document_title: List of aircraft carriers

question_text: who has the most aircraft carriers in the world

question_tokens: who has the most aircraft carriers in the world

root

text: List of aircraft carriers

text: Numbers of aircraft carriers by country[edit]

text:
Number of fleet aircraft carriers by operating nation

Country

In service

In reserve

Decommissioned

Under construction

Never completed

TOTAL

 Argentina
0
0
2
0
0
 2

 Australia
0
0
3
0
0
 3

 Brazil
1
0
2
0
0
 3

 Canada
0
0
3
0
0
 3

 China
1
0
0
2
0
 3

 France
1
0
7
0
7
 15

 Germany
0
0
0
0
7
 7

 India
1
0
2
1
0
 4

 Italy
2
0
0
1
2
 5

 Japan
0
0
4
0
4
 8

 Netherlands
0
0
4
0
0
 4

 Russia
1
0
1
1
2
 5

 Spain
0
0
3
0
1
 4

 Turkey
0
0
0
1
0
 1

 Thailand
1
0
0
0
0
1

 United Kingdom
1
0
40
1
12
 54

 United States
11
0
55
2
12
 80

TOTAL
 21
 0
 126
 8
 47
202

tag: table

text: List of countries which have operated aircraft carriers[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: Retired:

tag: p

text:
Light carriers:
ARA Independencia (V-1):  Colossus class light carrier in service from 1959 to 1969; scrapped 1971
ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (V-2):  Colossus class light carrier in service from 1969 to 1999; scrapped 1999

tag: ul

text: Australia[edit]

text: Retired:

text:
Light Fleet Carriers:
HMAS Sydney: Majestic class carrier in service from 1948 to 1958. Later recommissioned as troop transport
HMAS Melbourne:  Majestic class carrier in service from 1955 to 1982
HMAS Vengeance:  Colossus class light carrier on loan from Royal Navy from 1952 to 1955

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Retired:

text:
Fleet carrier:
São Paulo: Clemenceau class carrier in service between 2000-2017. Former name as carrier of the French Navy: Foch

text:
Light carrier:
Minas Gerais:  Colossus class carrier in service from 1960 to 2001

text: Canada[edit]

text: Retired:

text:
Light carriers:
HMCS Warrior:  Colossus class light carrier in service from 1946 to 1948; returned to Royal Navy and sold to Argentine Navy as ARA Independencia (V-1); carrier in service from 1959 to 1969; scrapped 1971
HMCS Magnificent:  Majestic class carrier in service from 1946 to 1956; return to Royal Navy and stricken; scrapped in Scotland in 1965
HMCS Bonaventure :  Majestic class carrier in service from 1957 to 1970; ordered by Royal Navy, but sold as HMS Powerful and delivered to Royal Canadian Navy; retired by the Canadian Armed Forces and broken up in Taiwan 1971

text: China[edit]

text: Active:

text: Liaoning:  never completed ex-Soviet Navy carrier sold to China by Ukraine being refitted in Dalian as Type 001. Handed on to PLAN on 23 September 2012 and entered active service on 25 September 2012.[1]

text: Under construction:[2]

text:
Type 001A: under construction since 2013, launched on 26 April 2017 at Dalian Shipyard, now being fitted out.[3]
Type 002: under construction since 2015 in Shanghai.

text: Planned:

text: Type 003: a planned nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.

text: France[edit]

text: Active:

text: Charles de Gaulle: aircraft carrier in service since 2001

text: Retired:

text:
Béarn: converted Normandie-class battleship in service from 1927 to 1948
Dixmude: Avenger-class escort carrier, ex-HMS Biter, in service from 1945 to 1951
Arromanches:  Colossus class light aircraft carrier in service from 1946 to 1974
Independence class
La Fayette: light aircraft carrier in service from 1951 to 1963
Bois Belleau: light aircraft carrier in service from 1953 to 1960
Clemenceau class
Clemenceau: aircraft carrier in service from 1961 to 1997
Foch: aircraft carrier in service from 1963 to 2000. Refitted, sold to Brazil and renamed São Paulo

text: Never completed:

text:
Engageante: Friponne class sloop planned for conversion but not completed[citation needed]
Conquerante: Valliante class sloop planned for conversion but not completed[citation needed]
Joffre class
Joffre: carrier construction cancelled in 1940
Painlevé: carrier plan cancelled in 1940
Verdun: attack carrier development cancelled in 1961
PH 75: projected two nuclear powered helicopter carrier program during the 1970s
Bretagne: STOVL aircraft carrier
Provence: STOVL aircraft carrier
PA 2: modified version of Thales UK/BMT design for the future British Queen Elizabeth class (formerly CVF).

text: Germany[edit]

text: Never completed:

text:
German aircraft carrier I  – planned conversion of passenger ship from German shipyard to aircraft carrier. Cancelled in 1918.
Graf Zeppelin: Graf Zeppelin class carrier. Launched but not completed. Construction work stopped in 1943.
Flugzeugträger B:  Graf Zeppelin class carrier cancelled partly constructed in 1939.
Seydlitz: conversion of part-built Admiral Hipper class cruiser. Work stopped in 1943 and not resumed.
German aircraft carrier I: conversion of the transport ship Europa cancelled at design stage in November 1942 due to insurmountable problems.

text: The two planned Italian carriers Aquila and Sparviero were seized by the Germans after the Italian Armistice but not completed.

text: India[edit]

text: Active:

text: INS Vikramaditya: 45,400 tons, Modified Kiev class carrier (ex-Admiral Gorshkov), in service with India since 2013.

text: Under construction:

text: INS Vikrant: 44,000 tons, Vikrant class carrier. It has been built at Cochin Shipyard and has been launched, and is expected to enter service in 2018.[4][5]

text: Planned:

text: INS Vishal: 65,000 tons, Vikrant-class carrier. Yet to start, planned to enter service in 2025. It will not be nuclear powered.[6]

text: Retired:

text:
INS Vikrant: 19,500 tons, Majestic-class carrier, (ex-HMS Hercules), in service from 1961 to 1997, used as a  museum until 2012, scrapped 2014-2015.
INS Viraat: 28,700 tons, Centaur class carrier (ex-HMS Hermes) in service from 1987 to 2016. Decommissioned on 6 March 2017.

text: Italy[edit]

text: Active:

text:
Cavour (2008) – current fleet flagship.
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1985) – active.

text: Under construction:

text: Trieste : 32,300 tons carrier. Construction began in 2017  at Fincantieri Shipyard  and is expected to enter service in 2022.[7]

text: Never completed:

text:
Sparviero (1927) (converted liner Augustus, not completed as carrier) – Sunk 5 October 1944
Aquila (1926) (converted liner Roma) – BU 1951–1952

text: Japan[edit]

text: Retired:

text:
Hōshō (1921) – decommissioned 1946 and scrapped 1946
Kaiyo (1943) – decommissioned 1945 and scrapped 1946

text: Sunk:

text:
Kaga (1921) – sunk, Battle of Midway, June 1942
Akagi (1925) – sunk, Battle of Midway, June 1942
Ryūjō (1931) – sunk, Battle of the Eastern Solomons, August 1942
Ryūhō (1933) – damaged at Kure by U.S. air raid March 1945 and scrapped postwar
Sōryū class
Sōryū (1935) – sunk, Battle of Midway, June 1942
Hiryū (1937) – sunk, Battle of Midway, June 1942
Zuihō class
Shōhō (1935) – sunk, Battle of the Coral Sea, May 1942
Zuihō (1936) – sunk, Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 1944
Chitose class
Chitose (1936) – seaplane tender from 1934 to 1942, rebuilt as light carrier and sunk at Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944
Chiyoda (1937) – sunk at Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 1944
Shōkaku class
Shōkaku (1939) – sunk by U.S. submarine USS Cavalla (SS-244), Battle of Philippine Sea, June 1944
Zuikaku (1939) – sunk, Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 1944
Hiyō class
Junyō (1939) – damaged during Battle of Philippine Sea, June 1944. Never repaired; scrapped postwar.
Hiyō (1939) – sunk, Battle of Philippine Sea, June 1944
Taihō (1943) – sunk, Battle of Philippine Sea, June 1944
Unryū class
Amagi (1943) – used as anti-aircraft platform and sunk in July 1945
Unryū (1943) – sunk by U.S. submarine Redfish, December 1944
Katsuragi (1944) – used as transport to repatriate Japanese troops postwar and then scrapped
Shinano (1944) – sunk by U.S. submarine Archerfish, November 1944
Mizuho (1939) – sunk by U.S. submarine USS Drum, 1 May 1942.

text: Only Hōshō, Junyō, Katsuragi and Ryuho survived the war and these were scrapped by 1948.

text: Never completed:

text:
Unryū class
Aso 4th unit of Unryū class (not completed)
Ikoma 5th unit of Unryū class (not completed)
Kasagi 6th unit of Unryū class (not completed)
Ibuki - heavy cruiser conversion; scrapped post-war

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Retired:

text:
Hr.Ms. Karel Doorman (ex-British HMS Venerable, purchased 1948) – Sold to Argentina 1968 and renamed ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, broken up
Hr.Ms. Karel Doorman (ex-British HMS Nairana, transferred to Dutch service 1946) – Converted to merchantman and renamed Port Victor, Until March 1968,  owned by Cunard Line but managed by Blue Star Port Lines. Eventually owned by Port Line, July 21, 1971, sent to Faslane to be scrapped

text:
Rapana class:
Motor vessel Gadila of the Dutch Merchant Navy was a converted Royal Dutch Shell oil tanker along with her sister ship MV Macoma.
Motor vessel Macoma together with MV Gadila were the first Dutch aircraft carriers.

text: Russia[edit]

text: The Russian Navy was established in December 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, most Soviet aircraft carriers were transferred over to Russia.

text: Active:

text:
Admiral Kuznetsov class
Admiral Kuznetsov (1991–present)

text: Retired:

text:
Kiev class
Kiev (1991–1993)
Minsk (1991–1993)
Novorossiysk (1991–1993)
Admiral Gorshkov (1991–1995)- Modified, rebuilt and sold to India, renamed INS Vikramaditya

text: Soviet Union[edit]

text: The Soviet Union was dissolved in December 1991, most Soviet aircraft carriers were transferred to Russia, with the exception of Varyag which was transferred to Ukraine. Ulyanovsk was scrapped before the Soviet Union was dissolved.

text: In service at the end of Soviet state:

text:
Admiral Kuznetsov class
Admiral Kuznetsov (1985–1991) — to Russia (1991)
Kiev class
Kiev (1972–1991) — to Russia (1991)
Minsk (1975–1991) — to Russia (1991)
Novorossiysk (1978–1991) — to Russia (1991)
Admiral Gorshkov (1982–1991) — to Russia (1991)

text: Never completed:

text:
Admiral Kuznetsov class
Varyag (not commissioned) — to Ukraine (1991); rebuilt, tested and commissioned by the Chinese PLAN as Liaoning
Ulyanovsk class
Ulyanovsk (not commissioned) — scrapped (1991)

text: Spain[edit]

text: Active:

text: Juan Carlos I : 27,079 tonne STOVL carrier in active service, commissioned 30 September 2010.

text: Retired:

text:
Dédalo: 9,900 ton, as seaplane carrier in 1901, decommissioned in 1934
Dédalo: 11,700 ton Independence class light carrier, ex-USS Cabot, helicopters only from 1967–1976, struck 1989 and returned to United States, eventually scrapped in 2002.
Príncipe de Asturias: 17,000 ton STOVL commissioned 30 May 1982, decommissioned on 6 February 2013 due to defence spending cuts.

text: Never completed:

text: Spanish conversion for refloated Italian heavy cruiser Trieste, cancelled in 1951.[8]

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Under construction:

text: TCG Anadolu (2021) The construction works began on 30 April 2016 at the shipyard of Sedef Shipbuilding Inc. in Istanbul and is expected to be completed in 2021. The vessel is intended to meet the various needs and requirements of the Turkish Armed Forces, such as sustaining long-endurance, long-distance military combat or humanitarian relief operations; while acting as a command center and flagship for the Turkish Navy.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Role Changed:

text: HTMS Chakri Naruebet (1996)* Commissioned in 1997, but by 1999, only one used AV-8S Matador/Harrier was still operable due to lack of spare parts and age.[9] Since 2006 is solely operated as a helicopter carrier.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: Never completed:

text:
Admiral Kuznetsov class
Varyag (not commissioned) — sold to China (1998)

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Active:

text:
Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier, STOVL ship of 65,000 tonnes
HMS Queen Elizabeth

text: Under Construction:

text:
Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier
HMS Prince of Wales (2020)

text: Retired:

text:
HMS Argus (1916)
HMS Furious (1916)
HMS Vindictive (1918) – converted to aircraft carrying cruiser 1925
HMS Unicorn fleet maintenance carrier (1943)
Illustrious class
HMS Illustrious (1939)
HMS Formidable (1939)
HMS Victorious (1939)
HMS Indomitable (1940)
Implacable class
HMS Implacable (1942)
HMS Indefatigable (1942)
Audacious class
HMS Eagle (ex-Audacious) (1946)
HMS Ark Royal (ex-Irresistible) (1950)
Colossus class
HMS Colossus (1943), to France 1946 as Arromanches
HMS Glory (1943)
HMS Ocean (1944)
HMS Theseus (1944)
HMS Triumph (1944)
HMS Venerable (1944) – to Netherlands 1948 as HNLMS Karel Doorman, to Argentina 1968 as ARA Veinticinco de Mayo
HMS Vengeance (1944) – to Brazil 1956 as Minas Gerais
HMS Warrior (1944) – to Canada 1946–1948, to Argentina 1958 as ARA Independencia
HMS Perseus (1944)
HMS Pioneer (1944)
Majestic class
HMS Majestic (1945) – to Australia 1955 as HMAS Melbourne
HMS Hercules (1945) – to India 1957 as INS Vikrant
HMS Magnificent (1944) – sold to Canada as HMCS Magnificent
HMS Powerful (1945) – to Canada 1952 as HMCS Bonaventure
HMS Terrible (1944) – to Australia in 1948 as HMAS Sydney
Centaur class
HMS Centaur (1947)
HMS Albion (1947)
HMS Bulwark (1948)
HMS Hermes (ex-Elephant) (1953), to India 1986 as INS Viraat
Invincible class
HMS Invincible (1977)
HMS Illustrious (1982)
HMS Ark Royal (1985)

text: Sunk:

text:
Glorious class
HMS Glorious (1916), sunk by Scharnhorst and Gneisenau 8 June 1940
HMS Courageous (1916), sunk by U-29 17 September 1939
HMS Eagle (1918), sunk by U-73 11 August 1942
HMS Hermes (1923) – first purpose-designed aircraft carrier, sunk by Japanese aircraft 9 April 1942
HMS Ark Royal (1938), sunk 14 November 1941 after being torpedoed by U-81 on 13 November 1941

text: Never completed:

text:
Audacious class
Eagle – cancelled
Africa –  to Malta class then cancelled
Majestic class
HMS Leviathan (1945) – was never completed
Centaur class
Hermes – cancelled
Arrogant – cancelled
Monmouth – cancelled
Polyphemus – cancelled
Malta class – cancelled 1946
Malta
New Zealand
Gibraltar
Africa
CVA-01 – cancelled 1966
Queen Elizabeth
Duke of Edinburgh

text: United States[edit]

text: The United States Navy is a blue-water navy that is arguably the world's largest and most powerful because, among its numerous other vessels, it has the world's largest fleet of nuclear powered aircraft carriers. The carrier fleet currently comprises the (CATOBAR) Nimitz class and (CATOBAR/ EMALS) Gerald R. Ford class supercarriers. These carriers serve as the centerpieces and flagships for the Navy's Carrier Strike Groups, with their embarked Carrier Air Wings and accompanying ships and submarines, which strongly contribute to the US ability to project force around the globe. The following is a complete list of all the US Navy's carriers and classes to date, and their status;

text: Active

text:
Nimitz-class - (1,092ft, 100,000 tons)
USS Nimitz
USS Dwight D. Eisenhower
USS Carl Vinson
USS Theodore Roosevelt
USS Abraham Lincoln
USS George Washington
USS John C. Stennis
USS Harry S. Truman
USS Ronald Reagan
USS George H.W. Bush

text:
Gerald R. Ford-class (1,106ft, 110,000 tons)
USS Gerald R. Ford

text: Under Construction

text:
Gerald R. Ford-class
USS John F. Kennedy
USS Enterprise

text: Planned

text:
Gerald R. Ford-class
CVN-81 (ordered)
CVN-82 (ordered)
CVN-83 (planned)
CVN-84 (planned)
CVN-85 (planned)
CVN-86 (planned)
CVN-87 (planned)

text: Reserve

text: (none currently in reserve)

text: Retired (preserved as museum ships)

text:
Essex-class
USS Yorktown - (Charleston, South Carolina)
USS Intrepid - (New York City, New York)
USS Hornet - (Alameda, California)
USS Lexington - (Corpus Christi, Texas)
Midway-class
USS Midway - (San Diego, California)

text: Retired (other)

text:
John F. Kennedy-class
USS John F. Kennedy (on donation hold)

text: Retired (scrapped)

text:
Ranger-class
USS Ranger
Yorktown-class
USS Enterprise
Essex-class (‡ extended bow)
USS Essex
USS Franklin
USS Ticonderoga ‡
USS Randolph ‡
USS Bunker Hill
USS Wasp
USS Hancock ‡
USS Bennington
USS Boxer ‡
USS Bon Homme Richard
USS Leyte ‡
USS Kearsarge ‡
USS Antietam ‡
USS Princeton ‡
USS Shangri-La ‡
USS Lake Champlain ‡
USS Tarawa ‡
USS Valley Forge ‡
USS Philippine Sea ‡
Independence-class
USS Belleau Wood
USS Cowpens
USS Monterey
USS Langley
USS Cabot
USS Bataan
USS San Jacinto
Midway-class
USS Franklin D. Roosevelt
USS Coral Sea
Saipan-class
USS Saipan
USS Wright
Forrestal-class
USS Forrestal
USS Saratoga
USS Ranger
USS Independence
Kitty Hawk-class
USS Kitty Hawk
USS Constellation
USS America
Enterprise-class
USS Enterprise

text: Sunk († scuttled)

text:
Langley-class
USS Langley †
Lexington-class
USS Lexington
USS Saratoga
Yorktown-class
USS Yorktown
USS Hornet
Wasp-class
USS Wasp
Essex-class (‡ extended bow)
USS Oriskany ‡ †
Independence-class
USS Independence †
USS Princeton
Kitty Hawk-class
USS America

text: Cancelled before completion

text:
Essex-class (‡ extended bow)
USS Reprisal ‡
No name assigned (CV-56)
No name assigned (CV-57)
USS Iwo Jima ‡
Midway-class
No name assigned (CV-44)
No name assigned (CVB-50)
No name assigned (CVB-51)
No name assigned (CVB-52)
No name assigned (CVB-53)
No name assigned (CVB-54)
No name assigned (CVB-55)
United States-class
USS United States

text: Escort aircraft carrier

text: The United States Navy also had a sizable fleet of escort aircraft carriers during World War II and the era that followed. These ships were both quicker and cheaper to build than larger fleet carriers and were built in great numbers to serve as a stop-gap measure when fleet carriers were too few. However, they were usually too slow to keep up with naval task forces and would typically be assigned to amphibious operations, often seen in the Pacific war's island hopping campaign, or to convoy protection in the war in the Atlantic. To that end, many of these ships were transferred to the Royal Navy as part of the US-UK lend-lease program. While some of these ships were kept for a time in reserve after the war, none survive today, as they have all since been sunk or retired and scrapped. The following are the classes and stand-alone ships of the US Navy's escort carriers;

text:
Bogue-class (45 ships, 33 went to the RN)
Sangamon-class (4 ships)
Casablanca-class (50 ships)
Commencement Bay-class (19 ships went into service, 4 were cancelled)
Stand-alone ships;
No USN name given (AVG-1/BAVG-1) - went to the RN as HMS Archer (D78)
No USN name given (AVG-2/BAVG-2) - went to the RN as HMS Avenger (D14)
No USN name given (AVG-3/BAVG-3) - went to the RN as HMS Biter (D97), then later French Navy ship Dixmude
No USN name given (AVG-4/BAVG-4) - went to the RN as HMS Charger (D27), later returned to USN as USS Charger (CVE-30)
No USN name given (AVG-5/BAVG-5) - went to the RN as HMS Dasher (D37)
No USN name given (BAVG-6) - went to the RN as HMS Tracker (D24)
USS Long Island

text: Amphibious assault ship

text: The United States Navy also has several full-deck, amphibious assault ships, which are larger than many of the aircraft carriers of other navies today.[10] These ships are STOVL-capable and can carry full squadrons of fixed-wing aircraft, such as the V/STOL AV-8B Harrier II and the STOVL F-35 Lightning II, along with numerous rotary-wing aircraft. Their primary purpose though, is usually to serve as the centerpiece and flagship for an Expeditionary Strike Group or Amphibious Ready Group, carrying US Marine Corps Expeditionary Units and their equipment close to shore for amphibious landings and departures. The following are ships and classes of US Navy amphibious assault ships;

text: Active

text:
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship (LHD) (843ft, 40,500 tons)
USS Wasp
USS Essex
USS Kearsarge
USS Boxer
USS Bataan
USS Bonhomme Richard
USS Iwo Jima
USS Makin Island

text:
America-class amphibious assault ship (LHA) (844ft, 45,000 tons)
USS America

text: Under construction

text:
America-class amphibious assault ship
USS Tripoli
USS Bougainville

text: Retired

text:
Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship (LHA)
USS Tarawa - (On donation hold)
USS Saipan
USS Belleau Wood
USS Nassau - (On donation hold)
USS Peleliu - (In Reserve)

text:
Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ship (LPH)
USS Iwo Jima
USS Okinawa
USS Guadalcanal
USS Guam
USS Tripoli - (Converted to missile trial platform, now with the National Defense Reserve Fleet}
USS New Orleans
USS Inchon
Stand-alone amphibious assault ships (all LPH, numbered into the Iwo Jima class);
USS Block Island - (converted Commencement Bay-class escort carrier)
USS Boxer - (converted Essex-class aircraft carrier)
USS Princeton - (converted Essex-class aircraft carrier)
USS Thetis Bay - (converted Casablanca-class escort carrier)
USS Valley Forge - (converted Essex-class aircraft carrier)

text: List of all aircraft carriers[edit]

text:
Name
Service
Pennantor hull #
Class
Type
Flight operation
In commission
Notes

Abraham Lincoln

 US Navy

CVN-72

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

1989–present

Acavus

 British Merchant Navy

MAC 1

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1946

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service.

Activity

 Royal Navy

D94

Escort carrier

1942–1945

Converted freighter.

Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Gorshkov

 Russian Navy   Soviet Navy

111

Kiev

Fleet carrier

VTOL

1987–1996

Also known as Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov, Admiral Gorshkov, or just Gorshkov. Before 1991, it was named Baku. To India as Vikramaditya 2004.

Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov

 Russian Navy   Soviet Navy

063/113

Kuznetsov

Fleet carrier

STOBAR

1991–present

Also known as Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov, Admiral Kuznetsov, or just Kuznetsov. Ex-Tbilisi.

Admiralty Islands

 US Navy

CVE-99

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

ex-Chapin Bay.

Adula

 British Merchant Navy

MAC 2

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1944–1946

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service.

Africa

 Royal Navy

Audacious/Malta

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Audacious-class carrier ordered 1943, changed to Malta-class carrier 1944, cancelled 1945.

Akagi

 Japanese Navy

Akagi

Fleet carrier

STOBAR

1927–1942

Converted Amagi-class battlecruiser, Sunk 4 June 1942 at Midway

Alava Bay

 US Navy

CVE-103

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Roi 1943 before construction began.

Alazon Bay

 US Navy

CVE-55

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Casablanca 1943 after construction began.

Alazon Bay

 US Navy

CVE-94

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Lunga Point 1943 before construction began.

Albion

 Royal Navy

R07

Centaur

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1954–1962

Converted to commando carrier.

Alexia

 British Merchant Navy

MAC 3

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Alikula Bay

 US Navy

CVE-57

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Coral Sea before launch.

Alikula Bay

 US Navy

CVE-95

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Bismarck Sea 1944 after launch.

Altamaha

 US Navy

CVE-6

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1942

[notes 3] Became HMS Battler.

Altamaha

 US Navy

CVE-18

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Amagi

 Japanese Navy

Akagi

Fleet carrier

STOBAR

n/a

1920–22 conversion from battlecruiser never completed.

Amagi

 Japanese Navy

Unryū

Light fleet carrier

STOBAR

1944–1945

Sunk 29 July 1945 by aircraft

Amastra

 British Merchant Navy

MAC 4

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1946

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Ameer

 US Navy

AVG-55

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Alazon Bay 1943 after construction began.

Ameer

 Royal Navy

D01

Ruler

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Baffins.

America

 US Navy

CV-66

Kitty Hawk

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

1965–1996

Ancylus

 British Merchant Navy

MAC 5

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1946

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Andrea Doria

 Italian Navy

550

aircraft carrier

n/a

Renamed Cavour before construction began.

Anguilla Bay

 US Navy

CVE-96

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Salamaua 1943 before construction began.

Antietam

 US Navy

CV-36

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1963

1st carrier modified with angled flight deck, 1952.

Anzio

 US Navy

CVE-57

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-USS Coral Sea, renamed to reuse name for CV-43.

Aquila

 Italian Navy

Fleet carrier

n/a

1941–1943 conversion from passenger liner never completed.

Arbiter

 Royal Navy

D31

Ruler

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS St. Simon.

Archer

 US Navy

BAVG-1

Long Island

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Converted cargo ship. Became HMS Archer.

Archer

 Royal Navy

D78

Long Island

Escort carrier

1941–1943

[notes 4] Ex-USS Archer.

Argus

 Royal Navy

I49

Fleet carrier

1918–1929

Converted ocean liner.

Ark Royal

 Royal Navy

91

Fleet carrier

1939–1941

Sunk by U-81 on 13 November 1941

Ark Royal

 Royal Navy

R09

Audacious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1955–1978

Ex-Irresistible. First carrier commissioned with angled deck.

Ark Royal

 Royal Navy

R07

Invincible

aircraft carrier

STOVL

1985–2011

Ex-Indomitable.

Arrogant

 Royal Navy

Centaur

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Laid down 1944, never completed.

Arromanches

 French Navy

R95

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1946–1974

Ex-HMS Colossus, loaned (later sold) to France

Aso

 Japanese Navy

Unryū

Light fleet carrier

STOBAR

n/a

Launched in 1944, never completed.

Astrolabe Bay

 US Navy

CVE-60

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Guadalcanal 1943 before launch.

Astrolabe Bay

 US Navy

CVE-97

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Hollandia 1944 after launch.

Atheling

 Royal Navy

D51

Ruler

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Glacier.

Attacker

 Royal Navy

D02

Attacker

Escort carrier

1942–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Barnes.

Attu

 US Navy

CVE-102

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Elbour Bay.

Audacious

 Royal Navy

R05

Audacious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1951–1972

Renamed Eagle 1946 while under construction.

Audacity

 Royal Navy

D10

Escort carrier

1941–1941

Converted merchant ship, sunk by U-751

Auguilla Bay

 US Navy

CVE-58

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Corregidor1943 before launch.

Avenger

 US Navy

BAVG-1

Avenger

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Became HMS Avenger.

Avenger

 Royal Navy

D14

Avenger

Escort carrier

1942–1942

[notes 5] Sunk 15 November 1942 by U-155.

Badoeng Strait

 US Navy

CVE-116

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1957

Ex-San Alberto Bay.

Baffins

 US Navy

CVE-35

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Ameer.

Bairoko

 US Navy

CVE-115

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1955

Ex-Portage Bay.

Baku

 Soviet Navy

103

Kiev

Aircraft cruiser

VTOL

1987–1991

Renamed to Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Gorshkov in 1991.

Balinas

 US Navy

CVE-36

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Bolinas after launch because of misspelling.

Barnes

 US Navy

CVE-7

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1942

[notes 3] Became HMS Attacker.

Barnes

 US Navy

CVE-20

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Bastian

 US Navy

CVE-37

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1942

[notes 3] Became HMS Trumpeter.

Bastogne

 US Navy

CVE-124

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Laid down 1945, cancelled before launch

Bataan

 US Navy

CVL-29

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1954

Battler

 Royal Navy

D18

Attacker

Escort carrier

1942–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Altamaha.

BAVG-5

 US Navy

BAVG-5

Charger

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 5] Became HMS Dasher.

Béarn

 French Navy

Fleet carrier

1927–1948

Converted battleship.

Begum

 Royal Navy

D38

Ruler

Escort carrier

1944–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Bolinas.

Belleau Wood

 US Navy

CVL-24

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1947

To France as Bois Belleau

Bennington

 US Navy

CV-20

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1970

Bismarck Sea

 US Navy

CVE-95

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1945

Ex-Alikula Bay. Sunk 21 February 1945 by kamikaze attack off Iwo Jima

Biter

 US Navy

BAVG-23

Avenger

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 5] Became HMS Biter.

Biter

 Royal Navy

D97

Avenger

Escort carrier

1940–1945

[notes 5] To France as Dixmude

Block Island

 US Navy

CVE-8

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Converted freighter. Became HMS Trailer, then HMS Hunter.

Block Island

 US Navy

CVE-21

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1944

Sunk 29 May 1944 by U-549

Block Island

 US Navy

CVE-106

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1944–1954

Ex-Sunset Bay (some sources say Sunset).

Bogue

 US Navy

CVE-9

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Bois Belleau

 French Navy

R97

Independence

Light carrier

1953–1960

Ex-USS Belleau Wood.

Bolinas

 US Navy

CVE-36

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

Ex-Balinas. [notes 3] Became HMS Begum.

Bon Homme Richard

 US Navy

CV-10

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Yorktown 1942 before launch.

Bon Homme Richard

 US Navy

CV-31

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1971

Bonaventure

 Canadian Navy

CVL-22

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

1957–1970

Ex-incomplete HMS Powerful.

Bougainville

 US Navy

CVE-100

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Didrickson Bay.

Boxer

 US Navy

CV-21

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1969

Breton

 US Navy

CVE-10

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Chaser

Breton

 US Navy

CVE-23

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

Bucareli Bay

 US Navy

CVE-61

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Manila Bay 1943 before launch.

Bucareli Bay

 US Navy

CVE-98

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Kwajalein 1944 before launch.

Bulwark

 Royal Navy

R08

Centaur

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1954–1981

Converted to commando carrier 1960

Bunker Hill

 US Navy

CV-17

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1947

Cabot

 US Navy

CV-16

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Lexington 1942 before launch.

Cabot

 US Navy

CVL-28

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1955

To Spain as Dédalo

Campania

 Royal Navy

D48

Nairana

Escort carrier

1944–1952

Command ship for first British atomic bomb test

Cape Esperance

 US Navy

CVE-88

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1959

Ex-Tananek Bay.

Cape Gloucester

 US Navy

CVE-109

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1946

Ex-Willapa Bay.

Card

 US Navy

CVE-11

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Carl Vinson

 US Navy

CVN-70

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

1982–present

Carnegie

 US Navy

CVE-38

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Empress.

Casablanca

 US Navy

CVE-55

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Ex-Alazon Bay.

Cavour

 Italian Navy

550

aircraft carrier

V/STOL

2008–present

Ex-Andrea Doria.

Centaur

 Royal Navy

R06

Centaur

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1953–1965

Chakri Naruebet

 Thai Navy

911

Príncipe de Asturias

aircraft carrier

STOVL

1997–present

Chapin Bay

 US Navy

CVE-63

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Midway 1943 after construction began.

Chapin Bay

 US Navy

CVE-99

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Admiralty Islands before construction began.

Charger

 US Navy

CVE-30

Charger

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Converted liner. Became HMS Charger 1942, returned to US two days later.

Charger

 Royal Navy

D27

Avenger

Escort carrier

1942–1942

Ex-Charger. Returned to US two days later.

Charles De Gaulle

 French Navy

R91

Fleet carrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

2001–present

ex-Richelieu

Chaser

 Royal Navy

D32

Attacker

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Breton.

Chatham

 US Navy

CVE-32

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Slinger.

Chenango

 US Navy

CVE-28

Sangamon

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Converted oiler.

Chigusa Maru

 Japanese Army

Yamashiro Maru

Escort carrier

STOBAR

n/a

1944 tanker conversion, never completed.

Chitose

 Japanese Navy

Chitose

Light carrier

1942–1944

Converted seaplane tender. Sunk 25 October 1944 off Leyte Gulf.

Chiyoda

 Japanese Navy

Chitose

Light carrier

STOBAR

1943–1944

Converted seaplane tender. Sunk 25 October 1944 off Leyte Gulf.

Chuyo

 Japanese Navy

Taiyō

Escort carrier

STOBAR

1942–1943

Converted ocean liner, sunk by USS Sailfish 4 December 1943

Clemenceau

 French Navy

R98

Clemenceau

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1961–1997

Colossus

 Royal Navy

R15

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Loaned (later sold) to France as Arromanches

Commencement Bay

 US Navy

CVE-105

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1944–1946

Ex-St. Joseph Bay.

Constellation

 US Navy

CV-64

Kitty Hawk

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

1961–2003

Copahee

 US Navy

CVE-12

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Coral Sea

 US Navy

CVE-57

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1944

Ex-Alikula Bay. Renamed Anzio to re-use the name for CV-43.

Coral Sea

 US Navy

CVB-43

Midway

Fleet carrier

1947–1990

Cordova

 US Navy

CVE-39

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Khedive.

Core

 US Navy

CVE-13

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Corregidor

 US Navy

CVE-58

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1958

Ex-Auguilla Bay.

Courageous

 Royal Navy

50

Courageous

Fleet carrier

1928–1939

Converted battlecruiser. Sunk by U-29, 17 September 1939

Cowpens

 US Navy

CVL-25

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1947

Croatan

 US Navy

CVE-14

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Fencer

Croatan

 US Navy

CVE-25

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

Crown Point

 US Navy

CV-32

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Leyte 1945 before launch.

CV-44

 US Navy

CV-44

Midway

Fleet carrier

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1943.

CV-50

 US Navy

CV-50

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

CV-51

 US Navy

CV-51

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

CV-52

 US Navy

CV-52

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

CV-53

 US Navy

CV-53

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

CV-54

 US Navy

CV-54

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

CV-55

 US Navy

CV-55

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

CVB-56

 US Navy

CVB-56

Midway

Fleet carrier

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

CVB-57

 US Navy

CVB-57

Midway

Fleet carrier

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

CVE-128

 US Navy

CVE-128

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 after construction began.

CVE-129

 US Navy

CVE-129

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 after construction began.

CVE-130

 US Navy

CVE-130

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-131

 US Navy

CVE-131

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-132

 US Navy

CVE-132

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-133

 US Navy

CVE-133

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-134

 US Navy

CVE-134

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-135

 US Navy

CVE-135

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-136

 US Navy

CVE-136

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-137

 US Navy

CVE-137

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-138

 US Navy

CVE-138

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

CVE-139

 US Navy

CVE-139

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1945 before construction began.

Daiju Maru

 Japanese Army

Shimane Maru

Escort carrier

STOBAR

n/a

Tanker conversion. Cancelled 1945.

Dasher

 Royal Navy

D37

Avenger

Escort carrier

1942–1943

[notes 5] Ex-American BAVG-5. Sunk 27 March 1943 following explosion of unknown cause.

Dédalo

 Spanish Navy

Independence

Light carrier

1967–1989

Ex-USS Cabot.

Delgada

 US Navy

CVE-40

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Speaker.

Didrickson Bay

 US Navy

CVE-64

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Tripoli 1943 before launch.

Didrickson Bay

 US Navy

CVE-100

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Bougainville before construction began.

Dixmude

 French Navy

Charger

Escort carrier

1945–1966

Ex-HMS Biter.

Dolomi Bay

 US Navy

CVE-65

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Wake Island 1943 before launch.

Dolomoi Bay

 US Navy

CVE-101

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Matanikau 1944 before launch.

Duke of Edinburgh

 Royal Navy

CVA-01

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Planned 1960s fleet carrier, but never ordered.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

 US Navy

CVN-69

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

1977–present

Eagle

 Royal Navy

94

Fleet carrier

1924–1942

Converted battleship. Sunk by U-73, 11 August 1942

Eagle

 Royal Navy

Audacious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Laid down 1944, cancelled 1946.

Eagle

 Royal Navy

R05

Audacious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1951–1972

Ex-Audacious.

Edisto

 US Navy

CVE-41

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Nabob.

Elbe

 German Navy

Jade

Auxiliary aircraft carrier

n/a

Liner conversion, cancelled 1943.

Elbour Bay

 US Navy

CVE-66

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed White Plains 1943 before launch.

Elbour Bay

 US Navy

CVE-102

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Attu before construction began.

Elephant

 Royal Navy

Centaur

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Laid down 1944, not completed until 1959 as HMS Hermes.

Emperor

 Royal Navy

D98

Ruler

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Pybus.

Emperor

 US Navy

CVE-67

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Nassuk Bay 1943 after construction began.

Empire MacAlpine

 British Merchant Navy

MH

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 6] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacAndrew

 British Merchant Navy

MK

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 6] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacCabe

 British Merchant Navy

ML

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacCallum

 British Merchant Navy

MN

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 6] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacColl

 British Merchant Navy

MB

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacDermott

 British Merchant Navy

MS

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1944–1945

[notes 6] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacKay

 British Merchant Navy

MH

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacKendrick

 British Merchant Navy

MO

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 6] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacMahon

 British Merchant Navy

MJ

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Empire MacRae

 British Merchant Navy

MU

Empire

Merchant aircraft carrier

1943–1945

[notes 6] Returned to commercial service

Empress

 Royal Navy

D42

Ruler

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Carnegie.

Eniwetok

 US Navy

CVE-125

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Keel laid April 1945, cancelled before launch

Enterprise

 US Navy

CV-6

Yorktown

Fleet carrier

1938–1947

Enterprise

 US Navy

CVN-65

Enterprise

Supercarrier[notes 1]

1961–2012

First nuclear-powered carrier

Enterprise

 US Navy

CVN-80

Gerald R. Ford

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

n/a

Commissioning 2025.

Essex

 US Navy

CV-9

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1942–1969

Estero

 US Navy

CVE-42

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Premier.

Falco

 Italian Navy

Aircraft carrier

n/a

Liner conversion began 1942. Renamed Sparviero but never completed.

Fanshaw Bay

 US Navy

CVE-70

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Fencer

 Royal Navy

D64

Attacker

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Croatan.

Flugzeugträger B

 German Navy

Graf Zeppelin

Fleet carrier

n/a

Started 1938, cancelled 1939. Proposed name was Peter Strasser.

Flugzeugträger C

 German Navy

Graf Zeppelin

Fleet carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1938 before construction began.

Flugzeugträger D

 German Navy

Graf Zeppelin

Fleet carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1938 before construction began.

Foch

 French Navy

R99

Clemenceau

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1963–2000

sold to Brazil as São Paulo

Formidable

 Royal Navy

67

Illustrious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1940–1947

Forrestal

 US Navy

CV-59

Forrestal

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

1955–1993

First supercarrier

Fortaleza Bay

 US Navy

CVE-72

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Ex-Fortazela Bay. Renamed Tulagi 1943 before launch.

Fortazela Bay

 US Navy

CVE-72

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Fortaleza Bay 1943 before launch due to spelling error.

Franklin

 US Navy

CV-13

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1947

Badly damaged March 1945

Franklin D. Roosevelt

 US Navy

CVB-42

Midway

Fleet carrier

1945–1977

Frosty Bay

 US Navy

CVE-112

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Siboney 1944 before launch.

Furious

 Royal Navy

47

Courageous

Fleet carrier

1917–1945

Converted battlecruiser.

Gadila

 Dutch Merchant Navy

MAC 6

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1944–1946

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Gambier Bay

 US Navy

CVE-73

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1944

Sunk by Japanese gunfire at Battle of Leyte Gulf 25 October 1944

George H.W. Bush

 US Navy

CVN-77

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

2009–present

George Washington

 US Navy

CVN-73

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

1992–present

Gerald R. Ford

 US Navy

CVN-78

Gerald R. Ford

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

2017–present

In-service, undergoing extensive testing until 2021

Gibraltar

 Royal Navy

D68

Malta

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Ordered 1943 but never laid down.

Gilbert Islands

 US Navy

CVE-107

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1955

Ex-St. Andrews Bay. Converted to communication relay ship USS Annapolis

Giuseppe Garibaldi

 Italian Navy

551

aircraft carrier

STOVL

1983–present

Glacier

 US Navy

CVE-33

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Atheling.

Glorious

 Royal Navy

77

Courageous

Fleet carrier

1930–1940

Converted battlecruiser. Sunk by Scharnhorst and Gneisenau 8 June 1940

Glory

 Royal Navy

R62

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1956

Graf Zeppelin

 German Navy

Graf Zeppelin

Fleet carrier

n/a

Launched 1938, never completed.

Guadalcanal

 US Navy

CVE-60

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Ex-Astrolabe Bay. Captured U-505

Hamlin

 US Navy

CVE-15

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1942

[notes 3] Became HMS Stalker

Hancock

 US Navy

CV-14

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Ticonderoga 1943 before launch.

Hancock

 US Navy

CV-19

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1976

Ex-Ticonderoga (CV-19).

Harry S. Truman

 US Navy

CVN-75

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

1998–present

Ex-United States

Hercules

 Royal Navy

R49

Majestic

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR / STOVL

n/a

Launched 1945. To India 1957 and completed as INS Vikrant.

Hermes

 Royal Navy

95

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR / STOBAR

1924–1942

First purpose built carrier launched. Sunk 9 April 1942 by Japanese aircraft.

Hermes

 Royal Navy

Centaur

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Laid down 1944, cancelled 1945.

Hermes

 Royal Navy

R12

Centaur

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR / STOVL

1959–1984

Ex-Elephant. To India as INS Viraat

Hiryū

 Japanese Navy

Fleet carrier

STOBAR

1939–1942

Sunk at Midway

Hiyō

 Japanese Navy

Hiyō

Fleet carrier

STOBAR

1942–1944

Converted ocean liner, sunk at Battle of the Philippine Sea

Hobart Bay

 US Navy

CVE-113

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Puget Sound 1944 before launch.

Hoggatt Bay

 US Navy

CVE-75

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Hollandia

 US Navy

CVE-97

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1947

Ex-Astrolabe Bay.

Hornet

 US Navy

CV-8

Yorktown

Fleet carrier

1941–1942

Sunk in Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.

Hornet

 US Navy

CV-12

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1970

Ex-Kearsarge (CV-12). Museum at Alameda, CA.

Hōshō

 Japanese Navy

Fleet carrier

STOBAR

1922–1946

Hunter

 Royal Navy

D80

Attacker

Escort carrier

1943–1945

[notes 4] Ex-USS Block Island. Renamed from HMS Trailer.

Ibuki

 Japanese Navy

Light carrier

STOBAR

n/a

Launched 1943, never completed.

I

 German Navy

Auxiliary aircraft carrier

n/a

Transport conversion, cancelled 1942.

II

 German Navy

Auxiliary aircraft carrier

n/a

Cruiser conversion, cancelled 1943.

Ikoma

 Japanese Navy

Unryū

Light carrier

STOBAR

1944–1945

Sunk in Kure dockyard 24 July 1945

Illustrious

 Royal Navy

87

Illustrious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1940–1954

Illustrious

 Royal Navy

R06

Invincible

aircraft carrier

STOVL

1982–2014

Implacable

 Royal Navy

R86

Implacable

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1954

Indefatigable

 Royal Navy

R10

Implacable

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Independence

 US Navy

CVL-22

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1946

Independence

 US Navy

CV-62

Forrestal

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

1959–1998

Independencia

 Argentine Navy

V-1

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1958–1970

Ex-HMS Warrior

Indomitable

 Royal Navy

92

Illustrious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1941–1953

Indomitable

 Royal Navy

R07

Invincible

aircraft carrier

STOVL

n/a

Renamed Ark Royal before construction began.

Intrepid

 US Navy

CV-11

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1974

Museum in New York City.

Invincible

 Royal Navy

R05

Invincible

aircraft carrier

STOVL

1980–2005

Irresitible

 Royal Navy

R09

Audacious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Ark Royal before launch.

Iwo Jima

 US Navy

CV-46

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Laid down 1945, but never completed.

Jade

 German Navy

Jade

Auxiliary aircraft carrier

n/a

Proposed liner conversion, cancelled 1942.

Jamaica

 US Navy

CVE-43

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Shah.

Joffre

 French Navy

Joffre

Fleet carrier

n/a

Under construction 1938–1940, but never completed.

John C. Stennis

 US Navy

CVN-74

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

1995–present

John F. Kennedy

 US Navy

CV-67

Modified Kitty Hawk/John F. Kennedy

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

1968–2007

John F. Kennedy

 US Navy

CVN-79

Gerald R. Ford

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

n/a

Under construction, commissioning 2020

Juan Carlos I

 Spanish Navy

L61

Juan Carlos I

STOVL amphibious warfare ship

STOVL

2010–present

Junyō

 Japanese Navy

Hiyō

Fleet carrier

STOBAR

1942–1946

Converted ocean liner.

Kadashan Bay

 US Navy

CVE-76

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Kaga

 Japanese Navy

Fleet carrier

STOBAR

1928–1942

Converted battleship. Sunk at Midway

Kaimon

 Japanese Navy

Unryū

Light carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1944 before construction began. Also known as Kurama.

Kaita Bay

 US Navy

CVE-78

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Savo Island 1943 before launch.

Kaiyo

 Japanese Navy

Escort carrier

STOBAR

1943–1945

Converted ocean liner. Sunk at Beppu Bay 24 July 1945.

Kalinin Bay

 US Navy

CVE-68

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Kanalku Bay

 US Navy

CVE-77

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Marcus Island 1943 before launch.

Karel Doorman

 Dutch Navy

QH1

Nairana

Escort carrier

1946–1948

Ex-HMS Nairana.

Karel Doorman

 Dutch Navy

R81

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1948–1968

Ex-HMS Venerable. To Argentina as Veinticinco de Mayo 1969.

Kasaan Bay

 US Navy

CVE-69

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Kasagi

 Japanese Navy

Unryū

Light carrier

n/a

Launched 1944, but never completed.

Katsuragi

 Japanese Navy

Unryū

Fleet carrier

n/a

Launched 1944, but never completed.

Kearsarge

 US Navy

CV-12

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Hornet 1942 before launch.

Kearsarge

 US Navy

CV-33

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1946–1970

Keweenaw

 US Navy

CVE-44

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Patroller.

Khedive

 Royal Navy

D62

Ruler

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Cordova.

Kiev

 Russian Navy   Soviet Navy

075

Kiev

aircraft carrier

VTOL

1975–1993

Currently an attraction at Tianjin Binhai theme park in China

Kitkun Bay

 US Navy

CVE-71

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Kitty Hawk

 US Navy

CV-63

Kitty Hawk

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

1961–2009

Kremlin

 Soviet Navy

Ulyanovsk

Supercarrier

n/a

Renamed Ulyanovsk before construction began, never completed.

Kula Gulf

 US Navy

CVE-108

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1969

Ex-Vermillion Bay.

Kurama

 Japanese Navy

Unryū

Light carrier

n/a

Cancelled 1944 before construction began. Also known as Kaimon.

Kwajalein

 US Navy

CVE-98

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Bucareli Bay.

La Fayette

 French Navy

R96

Independence

Light carrier

1951–1963

Ex-USS Langley.

Lake Champlain

 US Navy

CV-39

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1966

Langley

 US Navy

CV-1

Light carrier

1922–1938

Converted to seaplane tender. Scuttled 27 February 1942 after being damaged by dive bombers.

Langley

 US Navy

CVL-27

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1947

To France as La Fayette.

Leonid Brezhnev

 Russian Navy

Kuznetsov

Fleet carrier

n/a

Ex-Riga. Renamed Tbilisi after launch in 1985.

Leviathan

 Royal Navy

R97

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Launched 1945, but never completed.

Lexington

 US Navy

CV-2

Lexington

Fleet carrier

1927–1942

Sunk by enemy action on 8 May 1942 during Battle of the Coral Sea.

Lexington

 US Navy

CV-16

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1991

Ex-Cabot (CV-16). Museum ship in Corpus Christi, Texas

Leyte

 US Navy

CV-32

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1946–1959

Ex-Crown Point (CV-32).

Liaoning

 Chinese Navy

16

Kuznetsov

Aircraft carrier

STOBAR

2012–present

Ex-incomplete Varyag from Ukraine 1998.

Type 001a

 Chinese Navy

Aircraft carrier

STOBAR

2017–present

Lingayen

 US Navy

CVE-126

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Laid down 1945, but never completed.

Liscome Bay

 US Navy

CVE-56

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1943

Sunk by I-175 24 November 1943

Long Island

 US Navy

CVE-1

Long Island

Escort carrier

1941–1946

Luigi Einaudi

 Italian Navy

550

aircraft carrier

STOVL

n/a

Renamed Andrea Doria before construction began.

Lunga Point

 US Navy

CVE-94

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Alazon Bay.

Macoma

 Dutch Merchant Navy

MAC 7

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1944–1946

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Magnificent

 Royal Navy

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Completed for Canada as HMCS Magnificent. Returned to UK 1956.

Magnificent

 Canadian Navy

CVL-21

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

1948–1956

Ex-HMS Magnificent. Returned to UK 1956.

Majestic

 Royal Navy

R77

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Completed for Australia as HMAS Melbourne.

Makassar Strait

 US Navy

CVE-91

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Ulitaka Bay.

Makin Island

 US Navy

CVE-93

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Woodcliff Bay.

Malta

 Royal Navy

D93

Malta

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Ordered 1943 but never laid down.

Manila Bay

 US Navy

CVE-61

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Ex-Bucareli Bay.

Marcus Island

 US Navy

CVE-77

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Kanalku Bay.

Matanikau

 US Navy

CVE-101

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Dolomoi Bay.

McClure

 US Navy

CVE-45

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Prince 1942 before construction began.

Melbourne

 Australian Navy

R21

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

1955–1982

ex-HMS Majestic completed for Australian Navy.

Midway

 US Navy

CVE-63

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Ex-Chapin Bay. Renamed USS St. Lo to free name for CV-41

Midway

 US Navy

CVB-41

Midway

Fleet carrier

1945–1992

Museum in San Diego, CA

Minas Gerais

 Brazilian Navy

A11

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1960–2001

[notes 7]

Mindoro

 US Navy

CVE-120

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1955

Minsk

 Russian Navy   Soviet Navy

025/011

Kiev

aircraft carrier

VTOL

1978–1993

Currently a tourist attraction in Shenzhen, China.

Miralda

 British Merchant Navy

MAC 8

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1944–1946

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Mission Bay

 US Navy

CVE-59

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1958

Monmouth

 Royal Navy

96

Centaur

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

Monterey

 US Navy

CVL-26

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1956

Mosser Bay

 US Navy

CVE-114

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Willamette after launch.

Munda

 US Navy

CVE-104

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Tonowek Bay.

Nabob

 Royal Navy

D77

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1944

[notes 4] Ex-USS Edisto. Canadian crew.

Nairana

 Royal Navy

D05

Nairana

Escort carrier

1943–1946

To Netherlands as HNLMS Karel Doorman

Nassau

 US Navy

CVE-16

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Nassuk Bay

 US Navy

CVE-67

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Ex-Emperor. Renamed Solomons 1943 after launch.

Natoma Bay

 US Navy

CVE-62

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Nehenta Bay

 US Navy

CVE-74

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

New Zealand

 Royal Navy

D43

Malta

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Ordered 1943 but never laid down.

Niantic

 US Navy

CVE-46

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Ranee.

Nimitz

 US Navy

CVN-68

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

1975–present

Novorossiysk

 Russian Navy   Soviet Navy

137

Kiev

aircraft carrier

VTOL

1982–1993

Ocean

 Royal Navy

R68

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1960

Okinawa

 US Navy

CVE-127

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Laid down 1945, cancelled before launch

Ommaney Bay

 US Navy

CVE-79

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1945

Sunk by kamikaze aircraft 4 January 1945.

Oriskany

 US Navy

CV-18

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Wasp 1943 before launch.

Oriskany

 US Navy

CV-34

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1950–1975

Florida artificial reef in 2006.

Otakisan Maru

 Japanese Army

Shimane Maru

Escort carrier

n/a

Tanker conversion. Launched 1945 but never completed.

Painlevé

 French Navy

Joffre

Fleet carrier

n/a

Planned for 1938, never laid down

Palau

 US Navy

CVE-122

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1946–1954

Patroller

 Royal Navy

D07

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1947

[notes 4] Ex-USS Keweenaw.

Perdido

 US Navy

CVE-47

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1944

[notes 3] Became HMS Trouncer.

Peter Strasser

 German Navy

Graf Zeppelin

Fleet carrier

n/a

See Flugzeugträger B.

Petrof Bay

 US Navy

CVE-80

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Philippine Sea

 US Navy

CV-47

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1946–1958

Point Cruz

 US Navy

CVE-119

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1956

Ex-Trocadero Bay.

Polyphemus

 Royal Navy

57

Centaur

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1945.

Portage Bay

 US Navy

CVE-115

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Bairoko before construction began.

Powerful

 Royal Navy

R95

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Completed for Canada as HMCS Bonaventure

Premier

 Royal Navy

D23

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Estero.

Pretoria Castle

 Royal Navy

F61

Escort carrier

1943–1946

Converted armed merchant cruiser.

Prince

 US Navy

CVE-45

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Ex-McClure. Became HMS Rajah.

Prince of Wales

 Royal Navy

R09

Queen Elizabeth

Supercarrier

STOVL

n/a

Named 8 September 2017

Prince William

 US Navy

CVE-19

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Striker

Prince William

 US Navy

CVE-31

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

Princeton

 US Navy

CVL-23

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1944

Sunk 24 October 1944 at Leyte Gulf

Princeton

 US Navy

CV-37

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1970

Principe de Asturias

 Spanish Navy

R-11

Príncipe de Asturias

aircraft carrier

STOVL

1988–2013

Puget Sound

 US Navy

CVE-113

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1946

Ex-Hobart Bay.

Puncher

 Royal Navy

D79

Bogue

Escort carrier

1944–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Willapa. Canadian crew.

Pursuer

 Royal Navy

D73

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS St. George.

Pybus

 US Navy

CVE-34

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 3] Became HMS Emperor.

Queen

 Royal Navy

D19

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1947

[notes 4] Ex-USS St. Andrews.

Queen Elizabeth

 Royal Navy

CVA-01

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Announced 1963, cancelled 1966 before work started.

Queen Elizabeth

 Royal Navy

R08

Queen Elizabeth

Supercarrier

STOVL

2017 - present

Commissioned 7 December 2017

Rabaul

 US Navy

CVE-121

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Completed but never commissioned.

Rajah

 Royal Navy

D10

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1947

[notes 4] Ex-USS Prince.

Randolph

 US Navy

CV-15

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1969

Ranee

 Royal Navy

D03

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1947

[notes 4] Ex-USS Niantic.

Ranger

 US Navy

CV-4

Fleet carrier

1934–1946

Ranger

 US Navy

CV-61

Forrestal

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

1957–1993

Rapana

 Royal Navy

MAC 9

Rapana

Merchant aircraft carrier

1942–1946

[notes 2] Returned to commercial service

Ravager

 Royal Navy

D70

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4]

Reaper

 Royal Navy

D82

Bogue

Escort carrier

1944–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Winjah.

Rendova

 US Navy

CVE-114

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1955

Ex-Willamette.

Reprisal

 US Navy

CVL-30

Independence

Light carrier

n/a

Renamed San Jacinto 1942 before launch.

Reprisal

 US Navy

CV-35

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Started 1944, cancelled 1945.

Richelieu

 French Navy

Fleet carrier[notes 1]

n/a

Renamed Charles De Gaulle before construction began.

Richelieu (PA2)

 French Navy

Modified Queen Elizabeth

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Cancelled 2013 before construction began.

Riga

 Russian Navy

Kuznetsov

Fleet carrier

n/a

Renamed Leonid Brezhnev after construction began in 1982.

Riga

 Soviet Navy

Kuznetsov

Aircraft carrier

n/a

Renamed to Varyag in 1990 after construction began.

Roi

 US Navy

CVE-103

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Alava Bay.

Ronald Reagan

 US Navy

CVN-76

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

2003–present

Rudyerd Bay

 US Navy

CVE-81

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ruler

 Royal Navy

D72

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS St. Joseph.

Ryūhō

 Japanese Navy

Light carrier

1942–1945

Converted submarine tender. Severely damage by aircraft March 1945 not repaired

Ryūjō

 Japanese Navy

Light carrier

1933–1942

Sunk by aircraft during Battle of the Eastern Solomons

Sable

 US Navy

IX-81

Training carrier

1943–1945

Converted paddle-wheel steamer.

Saginaw Bay

 US Navy

CVE-82

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Saidor

 US Navy

CVE-117

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1947

Ex-Saltery Bay.

Saipan

 US Navy

CVL-48

Saipan

Light carrier

1946–1965

Salamaua

 US Navy

CVE-96

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Anguilla Bay.

Salerno Bay

 US Navy

CVE-110

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1954

Ex-Winjah Bay.

Saltery Bay

 US Navy

CVE-117

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Saidor 1944 before construction began.

San Alberto Bay

 US Navy

CVE-116

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Badoeng Strait before construction began.

San Jacinto

 US Navy

CVL-30

Independence

Light carrier

1943–1947

Ex-Reprisal (CVL-30).

Sandy Bay

 US Navy

CVE-118

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Sicily 1944 before construction began.

Sangamon

 US Navy

CVE-26

Sangamon

Escort carrier

1942–1945

Converted oiler.

Santee

 US Navy

CVE-29

Sangamon

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Converted oiler.

São Paulo

 Brazilian Navy

A12

Clemenceau

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

2000–2017

Ex-Foch.

Saratoga

 US Navy

CV-3

Lexington

Fleet carrier

1927–1946

Expended as a target ship in the 1946 Bikini atomic bomb tests.

Saratoga

 US Navy

CV-60

Forrestal

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

1956–1994

Sargent Bay

 US Navy

CVE-83

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Savo Island

 US Navy

CVE-78

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Ex-Kaita Bay.

Searcher

 Royal Navy

D40

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1945

[notes 4]

Shah

 Royal Navy

D21

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Jamaica.

Shamrock Bay

 US Navy

CVE-84

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Shangri-La

 US Navy

CV-38

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1971

Shimane Maru

 Japanese Army

Shimane Maru

Escort carrier

1945–1945

Tanker conversion. Sunk by British aircraft.

Shinano

 Japanese Navy

Fleet carrier

1944–1944

Converted Yamato-class battleship. Sunk by USS Archerfish 29 November 1944.

Shinyo

 Japanese Navy

Escort carrier

1943–1944

Converted ocean liner, sunk by USS Spadefish on 17 November 1944.

Shipley Bay

 US Navy

CVE-85

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Shōhō

 Japanese Navy

Zuihō

Light carrier

1941–1942

Sunk by aircraft at Coral Sea

Shōkaku

 Japanese Navy

Shōkaku

Fleet carrier

1941–1944

Sunk by USS Cavalla 19 June 1944

Siboney

 US Navy

CVE-112

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1956

Ex-Frosty Bay.

Sicily

 US Navy

CVE-118

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1954

Ex-Sandy Bay.

Sitkoh Bay

 US Navy

CVE-86

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–19461950–1954

Slinger

 Royal Navy

D26

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Chatham.

Smiter

 Royal Navy

D55

Bogue

Escort carrier

1944–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Vermillion.

Solomons

 US Navy

CVE-67

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Ex-Nassuk Bay.

Sōryū

 Japanese Navy

Fleet carrier

1937–1942

Sunk at Midway 4 June 1942

Sparviero

 Italian Navy

Aircraft carrier

n/a

Ex-Falco, never completed.

Speaker

 Royal Navy

D90

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Delgada.

St. Andrews

 US Navy

CVE-49

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Became HMS Queen.

St. Andrews Bay

 US Navy

CVE-107

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Gilbert Islands 1944 before launch.

St. George

 US Navy

CVE-17

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Became HMS Pursuer

St. Joseph

 US Navy

CVE-50

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Became HMS Ruler.

St. Joseph Bay

 US Navy

CVE-105

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Commencement Bay 1944 after launch.

St. Lo

 US Navy

CVE-63

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1944

Ex-USS Midway, renamed to use name for CV-41. Sunk by kamikaze aircraft 25 October 1944.

St. Simon

 US Navy

CVE-51

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Became HMS Arbiter.

Stalker

 Royal Navy

D91

Bogue

Escort carrier

1942–1945

[notes 4] Ex-USS Hamlin.

Steamer Bay

 US Navy

CVE-87

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1947

Striker

 Royal Navy

D12

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] ex-USS Prince William.

Sunset

 US Navy

CVE-48

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Became HMS Thane.

Sunset Bay

 US Navy

CVE-106

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Some sources say the name was Sunset. Renamed Block Island 1944 before launch.

Suwannee

 US Navy

CVE-27

Sangamon

Escort carrier

1942–1946

Converted oiler.

Sydney

 Australian Navy

R17

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

1948–1958

ex-HMS Terrible completed for Australian Navy.

Taihō

 Japanese Navy

Taihō

Fleet carrier

1944–1944

Sunk in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 19 June 1944

Taisha Maru

 Japanese Army

Shimane Maru

Escort carrier

n/a

Proposed tanker conversion. Cancelled 1944.

Taiyō

 Japanese Navy

Taiyō

Escort carrier

1941–1944

Converted ocean liner. Sunk by USS Rasher 18 August 1944

Takanis Bay

 US Navy

CVE-89

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1946

Tananek Bay

 US Navy

CVE-88

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Cape Esperance 1943 before construction began.

Tarawa

 US Navy

CV-40

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1960

Tbilisi

 Soviet Navy

113

Kuznetsov

Aircraft cruiser

n/a

ex-Leonid Brezhnev. Renamed Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Sozuya Kuznetzov 1990.

Terrible

 Royal Navy

R93

Majestic

Light carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Completed for Australia as HMAS Sydney.

Thane

 Royal Navy

D48

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1945

[notes 4] Ex-USS Sunset.

Theodore Roosevelt

 US Navy

CVN-71

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

1986–present

Theseus

 Royal Navy

R64

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1946–1956

Thetis Bay

 US Navy

CVE-90

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1964

Ticonderoga

 US Navy

CV-19

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Hancock 1943 before launch.

Ticonderoga

 US Navy

CV-14

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1973

Ex-Hancock (CV-14).

Tinian

 US Navy

CVE-123

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Completed 1946, but never commissioned

Tonowek Bay

 US Navy

CVE-104

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Munda 1943 before construction began.

Totem Bay

 US Navy

CVE-111

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Vella Gulf 1944 before launch.

Tracker

 Royal Navy

D24

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4]

Trailer

 Royal Navy

D80

Attacker

Escort carrier

1943–1943

[notes 4] Ex-USS Block Island. Renamed to HMS Hunter 1943.

Tripoli

 US Navy

CVE-64

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1958

Ex-Didrickson Bay.

Triumph

 Royal Navy

R16

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1946–1975

Trocadero Bay

 US Navy

CVE-119

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Point Cruz 1944 before construction began.

Trouncer

 Royal Navy

D85

Bogue

Escort carrier

1944–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Perdido.

Trumpeter

 Royal Navy

D09

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1946

[notes 4] Ex-USS Bastian.

Tulagi

 US Navy

CVE-72

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Ex-Fortaleza Bay.

Ulitaka Bay

 US Navy

CVE-91

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Makassar Strait 1943 before construction began.

Ulyanovsk

 Soviet Navy

Ulyanovsk

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Ex-Kremlin. Under construction 1988–1991, never completed.

Unicorn

 Royal Navy

I72

Light aircraft carrier,Aircraft repair ship

1943–1946, 1949–1953

United States

 US Navy

CVA-58

United States

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Laid down April 18, 1949, cancelled five days later.

United States

 US Navy

CVN-75

Nimitz

Supercarrier[notes 1]

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Harry S. Truman 1992 after launch.

Unryū

 Japanese Navy

Unryū

Fleet carrier

1944–1944

Sunk by USS Redfish on 19 December 1944

Unyo

 Japanese Navy

Taiyō

Escort carrier

1942–1944

Sunk by USS Barb 17 September 1944

Valley Forge

 US Navy

CV-45

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1946–1970

Varyag

 Soviet Navy

Kuznetsov

Aircraft carrier

n/a

Ex-Riga. To Ukraine 1992 while still under construction.

Varyag

 Ukrainian Navy

Kuznetsov

Aircraft carrier

n/a

From Soviet Union 1992, construction cancelled 1995. To China as Liaoning 1998.

Veinticinco de Mayo

 Argentine Navy

V-2

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1968–1997

Ex-Dutch Karel Doorman (R81) 1969.

Vella Gulf

 US Navy

CVE-111

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

1945–1946

Ex-Totem Bay.

Venerable

 Royal Navy

R63

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1947

To Netherlands as Karel Doorman 1948.

Vengeance

 Royal Navy

R71

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1952

[notes 7]

Vengeance

 Australian Navy

R71

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1952–1955

[notes 7] On loan from the Royal Navy

Verdun

 French Navy

Attack carrier

n/a

Never laid down, cancelled 1961

Vermillion

 US Navy

CVE-52

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Became HMS Smiter.

Vermillion Bay

 US Navy

CVE-108

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Kula Gulf 1943 before construction began.

Victorious

 Royal Navy

R38

Illustrious

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1941–1968

Vikramaditya

 Indian Navy

R33

Kiev

Aircraft carrier

STOBAR

2013–present

ex-Russian Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Suzuya Gorshkov.

Vikrant

 Indian Navy

R11

Majestic

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR / STOVL

1961–1997

Ex-HMS Hercules completed for India.

Vikrant

 Indian Navy

IAC-I

Vikrant

Aircraft carrier

STOBAR

n/a

Scheduled to commission 2018.

Vindex

 Royal Navy

D15

Nairana

Escort carrier

1943–1947

Viraat

 Indian Navy

R22

Centaur

Fleet carrier

STOVL

1987–2017

ex-HMS Hermes.

Vishal

 Indian Navy

IAC-II

Supercarrier

n/a

Planned. Scheduled to commission in 2025.

Wake Island

 US Navy

CVE-65

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Ex-Dolomi Bay.

Warrior

 Canadian Navy

R31

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1946–1948

Ex-HMS Warrior. Returned to UK.

Warrior

 Royal Navy

R31

Colossus

Light fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1945–1946, 1948–1958

To Canada as HMCS Warrior. Returned to UK and thence to Argentina as Independencia.

Wasp

 US Navy

CV-7

Wasp

Light carrier

1940–1942

Sunk 15 September 1942.

Wasp

 US Navy

CV-18

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1972

Ex-Oriskany.

Weser

 German Navy

Aircraft carrier

n/a

1942–1943 cruiser conversion, never completed.

White Plains

 US Navy

CVE-66

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1946

Ex-Elbour Bay.

Willamette

 US Navy

CVE-114

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Ex-Mosser Bay. Renamed Rendova at commissioning.

Willapa

 US Navy

CVE-53

Bogue

Escort carrier

1943–1944

[notes 3] Became HMS Puncher.

Willapa Bay

 US Navy

CVE-109

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Cape Gloucester 1944 after construction began.

Windham Bay

 US Navy

CVE-92

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

1944–1959

Winjah

 US Navy

CVE-54

Bogue

Escort carrier

n/a

[notes 3] Became HMS Reaper.

Winjah Bay

 US Navy

CVE-110

Commencement Bay

Escort carrier

n/a

Renamed Salerno Bay 1943 before construction began.

Wolverine

 US Navy

IX-64

Training carrier

1942–1945

Converted paddle-wheel steamer.

Woodcliff Bay

 US Navy

CVE-93

Casablanca

Escort carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

Renamed Makin Island 1943 before construction began.

Wright

 US Navy

CVL-49

Saipan

Light carrier

1947–1970

Yamashiro Maru

 Japanese Army

Yamashiro Maru

Escort carrier

1945–1945

Tanker conversion. Sunk by aircraft 17 February 1945

Yorktown

 US Navy

CV-5

Yorktown

Aircraft carrier

1937–1942

Sunk 7 June 1942 at Midway after air and sub attacks.

Yorktown

 US Navy

CV-10

Essex

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

1943–1970

Ex-Bon Homme Richard. Museum at Mount Pleasant, SC

Zuihō

 Japanese Navy

Zuihō

Light carrier

1940–1944

Converted oiler, sunk by aircraft at Leyte Gulf 25 October 1944

Zuikaku

 Japanese Navy

Shōkaku

Fleet carrier

1941–1944

Sunk by aircraft at Leyte Gulf 25 October 1944

Zuiun Maru

 Japanese Army

Yamashiro Maru

Escort carrier

n/a

1945 tanker conversion, never completed.

Type 002

 Chinese Navy

Fleet carrier

CATOBAR

n/a

under construction

Type 003

 Chinese Navy

Supercarrier

CATOBAR

n/a

planning


document_title: Vitamin K

question_text: in large intestine vitamin k is formed by the activity of which bacteria

text: Vitamin K

text: Health effects[edit]

text: Osteoporosis[edit]

text: A review of 2014 concluded that there is positive evidence that monotherapy using MK-4, one of the forms of Vitamin K2, reduces fracture incidence in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis, and suggested further research on the combined use of MK-4 with bisphosphonates. In contrast, an earlier review article of 2013 concluded that there is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation helps prevent osteoporosis or fractures in postmenopausal women.[3]

text: A review article of 2016 suggested to consider, as one of several measures for bone health, increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamins K1 and K2.[4]

text: Cardiovascular health[edit]

text: Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening,[5] but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.[6]

text: One 10-year population study, the Rotterdam Study, did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone (mainly MK-4 from eggs and meat, and MK-8 and MK-9 from cheese) and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in older men and women.[7]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth; however, no good medical evidence supports such claims.[8]

text: Warfarin overdose and coumarin poisoning[edit]

text: Vitamin K is one of the treatments for bleeding events caused by overdose of the anticoagulant drug warfarin (Coumadin®).[9] Vitamin K is also part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide (coumarin poisoning).[10]

text: Side effects[edit]

text: Although allergic reaction from supplementation is possible, no known toxicity is associated with high doses of the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) or menaquinone (vitamin K2) forms of vitamin K, so no tolerable upper intake level (UL) has been set.[11]

text: Blood clotting (coagulation) studies in humans using 45 mg per day of vitamin K2 (as MK-4)[12] and even up to 135 mg per day (45 mg three times daily) of K2 (as MK-4),[13] showed no increase in blood clot risk. Even doses in rats as high as 250 mg/kg, body weight did not alter the tendency for blood-clot formation to occur.[14]

text: Unlike the safe natural forms of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 and their various isomers, a synthetic form of vitamin K, vitamin K3 (menadione), is demonstrably toxic at high levels. The U.S. FDA has banned this form from over-the-counter sale in the United States because large doses have been shown to cause allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, and cytotoxicity in liver cells.[1]

text: Interactions[edit]

text: Phylloquinone (K1)[15][16] or menaquinone (K2) are capable of reversing the anticoagulant activity of the anticoagulant warfarin (tradename Coumadin). Warfarin works by blocking recycling of vitamin K, so that the body and tissues have lower levels of active vitamin K, and thus a deficiency of vitamin K.

text: Supplemental vitamin K (for which oral dosing is often more active than injectable dosing in human adults) reverses the vitamin K deficiency caused by warfarin, and therefore reduces the intended anticoagulant action of warfarin and related drugs.[17] Sometimes small amounts of vitamin K are given orally to patients taking warfarin so that the action of the drug is more predictable.[17]  The proper anticoagulant action of the drug is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose, and due to differing absorption must be individualized for each patient.[citation needed] The action of warfarin and vitamin K both require two to five days after dosing to have maximum effect, and neither warfarin nor vitamin K shows much effect in the first 24 hours after they are given.[18]

text: The newer anticoagulants apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban have different mechanisms of action that do not interact with vitamin K, and may be taken with supplemental vitamin K.[19][20]

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: The three synthetic forms of vitamin K are vitamins K3 (menadione), K4, and K5, which are used in many areas, including the pet food industry (vitamin K3) and to inhibit fungal growth (vitamin K5).[21]

text: Conversion of vitamin K1 to vitamin K2[edit]

text: The MK-4 form of vitamin K2 is produced by conversion of vitamin K1 in the testes, pancreas, and arterial walls.[22] While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation, the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, as it occurs in germ-free rats[23][24] and in parenterally administered K1 in rats.[25][26] In fact, tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK-4 have a remarkable capacity to convert up to 90% of the available K1 into MK-4.[23][27] There is evidence that the conversion proceeds by removal of the phytyl tail of K1 to produce menadione as an intermediate, which is then condensed with an activated geranylgeranyl moiety (see also prenylation) to produce vitamin K2 in the MK-4 (menatetrenone) form.[28]

text: Vitamin K2[edit]

text: Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) includes several subtypes. The two most studied ones are menaquinone-4 (menatetrenone, MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7).

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Vitamin K1, the precursor of most vitamin K in nature, is a stereoisomer of phylloquinone, an important chemical in green plants, where it functions as an electron acceptor in photosystem I during photosynthesis. For this reason, vitamin K1 is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic tissues of plants (green leaves, and dark green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce, kale, and spinach), but it occurs in far smaller quantities in other plant tissues (roots, fruits, etc.). Iceberg lettuce contains relatively little. The function of phylloquinone in plants appears to have no resemblance to its later metabolic and biochemical function (as "vitamin K") in animals, where it performs a completely different biochemical reaction.

text: Vitamin K (in animals) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues. The modified residues are often (but not always) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains. Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium, and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins.[29]

text: At this time[update], 17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered, and they play key roles in the regulation of three physiological processes:

text:
Blood coagulation: prothrombin (factor II), factors VII, IX, and X, and proteins C, S, and Z[30]
Bone metabolism: osteocalcin, also called bone Gla protein (BGP), matrix Gla protein (MGP),[31] periostin,[32] and the recently discovered Gla-rich protein (GRP).[33][34]
Vascular biology: growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6)[35]
Unknown function: proline-rich γ-carboxyglutamyl proteins (PRGPs) 1 and 2, and transmembrane γ-carboxy glutamyl proteins (TMGs) 3 and 4.[36]

text: Like other lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, and E), vitamin K is stored in the fatty tissue of the human body.

text: Absorption and dietary need[edit]

text: Previous theory held that dietary deficiency is extremely rare unless the small intestine was heavily damaged, resulting in malabsorption of the molecule. Another at-risk group for deficiency were those subject to decreased production of K2 by normal intestinal microbiota, as seen in broad-spectrum antibiotic use.[37] Taking broad-spectrum antibiotics can reduce vitamin K production in the gut by nearly 74% in people compared with those not taking these antibiotics.[38] Diets low in vitamin K also decrease the body's vitamin K concentration.[39] Those with chronic kidney disease are at risk for vitamin K deficiency, as well as vitamin D deficiency, and particularly those with the apoE4 genotype.[40] Additionally, the elderly have a reduction in vitamin K2.[41]

text: Dietary recommendations[edit]

text: The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamin K in 1998. The IOM does not distinguish between K1 and K2 – both are counted as vitamin K. At that time, sufficient information was not available to establish EARs and RDAs for vitamin K. In instances such as these, the board sets Adequate Intakes (AIs), with the understanding that at some later date, AIs will be replaced by more exact information. The current AIs for adult women and men ages 19 and up are 90 and 120 μg/day, respectively. AI for pregnancy is 90 μg/day. AI for lactation is 90 μg/day. For infants up to 12 months, the AI is 2.0-2.5 μg/day; for children ages 1–18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75 μg/day. As for safety, the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (known as ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. Vitamin K has no UL, as human data for adverse effects from high doses are inadequate. Collectively, the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes.[42]

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in United States. For women and men over age 18 the AI is set at 70 μg/day. AI for pregnancy is 70 μg/day, ad for lactation 70 μg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 12 to 65 μg/day. These AIs are lower than the U.S. RDAs.[43] The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and reached the same conclusion as in United States - that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for vitamin K.[44]

text: For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of Daily Value (%DV). For vitamin K labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 80 μg, but as of May 27, 2016, it was revised upwards to 120 μg, to bring it into agreement with the AI.[45] A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28, 2018, but on September 29, 2017, the FDA released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1, 2020 for large companies and January 1, 2021 for small companies.[46]

text: Food sources[edit]

text: Vitamin K1[edit]

text:
Food

Serving size

VitaminK1 (μg)[47]

Food

Serving size

VitaminK1 (μg)[47]

Kale, cooked

1⁄2 cup

531

Parsley, raw

1⁄4 cup

246

Spinach, cooked

1⁄2 cup, 77g

444

Spinach, raw

1 cup

145

Collards, cooked

1⁄2 cup

418

Collards, raw

1 cup

184

Swiss chard, cooked

1⁄2 cup

287

Swiss chard, raw

1 cup

299

Mustard greens, cooked

1⁄2 cup

210

Mustard greens, raw

1 cup

279

Turnip greens, cooked

1⁄2 cup

265

Turnip greens, raw

1 cup

138

Broccoli, cooked

1 cup

220

Broccoli, raw

1 cup

89

Brussels sprouts, cooked

1 cup

219

Endive, raw

1 cup

116

Cabbage, cooked

1⁄2 cup

82

Green leaf lettuce

1 cup

71

Asparagus

4 spears

48

Romaine lettuce, raw

1 cup

57

Table from "Important information to know when you are taking: Warfarin (Coumadin) and Vitamin K", Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Drug Nutrient Interaction Task Force.[48]

text: Vitamin K1 is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach, swiss chard, lettuce and Brassica vegetables (such as cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts) and often the absorption is greater when accompanied by fats such as butter or oils. Some fruits, such as avocados, kiwifruit and grapes, also contain vitamin K. Some vegetable oils, notably soybean oil, contain vitamin K, but at levels that would require relatively large calorie consumption to meet the recommended amounts.[49]

text: The tight binding of vitamin K1 to thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts makes it less bioavailable. For example, cooked spinach has a 5% bioavailability of phylloquinone, however, fat added to it increases bioavailability to 13% due to the increased solubility of vitamin K in fat.[50]

text: Deficiency[edit]

text: Average diets are usually not lacking in vitamin K, and primary deficiency is rare in healthy adults. Newborn infants are at an increased risk of deficiency. Other populations with an increased prevalence of vitamin K deficiency include those who suffer from liver damage or disease (e.g. alcoholics), cystic fibrosis, or inflammatory bowel diseases, or have recently had abdominal surgeries. Secondary vitamin K deficiency can occur in people with bulimia, those on stringent diets, and those taking anticoagulants. Other drugs associated with vitamin K deficiency include salicylates, barbiturates, and cefamandole, although the mechanisms are still unknown. Vitamin K1 deficiency can result in coagulopathy, a bleeding disorder.[51] Symptoms of K1 deficiency include anemia, bruising, nosebleeds and bleeding of the gums in both sexes, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women.

text: Osteoporosis[52][53] and coronary heart disease[54][55] are strongly associated with lower levels of K2 (menaquinone). Vitamin K2 (as menaquinones MK-4 through MK-10) intake level is inversely related to severe aortic calcification and all-cause mortality.[7]

text: Biochemistry[edit]

text: Function in animals[edit]

text: The function of vitamin K2 in the animal cell is to add a carboxylic acid functional group to a glutamate (Glu) amino acid residue in a protein, to form a gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residue. This is a somewhat uncommon posttranslational modification of the protein, which is then known as a "Gla protein". The presence of two −COOH (carboxylic acid) groups on the same carbon in the gamma-carboxyglutamate residue allows it to chelate calcium ions. The binding of calcium ions in this way very often triggers the function or binding of Gla-protein enzymes, such as the so-called vitamin K-dependent clotting factors discussed below.

text: Within the cell, vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone, catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR).[56] Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla; this enzyme is called gamma-glutamyl carboxylase[57][58] or the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time. The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled. Vitamin K epoxide is then reconverted to vitamin K by VKOR. The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle.[59] Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K1 because, in part, vitamin K1  is continuously recycled in cells.[60]

text: Warfarin and other 4-hydroxycoumarins block the action of VKOR.[61] This results in decreased concentrations of vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in tissues, such that the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by the glutamyl carboxylase is inefficient. This results in the production of clotting factors with inadequate Gla. Without Gla on the amino termini of these factors, they no longer bind stably to the blood vessel endothelium and cannot activate clotting to allow formation of a clot during tissue injury. As it is impossible to predict what dose of warfarin will give the desired degree of clotting suppression, warfarin treatment must be carefully monitored to avoid overdose.

text: Gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins[edit]

text: The following human Gla-containing proteins ("Gla proteins") have been characterized to the level of primary structure: blood coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, anticoagulant protein C and protein S, and the factor X-targeting protein Z. The bone Gla protein osteocalcin, the calcification-inhibiting matrix Gla protein (MGP), the cell growth regulating growth arrest specific gene 6 protein (Gas6), and the four transmembrane Gla proteins (TMGPs), the function of which is at present unknown. Gas6 can function as a growth factor to activate the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulate cell proliferation or prevent apoptosis in some cells. In all cases in which their function was known, the presence of the Gla residues in these proteins turned out to be essential for functional activity.

text: Gla proteins are known to occur in a wide variety of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish. The venom of a number of Australian snakes acts by activating the human blood-clotting system. In some cases, activation is accomplished by snake Gla-containing enzymes that bind to the endothelium of human blood vessels and catalyze the conversion of procoagulant clotting factors into activated ones, leading to unwanted and potentially deadly clotting.

text: Another interesting class of invertebrate Gla-containing proteins is synthesized by the fish-hunting snail Conus geographus.[62] These snails produce a venom containing hundreds of neuroactive peptides, or conotoxins, which is sufficiently toxic to kill an adult human. Several of the conotoxins contain two to five Gla residues.[63]

text: Methods of assessment[edit]

text: Vitamin K status can be assessed by:

text:
The prothrombin time (PT) test measures the time required for blood to clot. A blood sample is mixed with citric acid and put in a fibrometer; delayed clot formation indicates a deficiency. This test is insensitive to mild deficiency, as the values do not change until the concentration of prothrombin in the blood has declined by at least 50%.[64]
Undercarboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II); in a study of 53 newborns, found "PT (prothrombin time) is a less sensitive marker than PIVKA II",[65] and as indicated above, PT is unable to detect subclinical deficiencies that can be detected with PIVKA-II testing.
Plasma phylloquinone was found to be positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in elderly British women, but not men,[66] but an article by Schurgers et al. reported no correlation between responses in a food frequency questionnaire and plasma phylloquinone.[67]
Urinary γ-carboxyglutamic acid responds to changes in dietary vitamin K intake. Several days are required before any change can be observed. In a study by Booth et al., increases of phylloquinone intakes from 100 μg to between 377 and 417 μg for five days did not induce a significant change. Response may be age-specific.[68]
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOc) levels have been inversely correlated with stores of vitamin K[69] and bone strength in developing rat tibiae. Another study following 78 post-menopausal Korean women found a supplement regimen of vitamins K and D, and calcium, but not a regimen of vitamin D and calcium, was inversely correlated with reduced UcOc levels.[70]

text: Function in bacteria[edit]

text: Many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli found in the large intestine, can synthesize vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7 or MK-7, up to MK-11),[71] but not vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). In these bacteria, menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules, during oxygen-independent metabolic energy production processes (anaerobic respiration).[72] For example, a small molecule with an excess of electrons (also called an electron donor) such as lactate, formate, or NADH, with the help of an enzyme, passes two electrons to menaquinone. The menaquinone, with the help of another enzyme, then transfers these two electrons to a suitable oxidant, such fumarate or nitrate (also called an electron acceptor). Adding two electrons to fumarate or nitrate converts the molecule to succinate or nitrite plus water, respectively.

text: Some of these reactions generate a cellular energy source, ATP, in a manner similar to eukaryotic cell aerobic respiration, except the final electron acceptor is not molecular oxygen, but fumarate or nitrate. In aerobic respiration, the final oxidant is molecular oxygen (O2), which accepts four electrons from an electron donor such as NADH to be converted to water. E. coli, as facultative anaerobes, can carry out both aerobic respiration and menaquinone-mediated anaerobic respiration.

text: Injection in newborns[edit]

text: The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts. Human milk contains 1–4 μg/L of vitamin K1, while formula-derived milk can contain up to 100 μg/L in supplemented formulas. Vitamin K2 concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K1. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0.25–1.7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births.[73] Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin, so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency.

text: Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe, leading to hospitalization, blood transfusions, brain damage, and death. Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn. Intramuscular administration (known as the Vitamin K shot[74]) is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration.[75][76]

text: United States[edit]

text: As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0.5–1 mg of vitamin K1 be administered to all newborns shortly after birth.[76]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the UK, vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours.[77] This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second-line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month.[78]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice, when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer.[79] However, poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies, and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two.[80] Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013,[81] after treating children for serious bleeding problems. They cited lack of newborn vitamin K administration as the reason that the problems occurred, and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose.

text: History[edit]

text: In 1929, Danish scientist Henrik Dam investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet.[82] He initially replicated experiments reported by scientists at the Ontario Agricultural College (OAC).[83] McFarlane, Graham and Richardson, working on the chick feed program at OAC, had used chloroform to remove all fat from chick chow. They noticed that chicks fed only fat-depleted chow developed hemorrhages and started bleeding from tag sites.[84] Dam found that these defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet. It appeared that – together with the cholesterol – a second compound had been extracted from the food, and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin. The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal, in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin. Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University did much of the research that led to the discovery of the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K.[85] Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K (K1 and K2) published in 1939. Several laboratories synthesized the compound(s) in 1939.[86]

text: For several decades, the vitamin K-deficient chick model was the only method of quantifying vitamin K in various foods: the chicks were made vitamin K-deficient and subsequently fed with known amounts of vitamin K-containing food. The extent to which blood coagulation was restored by the diet was taken as a measure for its vitamin K content. Three groups of physicians independently found this: Biochemical Institute, University of Copenhagen (Dam and Johannes Glavind), University of Iowa Department of Pathology (Emory Warner, Kenneth Brinkhous, and Harry Pratt Smith), and the Mayo Clinic (Hugh Butt, Albert Snell, and Arnold Osterberg).[87]

text: The first published report of successful treatment with vitamin K of life-threatening hemorrhage in a jaundiced patient with prothrombin deficiency was made in 1938 by Smith, Warner, and Brinkhous.[88]

text: The precise function of vitamin K was not discovered until 1974, when three laboratories (Stenflo et al.,[89] Nelsestuen et al.,[90] and Magnusson et al.[91]) isolated the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor prothrombin (factor II) from cows that received a high dose of a vitamin K antagonist, warfarin. It was shown that, while warfarin-treated cows had a form of prothrombin that contained 10 glutamate (Glu) amino acid residues near the amino terminus of this protein, the normal (untreated) cows contained 10 unusual residues that were chemically identified as γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla). The extra carboxyl group in Gla made clear that vitamin K plays a role in a carboxylation reaction during which Glu is converted into Gla.