Slutskaya
 Russia (RUS)
2002–2006
0
1
1
2

Chen, Lu !Chen Lu
 China (CHN)
1994–1998
0
0
2
2

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1980
3
0
0
3

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1998
2
1
0
3

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
1924–1932
2
0
1
3

Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1968
2
0
0
2

Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1976–1980
2
0
0
2

Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Russia (RUS)
1988, 1994
2
0
0
2

Jakobsson, LudowikaLudowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson, WalterWalter Jakobsson
 Finland (FIN)
1920–1924
1
1
0
2

Mishkutenok, NataliaNatalia Mishkutenok[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1994
1
1
0
2

Berezhnaya, ElenaElena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze, AntonAnton Sikharulidze
 Russia (RUS)
1998–2002
1
1
0
2

Shen, Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao, Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo
 China (CHN)
2002–2010
1
0
2
3

Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e]
 Germany (GER)
2010–2018
1
0
2
3

Kilius, MarikaMarika Kilius / Bäumler, Hans-JürgenHans-Jürgen Bäumler
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1960–1964
0
2
0
2

Johnson, PhyllisPhyllis Johnson[f]
 Great Britain (GBR)
1908–1920
0
1
1
2

Rotter, EmíliaEmília Rotter / Szollás, LászlóLászló Szollás
 Hungary (HUN)
1932–1936
0
0
2
2

Nagy, MariannaMarianna Nagy / Nagy, LászlóLászló Nagy
 Hungary (HUN)
1952–1956
0
0
2
2

Groß, ManuelaManuela Groß / Kagelmann, UweUwe Kagelmann
 East Germany (GDR)
1972–1976
0
0
2
2

Brasseur, IsabelleIsabelle Brasseur / Eisler, LloydLloyd Eisler
 Canada (CAN)
1992–1994
0
0
2
2

Szolkowy, RobinRobin Szolkowy[e]
 Germany (GER)
2010–2014
0
0
2
2

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2010–2018
2
1
0
3

Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov
 Russia (RUS)
1994–1998
2
0
0
2

Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1984–1992
1
1
1
3

Bestemianova, NataliaNatalia Bestemianova / Bukin, AndreiAndrei Bukin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1984–1988
1
1
0
2

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Torvill, JayneJayne Torvill / Dean, ChristopherChristopher Dean
 Great Britain (GBR)
1984, 1994
1
0
1
2

Anissina, MarinaMarina Anissina / Peizerat, GwendalGwendal Peizerat
 France (FRA)
1998–2002
1
0
1
2

Usova, MayaMaya Usova / Zhulin, AlexanderAlexander Zhulin
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

text: Team event[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Bobrova, EkaterinaEkaterina Bobrova / Soloviev, DmitriDmitri Soloviev
 Russia (RUS)
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
2014–2018
1
1
0
2

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2014–2018
1
1
0
2

text: Multiple events[edit]

text: Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines. All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event (which, while being a separate event, is not considered its own skating discipline).

text: Two disciplines[edit]

text: In 1908, Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics. The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936. The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics.

text: No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines.

text:
Athlete
Nation
Disciplines
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Baier, ErnstErnst Baier
 Germany (GER)
men's singles

pairs
1936
0

1
1

0
0

0
2

Syers, MadgeMadge Syers
 Great Britain (GBR)
ladies' singles

pairs
1908
1

0
0

0
0

1
2

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
ladies' singles

pairs
1924–1928

1932
0

0
1

1
1

0
3

text: One discipline plus team event[edit]

text: The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics. It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline.

text: On 9 February 2014, Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events. On 12 February 2014, Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics. Four years later, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat.

text: The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event. (Team event medals are indicated by "T" in the gold, silver, and bronze columns.)

text:
Athlete
Nation
Discipline
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
ice dancing
2010–2018
2 + 1T
1 + 1T
0
5

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
men's singles
2002–2014
1 + 1T
2
0
4

Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
2014
1 + 1T
0
0
2

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
 Canada (CAN)
men's singles
2014–2018
0 + 1T
1 + 1T
0
3

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
ice dancing
2010–2014
1
1
0 + 1T
3

Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
 Canada (CAN)
pairs
2014–2018
0 + 1T
0 + 1T
1
3

Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
 Canada (CAN)
ladies' singles
2014–2018
0 + 1T
0 + 1T
1
3

Stolbova, KseniaKsenia Stolbova / Klimov, FedorFedor Klimov
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
2014
0 + 1T
1
0
2

Zagitova, AlinaAlina Zagitova
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
ladies' singles
2018
1
0 + 1T
0
2

Ilinykh, ElenaElena Ilinykh / Katsalapov, NikitaNikita Katsalapov
 Russia (RUS)
ice dancing
2014
0 + 1T
0
1
2

Medvedeva, EvgeniaEvgenia Medvedeva
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
ladies' singles
2018
0
1 + 1T
0
2

Shibutani, MaiaMaia Shibutani / Shibutani, AlexAlex Shibutani
 United States (USA)
ice dancing
2018
0
0
1 + 1T
2

text: Summer and Winter Games[edit]

text: Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games, three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games.

text: Men's singles skater Gillis Grafström's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics. His other three medals were won at the 1924–1932 Winter Games. Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics. They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games.

text: Country records[edit]

text: Winning streak[edit]

text: From 1964 to 2006, Russian figure skaters—representing the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, or Russia—won the gold medal in the pairs event, in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event.[7]

text: Events won[edit]

text: Russian figure skaters, counting both Russian Federation (IOC code RUS) and Russian Empire (IOC code RU1), hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Since men's special figures was discontinued, this record can not be matched.

text: Russia (IOC code RUS) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events. Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events (all except men's singles). Great Britain, Unified Team, and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events.

text: Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics, at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively. No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics.

text: Podium sweeps[edit]

text: There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history. This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event.

text:
Games
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
Men's singles
 Sweden (SWE)
Ulrich Salchow
Richard Johansson
Per Thorén

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
Men's singles
 United States (USA)
Hayes Alan Jenkins
Ronnie Robertson
David Jenkins

text: Medal totals by country[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
7
3
5
15

2
 Sweden (SWE)
4
2
1
7

3
 Russia (RUS)
4
2

6

4
 Austria (AUT)
3
3
2
8

5
 Japan (JPN)
2
1
1
4

6
 Great Britain (GBR)
2

2

7
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
1
1
2
4

8
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

1

 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1

1

10
 Canada (CAN)

5
4
9

11
 Soviet Union (URS)

2
1
3

 Switzerland (SUI)

2
1
3

13
 France (FRA)

1
4
5

14
 Norway (NOR)

1
1
2

15
 East Germany (GDR)

1

1

/ Germany (GER)

1

1

17
 Belgium (BEL)

1
1

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)

1
1

 Spain (ESP)

1
1

text: Men's special figures[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russian Empire (RU1)
1

1

2
 Great Britain (GBR)

1
1
2

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
7
8
8
23

2
 East Germany (GDR)
3
1
1
5

3
 Norway (NOR)
3

3

4
 Austria (AUT)
2
4
1
7

5
 Great Britain (GBR)
2
1
3
6

6
 Canada (CAN)
1
2
3
6

7
 Japan (JPN)
1
2

3

 Netherlands (NED)
1
2

3

9
 Russia (RUS)
1
1
1
3

 Sweden (SWE)
1
1
1
3

11
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
1

2

 South Korea (KOR)
1
1

2

13
 Ukraine (UKR)
1

1

14
/ Germany (GER)

1

1

15
 China (CHN)

2
2

16
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1
1

 France (FRA)

1
1

 Italy (ITA)

1
1

 Soviet Union (URS)

1
1

 West Germany (FRG)

1
1

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
4
1
12

2
 Russia (RUS)
5
3

8

3
// Germany (GER)
4

3
7

4
 Canada (CAN)
2
2
4
8

5
 Austria (AUT)
2
2
1
5

6
 France (FRA)
2

1
3

7
 China (CHN)
1
3
2
6

8
 Finland (FIN)
1
1

2

 Unified Team (EUN)
1
1

2

10
 Belgium (BEL)
1

1

11
 United States (USA)

3
3
6

12
 United Team of Germany (EUA)

2

2

13
 Hungary (HUN)

1
4
5

14
 East Germany (GDR)

1
3
4

15
 Great Britain (GBR)

1
2
3

16
 Norway (NOR)

1

1

17
 West Germany (FRG)

1
1

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russia (RUS)
3
3
2
8

 Soviet Union (URS)
3
3
2
8

3
 Canada (CAN)
2
1
1
4

4
 United States (USA)
1
2
2
5

5
 France (FRA)
1
2
1
4

6
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

1
2

 Great Britain (GBR)
1

1
2

8
 Hungary (HUN)

1

1

9
 Italy (ITA)

1
1

 Ukraine (UKR)

1
1

text: Team event[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
1
1

2

2
 Russia (RUS)
1

1

3
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)

1

1

4
 United States (USA)

2
2


document_title: United States Attorney General

question_text: who is the present attorney general of the united states

root

text: United States Attorney General

text: History[edit]

text: Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which, besides other things, established the Office of the Attorney General. The original duties of this officer were "to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments."[3]

tag: p

text: The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the Attorney General in the discharge of their responsibilities.

text: The Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of Defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials in the United States because of the importance and age of their respective departments.[4]

text: Presidential transition[edit]

text: It is the practice for the Attorney General, along with many other public officials, to give resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day (January 20) of a new President. The Deputy Attorney General, who is also required to tender their resignation, is commonly requested to stay on and act as Attorney General pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new Attorney General.

text: For example, on the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January, 20, 2017, the tenure of the then Attorney General Loretta Lynch was brought to an end, and the Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates, who had also tendered her resignation, was asked to stay on and be Acting Attorney General until the confirmation of the new Attorney General Jeff Sessions, who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then-President-elect Donald Trump. However, Yates was dismissed by Trump on January 30, 2017[5][6] before Sessions had been confirmed. Dana Boente automatically succeeded Yates as Acting Attorney General as the next available successor in the line of succession. Boente, who was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia,[7] was the most senior Justice Department official whose resignation had not been accepted by Trump.[8][9] When Sessions was confirmed and sworn in as Attorney General on February 9, 2017, Boente became Acting Deputy Attorney General.[10][11] On March 10, 2017, Sessions oversaw the firing of 46 United States Attorneys, leaving only his acting Deputy Dana Boente and nominated Deputy Rod Rosenstein in place.[12] Rosenstein's appointment was subject to Senate confirmation. Rosenstein was confirmed on April 25, 2017 and became Deputy Attorney General on April 26, 2017, and Boente reverted to his permanent position.

text: As of May 12, 2017, 205 of the 207 senior Justice Department positions subject to presidential appointment were still awaiting nomination and then confirmation.[13] Hearings by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary of four presidential nominees are still to take place. Deputy United States Attorneys, who are career officials, were left in an acting capacity for the Attorneys.[12]

text: List of Attorneys General[edit]

text: No party (1)   Federalist (3)   Democratic-Republican (5)   Democratic (34)   Whig (4)   Republican (38)

text:
No.
Portrait
Name
State of Residence
Took office
Left office
President(s)

1

Edmund Randolph
Virginia
September 26, 1789
January 26, 1794

George Washington

2

William Bradford
Pennsylvania
January 27, 1794
August 23, 1795

3

Charles Lee
Virginia
December 10, 1795
February 19, 1801

John Adams

4

Levi Lincoln Sr.
Massachusetts
March 5, 1801
March 2, 1805

Thomas Jefferson

5

John Breckinridge
Kentucky
August 7, 1805
December 14, 1806

6

Caesar A. Rodney
Delaware
January 20, 1807
December 10, 1811

James Madison

7

William Pinkney
Maryland
December 11, 1811
February 9, 1814

8

Richard Rush
Pennsylvania
February 10, 1814
November 12, 1817

9

William Wirt
Virginia
November 13, 1817
March 4, 1829

James Monroe

John Quincy Adams

10

John M. Berrien
Georgia
March 9, 1829
July 19, 1831

Andrew Jackson

11

Roger B. Taney
Maryland
July 20, 1831
November 14, 1833

12

Benjamin Franklin Butler
New York
November 15, 1833
July 4, 1838

Martin Van Buren

13

Felix Grundy
Tennessee
July 5, 1838
January 10, 1840

14

Henry D. Gilpin
Pennsylvania
January 11, 1840
March 4, 1841

15

John J. Crittenden
Kentucky
March 5, 1841
September 12, 1841

William Henry Harrison

John Tyler

16

Hugh Swinton Legaré
South Carolina
September 13, 1841
June 30, 1843

17

John Nelson
Maryland
July 1, 1843
March 4, 1845

18

John Y. Mason
Virginia
March 5, 1845
October 16, 1846

James K. Polk

19

Nathan Clifford
Maine
October 17, 1846
March 17, 1848

20

Isaac Toucey
Connecticut
June 21, 1848
March 4, 1849

21

Reverdy Johnson
Maryland
March 8, 1849
July 21, 1850

Zachary Taylor

22

John J. Crittenden
Kentucky
July 22, 1850
March 4, 1853

Millard Fillmore

23

Caleb Cushing
Massachusetts
March 7, 1853
March 4, 1857

Franklin Pierce

24

Jeremiah S. Black
Pennsylvania
March 6, 1857
December 16, 1860

James Buchanan

25

Edwin M. Stanton
Pennsylvania
December 20, 1860
March 4, 1861

26

Edward Bates
Missouri
March 5, 1861
November 24, 1864

Abraham Lincoln

27

James Speed
Kentucky
December 2, 1864
July 22, 1866

Andrew Johnson

28

Henry Stanbery
Ohio
July 23, 1866
July 16, 1868

29

William M. Evarts
New York
July 17, 1868
March 4, 1869

30

Ebenezer R. Hoar
Massachusetts
March 5, 1869
November 22, 1870

Ulysses S. Grant

31

Amos T. Akerman
Georgia
November 23, 1870
December 13, 1871

32

George Henry Williams
Oregon
December 14, 1871
April 25, 1875

33

Edwards Pierrepont
New York
April 26, 1875
May 21, 1876

34

Alphonso Taft
Vermont
May 22, 1876
March 4, 1877

35

Charles Devens
Massachusetts
March 12, 1877
March 4, 1881

Rutherford B. Hayes

36

Wayne MacVeagh
Pennsylvania
March 5, 1881
December 15, 1881

James A. Garfield

Chester A. Arthur

37

Benjamin H. Brewster
Pennsylvania
December 16, 1881
March 4, 1885

38

Augustus H. Garland
Arkansas
March 6, 1885
March 4, 1889

Grover Cleveland

39

William H. H. Miller
Indiana
March 7, 1889
March 4, 1893

Benjamin Harrison

40

Richard Olney
Massachusetts
March 6, 1893
April 7, 1895

Grover Cleveland

41

Judson Harmon
Ohio
April 8, 1895
March 4, 1897

42

Joseph McKenna
California
March 5, 1897
January 25, 1898

William McKinley

43

John W. Griggs
New Jersey
January 25, 1898
March 29, 1901

44

Philander C. Knox
Pennsylvania
April 5, 1901
June 30, 1904

Theodore Roosevelt

45

William H. Moody
Massachusetts
July 1, 1904
December 17, 1906

46

Charles J. Bonaparte
Maryland
December 17, 1906
March 4, 1909

47

George W. Wickersham
New York
March 4, 1909
March 4, 1913

William Howard Taft

48

James C. McReynolds
Tennessee
March 5, 1913
August 29, 1914

Woodrow Wilson

49

Thomas Watt Gregory
Texas
August 29, 1914
March 4, 1919

50

Alexander Mitchell Palmer
Pennsylvania
March 5, 1919
March 4, 1921

51

Harry M. Daugherty
Ohio
March 4, 1921
April 6, 1924

Warren G. Harding

Calvin Coolidge

52

Harlan F. Stone
New York
April 7, 1924
March 1, 1925

53

John G. Sargent
Vermont
March 7, 1925
March 4, 1929

54

William D. Mitchell
Minnesota
March 4, 1929
March 4, 1933

Herbert Hoover

55

Homer Stille Cummings
Connecticut
March 4, 1933
January 1, 1939

Franklin D. Roosevelt

56

Frank Murphy
Michigan
January 2, 1939
January 18, 1940

57

Robert H. Jackson
New York
January 18, 1940
August 25, 1941

58

Francis Biddle
Pennsylvania
August 26, 1941
June 26, 1945

Harry S. Truman

59

Tom C. Clark
Texas
June 27, 1945
July 26, 1949

60

J. Howard McGrath
Rhode Island
July 27, 1949
April 3, 1952

61

James P. McGranery
Pennsylvania
April 4, 1952
January 20, 1953

62

Herbert Brownell Jr.
New York
January 21, 1953
October 23, 1957

Dwight D. Eisenhower

63

William P. Rogers
Maryland
October 23, 1957
January 20, 1961

64

Robert F. Kennedy
Massachusetts
January 20, 1961
September 3, 1964

John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson

65

Nicholas Katzenbach
Illinois
September 4, 1964[1]
January 28, 1965

January 28, 1965
November 28, 1966

66

Ramsey Clark
Texas
November 28, 1966[1]
March 10, 1967

March 10, 1967
January 20, 1969

67

John N. Mitchell
New York
January 20, 1969
February 15, 1972

Richard Nixon

68

Richard Kleindienst
Arizona
February 15, 1972
May 25, 1973

69

Elliot Richardson
Massachusetts
May 25, 1973
October 20, 1973

–

Robert Bork[3]
Acting
Pennsylvania
October 20, 1973
January 4, 1974

70

William B. Saxbe
Ohio
January 4, 1974
January 14, 1975

Gerald Ford

71

Edward H. Levi
Illinois
January 14, 1975
January 20, 1977

–

Dick Thornburgh[2]
Acting
Pennsylvania
January 20, 1977
January 26, 1977

Jimmy Carter

72

Griffin Bell
Georgia
January 26, 1977
August 16, 1979

73

Benjamin Civiletti
Maryland
August 16, 1979
January 19, 1981

74

William French Smith
California
January 23, 1981
February 25, 1985

Ronald Reagan

75

Edwin Meese
California
February 25, 1985
August 12, 1988

76

Dick Thornburgh
Pennsylvania
August 12, 1988
August 15, 1991

George H. W. Bush

77

William P. Barr
New York
August 16, 1991[1]
November 26, 1991

November 26, 1991
January 20, 1993

–

Stuart M. Gerson[4]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
January 20, 1993
March 12, 1993

Bill Clinton

78

Janet Reno
Florida
March 12, 1993
January 20, 2001

–

Eric Holder[2]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
January 20, 2001
February 2, 2001

George W. Bush

79

John Ashcroft
Missouri
February 2, 2001
February 3, 2005

80

Alberto Gonzales
Texas
February 3, 2005
September 17, 2007

–

Paul Clement[5]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
September 17, 2007
September 18, 2007

–

Peter Keisler[5]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
September 18, 2007
November 9, 2007

81

Michael Mukasey
New York
November 9, 2007
January 20, 2009

–

Mark Filip[6]
Acting
Illinois
January 20, 2009
February 3, 2009

Barack Obama

82

Eric Holder
Washington, D.C.
February 3, 2009
April 27, 2015

83

Loretta Lynch
New York
April 27, 2015
January 20, 2017

–

Sally Yates
Acting
Georgia
January 20, 2017
January 30, 2017

Donald Trump

–

Dana Boente
Acting
Virginia
January 30, 2017
February 9, 2017

84

Jeff Sessions
Alabama
February 9, 2017
Incumbent

tag: table

text: Living former U.S. Attorneys General[edit]

text: As of April 2018, there are eleven, living former US Attorneys General, the oldest being Ramsey Clark (served 1967–1969, born 1927). The most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno (served 1993–2001, born 1938) on November 7, 2016.

text:
Name
Term of office
Date of birth (and age)

Ramsey Clark
1967–1969
(1927-12-18) December 18, 1927 (age 90)

Benjamin Civiletti
1979–1981
(1935-07-17) July 17, 1935 (age 82)

Edwin Meese
1985–1988
(1931-12-02) December 2, 1931 (age 86)

Dick Thornburgh
1988–1991
(1932-07-16) July 16, 1932 (age 85)

William P. Barr
1991–1993
(1950-05-23) May 23, 1950 (age 67)

John Ashcroft
2001–2005
(1942-05-09) May 9, 1942 (age 75)

Alberto Gonzales
2005–2007
(1955-08-04) August 4, 1955 (age 62)

Michael Mukasey
2007–2009
(1941-07-28) July 28, 1941 (age 76)

Eric Holder
2009–2015
(1951-01-21) January 21, 1951 (age 67)

Loretta Lynch
2015–2017
(1959-05-21) May 21, 1959 (age 58)

text: Line of succession[edit]

text: On February 9, 2017, President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order which modified the line of succession for the Attorney General.[14] Under Executive Order 13762 signed by President Obama on January 13, 2017, before leaving office, the line of succession was:[15]

text:
United States Deputy Attorney General
United States Associate Attorney General
Other Officers potentially designated by the Attorney General (in no particular order):

Solicitor General of the United States
Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division
Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division
Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division
Assistant Attorney General, Environment and Natural Resources Division
Assistant Attorney General, Justice Management Division
Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Policy
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs

United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina
United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas[16]

tag: ol


document_title: Solar power in India

question_text: where is biggest solar plant established in india

text: Solar power in India

text: Resources[edit]

text: With about 300 clear and sunny days in a year, the calculated solar energy incidence on India's land area is about 5000 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year (or 5 EWh/yr).[21][22] The solar energy available in a single year exceeds the possible energy output of all of the fossil fuel energy reserves in India. The daily average solar-power-plant generation capacity in India is 0.20 kWh per m2 of used land area, equivalent to 1400–1800 peak (rated) capacity operating hours in a year with available, commercially-proven technology.[23][24]

text: Installations by region[edit]

text:
Installed solar PV on 31 March[25]

Year
Cumulative Capacity (in MW)

2010

161

2011

461

2012

1,205

2013

2,319

2014

2,632

2015

3,744

2016

6,763

2017

12,289

2018

21,651

text:
Growth of solar power in India[26]

State
MW as of
31-Mar-2015
MW as of
31-Mar-2016
MW as of
31-March-2017
MW as of
31-October-2017[27]

Rajasthan
942.10
1,269.93
1,812.93
2,246.48

Punjab
185.27
405.06
793.95
876.80

Uttar Pradesh
71.26
143.50
336.73
507.74

Uttarakhand
5.00
41.15
233.49
246.89

Haryana
12.80
15.39
81.40
191.44

Delhi
5.47
14.28
40.27
57.23

Jammu and Kashmir
0.00
1.36
1.36
1.36

Chandigarh
4.50
6.81
17.32
17.32

Himachal Pradesh
0.00
0.73
0.73
1.48

Northern Region

3318.18

Gujarat
1,000.05
1,119.17
1,249.37
1,291.18

Maharashtra
360.75
385.76
452.37
515.01

Chhattisgarh
7.60
93.58
128.86
128.91

Madhya Pradesh
558.58
776.37
857.04
1,139.99

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
0.00
0.00
2.97
2.97

Goa
0.00
0.00
0.71
0.71

Daman and Diu
0.00
4.00
10.46
10.46

Western Region

2701.78

Tamil Nadu
142.58
1,061.82
1,691.83
1,712.07

Andhra Pradesh
137.85
572.97
1867.23
2,138.82

Telangana
167.05
527.84
1,286.98
2,570.43

Kerala
0.03
13.05
74.20
88.20

Karnataka
77.22
145.46
1,027.84
1,492.38

Puducherry
0.20
0.20
0.08
0.08

Southern Region

5948.16

Bihar
0.00
5.10
108.52
141.52

Odisha
31.76
66.92
79.42
79.49

Jharkhand
16.00
16.19
23.27
23.37

West Bengal
7.21
7.77
26.14
33.61

Sikkim
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01

Eastern Region

237.35

Assam
0.00
0.00
11.78
11.78

Tripura
5.00
5.00
5.09
5.09

Arunachal Pradesh
0.03
0.27
0.27
4.39

Mizoram
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.10

Manipur
0.00
0.00
0.03
1.31

Meghalaya
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.06

Nagaland
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.50

North Eastern Region

17.78

Andaman and Nicobar
5.10
5.10
6.56
6.56

Lakshadweep
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75

Others
0.00
58.31
58.31
58.31

Islands and others

65.62

Total
3,743.97
6,762.85
12,288.83
15,604.76

text: Karnataka[edit]

text: Karnataka is the top solar state in India exceeding 5,000 MW installed capacity by the end of financial year 2017-18.[28] The installed capacity of Pavagada Solar Park is 600 MW and its ultimate 2,000 MW installed capacity is expected by the end of year 2020.

text: Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text: Installed photovoltaic capacity in Andhra Pradesh is more than 2049 MW as on 31 July 2017.[29][30] In 2014, the IPPs agreed with APTransCo to install 619 MW.[31] The following year, NTPC agreed with APTransCo to install the 250-MW NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project near Kadiri in Anantapur district.[32][33] In October 2017, 1000 MW was commissioned at Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park which has become the world's largest solar power plant.[34]

text: Rajasthan[edit]

text: Rajasthan is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 2,156 MW by the end of September 2017. Rajasthan was second in the country after Andhra Pradesh in installed capacity and is also home to the worlds largest Fresnel type 125 MW CSP plant at the Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park.[5][35] Jodhpur district leads the state with installed capacity of over 1,500 MW, followed by Jaisalmer and Bikaner. The only tower type solar thermal power plant (2.5 MW) in India is located in Bikaner district. The Bhadla Solar Park, with a total capacity of 2,255 MW, is being developed in four phases of which 260 MW capacity was commissioned by NTPC Limited. Total installed capacity as on September '17 in the park is 690 MW and the remaining projects expected by December 2017.

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text: Tamil Nadu was the state with the highest installed solar-power capacity in India on 21 September 2016, when the 648-MW Kamuthi Solar Power Project was dedicated. With this plant, the total installed capacity in Tamil Nadu is 1,697 MW as on 31 July 2017.[36][37] Tamil Nadu is one of the national leaders in adding solar-power capacity.[38]

text: On 1 July 2017, Solar power tariff in Tamil Nadu has hit an all-time low of Rs 3.47 per unit when bidding for 1500 MW capacity was held.[39][40] On 1 January 2018, NLC India Limited (NCIL) commissioned a new 130MW solar power project in Neyveli.[41]

text: Gujarat[edit]

text: Gujarat is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 1,262 MW by the end of July 2017. Gujarat has been a leader in solar-power generation in India due to its high solar-power potential, availability of vacant land, connectivity, transmission and distribution infrastructure and utilities. According to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP) report, these attributes are complemented by political will and investment.[full citation needed] The 2009 Solar Power of Gujarat policy framework, financing mechanism and incentives have contributed to a green investment climate in the state and targets for grid-connected solar power.[42][43]

text: The state has commissioned Asia's largest solar park near the village of Charanka in Patan district.[44] The park is generating 2 MW of its total planned capacity of 500 MW, and has been cited as an innovative and environmentally-friendly project by the Confederation of Indian Industry.[full citation needed]

text: To make Gandhinagar a solar-power city, the state government has begun a rooftop solar-power generation scheme. Under the scheme, Gujarat plans to generate 5 MW of solar power by putting solar panels on about 50 state-government buildings and 500 private buildings.

text: It also plans to generate solar power by putting solar panels along the Narmada canals. As part of this scheme, the state has commissioned the 1 MW Canal Solar Power Project on a branch of the Narmada Canal near the village of Chandrasan in Mehsana district. The pilot project is expected to stop 90,000 litres (24,000 US gal; 20,000 imp gal) of water per year from evaporating from the Narmada River.

text: Maharashtra[edit]

text: The 125-MW Sakri solar plant is the largest solar-power plant in Maharashtra. The Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust has the world's largest solar steam system. It was constructed at the Shirdi shrine at an estimated cost of ₹1.33 crore (US$200,000), ₹58.4 lakh (US$87,000) which was paid as a subsidy by the renewable-energy ministry. The system is used to cook 50,000 meals per day for pilgrims visiting the shrine, resulting in annual savings of 100,000  kg of cooking gas, and was designed to generate steam for cooking even in the absence of electricity to run the circulating pump. The project to install and commission the system was completed in seven months, and the system has a design life of 25 years.[45][46][47] The Osmanabad region in Maharashtra has abundant sunlight, and is ranked the third-best region in India in solar insolation. A 10 MW solar power plant in Osmanabad was commissioned in 2013.The total power capacity of Maharashtra is about 500 MW.

text: Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text: Madhya Pradesh is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 1,117 MW by the end of July 2017. The Welspun Solar MP project, the largest solar-power plant in the state, was built at a cost of ₹1,100 crore (US$160 million) on 305 ha (3.05 km2) of land and will supply power at ₹8.05 (12¢ US) per kWh. A 130 MW solar power plant project at Bhagwanpura, a village in Neemuch district, was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is the largest solar producer, and Welspun Energy is one of the top three companies in India's renewable-energy sector.[48] A planned 750 MW solar-power plant in Rewa district is also planned and expected to be completed in 2018. This is developing by Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Limited.[49][better source needed]

text: Kerala[edit]

text: India's largest floating solar power plant was set upon the Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad, Kerala. The 500 kW (kilowatt peak) solar plant of the Kerala state electricity board (KSEB) floats on 1.25 acres of the water surface of the reservoir. The solar plant has 1,938 solar panels which have been installed on 18 Ferro cement floaters with hollow insides.[50]

text: Electricity generation[edit]

text: Grid-connected solar electricity generation has reached nearly 2% of total utility electricity generation.[51] Solar generation meets the daytime peak load in non-monsoon months when electricity spot prices exceed the daily average price.[52]

text:
Annual solar-power generation

Year
Solar power generation (TWh)

2013-14

3.35

2014-15

4.60

2015-16

7.45

2016-17

12.09

2017-18

25.87

text:
Monthly solar-power generation in India, April 2017 - March 2018

Month
Regional solar-power generation (GWh)[53]
Total (GWh)[54]

North
West
South
East
North East

April 2017
458.76
419.26
833.47
40.16
0.99
1,752.74

May 2017
528.92
426.05
935.51
39.72
1.17
1,931.30

June 2017
489.02
399.95
871.08
36.36
0.92
1,803.35

July 2017
461.40
282.92
886.69
27.17
0.98
1,661.29

August 2017
504.42
363.99
765.21
30.43
1.17
1,660.26

September 2017
547.08
438.70
974.52
32.84
0.94
2,002.51

October 2017
608.61
456.16
1,069.60
33.31
1.11
2,186.00

November 2017
518.77
489.30
1,083.92
19.27
1.32
2,094.59

December 2017
483.35
465.63
1242.36
31.49
3.35
2,242.64

January 2018
-
-
-
-
-
2,547.77

February 2018
548.61
546.80
1,530.38
35.23
0.98
2,677.10

March 2018
685.27
703.39
1,872.31
49.26
1.29
3,311.53

Total (GWh)
-
-
-
-
-
25,871.08

text: Major photovoltaic power stations[edit]

text: Below is a list of solar power generation facilities with a capacity of at least 10 MW.

text:
Major photovoltaic (PV) power plantsshow

Plant
State
DC peak power (MW)
Commissioned

Kamuthi Solar Power Project
Tamil Nadu
648
000000002016-09-21-000021 September 2016[37]

Charanka Solar Park[55]
Gujarat
221
000000002012-04-01-0000April 2012

Welspun Solar MP project[56]
Madhya Pradesh
151
000000002014-02-01-0000February 2014

ReNew Power, Nizamabad
Telangana
143
000000002017-04-15-000015 April 2017[57]

Sakri solar plant
Maharashtra
125
000000002013-03-01-0000March 2013

NTPC solar plants[58]

110
000000002015-01-01-00002015

Green Energy Development Corporation (GEDCOL)[59]
Odisha
50
000000002014-01-01-00002014

Tata Power Solar Systems (TPS), Rajgarh[60]
Madhya Pradesh
50
000000002014-03-01-0000March 2014

Welspun Energy, Phalodhi[61]
Rajasthan
50
000000002013-03-01-0000March 2013

Jalaun Solar Power Project
Uttar Pradesh
50
000000002016-01-27-000027 January 2016

GEDCOL[62]
Odisha
48
000000002014-01-01-00002014

Bitta Solar Power Plant[63]
Gujarat
40
000000002012-01-01-0000January 2012

Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park, Pokhran[64]
Rajasthan
40
000000002012-04-01-0000April 2012

Rajasthan Photovoltaic Plant[65]
Rajasthan
35
000000002013-02-01-0000February 2013

Welspun, Bathinda[66]
Punjab
34
000000002015-08-01-0000August 2015

Moser Baer, Patan district[67]
Gujarat
30
000000002011-10-01-0000October 2011

Lalitpur Solar Power Project[68]
Uttar Pradesh
30
000000002015-01-01-00002015

Mithapur Solar Power Plant[69]
Gujarat
25
000000002012-01-25-000025 January 2012

GEDCOL[70]
Odisha
20
000000002014-01-01-00002014

Kadodiya Solar Park
Madhya Pradesh
15
000000002014-01-01-00002014

NTPC
Odisha
10
000000002014-01-01-00002014

Sunark Solar
Odisha
10
000000002011-01-01-00002011

RNS Infrastructure Limited, Pavagada
Karnataka
10
000000002016-01-01-00002016

Bolangir Solar Power Project
Odisha
10
000000002011-01-01-00002011

Azure Power, Sabarkantha[71][72]
Gujarat
10
000000002011-06-01-0000June 2011

Green Infra Solar Energy, Rajkot[73][74]
Gujarat
10
000000002011-11-01-0000November 2011

Waa Solar Power Plant, Surendranagar[75]
Gujarat
10
000000002011-12-01-0000December 2011

Sharda Construction, Latur[76]
Maharashtra
10
000000002015-06-01-0000June 2015

Ushodaya Project, Midjil
Telangana
10
000000002013-12-01-0000December 2013

text: Solar photovoltaic growth forecasts[edit]

text: In August 2016, the forecast for solar photovoltaic installations was about 4.8 GW for the calendar year. About 2.8 GW was installed in the first eight months of 2016, more than all 2015 solar installations. India's solar projects stood at about 21 GW, with about 14 GW under construction and about 7 GW to be auctioned.[77] The country's solar capacity reached 19.7 GW by the end of 2017, making it the third-largest global solar market.[78]

text: Solar PV tariff[edit]

text: The average bid in reverse auctions in April 2017 is ₹3.15 (4.7¢ US) per kWh, compared with ₹12.16 (18¢ US) per kWh in 2010, which is around 73% drop over the time window.[80][81][82] The current prices of solar PV electricity is around 18% lower than the average price for electricity generated by coal-fired plants.[7] Competitive reverse auctions, falling panel and component prices, the introduction of solar parks, lower borrowing costs and large power companies have contributed to the fall in prices. The cost of solar PV power in India, China, Brazil and 55 other emerging markets fell to about one-third of its 2010 price, making solar the cheapest form of renewable energy and cheaper than power generated from fossil fuels such as coal and gas.[83]

text: The levelized cost of solar PV electricity fell below 1.77¢ US per kWh in November 2017, cheaper than fuel cost of any pit head coal-based power plants in India.[84][85] The intermittent / non-dispatchable solar PV at the prevailing low tariffs clubbed with Pumped-heat electricity storage can offer cheapest dispatchable power round the clock on demand.

text: The Indian government has reduced the solar PV power purchase price from the maximum allowed ₹4.43 (6.6¢ US) per KWh to ₹4.00 (6.0¢ US) per KWh, reflecting the steep fall in cost of solar power-generation equipment.[86][87][88] The applicable tariff is offered after applying viability gap funding (VGF) or accelerated depreciation (AD) incentives.[89][90]

text: Solar PV generation cost fell to ₹2.97 (4.4¢ US) per kWh for the 750 MW Rewa Ultra Mega Solar power project, India's lowest electricity-generation cost.[91][92] Solar panel prices are lower than those of mirrors by unit area.[93][94]

text: In an auction of 250 MW capacity of the second phase in Bhadla solar park, South Africa's Phelan Energy Group and Avaada Power were awarded 50 MW and 100 MW of capacity respectively in May 2017 at ₹2.62 (3.9¢ US) per kilowatt hour.[95] The tariff is also lower than NTPC's average coal power tariff of ₹3.20 per kilowatt hour. SBG Cleantech, a consortium of Softbank Group, Airtel and Foxconn, was awarded the remaining 100 MW capacity at a rate of ₹2.63 (3.9¢ US) per kWh.[96][97] Few days later in a second auction for another 500 MW at the same park, solar tariff has further fallen to ₹2.44 (3.6¢ US) per kilowatt hour which are the lowest tariffs for any solar power project in India.[98] These tariffs are lower than traded prices for day time in non-monsoon period in IEX and also for meeting peak loads on daily basis by using cheaper solar PV power in pumped-storage hydroelectricity stations indicating there is no need of any power purchase agreements and any incentives for the solar PV power plants in India.[99][100][52] Solar PV power plant developers are forecasting that solar power tariff would drop to ₹1.5 (2.2¢ US) /unit in near future.[101][102]

text: The lowest solar tariff in May 2018 is Rs 2.71/kWh (without incentives) which is less than the tariff of Badla solar park (₹2.44 (3.6¢ US) per kWh with VGF incentive) after the clarification that any additional taxes are pass through cost with hike in the tariff.[103][104]

text: Solar thermal power[edit]

text: The installed capacity of commercial solar thermal power plants (non storage type) in India is 227.5 MW with 50 MW in Andhra Pradesh and 177.5 MW in Rajasthan.[105][106] Solar thermal plants with thermal storage are emerging as cheaper (US 6.1 ¢/kWh or Rs 3.97/KWh) and clean load following power plants to supply electricity round the clock.[107][108] They can cater the load demand perfectly and work as base load power plants when the extracted solar energy is found excess in a day.[109] Proper mix of solar thermal (thermal storage type) and solar PV can fully match the load fluctuations without the need of costly battery storage.[110][111]

text: The existing solar thermal power plants (non-storage type) in India which are generating costly intermittent power on daily basis, can be converted into storage type solar thermal plants to generate 3 to 4 times more baseload power at cheaper cost and not depend on government subsidies.[112]

text: Hybrid solar plants[edit]

text: Solar power, generated mainly during the daytime in the non-monsoon period, complements wind which generate power during the monsoon months in India. Solar panels can be located in the space between the towers of wind-power plants.[113] It also complements hydroelectricity, generated primarily during India's monsoon months. Solar-power plants can be installed near existing hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity, utilizing the existing power transmission infrastructure and storing the surplus secondary power generated by the solar PV plants.[114]

text: During the daytime, the additional auxiliary power consumption of a solar thermal storage power plant is nearly 10% of its rated capacity for the process of extracting solar energy in the form of thermal energy.[109] This auxiliary power requirement can be made available from cheaper solar PV plant by envisaging hybrid solar plant with a mix of solar thermal and solar PV plants at a site. Also to optimise the cost of power, generation can be from the cheaper solar PV plant (33% generation) during the daylight whereas the rest of the time in a day is from the solar thermal storage plant (67% generation from Solar power tower and parabolic trough types) for meeting 24 hours base load operation.[115] When solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days in monsoon season, it is also possible to consume (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) the cheap excess grid power when the grid frequency is above 50 hz for heating the hot molten salt to higher temperature for converting stored thermal energy in to electricity during the peak demand hours when the electricity sale price is profitable.[116][117]

text: Solar heating[edit]

text: Generating hot water or air or steam using concentrated solar reflectors, is increasing rapidly. Presently concentrated solar thermal installation base for heating applications is about 20 MWth in India and expected to grow rapidly.[118][119] Cogeneration of steam and power round the clock is also feasible with solar thermal CHP plants with storage capacity.

text: Bengaluru has the largest deployment of roof-top solar water heaters in India, generating an energy equivalent of 200 MW.[120] It is India's first city to provide a rebate of ₹50 (75¢ US) on monthly electricity bills for residents using roof-top thermal systems,[121] which are now mandatory in all new structures. Pune has also made solar water heaters mandatory in new buildings.[122]

text: Rural electrification[edit]

text: The lack of an electricity infrastructure is a hurdle to rural India's development. India's power grid is under-developed, with large groups of people still living off the grid.[123] In 2004, about 80,000 of the nation's villages still did not have electricity; of them, 18,000 could not be electrified by extending the conventional grid. A target of electrifying 5,000 such villages was set for the 2002–2007 Five-Year Plan. By 2004 more than 2,700 villages and hamlets were electrified, primarily with solar photovoltaic systems.[21] The development of inexpensive solar technology is considered a potential alternative, providing an electricity infrastructure consisting of a network of local-grid clusters with distributed electricity generation.[124] It could bypass (or relieve) expensive, long-distance, centralized power-delivery systems, bringing inexpensive electricity to large groups of people. In Rajasthan during FY2016-17, 91 villages have been electrified with a solar standalone system and over 6,200 households have received a 100W solar home-lighting system.[citation needed]

text: India has sold or distributed about 1.2 million solar home-lighting systems and 3.2 million solar lanterns, and has been ranked the top Asian market for solar off-grid products.[125][126][127][128]

text: Lamps and lighting[edit]

text: By 2012, a total of 4,600,000 solar lanterns and 861,654 solar-powered home lights were installed. Typically replacing kerosene lamps, they can be purchased for the cost of a few months' worth of kerosene with a small loan. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is offering a 30- to 40-percent subsidy of the cost of lanterns, home lights and small systems (up to 210 Wp).[129] Twenty million solar lamps are expected by 2022.[130]

text: Agricultural support[edit]

text: Solar photovoltaic water-pumping systems are used for irrigation and drinking water.[93] Most pumps are fitted with a 200–3,000 W (0.27–4.02 hp) motor powered with a 1,800 Wp PV array which can deliver about 140,000 litres (37,000 US gal) of water per day from a total hydraulic head of 10 m (33 ft). By 30 September 2006 a total of 7,068 solar photovoltaic water pumping systems were installed,[124] and 7,771 were installed by March 2012.[131] Solar driers are used to dry harvests for storage.[132] Low cost solar powered bicycles are also available to ply between fields and village for agricultural activity, etc.[133]

text: Rainwater harvesting[edit]

text: In addition to solar energy, rainwater is a major renewable resource of any area. In India, large areas are being covered by solar PV panels every year. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them and drinking-quality water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration and disinfection processes, as rainwater is very low in salinity.[134][135] Good quality water resources, closer to populated areas, are becoming a scarcity and increasingly costly for consumers. Exploitation of rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall and cloudy areas by the increased income from drinking water generation.[136]

text: Refrigeration and air conditioning[edit]

text: Thin-film solar cell panels offer better performance than crystalline silica solar panels in tropical hot and dusty places like India; there is less deterioration in conversion efficiency with increased ambient temperature, and no partial shading effect. These factors enhance the performance and reliability (fire safety) of thin-film panels.[137][138][139] Maximum solar-electricity generation during the hot hours of the day can be used for meeting residential air-conditioning requirements regardless of other load requirements, such as refrigeration, lighting, cooking and water pumping. Power generation of photovoltaic modules can be increased by 17 to 20 percent by equipping them with a tracking system.[140][141]

text: Residential electricity consumers who are paying higher slab rates more than ₹5 (7.5¢ US) per unit, can form in to local groups to install collectively roof top off-grid solar power units (without much battery storage) and replace the costly power used from the grid with the solar power as and when produced.[142] Hence power drawl from the grid which is an assured power supply without much power cuts nowadays, serves as cheaper back up source when grid power consumption is limited to lower slab rate by using solar power during the day time. The maximum power generation of solar panels during the sunny daytime is complementary with the enhanced residential electricity consumption during the hot/summer days due to higher use of cooling appliances such as fans, refrigerators, air conditioners, desert coolers, etc. It would discourage the Discoms to extract higher electricity charges selectively from its consumers.[143] There is no need of any permission from Discoms similar to DG power sets installation. Cheaper discarded batteries of electric vehicle can also be used economically to store the excess solar power generated in the daylight.[144]

text: Grid stabilisation[edit]

text: Solar-power plants equipped with battery-storage systems where net energy metering is used can feed stored electricity into the power grid when its frequency is below the rated parameter (50 Hz) and draw excess power from the grid when its frequency is above the rated parameter.[145] Excursions above and below the rated grid frequency occur about 100 times daily.[146][147] The solar-plant owner would receive nearly double the price for electricity sent into the grid compared to that consumed from the grid if a frequency-based tariff is offered to rooftop solar plants or plants dedicated to a distribution substation.[148][149] A power-purchase agreement (PPA) is not needed for solar plants with a battery storage system to serve ancillary-service operations and transmit generated electricity for captive consumption using an open-access facility.[150][151] Battery storage is popular in India, with more than 10 million households using battery backup during load shedding.[152] Battery storage systems are also used to improve the power factor.[153]

text: Battery storage is also used economically to reduce daily/monthly peak power demand for minimising the monthly demand charges from the utility to the commercial and industrial establishments.[154] Construction power tariffs are very high in India.[155] Construction power needs of long gestation mega projects can be economically met by installing solar PV plants for permanent service in the project premises with or without battery storage for minimising use of Standby generator sets or costly grid power.[156]

text: Challenges and opportunities[edit]

text: The land is scarce in India, and per-capita land availability is low. Dedication of land for the installation of solar arrays must compete with other needs. The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants is about 1 km2 (250 acres) for every 40–60 MW generated. One alternative is to use the water-surface area on canals, lakes, reservoirs, farm ponds and the sea for large solar-power plants.[157][158] These water bodies can also provide water to clean the solar panels.[159] Highways and railways may also avoid the cost of land nearer to load centres, minimising transmission-line costs by having solar plants about 10 meters above the roads or rail tracks.[160] Solar power generated by road areas may also be used for in-motion charging of electric vehicles, reducing fuel costs.[161] Highways would avoid damage from rain and summer heat, increasing comfort for commuters.[162][163][164]

text: The architecture best suited to most of India would be a set of rooftop power-generation systems connected via a local grid.[165] Such an infrastructure, which does not have the economy of scale of mass, utility-scale solar-panel deployment, needs a lower deployment price to attract individuals and family-sized households. Photovoltaics are projected to continue their cost reductions, becoming able to compete with fossil fuels.[166][167]

text: Greenpeace[21][168][169] recommends that India adopt a policy of developing solar power as a dominant component of its renewable-energy mix, since its identity as a densely-populated country[170] in the tropical belt[171][172] of the subcontinent has an ideal combination of high insolation[171] and a large potential consumer base.[173][174][175] In one scenario[169] India could make renewable resources the backbone of its economy by 2030, curtailing carbon emissions without compromising its economic-growth potential.[176] A study suggested that 100 GW of solar power could be generated through a mix of utility-scale and rooftop solar, with the realizable potential for rooftop solar between 57 and 76 GW by 2024.[177]

text: During the 2015-16 fiscal year NTPC, with 110 MW solar power installations, generated 160.8 million kWh at a capacity utilisation of 16.64 percent (1,458 kWh per kW)—more than 20 percent below the claimed norms of the solar-power industry.[58]

text: It is considered prudent to encourage solar-plant installations up to a threshold (such as 7,000 MW) by offering incentives.[178] Otherwise, substandard equipment with overrated nameplate capacity may tarnish the industry.[179][180] The purchaser, transmission agency and financial institution should require capacity utilisation and long-term performance guarantees for the equipment backed by insurance coverage in the event that the original equipment manufacturer ceases to exist.[181][182][183] Alarmed by the low quality of equipment, India issued draft quality guide lines in May 2017 to be followed by the solar plant equipment suppliers conforming to Indian standards.[184][185]

text: Government support[edit]

text: Fifty-one solar radiation resource assessment stations have been installed across India by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to create a database of solar-energy potential. Data is collected and reported to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) to create a solar atlas. In June 2015, India began a ₹40 crore (US$6.0 million) project to measure solar radiation with a spatial resolution of 3 by 3 kilometres (1.9 mi × 1.9 mi). This solar-radiation measuring network will provide the basis for the Indian solar-radiation atlas. According to National Institute of Wind Energy officials, the Solar Radiation Resource Assessment wing (121 ground stations) would measure solar radiation's three parameters—Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI)—to accurately measure a region's solar radiation.[186][187]

text: The Indian government is promoting solar energy. It announced an allocation of ₹1,000 crore (US$150 million) for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and a clean-energy fund for the 2010-11 fiscal year, an increase of ₹380 crore (US$57 million) from the previous budget. The budget encouraged private solar companies by reducing the import duty on solar panels by five percent. This is expected to reduce the cost of a rooftop solar-panel installation by 15 to 20 percent.

text: Incentives[edit]

text: At the end of July 2015, the chief incentives were:

text:
Viability Gap Funding: Under the reverse bidding process, bidders who need least viability gap funding at the reference tariff (RS 4.93 per unit in 2016) is selected.[189]. Funding was Rs 1 Crore/MW for open projects on average in 2016.
Accelerated depreciation: For profit-making enterprises installing rooftop solar systems, 40 percent of the total investment could be claimed as depreciation in the first year (decreasing taxes).
Capital subsidies were applicable to rooftop solar-power plants up to a maximum of 500 kW. The 30-percent subsidy was reduced to 15 percent.
Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs): Tradeable certificates providing financial incentives for every unit of green power generated.[190]
Net metering incentives depend on whether a net meter is installed and the utility's incentive policy. If so, financial incentives are available for the power generated.[191]
Assured Power Purchase Agreement (PPA): The power-distribution and -purchase companies owned by state and central governments guarantee the purchase of solar PV power when produced during daylight. The PPAs offer a price equal to the peaking power on demand for the solar power (secondary power or negative load) and an intermittent energy source on a daily basis.
Interstate transmission system (ISTS) charges and losses are not levied during the period of PPA for the projects commissioned before 31 March 2022.[192]

text: Solar-panel manufacturing[edit]

text: The 2016 manufacturing capacity of solar cells and solar modules in India was 1,212 MW and 5,620 MW, respectively.[193] Except for crystalline silicon wafers or cadmium telluride photovoltaics or Float-zone silicon, nearly 80 percent of solar-panel weight is flat glass.[194] One hundred to 150 tons of flat glass is used to manufacture a one-MW solar panel. Low-iron flat or float glass is manufactured from soda ash and iron-free silica. Soda-ash manufacturing from common salt is an energy-intensive process if it is not extracted from soda lakes or glasswort cultivation in alkali soil. To increase installation of photovoltaic solar-power plants, the production of flat glass and its raw materials must expand commensurately to eliminate supply constraints or future imports.[195]

text: List of top solar panel suppliers in India[edit]

text: For utility scale solar projects, top solar module suppliers in 2016-17 were: Trina Solar, JA Solar, Canadian Solar, Risen, Hanwha and GCL Poly.[196] For rooftop solar projects, international companies with the largest market share in the Indian market were: Trina Solar, Canadian Solar, Renesola, REC Solar and Jinko Solar.[197] Similarly, top Indian suppliers were: Vikram Solar, Waaree, Adani, Emmvee and Jakson.[198]


document_title: Division of Korea

question_text: when did korea break into north and south

text: Division of Korea

text: Historical background[edit]

text: Korea under Japanese rule (1910–1945)[edit]

text: When the Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905 Korea became a nominal protectorate of Japan, and was annexed by Japan in 1910. The Korean king Gojong was removed. In the following decades, nationalist and radical groups emerged, mostly in exile, to struggle for independence. Divergent in their outlooks and approaches, these groups failed to unite in one national movement.[1][2] The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition.[3]

text: End of World War II[edit]

text: In November 1943, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan's colonies, and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force. In the declaration after this conference, Korea was mentioned for the first time. The three powers declared that they were, "mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent."[4][5] Roosevelt floated the idea of a trusteeship over Korea, but did not obtain agreement from the other powers. Roosevelt raised the idea with Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Stalin did not disagree, but advocated that the period of trusteeship be short.[6][7]

text: At the Tehran Conference and the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War in two to three months after victory in Europe. On August 8, 1945, three months to the day after the end of hostilities in Europe, and two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.[8] Soviet troops advanced rapidly, and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea. On August 10, 1945 two young officers – Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel – were assigned to define an American occupation zone. Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared, they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel. They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. The two men were unaware that forty years before, Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel. Rusk later said that had he known, he "almost surely" would have chosen a different line.[9][10] The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone.[11] To the surprise of the Americans, the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division. The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 (approved on 17 August 1945) for the surrender of Japan.[12]

text: Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north-east of the country, and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan.[13] On August 24, the Red Army reached Pyongyang.[12]

text: General Abe Nobuyuki, the last Japanese Governor-General of Korea, had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand-over of power. Throughout August, Koreans organized people's committee branches for the "Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence" (CPKI, 조선건국준비위원회), headed by Lyuh Woon-hyung, a left-wing politician. On September 6, 1945, a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul and founded the short-lived People's Republic of Korea.[14][15]

text: Post-World War II[edit]

text: In December 1945, at the Moscow Conference, the Allies agreed that the Soviet Union, the US, the Republic of China, and Britain would take part in a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead-up to independence. Many Koreans demanded independence immediately; however, the Korean Communist Party, which was closely aligned with the Soviet Communist party, supported the trusteeship.[16][17]

text: A Soviet-US Joint Commission met in 1946 and 1947 to work towards a unified administration, but failed to make progress due to increasing Cold War antagonism and to Korean opposition to the trusteeship.[18] Meanwhile, the division between the two zones deepened. The difference in policy between the occupying powers led to a polarization of politics, and a transfer of population between North and South.[19] In May 1946 it was made illegal to cross the 38th parallel without a permit.[20]

text: US occupation of South Korea[edit]

text: With the American government fearing Soviet expansion, and the Japanese authorities in Korea warning of a power vacuum, the embarkation date of the US occupation force was brought forward three times.[3]

text: On September 7, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs, and Hodge landed in Incheon with his troops the next day. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, which had operated from China, sent a delegation with three interpreters to Hodge, but he refused to meet with them.[21] Likewise, Hodge refused to recognize the newly formed People's Republic of Korea and its People's Committees, and outlawed it on 12 December.[22]

text: In September 1946, thousands of laborers and peasants rose up against the military government. This uprising was quickly defeated, and failed to prevent scheduled October elections for the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly.

text: The ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee, who had been the first president of the Provisional Government and later worked as a pro-Korean lobbyist in the US, became the most prominent politician in the South. Rhee pressured the American government to abandon negotiations for a trusteeship and create an independent Republic of Korea in the south.[23] On July 19, 1947, Lyuh Woon-hyung, the last senior politician committed to left-right dialogue, was assassinated by a right-winger.[24]

text: The occupation government conducted a number of military campaigns against left-wing insurgents. Over the course of the next few years, between 30,000[25] and 100,000 people were killed.[26]

text: Soviet occupation of North Korea[edit]

text: When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang, they found a local branch of the Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence operating under the leadership of veteran nationalist Cho Man-sik.[27] The Soviet Army allowed these "People's Committees" (which were friendly to the Soviet Union) to function. Colonel-General Terentii Shtykov set up the Soviet Civil Administration, taking control of the committees and placing communists in key positions.

text: In February 1946 a provisional government called the Provisional People's Committee was formed under Kim Il-sung, who had spent the last years of the war training with Soviet troops in Manchuria. Conflicts and power struggles ensued at the top levels of government in Pyongyang as different aspirants maneuvered to gain positions of power in the new government. In March 1946 the provisional government instituted a sweeping land-reform program: land belonging to Japanese and collaborator landowners was divided and redistributed to poor farmers.[28] Organizing the many poor civilians and agricultural laborers under the people's committees, a nationwide mass campaign broke the control of the old landed classes. Landlords were allowed to keep only the same amount of land as poor civilians who had once rented their land, thereby making for a far more equal distribution of land. The North Korean land reform was achieved in a less violent way than in China or in Vietnam. Official American sources stated: "From all accounts, the former village leaders were eliminated as a political force without resort to bloodshed, but extreme care was taken to preclude their return to power."[29] The farmers responded positively; many collaborators and former landowners fled to the south, where some of them obtained positions in the new South Korean government. According to the U.S. military government, 400,000 northern Koreans went south as refugees.[30]

text: Key industries were nationalized. The economic situation was nearly as difficult in the north as it was in the south, as the Japanese had concentrated agriculture in the south and heavy industry in the north.

text: Soviet forces departed in 1948.[31]

text: UN intervention and the formation of separate governments[edit]

text: With the failure of the Joint Commission to make progress, the US brought the problem before the United Nations in September 1947. The Soviet Union opposed UN involvement. At that time, the US had more influence over the UN than the USSR.[32] The UN passed a resolution on November 14, 1947, declaring that free elections should be held, foreign troops should be withdrawn, and a UN commission for Korea, the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNTCOK), should be created. The Soviet Union boycotted the voting and did not consider the resolution to be binding, arguing that the UN could not guarantee fair elections. In the absence of Soviet co-operation, it was decided to hold UN-supervised elections in the south only.[33][34] Some UNTCOK delegates felt that the conditions in the south gave unfair advantage to right-wing candidates, but they were overruled.[35]

text: The decision to proceed with separate elections was unpopular among many Koreans, who rightly saw it as a prelude to a permanent division of the country. General strikes in protest against the decision began in February 1948.[20] In April, Jeju islanders rose up against the looming division of the country. South Korean troops were sent to repress the rebellion. Tens of thousands of islanders were killed and by one estimate, 70% of the villages were burned by the South Korean troops.[36] The uprising flared up again with the outbreak of the Korean War.[37]

text: In April 1948, a conference of organizations from the north and the south met in Pyongyang, but the conference produced no results. The southern politicians Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended the conference and boycotted the elections in the south, as did other politicians and parties.[38][39] Kim Koo was assassinated the following year.[40]

text: On May 10, 1948 the south held a general election. On August 15, the "Republic of Korea" formally took over power from the U.S. military, with Syngman Rhee as the first president. In the North, the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" was declared on September 9, with Kim Il-sung as prime minister.

text: On December 12, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the "only lawful government in Korea".[41]

text: Unrest continued in the South. In October 1948, the Yeosu–Suncheon Rebellion took place, in which some regiments rejected the suppression of the Jeju uprising and rebelled against the government.[42] In 1949, the Syngman Rhee government established the Bodo League in order to keep an eye on its political opponents. The majority of the Bodo League's members were innocent farmers and civilians who were forced into membership.[43] The registered members or their families were executed at the beginning of the Korean War. On December 24, 1949, South Korean Army massacred Mungyeong citizens who were suspected communist sympathizers or their family and affixed blame to communists.[44]

text: Korean War[edit]

text: This division of Korea, after more than a millennium of being unified, was seen as controversial and temporary by both regimes. From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25, 1950, the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border. In 1950, these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces invaded South Korea, triggering the Korean War. The United Nations intervened to protect the South, sending a US-led force. As it occupied the south, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea attempted to unify Korea under its regime, initiating the nationalisation of industry, land reform, and the restoration of the People's Committees.[45]

text: While UN intervention was conceived as restoring the border at the 38th parallel, Syngman Rhee argued that the attack of the North had obliterated the boundary. Similarly UN Commander in Chief, General Douglas MacArthur stated that he intended to unify Korea, not just drive the North Korean forces back behind the border.[46] However, the North overran 90% of the south until a counter-attack by US-led forces. As the North Korean forces were driven from the south, South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel on 1 October, and American and other UN forces followed a week later. This was despite warnings from the People's Republic of China that it would intervene if American troops crossed the parallel.[47] As it occupied the North, the Republic of Korea, in turn, attempted to unify the country under its regime, with the Korean National Police enforcing political indoctrination.[48] As US-led forces pushed into north, China unleashed a counter-attack which drove them back into the south.

text: In 1951, the front line stabilized near the 38th parallel, and both sides began to consider an armistice. Rhee, however, demanded the war continue until Korea was unified under his leadership.[49] The Communist side supported an armistice line being based on the 38th parallel, but the United Nations supported a line based on the territory held by each side, which was defensible, and this position prevailed.[50] The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create a four-kilometer-wide buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This new border, reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war, crossed the 38th parallel diagonally. Rhee refused to accept the armistice and continued to urge the reunification of the country by force.[51]

text: Despite attempts by both sides to reunify the country, the war perpetuated the division of Korea and led to a permanent alliance between South Korea and the U.S., and a permanent U.S. garrison in the South.[52]

text: Geneva Conference and NNSC[edit]

text: As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question. Despite efforts by many of the nations involved, the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea.

text: The Armistice established a Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) which was tasked to monitor the Armistice. Since 1953, members of the Swiss[53] and Swedish[54] Armed Forces have been members of the NNSC stationed near the DMZ.

text: Post-armistice relations[edit]

text: Since the war, Korea has remained divided along the DMZ. North and South have remained in a state of conflict, with the opposing regimes both claiming to be the legitimate government of the whole country. Sporadic negotiations have failed to produce lasting progress towards reunification.[55]