document_title: Indian National Congress

question_text: first conference of indian national congress was held at

root

text: Indian National Congress

text: History

text: The history of the Indian National Congress (INC) falls into two distinct eras:

tag: p

text:
The pre-independence era, when the party was the umbrella organisation leading the campaign for independence;
The post-independence era, when the party has had a prominent place in Indian politics.

tag: ul

text: Pre-independence

text: Foundation

text: The Indian National Congress conducted its first session in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885 at the initiative of retired Civil service officer, Allan Octavian Hume. In 1883, Hume had outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the University of Calcutta.[17] Its aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians, and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in Poona the following December was issued.[18] Due to a cholera outbreak there it was moved to Bombay.

text: Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of the Congress; the first session was attended by 72 delegates. Representing each province of India, the delegates comprised 54 Hindus and two Muslims; the rest were of Parsi and Jain backgrounds. Notable representatives included Scottish ICS officer William Wedderburn, Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta of the Bombay Presidency Association, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, social reformer and newspaper editor Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Justice K.T. Telang, N. G. Chandavarkar, Dinshaw Wacha, Behramji Malabari, journalist and activist Gooty Kesava Pillai, and P. Rangaiah Naidu of the Madras Mahajana Sabha.[19][20]

text: Early years

text: Within the next few years, the demands of the Congress became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the British government, and the party decided to advocate in favour of the independence movement because it would allow a new political system in which the Congress could be a major party. By 1905, a division opened between the moderates led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new "extremists" who advocated agitation, and regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public Ganapati festivals he inaugurated in western India, was prominent among the extremists.[21]

text: The Congress included a number of prominent political figures. Dadabhai Naoroji, a member of the sister Indian National Association was elected president of the party in 1886 and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons (1892–95). It also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohammed Ali Jinnah — later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan. The Congress was transformed into a mass movement by Surendranath Banerjea during the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the resultant Swadeshi movement.[20]

text:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a constitutional social reformer and moderate nationalist, was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1905.

Congress "extremist" Bal Gangadhar Tilak speaking in 1907 as the Party split into moderates and extremists. Seated at the table is Aurobindo Ghosh and to his right (in the chair) is G. S. Khaparde, both allies of Tilak.

tag: table

text: Congress as a mass movement

text: Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915. With the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale, Gandhi became president of the Congress. After the First World War, the party became associated with Gandhi, who remained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon.[22] He formed an alliance with the Khilafat Movement in 1920 to fight for preservation of the Ottoman Caliphate, and rights for Indians using civil disobedience or satyagraha as the tool for agitation. In 1923, after the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the agitation. In protest, a number of leaders, Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, and Motilal Nehru, resigned to set up the Swaraj Party. The Khilafat movement collapsed and the Congress was split.

text: The rise of Gandhi's popularity and his satyagraha art of revolution led to support from: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Dr. Anugraha Narayan Sinha, Jayaprakash Narayan, Jivatram Kripalani, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. As a result of prevailing nationalism, Gandhi's popularity, and polices aimed at eradicating caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic divisions, the Congress became a forceful and dominant group. Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, and ethnic and linguistic groups.[citation needed]

text: At the Congress' 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Purna Swaraj (complete independence) was declared as the party's goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as "Purna Swaraj Diwas", Independence Day. The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, not just home rule as demanded by Gandhi.[23]

text: After the passage of the Government of India Act 1935, provincial elections were held in India in the winter of 1936–37 in eleven provinces: Madrass, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh. After contesting these elections, the Indian National Congress gained power in eight of them except Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. The All-India Muslim League failed to form the government in any province.[24] The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939 in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's declaration that India was a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people.[25]

text: In 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose, the elected president in both 1938 and 1939, resigned from the Congress over the selection of the working committee. The party was not the sole representative of the Indian polity, other parties included the Hindu Mahasabha and the Forward Bloc.[26] The party was an umbrella organisation, sheltering radical socialists, traditionalists, and Hindu and Muslim conservatives. Gandhi expelled all the socialist groupings, including the Congress Socialist Party, the Krishak Praja Party, and the Swarajya Party, along with Subhas Chandra Bose in 1939.[22]

text: Azad Hind, an Indian provisional government had been established in Singapore in 1943, and was supported by Japan.[27][28]

text: In 1946, the British tried the Indian soldiers who had fought alongside the Japanese during World War II in the INA trials. In response the Congress helped form the INA Defence Committee, which assembled a legal team to defend the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government. The team included several famous lawyers, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru.[29] The same year, Congress members initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy mutiny, but they withdrew support at a critical juncture and the mutiny failed.[citation needed]

text: Post-independence

text: After Indian independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country. In 1952, in the first general election held after Independence, the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures. It held power nationally until 1977 when it was defeated by the Janata coalition. It returned to power in 1980 and ruled until 1989, when it was once again defeated. The party formed the government in 1991 at the head of a coalition, as well as in 2004 and 2009, when it led the United Progressive Alliance. During this period the Congress remained centre-left in its social policies while steadily shifting from a socialist to a neoliberal economic outlook. The Party's rivals at state level have been national parties including the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), and various regional parties such as the Telugu Desam Party.[citation needed]

text: A post-partition successor to the party survived as the Pakistan National Congress, a party which represented the rights of religious minorities in the state. The party's support was strongest in the Bengali speaking province of East Pakistan. After the Bangladeshi War of Independence, it became known as the Bangladeshi National Congress, but was dissolved in 1975 by the government.[30][31][30][32]

text: Nehru/Shastri era (1947–66)

text: From 1951 until his death in 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru was the Congress' paramount leader under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi, whose Indian independence movement dominated the Party. Congress gained power in landslide victories in the general elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962.[33] During his tenure, Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialisation, and advocated a mixed economy where the government-controlled public sector co-existed with the private sector.[34] He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industries was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy.[33] The Nehru government directed investment primarily into key public sector industries — steel, iron, coal, and power — promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.[34] Nehru embraced secularism, socialistic economic practices based on state-driven industrialisation, and a non-aligned and non-confrontational foreign policy that became typical of the modern Congress Party.[35] The policy of non-alignment during the Cold War meant Nehru received financial and technical support from both the Eastern and Western Blocs to build India's industrial base from nothing.[36][37]

text: During his period in office, there were four known assassination attempts on Nehru.[38] The first attempt on his life was during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the North-West Frontier Province in a car. The second was by a knife-wielding rickshaw-puller in Maharashtra in 1955.[39] A third attempt happened in Bombay in 1956.[40] The fourth was a failed bombing attempt on railway tracks in Maharashtra in 1961.[38] Despite threats to his life, Nehru despised having excess security personnel around him and did not like his movements to disrupt traffic.[38] In 1964, Nehru died because of an aortic dissection, raising questions about the party's future.[41][42][43]

text: After his death, K. Kamaraj became the president of the All India Congress Committee.[44] Kamaraj had also been involved in the Indian independence movement, and he introduced education to millions of the rural poor by providing free education along with a free midday meal, when he was chief minister of Tamil Nadu (1954–63).[45]

text: As a member of "the syndicate", a group within the Congress, he proposed the Kamaraj Plan that encouraged six Congress chief ministers and six senior cabinet ministers to resign to take up party work.[46][47][48] Kamaraj was widely credited as the "kingmaker" in Indian politics for bringing Lal Bahadur Shastri to power in 1964.[49] No leader except Shastri had Nehru's popular appeal.[50] Shastri became a national hero following the victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[51] His slogan, "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer"), became very popular during the war.[52] Shastri retained many members of Nehru's Council of Ministers; T. T. Krishnamachari was retained as the Finance Minister of India, as was Defence Minister Yashwantrao Chavan.[53] Shastri appointed Swaran Singh to succeed him as External Affairs Minister.[54]

text: Shashtri appointed Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter and former party president, Minister of Information and Broadcasting.[55] Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the Minister of Home Affairs.[56] As Prime Minister, Shastri continued Nehru's policy of non-alignment,[57] but built closer relations with the Soviet Union. In the aftermath of the Sino-Indian War of 1962, and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan, Shastri's government expanded the defence budget of India's armed forces. He also promoted the White Revolution — a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk by creating the National Dairy Development Board.[58]

text: The Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 occurred during Shastri's tenure.[59][60] On 11 January 1966, a day after signing the Tashkent Declaration, Shastri died in Tashkent, reportedly of a heart attack; but the circumstances of his death remain mysterious.[61][62][63]

text: Indira era (1966–84)

text: After Shastri's death, the Congress elected Indira Gandhi as leader over Morarji Desai. Once again, politician K. Kamaraj was instrumental in achieving this result. In 1967, following a poor performance in the general election, Indira Gandhi started moving towards the political left. In 1969, she was in a dispute with senior party leaders on a number of issues; the party president S. Nijalingappa expelled her from the Congress.[64][65] Gandhi launched her own faction of the IRC, retaining the support of most of the Congress MPs, 65 of which supported the original party.[citation needed]

text: In the mid-term parliamentary elections held in 1971, the Gandhi-led Congress (R) Party won a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as the elimination of poverty (Garibi Hatao).[66] The policies of the Congress (R) Party under Gandhi before the 1971 elections included proposals to abolish the Privy Purse to former rulers of the Princely states and the 1969 nationalisation of India's 14 largest banks.[67]

text: The New Congress Party's popular support began to wane in the mid-1970s. From 1975, Gandhi's government grew increasingly more authoritarian and unrest among the opposition grew. On 12 June 1975, the High Court of Allahabad declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's parliament, void on the grounds of electoral malpractice.[68] However, Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court. She moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest. In response to increasing disorder and lawlessness, Gandhi's cabinet and government recommended that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declare a State of Emergency, which he declared on 25 June 1975 based on the provisions of Article 352 of the Constitution.[citation needed]

text: During the nineteen-month emergency, widespread oppression and abuse of power by Gandhi's unelected younger son and political heir Sanjay Gandhi and his close associates occurred.[69][70][71] This period of oppression ended on 23 January 1977, when Gandhi released all political prisoners and called fresh elections for the Lok Sabha to be held in March.[72] The Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977.[73] In that month's parliamentary elections, the opposition Janata Party won a landslide victory over the Congress, winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha against the Congress' 153. Gandhi lost her seat to her Janata opponent Raj Narain. On 2 January 1978, she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I)—the I signifying Indira. During the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition.[citation needed]

text: In November 1978, Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat. In January 1980, following a landslide victory for the Congress (I), she was again elected prime minister.[74] The national election commission declared Congress (I) to be the real Indian National Congress for the 1984 general election and the designation I was dropped.[75][76]

text: During Gandhi's new term as prime minister, her youngest son Sanjay died in an aeroplane crash in June 1980.[77][78] This led her to encourage her elder son Rajiv, who was working as a pilot, to enter politics. Gradually, Indira Gandhi's politics and outlook grew more authoritarian and autocratic, and she became the central figure of the Congress. As prime minister, she became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power.[citation needed]

text: Gandhi's term as prime minister also saw increasing turmoil in Punjab with demands for Sikh autonomy by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his militant followers.[79] In 1983, they headquartered themselves in the Golden Temple in Amritsar and started accumulating weapons.[80] In June 1984, after several futile negotiations, Gandhi ordered the Indian Army to enter the Golden Temple to establish control over the temple complex and remove Bhindranwale and his armed followers. This event is known as Operation Blue Star.[81]

text: On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence in response to her authorisation of Operation Blue Star.[80] Gandhi was due to be interviewed by British actor Peter Ustinov, who was filming a documentary for Irish television.[82] Her assassination prompted the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, during which more than 3,000 people were killed.[83]

text: Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era (1985–98)

text: In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of the Congress and became prime minister upon her assassination.[84] In December, he led the Congress to a landslide victory, where it secured 401 seats in the legislature.[85] His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country's economy.[86] Rajiv Gandhi's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired. After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual.[87] Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions.[88] The Bofors scandal damaged his reputation as an honest politician, but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004.[89] On 21 May 1991, Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the Tamil Tigers.[90] He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming parliamentary elections. In 1998, an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi.[91] The conspirators, who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies, had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 to help enforce a peace accord there had fought with Tamil separatist guerrillas.[92][93]

text: Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by P. V. Narasimha Rao who was elected prime minister in June 1991.[94] His rise to the prime ministership was politically significant because he was the first holder of the office from South India. His administration oversaw a major economic change and several home incidents that affected India's national security.[95] Rao, who held the Industries portfolio, was personally responsible for the dismantling of the Licence Raj, which came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.[96] He is often called the "father of Indian economic reforms".[97][98]

text: Future prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies begun by Rao's government. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj, reversing the socialist policies of previous governments.[99][100] He employed Manmohan Singh as his finance minister to begin a historic economic change. With Rao's mandate, Singh launched India's globalisation reforms that involved implementing International Monetary Fund (IMF) policies to prevent India's impending economic collapse.[96] Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to push tough economic and political legislation through the parliament while he headed a minority government.[101][102]

text: By 1996, the party's image was suffering from allegations of corruption, and in elections that year the Congress was reduced to 140 seats, its lowest number in the Lok Sabha to that point. Rao later resigned as prime minister and, in September, as party president.[103] He was succeeded as president by Sitaram Kesri, the party's first non-Brahmin leader.[104]

text: Modern era

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text: In the 1998 general election, the Congress won 141 seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest tally until then. To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election, Congress leaders urged Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's widow, to assume the leadership of the party. She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs, and had stayed away from politics. After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), led by Sharad Pawar. The breakaway faction commanded strong support in the state of Maharashtra and limited support elsewhere. The remainder continued to be known as the Indian National Congress.[citation needed]

text: Sonia Gandhi's appointment initially failed to have an impact; in the snap polls called by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government in 1999, the Congress won 114 seats — its lowest tally ever. The leadership structure was unaltered and the party campaigned strongly in the assembly elections that followed. At these elections the party was successful; at one point, the Congress ruled 15 states.[citation needed] In the 2004 general election, the Congress forged an alliance with several regional parties, including the NCP and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The party's campaign emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of common people, contrasting with the NDA's "India Shining" campaign that sought to highlight the successes of the NDA government in making India into a "modern nation".[citation needed] The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won 222 seats in the new parliament, defeating the NDA by a substantial margin. With the support of the communist front, the Congress won a majority and formed the new government. Despite massive support from within the Party, Gandhi declined the post of prime minister, choosing to appoint Manmohan Singh instead. She remained as party president and headed the National Advisory Council (NAC).[105]

text: During its first term in office, the UPA government passed several social reform bills. These included an employment guarantee bill, the Right to Information Act, and a right to education act. The NAC, as well as the Left Front that supported the government from the outside, were widely seen as being the driving force behind such legislation. The Left Front withdrew its support of the government over disagreements about the U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement. Despite the effective loss of 62 seats in parliament, the government survived the trust vote that followed.[106] In the Lok Sabha elections held soon after, the Congress won 207 seats, the highest tally of any party since 1991. The UPA as a whole won 262, enabling it to form the government for the second time. The social welfare policies of the first UPA government, and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP, are broadly credited for the victory.[107]

text: By the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the party had lost much of its popular support, mainly because of several years of poor economic conditions in the country, and growing discontent over a series of corruption allegations involving government officials, including the 2G spectrum scam and the Indian coal allocation scam.[108][109] The Congress won only 44 seats,[110] which was its worst-ever performance in a national election and brought into question whether it would continue to be identified as an officially recognised party.[111]

text: Election symbols

text: As of 2014, the election symbol of the Congress, as approved by the Election Commission of India, is an image of a right hand with its palm facing front and its fingers pressed together;[112] this is usually shown in the centre of a tricolor flag. The hand symbol was first used by Indira Gandhi when she split from the Congress (R) faction following the 1977 elections and created the New Congress (I).[113]

text: The symbol of the original Congress during elections held between 1952 and 1971 was an image of two bullocks with a plough.[114] The symbol of Indira's Congress (R) during the period 1971–77 was a cow with a suckling calf.[115]

text: In general elections

text:
Year
General election
Seats won
Change in # of seats
Percentage of vote
Vote swing

Indian general election, 1934
5th Central Legislative Assembly
42
 42

Indian general election, 1945
6th Central Legislative Assembly
59
 17

Indian general election, 1951
1st Lok Sabha
364

44.99%

Indian general election, 1957
2nd Lok Sabha
371
7
47.78%
 2.79%

Indian general election, 1962
3rd Lok Sabha
361
10
44.72%
 3.06%

Indian general election, 1967
4th Lok Sabha
283
78
40.78%
 2.94%

Indian general election, 1971
5th Lok Sabha
352
69
43.68%
 2.90%

Indian general election, 1977
6th Lok Sabha
153
199
34.52%
 9.16%

Indian general election, 1980
7th Lok Sabha
351
 198
42.69%
 8.17%

Indian general election, 1984
8th Lok Sabha
415
 64
49.01%
 6.32%

Indian general election, 1989
9th Lok Sabha
197
218
39.53%
 9.48%

Indian general election, 1991
10th Lok Sabha
244
 47
35.66%
 3.87%

Indian general election, 1996
11th Lok Sabha
140
 104
28.80%
 7.46%

Indian general election, 1998
12th Lok Sabha
141
 1
25.82%
 2.98%

Indian general election, 1999
13th Lok Sabha
114
 27
28.30%
 2.48%

Indian general election, 2004
14th Lok Sabha
145
 32
26.7%
 1.6%

Indian general election, 2009
15th Lok Sabha
206
 61
28.55%
 2.02%

Indian general election, 2014
16th Lok Sabha
44
 162
19.3%
 9.25%

text: Current structure and composition

text: The Congress is structured in a hierarchical manner and the organisational structure, created by Mohandas Gandhi's re-arrangement of the party between 1918 and 1920 has been largely retained.[citation needed][116] A president and the All India Congress Committee (AICC) are elected by delegates from state and district parties at an annual national conference, In every Indian state and union territory — or pradesh — there is a Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC), which is the state-level unit of the party responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels, and assisting the campaigns for parliamentary constituencies.[citation needed].[117] Each PCC has a working committee of twenty members, most of whom are appointed by the party president, the leader of the state party, who is chosen by the prime minister. Those elected as members of the states' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies; their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership. The party is also organised into various committees, and sections; it publishes a daily newspaper, the National Herald.[118] Despite being a party with a structure, the Congress under Indira did not hold any organizational elections after 1972[119]

text: The AICC is composed of delegates sent from the PCCs.[118] The delegates elect Congress committees, including the Congress Working Committee consisting of senior party leaders and office bearers. The AICC takes all important executive and political decisions.[117] Since Indira Gandhi formed the Congress (I) in 1978, the President of the Indian National Congress has effectively been: the party's national leader, head of the organisation, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman, and the Congress' choice for Prime Minister of India. Constitutionally, the president is elected by the PCCs and members of the AICC; however, this procedure has often been by-passed by the Working Committee, which has elected its own candidate.[118]

text: The Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP) consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.[117] There is also a Congress Legislative Party (CLP) leader in each state. The CLP consists of all Congress Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in each state. In cases of states where the Congress is single-handedly ruling the government, the CLP leader is the Chief Minister.[117] Other directly affiliated groups include: the National Students Union of India (NSUI), the Indian Youth Congress — the party's youth wing — Indian National Trade Union Congress, Mahila Congress, its women's division, and Congress Seva Dal — its voluntary organisation.[120][121]

text: State and territorial units

text:
Andaman and Nicobar PCC
Andhra Pradesh PCC
Arunachal Pradesh PCC
Assam PCC
Bihar PCC
Chandigarh PCC
Chhattisgarh PCC
Dadra and Nagar Haveli PCC
Daman and Diu PCC

Delhi PCC
Goa PCC
Gujarat PCC
Haryana PCC
Himachal Pradesh PCC
Jammu and Kashmir PCC
Jharkhand PCC
Karnataka PCC
Kerala PCC

Lakshadweep PCC
Madhya Pradesh PCC
Maharashtra PCC
Manipur PCC
Meghalaya PCC
Mizoram PCC
Nagaland PCC
Odisha PCC
Puducherry PCC

Punjab PCC
Rajasthan PCC
Sikkim PCC
Tamil Nadu PCC
Telangana PCC
Tripura PCC
Uttarakhand PCC
Uttar Pradesh PCC
West Bengal PCC

text: Ideology and policies

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v
t
e

text: The Congress is a civic nationalist party that follows a form of nationalism that supports the values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights.[122]

text: Throughout much of the Cold War period, the Congress supported a foreign policy of nonalignment that called for India to form ties with both the western and eastern blocs, but to avoid formal alliances with either.[citation needed] American support for Pakistan led the Party to endorse a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971.[citation needed] In 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh. This Singh-led "UPA I" government executed several key pieces of legislation and projects, including the Rural Health Mission, Unique Identification Authority, the Rural Employment Guarantee scheme, and the Right to Information Act.[citation needed]

text: Economic policy

text: The Congress endorses a mixed economy in which the private sector and the state direct the economy, reflecting characteristics of both market economies and planned economies. The modern Congress advocates import substitution industrialisation — the replacement of foreign imports with domestic products. The party also believes mixed economies are likely to protect the environment, standardise the welfare system, and maintain employment standards and competition.[citation needed] The Congress also believes the Indian economy should be liberalised to increase the pace of development. In 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh introduced a value added tax, which replaced the sales tax, and has continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayee's government. In 2009, India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% becoming the second-fastest growing major economy in the world.[123]

text: Healthcare and education

text: In 2005, the Congress-led government started the National Rural Health Mission, which employed about 500,000 community health workers. It was praised by American economist Jeffrey Sachs.[124] In 2006, it implemented a proposal to reserve 27% of seats in the All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), and other central higher education institutions for Other Backward Classes, which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.[citation needed] The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme, which includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day school meals and the opening of new schools throughout India, especially in rural areas, to fight illiteracy.[125] During Manmohan Singh's prime-ministership, eight Institutes of Technology were opened in the states of: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.[126]

text: Security and home affairs

text: The Congress has strengthened anti-terrorism laws with amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).[127] The National Investigation Agency (India) (NIA) was created by the UPA government soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks in response to the need for a central agency to combat terrorism.[128] The Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 to implement the proposed Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security.[citation needed]

text: Foreign policy

text: The Congress has continued the foreign policy started by P. V. Narasimha Rao. This includes the peace process with Pakistan and the exchange of high-level visits by leaders from both countries.[129] The party tried to end the border dispute with the People's Republic of China through negotiations.[130][131] Relations with Afghanistan have also been a concern of the party.[132] During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.[133] India is now as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.[133]

text: When in power between 2004 and 2014, the Congress worked on India's relationship with the United States. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the US in July 2005 to negotiate an Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. US President George W. Bush visited India in March 2006; during this visit a nuclear agreement that would give India access to American nuclear fuel and technology in exchange for the IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors was proposed. Over two years of negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA, the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Congress, the agreement was signed on 10 October 2008.[134]

text: The Congress' policy has been to cultivate friendly relations with Japan and European Union countries including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.[135] Diplomatic relations with Iran have continued, and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place.[136] In April 2006 New Delhi hosted an India–Africa summit attended by the leaders of 15 African states.[137] Congress' policy has also been to improve relations with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa.[138]

text: Presence in various states

text: As of July 2017, Congress is in power in the states of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya and Mizoram, where the party has majority support. In Puducherry it shares power with alliance partners. Previously, Congress governed Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Manipur.

text: List of current INC and UPA governments

text:
No.
State/UT
Chief Minister
Party/alliance partner
CM since
Seats in Assembly
Last election

1
Mizoram
Lal Thanhawla
INC
11 Dec 2008
33/40
25 Nov 2013

2
Meghalaya
Mukul Sangma
INC
20 Apr 2010
31/60
23 Feb 2013

3
Himachal Pradesh
Virbhadra Singh
INC
25 Dec 2012
36/68
20 Nov 2012

4
Karnataka
Siddaramaiah
INC
13 May 2013
122/225
5 May 2013

5
Puducherry
V. Narayanasamy
INC
6 June 2016
17/30
16 May 2016

6
Punjab
Amarinder Singh
INC
16 Mar 2017
77/117
4 Feb 2017

text: List of Prime Ministers

text:
No.
Prime Ministers
Year
Duration
Constituency

1
Jawaharlal Nehru
1947–64
17 years
Phulpur

2
Gulzarilal Nanda
(Acting Prime Minister)
May–June 1964; January 1966
26 days
Sabarkantha

3
Lal Bahadur Shastri
1964–66
2 years
Allahabad

4
Indira Gandhi
1966–77, 1980–84
16 years
Uttar Pradesh (Rajya Sabha), Rae Bareli, Medak

5
Rajiv Gandhi
1984–89
5 years
Amethi

6
P. V. Narasimha Rao
1991–96
5 years
Nandyal

7
Manmohan Singh
2004–14
10 years
Assam (Rajya Sabha)

text: List of Prime Ministers (former Congress members)

text: A majority of non-Congress prime ministers of India are former Congress members.

text:
No.
Prime Ministers
Year
Duration
Constituency

1
Morarji Desai
1977–79
2 years
Surat

2
Charan Singh
July 1979; January 1980
170 days
Baghpat

3
V. P. Singh
1989–90
1 year
Fatehpur

4
Chandra Shekhar
1990
223 Days
Ballia

5
H. D. Deve Gowda
1996–97
1 year
Karnataka (Rajya Sabha)

6
I. K. Gujral
1997–98
1 year
Bihar (Rajya Sabha)


document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

question_text: team most goals scored in world cup 2018

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches, for an average of 2.64 goals per match.

text: Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament, doubling the record of six set in 1998.[1]

text: 6 goals

text: Harry Kane

text: 4 goals

text:
Romelu Lukaku
 Antoine Griezmann
 Kylian Mbappé
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Denis Cheryshev

text: 3 goals

text:
Eden Hazard
 Yerry Mina
 Mario Mandžukić
 Ivan Perišić
 Artem Dzyuba
 Diego Costa
 Edinson Cavani

text: 2 goals

text:
Sergio Agüero
 Mile Jedinak
 Philippe Coutinho
 Neymar
 Luka Modrić
 Mohamed Salah
 John Stones
 Takashi Inui
 Ahmed Musa
 Son Heung-min
 Andreas Granqvist
 Wahbi Khazri
 Luis Suárez

text: 1 goal

text:
Ángel Di María
 Gabriel Mercado
 Lionel Messi
 Marcos Rojo
 Michy Batshuayi
 Nacer Chadli
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Marouane Fellaini
 Adnan Januzaj
 Dries Mertens
 Thomas Meunier
 Jan Vertonghen
 Roberto Firmino
 Paulinho
 Renato Augusto
 Thiago Silva
 Juan Cuadrado
 Radamel Falcao
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 Kendall Waston
 Milan Badelj
 Andrej Kramarić
 Ivan Rakitić
 Ante Rebić
 Domagoj Vida
 Christian Eriksen
 Mathias Jørgensen
 Yussuf Poulsen
 Dele Alli
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Kieran Trippier
 Benjamin Pavard
 Paul Pogba
 Samuel Umtiti
 Raphaël Varane
 Toni Kroos
 Marco Reus
 Alfreð Finnbogason
 Gylfi Sigurðsson
 Karim Ansarifard
 Genki Haraguchi
 Keisuke Honda
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuya Osako
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Carlos Vela
 Khalid Boutaïb
 Youssef En-Nesyri
 Victor Moses
 Felipe Baloy
 André Carrillo
 Paolo Guerrero
 Jan Bednarek
 Grzegorz Krychowiak
 Pepe
 Ricardo Quaresma
 Mário Fernandes
 Yury Gazinsky
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Salem Al-Dawsari
 Salman Al-Faraj
 Sadio Mané
 M'Baye Niang
 Moussa Wagué
 Aleksandar Kolarov
 Aleksandar Mitrović
 Kim Young-gwon
 Iago Aspas
 Isco
 Nacho
 Ludwig Augustinsson
 Emil Forsberg
 Ola Toivonen
 Josip Drmić
 Blerim Džemaili
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Granit Xhaka
 Steven Zuber
 Dylan Bronn
 Ferjani Sassi
 Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 José Giménez

text: 1 own goal

text:
Aziz Behich (against France)
 Fernandinho (against Belgium)
 Mario Mandžukić (against France)
 Ahmed Fathy (against Russia)
 Edson Álvarez (against Sweden)
 Aziz Bouhaddouz (against Iran)
 Oghenekaro Etebo (against Croatia)
 Thiago Cionek (against Senegal)
 Denis Cheryshev (against Uruguay)
 Sergei Ignashevich (against Spain)
 Yann Sommer (against Costa Rica)
 Yassine Meriah (against Panama)

text: Source: FIFA[2]

text: Assists[edit]

text: 2 assists

text:
Éver Banega
 Lionel Messi
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Eden Hazard
 Thomas Meunier
 Youri Tielemans
 Philippe Coutinho
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 James Rodríguez
 Antoine Griezmann
 Lucas Hernández
 Artem Dzyuba
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Viktor Claesson
 Wahbi Khazri
 Carlos Sánchez

text: 1 assist

text:
Gabriel Mercado
 Marcos Rojo
 Toby Alderweireld
 Nacer Chadli
 Romelu Lukaku
 Dries Mertens
 Douglas Costa
 Gabriel Jesus
 Neymar
 Willian
 Juan Cuadrado
 Joel Campbell
 Milan Badelj
 Marcelo Brozović
 Mateo Kovačić
 Mario Mandžukić
 Luka Modrić
 Ivan Perišić
 Josip Pivarić
 Domagoj Vida
 Šime Vrsaljko
 Thomas Delaney
 Christian Eriksen
 Nicolai Jørgensen
 Abdallah Said
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Raheem Sterling
 Kieran Trippier
 Ashley Young
 Olivier Giroud
 Corentin Tolisso
 Mario Gómez
 Marco Reus
 Keisuke Honda
 Takashi Inui
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuto Nagatomo
 Gaku Shibasaki
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Fayçal Fajr
 Victor Moses
 Kenneth Omeruo
 Ricardo Ávila
 Paolo Guerrero
 Kamil Grosicki
 Rafał Kurzawa
 Gonçalo Guedes
 Raphaël Guerreiro
 João Moutinho
 Adrien Silva
 Alan Dzagoev
 Mário Fernandes
 Ilya Kutepov
 Roman Zobnin
 Abdullah Otayf
 M'Baye Niang
 Dušan Tadić
 Lee Jae-sung
 Ju Se-jong
 Sergio Busquets
 Dani Carvajal
 Andrés Iniesta
 Ola Toivonen
 Breel Embolo
 Mario Gavranović
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Denis Zakaria
 Oussama Haddadi
 Hamdi Nagguez
 Rodrigo Bentancur
 Luis Suárez

text: Source: FIFA

text: Scoring[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Total number of goals scored: 169
Average goals per match: 2.64
Total number of braces: 10  Edinson Cavani, Denis Cheryshev, Diego Costa, Eden Hazard, Harry Kane, Romelu Lukaku (2), Kylian Mbappé, Ahmed Musa, John Stones
Total number of hat-tricks: 2  Harry Kane, Cristiano Ronaldo
Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 29
Total number of penalty kicks scored: 22  Salman Al-Faraj, Karim Ansarifard, Artem Dzyuba, Andreas Granqvist (2), Antoine Griezmann (3), Eden Hazard, Mile Jedinak (2), Shinji Kagawa, Harry Kane (3), Luka Modrić, Victor Moses, Cristiano Ronaldo, Mohamed Salah, Ferjani Sassi, Gylfi Sigurðsson, Carlos Vela
Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 7  Fahad Al-Muwallad, Christian Cueva, Lionel Messi, Luka Modrić, Cristiano Ronaldo, Bryan Ruiz, Gylfi Sigurðsson
Penalty kick success rate: 7001758600000000000♠75.86%
Own goals scored: 12  Edson Álvarez, Aziz Behich, Aziz Bouhaddouz, Denis Cheryshev, Thiago Cionek, Oghenekaro Etebo, Ahmed Fathy, Fernandinho, Sergei Ignashevich, Mario Mandžukić, Yassine Meriah, Yann Sommer

text: Timing[edit]

text:
First goal of the tournament: Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First brace of the tournament: Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First hat-trick of the tournament: Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Last goal of the tournament: Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France
Last brace of the tournament: Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal
Last hat-trick of the tournament: Harry Kane for England against Panama
Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute
Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+7th minute
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 115th minute
Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute  Aziz Bouhaddouz (own goal) for Iran against Morocco, Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden, Salem Al-Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt
Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 109th minute
Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 3 minutes  Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by a team: 16  Belgium
Fewest goals scored by a team: 2  Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia
Most goals conceded by a team: 11  Panama
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2  Denmark, Iran, Peru
Best goal difference: +10  Belgium
Worst goal difference: -9  Panama
Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 7  Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina
Most goals scored in a match by one team: 6  England against Panama
Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3  Argentina against France
Biggest margin of victory: 5 goals  Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama
Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4  France
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0  Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia
Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia
Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0  Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3  Brazil, Uruguay
Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by an individual: 6  Harry Kane
Most assists provided by an individual: 2  Éver Banega, Nacer Chadli, Viktor Claesson, Philippe Coutinho, Kevin De Bruyne, Artem Dzyuba, Aleksandr Golovin, Antoine Griezmann, Eden Hazard, Lucas Hernández, Lionel Messi, Thomas Meunier, Juan Fernando Quintero, James Rodríguez, Carlos Andrés Sánchez, Youri Tielemans, Wahbi Khazri
Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 6  Antoine Griezmann (4 goals, 2 assists), Harry Kane (6 goals)
Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Thibaut Courtois, Hugo Lloris, Fernando Muslera, Robin Olsen
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Fernando Muslera
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3  Harry Kane for England against Panama, Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Oldest goal scorer: 37 years, 120 days  Felipe Baloy for Panama against England
Youngest goal scorer: 19 years, 183 days  Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru

text: Wins and losses[edit]

text:
Most wins: 6 – Belgium, France, Croatia
Fewest wins: 0 – Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Iceland, Morocco, Panama
Most losses: 3 – Egypt, England, Panama
Fewest losses: 0 – Denmark, France, Spain
Most draws: 3 – Denmark, Spain
Fewest draws: 0 – Belgium, Egypt, Germany, Mexico, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Sweden, Tunisia, Uruguay
Most points in the group stage: 9 – Belgium, Croatia, Uruguay
Fewest points in the group stage: 0 – Egypt, Panama

text: Match awards[edit]

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Team

Opponent

Awards

1

Antoine Griezmann
 France

Australia (GS),[3] Uruguay (QF),[4] Croatia (F)[5]

3

Eden Hazard
 Belgium

Tunisia (GS),[6] Japan (R16),[7] England (TP)[8]

Harry Kane
 England

Tunisia (GS),[9] Panama (GS),[10] Colombia (R16)[11]

Luka Modrić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS),[12] Argentina (GS),[13] Russia (QF)[14]

5

Denis Cheryshev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS),[15] Egypt (GS)[16]

2

Philippe Coutinho
 Brazil

Switzerland (GS),[17] Costa Rica (GS)[18]

Kylian Mbappé
 France

Peru (GS),[19] Argentina (R16)[20]

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal

Spain (GS),[21] Morocco (GS)[22]

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay

Saudi Arabia (GS),[23] Russia (GS)[24]

10

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Spain (R16)[25]

1

Ludwig Augustinsson
 Sweden

Mexico (GS)[26]

Milan Badelj
 Croatia

Iceland (GS)[27]

Jan Bednarek
 Poland

Japan (GS)[28]

Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 Tunisia

Panama (GS)[29]

André Carrillo
 Peru

Australia (GS)[30]

Edinson Cavani
 Uruguay

Portugal (R16)[31]

Cho Hyun-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)[32]

Diego Costa
 Spain

Iran (GS)[33]

Kevin De Bruyne
 Belgium

Brazil (QF)[34]

Blerim Džemaili
  Switzerland

Costa Rica (GS)[35]

Mohamed El-Shenawy
 Egypt

Uruguay (GS)[36]

Christian Eriksen
 Denmark

Australia (GS)[37]

Emil Forsberg
 Sweden

Switzerland (R16)[38]

Andreas Granqvist
 Sweden

South Korea (GS)[39]

Hannes Þór Halldórsson
 Iceland

Argentina (GS)[40]

Amine Harit
 Morocco

Iran (GS)[41]

Javier Hernández
 Mexico

South Korea (GS)[42]

 Isco
 Spain

Morocco (GS)[43]

Adnan Januzaj
 Belgium

England (GS)[44]

N'Golo Kanté
 France

Denmark (GS)[45]

Aleksandar Kolarov
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)[46]

Hirving Lozano
 Mexico

Germany (GS)[47]

Romelu Lukaku
 Belgium

Panama (GS)[48]

Sadio Mané
 Senegal

Japan (GS)[49]

Lionel Messi
 Argentina

Nigeria (GS)[50]

Yerry Mina
 Colombia

Senegal (GS)[51]

Ahmed Musa
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)[52]

 Neymar
 Brazil

Mexico (R16)[53]

M'Baye Niang
 Senegal

Poland (GS)[54]

Yuya Osako
 Japan

Colombia (GS)[55]

 Paulinho
 Brazil

Serbia (GS)[56]

Ivan Perišić
 Croatia

England (SF)[57]

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)[58]

Yussuf Poulsen
 Denmark

Peru (GS)[59]

Ricardo Quaresma
 Portugal

Iran (GS)[60]

Marco Reus
 Germany

Sweden (GS)[61]

James Rodríguez
 Colombia

Poland (GS)[62]

Mohamed Salah
 Egypt

Saudi Arabia (GS)[63]

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Croatia (R16)[64]

Xherdan Shaqiri
  Switzerland

Serbia (GS)[65]

Samuel Umtiti
 France

Belgium (SF)[66]

text: Clean sheets[edit]

text:
Rank

Name
Team

Opponent

Awards

1

 Alisson
 Brazil

Costa Rica (GS), Serbia (GS), Mexico (R16)

3

Thibaut Courtois
 Belgium

Panama (GS), England (GS), England (TP)

Hugo Lloris
 France

Peru (GS), Uruguay (QF), Belgium (SF)

Fernando Muslera
 Uruguay

Egypt (GS), Saudi Arabia (GS), Russia (GS)

Robin Olsen
 Sweden

South Korea (GS), Mexico (GS), Switzerland (R16)

6

David Ospina
 Colombia

Poland (GS), Senegal (GS)

2

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Peru (GS), France (GS)

Danijel Subašić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS), Argentina (GS)

9

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS)

1

Alireza Beiranvand
 Iran

Morocco (GS)

David de Gea
 Spain

Iran (GS)

Łukasz Fabiański
 Poland

Japan (GS)

Pedro Gallese
 Peru

Australia (GS)

Jo Hyeon-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)

Steve Mandanda
 France

Denmark (GS)

Guillermo Ochoa
 Mexico

Germany (GS)

Rui Patrício
 Portugal

Morocco (GS)

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)

Vladimir Stojković
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)

Francis Uzoho
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)

text: Squads[edit]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Oldest coach: Óscar Tabárez  Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt, after Otto Rehhagel (71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup), he is the second oldest World Cup coach.[67]
Youngest coach: Aliou Cissé  Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland.
Country with most coaches:  Argentina with four coaches, alongside Argentina, Egypt, Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines. This is followed by  Spain with three coaches (Belgium, Saudi Arabia and Spain), then Germany, France, Colombia (with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014) and Portugal with two coaches each.
Teams with foreign coaches: Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches, including two teams (Australia and Denmark) of coaches whose home countries (Netherlands and Norway) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup.
Longest serving coach: As in 2014, the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez, who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006. Tabárez, however, was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990, while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004. Besides them, Didier Deschamps  France, José Pékerman  Colombia and Carlos Queiroz  Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli  Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos  Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup.
Shortest serving coach: The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro  Spain, who became in charge only two days before his team's first game. In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić  Serbia, Bert van Marwijk  Australia, Akira Nishino  Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi  Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams. Of these, however, van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup, but then refused to renew his contract.
Coaches who were former players: Didier Deschamps (France / 1998) became world champion having previously contested as a player, equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer. Beside him, Aliou Cissé (Senegal / 2002), Gareth Southgate (England / 1998), Óscar Ramírez (Costa Rica / 1990), Adam Nawałka (Poland / 1978), Stanislav Cherchesov (Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002) and Mladen Krstajić (Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup.

text: Players[edit]

text:
Appearance record: Rafael Márquez  Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time, equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus
Oldest player: At 45 years and five months, Essam El-Hadary  Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals. By his use in the last group match on June 25, he was 45 years and 161 days, thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player.[68]
Youngest player: Daniel Arzani  Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days. He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute.[69]
Sofyan Amrabat  Morocco, who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran, is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother.[67]
Aleksandr Yerokhin  Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain. This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted.[70]
30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league, but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league.[71] By contrast, Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues.
The most number of players (129) are active in clubs based in England, the majority of them in the Premier League, with some in the lower leagues. In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England.
One player each plays in the leagues of Finland, Guinea, Honduras, Norway, Paraguay, Romania, Slovakia and South Africa.
From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup, the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players.

text: Discipline[edit]

text:
Total number of yellow cards: 219
Average yellow cards per match: 3.42
Total number of red cards: 4
Average red cards per match: 0.06
First yellow card of the tournament:Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First red card of the tournament:Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 1st minute
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+8th minute  Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica, Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 118th minute
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 3rd minute
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 9 minutes  Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 15  Croatia
Most red cards (team): 1  Colombia, Germany, Russia, Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (team): 1  Saudi Arabia
Most yellow cards (player): 3  Sebastian Larsson
Most red cards (player): 1  Jérôme Boateng, Michael Lang, Carlos Sánchez Moreno, Igor Smolnikov
Most yellow cards (match): 8  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England
Most red cards (match): 1  Colombia vs Japan, Germany vs Sweden, Uruguay vs Russia, Sweden vs Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (match): 0  Argentina vs Iceland, Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia
Most cards in one match: 8 yellow cards  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England

text: Multiple World Cups[edit]

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Cristiano Ronaldo

1
IRN

1
PRK

1
GHA

4
ESP (3), MAR

7

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Edinson Cavani

N/A

1
GER

1
CRC

3
RUS, POR (2)

5

 Javier Hernández

N/A

2
FRA, ARG

1
CRO

1
KOR

4

 Keisuke Honda

N/A

2
CMR, DEN

1
CIV

1
SEN

4

 Lionel Messi

1
SCG

0
N/A

4
BIH, IRN, NGA (2)

1
NGA

6

 Luis Suárez

N/A

3
MEX, KOR (2)

2
ENG (2)

2
KSA, RUS

7

text: Messi played in 2010 but did not score.

text:
Name

 2002

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Rafael Márquez

4
CRO, ECU, ITA, USA

4
IRN, ANG, POR, ARG

4
RSA, FRA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

3
GER, KOR, BRA

19

text: Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups.

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Valon Behrami

1
KOR

1
CHI

4
ECU, FRA, HON, ARG

4
BRA, SRB, CRC, SWE

10

 Tim Cahill

4
JPN, BRA, CRO, ITA

2
GER, SRB

2
CHI, NED

1
PER

9

 Andrés Guardado

1
ARG

3
RSA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

4
GER, KOR, SWE, BRA

12

 Andrés Iniesta

1
KSA

6
SUI, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

14

 Javier Mascherano

5
CIV, SCG, NED, MEX, GER

4
NGA, KOR, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

20

 Lionel Messi

3
SCG, NED, MEX

5
NGA, KOR, GRE, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

19

 Sergio Ramos

3
UKR, TUN, FRA

7
SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

17

 Cristiano Ronaldo

6
ANG, IRN, NED, ENG, FRA, GER

4
CIV, PRK, BRA, ESP

3
GER, USA, GHA

4
ESP, MAR, IRN, URU

17

text: Overall results[edit]

text: Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.

text: By team[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

GF

AGF

GA

AGA

GD

AGD

CS

ACS

YC

AYC

RC

ARC

 Argentina

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

9
2.25

-3
-0.75

0

0.00

11

2.75

0

0.00

 Australia

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Belgium

7

6

0

1

18

2.57

16
2.29

6
0.86

+10
1.43

3

0.43

11

1.57

0

0.00

 Brazil

5

3

1

1

10

2.00

8
1.60

3
0.60

+5
1.00

3

0.60

7

1.40

0

0.00

 Colombia

4

2

1

1

7

1.75

6
1.50

3
0.75

+3
0.75

2

0.50

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Costa Rica

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Croatia

7

4

2

1

14

2.00

14
2.00

9
1.29

+5
0.71

2

0.29

15

2.14

0

0.00

 Denmark

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

3
0.75

2
0.50

+1
0.25

2

0.50

6

1.50

0

0.00

 Egypt

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

6
2.00

-4
-1.33

0

0.00

5

1.67

0

0.00

 England

7

3

1

3

10

1.43

12
1.71

8
1.14

+4
0.57

1

0.14

8

1.14

0

0.00

 France

7

6

1

0

19

2.71

14
2.00

6
0.86

+8
1.14

4

0.57

12

1.71

0

0.00

 Germany

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

2

0.67

1

0.33

 Iceland

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Iran

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Japan

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

7
1.75

-1
-0.25

0

0.00

5

1.25

0

0.00

 Mexico

4

2

0

2

6

1.50

3
0.75

6
1.50

-3
-0.75

1

0.25

9

2.25

0

0.00

 Morocco

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

8

2.67

0

0.00

 Nigeria

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

4
1.33

-1
-0.33

1

0.33

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Panama

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

11
3.67

-9
-3.00

0

0.00

11

3.67

0

0.00

 Peru

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

5

1.67

0

0.00

 Poland

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

1

0.33

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Portugal

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

6
1.50

6
1.50

0
0.00

1

0.25

7

1.75

0

0.00

 Russia

5

2

2

1

8

1.60

11
2.20

7
1.40

+4
0.80

1

0.20

6

1.20

1

0.20

 Saudi Arabia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

7
2.33

-5
-1.67

0

0.00

1

0.33

0

0.00

 Senegal

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

4
1.33

4
1.33

0
0.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Serbia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

1

0.33

9

3.00

0

0.00

 South Korea

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

3
1.00

0
0.00

1

0.33

10

3.33

0

0.00

 Spain

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

7
1.75

6
1.50

+1
0.25

1

0.25

2

0.50

0

0.00

 Sweden

5

3

0

2

9

1.80

6
1.20

4
0.80

+2
0.40

3

0.60

8

1.60

0

0.00

  Switzerland

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

5
1.25

5
1.25

0
0.00

0

0.00

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Tunisia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

5
1.67

8
2.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Uruguay

5

4

0

1

12

2.40

7
1.40

3
0.60

+4
0.80

3

0.60

3

0.60

0

0.00

Total

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

169

1.32

169

1.32

0

0.00

33

0.26

219

1.71

4

0.03

text: Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: By confederation[edit]

text:
Confederation

T

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

Pts/T

AFC
5
16
4
3
9
15
0.94
3.00

CAF
5
15
3
2
10
11
0.73
2.20

CONCACAF
3
10
2
1
7
7
0.70
2.33

CONMEBOL
5
21
11
3
7
36
1.71
7.20

UEFA
14
66
31
17
18
110
1.67
7.86

Total

32

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

5.59

text: Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: Stadiums[edit]

text:
Stadium

City

Capacity

Elevation

Matchesplayed

Overallattendance

Averageattendanceper match

Averageattendanceas % of capacity

Overallgoalsscored

Averagegoals scoredper match

Central Stadium

Yekaterinburg

33,061[72]

273 m[73]

4

125,437

31,359

94.85%

9

2.25

Cosmos Arena

Samara

41,970[74]

163 m[75]

6

248,060

41,343

98.51%

11

1.83

Fisht Olympic Stadium

Sochi

44,287[76]

1 m[77]

6

264,057

44,010

99.37%

21

3.50

Kaliningrad Stadium

Kaliningrad

33,973[78]

0 m

4

132,249

33,062

97.32%

10

2.50

Kazan Arena

Kazan

42,873[79]

51 m[80]

6

254,451

42,409

98.92%

19

3.17

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

64,468[81]

13 m[82]

7

448,686

64,098

99.43%

14

2.00

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

78,011[83]

151 m[84]

7

546,077

78,011

100.00%

18

2.57

Mordovia Arena

Saransk

41,685[85]

126 m[86]

4

160,237

40,059

96.10%

9

2.25

Nizhny Novgorod Stadium

Nizhny Novgorod

43,319[87]

73 m[88]

6

256,427

42,738

98.66%

19

3.17

Otkritie Arena

Moscow

44,190[89]

125 m[90]

5

220,950

44,190

100.00%

16

3.20

Rostov Arena

Rostov-on-Don

43,472[91]

0 m

5

214,197

42,839

98.54%

14

2.80

Volgograd Arena

Volgograd

43,713[92]

31 m[93]

4

160,980

40,245

92.07%

9

2.25

Total
3,080,085

64
3,031,768
47,371
98.43%
169
2.64

text: Attendance records[edit]

text: Top 10 highest attendances.

text:
Rank
Attendance
Match
Venue
City
Date
Ref

1

78,011

 Russia vs  Saudi Arabia

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

14 June 2018

[94]

 Germany vs  Mexico

17 June 2018

[95]

 Portugal vs  Morocco

20 June 2018

[96]

 Denmark vs  France

26 June 2018

[97]

 Spain vs  Russia

1 July 2018

[98]

 Croatia vs  England

11 July 2018

[99]

 France vs  Croatia

15 July 2018

[100]

8

64,468

 Russia vs  Egypt

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

19 June 2018

[101]

 Brazil vs  Costa Rica

22 June 2018

[102]

 Nigeria vs  Argentina

26 June 2018

[103]

text: Lowest attendance: 27,015 –  Egypt vs  Uruguay, Central Stadium, Yekaterinburg, 15 June 2018[104]