question_text: who dies in the deathly hallows part 2

question_tokens: who dies in the deathly hallows part 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: After burying Dobby, Harry Potter asks the goblin, Griphook, to help him, Ron, and Hermione break into Bellatrix Lestrange's vault at Gringotts bank, suspecting that a Horcrux might be there. Griphook agrees, in exchange for the Sword of Gryffindor. Wandmaker Ollivander tells Harry that two wands taken from Malfoy Manor belonged to Bellatrix and to Draco Malfoy, but Malfoy's has changed its allegiance to Harry.

text: In Bellatrix's vault, Harry discovers the Horcrux is Helga Hufflepuff's cup. He retrieves it, but Griphook snatches the sword and abandons the trio, leaving them cornered by security. The three release the dragon guardian and flee on its back. Harry sees a vision of Voldemort killing Gringott's personnel, including Griphook, and learns Voldemort is aware of the theft. Harry also realises there is a Horcrux at Hogwarts somehow connected to Rowena Ravenclaw. The trio apparate into Hogsmeade, where Aberforth Dumbledore reluctantly instructs the portrait of his deceased younger sister, Ariana, to fetch Neville Longbottom, who leads the trio through a secret passageway into Hogwarts.

text: Severus Snape hears of Harry's return and warns staff and students of punishment for aiding Harry. Along with Ron, Hermione, and members of the Order of the Phoenix, Harry confronts Snape, who flees after Minerva McGonagall challenges him to a duel. McGonagall gathers the Hogwarts community for battle. At Luna Lovegood's insistence, Harry speaks to Helena Ravenclaw's ghost, who reveals that Voldemort performed "dark magic" on her mother's diadem, which is in the Room of Requirement. In the Chamber of Secrets, Hermione destroys the Horcrux cup with a Basilisk fang, and she and Ron passionately kiss. In the Room of Requirement, Draco, Blaise Zabini, and Gregory Goyle attack Harry, but Ron and Hermione intervene. Goyle casts a Fiendfyre curse and, unable to control it, is burned to death, while Harry and his friends save Malfoy and Zabini. Harry stabs the diadem with the Basilisk fang and Ron kicks it into the Room of Requirement, where it is destroyed. As Voldemort's army attacks, Harry, seeing into Voldemort's mind, realises that Voldemort's snake Nagini is the final Horcrux. After entering the boathouse, the trio witness Voldemort explaining his belief the Elder Wand cannot serve Voldemort until Snape dies, and having Nagini kill him. Before dying, Snape tells Harry to take his memories to the Pensieve. In the chaos at Hogwarts, Fred, Lupin, and Tonks have been killed.

text: Harry learns from Snape's memories, that while Snape despised Harry's late father, James, who had bullied him, he loved his late mother, Lily. Following her death, Snape worked secretly with Dumbledore to protect Harry from Voldemort because of his love for Lily. Harry also learns Dumbledore was dying and wanted Snape to kill him, and that the Patronus doe he saw in the woods that led him to the sword had been conjured by Snape. Harry discovers that he himself became a Horcrux when Voldemort originally failed to kill him and that Harry must die to destroy the piece of Voldemort's soul within him. Harry then surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest. Voldemort casts the Killing Curse upon Harry, who finds himself in limbo, where Dumbledore's spirit meets him and explains that the part of Voldemort within Harry was killed by Voldemort's own curse. Harry then returns to his body, determined to defeat Voldemort once and for all. He fakes being dead, and Narcissa Malfoy lies to Voldemort that Harry is dead after confirming that Draco is okay.

text: Voldemort triumphantly announces Harry's apparent death to everyone at Hogwarts, and demands that they all surrender. As Neville gives a defiant response and draws the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat, Harry reveals he is still alive, causing the Malfoys and many other Death Eaters to abandon Voldemort as they realize he failed to kill Harry again, and any hope of victory for the Dark Lord is now a lost cause. While Harry battles Voldemort throughout the castle, Neville kills Nagini with the sword, leaving Voldemort vulnerable, and Molly Weasley kills Bellatrix in the Great Hall. Harry and Voldemort's battle ends with Voldemort's own Killing Curse rebounding and killing him, once and for all. After the battle, Harry explains to Ron and Hermione that the Elder Wand had recognised him as its true master because he had disarmed Draco, who earlier had disarmed its previous owner - Dumbledore - but, instead of claiming the Elder Wand, Harry breaks and discards it.

text: Nineteen years later, the former Hogwarts students proudly watch their own children leave for Hogwarts at King's Cross station.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter
Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, Harry's best friend.
Emma Watson as Hermione Granger, Harry's other best friend, and the brain of the trio.
Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange, a Death Eater and Sirius Black's cousin and murderer.
Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid, Harry's half-giant friend and a former member of the staff of Hogwarts.
Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick, the Charms master and Head of the Ravenclaw house at Hogwarts; and Griphook, a goblin and former employee at Gringotts Bank.
Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy, Harry's former school rival, a Death Eater, and son of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy (Helen McCrory).
Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort, a twisted, evil, power-hungry, powerful wizard, and the founder and supreme leader of the Death Eaters.
Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore, the late headmaster of Hogwarts
John Hurt as Mr. Ollivander, a wandmaker abducted by the Death Eaters.
Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's father and a disgraced Death Eater.
Kelly Macdonald as Helena Ravenclaw, the ghost of Ravenclaw at Hogwarts.
Gary Oldman as Sirius Black, Harry's late godfather.
Alan Rickman as Severus Snape, former Head of the Slytherin House and Potions and Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and the new headmaster of Hogwarts.
Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall, the Transfiguration teacher and the Head of the Gryffindor house at Hogwarts.
David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, a member of the Order of the Phoenix and a former Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts.
Julie Walters as Molly Weasley, the Weasley matriarch

tag: ul

text: Casting[edit]

text: The roles of several minor characters were recast or replaced for this film. For example, Ciarán Hinds assumed the role of Aberforth Dumbledore, Albus Dumbledore's brother and bartender of the Hog's Head inn.[16]

text: In the book, a significant number of characters who have not appeared since some of the earlier novels, reappear to defend Hogwarts in the large, final battle.[17] Director David Yates said, "I want to get them all back", referring to his desire to bring back as many actors who have appeared in the franchise as possible for the climactic battle sequence in the film. Sean Biggerstaff, Jim Broadbent, Gemma Jones, Miriam Margolyes, and Emma Thompson reprise their roles from earlier films briefly during the battle scene. For the final scene in the film which is set nineteen years after the film's main story, the actors playing the main characters were made to look older through the use of makeup and special effects.[18] After the initial look of the actors' aged appearances leaked onto the Internet, some fans reacted by opining that Radcliffe and Grint looked too old, while Watson did not appear significantly different at all. After primary filming concluded in June 2010, Yates examined the footage, and concluded that the problem could not be resolved through editing or CGI, and had the sequence re-shot that December, with redesigned makeup.[19]

text: Production[edit]

text: Part 2 was filmed back-to-back with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 from 19 February 2009 to 12 June 2010,[20][21] with reshoots for the epilogue scene taking place at Leavesden Film Studios on 21 December 2010.[22] Director David Yates, who shot the film with director of photography Eduardo Serra, described Part 2 as "operatic, colourful and fantasy-oriented", a "big opera with huge battles."[23][24]

text: Originally set for a single theatrical release, the idea to split the book into two parts was suggested by executive producer Lionel Wigram due to, what David Heyman called, "creative imperative". Heyman initially responded negatively to the idea, but Wigram asked, “No, David. How are we going to do it?”. After rereading the book and discussing it with screenwriter Steve Kloves, he agreed with the division.[25]

text: Sets[edit]

text: In an interview with Architectural Digest, production designer Stuart Craig remarked on creating sets for Part 2. Of the Gringotts Wizarding Bank, he said, "our banking hall, like any other, is made of marble and big marble columns. And it has great strength. The fact that the goblins are the bankers and tellers at the counter helps that feeling of grandeur and solidity and the big proportions. That was part of the fun of the set: we exaggerated the size of it, we exaggerated the weight of it, and we even exaggerated the shine of the marble." About the multiplication of treasure in one of the bank's vaults, he noted, "We made literally thousands of pieces for it and vacuum metallised them to be shiny gold and silver. John Richardson, the special effects supervisor, made a floor that was capable of rising on different levels, so there was kind of a physical swelling of the treasure on it."[26]

text: Craig spoke about the Battle of Hogwarts to Art Insights Magazine, saying that "the great challenge is the destruction of Hogwarts. The sun rising behind the smoke ... the massive remains of destroyed walls, the entrance hall, the entrance of the Great Hall, part of the roof of the Great Hall completely gone, so yeah. A big challenge there and an enjoyable one really – maybe it helped me and the guys in the art department sort of prepare for the end ... we demolished it before we had to strike it completely." When asked about the King's Cross scene near the end of the film, Craig said, "We experimented a lot, quite honestly. I mean it was quite a protracted process really but we did experiment the sense of it being very burnt out very very kind of white – so we experimented with underlit floors, we experimented with different kind of white covering everything: white paint, white fabric, and the cameraman was involved in how much to expose it, and a series of camera tests were done, so we got there but with a great deal of preparation and research."[27]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual Effects Supervisor Tim Burke said that "It was such a major job to stage the Battle of Hogwarts, and we had to do it in different stages of production. We had shots with complex linking camera moves from wide overviews, to flying into windows and interior spaces. So, we took the plunge at the end of 2008, and started rebuilding the school digitally with Double Negative." He went on to say that "It's taken two years – getting renders out, texturing every facet of the building, constructing interiors to see through windows, building a destruction version of the school. We can design shots with the knowledge that we have this brilliant digital miniature that we can do anything with. With a practical Hogwarts, we would have shot it last summer and been so tied down. Instead, as David Yates finds the flow and structure, we are able to handle new concepts and ideas."[28]

text: On the quality of 3-D in film, Burke told Los Angeles Times, "I think it's good, actually. I think people are going to be really pleased. I know everyone's a little nervous and sceptical of 3-D these days, but the work has been done very, very well. We've done over 200 shots in 3-D and in the visual effects as well, because so much of it is CG, so the results are very, very good. I think everyone's going to be really impressed with it, actually." Producer David Heyman spoke to SFX magazine about the 3-D conversion, saying that "The way David Yates is approaching 3-D is he's trying to approach it from a character and story point of view. Trying to use the sense of isolation, of separation that sometimes 3-D gives you, to heighten that at appropriate moments. So we're approaching it in a storytelling way."[29][30]

text: In 2012, the visual effects in the film were nominated for an Oscar. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 65th BAFTA Awards in 2012.

text: Music[edit]

text: It was confirmed that the composer for Part 1, Alexandre Desplat, was set to return for Part 2.[31] In an interview with Film Music Magazine, Desplat stated that scoring Part 2 is "a great challenge" and that he has "a lot of expectations to fulfill and a great deal of work" ahead of him.[32] In a separate interview, Desplat also made note that John Williams' themes will be present in the film "much more than in part one."[33] The soundtrack for the film was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards.[34]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In March 2011, the first preview for Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was released revealing new footage and new interviews from the starring cast.[35] The first United States poster was released on 28 March 2011, with the caption "It All Ends 7.15" (referring to its international release date).[36] On 27 April 2011 the first theatrical trailer for Part 2 was released. The trailer revealed a range of new and old footage.[37] The IMAX trailer for the film was released with IMAX screenings of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides on 20 May 2011. During the MTV Movie Awards on 5 June 2011, Emma Watson presented a sneak peek of the film.[38]

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: On 2 April 2011, a test screening of the film was held in Chicago, with director David Yates, producers David Heyman and David Barron and editor Mark Day in attendance.[39] The film had its world premiere on 7 July 2011 (2011-07-07) in Trafalgar Square in London.[40] The United States premiere was held in New York City at Lincoln Center on 11 July 2011 (2011-07-11).[41] Although filmed in 2-D, the film was converted into 3-D in post-production and was released in both RealD 3D and IMAX 3D.[42]

text: The film was originally scheduled to open in Indonesia on 13 July 2011.[43] The Indonesian government levied a new value added tax on royalties from foreign films in February 2011, causing three film studios, including Warner Brothers, to halt the importation of their films, including Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 into the country.[43] The film was not released to cinemas in the Kingdom of Jordan due to recently enforced taxes on films. It had not been premiered in the Kingdom as of 13 August 2011[update].[44]

text: On 10 June, one month before the film's release, tickets went on sale.[45] On 16 June 2011, Part 2 received a 12A[46] certificate from the British Board of Film Classification, who note that the film "contains moderate threat, injury detail and language", becoming the only Harry Potter film to receive a warning for "injury detail". At midnight 15 July, Part 2 screened in 3,800 cinemas. In the United States, it played in 4,375 cinemas, 3,100 3D cinemas and 274 IMAX cinemas, the widest release for an IMAX, 3D and a Harry Potter film.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was released on 11 November 2011 in the United States in four formats: a one-disc standard DVD, a two-disc standard DVD special edition, a one-disc standard Blu-ray, and three-Disc Blu-ray 2D Combo Pack (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy).[14] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film was released on 2 December 2011 in three formats: a two-disc standard DVD, a three-disc Blu-ray 2D Combo Pack (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy), and a four-disc Blu-ray 3D Combo Pack (Blu-ray 3D + Blu-ray 2D + DVD + Digital Copy).[15] The film set the record for fastest-selling pre-order DVD and Blu-ray on Amazon.com, just two days into the pre-order period.[47]

text: Deathly Hallows – Part 2 sold 2.71 million Blu-ray units ($60.75 million) in three days (Friday to Sunday).[48] It also sold 2.83 million DVD units ($42.22 million) during its debut.[49] By 18 July 2012 it had sold 4.71 million Blu-ray units ($99.33 million)[50] and 6.47 million DVD units ($88.96 million).[51]

text: On 28 March 2017, Deathly Hallows – Part 2 made its Ultra HD Blu-ray debut, along with Deathly Hallows - Part 1, The Half-Blood Prince, and Order of the Phoenix.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text:
Box Office Records set by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 upon its release

Record item
Record detail

Opening weekend (US/Canada)
$169,189,427

Summer opening weekend (US/Canada)
$169,189,427

Opening weekend for a 3-D film (US/Canada)[52]
$169,189,427

Opening weekend – IMAX (US/Canada)
$15,200,000

Opening weekend – IMAX (worldwide)
$23,200,000

Fastest to $1 billion (worldwide)[53]
19 days

Biggest IMAX midnight release (US/Canada)[54]
$2,000,000

Opening weekend (worldwide)
$483,189,427

Opening weekend outside the United States and Canada[55]
$314,000,000

Opening day & Single day (US/Canada)
$91,071,119

Biggest midnight release (US/Canada)[56]
$43,500,000

Highest gross in advance ticket sales (US/Canada)
$32,000,000

Widest 3-D launch (US/Canada)[57]
3,100+ locations

Highest-grossing film of 2011[58]
$1,328,111,219

July Opening (US/Canada)[59]
$169,189,427

Highest grossing fantasy live action film[60]
$381,011,219

tag: table

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 grossed $381,011,219 in the United States and Canada, along with $960,500,000 in other markets, for a worldwide total of $1,341,511,219. In worldwide earnings, it is currently the eighth highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing 2011 film,[13] the highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter franchise and the highest-grossing children's book adaptation.[12] Part 2 set a worldwide opening-weekend record with $483.2 million.[55][61] It set a worldwide IMAX opening-weekend record with $23.2 million.[62][63] In worldwide earnings, it is the fastest film to reach $400 million (5 days), $500 million (6 days), $600 million (8 days), $700 million (10 days), $800 million (12 days), $900 million (15 days), and $1 billion (19 days, tied with Avatar and Marvel's The Avengers).[64][65] On 31 July 2011 (its 19th day of release), it became the ninth film in cinematic history and the second in 2011 to surpass the $1-billion mark.[66]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: In North America, it is the twenty-seventh highest-grossing film,[67] the highest grossing 2011 film,[68] the highest-grossing Harry Potter film, the highest-grossing children's book adaptation,[69] the highest-grossing fantasy/live action film[70] and the thirteenth highest-grossing 3-D film.[71] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 40 million tickets.[72] It set new records in advance ticket sales with $32 million,[73][74] in its midnight opening with $43.5 million[56] and in its IMAX midnight opening with $2 million.[54][75] It grossed $91.1 million on its opening Friday, setting a Friday-gross record as well as single- and opening-day records.[76] It also set an opening-weekend record with $169.2 million, an IMAX opening-weekend record of $15.2 million and opening-weekend record for a 3-D film.[77][78][79] Although 3-D enhanced the film's earning potential, only 43% of the opening gross came from 3-D venues. This means only $72.8 million of the opening-weekend grosses originated from 3-D showings, the second-largest number at the time.[80]

text: It also scored the largest 3-day[81] and 4-day gross,[82][83] the sixth highest-grossing opening week (Friday to Thursday) with $226.2 million,[84] and even the seventh-largest 7-day gross.[85] It fell precipitously by 84% on its second Friday[86] and by 72% during its second weekend overall, grossing $47.4 million, which is the largest second-weekend drop for any film that opened to more than $90 million.[87] Still, it managed to become the fastest-grossing film in the franchise and also achieved the second-largest ten-day gross ever at the time (now eighth).[88] In its third weekend, the movie surpassed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone to become the highest-grossing film of the franchise in North America.[89]

text: Other markets[edit]

text: Outside North America, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 is the third highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing 2011 film, the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film and the highest-grossing Harry Potter film.[90] On its opening day, Deathly Hallows – Part 2 grossed $43.6 million from 26 countries, placing it 86% ahead of Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and 49% higher than Half-Blood Prince. From Wednesday until Sunday, on its 5-day opening weekend, it set an opening-weekend record outside North America by earning $314 million.[91][92] The average 3D share of Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was 60%, which was lower than the 3D share for Transformers: Dark of the Moon (70%) and On Stranger Tides (66%).[93] On its second weekend, it held to the top spot, but fell precipitously by 62% to $120.2 million despite minor competition. This amount is about the same as what On Stranger Tides made from its second weekend ($124.3 million).[94] Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was in first place at the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends.[95][96]

text: In the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta it brought in a record $14.8 million on its first day.[97] On its opening weekend it earned £23,753,171 in the United Kingdom, marking the second largest opening weekend in 2011. Its performance did not surpass that of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004, which eared £23,882,688 on its opening weekend.[98] In United States dollars, its opening weekend was an all-time record $38.3 million, ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ($33.5 million).[99] The film also achieved the largest single-day gross on its first Saturday[98] and the largest opening week with $57.6 million.[100] The film made a total of £73.1 million ($117.2 million) at the United Kingdom box office,[101] marking the fifth highest-grossing film.[102] It also is the highest-grossing film of 2011 and highest-grossing Harry Potter film.[103]

text: Deathly Hallows – Part 2 also set opening-day records in Mexico ($6.1 million), Australia ($7.5 million), France and the Maghreb region ($7.1 million), Italy ($4.6 million), Sweden ($2.1 million), Norway ($1.8 million), Denmark ($1.6 million), the Netherlands ($1.7 million), Belgium ($1.4 million), the Czech Republic ($2.0 million), Argentina ($961,000), Finland ($749,000) and Hong Kong ($808,000).[54][104][105][106] It also established new Harry Potter opening-day records in Japan ($5.7 million), Brazil ($4.4 million), Russia and the CIS ($4.2 million), Spain ($3.3 million) and Poland ($1.25 million).[97]

text: Deathly Hallows – Part 2 set opening weekend records in India with ₹15 crores ($3.41 million),[107] Australia with $19.6 million, New Zealand with $2.46 million,[108] Brazil with $11. million,[109] Scandinavia with $18.5 million, Mexico with $15.9 million[109][110] and many other Latin American and European countries.[54][111]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 315 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Thrilling, powerfully acted, and visually dazzling, Deathly Hallows Part II brings the Harry Potter franchise to a satisfying – and suitably magical – conclusion."[112] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating to reviews, the film achieved an average of 87 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[113] The film received a score of 93 from professional critics at the Broadcast Film Critics Association; it is the organisation's highest-rated Harry Potter film.[114] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[115]

text: Philip Womack in The Daily Telegraph commented, "This is monumental cinema, awash with gorgeous tones, and carrying an ultimate message that will resonate with every viewer, young or old: there is darkness in all of us, but we can overcome it." He further expressed that David Yates "transmutes [the book] into a genuinely terrifying spectacle."[116] Another review was released on the same day from Evening Standard, who rated the film 4 out of 5 and stated "Millions of children, parents, and those who should know better won't need reminding what a Horcrux is – and director David Yates does not let them down. In fact, in some ways, he helps make up for the shortcomings of the final book."[117] The Daily Express remarked that the film showcases "a terrifying showdown that easily equals Lord of the Rings or Star Wars in terms of a dramatic and memorable battle between good and evil."[118]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film  3 1⁄2 out of 4 stars and said, "The finale conjures up enough awe and solemnity to serve as an appropriate finale and a dramatic contrast to the lighthearted (relative) innocence of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone all those magical years ago."[119] Mark Kermode from the BBC said that the film is a "pretty solid and ambitious adaptation of a very complex book", but he criticised the post-converted 3D.[120] Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film  3 1⁄2 out of 4 stars and said "While Deathly Hallows: Part 2 offers long-promised answers, it also dares to pose some eternal questions, and it'll stay with you after the final chapter has closed."[121] Richard Roeper, also from the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film an A+ rating and said that "this is a masterful and worthy final chapter in one of the best franchises ever put to film."[122]

text: In one of the few negative reviews, Brian Gibson of Vue Weekly described the film as "deadly dull" and a "visual overstatement".[123] Other reviews criticised the decision to split the novel into two cinematic parts, with Ben Mortimer of The Daily Telegraph writing "Deathly Hallows – Part 2 isn't a film. It's HALF a film ... it's going to feel somewhat emotionless." Other critics wrote of the film's runtime; Alonso Duralde from The Wrap said, "If there's one substantial flaw to the film, it's that this cavalcade of people and places and objects can barely fit in the 130-minute running time."[124] Rebecca Gillie from The Oxford Student gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "at the end of [the film] there is nothing that stays with you once you've left the cinema."[125]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film garnered a number of accolades and nominations. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was nominated for Best Art Direction, Best Makeup, and Best Visual Effects at the 84th Academy Awards.[126] At the 65th BAFTA awards, the film won the Best Visual Effects award, and was nominated in the Best Sound, Best Production Design and Best Make-up and Hair categories.[127]

text: The film was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards in 2012.[128] It won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture.[129] The film scored 10 nominations at the annual Saturn Awards, Winning for Best Fantasy Film.[130] In the 2011 Scream Awards, the film received a total of 14 nominations, and won in the Best Scream-Play, Best Fantasy Actor (Daniel Radcliffe), Best Villain (Ralph Fiennes), Best F/X, and Holy Sh*t scene of the Year categories.[131]

text:
[show]List of awards and nominations

Year
Award
Category
Result
Recipient

2011
National Board of Review Awards[132]
Top 10 Films
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

National Movie Awards[133]
Must See Movie of the Summer
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Hollywood Film Awards[134]
Hollywood Movie of the Year
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
Fave Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

British Academy Children's Awards (BAFTA)
Favourite Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

BAFTA Kids' Vote (Film Category)
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

BAFTA Britannia Awards
Artistic Excellence in Directing
Won
David Yates (for Harry Potter films 5–8)

Satellite Awards[135]
Best Original Score
Nominated
Alexandre Desplat

Best Visual Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke, John Richardson, David Vickery, Greg Butler

Best Sound
Nominated
Dave Patterson, Lon Bender, Robert Fernandez, Victor Ray Ennis

2011 Teen Choice Awards[136]
Choice Summer Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Choice Summer Movie Star – Male
Won
Daniel Radcliffe

Choice Summer Movie Star – Female
Won
Emma Watson

2011 Scream Awards[131]
The Ultimate Scream
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Scream-Play
Won
Steve Kloves

Best Fantasy Actor
Won
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Villain
Won
Ralph Fiennes

Holy Sh*t Scene of the Year (Room Of Requirement)
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best F/X
Won
Tim Burke

Best Fantasy Movie
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Director
Nominated
David Yates

Best Fantasy Actress
Nominated
Emma Watson

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Rupert Grint

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Alan Rickman

Best Ensemble
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Fight Scene of the Year (Final Battle)
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Fight Scene of the Year (The Battle of Hogwarts)
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best 3-D Movie
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

American Film Institute Awards 2011
AFI Special Award
Won
Harry Potter series

World Soundtrack Academy
Film Composer of the Year
Won
Alexandre Desplat

2012
Academy Awards[126]
Best Art Direction
Nominated
Stuart Craig, Stephenie McMillan

Best Visual Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke, David Vickery, Greg Butler and John Richardson

Best Makeup
Nominated
Nick Dudman, Amanda Knight, Lisa Tomblin

BAFTA Awards[127]
Best Production Design
Nominated
Stuart Craig, Stephenie McMillan

Best Special Visual Effects
Won
Tim Burke, John Richardson, Greg Butler, David Vickery

Best Sound
Nominated
James Mather, Stuart Wilson, Stuart Hilliker, Mike Dowson, Adam Scrivener

Best Makeup and Hair
Nominated
Amanda Knight, Lisa Tomblin

People's Choice Awards[137]
Favorite Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Favorite Action Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Favorite Movie Ensemble
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Favorite Book Adaptation
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Favorite Movie Actor
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Favorite Movie Star (under 25)
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Favorite Movie Star (under 25)
Nominated
Rupert Grint

Favorite Movie Star (under 25)
Nominated
Emma Watson

Favorite Movie Star (under 25)
Nominated
Tom Felton

Grammy Awards[128]
Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media
Nominated
Alexandre Desplat

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards[138]
Best Art Direction
Nominated
Stuart Craig

Best Visual Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke, John Richardson, David Vickery, Greg Butler

Best Sound
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2

Best Makeup
Won
Nick Dudman, Amanda Knight and Mark Coulier

Screen Actors Guild[129]
Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2

Costume Designers Guild Awards[139]
Excellence in Costume Design for Film – Fantasy
Won
Jany Temime

ADG Excellence in Production Design Award
Best Art Direction for a Fantasy film
Won
Stuart Craig, Stephenie McMillan

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Nominated
Alan Rickman

SFX Award
Best Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Director
Nominated
David Yates

Visual Effects Society Awards[140]
Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Tim Burke, Emma Norton, John Richardson, David Vickery

Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture – Ukrainian Ironbelly
Nominated
Yasunobu Arahori, Tom Bracht, Gavin Harrison and Chris Lentz

Outstanding Created Environment in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Keziah Bailey, Stephen Ellis, Clement Gerard, Pietro Ponti

Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Steven Godfrey, Pietro Ponti, Tania Marie Richard, Andy Warren

Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Michele Benigna, Martin Ciastko, Thomas Dyg, Andy Robinson

International Film Music Critics Association Awards[141]
Best Original Score for Fantasy/Science Fiction/Horror Film
Nominated
Alexandre Desplat

Saturn Awards[130]

Best Fantasy Film
Won
Steven Godfrey, Pietro Ponti, Tania Marie Richard, Andy Warren

Best Director
Nominated
David Yates

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Ralph Fiennes

Nominated
Alan Rickman

Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
Emma Watson

Best Production Design
Nominated
Stuart Craig

Best Editing
Nominated
Mark Day

Best Costume
Nominated
Jany Temime

Best Make-up
Nominated
Nick Dudman, Amanda Knight

Best Special Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke, Greg Butler, John Richardson, David Vickery

Hugo Awards[142]
Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form
Nominated
David Yates, Steve Kloves

MTV Movie Awards[143][144]
Movie of the Year
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Male Performance
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Female Performance
Nominated
Emma Watson

Best Hero
Won
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Kiss
Nominated
Rupert Grint and Emma Watson

Best Fight
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe and Ralph Fiennes

Best Cast
Won
Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson, Tom Felton

17th Empire Awards[145]
Best Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Actor
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Director
Won
David Yates

Best 3D
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Female Newcomer
Nominated
Bonnie Wright


document_title: Saturn

question_text: where is saturn located in relation to the sun

root

text: Saturn

text: Physical characteristics

text: Saturn is a gas giant because it is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium. It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core.[19] Saturn's rotation causes it to have the shape of an oblate spheroid; that is, it is flattened at the poles and bulges at its equator. Its equatorial and polar radii differ by almost 10%: 60,268 km versus 54,364 km.[5] Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, the other giant planets in the Solar System, are also oblate but to a lesser extent. Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less.[20] Although Saturn's core is considerably denser than water, the average specific density of the planet is 0.69 g/cm3 due to the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times the Earth's mass,[21] and Saturn is 95 times the mass of the Earth.[5] Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System.[22]

tag: p

text: On 8 January 2015, NASA reported that a team of scientists from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory determined the barycenter of the planet Saturn and its family of moons to within 4 km (2.5 mi) using data from an experiment conducted with the Cassini spacecraft and the Very Large Baseline Array.[23]

text: Internal structure

text: Despite consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, most of Saturn's mass is not in the gas phase, because hydrogen becomes a non-ideal liquid when the density is above 0.01 g/cm3, which is reached at a radius containing 99.9% of Saturn's mass. The temperature, pressure, and density inside Saturn all rise steadily toward the core, which causes hydrogen to be a metal in the deeper layers.[22]

text: Standard planetary models suggest that the interior of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, having a small rocky core surrounded by hydrogen and helium with trace amounts of various volatiles.[24] This core is similar in composition to the Earth, but more dense. Examination of Saturn's gravitational moment, in combination with physical models of the interior, has allowed constraints to be placed on the mass of Saturn's core. In 2004, scientists estimated that the core must be 9–22 times the mass of the Earth,[25][26] which corresponds to a diameter of about 25,000 km.[27] This is surrounded by a thicker liquid metallic hydrogen layer, followed by a liquid layer of helium-saturated molecular hydrogen that gradually transitions to a gas with increasing altitude. The outermost layer spans 1,000 km and consists of gas.[28][29][30]

text: Saturn has a hot interior, reaching 11,700 °C at its core, and it radiates 2.5 times more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. Jupiter's thermal energy is generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism of slow gravitational compression, but such a process alone may not be sufficient to explain heat production for Saturn, because it is less massive. An alternative or additional mechanism may be generation of heat through the "raining out" of droplets of helium deep in Saturn's interior. As the droplets descend through the lower-density hydrogen, the process releases heat by friction and leaves Saturn's outer layers depleted of helium.[31][32] These descending droplets may have accumulated into a helium shell surrounding the core.[24] Rainfalls of diamonds have been suggested to occur on Saturn, as well as on Jupiter[33] and ice giants Uranus and Neptune.[34]

text: Atmosphere

text: The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium by volume.[35] The proportion of helium is significantly deficient compared to the abundance of this element in the Sun.[24] The quantity of elements heavier than helium (metallicity) is not known precisely, but the proportions are assumed to match the primordial abundances from the formation of the Solar System. The total mass of these heavier elements is estimated to be 19–31 times the mass of the Earth, with a significant fraction located in Saturn's core region.[36]

text: Trace amounts of ammonia, acetylene, ethane, propane, phosphine and methane have been detected in Saturn's atmosphere.[37][38][39] The upper clouds are composed of ammonia crystals, while the lower level clouds appear to consist of either ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH) or water.[40] Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun causes methane photolysis in the upper atmosphere, leading to a series of hydrocarbon chemical reactions with the resulting products being carried downward by eddies and diffusion. This photochemical cycle is modulated by Saturn's annual seasonal cycle.[39]

text: Cloud layers

text: Saturn's atmosphere exhibits a banded pattern similar to Jupiter's, but Saturn's bands are much fainter and are much wider near the equator. The nomenclature used to describe these bands is the same as on Jupiter. Saturn's finer cloud patterns were not observed until the flybys of the Voyager spacecraft during the 1980s. Since then, Earth-based telescopy has improved to the point where regular observations can be made.[41]

text: The composition of the clouds varies with depth and increasing pressure. In the upper cloud layers, with the temperature in the range 100–160 K and pressures extending between 0.5–2 bar, the clouds consist of ammonia ice. Water ice clouds begin at a level where the pressure is about 2.5 bar and extend down to 9.5 bar, where temperatures range from 185–270 K. Intermixed in this layer is a band of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, lying in the pressure range 3–6 bar with temperatures of 190–235 K. Finally, the lower layers, where pressures are between 10–20 bar and temperatures are 270–330 K, contains a region of water droplets with ammonia in aqueous solution.[42]

text: Saturn's usually bland atmosphere occasionally exhibits long-lived ovals and other features common on Jupiter. In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope imaged an enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator that was not present during the Voyager encounters, and in 1994 another smaller storm was observed. The 1990 storm was an example of a Great White Spot, a unique but short-lived phenomenon that occurs once every Saturnian year, roughly every 30 Earth years, around the time of the northern hemisphere's summer solstice.[43] Previous Great White Spots were observed in 1876, 1903, 1933 and 1960, with the 1933 storm being the most famous. If the periodicity is maintained, another storm will occur in about 2020.[44]

text: The winds on Saturn are the second fastest among the Solar System's planets, after Neptune's. Voyager data indicate peak easterly winds of 500 m/s (1800 km/h).[45] In images from the Cassini spacecraft during 2007, Saturn's northern hemisphere displayed a bright blue hue, similar to Uranus. The color was most likely caused by Rayleigh scattering.[46] Thermography has shown that Saturn's south pole has a warm polar vortex, the only known example of such a phenomenon in the Solar System.[47] Whereas temperatures on Saturn are normally −185 °C, temperatures on the vortex often reach as high as −122 °C, suspected to be the warmest spot on Saturn.[47]

text: North pole hexagonal cloud pattern

text: A persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images.[48][49][50] The sides of the hexagon are each about 13,800 km (8,600 mi) long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth.[51] The entire structure rotates with a period of 10h 39m 24s (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior.[52] The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere.[53] The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think it is a standing wave pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.[54][55]

text: South pole vortex

text: HST imaging of the south polar region indicates the presence of a jet stream, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave.[56] NASA reported in November 2006 that Cassini had observed a "hurricane-like" storm locked to the south pole that had a clearly defined eyewall.[57][58] Eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth. For example, images from the Galileo spacecraft did not show an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter.[59]

text: The south pole storm may have been present for billions of years.[60] This vortex is comparable to the size of Earth, and it has winds of 550 km/h.[60]

text: Other features

text: Cassini has observed a series of cloud features nicknamed "String of Pearls" found in northern latitudes. These features are cloud clearings that reside in deeper cloud layers.[61]

text: Magnetosphere

text: Saturn has an intrinsic magnetic field that has a simple, symmetric shape – a magnetic dipole. Its strength at the equator – 0.2 gauss (20 µT) – is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field.[15] As a result, Saturn's magnetosphere is much smaller than Jupiter's.[63] When Voyager 2 entered the magnetosphere, the solar wind pressure was high and the magnetosphere extended only 19 Saturn radii, or 1.1 million km (712,000 mi),[64] although it enlarged within several hours, and remained so for about three days.[65] Most probably, the magnetic field is generated similarly to that of Jupiter – by currents in the liquid metallic-hydrogen layer called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo.[63] This magnetosphere is efficient at deflecting the solar wind particles from the Sun. The moon Titan orbits within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere and contributes plasma from the ionized particles in Titan's outer atmosphere.[15] Saturn's magnetosphere, like Earth's, produces aurorae.[66]

text: Orbit and rotation

text: The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is over 1.4 billion kilometers (9 AU). With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km/s,[5] it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about 29 1⁄2 years),[67] to finish one revolution around the Sun.[5] The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined 2.48° relative to the orbital plane of the Earth.[5] The perihelion and aphelion distances are, respectively, 9.195 and 9.957 AU, on average.[5][68] The visible features on Saturn rotate at different rates depending on latitude and multiple rotation periods have been assigned to various regions (as in Jupiter's case).

text: Astronomers use three different systems for specifying the rotation rate of Saturn. System I has a period of 10 hr 14 min 00 sec (844.3°/d) and encompasses the Equatorial Zone, the South Equatorial Belt and the North Equatorial Belt. The polar regions are considered to have rotation rates similar to System I. All other Saturnian latitudes, excluding the north and south polar regions, are indicated as System II and have been assigned a rotation period of 10 hr 38 min 25.4 sec (810.76°/d). System III refers to Saturn's internal rotation rate. Based on radio emissions from the planet in the period of the Voyager flybys, it has been assigned a rotation period of 10 hr 39 min 22.4 sec (810.8°/d). Because it is close to System II, it has largely superseded it.[69]

text: A precise value for the rotation period of the interior remains elusive. While approaching Saturn in 2004, Cassini found that the radio rotation period of Saturn had increased appreciably, to approximately 10 hr 45 min 45 sec (± 36 sec).[70][71] The latest estimate of Saturn's rotation (as an indicated rotation rate for Saturn as a whole) based on a compilation of various measurements from the Cassini, Voyager and Pioneer probes was reported in September 2007 is 10 hr 32 min 35 sec.[72]

text: In March 2007, it was found that the variation of radio emissions from the planet did not match Saturn's rotation rate. This variance may be caused by geyser activity on Saturn's moon Enceladus. The water vapor emitted into Saturn's orbit by this activity becomes charged and creates a drag upon Saturn's magnetic field, slowing its rotation slightly relative to the rotation of the planet.[73][74][75]

text: Natural satellites

text: Saturn has 62 known moons, 53 of which have formal names.[76][77] In addition, there is evidence of dozens to hundreds of moonlets with diameters of 40–500 meters in Saturn's rings,[78] which are not considered to be true moons. Titan, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings.[79] Saturn's second-largest moon, Rhea, may have a tenuous ring system of its own,[80] along with a tenuous atmosphere.[81][82][83]

text: Many of the other moons are small: 34 are less than 10 km in diameter and another 14 between 10 and 50 km in diameter.[84] Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after Titans of Greek mythology. Titan is the only satellite in the Solar System with a major atmosphere,[85][86] in which a complex organic chemistry occurs. It is the only satellite with hydrocarbon lakes.[87][88]

text: On 6 June 2013, scientists at the IAA-CSIC reported the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the upper atmosphere of Titan, a possible precursor for life.[89] On 23 June 2014, NASA claimed to have strong evidence that nitrogen in the atmosphere of Titan came from materials in the Oort cloud, associated with comets, and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times.[90]

text: Saturn's moon Enceladus, which seems similar in chemical makeup to comets,[91] has often been regarded as a potential habitat for microbial life.[92][93][94][95] Evidence of this possibility includes the satellite's salt-rich particles having an "ocean-like" composition that indicates most of Enceladus's expelled ice comes from the evaporation of liquid salt water.[96][97][98] A 2015 flyby by Cassini through a plume on Enceladus found most of the ingredients to sustain life forms that live by methanogenesis.[99]

text: In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon within the A Ring, which was imaged by Cassini on 15 April 2013.[100]

text: Planetary rings

text: Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique.[29] The rings extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km outward from Saturn's equator, average approximately 20 meters in thickness and are composed of 93% water ice with traces of tholin impurities and 7% amorphous carbon.[101] The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10 m.[102] While the other gas giants also have ring systems, Saturn's is the largest and most visible.

text: There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the rings. One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn. The second hypothesis is that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed. Some ice in the E ring comes from the moon Enceladus's geysers.[103][104][105]

text: In the past, astronomers once thought the rings formed alongside the planet when it formed billions of years ago. Instead, the age of these planetary rings is probably some hundreds of millions of years.[106]

text: Beyond the main rings at a distance of 12 million km from the planet is the sparse Phoebe ring, which is tilted at an angle of 27° to the other rings and, like Phoebe, orbits in retrograde fashion.[107]

text: Some of the moons of Saturn, including Pandora and Prometheus, act as shepherd moons to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out.[108] Pan and Atlas cause weak, linear density waves in Saturn's rings that have yielded more reliable calculations of their masses.[109]

text: History of observation and exploration

text: There have been three main phases in the observation and exploration of Saturn. The first era was ancient observations (such as with the naked eye), before the invention of the modern telescopes. Starting in the 17th century progressively more advanced telescopic observations from Earth have been made. The other type is visitation by spacecraft, either by orbiting or flyby. In the 21st century observations continue from the Earth (or Earth-orbiting observatories) and from the Cassini orbiter at Saturn.

text: Ancient observations

text: Saturn has been known since prehistoric times.[110] In ancient times, it was the most distant of the known planets in the Solar System and thus a major character in various mythologies. Babylonian astronomers systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn.[111] In ancient Roman mythology, the god Saturnus, from which the planet takes its name, was the god of agriculture.[112] The Romans considered Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Cronus.[112] The Greeks had made the outermost planet sacred to Cronus,[113] and the Romans followed suit. (In modern Greek, the planet retains its ancient name Cronus—Κρόνος: Kronos.)[114]

text: The Greek scientist Ptolemy based his calculations of Saturn's orbit on observations he made while it was in opposition.[115] In Hindu astrology, there are nine astrological objects, known as Navagrahas. Saturn is known as "Shani" and judges everyone based on the good and bad deeds performed in life.[112][115] Ancient Chinese and Japanese culture designated the planet Saturn as the "earth star" (土星). This was based on Five Elements which were traditionally used to classify natural elements.[116][117][118]

text: In ancient Hebrew, Saturn is called 'Shabbathai'.[119] Its angel is Cassiel. Its intelligence or beneficial spirit is Agiel (layga) and its spirit (darker aspect) is Zazel (lzaz). In Ottoman Turkish, Urdu and Malay, its name is 'Zuhal', derived from Arabic زحل.

text: European observations (17th–19th centuries)

text: Saturn's rings require at least a 15-mm-diameter telescope[120] to resolve and thus were not known to exist until Galileo first saw them in 1610.[121][122] He thought of them as two moons on Saturn's sides.[123][124] It was not until Christiaan Huygens used greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted. Huygens discovered Saturn's moon Titan; Giovanni Domenico Cassini later discovered four other moons: Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys and Dione. In 1675, Cassini discovered the gap now known as the Cassini Division.[125]

text: No further discoveries of significance were made until 1789 when William Herschel discovered two further moons, Mimas and Enceladus. The irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion, which has a resonance with Titan, was discovered in 1848 by a British team.[126]

text: In 1899 William Henry Pickering discovered Phoebe, a highly irregular satellite that does not rotate synchronously with Saturn as the larger moons do.[126] Phoebe was the first such satellite found and it takes more than a year to orbit Saturn in a retrograde orbit. During the early 20th century, research on Titan led to the confirmation in 1944 that it had a thick atmosphere – a feature unique among the Solar System's moons.[127]

text: Modern NASA and ESA probes

text: Pioneer 11 flyby

text: Pioneer 11 made the first flyby of Saturn in September 1979, when it passed within 20,000 km of the planet's cloud tops. Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail. The spacecraft also studied Saturn's rings, revealing the thin F-ring and the fact that dark gaps in the rings are bright when viewed at high phase angle (towards the Sun), meaning that they contain fine light-scattering material. In addition, Pioneer 11 measured the temperature of Titan.[128]

text: Voyager flybys

text: In November 1980, the Voyager 1 probe visited the Saturn system. It sent back the first high-resolution images of the planet, its rings and satellites. Surface features of various moons were seen for the first time. Voyager 1 performed a close flyby of Titan, increasing knowledge of the atmosphere of the moon. It proved that Titan's atmosphere is impenetrable in visible wavelengths; therefore no surface details were seen. The flyby changed the spacecraft's trajectory out from the plane of the Solar System.[129]

text: Almost a year later, in August 1981, Voyager 2 continued the study of the Saturn system. More close-up images of Saturn's moons were acquired, as well as evidence of changes in the atmosphere and the rings. Unfortunately, during the flyby, the probe's turnable camera platform stuck for a couple of days and some planned imaging was lost. Saturn's gravity was used to direct the spacecraft's trajectory towards Uranus.[129]

text: The probes discovered and confirmed several new satellites orbiting near or within the planet's rings, as well as the small Maxwell Gap (a gap within the C Ring) and Keeler gap (a 42 km wide gap in the A Ring).

text: Cassini–Huygens spacecraft

text: On 1 July 2004, the Cassini–Huygens space probe performed the SOI (Saturn Orbit Insertion) maneuver and entered orbit around Saturn. Before the SOI, Cassini had already studied the system extensively. In June 2004, it had conducted a close flyby of Phoebe, sending back high-resolution images and data. Cassini's flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, has captured radar images of large lakes and their coastlines with numerous islands and mountains. The orbiter completed two Titan flybys before releasing the Huygens probe on 25 December 2004. Huygens descended onto the surface of Titan on 14 January 2005, sending a flood of data during the atmospheric descent and after the landing.[130] Cassini has since conducted multiple flybys of Titan and other icy satellites.

text: Starting in early 2005, scientists used Cassini to track lightning on Saturn. The power of the lightning is approximately 1,000 times that of lightning on Earth.[131]

text: In 2006, NASA reported that Cassini had found evidence of liquid water reservoirs that erupt in geysers on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Images had shown jets of icy particles being emitted into orbit around Saturn from vents in the moon's south polar region. According to Andrew Ingersoll, California Institute of Technology, "Other moons in the Solar System have liquid-water oceans covered by kilometers of icy crust. What's different here is that pockets of liquid water may be no more than tens of meters below the surface."[133] Over 100 geysers have been identified on Enceladus.[132] In May 2011, NASA scientists at an Enceladus Focus Group Conference reported that Enceladus "is emerging as the most habitable spot beyond Earth in the Solar System for life as we know it".[134][135]

text: Cassini photographs have led to other significant discoveries. They have revealed a previously undiscovered planetary ring, outside the brighter main rings of Saturn and inside the G and E rings. The source of this ring is hypothesized to be the crashing of a meteoroid off Janus and Epimetheus.[136] In July 2006, Cassini images provided evidence of hydrocarbon lakes near Titan's north pole, the presence of which were confirmed in January 2007. In March 2007, additional images near Titan's north pole revealed hydrocarbon seas, the largest of which is almost the size of the Caspian Sea.[137] In October 2006, the probe detected an 8,000 km diameter cyclone-like storm with an eyewall at Saturn's south pole.[138]

text: From 2004 to 2 November 2009, the probe discovered and confirmed eight new satellites. Its primary mission ended in 2008 when the spacecraft had completed 74 orbits around the planet. The probe's mission was extended to September 2010 and then extended again to 2017, to study a full period of Saturn's seasons.[139]

text: In April 2013 Cassini sent back images of a hurricane at the planet's north pole 20 times larger than those found on Earth, with winds faster than 530 km/h.[140]

text: On 19 July 2013, "The Day the Earth Smiled", Cassini was pointed towards Earth to capture an image of the Earth and the Moon (and, as well, Venus and Mars) as part of a natural light, multi-image portrait of the entire Saturn system. It was the first time NASA informed the people of Earth that a long-distance photo was being taken in advance.[141]

text: On 15 September 2017, the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft performed the "Grand Finale" of its mission: a number of passes through gaps between Saturn and Saturn's inner rings.[142][143] The atmospheric entry of Cassini ended the mission.

text: Possible future missions

text: The continued exploration of Saturn is still considered to be a viable option for NASA as part of their ongoing New Frontiers program of missions. NASA previously requested for plans to be put forward for a mission to Saturn that included an atmospheric entry probe and possible investigations into the habitability and possible discovery of life on Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus.[144]

text: Observation

text: Saturn is the most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye from Earth, the other four being Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter. (Uranus and occasionally 4 Vesta are visible to the naked eye in dark skies.) Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light with an apparent magnitude of usually between +1 and 0. It takes approximately 29.5 years for the planet to complete an entire circuit of the ecliptic against the background constellations of the zodiac. Most people will require an optical aid (very large binoculars or a small telescope) that magnifies at least 30 times to achieve an image of Saturn's rings, in which clear resolution is present.[29][120] Twice every Saturnian year (roughly every 15 Earth years), the rings briefly disappear from view, due to the way in which they are angled and because they are so thin. Such a "disappearance" will next occur in 2025, but Saturn will be too close to the Sun for any ring-crossing observation to be possible.[145]

text: Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near, opposition, the configuration of a planet when it is at an elongation of 180°, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky. A Saturnian opposition occurs every year—approximately every 378 days—and results in the planet appearing at its brightest. Both the Earth and Saturn orbit the Sun on eccentric orbits, which means their distances from the Sun vary over time, and therefore so do their distances from each other, hence varying the brightness of Saturn from one opposition to the next. Saturn also appears brighter when the rings are angled such that they are more visible. For example, during the opposition of 17 December 2002, Saturn appeared at its brightest due to a favorable orientation of its rings relative to the Earth,[146] even though Saturn was closer to the Earth and Sun in late 2003.[146]

text: From time to time Saturn is occulted by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky). As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in "seasons". Saturnian occultations will take place 12 or more times over a 12-month period, followed by about a five-year period in which no such activity is registered.[147] Australian astronomy experts Hill and Horner explain the seasonal nature of Saturnian occultations:

text: This is the result of the fact that the moon’s orbit around the Earth is tilted to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun – and so most of the time, the moon will pass above or below Saturn in the sky, and no occultation will occur. It is only when Saturn lies near the point that the moon’s orbit crosses the "plane of the ecliptic" that occultations can happen – and then they occur every time the moon swings by, until Saturn moves away from the crossing point.[147]

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure
Jump up ^ Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure

tag: ol


document_title: Pismo Beach, California

question_text: where did the name pismo beach come from

text: Pismo Beach, California

text: History[edit]

text: The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolà expedition, passed through the area, traveling up today's Price Canyon from Pismo Beach, where they camped on September 4, 1769. Franciscan missionary and expedition member Juan Crespi noted in his diary that they found a native village near the creek.[10][11]

text: Pismo Beach is located on the Rancho Pismo Mexican land grant made to José Ortega, grandson of José Francisco Ortega, in 1840. In 1846 José Ortega sold Rancho Pismo to Isaac Sparks. John Michael Price bought most of the rancho from Isaac Sparks. Price established the town of Pismo Beach in 1891. His homestead is now Price Historical Park.[12] His home is a registered historical landmark.

text: The name Pismo comes from the Chumash language word for tar, Pismu' ,[13] which was gathered from tar springs in Price Canyon near Pismo Beach. The tar was a valuable product which the Chumash Indians used to caulk their seagoing canoes, called tomol, which traveled along the coast and out to the Channel Islands.

text: The first wharf at Pismo was built in 1882, followed by a full-length pier built in 1924 that was financed and constructed by William Woodrow Ward who allowed full use of it by the public. After it suffered considerable storm damage, the pier was renovated again in 1985. Pismo State Beach is named for the city of Pismo Beach.

text: The neighborhoods of Shell Beach and Sunset Palisades were originally the site of a Chumash village, and significant archeological sites are located in both areas. Shell Beach became agricultural land, mostly pea fields. Developer Floyd Calvert bought and developed the area in 1926. At first it was a local resort area; after World War II it became primarily residential. Sunset Palisades, originally called Oilport, was the site of an oil refinery from 1907 until after World War II. It is now residential.[14]

text: Clams[edit]

text: The Pismo clam was named for the long, wide beach where so many were once found, once in such abundance that they were harvested with plows. Clamming once drew thousands of clammers to Pismo during low tides, and is still legal; however, due to over-harvesting by humans and the protected sea otter (which feasts on clams), few clams are to be found.[15]

text: Pismo Beach adopted the name "Clam Capital of the World" in the 1950s, though this motto is no longer used. The city still holds the Clam Festival every October, complete with clam chowder competitions and a clam-themed parade.[16]

text: At the southern end of Price Street upon first entering Pismo Beach, a gigantic concrete clam statue greets visitors. The oldest Surf Shop on the Central Coast (Pismo Beach Surf Shop) is seen from the Pismo Clam. An eight-inch shell of the Pismo clam (Tivela stultorum) is on display at the Pismo Beach Chamber of Commerce.

text: Geography[edit]

text:
External video

 Panoramic Video of Pismo Beach on YouTube

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.5 square miles (35 km2). 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2) of it is land and 9.9 square miles (26 km2) of it (73.29%) is water.

text: Pismo Creek enters the Pacific Ocean at Pismo Beach.[17] The southern end of Pismo Beach runs alongside sand dunes, which are followed by eucalyptus trees which attract thousands of migrating monarch butterflies every November through February.[8]

text: Meadow Creek is a short creek that runs through the Pismo Lake Ecological Reserve and hosts a variety of wildlife despite its urban surroundings, including beaver (Castor canadensis).[18][19][20][21]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Pismo Beach, California (1981–2010, extremes 1949–present)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
85
(29)
90
(32)
90
(32)
101
(38)
100
(38)
99
(37)
102
(39)
102
(39)
103
(39)
99
(37)
91
(33)
92
(33)
102
(39)

Average high °F (°C)
59.8
(15.4)
60.7
(15.9)
62.0
(16.7)
64.2
(17.9)
64.7
(18.2)
65.9
(18.8)
65.8
(18.8)
66.7
(19.3)
67.6
(19.8)
67.4
(19.7)
64.6
(18.1)
60.0
(15.6)
64.1
(17.8)

Daily mean °F (°C)
52.2
(11.2)
53.3
(11.8)
54.3
(12.4)
56.0
(13.3)
57.1
(13.9)
59.1
(15.1)
60.1
(15.6)
60.8
(16)
60.8
(16)
59.8
(15.4)
56.5
(13.6)
52.1
(11.2)
56.9
(13.8)

Average low °F (°C)
44.5
(6.9)
45.9
(7.7)
46.6
(8.1)
47.9
(8.8)
49.5
(9.7)
52.4
(11.3)
54.3
(12.4)
54.9
(12.7)
54.0
(12.2)
52.2
(11.2)
48.4
(9.1)
44.2
(6.8)
49.6
(9.8)

Record low °F (°C)
24
(−4)
28
(−2)
23
(−5)
27
(−3)
30
(−1)
37
(3)
38
(3)
39
(4)
30
(−1)
32
(0)
29
(−2)
21
(−6)
23
(−5)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.04
(77.2)
3.83
(97.3)
3.04
(77.2)
1.14
(29)
0.41
(10.4)
0.07
(1.8)
0.03
(0.8)
0.07
(1.8)
0.14
(3.6)
0.87
(22.1)
1.52
(38.6)
2.73
(69.3)
16.89
(429)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.2
8.5
7.9
4.2
1.8
0.8
0.3
0.5
1.5
3.3
5.1
7.1
49.2

Source: NOAA[22][23]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1950
1,425

—

1960
1,762

23.6%

1970
4,043

129.5%

1980
5,364

32.7%

1990
7,669

43.0%

2000
8,551

11.5%

2010
7,655

−10.5%

Est. 2016
8,198
[7]
7.1%

U.S. Decennial Census[24]

text: The 2010 United States Census[25] reported that Pismo Beach had a population of 7,655. The population density was 568.0 people per square mile (219.3/km²). The racial makeup of Pismo Beach was 6,976 (91.1%) White, 50 (0.7%) African American, 41 (0.5%) Native American, 203 (2.7%) Asian, 11 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 170 (2.2%) from other races, and 204 (2.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 715 persons (9.3%).

text: The Census reported that 7,642 people (99.8% of the population) lived in households, 13 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

text: There were 3,834 households, out of which 619 (16.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,710 (44.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 267 (7.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 102 (2.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 235 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 39 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,372 households (35.8%) were made up of individuals and 578 (15.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.99. There were 2,079 families (54.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.55.

text: The population was spread out with 1,020 people (13.3%) under the age of 18, 450 people (5.9%) aged 18 to 24, 1,555 people (20.3%) aged 25 to 44, 2,642 people (34.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,988 people (26.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.8 years. For every 100 females there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.4 males.

text: There were 5,585 housing units at an average density of 414.4 per square mile (160.0/km²), of which 2,336 (60.9%) were owner-occupied, and 1,498 (39.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.6%. 4,658 people (60.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,984 people (39.0%) lived in rental housing units.

text: As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 8,551 people, 4,230 households, and 2,322 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,366.0 people per square mile (914.6/km²). There were 5,496 housing units at an average density of 1,520.7 per square mile (587.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.35% White, 0.60% African American, 0.71% Native American, 2.92% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.65% from other races, and 2.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.89% of the population.

text: There were 4,230 households out of which 17.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families; 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.58.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 15.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 24.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $46,396, and the median income for a family was $61,036. Males had a median income of $48,606 versus $30,189 for females. The per capita income made for the city was $30,835. About 6.3% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

text: The population had a wave of expansion starting in the 1980s, after completion of waste water treatment facilities expansion designed by Kennedy Jenks Engineers; this lack of infrastructure had previously limited population growth.

text: In 2012, the independent film The Great Depression was filmed on location around Pismo Beach.

text: Government[edit]

text: Incorporated on April 25, 1946,[2] Pismo Beach is a general law city governed by a five-member council. The city council consists of a mayor (who serves a two-year term) and four councilmembers (who serve four-year terms). All five are elected at-large.[1]

text: In the California State Legislature, Pismo Beach is in the 17th Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Monning, and in the 35th Assembly District, represented by Republican Jordan Cunningham.[27]

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Pismo Beach is in California's 24th congressional district, represented by Democrat Salud Carbajal.[28]

text: Education[edit]

text:
Shell Beach Elementary School
Judkins Middle School

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The city has received a substantial number of mentions in popular culture, including the films Clueless, and A Night at the Roxbury, the TV show United States of Tara, and the animated series Futurama, Robot Chicken, and The Critic.

text: The W. C. Fields comedy The Bank Dick (1940), set in Lompoc, includes a character listed in the film's credits as "A. Pismo Clam".

text: In Ali Baba Bunny, Bugs Bunny and his traveling companion Daffy Duck emerge from a burrow, believing they have arrived at Pismo Beach "and all the clams we can eat".

text: In the TV movie Dragnet 1966 (1969), Bill Gannon (Harry Morgan) takes disability retirement and moves to Pismo Beach. After eight months and three weeks of eating Pismo Beach clam chowder, Bill's health returns, his teeth stop falling out, and he is able to be reinstated with the L.A.P.D. Explaining to Joe Friday (Jack Webb) the reason for his restored health, he states, "The clams, Joe. The clams."

text: In The Monkees TV series episode 'The Wild Monkees' (aired 11-13-67), Pismo Beach is mentioned a few times. Mike Nesmith states 'You remember the Massacre at Pismo Beach?' when told the motocycle gang the black angels will be staying at the hotel they are working at. To which the rest of the group replies 'Pismo Beach?'

text: In the movie Clueless (1995), the fictitious "Pismo Beach disaster" is referred to.

text: In the I Love Lucy TV series episode 'Lucy Gets In Pictures' (aired 02-21-55), Lucy (Lucille Ball) mentions Pismo Beach as one of the locations that she and her best friend, Ethel Mertz (Vivian Vance), want to visit.

text: It is memorably mentioned in the Coen brothers' The Big Lebowski. This shout-out inspired the title of the Labradford song "Up to Pizmo," from their album Fixed::Context.


document_title: Live Fast, Love Hard, Die Young

question_text: who sang live fast love hard die young

question_tokens: who sang live fast love hard die young

text: Live Fast, Love Hard, Die Young

text: Live Fast, Love Hard, Die Young was Faron Young's first number one song and his fifth consecutive top ten hit. It spent three weeks at the top of the Billboard country music charts in 1955. "This was a tune I detested," Faron said. "Ken Nelson made me record this song. I put it out and it was a big, big hit. Then I got to liking it." The song mentions a Wampus cat.

text: The song idea came to Joe Allison while watching a gangster movie starring a young John Derek. Allison explained, "All through this picture he said, 'I want to die young and leave a good-looking corpse.' It struck me as a good idea for a song, so I wrote 'Live Fast, Love Hard, Die Young.' I didn't write it for anybody, but when Ken Nelson heard it, he said, 'We'll do that with Faron Young.'"

text: "Live Fast, Love Hard: The Faron Young Story" is the 2007 biography written by Diane Diekman and published by the University of Illinois Press. [1]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
A 1955 version by Eddie Cochran was released in 1997 on the album Rockin' It Country Style.
Nick Lowe released a version of the song on his 1984 album Nick Lowe and His Cowboy Outfit.[1]