document_title: Peaky Blinders (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes in praky blinders season 4

text: Peaky Blinders (TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: Peaky Blinders is a gangster family epic set in Birmingham, England in 1919, several months after the end of the First World War in November 1918. The story centres on the Peaky Blinders gang and their ambitious and highly cunning boss Tommy Shelby (played by Cillian Murphy). The gang comes to the attention of Chief Inspector Major Chester Campbell (played by Sam Neill), a detective in the Royal Irish Constabulary sent over by Winston Churchill from Belfast, where he had been sent to "clean up" the city of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), communists, gangs and common criminals.[7][8] Winston Churchill (played by Andy Nyman in series 1 and Richard McCabe in series 2) charged him with suppressing disorder and uprising in Birmingham and recovering a stolen cache of arms meant to be shipped to Libya.[9][10][11] The series concludes on December 3, 1919 - "Black Star Day", the event where the Peaky Blinders plan to take over Billy Kimber's betting pitches at the Worcester Races.

text: The second series sees the Shelby family expand their criminal organisation in the "South and North [of London] while maintaining a stronghold in their Birmingham heartland."[12] It begins in 1921 and ends with a climax at Epsom racecourse on May 31, 1922 - Derby Day .[13]

text: Series three starts and ends in 1924 as it follows Tommy and his family enter an even more dangerous world as they once again expand, this time, internationally. Internet-based film and TV news company Screen Rant said:

text:
“
The season revolves around the notion of social classes and empires, and how they rise and fall with a startling sort of predictability. As the show suggests, over time, empires become too big, too corrupt, and too complicated to sustain themselves and eventually, they collapse. …[T]he season expresses its fears of expansion by teaching Tommy a powerful lesson about the other sharks skulking around in criminal waters – especially when those criminals are the ones involved in governmental plots with massive geopolitical implications. Essentially, Peaky Blinders embarked on a fish out of water story by moving outside its own comfort zone and taking the risk of expanding too much and too quickly. There are times when that risk appears to have paid off[.][14]
”

text: Series three also features: Paddy Considine as Father John Hughes; Alexander Siddig as Ruben Oliver, a painter whom Polly enlists to paint her portrait; Gaite Jansen as Russian Grand Duchess Tatiana Petrovna; and Kate Phillips as Linda Shelby, wife of Arthur.

text: Series four begins on Christmas Eve, 1925 and ends following the general strike of May 1926.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Cillian Murphy as Thomas ‘Tommy’ Shelby OBE DCM MM MP: The overall leader of the Peaky Blinders, and brother of Arthur, John, Ada, and Finn Shelby. Tommy served in World War I with the rank of Sergeant Major and was decorated for bravery. His experiences in World War I left him disillusioned and beset with ongoing nightmares.
Helen McCrory as Polly (Elizabeth) Gray, née Shelby: The aunt of Tommy and his siblings, and treasurer of the Peaky Blinders. She led the organisation when Tommy, Arthur, and John were fighting in World War I. Polly's two children, Anna and Michael, were taken away from her as infants. In series 2, Polly reunites with her son but learns her daughter had died.
Paul Anderson as Arthur Shelby, Jr.: The oldest Shelby sibling and the bulldog of the family. Arthur owns The Garrison. He also suffers from severe shell-shock or PTSD from his experiences in the war, and suffers from violent outbursts, constant mood swings, and attempts at suicide. Arthur is one of the leaders of the Peaky Blinders.
Sam Neill as Chester Campbell (series 1–2): An Ulster Protestant Irish Major drafted from Belfast to locate and recover a missing consignment of Lewis guns accidentally stolen by the Peaky Blinders. Campbell was illustrious for his work in ridding Belfast of its gang elements. Campbell also had developed a vendetta against the Peaky Blinders, in particular, Tommy Shelby, and vowed to destroy Tommy and the Peaky Blinders.
Annabelle Wallis as Grace Shelby née Burgess (series 1–3): A former undercover agent and Ulster Protestant Irish woman working with Chester Campbell. She was undercover as a barmaid at The Garrison.
Joe Cole as John Shelby (series 1–4): The third-youngest Shelby. He is a World War I veteran and is one of the Peaky Blinders' leaders.
Sophie Rundle as Ada Thorne, née Shelby: The Shelby brothers' only sister. Ada is the only sibling not involved with the Peaky Blinders. She had a son with Freddie Thorne, whom she named Karl (named after Karl Marx).

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Tom Hardy as Alfie Solomons (series 2–4): The leader of a Jewish gang, in Camden Town. He is violent and unpredictable, but intelligent. Solomons runs a distillery disguised as a bakery.
Adrien Brody as Luca Changretta (series 4): A New York mafioso with a vendetta against the Shelby Family.
Aidan Gillen as Aberama Gold (series 4): A new and dangerous ally of the Shelby Family and lover to Polly Gray.
Charlotte Riley as May Carleton (series 2, 4): A wealthy widow who owns racehorses.
Paddy Considine as Father John Hughes (series 3): A priest working with Section D (The Economic League) in the British government.
Noah Taylor as Derby Sabini (series 2): The leader of an Italian gang in Camden Town.
Charlie Creed-Miles as Billy Kimber (series 1); a local kingpin who runs the local races.
Finn Cole as Michael Gray (series 2–present): Polly Gray's biological son.
Aimee-Ffion Edwards as Esme Shelby, née Lee (series 1–4): John Shelby's wife. Esme married John as part of a deal between the Peaky Blinders and the Lees (a Gypsy family) to form a partnership.
Kate Phillips as Linda Shelby (series 3–present): Wife of Arthur Shelby.
Charlie Murphy as Jessie Eden (series 4): An enigmatic union convenor and lover to Tommy Shelby.
Natasha O'Keeffe as Lizzie Stark : A former prostitute who works for Tommy as his secretary.
Gaite Jansen as Princess Tatiana Petrovna (series 3); Russian princess.
Iddo Goldberg as Freddie Thorne (series 1): a known communist who fought in the Great War as a sergeant alongside Tommy. Ada Shelby's husband.
Alexander Siddig as Ruben Oliver (series 3); a portrait artist in romantic relationship with Polly Gray
Jack Rowan as Bonnie Gold (series 4); Aberama Gold's boxing champion son

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Harry Kirton as Finn Shelby (series 2–present); the fifth and youngest Shelby sibling.
Ned Dennehy as Charlie Strong: Owner of a boatyard and an uncle figure to Tommy.
Packy Lee as Johnny Dogs: A Gypsy friend of Tommy Shelby.
Ian Peck as Curly: Assistant to Charlie Strong.
Benjamin Zephaniah as Jeremiah Jesus: A preacher and friend of the Peaky Blinders.
Jordan Bolger as Isaiah Jesus (series 2–present): Jeremiah's son and a member of the Peaky Blinders
Tommy Flanagan as Arthur Shelby, Sr. (series 1): the father of Tommy and his siblings and Polly's brother.
Alfie Evans-Meese as Finn Shelby (series 1): the fifth-youngest Shelby sibling.
Samuel Edward-Cook as Danny "Whizz-Bang" Owen (series 1): a former comrade of Tommy who fought in the Great War.
Andy Nyman as Winston Churchill (series 1)
David Dawson as Roberts (series 1): Billy Kimber's lawyer.
Tony Pitts as Sergeant/Inspector Moss;:a policeman on the Peaky Blinders' pay roll.
Kevin Metcalfe as Scudboat (series 1)
Neil Bell as Harry Fenton (series 1)
Lobo Chan as Mr Zhang (series 1): a Chinese businessman
Tom Vaughan-Lawlor as Malacki Byrne (series 1)
Keith Dunphy as Maguire (series 1)
Kunjue Li as Chinn (series 1)
Richard McCabe as Winston Churchill (series 2)
Adam El Hagar as Ollie (series 2): Alfie Solomons 's right hand
Sam Hazeldine as George Sewell (series 2): Derby Sabini's right hand
Paul Bullion as Billy Kitchen (series 2)
Rory Keenan as Donal Henry (series 2)
Simone Kirby as Irene O’Donnell (series 2)
Wanda Opalinska as Rosemary Johnson (series 2, 4): Michael Gray's foster mother
Erin Shanagher as Mrs. Ross (series 2, 4)
Daniel Fearn as King Maine (series 2, 4)
James Richard Marshall as Henry Russell (series 2)
James Eeles as Digbeth Kid (series 2)
Josh O'Connor as James (series 2)
Dorian Lough as Mario (series 2)
Adam Lawrence as young lover (series 2)
Jan Bijvoet as Grand Duke Leon Petrovna (series 3): Grand Duchess Izabella's husband
Dina Korzun as Grand Duchess Izabella (series 3): Princess Tatiana Petrovna's aunt
Stephanie Hyam as Charlotte Murray(series 3): Michael Gray's girlfriend
Kenneth Colley as Vicente Changretta (series 3): Luca Changretta's father
Bríd Brennan as Audrey Changretta (series 3–4): Luca Changretta's mother
Frances Tomelty as Bethany Boswell (series 3): a wise old Gypsy
Richard Brake as Anton Kaledin (series 3)
Alex Macqueen as Patrick Jarvis MP (series 3)
Wendy Nottingham as Mary (series 3): a housekeeper
Luca Matteo Zizzari as Matteo (series 4): one of Luca Changretta's henchmen
Jake J. Meniani as Frederico (series 4): one of Luca Changretta's henchmen
Dino Kelly as Goliath (series 4): a giant boxer and Alfie Solomons's nephew.
Kingsley Ben-Adir as Colonel Ben Younger (series 4)
Graeme Hawley as Niall Devlin (series 4): factory boss.
Pauline Turner as Frances (series 4); a housekeeper
Donald Sumpter as Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham; (series 4): King’s Private Secretary
Jolyon Coy as Edward Roberts (series 4)
Jamie Kenna as Billy Mills (series 4)
Joseph Long as Chef (series 4)
Andreas Muñoz as Antonio (series 4)
Jenson Clarke as Charles Shelby (series 4): son of Tommy Shelby and Grace Burgess
Ethan Picard-Edwards as Billy Shelby (series 4): son of Arthur Shelby, Jr. and Linda Shelby

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
Average UK viewers
(millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
6
12 September 2013 (2013-09-12)
17 October 2013 (2013-10-17)
2.38

2
6
2 October 2014 (2014-10-02)
6 November 2014 (2014-11-06)
2.18

3
6
5 May 2016 (2016-05-05)
9 June 2016 (2016-06-09)
2.38

4
6
15 November 2017 (2017-11-15)
20 December 2017 (2017-12-20)
4.05

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Episode
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [15]

1
1
Episode 1
Otto Bathurst
Steven Knight
12 September 2013 (2013-09-12)
3.05

Following the Great War in 1919, the Peaky Blinders, led by Thomas "Tommy" Shelby, appropriates a consignment of guns from the local arms factory. Winston Churchill sends Inspector Campbell to Birmingham to retrieve the guns. On his journey, Campbell reviews Tommy's record, which notes that he was a decorated former sergeant major. Aunt Polly urges Tommy to return the guns, but he feels that he can use them to his advantage. His brother Arthur does not agree with Tommy about fixing horse races, believing it will cause trouble with Billy Kimber, who runs the races. Inspector Campbell and his men capture Arthur and beat him while inquiring about the gun robbery. Campbell propositions Arthur and the gang to work with him to find the guns. Tommy's sister Ada is involved with Freddie Thorne, a communist and Tommy's former best friend. Barmaid Grace starts working at the bar. Unbeknownst to the Peaky Blinders, she has been placed in Birmingham by Inspector Campbell to help find the guns. Danny, also known as Private Whiz-Bang, has another PTSD episode and kills an Italian business owner. To avoid a war with the Italians, Tommy agrees to kill Danny, with the Italians watching from across the canal. However, Tommy faked the killing and Danny is taken to London on a special assignment.

2
2
Episode 2
Otto Bathurst
Steven Knight
19 September 2013 (2013-09-19)
2.45

Tommy, Arthur and John meet up with the Lees to look at a horse for the next race. The Lees insult the Peaky Blinders, a fight breaks out and later Tommy receives a bullet with his name on it. Campbell's special force launches a surprise crackdown, targeting socialists and looking for the guns. Freddie and Ada manage to escape, but Freddie has to leave town. Campbell confronts Polly, telling her to have Tommy meet him, and attacks all the Shelby establishments. In retaliation, Tommy arranges for a reporter to write about a protest burning of the King's picture, which prompts Churchill to pressure Campbell. Tommy meets with Campbell, and gives him an ultimatum: if the Peaky Blinders are left alone, he will return the guns and Campbell will be a hero; if the Inspector interferes with his plans, Tommy will send the guns to the IRA and ruin Campbell's work in Belfast. Campbell seems to agree but later instructs Grace to get close to Tommy and find the location of the guns. Tommy is forced to kill his dying horse. Polly realizes Ada is pregnant and tells Tommy, who threatens to kill Freddie. However, he later tells Freddie to take Ada away; Freddie instead proposes to Ada and decides to stay in town. Billy Kimber and his men confront the Shelbies, but Tommy convinces them to join forces in fighting the Lees, their common enemy.

3
3
Episode 3
Otto Bathurst
Steven Knight
26 September 2013 (2013-09-26)
2.20

Ada and Freddie marry, and Aunt Polly gives them money to leave the country. Despite Thomas' best efforts to keep the guns a secret, it seems that people keep finding out about them, including two IRA members. Grace overhears them trying to blackmail Thomas and follows one of them, but he attacks her. Grace manages to fight her attacker off by shooting him in self defense. Thomas warns Kimber that Lee's people will once again rob Kimber's bookies at the races. Thomas brings Grace as his date to Cheltenham races in an attempt to distract Kimber as well as convince him that he should hire the Blinders as his security. Kimber agrees if he can have some time alone with Grace, Thomas agrees. At the last minute, Thomas has a change of heart and claims that Grace is actually a prostitute with 'the clap' (gonorrhea). Freddie decides Thomas is not going to scare him off and returns.

4
4
Episode 4
Tom Harper
Steven Knight, Stephen Russell
3 October 2013 (2013-10-03)
2.31

Thomas has made the business legitimate by obtaining a betting licence. Although he doesn't quite trust her, and is suspicious of her, Thomas hires Grace as his secretary. John calls the family together to tell them he has decided his four children need a mother, and he has decided he wants to marry Lizzie, a local prostitute. Thomas disapproves because he doesn't think Lizzie has given up her former profession. The Lees rob the Shelbys' gambling den as revenge for the peaky blinders having protected Billy Kimber's bookies at the races. Thomas decides to call a truce with the Lee family so that he can have an ally against Billy Kimber and marries John to Lees' daughter Esme to consummate the agreement. Ada comes to the wedding, but goes into labour soon after. Freddy tries to come to see the new baby, but gets arrested when he shows up.

5
5
Episode 5
Tom Harper
Steven Knight, Toby Finlay
10 October 2013 (2013-10-10)
2.03

Believing Thomas betrayed Freddy, Ada does not want to see or speak to her family. Although Arthur Sr. (Tommy Flanagan) deserted the family a decade ago, he comes back into town. Thomas wants nothing to do with him, but Arthur Jr. believes he has changed and wants to do anything to help him, including financing the opening of hotels in America. However, Arthur Sr. takes off with the money Arthur Jr. gave him. When Arthur Jr. finally tracks his father down, Arthur Sr. admits he never had any plans and felt that the Shelby family owed him. An IRA member starts inquiring about the man Grace killed. Grace and Thomas kill the other IRA members. Now in love with Thomas, Grace tells Inspector Campbell, if she gives him the location of the guns, he has to leave Thomas and his family alone. She suspects the guns are buried in a false grave after discovering that Danny Whizz-Bang is not really dead, but in London on business for the Shelby family. Grace gives up the location to Inspector Campbell, and resigns service to the crown. As she has resigned, and the guns found, with the exception of one, Inspector Campbell proposes marriage, which Grace rejects.

6
6
Episode 6
Tom Harper
Steven Knight
17 October 2013 (2013-10-17)
2.24

The Peaky Blinders, led by Danny Whizz-Bang spring Freddy from jail. Winston Churchill believes Grace should receive some commendation for her part in finding the missing guns. Inspector Campbell finds out Grace has been with Tommy. Polly meets with Grace, and tells her she knows her secret. Polly says that while Tommy may forgive Grace, Polly never will. Tommy gathers the Peaky Blinders and the Lees to take on Kimber's men at the tracks, but Kimber catches the Shelbies off guard and outnumbered by confronting them at home. Freddy brings out the missing gun, but Ada jumps in the middle of the shoot out trying to bring peace. Kimber fires off at the Peaky Blinders, injuring Tommy and killing Danny Whizz-Bang. Tommy in turn shoots Kimber dead. Tommy meets Grace and she tells him she loves him and will go to London for a few days; she has an idea how they can be together. Tommy flips a coin to decide if he will go with Grace. As this happens, Campbell confronts Grace at the train station and points his pistol at her. As the scene fades, there is a gunshot.

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Episode
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [15]

7
1
Episode 1
Colm McCarthy
Steven Knight
2 October 2014 (2014-10-02)
2.31

Grace shoots Campbell, leaving him lying in his own blood. Two years later, the Garrison is blown up while the family is attending Freddy Thorne's funeral. Tommy tries to get Ada to come back home as he is planning an expansion to London. Tommy goes to the Black Lion to confront those who he thinks blew up the Garrison. Instead he's taken to meet with the IRA and asked to murder someone - which he does. Tommy is informed that Campbell, now a major, is returning to Birmingham. The Shelby family has a meeting regarding the expansion of the bookie business but Polly and John's wife Esme have reservations. Nonetheless, Tommy, Arthur and John decide to get familiar with the London scene, and cause a rumpus at Darby Sabini's club. Polly visits a medium for information on her children that were taken from her. Esme finds out, but Polly swears her to secrecy. Tommy hires Lizzie as his secretary. In retaliation for tearing-up Sabini's club, Sabini has his thugs kidnap and attempt to rape Ada, as well as beat Tommy to within an inch of his life. Major Campbell then intervenes before Sabini and his men can finish him off. Campbell has agreed with Winston Churchill, that Tommy will be useful to them.

8
2
Episode 2
Colm McCarthy
Steven Knight
9 October 2014 (2014-10-09)
2.18

Major Campbell visits Tommy in the hospital and threatens him with the knowledge that he knows about the murder Tommy committed for the IRA, and has clearly had Tommy under surveillance for some time. Tommy discharges himself from hospital early, and takes a barge down to London. Tommy meets with vicious gang-leader Alfie Solomons in Camden Town. Tommy has a hard time convincing Alfie that he should align with the Peaky Blinders against Sabini. Tommy tracks down Ada, and buys her a house as a means of laundering money. He also buys Polly a house. Esme has told Tommy about Polly trying to track down her children. Tommy tells Polly her daughter is dead, but he has managed to track down her son. Unfortunately, due to the law, Polly is unable to track down her son until he is 18 years of age. Arthur's flashbacks from the war are getting worse, and during one, he kills a boy during sparring. He starts using cocaine to self-medicate. Following the reopening of the Garrison, Polly's son, Michael shows up on her doorstep.

9
3
Episode 3
Colm McCarthy
Steven Knight
16 October 2014 (2014-10-16)
2.20

The Shelby brothers hire the Digbeth Kid, a neighborhood boy who loves cowboy movies, to get stood up for gambling to help the local cops meet their arrest quota. While in jail, Sabini's thugs murder the Digbeth Kid to get back at the Peaky Blinders for their intrusion on his turf. Polly and Michael try to get to know each other. Tommy and John meet with Billy, of the Black Country Boys, who fought with them in the war. Tommy tells Billy to round up his men for them to go to work in Camden Town for Alfie Solomons. Michael requests that Tommy gives him a job. Arthur is threatened by the mother of the boy he killed. Tommy tells Major Campbell that the officers played a joke on him and have boarded him in a house that is owned by a not-so-former Madam. The Shelby boys and Michael go to an auction to purchase a horse, and meet horse trainer May Carleton.

10
4
Episode 4
Colm McCarthy
Steven Knight
23 October 2014 (2014-10-23)
2.06

Tommy meets with his Irish handlers, only to find out they are backed by Major Campbell and the Crown. They order another hit, but Tommy turns them down. Arthur and boys attack one of Sabini's clubs. Tommy hires May Carleton to train his horse. Tommy wants to export whisky to America and Canada - currently under prohibition. Arthur's cocaine habit is starting to get out of control. Tommy tells him to straighten up or he's going to replace him with John. Tommy goes to visit Ada and finds out she has a lodger named James (Josh O'Connor). James is an artist, but Ada explains to Tommy, James is not interested in women. Tommy tells Ada he has set up a trust fund for John's children and her son, Karl. Alfie Solomons and Darby Sabini meet and patch up their differences. Michael and his new friend Isaiah, Jeremiah Jesus' son, try to drink in a bar, but get into a fight because they don't want a black man drinking there. Michael and Isaiah return to the Garrison, but when John and Arthur find out that the Shelby name was disrespected, they burn the bar. Tommy calls Grace in London but immediately hangs up without saying anything when a man answers.

11
5
Episode 5
Colm McCarthy
Steven Knight
30 October 2014 (2014-10-30)
2.10

A bloody sacrificial goat of an episode, as Jewish gangster Alfie Solomons hosts a Passover seder and invites jovially unaware Arthur and some of his men; who are soon equally slaughtered and has Arthur sent to prison. Major Campbell further unfurls his vast tentacles of power, and has Michael arrested too for good measure. Meanwhile Sabini and the now gruesomely scarred Mario take back control of the Eden Club. Tommy finds his fledgling empire crumbling before him, as his power-base in London is obliterated. Tommy struggles to save his family and regain the upper hand, as the tentative Black Country/Brum alliance is in tatters after the untimely death of Billy Kitchen. Tommy further complicates his love life, by escorting the returning Grace to a passionate date, though still stringing May along, who had earlier expressed her feelings for him. Having slept with Tommy, Grace admits being in London with her husband to procure fertility treatment. Campbell extracts a devastating sacrifice from Polly in exchange for her son's freedom. One which Michael is unlikely to understand or appreciate once discovered. Tommy attempts to end his romantic relationship with May, though he still wants her to continue training his horse.

12
6
Episode 6
Colm McCarthy
Steven Knight
6 November 2014 (2014-11-06)
2.24

Tommy decides to settle all his affairs in case he meets an untimely death. He also meets with Alfie Solomons regarding business contracts. Alfie gets Arthur out of prison. Derby Day has arrived. Polly tries to pay off Michael to get him to leave. Tommy collects the Peaky Blinders and gives them their mission at the races. Without firing a shot, they are to collect and burn the licences of Derby Sabini's bookies and steal the bets. Tommy runs into Grace who informs him she's pregnant. Tommy tells her after the race, they will talk. Tommy completes his mission for Major Campbell, but at Lizzie's expense. Major Campbell's men from Northern Ireland, members of the Ulster Volunteers, kidnap Tommy and take him to an empty field while Aunt Polly meets with Major Campbell and shoots him. Michael decides he wants in on the family business.

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Episode
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [15]

13
1
Episode 1
Tim Mielants
Steven Knight
5 May 2016 (2016-05-05)
2.95

The series picks up two years later, in 1924, with Thomas Shelby's wedding to Grace Burgess. The Shelby family and their kin have been invited, as well as Grace's family. Composed of cavalrymen, Irish members of the British Army, Grace's family dismays the Shelby family, due to the cavalry's late arrival on the battlefield during the war. The Peaky Blinders have a meeting in the kitchen, where Thomas, in a state of stress, orders the men to be on their best behaviour. Meanwhile, a refugee from Russia, named Anton Kaledin, makes contact with the Peaky Blinders, offering the code "Constantine" as confirmation for the money-exchange meeting with the young Duchess Tatiana Petrovna (Gaite Jansen). Thomas informs her that Kaledin provided the wrong code name, meaning the man must be killed. Arthur confides in Thomas, not wanting to do the job they must carry out, but Thomas tells him they have no choice, or else Tommy will hang. In the end, Arthur kills the impostor.

14
2
Episode 2
Tim Mielants
Steven Knight
12 May 2016 (2016-05-12)
2.43

Thomas goes to the Lanchester Factory to inspect armoured vehicles, which are part of a business deal between him and Father John Hughes. After their meeting, Thomas visits the Ritz Hotel to meet with Mr. Romanov, who pays him, with a sapphire, for murdering Kaledin. Arthur and John Shelby meet with Vicente Changretta, who demands an explanation for the burning down of his son's restaurant. John ignores his questions, threatens him, and after Vincent publicly vows to murder him, John beats and cuts Angel Changretta. During a family meeting with the Shelbys, Thomas sides with John, to the surprise of Arthur and Polly. At the Shelby Parlour, Thomas is taken into a prison cell by London coppers and is greeted by Father Hughes. Hughes tells Thomas he will kill Charlie if Tommy visits his sister Ada again, due to her communist connections and that he has easy access to his family. Thomas heads home and finds a card under his son's pillow, which reads: "Charles Shelby - R.I.P.". During a conversation with Grace about the Shelby Charity Foundation dinner, Thomas gives her the sapphire, which she wears at the event. Father Hughes and Patrick Jarvis meet with Thomas, informing him that the Russians want to inspect the vehicles. Later, Tatiana tells Thomas the sapphire Grace is wearing was cursed by a gypsy. Thomas attempts to get Grace to take off the necklace, telling her he cannot have anything bad happen to her. A man enters with a gun and shouts "For Angel!", shooting Grace in the upper chest. Arthur, John and Finn brutally beat the man to death as the event turns to chaos with Thomas shouting for an ambulance.

15
3
Episode 3
Tim Mielants
Steven Knight
19 May 2016 (2016-05-19)
2.20

Following Grace's funeral, Thomas calls a meeting with Aunt Polly and Michael, and gives them a list of things to do for their "legitimate" business. Afterwards, Arthur and John are ushered in. Thomas tells them to retrieve Vicente Changretta alive and shoot Changretta's wife, but the two are reluctant to murder her. During a family meeting, the Shelbys realise that Thomas has gone, having left a note behind that he'll be back in a few days. Elsewhere, Thomas is heading to Wales with the sapphire necklace. There, he confers with a gypsy, whom he asks whether the sapphire is cursed. Leaving the necklace with the woman, he's able to return home with some sense of normality. In the meantime, Arthur and John have procured Changretta, who Thomas threatens to torture, but Arthur shoots in the head as an act of mercy. Back at the mansion, following her help in finding the Soviet informant in the Economic League, Thomas invites Ada to head the family's future office in America. Armed with the name of the informant, Thomas interrupts a meal hosted by the Grand Duchess Izabella Petrovna and secretly alerts her of the information he has acquired. Princess Tatiana sees Thomas to his car, and he tells her that Hughes is the one betraying them to the Soviets and offers to kill him, free of charge.

16
4
Episode 4
Tim Mielants
Steven Knight
26 May 2016 (2016-05-26)
2.19

Easter 1924. The Shelbys receive news that their father has died and Tommy announces the plan to his brothers: they will have been hired to provide the Russians with weapons for a rebellion stolen from a train and will, in turn, be paid in jewels but, believing they will betray him, Tommy plans to break into their vault. Linda tells Arthur she is pregnant and wants him out of the family business, which he agrees to do after the job with the Russians is over. His vagueness irritates Linda who demands a bigger cut for Arthur so they can move to America together and convinces Polly, Esme and Lizzie agree to strike, forcing Tommy to reveal the plan of the assassination to Polly. After drinking during a portrait painting session with Oliver, she goes to the Church, inadvertently revealing the plan to Father Hughes during confession and, knowing he is the target, Hughes foils the Peaky Blinders' attempt on his life. Hughes humiliates Tommy, making him apologise for wrongly accusing him in front of Tatiana and her family. He then has Tommy seriously injured, discovers the actual intent of the robbery and realizes his family will lose.

17
5
Episode 5
Tim Mielants
Steven Knight
2 June 2016 (2016-06-02)
2.24

Three months later, Tommy has recovered and the planned massive heist involving the Russians is drawing near. Tommy enlists the Peaky Blinders' old antagonist Alfie Solomons to appraise the Russian's jewels, ruining their plan to give Tommy fakes. The Peaky Blinders begin to tunnel underneath their mansion. Tommy makes a deal with the Soviets to ensure the guns on the train will be useless, negating the need to blow up the train and sabotaging the plan to plant evidence at the scene of the explosion incriminating the USSR thus causing an international incident which would lead to Britain cutting off diplomatic relations with Russia. Ada officially joins the Shelby company when she is offered a place in their new Boston office. After previously revealing that he was abused by Hughes, Michael reveals that he too, wishes to kill the priest but Polly tells Tommy that she will bring the business to its knees should her son be the murderer.

18
6
Episode 6
Tim Mielants
Steven Knight
9 June 2016 (2016-06-09)
2.27

Thomas's son, Charlie, is kidnapped. Father Hughes reveals to Thomas that he knows about his subterfuge, including the tunnel into the Russian vault and sabotaging the train bombing plot. He demands the jewels as payment and for Thomas himself blow up the train - which must kill six people, in exchange for the safe return of his son. Thomas agrees unconditionally. After some investigation he discovers that Alfie Solomons divulged the plans to Father Hughes. During a confrontation Michael kills Alfie's associate, but Thomas cannot bring himself to kill Alfie. Thomas figures out where Charlie is being held and sends Michael to retrieve him and kill Father Hughes. At the same time Arthur and John set off to carry out the train bombing in case Michael can't rescue Charlie in time. Even though Michael is successful, word doesn't reach the Shelbys in time, and the train is blown up. Meanwhile, Thomas frantically completes the tunnel and blasts into the Russian's vault, stealing several jewels and a valuable Fabergé egg. With his son safe, he meets with Grand Duchess Tatiana, who has been in on the jewel heist the whole time, and plans on taking her share to Vienna. Thomas returns home to distribute the remaining loot to his accomplices, but at the end of the meeting announces the police are at the residence to arrest everyone. The rest of the Peaky Blinders and Shelby family are taken away in handcuffs.

text: Series 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [15]

19
1
"The Noose"
David Caffrey
Steven Knight
15 November 2017 (2017-11-15)
4.12

As Arthur, John, Michael and Polly prepare to hang for their crimes, Tommy's reprieve comes just in time to save their lives. Following their release, the Shelby family is scattered and estranged from one another. On Christmas of 1925, Ada returns from Boston and visits each of them: John and Esme continue their relationship of sex and arguments, Arthur remains stifled by Linda's watchful eye, Michael has begun using cocaine to stay on top of the business and Polly has fallen into a alcohol-fuelled mania, taking prescribed tablets to quell her visions of spirits. Tommy meets with Michael advises him to dispose of Polly's medication and help her through her mental illness without them. Each of the Shelbys receive a letter from Luca Changretta, a member of the Sicilian mafia, marking them for death in retribution for the murder of Angel and Vincente. Tommy and Ada attempt to convince the others to meet on Boxing Day, believing that they will be easier to pick off if they remain separated. However, when Tommy discovers and kills a mafia agent among his staff, he realises the assassination attempts are due to take place on Christmas Day and tries to get word to the rest of the family. After taking Polly and Ada to the meeting, Michael goes to collect John and Esme who Tommy could not get in contact with. A cart pulls up and John and Michael are riddled by a hail of bullets.

20
2
"Heathens"
David Caffrey
Steven Knight
22 November 2017 (2017-11-22)
3.86

Michael survives his injuries but John is killed. In the wake of his death, Tommy and the rest of the Shelby family agree to put their differences aside while they deal with the mafia threat. Tommy suggests contacting Aberama Gold, a killer-for-hire, something Polly is strongly against. Disobeying her orders, Tommy uses John's funeral to draw Gold out so that they can make a tentative deal. Enraged, Polly attempts to get Michael to flee with her to Australia but he refuses until she helps the family through their current predicament, something she reluctantly agrees to. Linda discovers that Ada is under investigation by the government because of her marriage to a communist but doesn't pass the message on. Gold agrees to fight for the Shelbys if they take on his son, Bonnie. After seeing him knock out a man much larger than him, Tommy and Arthur officially induct him into the Peaky Blinders. Jessie rallys Tommy's workforce and convinces the entire factory to strike. Changretta visits Tommy and lays several bullets on the table, stating that each is for a member of the Shelby family. He plans to keep Tommy alive until the rest are dead but insists that their vendetta be an honourable one, with Tommy agreeing not to involve the police or the death of children or civilians.

21
3
"Blackbird"
David Caffrey
Steven Knight
29 November 2017 (2017-11-29)
3.96

The Italians launch another attack on the Peaky Blinders. Tommy realises that the Shelbys need to evolve if they are to survive, but some of the family are reluctant to part with tradition. As the strike takes hold at the Lanchester factory, Tommy pays a personal visit to Jessie Eden, but he is outmanoeuvred when she reveals something she knows about his past. Changretta plots to continue the vendetta in the most devastating way possible. As well as identifying an enemy of the Shelby family who could help him, Luca makes direct contact with someone at the heart of the Peaky Blinders organisation.

22
4
"Dangerous"
David Caffrey
Steven Knight
6 December 2017 (2017-12-06)
3.87

The Peaky Blinders are lured by the Italians into a cat-and-mouse chase on the streets of Birmingham, where it becomes clear that Tommy has met his match. Trapped in Small Heath, Tommy tries to console himself with a visit from an old flame but it soon becomes clear that he can't always get what he wants. As his factory lies idle, Tommy confronts the possibility that the Communists might win and he will be deemed a traitor to his class. Meanwhile, Changretta prepares to spring another trap.

23
5
"The Duel"
David Caffrey
Steven Knight
13 December 2017 (2017-12-13)
4.06

Thomas Shelby has figured out Polly and Michael have betrayed him but goes to the meeting Polly has set for him and finds himself engaged in bloody battle with Luca Changretta and his gang. Thomas has prepared for the battle ahead of time and manages to single-handedly kill three of Luca's gang members before coming face to face with Luca, however the police arrive and break up the fight. The family gather to find out what happened, Tommy explains what happened, it appears he had been in on it with Polly, he does not tell the family of Michael's betrayal. Lizzie Stark has even greater news to break. Polly Shelby shares a rather magical woodland scene with Aberama Gold. Meanwhile, an army colonel has questions for Ada Shelby about her past as a communist, and Jessie Eden confirms just how far she is prepared to go in pursuit of her cause. And sensing an opportunity to capitalise on his situation, Luca Changretta makes his way to London to present a plan to Alfie Solomons.

24
6
"The Company"
David Caffrey
Steven Knight
20 December 2017 (2017-12-20)
4.44

As the stage is set for the boxing match between Bonnie Gold and Goliath, Tommy gets a visit from Alfie. The Shelby girls meet to discuss Lizzie's pregnancy. Tommy watches the match ringside with Arthur who is worried about Goliath's seconds. When one of the men leaves the arena, Arthur follows in pursuit and is mortally wounded. At Arthur's funeral, the widow Changretta approaches with a white flag. Later at the family home, she reveals the vendetta will be over if Tommy signs over all his assets to Luca Changretta. Luca and his men meet with the remaining Shelbys in Tommy's basement distillery to sign the documents. Tommy reveals to Luca that he has sent Michael to America to let the mafiosos know that Luca died in the vendetta. Realizing he has been outmaneuvered, Luca attacks Tommy, and a fight ensues. As Tommy is getting the upper hand, Arthur enters the distillery and shoots Luca. It is revealed that Tommy had Arthur fake his death to lure Luca into the trap. The Shelby's celebrate the end of the vendetta at Tommy's countryside estate, and it is announced that Tommy will be retiring from the business. Tommy confronts Alfie for his betrayal, who reveals he did so knowing Tommy would track him down and kill him, and that he has cancer. Tommy then kills Alfie and proceeds to take his holiday. However, as the boredom from fishing and golf sets in, Tommy's post-traumatic stress comes back, and he returns to Small Heath. Tommy returns to Shelby Company, Ltd., and contacts Jessie to let her know he wants to help her and thus acquires the name of her Communist party contacts. He takes this information to the Crown to secure an endorsement for his campaign for Member of Parliament, an election which Tommy wins.

text: Production[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text: Peaky Blinders was created by Steven Knight, directed by Otto Bathurst, and produced by Katie Swinden. The writers are listed as Steven Knight, David Leland, Stephen Russell and Toby Finlay.[16]

text: The series was filmed in Birmingham, Bradford, Dudley, Leeds, Liverpool and Port Sunlight.[17] Railway sequences were filmed between Keighley and Damems, using carriages from the Ingrow Museum of Rail Travel (owned by Vintage Carriages Trust[18]) and carriages owned by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust.[19] Many of the scenes for the show were shot at the Black Country Living Museum.[20]

text: Sam Neill enlisted the help of Northern Irish actors James Nesbitt and Liam Neeson to help him perfect a Northern Irish accent for the role of C.I. Campbell. In the end, he had to tone down the accent since the series is being marketed in the United States.[21]

text: Controversially the production did not hire linguists to assist in the show, leading to the gypsies frequently speaking broken Romanian (as opposed to Romani) until series three.

text: Series 2[edit]

text: A second series was commissioned shortly after the broadcast of the first and aired in the autumn of 2014.[22] On 11 January 2014, auditions were held in Digbeth area of Birmingham (near where parts of the series are set) for white and mixed race teenage male extras, resulting in lengthy queues.[23][24]

text: Series 3[edit]

text: Shortly after the final episode of the second series, the show announced via its official Twitter account that it had been renewed for a third series.[25] On 5 October 2015, the official Peaky Blinders Twitter account announced that filming had begun for series 3.[26] Filming wrapped on 22 January 2016, after 78 days of shooting.[27][28]

text: Series 4 and 5[edit]

text: During the initial broadcast of series 3, BBC Two renewed Peaky Blinders for series 4 and 5. Both 4 and 5 will follow suit for six episodes each.[29] Filming for series 4 started in March 2017 and premiered on 15 November 2017.[30] Creator and writer Steven Knight will return to write every episode of series 4 and 5. Cillian Murphy has also confirmed his return for both series; the rest of the main cast are expected to return, as well, and it was announced that Charlotte Riley is returning as May Carleton. Adrien Brody and Aidan Gillen have been cast as new characters.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reception for Peaky Blinders has been largely positive, with notable praise for its writing, acting, visual style, and stylish cinematography. David Renshaw of The Guardian summarised the series as a "riveting, fast-paced tale of post-first world war Birmingham gangsters", praising Murphy as the "ever-so-cool Tommy Shelby" and the rest of the cast for their "powerful performances."[31] Sarah Compton of The Telegraph gave the series a 4/5 rating, praising the show for its originality and "taking all of our expectations and confounding them."[32] Alex Fletcher from Digital Spy believes that "Peaky Blinders has started as sharp as a dart,"[33] while Den of Geek called the series "the most intelligent, stylish and engrossing BBC drama in ages."[34] Cult TV Times critic Hugh David said the show "warrants the billing" by "managing to tick several ratings boxes – period drama, gangster epic, film star leads – yet go against the grain of those in the most interesting of ways."[35]

text: The show has been particularly celebrated for its stylish cinematography and charismatic performances, as well as for casting an eye over a part of Britain and British history rarely explored on television.[36] Historians have been divided over whether bringing characters and events from other decades into a 1920s story undermines claims to historical accuracy, or whether working-class life in the period is nevertheless depicted in a truthful and resonant way.[37] Reviews for the second series have remained positive, with Ellen E. Jones of The Independent commenting that "Peaky Blinders can now boast several more big-name actors to supplement the sterling work of Cillian Murphy, Helen McCrory and Sam Neill", referring to second series additions Tom Hardy and Noah Taylor.[38]

text: Several critics have also favourably compared the show to US drama Boardwalk Empire,[39][40] which shares the same themes and historical context. Show writer Steven Knight stated in an early interview: "Do you know – and I'm not just saying this – but I've never watched them. I've never seen The Wire, I've never seen Boardwalk Empire, I've never seen any of them." When asked if he deliberately avoided watching these dramas, he responded: "It's sort of deliberate in that I don't really want to be looking at other people's work because it does affect what you do inevitably."[41] On 2 March 2016, Steven Knight told the Crime Scene Quarterly, "I've had unsolicited communication from Michael Mann, the film director, from Dennis Lehane, Snoop Dogg – he's such a fan. And the late David Bowie was a huge fan – more of that to come" (strongly hinting Bowie's involvement on Series 3). It was later confirmed that David Bowie's music will be featured, and Leonard Cohen has also written a new song for series 3.[42][43][44]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Series
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

1
BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Best Director: Fiction
Otto Bathurst
Won

Best Original Television Music
Martin Phipps
Nominated

Best Photography and Lighting: Fiction
George Steel
Won

Best Production Design
Grant Montgomery
Nominated

Best Sound: Fiction
Stuart Hilliker, Brian Milliken, Matthew Skelding, Lee Walpole
Nominated

Best Special Visual Effects
Bluebolt (VFX), Rushes (Colourist)
Nominated

Biarritz International Festival of Audovisual Programming
Best Actor in a TV Series or Serial
Cillian Murphy
Won

Best Actress in a TV Series or Serial
Helen McCrory
Won

Best Music in a TV Series or Serial
Martin Phipps
Won

Crime Thriller Awards UK
Best Supporting Actress
Helen McCrory
Nominated

RTS Programme Awards
Best Drama Series
"production team"
Won

RTS Craft & Design Awards
Best Costume Design: Drama
Stephanie Collie
Won

Best Make-Up Design: Drama
Loz Schiavo
Nominated

Best Production Design: Drama
Grant Montgomery
Nominated

Judges' Award
"production team"
Won

Televisual Bulldog Awards
Best Drama One-Off or Serial
"production team"
2nd Place

2
BAFTA Television Awards
Best Drama Series
"production team"
Nominated

BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Best Make-Up and Hair
Loz Schiavo
Nominated

Best Photography and Lighting: Fiction
Simon Dennis
Nominated

Best Production Design
Grant Montgomery
Nominated

IFTA Film and Television Awards
Best Leading Actor in a Drama Series
Cillian Murphy
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Lorna Marie Mugan
Won

Best Director: Drama Series
Colm McCarthy
Nominated

RTS Programme Awards
Best Drama Series
"production team"
Nominated

RTS Craft & Design Awards
Best Photography: Drama
Simon Dennis
Nominated

Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards
Best TV Drama - Long Form
Steven Knight
Nominated

3
National Television Awards
Best Period Drama Series
"Production team"
Nominated

Best Drama Performance
Cillian Murphy
Nominated

Irish Film and Television Awards
Best Leading Actor in a Drama Series
Cillian Murphy
Won

text: Broadcast and release[edit]

text: On 24 September 2014, it was announced that Netflix had acquired exclusive US distribution rights from the Weinstein Company and Endemol. The entirety of series 1 became available for streaming on 30 September 2014; series 2 launched in November 2014.[45] Series 3 was made available 31 May 2016.[46] Due to licensing restrictions, however, most of the show's original soundtrack is not available on the Netflix-distributed version of the series.[47]


document_title: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

question_text: highest goal scorer in a world cup tournament

root

text: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

text: Overall top goalscorers[edit]

text:
Table key

♦

Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup

#

Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018

[ ]

Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad, but did not play in a match

( )

Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match, but did not score a goal

tag: table

text:
Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments[6][7]

Rank

Player

Team

Goalsscored

Matchesplayed

Goalsper game[nb 1]

Tournaments

Notes

1

Miroslav Klose♦

 Germany

16

24

0.67

2002, 2006, 2010, 2014

list[8]

2

Ronaldo♦

 Brazil

15

19

0.79

[1994], 1998, 2002, 2006

list[9]

3

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

14

13

1.08

1970, 1974

list[10]

4

Just Fontaine♦

 France

13

6

2.17

1958

list[11]

5

Pelé

 Brazil

12

14

0.86

1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

list[12]

6

Sándor Kocsis♦

 Hungary

11

5

2.20

1954

list[13]

Jürgen Klinsmann

 West Germany Germany

17

0.65

1990,1994, 1998

list[14]

8

Helmut Rahn

 West Germany

10

10

1.00

1954, 1958

list[15]

Gary Lineker♦

 England

12

0.83

1986, 1990

list[16]

Gabriel Batistuta♦

 Argentina

12

0.83

1994, 1998, 2002

list[17]

Teófilo Cubillas♦

 Peru

13

0.77

1970, 1978, (1982)

list[18]

Thomas Müller#

 Germany

16

0.63

2010, 2014, (2018)

list[19]

Grzegorz Lato♦

 Poland

20

0.50

1974, 1978, 1982

list[20]

14

Eusébio♦

 Portugal

9

6

1.50

1966

list[21]

Christian Vieri♦

 Italy

9

1.00

1998, 2002

list[22]

Vavá

 Brazil

10

0.90

1958, 1962

[23]

David Villa♦

 Spain

12

0.75

2006, 2010, 2014

list[24]

Paolo Rossi♦

 Italy

14

0.64

1978, 1982, [1986]

list[25]

Jairzinho

 Brazil

16

0.56

(1966), 1970, 1974

list[26]

Roberto Baggio♦

 Italy

16

0.56

1990, 1994, 1998

list[27]

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

 West Germany

19

0.47

1978, 1982, 1986

list[28]

Uwe Seeler

 West Germany

21

0.43

1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

[29]

23

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

8

4

2.00

1930

list[30]

Leônidas

 Brazil

5

1.60

1934, 1938

list[nb 2][32]

Ademir

 Brazil

6

1.33

1950

list[nb 3][35]

Óscar Míguez♦

 Uruguay

7

1.14

1950, 1954

[36]

Rivaldo

 Brazil

14

0.57

1998, 2002

list[37]

Rudi Völler

 West Germany Germany

15

0.53

1986, 1990,1994

list[38]

Diego Maradona

 Argentina

21

0.38

1982, 1986, (1990), 1994

list[39]

30

Oldřich Nejedlý♦

 Czechoslovakia

7

6

1.17

1934, 1938

[nb 4][40]

Lajos Tichy

 Hungary

8

0.88

1958, 1962, [1966]

list[41]

Careca

 Brazil

9

0.78

1986, 1990

[42]

Johnny Rep♦

 Netherlands

13

0.54

1974, 1978

[43]

Andrzej Szarmach

 Poland

13

0.54

1974, 1978, 1982

[44]

Luis Suárez#

 Uruguay

13

0.54

2010, 2014, 2018

list[45]

Hans Schäfer

 West Germany

15

0.47

1954, 1958, (1962)

[46]

Cristiano Ronaldo#

 Portugal

17

0.41

2006, 2010, 2014, 2018

list[47]

38

Josef Hügi♦

  Switzerland

6

3

2.00

1954

[48]

Oleg Salenko♦

 Russia

3

2.00

1994

list[49]

György Sárosi

 Hungary

5

1.20

1934, 1938

[50]

Max Morlock

 West Germany

5

1.20

1954

[51]

Erich Probst♦

 Austria

5

1.20

1954

[52]

Harry Kane#

 England

6

1.00

2018

list[53]

Salvatore Schillaci

 Italy

7

0.86

1990

list[54]

Davor Šuker♦

 Yugoslavia Croatia

8

0.75

[1990],1998, (2002)

list[nb 5][55]

James Rodríguez♦#

 Colombia

8

0.75

2014, (2018)

list[56]

Helmut Haller

 West Germany

9

0.67

(1962), 1966, (1970)

[57]

Hristo Stoichkov♦

 Bulgaria

10

0.60

1994, (1998)

list[58]

Diego Forlán

 Uruguay

10

0.60

2002, 2010, (2014)

list[59]

Neymar#

 Brazil

10

0.60

2014, 2018

list[60]

Asamoah Gyan♦

 Ghana

11

0.55

2006, 2010, 2014

list[61]

Dennis Bergkamp

 Netherlands

12

0.50

1994, 1998

list[62]

Rob Rensenbrink

 Netherlands

13

0.46

1974, 1978

[63]

Rivellino

 Brazil

15

0.40

1970, 1974, (1978)

[64]

Bebeto

 Brazil

15

0.40

(1990), 1994, 1998

list[65]

Arjen Robben

 Netherlands

15

0.40

2006, 2010, 2014

list[66]

Zbigniew Boniek

 Poland

16

0.38

1978, 1982, (1986)

list[67]

Thierry Henry

 France

17

0.35

1998, (2002), 2006, (2010)

list[68]

Wesley Sneijder

 Netherlands

17

0.35

(2006), 2010, 2014

list[69]

Robin van Persie

 Netherlands

17

0.35

2006, 2010, 2014

list[70]

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

18

0.33

(1974), 1978, (1982)

list[71]

Lionel Messi#

 Argentina

19

0.32

2006, (2010), 2014, 2018

list[72]

Lothar Matthäus

 West Germany Germany

25

0.24

(1982), 1986, 1990, 1994, (1998)

[73]

64

Pedro Cea

 Uruguay

5

4

1.25

1930

list[74]

Silvio Piola

 Italy

4

1.25

1938

[75]

Gyula Zsengellér

 Hungary

4

1.25

1938

[76]

Peter McParland♦

 Northern Ireland

5

1.00

1958

list[77]

Tomáš Skuhravý

 Czechoslovakia

5

1.00

1990

[78]

Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Uruguay

6

0.83

1950, 1954

[79]

Geoff Hurst

 England

6

0.83

1966, 1970

list[80]

Jon Dahl Tomasson♦

 Denmark

6

0.83

2002, 2010

list[81]

Alessandro Altobelli

 Italy

7

0.71

1982, 1986

[82]

Kennet Andersson♦

 Sweden

7

0.71

1994

list[83]

Fernando Morientes

 Spain

7

0.71

1998, 2002

list[84]

Romário

 Brazil

8

0.63

(1990), 1994

list[85]

Marc Wilmots♦

 Belgium

8

0.63

[1990], (1994), 1998, 2002

list[86]

Mario Mandžukić#

 Croatia

8

0.63

2014, 2018

list[87]

Valentin Ivanov

 Soviet Union

9

0.56

1958, 1962

list[88]

Emilio Butragueño

 Spain

9

0.56

1986, (1990)

list[89]

Roger Milla♦

 Cameroon

9

0.56

(1982), 1990, 1994

[90]

Tim Cahill♦#

 Australia

9

0.56

2006, 2010, 2014, (2018)

list[91]

Hans Krankl

 Austria

10

0.50

1978, 1982

list[92]

Romelu Lukaku♦#

 Belgium

10

0.50

2014, 2018

list[93]

Ivan Perišić#

 Croatia

10

0.50

2014, 2018

list[94]

Raúl

 Spain

11

0.45

1998, 2002, 2006

list[95]

Garrincha

 Brazil

12

0.42

(1958), 1962, 1966

[96]

Johan Neeskens

 Netherlands

12

0.42

1974, (1978)

[97]

Fernando Hierro

 Spain

12

0.42

[1990], 1994, 1998, 2002

list[98]

Zinedine Zidane

 France

12

0.42

1998, (2002), 2006

[99]

Landon Donovan♦

 United States

12

0.42

2002, (2006), 2010

list[100]

Henrik Larsson♦

 Sweden

13

0.38

1994, 2002, 2006

list[101]

Michel Platini

 France

14

0.36

1978, 1982, 1986

[102]

Zico

 Brazil

14

0.36

1978, 1982, (1986)

[103]

Gonzalo Higuaín#

 Argentina

14

0.36

2010, 2014, (2018)

list[104]

Edinson Cavani#

 Uruguay

14

0.36

2010, 2014, 2018

list[105]

Lukas Podolski

 Germany

15

0.33

2006, 2010, (2014)

list[106]

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

18

0.28

1966, 1970, (1974)

list[107]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments

Goals

Date

Player

Team

Match

Opponent

Previous goals

Ref

1

July 13, 1930

Lucien Laurent

 France

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

N/A

[nb 6]

Bart McGhee

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Belgium

Marcel Langiller

 France

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

André Maschinot

 France

 Mexico

Tom Florie

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Belgium

Bert Patenaude

 United States

 Belgium

Juan Carreño

 Mexico

 1930 – Group stage

 France

2

André Maschinot

 France

 Mexico

1930 vs Mexico

July 16, 1930

Carlos Vidal

 Chile

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

1930 vs Mexico

[110]

July 17, 1930

Ivan Bek

 Yugoslavia

 1930 – Group stage

 Bolivia

1930 vs Brazil

[111]

3

Bert Patenaude

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Paraguay

1930 vs Belgium, Paraguay

[112]

4

July 22, 1930

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

 1930 – Group stage

 Chile

1930 vs Mexico (3)

[113]

5

6

July 26, 1930

 1930 – Semi-final

 United States

7

8

July 30, 1930

 1930 – Final

 Uruguay

June 19, 1938

Leônidas

 Brazil

 1938 – 3rd place

 Sweden

1934 vs Spain1938 vs Poland (3), Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Sweden (2)

[114]

July 13, 1950

Ademir

 Brazil

 1950 – Final round

 Spain

1950 vs Mexico (2), Yugoslavia, Sweden (3), Spain

[35]

June 27, 1954

Sándor Kocsis

 Hungary

 1954 – Quarter-final

 Brazil

1954 vs South Korea (3), West Germany (4)

[115]

9

10

June 30, 1954

 1954 – Semi-final

 Uruguay

11

June 28, 1958

Just Fontaine

 France

 1958 – 3rd place

 West Germany

1958 vs Paraguay (3), Yugoslavia (2), Scotland, Northern Ireland (2), Brazil, West Germany

[116]

12

13

July 3, 1974

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

 1974 – Second round

 Poland

1970 vs Morocco, Bulgaria (3), Peru (3), England, Italy (2) 1974 vs Australia, Yugoslavia

[10]

14

July 7, 1974

 1974 – Final

 Netherlands

June 22, 2006

Ronaldo

 Brazil

 2006 – Group stage

 Japan

1998 vs Morocco, Chile (2), Netherlands  2002 vs Turkey, China, Costa Rica (2), Belgium, Turkey, Germany (2)  2006 vs Japan

[117]

15

June 27, 2006

 2006 – Round of 16

 Ghana

June 21, 2014

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

 2014 – Group stage

 Ghana

2002 vs Saudi Arabia (3), Ireland, Cameroon  2006 vs Costa Rica (2), Ecuador (2), Argentina  2010 vs Australia, England, Argentina (2)

[118]

16

July 8, 2014

 2014 – Semi-final

 Brazil

text: Top goalscorers for each tournament[edit]

text:
Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament[119][120][121]

World Cup

Player

Team

Goals scored

Matches played

Golden Boot

Other FIFA Awards

 1930

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

8

4

Silver Ball

 1934

Oldřich Nejedlý

 Czechoslovakia

5

4

Bronze Ball

 1938

Leônidas

 Brazil

7

5

Golden Ball

 1950

Ademir

 Brazil

8

6

Bronze Ball

 1954

Sándor Kocsis

 Hungary

11

5

Silver Ball

 1958

Just Fontaine

 France

13

6

Bronze Ball

 1962

Garrincha

 Brazil

4

6

Golden Ball

Vavá

 Brazil

6

Leonel Sánchez

 Chile

6

Bronze Ball

Flórián Albert

 Hungary

4

Best Young Player

Valentin Ivanov

 Soviet Union

4

Dražan Jerković

 Yugoslavia

6

 1966

Eusébio

 Portugal

9

6

Bronze Ball

 1970

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

10

6

Best Young Player, Bronze Ball

 1974

Grzegorz Lato

 Poland

7

7

 1978

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

6

7

Golden Ball

 1982

Paolo Rossi

 Italy

6

7

Golden Ball

 1986

Gary Lineker

 England

6

5

 1990

Salvatore Schillaci

 Italy

6

7

Golden Ball

 1994

Hristo Stoichkov

 Bulgaria

6

7

Bronze Ball

Oleg Salenko

 Russia

3

 1998

Davor Šuker

 Croatia

6

7

Silver Ball

 2002

Ronaldo

 Brazil

8

7

Silver Ball

 2006

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

5

7

 2010

Thomas Müller

 Germany

5

6

Best Young Player

David Villa

 Spain

7

Silver Boot, Bronze Ball

Wesley Sneijder

 Netherlands

7

Bronze Boot, Silver Ball

Diego Forlán

 Uruguay

7

Golden Ball

 2014

James Rodríguez

 Colombia

6

5

 2018

Harry Kane

 England

6

6


document_title: Himalayas

question_text: what is the northern most range of the himalayas known as

text: Himalayas

text: Name[edit]

text: The name of the range derives from the Sanskrit Himā-laya (हिमालय, "Abode of Snow"), from himá (हिम, "snow") and ā-laya (आलय, "receptacle, dwelling").[6] They are now known as the "Himalaya Mountains", usually shortened to the "Himalayas". Formerly, they were described in the singular as the "Himalaya". This was also previously transcribed "Himmaleh", as in Emily Dickinson's poetry[7] and Henry David Thoreau's essays.[8]

tag: p

text: The mountains are known as the Himālaya in Nepali and Hindi (both written हिमालय), the Himalaya (ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ་) or 'The Land of Snow' (གངས་ཅན་ལྗོངས་) in Tibetan, the Hamaleh Mountain Range (سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ) in Urdu and the Ximalaya Mountain Range (t 喜馬拉雅山脈, > Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài) in Chinese.

text: Geography and key features[edit]

text: In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the 8000m peaks of Dhaulagiri and Annapurna in Nepal, separated by the Kali Gandaki Gorge. The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections both ecologically and orographically – the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki, the Kora La is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and K2. To the east of Annapurna are the 8000 m peaks of Manaslu and across the border in Tibet, Shishapangma. To the south of these lies Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas. East of the Kathmandu Valley lies valley of the Bhote/Sun Kosi river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China – the Araniko Highway/China National Highway 318. Further east is the Mahalangur Himal with four of the world's six highest mountains, including the highest: Cho Oyu, Everest, Lhotse and Makalu. The Khumbu region, popular for trekking, is found here on the south-western approaches to Everest. The Arun river drains the northern slopes of these mountains, before turning south and flowing through the range to the east of Makalu.

text: In the far east of Nepal, the Himalayas rise to the Kanchenjunga massif on the border with India, the third highest mountain in the world, the most easterly 8000 m summit and the highest point of India. The eastern side of Kanchenjunga is in the Indian state of Sikkim. Formerly an independent Kingdom, it lies on the main route from India to Lhasa, Tibet, which passes over the Nathu La pass into Tibet. East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan. The highest mountain in Bhutan is Gangkhar Puensum, which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged with heavily forested steep valleys. The Himalayas continue, turning slightly northeast, through the Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh as well as Tibet, before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of Namche Barwa, situated in Tibet inside the great bend of the Yarlang Tsangpo river. On the other side of the Tsangpo, to the east, are the Kangri Garpo mountains. The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo including Gyala Peri, however, are also sometimes also included in the Himalayas.

text: Going west from Dhaulagiri, Western Nepal is somewhat remote and lacks major high mountains, but is home to Rara Lake, the largest lake in Nepal. The Karnali River rises in Tibet but cuts through the center of the region. Further west, the border with India follows the Sarda River and provides a trade route into China, where on the Tibetan plateau lies the high peak of Gurla Mandhata. Just across Lake Manasarovar from this lies the sacred Mount Kailash, which stands close to the source of the four main rivers of Himalayas and is revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sufism, Jainism, and Bonpo. In the newly created Indian state of Uttarkhand, the Himalayas rise again as the Garwhal Himalayas with the high peaks of Nanda Devi and Kamet. The state is also an important pilgrimage destination, with the source of the Ganges at Gangotri and the Yamuna at Yamunotri, and the temples at Badrinath and Kedarnath.

text: The next Himalayan Indian state, Himachal Pradesh, lacks very high mountains, but is noted for its hill stations, particularly Shimla, the summer capital of the British Raj, and Dharmasala, the centre of the Tibetan community in exile in India. This area marks the start of the Punjab Himalaya and the Sutlej river, the most easterly of the five tributaries of the Indus, cuts through the range here. Further west, the Himalayas form most of the southern portion of the disputed Indian State of Jammu & Kashmir. The twin peaks of Nun Kun are the only mountains over 7000 m in this part of the Himalayas. Beyond lies the renown Kashmir Valley and the town and lakes of Srinagar. Finally, the Himalayas cross the Line of Control into Pakistan and reach their western end in the dramatic 8000 m peak of Nanga Parbat, which rises over 7000 m above the Indus valley and is the most westerly of the 8000 m summits.

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, its formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision.

text: During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate (which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian Plate[10]) was moving at about 15 cm per year. About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo-Australian Plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust, they were thrust faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantle along an oceanic trench.[9] An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean.[11]

text: Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards.[12] The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20  mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5  mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time.

text: During the last ice age, there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the east and Nanga Parbat in the west.[13][14] In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the Karakoram, and in the north, they joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 metres (3,300–6,600 ft).[13][15] While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 kilometres (12 to 20 mi) in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 kilometres (37 to 70 mi) long during the ice age.[13] The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 metres (4,590–5,450 ft) lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 °C (12.6 to 14.9 °F) colder than it is today.[16]

text: Hydrology[edit]

text: Despite their scale, the Himalayas do not form a major watershed, and a number of rivers cut through the range, particularly in the eastern part of the range. As a result, the main ridge of the Himalayas is not clearly defined, and mountain passes are not as significant for traversing the range as with other mountain ranges. The rivers of the Himalayas drain into two large river systems:

text:
The western rivers combine into the Indus Basin. The Indus itself forms the northern and western boundaries of the Himalayas. It begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows north-west through India into Pakistan before turning south-west to the Arabian Sea. It is fed by several major tributaries draining the southern slopes of the Himalayas, including the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers, the five rivers of the Punjab.
The other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta, the Sunderbans.[17]

tag: ul

text: The northern slopes of Gyala Peri and the peaks beyond the Tsangpo, sometimes included in the Himalayas, drain into the Irrawaddy River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea. The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Yellow River all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan rivers.[18]

text: Glaciers[edit]

text: The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic.[19] The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 (3,000 cubic miles) of fresh water.[20] Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim).

text: Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres (18,000 ft).[21] In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres (2,950 ft) lower.[22] The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers.

text: In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change.[23] For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons.[24]

text: Lakes[edit]

text: The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most of the larger lakes are on the northern side of the main range. The most famous is the sacred freshwater Lake Manasarovar, near to Mount Kailas with an area of 410 km² and an altitude of 4590m. It drains into the nearby Lake Rakshastal  with an area of 250 km² and slightly lower at 4575m.  Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border between India and China, at far western end of Tibet, and Yamdrok Tso, located in south central Tibet, are among the largest with surface areas of 700 km², and 638 km², respectively. Lake Puma Yumco is one of the highest of the larger lakes at an elevation of 5030m.

text: South of the main range, the lakes are smaller. Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif is one of the highest lakes in the world. Other notable lakes include Rara Lake in western Nepal, She-Phoksundo Lake in the Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal, Gurudongmar Lake, in North Sikkim, Gokyo Lakes in Solukhumbu district of Nepal and Lake Tsongmo, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim.

text: Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rowaling Valley, in the Dolakha District of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres (15,030 ft) has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting.[25][26] The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres.[27]

text: Climate[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The vast size, huge altitude range and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical in the foothills to cold, dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range.

text: For much of Himalayas – that on the south side of the high mountains, except in the furthest west, the most characteristic feature of the climate is the monsoon. Heavy rain arrives on the south-west monsoon in June and persists until September. The monsoon can seriously impact transport and cause major landslides. It restricts tourism – the trekking and mountaineering season is limited to either before the monsoon in April/May or after the monsoon in October/November (autumn). In Nepal and Sikkim, there are often considered to be five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn (or post-monsoon), winter and spring.

text: Using the Köppen climate classification, the lower elevations of the Himalayas, reaching in mid elevations in central Nepal (including the Kathmandu valley), are classified as Cwa, Humid subtropical climate with dry winters. Higher up, most of the Himalayas have a subtropical highland climate (Cwb).

text: In the furthest west of the Himalayas, in the west of the Kashmir valley and the Indus valley, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a dominant factor and most precipitation falls in the spring. Srinagar receives around 723 millimetres (28 in) around half the rainfall of locations such as Shimla and Kathmandu, with the wettest months being March and April.

text: The northern side of the Himalayas, also known as the Tibetan Himalaya, is dry, cold and generally wind swept particularly in the west where it has a cold desert climate. The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold. Most of the precipitation in the region is in the form of snow during late winter and spring months.

text: Local impacts on climate are significant throughout the Himalayas. Temperatures fall by 6.5 °C (11.7 °F) for every 1000m rise in altitude. This gives rise to a variety of climates from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra and permanent snow and ice. Local climate is also affected by the topography: The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well exposed slopes get heavy rainfall and the rain shadow of large mountains can be significant, for example leading to near desert conditions in the Upper Mustang which is sheltered from the monsoon rains by the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri massifs and has annual precipitation of around 300mm, while Pokhara on the southern side of the massifs has substantial rainfall (3,900mm/year). Thus although annual precipitation is generally higher in east than the west, local variations are often more important.

text: The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi.[28]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms.[29]

text: At high altitudes, the elusive and previously endangered snow leopard is the main predator. Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain, notably the endemic bharal or Himalayan blue sheep. The Himalayan musk deer is also found at high altitude. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other endemic or near endemic herbivores include the Himalayan tahr, the takin, the Himalayan serow, and the Himalayan goral. The critically endangered Himalayan subspecies of the brown bear is found sporadically across the range as is the Asian black bear. In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas, Red panda feed in the dense understories of bamboo. Lower down the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered Gee's golden langur and the Kashmir gray langur, with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas respectively.

text: The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. Hydrangea hirta is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially rhododendron, apple and box myrtle. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres (16,080 ft) in Southeastern Tibet.[30]

text: Culture[edit]

text: The Himalayan population belongs to four distinct cultural groups, who throughout history have systematically penetrated the isolated indigenous Himalayan population. Those migrating cultures – Hindu (Indian), Buddhist (Tibetan), Islamic (Afghanistan–Iran) and Animist (Burmese and south-eastern Asian) – without any doubt have created here their own individual and unique place.[5] Their current arrangement, though with a few exceptions, is linked to specific geographical regions, and the relative altitude at which they occur.

text: There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas. In Jainism, Mount Ashtapad in Himalayas is a sacred place where the first Jain Tirthankara, Rishabhdeva attained moksha. It is believed that after Rishabhdeva attained nirvana, his son emperor Bharata Chakravartin had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 Tirthankaras with their idols studded with precious stones over there and named it Sinhnishdha.[31][32][33] For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath, the father of the goddess Parvati.[34] The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. The Mountain Kailash is a sacred peak to the Hindus and is where the Lord Shiva is believed to live.[citation needed] Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath, also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams.[35]

text: The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan.[36] The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or mahasiddhas. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa.[37]

text: The Himalayan people’s diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing.[37] The shapes and materials of the people’s homes reflect their practical needs and the beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place a great importance on jewellery. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewellery.[37]

text: Religions of the region[edit]

text: Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan.[38] Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim. There are also Muslim and Hindhu Shaivite Kashmiri Pandit in the area of Kashmir.

text: In Hinduism, the Himalayas have been personified as the king of all Mountain – "Giriraj Himavat", father of Ganga and Parvati (form of Adi Shakti Durga).[39]

text: A number of Vajrayana Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas, in Tibet, Bhutan and in the Indian regions of Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Spiti and Darjeeling. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, including the residence of the Dalai Lama.[40] Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries. The Tibetan Muslims have their own mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse.[41]

text: Resources[edit]

text:
The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites.[35]
Different parts of the plants – root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark – are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an abies pindrow tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an arachne cordifolia is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a callicarpa arborea is used for skin ailments.[35] Nearly a fifth of the gymnosperms, angiosperms and pteridophytes in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered.[35]

text: Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such.[34] Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region.[34] The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally.[42] This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or, in some cases, go extinct.

text: Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas, there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests. These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries. There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon.[citation needed] The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation. For example, elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas, also called the Terai region. Also, found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag, black bears, musk deer, langur, and snow leopards. The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation. However, the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct.[citation needed]

text: The Himalayas are also a source of many minerals and precious stones. Amongst the tertiary rocks, are vast potentials of mineral oil. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains.[citation needed]


document_title: Vikram Vedha

question_text: who is the music director of vikram vedha

text: Vikram Vedha

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story begins with an animated interpretation of the Baital Pachisi. The influences from this mythological tale correlates with Vikram, a brave and honest police inspector who is decisive about right and wrong, and Vedha, a gangster who seems to understand the grey shades between good and evil. Vikram is part of an encounter unit led by his colleague Simon, which is formed to eliminate Vedha. On one such encounter, the squad kills some of Vedha's henchmen, framing the death of an unarmed criminal killed by Simon to avoid further inquiry. When a new recruit, Santhanam is nervous about this, Vikram calms him by saying that he sleeps peacefully at night despite the encounters because he knows that the men he shoots are criminals, and not innocent. The unit makes plans for another raid when, Vedha walks into the police station and surrenders. When Vikram interrogates Vedha, he offers to tell Vikram a story.

text: The first story is about how Vedha became a gangster and cocaine smuggler. Vedha actively dissuades his brother Vignesh, called Puli due to him being profilic in arithmetic, to stay away from crime, but Puli is forced by a rival gangster, Ravi, to carry drugs. When Puli is caught by the police, he confesses and Ravi is arrested. Under his boss Sangu's orders Ravi assaults Puli, which leaves a permanent mark in his hand. Vedha then asks Vikram if he should kill Ravi or Sangu. Vikram replies that Ravi was merely an instrument and that Sangu was the real culprit. Vedha appreciates his answer implying that he did kill Sangu. At this point Vedha's lawyer intervenes and he is bailed out. Vikram is stunned to find out that Vedha is represented by his wife, Priya.

text: Vikram realises that unarmed person shot by Simon was Puli, based on the mark in his hand. Presuming that Vedha might try to kill Simon, Vikram rushes to save Simon only to find him and Puli's girlfriend, Chandra, shot dead. Surendhar, the Superintendent of Police and leader of the unit dismisses it as a failed encounter. Priya refuses to divulge Vedha's whereabouts to Vikram, which tests their marriage. Shocked and angry, Vikram raids Vedha's tenements, captures him and brings him into the woods, when Vedha pleads with Vikram to listen to another story as his last request.

text: The second story starts with Puli, now grown up, offering to launder Vedha's income by investing it in shares. Vedha's new boss Cheta invests five million rupees into this venture. One day Chandra is supposedly kidnapped and the money is missing. Chandra later returns and reveals that she had stolen the money to start a new life, away from the tenements and crime, but her love for Puli brought her back to him. Vedha returns the money to Cheta, but is ordered to kill Chandra for betraying Cheta in the first place. Vedha now asks Vikram if he should respect his boss and carry out the order or if he should disobey Cheta, an action that would escalate into a gang war. Vikram replies that he should support Puli as he is innocent and oppose Cheta, to which Vedha agrees. Vikram stumbles for a moment on realising the truth about Puli's innocence. Seizing the opportunity, Vedha attacks Vikram and flees, after telling him to investigate the deaths of Simon and Puli.

text: A troubled Vikram starts investigating Puli's death. He recalls that Vedha managed to get Puli and Chandra out of Chennai after opposing Cheta, and wonders why Puli was present at the site of the encounter. He also notices that Chandra was tortured prior to her death. Vikram finally discovers that Ravi was the mastermind behind Puli's death and informs Vedha, who then tracks Ravi down and brings him to an abandoned factory. Vikram arrives to find Ravi beaten within an inch of his life. Vedha proceeds to tell Vikram the third and final story.

text: Vedha had sent Puli and Chandra to Mumbai away from Cheta. He also notices that only his men and not Cheta's are being systematically targeted and eliminated by the police. Based on Ravi's confession, Vedha says that Simon was paid by Ravi to kill his men. Vedha asks Vikram if Simon was right since he became corrupt to get the money to pay for his young and critically ill son's medical procedure. Vedha then kills Ravi and escapes before Vikram can answer.

text: The encounter unit arrives and castigates Vikram for letting Vedha escape again. Vikram then slowly realises that the entire unit too had been paid by Ravi. Surendhar reveals that Ravi had paid them to kill Vedha and Chandra's abduction was intended to get Puli from Mumbai, which would then lure Vedha out of hiding. The guilt-ridden Simon had gone to save Chandra but were both killed by the unit. As the unit prepares to kill Vikram, Vedha reappears and saves him. A gunfight ensues, where Vikram shoots and disables his colleagues who were mere pawns but kills Surendhar. Vedha and Vikram then engage in a standoff. Vikram asks Vedha if he should let him go for saving his life or kill him since he is a criminal. The film ends with the standoff between them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
R. Madhavan as Vikram
Vijay Sethupathi as Vedha
Varalaxmi Sarathkumar as Chandra
Shraddha Srinath as Priya
Kathir as Vignesh (Pulli)
Prem as Simon
Achyuth Kumar as Surendhar
Hareesh Peradi as Chetta
Vivek Prasanna as Ravi
Rajkumar as Half Boil
R. Amarendran as Sangu
Sugunthan as Jijo
E. Ramdoss as Velraj
Manikandan as Santhanam
George Vijay as Prabhakar
Babu as Ansari
Vaaladi E. Karthik as Pandian
Satya as Giri
Gowrilakshmi as Anitha
Augustin Kevin as Vellai

text: Production[edit]

text: The project was first revealed to the media by S. Sashikanth, the owner of production house Y NOT Studios, in an interview to The Hindu during January 2015, when he confirmed that he would produce the film to be directed by husband and wife duo Pushkar and Gayathri. Telling the tale of an encounter cop and his pursuit of a gangster, he revealed that Vijay Sethupathi had agreed to feature as the gangster in the project.[6][7] The directors revealed that the story for the film was inspired by the Indian meta-folktale Baital Pachisi (Vedhala Kadhai in Tamil), with the characterisation of King Vikramadithyan and the celestial spirit Vedhalam derived from that plot. The title of the film was also derived from the two key characters from the folktale.[8][9][10] Pushkar and Gayathri continued to develop the script throughout 2015, while working on the post-production works of Sudha Kongara's Irudhi Suttru (2016), where they networked with actor Madhavan. In February 2016, Madhavan confirmed that he was working on the film and had begun research to portray an encounter specialist. He revealed that he would undergo arms training and meet people involved with the police and defence forces, before the shoot of the film started.[11][12]

text: Rookie actor Kathir was selected to play a third leading role of Vijay Sethupathi's brother, while Malayalam actor Hareesh Peradi also joined the team.[13] Meanwhile, actresses Shraddha Srinath and Varalaxmi Sarathkumar were signed to play the leading female roles in the film.[14][15] John Vijay was also signed to portray a role during late 2016, and revealed he would portray a gangster who will be seen in three different time stages throughout the film.[16][17] However he was later replaced by Vivek Prasanna in the role, as he became busy with his commitments for the Malayalam film Comrade in America (2017).[18] Sam C. S. was signed on as music composer, while Richard Kevin and P. S. Vinod were announced as editor and cinematographer, respectively. For their respective roles in the film, Madhavan and Vijay Sethupathi sported new looks. Madhavan prepared to sport a trimmed beard with facial hair reaching his cheekbones, while Vijay Sethupathi prepared himself to portray an aged gangster with greying hair.[19][20]

text: The shoot subsequently began on 15 November 2016 in Kasimedu, North Chennai with scenes featuring Vijay Sethupathi, Kathir and Varalaxmi shot first for a period of five days.[21] After a brief schedule break, the shoot resumed in late November 2016 with Madhavan joining the team to film scenes alongside Vijay Sethupathi. Production continued throughout December 2016, with Vijay Sethupathi finishing his work on the film in early January 2017.[22][23] The shoot resumed and was completed in February 2017 with more scenes shot depicting Madhavan as a police officer with Shraddha Srinath joining the team. A first-look poster and a teaser were also released during the same month, drawing praise from media outlets.[24][25] Post-production and dubbing work on the film began in March 2017.[26][27] A theatrical trailer for the film was released by actors Shahrukh Khan and Sivakarthikeyan on 22 June 2017.[28][29]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Vikram Vedha

Soundtrack album by Sam C. S.

Released
16 June 2017

Genre
Feature film soundtrack

Length
28:05

Language
Tamil

Label
Think Music

Producer
Sam C. S.

Sam C. S. chronology

Kadikara Manithargal
(2016)Kadikara Manithargal2016
Vikram Vedha
(2017)

text: The original songs and background score were composed by Sam C. S. Sam had previously worked for Pushkar and Gayathri in commercials and they consequently chose to recruit him to work on Vikram Vedha after they were impressed with his work in the 2015 album Mellisai.[30] The directors had initially opted against including songs in the film, but felt that lyrics may work better than solely music, so changed their decision. For his work in the film, Sam composed the background music for the script first rather than after watching the edited version of the film.[31][32] Subsequently, he had composed 80 per cent of the music of Vikram Vedha before the team went to shoot, and Pushkar and Gayatri shot the scenes to this score. After the shoot of the film, he later accordingly fine-tuned the score to achieve better results.[31][33]

text: The soundtrack has four original songs and six instrumental tracks that form the score of the film. Prior to the release of the album, the track "Tasakku Tasakku" was released as a single on 5 June 2017, while a second single "Yaanji" was released a week later. The album was digitally released on 16 June 2017 to positive reviews from critics. A reviewer from The Times of India gave the album a positive review citing "though Sam has proven his mettle with his earlier albums, the composer hits the high-note with this one", adding "with the number of instrumental songs in the album, the film's narrative is sure to up the experience through music".[34] Likewise, Behindwoods.com's reviewer wrote it was "an innovative, genre specific album that has the depth and soul from composer Sam C. S."[35]

text: Original tracklist

text:
No.
Title
Lyrics
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Karuppu Vellai"
Vignesh Shivan
Sivam, Sam C. S.
03:15

2.
"Yaanji"
Mohan Rajan
Anirudh Ravichander, Shakthisree Gopalan, Sathyaprakash
04:30

3.
"Tasakku Tasakku"
Muthamil
Mugesh, M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Guna
04:00

4.
"Yethu Dharmam"
—
Chennai Orchestra
01:36

5.
"Pogatha Yennavittu"
Sam C. S.
Pradeep Kumar, Neha Venugopal
04:41

6.
"Ghetto Chase"
—
Meghavarshini, Avantika, Monisha, Chennai Orchestra
03:04

7.
"Idhu Emosion"
—
Chennai Orchestra
01:41

8.
"Yethu Nyayam?"
—
Sam C. S., Chennai Orchestra
02:57

9.
"Sangu Sattham"
—
Sethu Thankachan, Kannan M, Ravikumar, Chennai Orchestra
00:57

10.
"Oru Katha Sollatta?"
—
Sam C. S., Sethu Thankachan, Kannan M, Ravikumar, Chennai Orchestra
01:24

Total length:
28:05

text: Release[edit]

text: Vikram Vedha was initially given an "A" certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification, but the producers then successfully approached the revising committee to get a "U/A" certificate to appeal to family audiences and for television channels to show interest in procuring the film's satellite rights. The move delayed the film, as did the theatre owners' strike of July 2017 across Tamil Nadu, prompting the scheduled release date to shift from 7 July 2017 to a later date. The producers also further delayed the film to allow the makers of Vanamagan (2017) and Ivan Thanthiran (2017) to recoup from losses suffered during the strike. [36][37][5] Vikram Vedha was subsequently released worldwide on 21 July 2017.The satellite rights of the film were sold to Zee Tamizh.[38]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Vikram Vedha opened to positive reviews from critics and audiences, with several Tamil film industry personalities also showing appreciation for the film.[39][40] Manoj Kumar of The Indian Express labelled it as "by far the best film to release in Tamil this year so far" adding readers "not to miss the film".[41] The Hindustan Times's Karthik Kumar called it "a film to remember", "a must watch" and "path-breaking", while adding "not only is the film entertaining from start to finish, it’s equally engaging and it succeeds in piquing the intellect of audiences like no recent Tamil film".[42] Likewise India Today's Srivatsan wrote Vikram Vedha is a "smartly-written thriller, which has a texture, well-developed character arcs and filmmaking gimmickry" and the Deccan Chronicle stated it was "a nuanced and well-rounded film in the deadly combo of Madhavan and Sethupathi and a definite highlight of 2017".[43][44] Sify.com's reviewer stated it was a "a brilliantly written intense crime drama", with the "icing on the cake being the brilliant actors, a terrific storyline and ingenious characterization", concluding it was a "must watch".[45] Furthermore, Vishal Menon of The Hindu wrote the film was "a terrific exploration of good, evil and everything in between", while Suganth of The Times of India stated "generally, the term well-crafted film is used to describe a film that has been made well, but with Vikram Vedha, it applies to not just the filmmaking, but the script, too".[46] Tamil film actors including Rajinikanth, Suriya and Siddharth also praised the film.[47][40]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film became a commercial success at the box office, becoming the second biggest grossing Tamil film of the year after Baahubali 2 (2017) at the time of its release.[48] Made at a budget of 11 crore rupees, the film grossed ten crores in Tamil Nadu alone within the first weekend, earning seventeen crores worldwide.[49] Within a week of its release, the film had grossed over forty crores worldwide.[50][51] Vikram Vedha continued to perform well in its second week, outperforming new releases at the Chennai box office.[52] The film ran for over fifty days in Chennai.[53] It also went on to become the most profitable Tamil film in their careers for directors Pushkar and Gayathri, producer Sashikanth and actors Madhavan and Vijay Sethupathi.[54] The film also performed well in the USA, becoming the highest grossing Tamil film of the year by earning over $360,000 by the end of the first week.[55][56]

text: Remake[edit]

text: Following the release of the film, Pushkar and Gayathri revealed there had been demand from the public for a sequel. They added that a second part to the film could materialise if the lead actors accepted to be a part of the film.[57] Before the release of the film, Madhavan also expressed an interest in remaking the film in Hindi with adaptations made to the film's setting.[58][59]

text: On 15 March 2018, the directors Pushkar–Gayathri and producer Y NOT Studios announced that a Hindi remake was on cards in association with Reliance Entertainment and Neeraj Pandey. Neeraj Pandey would act as a producer, along with Sashikanth of Y Not Studios and Reliance Entertainment, and would also be a writer for the remake. Puskar-Gaythri would reprise their roles as directors. The lead cast has not been announced yet.[60]