document_title: Burj Khalifa

question_text: when did the construction of burj khalifa start

text: Burj Khalifa

text: Development[edit]

text: Construction began on 6 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010,[2][13] and is part of the new 2 km2 (490-acre) development called Downtown Dubai at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district. The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Souffian AL-Jabiry of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as chief structural engineer.[14][15] The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea.[16] The tower's construction was done by the construction division of Al Ghurair Investment group.[17][18]

text: Conception[edit]

text: Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that would include 30,000 homes, nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, it is necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[19] The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010.[20] It was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of USD so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects.[20] In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from an economic crisis in 2007–2010, leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.[citation needed]

text: Records[edit]

text:
Tallest existing structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)
Tallest structure ever built: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)
Tallest freestanding structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)
Tallest skyscraper (to top of spire): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)
Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously the Willis (formerly Sears) Tower – 527 m or 1,729 ft)
Building with most floors: 211 (including spire) previously World Trade Center – 110[21]
Building with world's highest occupied floor: 584.5 m (1,918 ft)[22][23] (surpassed by Shanghai Tower in 2015)
World's highest elevator installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)[24]
World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[24][25]
Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[26]
World's tallest structure that includes residential space[27]
World's highest observation deck: 148th floor at 555 m (1,821 ft)[28][29] (surpassed by Shanghai Tower in 2015)
World's highest outdoor observation deck: 124th floor at 452 m (1,483 ft) [30]
World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[31]
World's highest nightclub: 144th floor[32]
World's highest restaurant (At.mosphere): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[33]
World's highest New Year display of fireworks.[34]

text: History of height increases[edit]

text: There are unconfirmed reports of several planned height increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m (1,837 ft) Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne, Australia's Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM).[35] Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the project until 2006, in late 2008 said that Burj Khalifa was designed to be 808 m (2,651 ft) tall.[36]

text: The architect who designed it, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received approval to increase it to the current height.[citation needed] It has been explicitly stated that this change did not include any added floors, which is fitting with Smith's attempts to make the crown more slender.[37] Emaar properties announced on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was delayed by upgraded finishes and would be completed only in September 2009.[38] An Emaar spokesperson said that "[t]he luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was initially conceptualised, is now being replaced by upgraded finishes. The design of the apartments has also been enhanced to make them more aesthetically attractive and functionally superior."[39] A revised completion date of 2 December 2009 was then announced.[40] However, Burj Khalifa was opened on 4 January 2010, more than a month later.[2][13]

text: Architecture and design[edit]

text: The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), who also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the One World Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan.[41][42] Proportionally, the design uses half the amount of steel used in the construction of the Empire State Building thanks to the tubular system.[41][43] Dr. Khan’s contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.[44] Its design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for The Illinois, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's Lake Point Tower. According to Marshall Strabala, a SOM architect who worked on the building's design team, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73rd floor Tower Palace Three, an all residential building in Seoul. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[36]

text: Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Ltd chosen to supervise the architecture of the project.[45] Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[46] Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify SOM's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.[45] NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on site supervision during construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the Office Annex Building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged GHD,[47] an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.

text: The design is derived from Islamic architecture.[24] As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 setbacks in a spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the sky and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimizes vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices.[10] At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[48]

text: As part of a study which reveals the unnecessary "vanity space" added to the top of the world's tallest buildings by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), it was revealed that without its 244-metre spire, the 828-metre Burj Khalifa would drop to a substantially smaller 585-metre height without any reduction in usable space. As the report states, the spire "could be a skyscraper on its own".[22]

text: The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment.[49]

text: In 2009, architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa.[50]

text: The cladding system consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins.[49] The architectural glass provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. In total the glass covers more than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft)[citation needed].

text: The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[51]

text: A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of four by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[4][52] The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[53][54] but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010.[55] The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards,[56] yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.

text: The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.[57] Floors through to 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 122nd, 123rd and 124th floor where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck is located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents from February 2010.[57][58]

text: A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed.[49] The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, the fastest rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s) for double-deck elevators. However, the world's fastest single-deck elevator still belongs to Taipei 101 at 16.83 m/s (55.2 ft/s). Engineers had considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators, but the final design calls for double-deck elevators.[27] The double-deck elevators are equipped with entertainment features such as LCD displays to serve visitors during their travel to the observation deck.[59] The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[60]

text: The graphic design identity work for Burj Khalifa is the responsibility of Brash Brands, an independent international creative branding agency based in London. Design of the global launch events, communications, and visitors centres[61] for Burj Khalifa have also been created by Brash Brands as well as the roadshow exhibition for the Armani Residences, which are part of the Armani Hotel within Burj Khalifa, which toured Milan, London, Jeddah, Moscow and Delhi.[62]

text: Plumbing systems[edit]

text: The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[24][63] An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.[63] The waste water system uses gravity to discharge water from plumbing fixtures, floor drains, mechanical equipment and storm water, to the city municipal sewer.[64]

text: Air conditioning[edit]

text: The air conditioning has been provided by Voltas. The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[65] At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb) of melting ice in one day,[63] or about 46 MW.[clarification needed] Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.[24]

text: Window cleaning[edit]

text: To wash the 24,348 windows, totaling 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 sq ft) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks which each hold a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew who use ropes to descend from the top to gain access.[66][67] Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior façade.[49][68]

text: Unmanned machines will clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne, Australia at a cost of A$8 million.[68] The contract for building the state-of-the-art machines was won by Australian company CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of Building Maintenance Units.[69]

text: Elevator System[edit]

text: The elevator operating chart of the Burj Khalifa

text:
H1-H4 (4 Hotel Passenger Elevators): G, 1, 3, 5-16, 38, 39
HS1, HS2 (2 Hotel Service Elevators): C, G, 1-39
HS3, HS4 (2 Hotel Service Elevators): B1, C, G, 1-3
HS5 (1 Hotel Service Elevator): C, G, 1-3
HR1 (1 Hotel Restaurant Passenger Elevator): C, G, 1
HF3 (1 Hotel Spa Elevator): C, G, 1, 1M, 2, 3
HB1, HB2 (2 Ballroom Elevators): C, G, 1
HP1-HP4 (4 Hotel Parking Elevators): B2, B1, C, G, 1, 3
HA1-HA3 (3 Serviced Apartment Passenger Elevators): G, 1, 3, 9-16, 18-39
R1-R3 (3 Residential Sky Lobby Shuttle Elevators): G, 43
R4-R6 (3 Residential Sky Lobby Shuttle Elevators): G, 76
R7-R9 (3 Residential Passenger Elevators): 43-72
R10-R12 (3 Residential Passenger Elevators): 76-108
RP1, RP2 (2 Residential Parking Elevators): B2, B1, C, G, 1
OB1, OB2 (2 Corporate Suite & Observatory Shuttle Elevators, Double Deck): C/G, 123/124
BO1-BO3 (3 Corporate Suite Passenger Elevators): 112-123
BO4-BO6 (3 Corporate Suite Passenger Elevators): 123-135, 139-154
OP1, OP2 (2 Corporate Suite Parking Elevators): B2, B1, G, 1
BS1/F (1 Firemen & Service Elevator): C, G, 1-40, 42-73, 75-136, 138
BS2/F (1 Service Elevator): C, G, 1-40, 42-73, 75-109, 111
BS3/F (1 Service Elevator): 138-160

text: Features[edit]

text: The Dubai Fountain[edit]

text: Outside, WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air, accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and world music. It is the world's second largest choreographed fountain.,[70] On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[71]

text: Observation deck[edit]

text: An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor. At 452 m (1,483 ft), it was the highest outdoor observation deck in the world when it opened.[72] Although it was surpassed in December 2011 by Cloud Top 488 on the Canton Tower, Guangzhou at 488 m (1,601 ft),[73] Burj Khalifa opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), once again giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014.[28][29] This was until the Shanghai Tower opened in June 2016 with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres. The 124th floor observation deck also features the electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions.[74][75][76] To manage the daily rush of sightseers, visitors are able to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time and at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.[77]

text: On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[78][79] Despite rumours of the observation deck reopening for St. Valentine's Day (14 February),[80] it remained closed until 4 April 2010.[81][82][83] During low tides and clearness, people can see the shores of Iran from the top of the skyscraper.[84]

text: Burj Khalifa park[edit]

text: Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an 11 ha (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.[85] Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis, a desert plant.[86] At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower.[87]

text: The plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (15,000,000 imp gal) annually.[87] WET Enterprises, who also developed the Dubai Fountain, developed the park's six water features.[88]

text: Floor plans[edit]

text: The following is a breakdown of floors.[49][89]

text:
Floors

Use

Dimetric projection with floors colour-coded by function[90]

160–163

Mechanical

156–159

Communication and broadcast

155

Mechanical

149–154

Corporate suites

148

The New Deck observatory

139–147

Corporate suites

136–138

Mechanical

125–135

Corporate suites

124

At the Top observatory

123

Sky lobby

122

Atmosphere restaurant

111–121

Corporate suites

109–110

Mechanical

77–108

Residential

76

Sky lobby

73–75

Mechanical

44–72

Residential

43

Sky lobby

40–42

Mechanical

38–39

Armani Hotel suites

19–37

Residential

17–18

Mechanical

9–16

Armani Residences

1–8

Armani Hotel

Ground

Armani Hotel

Concourse

Armani Hotel

B1–B2

Parking, mechanical

text: Construction[edit]

text: The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South Korea, who also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101.[91] Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE. Turner is the Project Manager on the main construction contract.[92]

text: Under UAE law, the Contractor and the Engineer of Record, Hyder Consulting (manual structural analysis professionals which used Flash Analysis authored by Allen Wright), is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.

text: The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Putzmeister created a new, super high-pressure trailer concrete pump, the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[26] Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours.[14] In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel that would surpass the 600 meters weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next fourth level, and the rest is by metal columns jacketed or covered with concreted to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[26] the 156th floor. Three tower cranes were used during construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[93] The remaining structure above is constructed of lighter steel.

text: In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the bedrock underlying the structure.[94] "Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone" was found, just metres below the surface. Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way.[95] The study described the site as part of a "seismically active area".

text: Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 short tons; 110,000 long tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre diameter x 43 m long, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[27] The foundation is designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes (500,000 short tons; 440,000 long tons). This weight is then divided by the compressive strength of concrete of which is 30 MPa which yield a 450 sq.meters of vertical normal effective area which then yield to a 12 meters by 12 meters dimensions.[96] A cathodic protection system is in place under the concrete to neutralize the groundwater and prevent corrosion.[49]

text: The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors are located approximately every 35 floors where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[49][97]

text: Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete used was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. CTLGroup, working for SOM, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building.[98]

text: The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout and is therefore less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.

text: The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Khalifa have been featured in a number of television documentaries, including the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

text: Milestones[edit]

text:
January 2004: Excavation commences.[31]
February 2004: Piling starts.[31]
21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[99]
March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[31]
June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[31]
February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors.
13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101, while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.[31][100]
21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[31][101]
12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft).
12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[31][102]
7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest man-made structure, level 160 reached.[31][103]
17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[38]
1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest man-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.[104]
17 January 2009: Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[105]
1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[106]
4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.[9]
10 March 2010 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[107]

text: Real estate values[edit]

text: In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar, chairman of the project's developer, Emaar Properties, said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m²) and the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m²).[108] He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US$1.5 billion.[3]

text: The project's completion coincided with the global financial crisis of 2007–2012, and with vast overbuilding in the country; this led to high vacancies and foreclosures.[109] With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbor Abu Dhabi. Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support.[9][110]

text: Because of the slumping demand in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.[111][112] However, over the next two and a half years, overseas investors steadily began to purchase the available apartments and office space in Burj Khalifa.[113] By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.[114]

text: Official launch ceremony[edit]

text: The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island and on smaller screens elsewhere. Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[115] In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[116]

text: The opening of Burj Khalifa was held on 4 January 2010.[117] The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[115] The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates.[118] Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.

text: A short film about Burj Khalifa and Dubai in general was followed by a fireworks and light show.[115] The first part of the show was based on a desert flower theme and included fireworks, lights, and sounds. The second segment told the story of the tower's construction using 300 projectors to generate an image of the tower. The final segment used fireworks and lights to illuminate the tower.[115]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Awards[edit]

text: In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 "Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa" award by the CTBUH.[119] On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[120] CTBUH Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture said:

text: We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more appropriate title for it.[121]

text: Besides these awards, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of following awards.[122][123]

text:
Year
Award

2012
Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI), Chicago.

2011
Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.

Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.

Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter.

Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room.

Excellence in Engineering from ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter.

Outstanding Structure Award from International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.

Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).

Decade of Design • Best of Category/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).

GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from MEED (formerly Middle East Economic Digest).

Project of the Year from MEED.

2010
International Architecture Award.

Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit.

Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards.

Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards.

International Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.

American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.

Commercial / Mixed Use Built from Cityscape.

Best Mixed Use Built Development in Cityscape Abu Dhabi.

Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from Emporis.

Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from Institution of Structural Engineers.

International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards.

Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards.

Best Structural Design of the Year from LEAF Award.

International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from National Council of Structural Engineers Associations.

Best of What's New from Popular Science Magazine.

Spark Awards, Silver Award.

Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI.

text: BASE jumping[edit]

text: The building has been used by several experienced BASE jumpers for both authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:

text:
In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, illegally infiltrated Burj Khalifa (around 650 m at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated a couple of floors below the 160th floor.[124][125]
On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.[126][127]
On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).[128][129][130]

text: Climbing[edit]

text: On 28 March 2011, Alain "Spiderman" Robert scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took six hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in free solo style, used a rope and harness for the climb.[131]

text: Fatalities[edit]

text: Within 17 months of the building's official opening, a man described as "an Asian in his mid-30s" who worked at one of the companies in the tower, died by suicide on 10 May 2011 by jumping from the 147th floor. He fell 39 floors, landing on a deck on the 108th floor. Dubai police confirmed the act as a suicide, reporting that "[they] also came to know that the man decided to commit suicide as his company refused to grant leave."[132]

text: The Daily Mail reported that on 16 November 2014, Laura Vanessa Nunes, a Portuguese national who was in Dubai on a tourist visa, fell to her death from Burj Khalifa's "At the Top" observation deck on the 148th floor.[133] However, on 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed the report made by the Daily Mail on this incident and said that this incident took place in Jumeirah Lakes Towers.[134] Coroner's report states Laura's body was found on the third floor of the Burj Khalifa[135]

text: Ramadan observance on the higher floors[edit]

text: At the higher floors of the Burj, people can still see the sun for a couple of minutes after it has set on the ground. This has led Dubai clerics to rule that those living above the 80th floor should wait 2 additional minutes to break their Ramadan fast, and those living above the 150th floor, 3 minutes.[136]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Some scenes of the 2011 American action film Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol were shot on and in the Burj Khalifa, where Tom Cruise, portraying the character of Ethan Hunt, performed many of the stunts himself.[137]
An alternate version of the Burj Khalifa appears in the 2012 video game Spec Ops: The Line.
A building that resembles the Burj Khalifa was featured in an episode of the American animated comedy series The Simpsons entitled "YOLO", which aired on 10 November 2013. The building is known to be the tallest building in Springfield, a fictional American town which is the show's setting.[138][139]
In the 2016 American science fiction film Independence Day: Resurgence, the Burj Khalifa was seen where it – along with many other structures – is being thrown into London by the aliens using their mothership's anti-gravity pull.[140]
Various other Western, Indian and Pakistani movies/ shows have been filmed, including the Amazing Race.
This building can also be seen in one of the Dubai tracks in the Wii version of Need for Speed: Nitro.
In the 2017 American disaster film Geostorm, the building is hit by a massive tsunami, which causes the antenna to fall off and the building itself to tilt at a precarious angle.

text: Fireworks displays[edit]

text:
2010–2011: Fireworks accompanied by lasers and lights were displayed from the Burj Khalifa, making it the highest New Year's Eve fireworks display in the world.[34] The theme of the 2011 New Year fireworks was the "New Year Gala", a tribute to the spirit of Dubai, which is home to over 200 nationalities. The display also marked the first anniversary of Burj Khalifa.[141]
2012–2013: The fireworks display on the Burj Khalifa – in a blaze of light and colour – engulfed the tower, synchronised and choreographed to a live performance by the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra. A window table for the New Year event was also arranged on the 122nd floor of the building at Atmosphere restaurant, at cost of Dh16,000 (US$4,300) per person.[142]
On 27 November 2013, the Burj Khalifa was illuminated with lights and a fireworks display following announcement of Dubai as the winning city to host the World Expo 2020.[143]
2013–2014: The Burj Khalifa and surrounding areas were the site of a record-breaking fireworks display as part of the UAE's New Year's Eve celebrations, with a reported 400,000 fireworks being set off continuously for six minutes.[144][145]
2014–2015: The Burj Khalifa was illuminated by a 828 m (2,717 ft) custom build LED facade which was installed on the building where light shows were displayed followed by the fireworks.[146][147][148]

text: Labour controversy[edit]

text: The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.[149][150] This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment.[151][152] On 17 June 2008, there were 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.[38] Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.[149] According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.[153][154][155] During the construction of Burj Khalifa, only one construction-related death was reported.[156] However, workplace injuries and fatalities in the UAE are "poorly documented", according to HRW.[153]

text: On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, who were upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers and construction equipment.[149] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage.[149] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[149]


document_title: Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act

question_text: violations under the real estate settlement procedures act (respa) are subject to

question_tokens: violations under the real estate settlement procedures act ( respa ) are subject to

root

text: Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act

text: History[edit]

text: RESPA was enacted in 1974 and was originally administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).  In 2011, the consumer financial protection bureau (CFPB), created under the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, assumed the enforcement and rulemaking authority over RESPA.  On December 31, 2013, the CFPB published final rules implementing provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, which direct the CFPB to publish a single, integrated disclosure for mortgage transactions, which included mortgage disclosure requirements under the truth in lending Act (TILA) and sections 4 and 5 of RESPA.  As a result, Regulation Z now houses the integrated forms, timing, and related disclosure requirements for most closed-end consumer mortgage loans.

tag: p

text: Purpose[edit]

text: It was created because various companies associated with the buying and selling of real estate, such as lenders, real estate agents, construction companies and title insurance companies were often engaging in providing undisclosed kickbacks to each other, inflating the costs of real estate transactions and obscuring price competition by facilitating bait-and-switch tactics.

text: For example, a lender advertising a home loan might have advertised the loan with a 5% interest rate, but then when one applies for the loan one is told that one must use the lender's affiliated title insurance company and pay $5,000 for the service, whereas the normal rate is $1,000. The title company would then have paid $4,000 to the lender. This was made illegal, in order to make prices for the services clear so as to allow price competition by consumer demand and to thereby drive down prices.

text: On July 21, 2011, administration and enforcement of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) was transferred from the Department of Housing and Urban Development to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).

text: General Requirements[edit]

text: RESPA outlines requirements that lenders must follow when providing mortgages that are secured by federally related mortgage loans.  This includes home purchase loans, refinancing, lender approved assumptions, property improvement loans, equity lines of credit, and reverse mortgages.

text: Under RESPA, lending institutions must:

text:
Provide certain disclosures when applicable, including a Good-Faith Estimate of Settlement Costs (GFE), Special Information Booklet, HUD-1/1A settlement statement and Mortgage Servicing Disclosures.
Provide the ability to compare the GFE to the HUD-1/1a settlement statements at closing
Follow established escrow accounting practices
Not proceed with the foreclosure process when the borrower has submitted a complete application for loss mitigation options, and
Not pay kickbacks or pay referral fees to settlement service providers (e.g., appraisers, real estate brokers/agents and title companies)

tag: ul

text: Good-Faith Estimate of Settlement Costs[edit]

text: For closed-end reverse mortgages, a lender or broker is required to provide the consumer with the standard Good Faith Estimate (GFE) form.  A Good Faith Estimate of settlement costs is a three-page document that shows estimates for the costs that the borrower will likely incur at settlement and related loan information.  It is designed to allow borrowers to shop for a mortgage loan by comparing settlement costs and loan terms.  These costs include, but are not limited to:

text:
Origination charges
Estimates for required services (e.g., appraisals, credit report fees, flood certification)
Title insurance
Per diem interest
Escrow deposits, and
Insurance premiums

text: The bank or mortgage broker must provide the GFE no later than three business days after the lender or mortgage broker received an application, or information sufficient to complete and application, the application.[1]

text: Kickbacks and Unearned Fees[edit]

text: A person may not give or receive a fee or anything of value for a referral of mortgage loan settlement business.  This includes an agreement or understanding related to a federally related mortgage.  Fees paid for mortgage-related services must be disclosed.  Additionally, no person may give or receive any portion, split, or percentage of a fee for services connected with a federally related mortgage except for services actually performed.

text: Permissible Compensation

text:
A payment to an attorney for services actually rendered;
A payment by a title company to its agent for services actually performed in the issuance of title insurance;
A payment by a lender to its duly appointed agent or contractor for services actually performed in the origination, processing, or funding of a loan;
A payment to a cooperative brokerage and referral arrangements between real estate agents and real estate brokers;
Normal promotional and education activities that are not conditioned on the referral of business, and do not involve the defraying of expenses that otherwise would be incurred by a person in a position to refer settlement services; and
An employer’s payment to its own employees for any referral activities.

text: It is the responsibility of the lender to monitor third party fees in relationship to the services rendered to ensure no illegal kickbacks or referral fees are made .

text: Borrower Requests for Information and Notifications of Errors[edit]

text: Upon receipt of a qualified written request, a mortgage servicer is required to take certain steps, each of which is subject to certain deadlines.[2] The servicer must acknowledge receipt of the request within 5 business days. The servicer then has 30 business days (from the request) to take action on the request. The servicer has to either provide a written notification that the error has been corrected, or provide a written explanation as to why the servicer believes the account is correct. Either way, the servicer has to provide the name and telephone number of a person with whom the borrower can discuss the matter. The servicer cannot provide information to any credit agency regarding any overdue payment during the 60-day period.

text: If the servicer fails to comply with the "qualified written request", the borrower is entitled to actual damages, up to $2,000 of additional damages if there is a pattern of noncompliance, costs and attorneys fees.[3]

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: However, critics say that kickbacks still occur. For example, lenders often provide captive insurance to the title insurance companies they work with, which critics say is essentially a kickback mechanism. Others counter that economically the transaction is a zero sum game, where if the kickback were forbidden, a lender would simply charge higher prices. To which others counter that the intended goal of the legislation is transparency, which it would provide if the lender must absorb the cost of the hidden kickback into the fee they charge. One of the core elements of the debate is the fact that customers overwhelmingly go with the default service providers associated with a lender or a real estate agent, even though they sign documents explicitly stating that they can choose to use any service provider.

text: There have been various proposals to modify the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. One proposal is to change the "open architecture" system currently in place, where a customer can choose to use any service provider for each service, to one where the services are bundled, but where the real estate agent or lender must pay directly for all other costs. Under this system, lenders, who have more buying power, would more aggressively seek the lowest price for real estate settlement services.

text: While both the HUD-1 and HUD-1A serve to disclose all fees, costs and charges to both the buyer and seller involved in a real estate transaction, it is not uncommon to find mistakes on the HUD.  Both buyer and seller should know how to properly read a HUD before closing a transaction and at settlement is not the ideal time to discover unnecessary charges and/or exorbitant fees as the transaction is about to be closed.  Buyers or sellers can hire an experienced professional such as a real estate agent or an attorney to protect their interests at closing.

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Regulation X Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act" (PDF). CFPB Consumer Laws and Regulations. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. March 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2016.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Jump up ^ "Recent Changes to the Law Governing Qualified Written Requests". Retrieved 2016-04-13.

Jump up ^ 12 USC 2605(f)

tag: ol


document_title: Who's a Pretty Boy?

question_text: who plays brendan in only fools and horses

text: Who's a Pretty Boy?

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Del Boy is jealous of Brendan O' Shaughnessy, an experienced painter and decorator, who sold him a tin of paint that was battleship grey instead of apple white. Del gets his opportunity for revenge by agreeing to decorate his friend Denzil's flat, much to the chagrin of Corrine, Denzil's lizard -tongued wife. To dissuade Denzil from using Brendan, Del implies that on Brendan's last job he was responsible for the house burning down while he and his crew were in the pub. Denzil immediately dismisses Brendan and chooses Del for the job.

text: The next day, Del, Rodney, and Grandad arrive at Denzil's flat and put the kettle on for a cup of tea (even though Corrine distinctly left a note telling them to stay out of the kitchen), only to fill up the kitchen with steam, leave the kettle with a big hole, and Corrine's pet canary dead. The Trotters all panic about what will happen when Corrine returns. Del takes drastic action by telling Grandad to go out and buy another canary, while Del and Rodney try to fix everything else.

text: Grandad goes to a pet shop owned by his Italian friend, Louis Lombardi, and after much communication trouble, finally manages to buy a canary from him for £45. He returns to Denzil's flat, and Corrine returns to a shock when she sees the new canary. The boys appear puzzled as to how she may have immediately realised that this was not the same bird, to which she informs them that when she awoke that morning, the canary was already dead, meaning they panicked and bought the new one for nothing. Despite this, Corrine tries to make herself a cup of coffee and floods the kitchen through the hole in the kettle, exposing the Trotters' antics. In a rage, she throws them out.

text: A few hours later, at The Nag's Head, a smug Brendan comes in gloating to the Trotters that he will be taking over the job of decorating Denzil's flat, much to the disbelief of Del who has hitherto held a certain amount of respect for Corrine in that she was not the type to broadcast things. Then, the Trotters meet the pub's new landlord, Mike Fisher, and convince him to increase the brewery's bill of £1000 for Brendan to redecorate the pub to £2,000 for Del to do the job. The new landlord appears puzzled since the first offer was cheaper for his brewery, so Del explains to him that from that money, he and Mike would take a quarter each. When Mike asks Del what would happen to the other half, Del says that the Irishman could take it and do the whole job. Mike, in the knowledge that this will cost the brewery and not him, warmly agrees.

text: Episode cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

David Jason
Derek Trotter

Nicholas Lyndhurst
Rodney Trotter

Lennard Pearce
Grandad Trotter

David Jackson
Brendan O'Shaughnessy

Michele Winstanley
Karen (Barmaid)

Paul Barber
Denzil

Eva Mottley
Corrine

Anthony Morton
Louis Lombardi (Pet Shop owner)

Kenneth MacDonald
Mike Fisher

tag: table

text: Eva Mottley, who played Corrine, made her only appearance in the series in this episode. She died of suicide by overdose on 14 February 1985. Out of respect, writer John Sullivan never killed off the character but was mentioned in many future episodes by Denzil, played by Paul Barber. The pair later separated.

text: On 15 February 2013, as part of a series of repeats, BBC One re-broadcast "Who's A Pretty Boy?" without apparent knowledge of the twenty-eighth anniversary of Eva Mottley's death being just the day before

text: Story arc[edit]

text:
Del refers to a house Brendan burnt down in the King's Avenue, which is seen five years later in "Yuppy Love", where Rodney is dropped off outside a large house in the King's Avenue, trying to impress Cassandra that it was in fact where he lived.
The character of Brendan O'Shaughnessy would not appear again, although he would be mentioned as an important off-screen character in "As One Door Closes".
Denzil is a fan of cricket, as he asks the bird to say "Viv Richards is king". Richards was a West Indian batsman.

text: Notes[edit]

text: This episode is one of only three in the entire run of the show that does not feature the Trotters' flat. The others are 'Cash And Curry' and 'The Longest Night'

text: First appearances[edit]

text:
Denzil
Mike

text: Music[edit]

text: Contemporary Orchestra : High Fly


document_title: The Crossing (TV series)

question_text: where does the crossing tv show take place

text: The Crossing (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Refugees fleeing a war seek asylum in an American town—but they claim to be from America, 180 years in the future.[3] Moreover, at least one of the refugees exhibits apparently superhuman powers that may make her a threat.[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steve Zahn as Sheriff Jude Ellis[5]
Natalie Martinez as Reece[6]
Sandrine Holt as Agent Emma Ren[7]
Tommy Bastow as Marshall
Rob Campbell as Paul[8]
Rick Gomez as Nestor Rosario
Marcuis W. Harris as Caleb
Grant Harvey as Roy Aronson[5]
Jay Karnes as Craig Lindauer[5]
Simone Kessell as Rebecca[9]
Kelley Missal as Hannah[10]
Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster[11]
Bailey Skodje as Leah[12]
John D'Leo as Will
Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin[13]

text: Production[edit]

text: Set in the fictional town of Port Canaan, Oregon and in Seattle, the series was filmed in coastal areas of British Columbia and in the city of Vancouver in 2017. The beach where the refugees arrive is near Ucluelet on Vancouver Island[14] while the sheriff's office and some other locations were filmed in and around the village of Britannia Beach, north of Vancouver.[15] The Oceanic Plaza in Vancouver was the setting for the Seattle offices of the show's Homeland Security and other scenes were filmed in and around the city. Additional shooting locations in BC were in Steveston, British Columbia and in New Westminster.[16] The first camp footage was filmed at Camp McLean. Filming in Vancouver started in July and wrapped in late-November 2017.[17]

text: On May 11, 2018, ABC canceled the show after one season.[18]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title [1]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [1]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Rob Bowman
Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie
April 2, 2018 (2018-04-02)[a]
5.40[20]

People awaken underwater in the ocean near Port Canaan, Oregon. Most drown, but 47 survivors wash ashore and are interned. Another, Reece, is picked up by commercial fishermen. Local Sheriff Jude Ellis is the first on the scene, but is soon pushed aside by FBI Agent Emma Ren of the Department of Homeland Security. The survivors all claim to have fled from 180 years in the future. Apex, a race of more evolved humans with extraordinary abilities, took over and began exterminating normal humans. Reece seeks out Jude to try to find her daughter Leah, but events reveal that she is an Apex. A survivor named Thomas insists on meeting Emma's boss, Craig Lindauer, a Homeland Security deputy undersecretary, claiming they are not the first group to come from the future, but is horrified when he recognizes Lindauer as one of them.

2
"A Shadow Out of Time"
David Von Ancken
Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie
April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)
4.48[21]

In a flash-forward to the year 2187, Apex agent Reece finds Leah, an orphaned normal human baby, and secretly raises her. When this is finally discovered, she shoots her superiors and flees. In the present day, Jude tries to arrange a peaceful meeting between Reece and Emma, but Emma informs Lindauer, who instead dispatches a heavily armed team to capture Reece. She is shot, but escapes. Meanwhile, Leah shows symptoms of the incurable disease engineered by Apex to wipe out the rest of humanity.

3
"Pax Americana"
Ken Girotti
Michael Narducci
April 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)
4.09[22]

A wounded Reece neutralizes her pursuers, then kidnaps Jude's son Oliver. Survivor Hannah sneaks out of the guarded refugee camp and meets Marshall, a troubled young man, in Port Canaan. Somehow, Marshall's photo is in her now-lost locket. Lindauer assigns virologist Dr. Sophie Forbin to study Leah's disease. Meanwhile, Emma discovers unsettling information which makes her question Lindauer's motives.

4
"The Face of Oblivion"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Evan Bleiweiss
April 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)
4.08[23]

After Reece offers to trade Oliver for Leah, Jude reaches out to Emma, but Leah is very ill and in quarantine. Sophie volunteers to explain the situation to Reece. Meanwhile, Hannah's secret past comes to light; she was forced to collaborate with Apex. Survivor Paul wants to try to locate his wife, part of the earlier migration. When Emma visits the woman, she discovers something that costs her her life.

5
"Ten Years Gone"
Jeffrey Hunt
Rebecca Sonnenshine
April 30, 2018 (2018-04-30)
3.62[24]

Flashbacks reveal the coming of the "First Arrivals" inadvertently caused a car accident that killed Marshall's mother. The earlier time travelers tried to change history and prevent Apex from coming into existence by secretly assassinating 27 key people. However, the appearance of the second group shows they failed. Their leader, Paul's wife, decides much more drastic measures are needed. Jude investigates Emma's mysterious disappearance, and Sophie risks her career to save Leah's life.

6
"LKA"
Hanelle M. Culpepper
Vivian Tse
May 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)
3.67[25]

Jude seeks assistance from a former colleague in Oakland. He receives information that makes him suspicious of Lindauer. Minutes later, Lindauer calls and offers to meet privately with him. Lindauer fires Sophie, derailing her plan to reunite Reece with Leah. She later blacks out and wakes up very ill in a hospital bed. Survivor Caleb sends photographs of the situation at the camp to Marshall, who uploads them to conspiracy websites. Jude arrests Lindauer as he is on his way to the rendezvous.

7
"Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream"
Alrick Riley
Deirdre Mangan
May 14, 2018 (2018-05-14)
3.53[26]

Mayor Vanessa Conway pressures Jude into releasing Lindauer. When Jude tells her about the refugees, Lindauer agrees to let them spend a day in town, under supervision. Leah and Hannah are among the first group given the privilege. To Roy's dismay, Hannah spends the day with Marshall. Anticipating Reece will come for her child, Jude removes Leah's tracking bracelet. However, there is a second tracker hidden inside Leah's doll, and Reece is captured. At the camp, a woman finally regains consciousness; she covers the walls of her cabin with Apex writing.

8
"The Long Morrow"
David Boyd
Sabir Pirzada
May 28, 2018 (2018-05-28)
2.53[27]

Emma's body is found on the camp grounds. When the murder weapon is found among Paul's possessions, he is taken into custody, but that is just a ploy to reunite him with his wife. She gets him to make a video supporting the story that he and the others are members of a cult who tried to commit mass suicide. Lindauer rehires Sophie to do research using the captive Reece. Naomi, the formerly comatose woman, believes she is a prophet, and gains her first convert in Rebecca, Caleb's wife, who is still grieving over the loss of their daughter Rachel, taken by Apex because of some special ability.

9
"Hope Smiles from the Threshold"
P. J. Pesce
Matt Olmstead
June 4, 2018 (2018-06-04)
2.92[28]

The First Arrivals' attempts to maintain their secrecy begin to unravel. Jude questions a woman who was picked up near the camp and has no identification; she eventually admits that she is Diana, one of the key people who operated the time machine and the one who sent the First Arrivals. She washed ashore far enough away that she escaped the initial roundup. She identifies Lindauer and Eve, Paul's wife, as First Arrivals. Meanwhile, Paul warns Jude by telephone that the refugees may be in mortal danger. Naomi tries to recruit Agent Foster, but when that fails, suborns another agent into helping her and five converts, including Rebecca, escape. The agent shoots Foster when he tries to stop them. Lindauer is revealed to have a daughter named Rachel who, like Naomi, bears a brand signifying she was an Apex slave.

10
"The Androcles Option"
Alex Zakrzewski
Michael Narducci & Rebecca Sonnenshine
June 9, 2018 (2018-06-09)
2.09[29]

After Foster's death, Lindauer is ordered to move everyone at the camp to high-security detention facilities. Eve plans to kill them all first with a toxin, under the guise of an inoculation. Leah is returned to the camp. Marshall gets himself arrested to pass a message via Roy to Caleb; he needs to prepare the refugees to escape. Eve introduces Paul to their ten-year-old son Aaron; she was pregnant when she left. She then kills Paul with the toxin for calling Jude. Questioning Caleb about Rebecca's involvement with Naomi, Lindauer realizes his daughter is Caleb and Rebecca's child. When Diana finds out her wife Grace escaped with Naomi, she departs to search for her, but first completes a device they need to cover the refugees' tracks. Reece frees herself before Sophie and Jude arrive to rescue her. Reece later destroys what she thinks is Sophie's Apex-derived possible cure, but Sophie, with only days to live, later takes it, risking a 93% chance of death, and passes out.

11
"These are the Names"
David Von Ancken
Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie
June 9, 2018 (2018-06-09)
2.10[29]

Nestor gets Marshall released, at the same time helping Reece sneak into the camp to take out the guards. That night, Roy turns off the power to the electrified fence, but is caught by Doyle, the First Arrivals' resident killer and Lindauer's FBI liaison. The prisoners escape, but Jude is caught bringing Diana's device into the camp. Horrified that Eve has become as ruthless as Apex, Lindauer kills Doyle and lets Jude and Roy go, then goes into hiding himself. Diana's device destroys all electronic records of the refugees. Two weeks later, Jude denies knowing anything to a government investigating task force. He also supplies the escapees with false identities. Caleb reunites with Rachel, now a university student. Before leaving, Leah tells Jude his surname was written repeatedly on Naomi's cabin walls. Eve sends someone to kill Sophie, but she awakens with Apex capabilities and kills the assassin, then leaves the hospital.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 69% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10.[30] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[31]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
April 2, 2018
0.9/3
5.40[20]
0.7
2.97
1.6
8.37[32]

2
"A Shadow Out of Time"
April 9, 2018
0.8/3
4.48[21]
0.6
2.80
1.4
7.28[33]

3
"Pax Americana"
April 16, 2018
0.7/3
4.09[22]
N/A
2.31
N/A
6.40[34]

4
"The Face of Oblivion"
April 23, 2018
0.7/3
4.08[23]
N/A
2.07
N/A
6.16[35]

5
"Ten Years Gone"
April 30, 2018
0.5/2
3.62[24]
0.5
2.10
1.0
5.72[36]

6
"LKA"
May 7, 2018
0.5/2
3.67[25]
0.4
N/A
0.9[37]
N/A

7
"Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream"
May 14, 2018
0.5/2
3.53[26]
0.4
1.85
0.9
5.38[38]

8
"The Long Morrow"
May 28, 2018
0.4/2
2.53[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Hope Smiles from the Threshold"
June 4, 2018
0.6/3
2.92[28]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"The Androcles Option"
June 9, 2018
0.3/1
2.09[29]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11
"These are the Names"
June 9, 2018
0.3/1
2.10[29]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Three-point field goal

question_text: when was the 3 point line introduced in the nba

text: Three-point field goal

text: History[edit]

text: The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.

text: The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. Then commissioner of the ABA George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).

text: In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.

text: The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).

text: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13]

text: During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[14]

text: In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[15]

text: Rule specifications[edit]

text: A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

text:
Arc radius
Minimum distance from sidelines

National Basketball Association
23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m)
3 feet (0.91 m)
[16]

FIBA (also used by WNBA)
6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in)
0.90 meters (2 ft 11 in)
[17]

National Collegiate Athletic Association
20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m)
4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m)
[18]

American High school basketball
19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m)
5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m)
[19]

text: A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

text: An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[20] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

text: If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.

text: In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

text: During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

text: The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[21]

text: The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.


document_title: The Ranch (TV series)

question_text: who plays bill the banker on the ranch

question_tokens: who plays bill the banker on the ranch

text: The Ranch (TV series)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett, a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen-year absence for a tryout, but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch. Colt is frequently the butt of jokes from his father and brother, particularly when it comes to his ranching skills (or lack thereof) and his disappointing pro football career. He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense, but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others. Based on his various T-shirts and dialogue throughout the first season, it's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons, San Jose SaberCats, Spokane Shock, Orlando Predators, Nebraska Danger, Iowa Barnstormers, Green Bay Blizzard, Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul. Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada, notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ("Like the Miami Heat... only cold") and Alaska, as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills. He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999.
Danny Masterson as Jameson “Rooster” Bennett, Colt's older brother. He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career, at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him. Despite living in Colt's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker. He has, however, been just as irresponsible as Colt, drinking too much and sleeping around. (seasons 1–3)
Debra Winger as Margaret "Maggie" Bennett, owner of Maggie's, and Colt and Rooster's mother. Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns. Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau, her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems, especially those concerning their father. Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker.
Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail "Abby" Phillips, a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt's high school and current girlfriend. Abby was in a five-year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him, but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt. (recurring, season 1; main cast, season 2–present)
Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett, Maggie's ex-husband, and Colt and Rooster's father. A Vietnam War veteran, he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died. Beau is a conservative republican. Beau is difficult to get along with, perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything. He has an estrange relationship with Rooster and Colt. He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons' antics. Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers, a hearing-impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau's
Grady Lee Richmond as Hank, a regular Maggie's patron
Bret Harrison as Kenneth "Kenny" Ballard, a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby's ex-fiancé
Megyn Price as Mary Roth, a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster's older girlfriend
Kelli Goss as Heather Roth, Mary's younger daughter and Colt's ex-girlfriend, was pregnant with their child.
Molly McCook as Darlene Roth, Mary's older daughter
Kathy Baker as Joanne, a Cracker Barrel waitress, Mary's friend, and potential new love interest for Beau
Ethan Suplee as "Beer Pong Billy" Tompkins, a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster's
Aimee Teegarden as Nikki, Heather's friend and Billy's fiancée
Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers, a sexy weather reporter and Kenny's current girlfriend
Laura Vallejo as Maria, a Maggie's waitress
Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders, a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated
Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer, who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest.

text: Special Guests[edit]

text:
Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen, a loan officer and former high school football referee
Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto, a former Iron River ranch hand, former employee of Neumann's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch. He is Rooster and Colt's friend. Currently deported.
Martin Mull as Jerry, Maggie's sometimes acid-tripping attorney
John Amos as Ed Bishop, a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann's Hill employee
Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald, the Garrison High School head football coach
Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips, Abby's mother (Season 2)
Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips, Abby's father, who like Janice is disdainful of Abby's relationship with Colt (Season 2)
Conchata Ferrell as Shirley (Season 2)
Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint, a traveling musician attracted to Maggie (Season 2)
Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson, neighbor of the Iron River Ranch (Season 2)

text: Cameos[edit]

text:
Joe Firstman
Pearl Charles
Kurt Neumann
Bukka Allen
Sam Hawksley
Thomas Rhett

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
20
10
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

10
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

2
20
10
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

10
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

Part 1

1
1
"Back Where I Come From"
David Trainer
Don Reo & Jim Patterson
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

When Colt Bennett returns home from Canada to try out for a semipro Denver team, he learns that his family's ranch has fallen on hard times.

2
2
"Some People Change"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

Colt runs into an ex at Maggie's bar and reminisces with Rooster over a bottle of whiskey. Getting back in Beau's good graces is a losing battle.

3
3
"The Boys of Fall"
David Trainer
Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty
Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

When his inflated ego lands him in hot water, Colt realizes he's not the big man on campus anymore. Beau's doctor makes him trade in steak for salad.

4
4
"Got a Little Crazy"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

Colt smooths things over with Abby. When Maggie drags Beau to the Marriott for a romantic evening, the guys have some fun back at the house.

5
5
"American Kids"
David Trainer
Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

Rooster and Colt's long-simmering rivalry comes to a head on the first day of hunting season. But their bickering has an upside for Beau and Maggie.

6
6
"Better as a Memory"
David Trainer
Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell
Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

Abby gets a taste of her own medicine after a hazy night of drinking. Beau warms to the idea of mending fences with Maggie.

7
7
"I Can't Go There"
David Trainer
Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

Colt figures out what he wants from Heather. A sick calf gives Beau an excuse to avoid dealing with his feelings -- and creates some unexpected bonds.

8
8
"Til It's Gone"
David Trainer
Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff
Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

The ranch's dwindling finances drive a wedge between Beau and the boys, and Colt goes behind his father's back to ask Maggie for help.

9
9
"There Goes My Life"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

Heather sets up Rooster with her sister, but Colt's afraid he'll ruin a good thing. Maggie and Beau air their dirty laundry at marriage counseling.

10
10
"Down the Road"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)

Colt and Rooster worry when Beau has a change of heart about the calves. But that's just the beginning of the surprises that await the Bennett clan.

Part 2

11
1
"Gone as a Girl Can Get"
David Trainer
Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell
Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

An angry Beau clears Maggie's things out of the house. Colt tries to sort out his feelings for Abby and Heather.

12
2
"Living and Living Well"
David Trainer
Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

Colt struggles to keep his relationship with Abby under wraps. The boys make a big purchase and try to sell Beau on a business opportunity.

13
3
"Sittin' on the Fence"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell
Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

Beau's depressed over Maggie, so Mary tries to fix him up with a friend. Colt wonders when Abby's going to follow through on her promise.

14
4
"Let's Fall to Pieces Together"
David Trainer
Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

While Rooster tries to broker peace between Beau and Maggie, Colt apologizes to Heather -- but his timing couldn't be worse.

15
5
"I Know She Still Loves Me"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

Beau and Maggie come to a decision about their relationship, but they don't see eye to eye on the ranch. The boys take Kenny out drinking.

16
6
"Easy Come, Easy Go"
David Trainer
Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

Rooster and Colt try to prove themselves to Beau, but he doesn't have much faith in them. Colt gets jealous when he sees Abby and Kenny together.

17
7
"I've Come to Expect It from You"
David Trainer
Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer
Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

Colt plans a special date with Abby. Rooster vents his frustrations to Maggie, while Joanne gives Beau some sage advice.

18
8
"The Cowboy Rides Away"
David Trainer
Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty
Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

Beau tries to make amends with the boys, but it may be too little, too late. A job offer drives a wedge between Rooster and Colt.

19
9
"Leavin's Been Comin' (For a Long, Long Time)"
David Trainer
Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins
Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

Maggie stands up for Rooster when Beau kicks him out of the house. Meanwhile, Colt is torn between his brother and his father.

20
10
"Merry Christmas (Wherever You Are)"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)

Colt realizes what he wants for his future, Beau and Maggie find some closure, and the gang celebrates Christmas at the bar.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

Part 3

21
1
"My Next Thirty Years"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

After Heather drops a bombshell, a visit from Abby's parents is the last thing Colt needs -- and they all end up at church together on Christmas Eve.

22
2
"Things Change"
David Trainer
Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell
Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

Heather makes a decision about the pregnancy. Mary reads Rooster the riot act for keeping it a secret, and Colt struggles with how to tell Abby.

23
3
"Take Me Away from Here"
David Trainer
Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty
Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

After a heart-to-heart with Maggie, Colt steps up and supports Heather. Meanwhile, the tension between Rooster and Beau takes a toll on Maggie.

24
4
"She'll Have You Back"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

Abby agrees to give Colt a chance, but her father isn't as forgiving. Beau and Rooster go to a cattle auction. Maggie thinks about selling the bar.

25
5
"My Best Friend"
David Trainer
Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha
Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

The guys wind up in hot water after an ice fishing trip. Beau takes Brenda out to dinner, but Maggie's not far from his mind.

26
6
"Find Out Who Your Friends Are"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell
Teleplay by : Max Williger
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

Emotions run high when Abby and Heather fight, leaving Colt caught in the middle. Rooster faces the consequences of blowing off work.

27
7
"One of Those Nights"
David Trainer
Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

During a snowstorm, Colt and Abby head out of town, Beau and Joanne get cozy at the ranch, and Maggie meets a charming stranger.

28
8
"I Didn't Ask and She Didn't Say"
David Trainer
Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein
Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

Colt gets possessive when Heather starts dating a teacher. Abby gives Beau relationship advice. Maggie has a business proposition for Rooster.

29
9
"Last Dollar (Fly Away)"
David Trainer
Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

As Heather's medical bills roll in, Colt realizes how expensive it is having a baby. A surprise visitor at the bar sweeps Maggie off her feet.

30
10
"Can't Really Be Gone"
David Trainer
Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell
Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

Colt's new responsibilities keep him away from Abby. After a memorable night, Maggie ponders what she wants for her future.

Part 4

31
1
"Learning to Live Again"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Colt wants to buy Sam Peterson's ranch -- with or without his family's blessing. Colt and Heather have a heart-to-heart about their loss.

32
2
"Wrapped Up in You"
David Trainer
Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Wondering if he's ready to marry Abby, Colt seeks romantic advice from an unlikely source: Beau. Rooster hires a flaky new waitress.

33
3
"Rodeo and Juliet"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle
Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Beau ponders a lucrative business offer. Rooster runs afoul of the liquor board. Colt tries to make peace with Abby's Dad.

34
4
"Much Too Young (To Feel this Old)"
David Trainer
Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross
Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Colt and Abby start planning their wedding, but they don't see eye to eye. Joanne confesses she still has feelings for Beau.

35
5
"More Than a Memory"
David Trainer
Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff
Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Abby moves in with Colt and Beau when she learns she's losing her job. Rooster and Jen the engineer bond over getting dumped.

36
6
"When You Come Back to Me Again"
David Trainer
Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Back in town, Maggie frets about how Rooster's been running the bar. Abby considers a career change.

37
7
"Do What You Gotta Do"
David Trainer
Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

A job opportunity in Denver threatens to drive a wedge between Colt and Abby. Maggie pushes back about the pipeline.

38
8
"Big Money"
David Trainer
Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty
Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Maggie takes a stand that lands her in hot water. Colt and Rooster come up with a plan to buy the Peterson ranch, but they need Beau's buy-in.

39
9
"Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up)"
David Trainer
Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle
Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Beau shrugs off the doctor's orders and resists the family's efforts to help him. Meanwhile, Colt lashes out at Maggie.

40
10
"If Tomorrow Never Comes"
David Trainer
Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson
Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)

Beau leaves the boys hanging about the Peterson ranch. Rooster takes Jen on a date. Colt and Abby fight about their future.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Ranch has been met with mixed, but generally positive, reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an average approval rating of 70% (60% for season 1, 80% for season 2) based on 92 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/5. The site's critical consensus reads, "A formulaic set-up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch's surprising sensitivity and strong performances."[14] Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[15]

text: Writing for Slate in a positive review, television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show, "The Ranch is a red-state sitcom, though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado, and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation" and "The goodness sneaks up on you."[16] Los Angeles Times wrote: "[Elliott and Winger's] scenes together, as restrained as they are, are the show's most emotionally resonant. You will want to check them out."[17]