document_title: Groomsman

question_text: where does the best man stand during the ceremony

root

text: Groomsman

text: Duties[edit]

text: The most visible duty of the groomsmen is helping guests find their places before the ceremony and to stand near the groom during the wedding ceremony.

tag: p

text: Additionally, the groom may request other kinds of assistance, such as planning celebratory events such as a bachelor party, also called a stag-do or buck's night; helping make the wedding pleasant for guests by talking with people who are alone or dancing with unaccompanied guests or bridesmaids, if there is dancing at a wedding reception; or providing practical assistance with gifts, luggage, or unexpected complications. Groomsmen may also participate in local or regional traditions, such as decorating the newlywed couple's car.[1] The other and also very important task of the best man is to give a speech during the wedding. This is usually decided between the bride and groom before the wedding. The best man speech is usually humorous and short.

text: Bridegroom-men formerly had important duties. The men were called bride-knights, and represented a survival of the primitive days of marriage by capture, when a man called his friends in to assist to "lift" or kidnap the bride, or from the need to defend the bride from would-be kidnappers.[2][3][4]

text: Best man[edit]

text: The best man is the chief assistant to the groom at a wedding and (along with the maid of honour) is the third most important in attendance after the bride and groom. While the role is older, the earliest surviving written use of the term best man comes from 1782, observing that "best man and best maid" in the Scottish dialect are equivalent to "bride-man and bride-maid" in England.[5]

text: In most modern Anglophone countries, the groom extends this honor to someone who is close to him, generally close friend or relative (such as a sibling or cousin). When the groom wishes to give this honor to a woman, she may be termed the best woman or best person,[6] although traditionally she would still be referred to as the 'best man'. The bride's equivalent of the best man is the bridesmaid, or the maid/matron of honor. If this honoree is male, he may be called a "man of honor."[6] During a wedding ceremony the best man stands next to the groom, slightly behind him. This means that the four people present at the altar are the officiant (such as a civil celebrant, priest, rabbi, minister, or other religious figure), the bride, groom, and best man. This is common in some western countries, although in others the best man and bridesmaid participate on an equal footing.

text: While the best man's required duties are only those of a friend, in the context of a western white wedding, the best man will typically:

text:
Assist the groom on the wedding day,
Be in charge of the ushers[7]
Keep the wedding rings safe until needed during the ceremony,
Stand next to the groom during the ceremony,
Act as a legal witness to the marriage and therefore sign the marriage certificate, and
Prepare a "best man's speech" to be read at the reception[8]

tag: ul

text: In various countries and cultures[edit]

text: The best man is not a universal custom.[9] Even in places where a best man is customary, the role may be quite different when compared to other areas of the world.

text:
In Britain, it is traditional for the best man to give a short speech.
In Zambia, a best man is expected to lead processions both at the wedding, and at preliminary events. This includes pre-wedding dance rehearsals, at which the best man is always expected to be in attendance, and usually is expected to give an outstanding and outlandish dance-performance on the actual wedding-day.[citation needed]
In Uganda, a best man is expected to guide the newlyweds in the ways of marriage. This means that ideally a best man must be married, preferably to one wife, and should be in position to give sound, tried and tested advice. A best man must be a confidant and be discreet about the details he shares with the new couple.[citation needed]
In Bhutan, the best man presents himself at the wedding as a ceremonial guardian to both bride and groom. Thereafter he entertains the guests, sometimes for several hours.[citation needed]
In Eastern Orthodox weddings in Greece, the best man is often also the koumbaros, or religious sponsor. The koumbaros (or koumbara, if a woman) is an honored participant who crowns the couple and participates in circling the altar three times. Sometimes, this person also pays for most of the wedding expenses.
In Ukraine, a best man is responsible for guarding the bride during the wedding festivities. When he or the groom steps away, the bride gets "kidnapped" or has a shoe stolen. Then the groom or the best man must pay a ransom in exchange for returning the bride, usually by paying money (which is given to the bride) or by doing something embarrassing.[10]

text: Bachelor party[edit]

text: In the past, the bachelor party was typically scheduled for a convenient evening during the week before the wedding. A type of farewell dinner, it was always hosted, and therefore organized and paid for, entirely by the groom.[11] The dinner was seen as the groom's last chance to entertain his friends as a single man; after the wedding, dinner parties at his home would always be presided over by his wife in her role as hostess.

text: Common slang names for this event are bachelor party, stag do, or bucks' night in different parts of the world. In many areas, this dinner is now most commonly organized by the best man; the costs can be shared by either all of the participants or all of the participants except for the groom, who becomes the guest of honor.[12]


document_title: Aging in dogs

question_text: when is a medium sized dog considered a senior

text: Aging in dogs

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The terms "dog years" and "human years" are frequently used when describing the age of a dog. However, there are two diametrically opposed ways in which the terms are defined:

text:
One common nomenclature uses "human years" to represent a strict calendar basis (365 days) and a "dog year" to be the equivalent portion of a dog's lifetime, as a calendar year would be for a human being.[1] Under this system, a 6-year-old dog would be described as having an age of 6 human years or 40–50 (depending on the breed) dog years.
The other common system defines "dog years" to be the actual calendar years (365 days each) of a dog's life, and "human years" to be the equivalent age of a human being.[2] By this terminology, the age of a 6-year-old dog is described as 6 dog years or 40–50 human years, a reversal from the previous definition.

text: However, regardless of which set of terminology is used, the relationship between dog years and human years is not linear, as the following section explains.

text: Aging profile[edit]

text: They can be summarized into three types:

text:
Popular myth – It is popularly believed that : "1 human year equals 7 dog years" or the like. This is inaccurate on two scores, because the first year or two years represent some 18–25 years, and the ratio varies with size and breed.
One size fits all – Another commonly used system suggests that the first two years equal 10.5 years each, with subsequent years equaling four human years. This is more accurate but still fails to allow for size/breed,which is a significant factor.
Size/breed specific calculators – These try to factor in the size or breed as well. These are the most accurate types. They typically work either by expected adult weight[4] or by categorizing the dog as "small", "medium", or "large".

text: No one formula for dog-to-human age conversion is scientifically agreed on, although within fairly close limits they show great similarities.

text: As a rough approximation, the human equivalent of a one-year-old dog is between about 10 and 15 years—a one-year-old dog or cat has generally reached its full growth and is sexually mature, although it might still be lanky and need to fill in a more mature musculature, similar to human teenagers. The second year is equivalent to about another 3 to 8 years in terms of physical and mental maturity, and each year thereafter is equivalent to only about 4 or 5 human years.[5]

text: Emotional maturity occurs, as with humans, over an extended period of time and in stages. As in other areas, development of giant breeds is slightly delayed compared to other breeds, and, as with humans, there is a difference between adulthood and full maturity (compare humans age 20 and age 40 for example). In all but large breeds, sociosexual interest arises around 6–9 months, becoming emotionally adult around 15–18 months and fully mature around 3–4 years, although as with humans learning and refinement continue thereafter.

text: According to the UC Davis Book of Dogs, small-breed dogs (such as small terriers) become geriatric at about 11 years; medium-breed dogs (such as larger spaniels) at 10 years; large-breed dogs (such as German Shepherd Dogs) at 8 years; and giant-breed dogs (such as Great Danes) at 7 years.[6]

text: Life expectancy by breed[edit]

text: Life expectancy usually varies within a range. For example, a Beagle (average life expectancy 13.3 years) usually lives to around 12–15 years, and a Scottish Terrier (average life expectancy 12 years) usually lives to around 10–16 years.

text: Two of the longest living dogs on record, "Bluey" and "Chilla", were Australian Cattle Dogs.[7] This has prompted a study of the longevity of the Australian Cattle Dog to examine if the breed might have exceptional longevity. The 100-dog survey yielded a mean longevity of 13.41 years with a standard deviation of 2.36 years.[8] The study concluded that while Australian Cattle Dogs are a healthy breed and do live on average almost a year longer than most dogs of other breeds in the same weight class, record ages such as Bluey's or Chilla's should be regarded as uncharacteristic exceptions rather than as indicators of common exceptional longevity for the entire breed.[8]

text: A random-bred dog (also known as a mongrel or a mutt) has an average life expectancy of 13.2 years in the Western world.

text: Sorted by breed[edit]

text: These data are from Michell (1999).[9] The total sample size for his study was about 3,000 dogs, but the sample size for each breed varied widely. For most breeds, the sample size was low. For a more comprehensive compilation of results of longevity surveys, see the breed data tables at the Dog Longevity web site.

text:
Breed
Expectancy (years)

Afghan Hound
12

Airedale Terrier
11.2

American Staffordshire Terrier
12.3

Basset Hound
12.8

Beagle
13.3

Bearded Collie
12.3

Bedlington Terrier
14.3

Bernese Mountain Dog
7

Border Collie
13

Border Terrier
13.8

Boxer
10.4

Bull Terrier
12.9

Bulldog
6.7

Bullmastiff
8.6

Cairn Terrier
13.2

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
10.7

Chihuahua
15

Chow Chow
13.5

American Cocker Spaniel
12.5

Dachshund
12.2

Dalmatian
13

Doberman Pinscher
9.8

English Cocker Spaniel
11.8

English Setter
11.2

English Springer Spaniel
13

English Toy Spaniel
10.1

Flat-Coated Retriever
9.5

German Shepherd
10.3

German Shorthaired Pointer
12.3

Golden Retrievers
12

Gordon Setter
11.3

Great Dane
8.4

Greyhound
13.2

Irish Red and White Setter
12.9

Irish Setter
11.8

Irish Wolfhound
6.2

Jack Russell Terrier
13.6

Labrador Retriever
12.6

Lurcher
12.6

Miniature Dachshund
14.4

Miniature Pinscher
14.9

Miniature Poodle
14.8

Random-bred/Mongrel
13.2

Norfolk Terrier
10

Old English Sheepdog
11.8

Pekingese
13.3

Pomeranian
14.5

Pug
16

Rajapalayam hound
11.2

Rhodesian Ridgeback
9.1

Rottweiler
9.8

Rough Collie
12.2

Samoyed
11

Scottish Deerhound
9.5

Scottish Terrier
12

Shetland Sheepdog
13.3

Shiba Inu
14

Shih Tzu
13.4

Siberian Husky
13.5

Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier
13.2

Staffordshire Bull Terrier
14

Standard Poodle
12

Tibetan Terrier
14.3

Toy Poodle
14.4

Vizsla
12.5

Weimaraner
10

Welsh Corgi
11.3

Welsh Springer Spaniel
11.5

West Highland White Terrier
12.8

Wire Fox Terrier
13

Yorkshire Terrier
12.8

tag: table

text: Factors affecting life expectancy[edit]

text: Apart from breed, several factors influence life expectancy:

text:
Diet — There is some disagreement as to the ideal diet. The oldest dog was Bluey, an Australian Cattle Dog, who died at 29 in 1939. However, the claim is unverified due to lack of records. In the 2000s, at least two dogs were still living at 27 years old, but one was fed a purely vegetarian diet[10] (border collie, died at 27[11]) and one fed primarily on kangaroo and emu meat[12] (bull terrier cross, died at 27).
Spaying and neutering — According to a study by the British Veterinary Association (author AR Michell is the president of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons), "Neutered females lived longest of dogs dying of all causes, though entire females lived longest of dogs dying of natural causes, with neutered males having the shortest lifespan in each category."[9] Neutering reduces or eliminates the risk of some causes of early death, for example pyometra in females, and testicular cancer in males, as well as indirect causes of early death such as accident and euthanasia (intact dogs roam and tend to be more aggressive), but there might increase the risk of death from other conditions (neutering in cited paper only showed an increase in the risk for prostate cancer but has not been repeated in subsequent papers) in males, and neutered males might have a higher rate for urinary tract cancers such as transitional cell carcinoma and prostatic adenocarcinoma.[13][14] Caution should be used when interpreting the results of these studies. This is especially important when you consider the frequency of transitional cell carcinoma and prostate carcinoma in a male dog versus the chance an intact male dog will succumb to death from roaming (hit by car or other injuries), benign hyperplasia of the prostate causing prostatic abscesses or inability to urinate (causing euthanasia if this does not resolve with therapy) or euthanasia due to fighting or aggression.

text: For more information, see Health effects of neutering.

text: A major study of dog longevity, which considered both natural and other factors affecting life expectancy, concluded that:

text: Effects of aging[edit]

text: In general, dogs age in a manner similar to humans. Their bodies begin to develop problems that are less common at younger ages, they are more prone to serious or fatal conditions such as cancer, stroke, etc., they become less mobile and may develop joint problems such as arthritis, and in old age often become less physically active. Additionally, they become less able to handle change, including wide climatic or temperature variation, and may develop dietary or skin problems or go deaf. In some cases incontinence may develop and breathing difficulties may appear.

text: The most common effects of aging are:[17]

text:
Loss of hearing
Loss of vision (cataracts)
Decreased activity, more sleeping, and reduced energy (in part due to reduced lung function)
Weight gain (calorie needs can be 30–40% lower in older dogs)
Weakening of immune system leading to infections
Skin changes (thickening or darkening of skin, dryness leading to reduced elasticity, loss or whitening of hair)
Change in feet and nails (thicker and more brittle nails makes trimming harder)
Arthritis and other joint problems
Loss of teeth
Gastrointestinal upset (stomach lining, diseases of the pancreas, constipation)
Weakness in muscles and bones
Urinary issues (incontinence in both genders, and prostatitis/straining to urinate in males)
Mammary cysts and tumors in females
Senility
Heart murmurs
Diabetes[18]


document_title: British thermal unit

question_text: how many british thermal units are in one ton of cooling

text: British thermal unit

text: Definitions[edit]

text: A BTU was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 avoirdupois pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at a constant pressure of one atmosphere.[5] There are several different definitions of the BTU that are now known to differ slightly. This reflects the fact that the temperature change of a mass of water due to the addition of a specific amount of heat (calculated in energy units, usually joules) depends slightly upon the water's initial temperature. As seen in the table below, definitions of the BTU based on different water temperatures vary by up to 0.5%. In the table, thermochemical and steam table (IT) values, which are now defined in terms of exact values in joules, have been rounded to four decimal places.

text:
Variant
Energy (J)
Notes

Thermochemical
≡ 1054.3503
Originally, the thermochemical BTU was defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from its freezing point to its boiling point, divided by the temperature difference (180 °F). The similar, thermochemical calorie was defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from freezing to boiling divided by the temperature difference in Celsius (100 °C). The International Standards Organization now redefines the thermochemical calorie as exactly 4.184 J.[5] The thermochemical BTU is then defined using the conversions from grams to pounds and from Celsius to Fahrenheit.[6]

59 °F (15.0 °C)
≈ 1054.80[7]
Used for U.S. natural gas pricing.[4]

60 °F (15.6 °C)
≈ 1054.68[8]
Chiefly Canadian.[citation needed]

39 °F (3.9 °C)
≈ 1059.67[8]
Uses the calorie value of water at its maximum density (4 °C, 39.2 °F).[citation needed]

IT
≡ 1055.0559
An early effort to define heat units directly in terms of energy units, and hence to remove the direct association with the properties of water, was taken by the International Steam Table Conferences. These conferences originally adopted the simplified definition that 860 "IT" calories corresponded exactly to 1 watt-hour; the watt-hour is an energy unit. This definition ultimately became the statement that 1 IT calorie is exactly 4.1868 J.[5][9] The BTU is then calculated from the calorie as is done for the thermochemical definitions of the BTU and the calorie.[6]

ISO
≡ 1055.06
International standard ISO 31-4 on Quantities and units—Part 4: Heat.[10] This value uses the IT calorie and is rounded to a realistic accuracy.

text: Prefixes[edit]

text: Units KBtu are used in building energy use tracking and heating system sizing. Energy Use Index (EUI) represents KBtu per square foot of conditioned floor area. "K" stands for 1,000.

text: The units MBtu and MMBtu are used in the natural gas and other industries to indicate 1,000 and 1,000,000 BTUs, respectively.[11][12] This is presumably from the Roman numeral system, where "M" stands for one thousand (1,000). However, Roman Numeral MM represents two thousand, adding confusion if the Roman system is cited as the source for MM.

text: There is an ambiguity in that the metric system uses the prefix "M" to indicate one million (1,000,000), and "MBtu" is also used to indicate one million BTUs.[13] Because of this ambiguity, some authors have deprecated the use of MBtu.[12]

text: Energy analysts accustomed to the metric "k" for 1,000 are more likely to use MBtu to represent one million, especially in documents where M represents one million in other energy or cost units, such as MW, MWh and $.

text: The unit therm is used to represent 100,000 (or 105) BTUs.[11] A decatherm is 10 therms or one MBtu. The unit quad is commonly used to represent one quadrillion (1015) BTUs.[13]

text: Conversions[edit]

text: One Btu is approximately:

text:
1.054 to 1.060 kJ (kilojoules)
0.293071 W·h (watt hours)
252 to 253 cal (calories, or "little calories")
0.25 kcal (kilocalories, "large calories", or "food calories")
25,031 to 25,160 ft·pdl (foot-poundal)
778 to 782 ft·lbf (foot-pounds-force)
5.40395 (lbf/in2)·ft3

text: A Btu can be approximated as the heat produced by burning a single wooden kitchen match or as the amount of energy it takes to lift a one-pound (0.45 kg) weight 778 feet (237 m).[14]

text: For natural gas[edit]

text:
In natural gas pricing, the Canadian definition is that 1 MMBtu ≡ 7006100000000000000♠1000000 Btu ≡ 1.054615 GJ.[15]
The energy content (high or low heating value) of a volume of natural gas varies with the composition of the natural gas, which means there is no universal conversion factor for the number of Btu to volume. 1 standard cubic foot of average natural gas yields ≈ 1030 Btu (between 1010 Btu and 1070 Btu, depending on quality, when burned)
As a coarse approximation, 1000 ft3 of natural gas yields ≈ 1 MMBtu ≈ 1 GJ
For natural gas price conversion 1000 m3 ≈ 36.906 MMBtu and 1 MMBtu ≈ 27.096 m3

text: As a unit of power[edit]

text: When used as a unit of power for heating and cooling systems, Btu per hour (Btu/h) is the correct unit, though this is often abbreviated to just "Btu".[16] MBH—thousands of Btus per hour—is also common.[citation needed]

text:
1 watt is approximately 3.41214 Btu/h[17]
1000 Btu/h is approximately 293.071 W
1 horsepower is approximately 2544 Btu/h, or

1

2

{\displaystyle 1 \over {\sqrt {2}}}

 Btu/s

text: Associated units[edit]

text:
1 ton of cooling, a common unit in North American refrigeration and air conditioning applications, is 12,000 Btu/h (3.52 kW). It is the rate of heat transfer needed to freeze 1 short ton (907 kg) of water into ice in 24 hours.
In the US, the R-value that describes the performance of thermal insulation is typically quoted in ft2·°F·hr/Btu. For one square foot of the insulation, one BTU per hour of heat flows across the insulator for each degree of temperature difference across it.
1 therm is defined in the United States and European Union as 100,000 Btu—but the U.S. uses the Btu59 °F while the EU uses the BtuIT. The therm is used in natural gas pricing in the United Kingdom.[18]
1 quad (short for quadrillion Btu) is 1015 Btu, which is about 1 exajoule (7018105500000000000♠1.055×1018 J). Quads are used in the United States for representing the annual energy consumption of large economies: for example, the U.S. economy used 99.75 quads in 2005.[19] One quad/year is about 33.43 gigawatts.

text: The Btu should not be confused with the Board of Trade Unit (B.O.T.U.), which is a much larger quantity of energy (1 kW⋅h or 3,412 Btu).

text: The Btu is often used to express the conversion-efficiency of heat into electrical energy in power plants. Figures are quoted in terms of the quantity of heat in Btu required to generate 1 kW·h of electrical energy. A typical coal-fired power plant works at 7004105000000000000♠10500 Btu/kW·h, an efficiency of 32–33%.[20]

text: The centigrade heat unit (CHU) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Celsius. It is equal to 1.8 BTU or 1899 joules.[21] This unit was sometimes used in the United Kingdom as an alternative to BTU but is now obsolete.


document_title: Bank statement

question_text: when do bank statements come in the mail

text: Bank statement

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A bank statement or account statement is a summary of financial transactions which have occurred over a given period on a bank account held by a person or business with a financial institution.

text: Bank statements have historically been and continue to be typically printed on one or several pieces of paper and either mailed directly to the account holder, or kept at the financial institution's local branch for pick-up. In recent years there has been a shift towards paperless, electronic statements, and some financial institutions offer direct download into account holders accounting software.

text: Some ATMs offer the possibility to print, at any time, a condensed version of a bank statement, commonly called a transaction history, or a transaction history may be viewed on the financial institution's website or available via telephone banking.

text: ⟨⟩==Paper statements== Historically, bank statements were paper statements produced monthly, quarterly or even annually. Since the introduction of computers in banks in the 1960s,[1] bank statements have generally been produced monthly. Bank statements for accounts with small transaction volumes, such as investments or savings accounts, are usually produced less frequently. Depending on the financial institution, bank statements may also include certain features such as the cancelled cheques (or their images) that cleared through the account during the statement period.

text: Some financial institutions use the occasion of posting bank statements to include notices such as changes in fees or interest rates or to include promotional material.

text: Today, the monthly mailing of bank statements is the norm in many countries. It is not customary in some countries, such as Japan, where individual account holders are expected to keep track of deposits, withdrawals, and balances using their own passbooks at ATMs.

text: Electronic statements[edit]

text: With the wider access to the Internet and online banking, bank statements (also known as electronic statements or e-statements) can be viewed online, and downloaded or printed by the customer. To reduce the cost of postage and the generation of paper bank statements, some financial institutions encourage their customers to receive bank statements electronically, for example by charging a fee for paper statements. This may be as attachments to emails or, as a security measure, as a reminder that a new statement is available on the financial institution's website. Whether such statements are transmitted as attachments or from the website, they are commonly generated in PDF format, to reduce the ability of the recipient to electronically alter the statement.

text: Due to identity theft concerns, an electronic statement may not be seen as a dangerous alternative against physical theft as it does not contain tangible personal information, and does not require extra safety measures of disposal such as shredding. However, an electronic statement can be easier to obtain than a physical one through computer fraud, data interception and/or theft of storage media.


document_title: Spirit Riding Free

question_text: who plays the voice of lucky on spirit

question_tokens: who plays the voice of lucky on spirit

text: Spirit Riding Free

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set during the 19th century in the small town of Miradero, Texas, a 12-year-old[2] girl named Lucky, who had recently relocated from the city, encounters a wild kiger mustang named Spirit. Offspring of Spirit and Rain from Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, the horse is caught by wranglers and brought to be "broken" in Miradero. Lucky gradually bonds with the stallion, and frees him. Lucky also meets two other girls, Pru and Abigail, who both own horses, Chica Linda, a palomino, and Boomerang, a pinto horse, respectively. They embark on everyday adventures across the land.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amber Frank as Lucky Prescott[2]
Bailey Gambertoglio as Abigail Stone[2]
Sydney Park as Pru Granger[2]
Jeff Bennett as Mesteneros
Darcy Rose Byrnes as Maricela[2]
Nolan North as Jim Prescott[2]
Andy Pessoa as Turo
Tiya Sircar as Miss Flores
Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Cora[2]
Jonathan Craig Williams as Al

text: Production[edit]

text: Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5, 2017.[3] The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8, 2017.[6] The series was renewed for a third season and it premiered on November 17, 2017.[7] The series was renewed for a fourth season and it premiered on March 16, 2018.[8]

text: Crew[edit]

text: The voice director for the first three episodes was Ginny McSwain; Katie McWane took over as voice director subsequent to that.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally released16May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)27September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)37November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)46March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date11"Lucky and the Unbreakable Spirit"Joshua TabackAury WallingtonStephanie ArnettMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Newly arrived in the town of Miradero, city girl Lucky struggles to fit in at school but befriends a wild stallion after he is wrangled for taming.
22"Lucky and the Treacherous Trail"Joshua TabackAury WallingtonMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Headstrong Lucky persuades Pru to give her a crash course in horseback riding so she and Spirit can participate in the annual Saddle Club race.
33"Lucky and the Mysterious Map"Beth SlevenAury WallingtonJean Kang & Christina ManriqueMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
On her first camping trip, Lucky decides to decode her dad's old treasure map, then sneaks off with Abigail, Pru and Spirit to find the fortune.
44"Lucky and the Competition Conundrum"Joshua TabackKatherine NolfiMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Desperate to be Student of the Month, Lucky teams with Maricela to create a booth for a school fundraiser, pitting herself against Pru and Abigail.
55"Lucky and the Appaloosa Adventure"Beth SlevenRobert TaylorJean Kang & Christina ManriqueMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
As Lucky and saddle-maker Turo plot to help a horse neglected by his cruel owner, Lucky's dad works to fix a cracked dam before disaster strikes.
66"Lucky and the Not-So-Secret Surprise"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceNancy CohenKathryn Marusik & David Van TuyleMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Determined to throw Pru the best surprise birthday party ever, Lucky enlists Abigail's help in planning the event, which quickly gets out of hand.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date71"Lucky and the Cowboy Next Door"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceLaura SreebnyKathryn Marusik & David VanTuyleSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Eager to follow in her mother's footsteps, Lucky gets lessons in trick riding from dashing young performer, Javier.
82"Lucky and the Pie P.I."Beth SlevenRobert TaylorJean Kang & Christina ManriqueSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
When Abigail's prize cherry pie goes missing, Lucky draws inspiration from her favorite book sleuth and plays detectives with her pals.
93"Lucky and the Super Amazing and Fun Cousin Julian"Beth SlevenNancy CohenJean Kang & Christina ManriqueSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky's visiting cousin, Julian, charms her friends with his exciting schemes, but Lucky believes he's up to no good.
104"Lucky and the Harvest Hunt"Joshua TabackLaura SreebnyMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and her pals search for a scarecrow.
115"Lucky and the Christmas Spirit"Joshua TabackKatherine NolfiMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and her friends send gifts to everyone in town during Christmas.
126"Lucky and the Deadly Blizzard"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceAury WallingtonKathryn Marusik & David VanTuyleSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and Maricela work together to get medicine from a broken train during a flu outbreak when a blizzard is coming.
137"Lucky and the Price of Freedom"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceAury WallingtonChristian Lignan & Kathryn MarusikSeptember 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky pretends to be a man to enter a horse race to prove that women are good at riding horses. Though she wins, her identity is exposed and she is disqualified. The winner, Junipero's former owner, decides to get back at Lucky by capturing Spirit, a wild mustang, and shipping him to the auction house. Will Lucky ever see Spirit again?

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date141"Lucky and the Long Way Home"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceNancy CohenGus Corrales, Liza Epps, Rianna Liu, Kathryn MarusikNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Spirit's a wild stallion, but he can't bear the thought of being away from Lucky -- which means he'll do anything to find his way back home.
152"Lucky and the New Governor"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceLauren BradleyKathryn MarusikNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
As a mare in Spirit's herd prepares to give birth, Lucky enrolls Pru and Abigail in Prescott's Charm School to get them ready for the Governor's Ball.
163"Lucky and the Risky Rescue"Beth SlevenLaura SreebnyJean Kang, Christina "Kiki" ManriqueNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
The girls plan a risky mission to free a wrongly detained Tuckapaw teen from a speeding train and reunite him with his trusty horse.
174"Lucky and the Field Trip Fraud"Beth SlevenCandie Kelty LangdaleJean Kang, Christina "Kiki" ManriqueNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
After the kids at school tease her about being "teacher's pet," Lucky sets out to prove them wrong by stirring up trouble on an overnight field trip.
185"Lucky and the Shaky Day"Beth SlevenKatherine NolfiJean Kang, Christina "Kiki" ManriqueNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
When a rumbling earthquake takes out a railroad bridge, Lucky and her friends must find a way to warn the passengers aboard a fast-approaching train.
196"Lucky and the Golden Opportunity"Joshua TabeckRobert TaylorMandy Clotworthy, Kevin WottonNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
A potentially big payoff goes off the rails when Lucky and her pals find gold and enlist the help of Lucky's crafty cousin, Julian.
207"Lucky and the Lion"Joshua TabackAury WallingtonRianna Liu, Marc Wasik, Kevin WottonNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Lucky and the girls help Aunt Cora back into the saddle to prepare for an upcoming ride. A mountain lion threatens Spirit's herd.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date211"Lucky and the Impatient Patient"Joshua TabackNancy Cohen & Robert TaylorMandy Clotworthy & Kevin WottonMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
While Spirit heals from an injury, Lucky assists a sidelined Winthrop at his store by dishing up ice cream -- and advice -- with mixed results.
222"Lucky and the Train Tycoon"Joshua TabackRich BurnsMarc Wasik & Kevin WottonMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
Lucky's over the moon about the O-Mok-See she has planned for her 13th birthday... until her wealthy grandpa rolls into town with his own ideas.
233"Lucky and the Role Reversal"Beth SlevenKatherine NolfiJean Kang & Christina "Kiki" ManriqueMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
Lucky and her dad are doing their best to keep things running smoothly at home. But everything's a disaster without Aunt Cora -- even the school play!
244"Lucky and the Patchwork Plan"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceLaura SreebnyLiza Epps & Kathryn MarusikMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
Lucky's so desperate to stop Aunt Cora leaving Miradero that she'll stoop to anything (even goosenapping!) to keep here in town
255"Lucky and the Her New Family Part 1"Julia "Fitzy" FitzmauriceAury WallingtonLiza Epps & Kathryn MarusikMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
Miss Flores feels out of place when a traveling circus brings Lucky closer to her mother than ever before. A rival horse steps up to challenge Spirit. Lucky's proud to follow in her mother's footsteps when a young circus star can't perform. But it feels like her father's putting Miss Flores first.
266"Lucky and the Her New Family Part 2"Beth SlevenAury WallingtonJean Kang & Christina "Kiki" ManriqueMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

text: Home media[edit]

text: A DVD collection of all the season 1-4 episodes, titled Spirit Riding Free: Season 1-4 was released on DVD on June 5, 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.[9] In UK, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment will publish the series soon on DVD. In Italy, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment will publish the series soon on DVD. In Germany, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment will publish the series soon on DVD.


document_title: List of states and union territories of India by population

question_text: which is the state having highest density of population in india

text: Census of India[edit]

text: The first population census in British India was conducted in 1872. Since India's independence in 1947, a census has been conducted every 10 years, the first occurring in 1951.[4] The census in India is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a federal government.[5]

text: The latest population figures are based on data from the 2011 census of India.[6] During the decade of 2001–2011, India's annual population growth rate has slowed down from 2.15 percent to 1.76 percent.[6] Based on decennial census data, Dadra and Nagar Haveli have the fastest growth rate of 55.5 percent, followed by Daman and Diu (53.5 percent), Meghalaya (27.8 percent) and Arunachal Pradesh (25.9 percent). Nagaland recorded the lowest growth rate of -0.5 percent.[7]

text: India has 641,000 inhabited villages and 72.2 percent of the total population reside in these rural areas.[8] Of them 145,000 villages have population size of 500–999 persons; 130,000 villages have population size of 1000–1999 and 128,000 villages have population size of 200–499. There are 3,961 villages that have a population of 10,000 persons or more.[2] India's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[9] In the decade of 1991–2001, migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population.[10][11] On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade, Maharashtra had most immigration with 2.3 million, followed by National Capital Territory of Delhi (1.7 million), Gujarat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million). Uttar Pradesh (−2.6 million) and Bihar (−1.7 million) topped the list for interstate emigration.[12] The five states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh account for almost half (47.90 percent) of the total Indian population.[6]

text: While the national average for sex ratio shows an increase from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011,[6] the 2011 census shows a sharp decline in child sex ratio, the number of females per thousand males in a population between age group 0–6 years.[6] States such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands recorded an increase in child sex ratio.[6] National child sex ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011.[6] Telangana census was separated from Andhra Pradesh state census figures, after Telangana formally took birth on 2 June 2014.[13]

text: States and union territories (by population)[edit]

text: The total geographical area of India is 3,287,240 square kilometres (1,269,210 sq mi)α.[2] Population density is rounded to the nearest integer.

text: As per provisional census data of 2011, the total population of India is: 1,210,193,422.[6]

text:
Rank
State or union territory
Population (2011 Census)[14]
(% of population of India)[15]
Decadal growth (2001–2011)
Rural pop.[16]
(%)
Urban pop.[16]
(%)
Area[17]
Density
Sex ratio

1
Uttar Pradesh
7008207281477000000♠207,281,477
(16.49%)
20.1%
7008155111022000000♠155,111,022
(77.72%)
7007444704550000000♠44,470,455
(22.28%)
7011240928000000000♠240,928 km2 (93,023 sq mi)
6996828000000000000♠828/km2 (2,140/sq mi)
908

2
Maharashtra
7008112372972000000♠112,372,972
(9.28%)
16.0%
7007615454410000000♠61,545,441
(54.77%)
7007508275310000000♠50,827,531
(45.23%)
7011307713000000000♠307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi)
6996365000000000000♠365/km2 (950/sq mi)
946

3
Bihar
7008103804637000000♠103,804,637
(8.58%)
25.1%
7007920750280000000♠92,075,028
(88.70%)
7007117296090000000♠11,729,609
(11.30%)
7010941630000000000♠94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi)
6997110199999999999♠1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi)
916

4
West Bengal
7007913477360000000♠91,347,736
(7.55%)
13.9%
7007622136760000000♠62,213,676
(68.11%)
7007291340600000000♠29,134,060
(31.89%)
7010887520000000000♠88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi)
6997102900000000000♠1,029/km2 (2,670/sq mi)
947

5
Madhya Pradesh
7007725975650000000♠72,597,565
(6.00%)
20.3%
7007525378990000000♠52,537,899
(72.37%)
7007200596660000000♠20,059,666
(27.63%)
7011308245000000000♠308,245 km2 (119,014 sq mi)
6996236000000000000♠236/km2 (610/sq mi)
931

6
Tamil Nadu
7007721389580000000♠72,138,958
(5.96%)
15.6%
7007371892290000000♠37,189,229
(51.55%)
7007349497290000000♠34,949,729
(48.45%)
7011130058000000000♠130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi)
6996554999999999999♠555/km2 (1,440/sq mi)
995

7
Rajasthan
7007686210120000000♠68,621,012
(5.67%)
21.4%
7007515402360000000♠51,540,236
(75.11%)
7007170807760000000♠17,080,776
(24.89%)
7011342239000000000♠342,239 km2 (132,139 sq mi)
6996200999999999999♠201/km2 (520/sq mi)
926

8
Karnataka
7007611307040000000♠61,130,704
(5.05%)
15.7%
7007375525290000000♠37,552,529
(61.43%)
7007235781750000000♠23,578,175
(38.57%)
7011191791000000000♠191,791 km2 (74,051 sq mi)
6996319000000000000♠319/km2 (830/sq mi)
968

9
Gujarat
7007603836280000000♠60,383,628
(5.00%)
19.2%
7007346708170000000♠34,670,817
(57.42%)
7007257128110000000♠25,712,811
(42.58%)
7011196024000000000♠196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi)
6996308000000000000♠308/km2 (800/sq mi)
918

10
Andhra Pradesh
7007493867990000000♠49,386,799
 (4.08%)
11.1%
7007347763890000000♠34,776,389
(70.42%)
7007146104100000000♠14,610,410
(29.58%)
7011162968000000000♠162,968 km2 (62,922 sq mi)
6996303000000000000♠303/km2 (780/sq mi)
993

11
Odisha
7007419473580000000♠41,947,358
(3.47%)
14.0%
7007349512340000000♠34,951,234
(83.32%)
7006699612400000000♠6,996,124
(16.68%)
7011155707000000000♠155,707 km2 (60,119 sq mi)
6996268999999999999♠269/km2 (700/sq mi)
978

12
Telangana
7007352867570000000♠35,286,757
(2.97%)
17.87%
7007215853130000000♠21,585,313
(61.33%)
7007136086650000000♠13,608,665
(38.66%)
7011114840000000000♠114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi)
6996307000000000000♠307/km2 (800/sq mi)
988

13
Kerala
7007333876770000000♠33,387,677
(2.76%)
4.9%
7007174455060000000♠17,445,506
(52.28%)
7007159321710000000♠15,932,171
(47.72%)
7010388630000000000♠38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi)
6996859000000000000♠859/km2 (2,220/sq mi)
1,084

14
Jharkhand
7007329662380000000♠32,966,238
(2.72%)
22.3%
7007250369460000000♠25,036,946
(75.95%)
7006792929200000000♠7,929,292
(24.05%)
7010797140000000000♠79,714 km2 (30,778 sq mi)
6996414000000000000♠414/km2 (1,070/sq mi)
947

15
Assam
7007311692720000000♠31,169,272
(2.58%)
16.9%
7007267805260000000♠26,780,526
(85.92%)
7006438875600000000♠4,388,756
(14.08%)
7010784380000000000♠78,438 km2 (30,285 sq mi)
6996397000000000000♠397/km2 (1,030/sq mi)
954

16
Punjab
7007277042360000000♠27,704,236
(2.30%)
13.7%
7007173168000000000♠17,316,800
(62.51%)
7007103874360000000♠10,387,436
(37.49%)
7010503620000000000♠50,362 km2 (19,445 sq mi)
6996549999999999999♠550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
893

17
Chhattisgarh
7007255401960000000♠25,540,196
(2.11%)
22.6%
7007196036580000000♠19,603,658
(76.76%)
7006593653800000000♠5,936,538
(23.24%)
7011135191000000000♠135,191 km2 (52,198 sq mi)
6996189000000000000♠189/km2 (490/sq mi)
991

18
Haryana
7007253530810000000♠25,353,081
(2.09%)
19.9%
7007165314930000000♠16,531,493
(75.75%)
7006882158800000000♠8,821,588
(24.25%)
7010442120000000000♠44,212 km2 (17,070 sq mi)
6996573000000000000♠573/km2 (1,480/sq mi)
877

19
Jammu and Kashmir
7007125489260000000♠12,548,926
(1.04%)
23.7%
7006913482000000000♠9,134,820
(72.79%)
7006341410600000000♠3,414,106
(27.21%)
7011222236000000000♠222,236 km2 (85,806 sq mi)
6995570000000000000♠57/km2 (150/sq mi)
883

20
Uttarakhand
7007101167520000000♠10,116,752
(0.84%)
19.2%
7006702558300000000♠7,025,583
(69.45%)
7006309116900000000♠3,091,169
(30.55%)
7010534830000000000♠53,483 km2 (20,650 sq mi)
6996189000000000000♠189/km2 (490/sq mi)
963

21
Himachal Pradesh
7006686460200000000♠6,864,602
(0.57%)
12.8%
7006616780500000000♠6,167,805
(89.96%)
7005688704000000000♠688,704
(10.04%)
7010556730000000000♠55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi)
6996122999999999999♠123/km2 (320/sq mi)
974

22
Tripura
7006367103200000000♠3,671,032
(0.30%)
14.7%
7006271005100000000♠2,710,051
(73.82%)
7005960981000000000♠960,981
(26.18%)
7010104860000000000♠10,486 km2 (4,049 sq mi)
6996350000000000000♠350/km2 (910/sq mi)
961

23
Meghalaya
7006296400700000000♠2,964,007
(0.24%)
27.8%
7006236897100000000♠2,368,971
(79.92%)
7005595036000000000♠595,036
(20.08%)
7010224290000000000♠22,429 km2 (8,660 sq mi)
6996131999999999999♠132/km2 (340/sq mi)
986

24
Manipurβ
7006272175600000000♠2,721,756
(0.22%)
18.7%
7006189962400000000♠1,899,624
(79.79%)
7005822132000000000♠822,132
(20.21%)
7010223270000000000♠22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi)
6996122000000000000♠122/km2 (320/sq mi)
987

25
Nagaland
7006198060200000000♠1,980,602
(0.16%)
-0.5%
7006140686100000000♠1,406,861
(71.03%)
7005573741000000000♠573,741
(28.97%)
7010165790000000000♠16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi)
6996119000000000000♠119/km2 (310/sq mi)
931

26
Goa
7006145772300000000♠1,457,723
(0.12%)
8.2%
7005551414000000000♠551,414
(37.83%)
7005906309000000000♠906,309
(62.17%)
7009370200000000000♠3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi)
6996394000000000000♠394/km2 (1,020/sq mi)
968

27
Arunachal Pradesh
7006138261100000000♠1,382,611
(0.11%)
25.9%
7006106916500000000♠1,069,165
(77.33%)
7005313446000000000♠313,446
(22.67%)
7010837430000000000♠83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi)
6995170000000000000♠17/km2 (44/sq mi)
920

28
Mizoram
7006109101400000000♠1,091,014
(0.09%)
22.8%
7005529037000000000♠529,037
(48.49%)
7005561997000000000♠561,997
(51.51%)
7010210810000000000♠21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi)
6995519999999999999♠52/km2 (130/sq mi)
975

29
Sikkim
7005607688000000000♠607,688
(0.05%)
12.4%
7005455962000000000♠455,962
(75.03%)
7005151726000000000♠151,726
(24.97%)
7009709600000000000♠7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi)
6995859999999999999♠86/km2 (220/sq mi)
889

7001300000000000000♠NCT
Delhi
7007189800000000000♠18,980,000
(1.38%)
21%
7005419319000000000♠419,319
(2.50%)
7007163339160000000♠16,333,916
(97.50%)
7009148400000000000♠1,484 km2 (573 sq mi)
6998112970000000000♠11,297/km2 (29,260/sq mi)
866

7001310000000000000♠UT1
Puducherry
7006124446400000000♠1,244,464
(0.10%)
27.7%
7005394341000000000♠394,341
(31.69%)
7005850123000000000♠850,123
(68.31%)
7008479000000000000♠479 km2 (185 sq mi)
6997259800000000000♠2,598/km2 (6,730/sq mi)
1,038

7001320000000000000♠UT2
Chandigarh
7006105545000000000♠1,055,450
(0.09%)
17.1%
7004290040000000000♠29,004
(2.75%)
7006102568200000000♠1,025,682
(97.25%)
7008114000000000000♠114 km2 (44 sq mi)
6997925200000000000♠9,252/km2 (23,960/sq mi)
818

7001330000000000000♠UT3
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
7005379944000000000♠379,944
(0.03%)
6.7%
7005244411000000000♠244,411
(64.33%)
7005135533000000000♠135,533
(35.67%)
7009824900000000000♠8,249 km2 (3,185 sq mi)
6995460000000000000♠46/km2 (120/sq mi)
878

7001340000000000000♠UT4
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
7005342853000000000♠342,853
(0.03%)
55.5%
7005183024000000000♠183,024
(53.38%)
7005159829000000000♠159,829
(46.62%)
7008491000000000000♠491 km2 (190 sq mi)
6996698000000000000♠698/km2 (1,810/sq mi)
775

7001350000000000000♠UT5
Daman and Diu
7005242911000000000♠242,911
(0.02%)
53.5%
7004603310000000000♠60,331
(24.84%)
7005182580000000000♠182,580
(75.16%)
7008112000000000000♠112 km2 (43 sq mi)
6997216900000000000♠2,169/km2 (5,620/sq mi)
618

7001360000000000000♠UT6
Lakshadweep
7004644290000000000♠64,429
(0.01%)
6.2%
7004141210000000000♠14,121
(21.92%)
7004503080000000000♠50,308
(78.08%)
7007320000000000000♠32 km2 (12 sq mi)
6997201300000000000♠2,013/km2 (5,210/sq mi)
946

Total
India
1,210,193,422
(100%)
17.64%
833,087,662
(68.84%)
377,105,760
(31.16%)
3,287,240 km2 (1,269,210 sq mi)
382/km2 (990/sq mi)
943

text: Notes[edit]

text:
For determining population density of India and the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the data excludes areas claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan (78,114 km2) and China (42,735 km2).[18][19]
This includes 120,849 square kilometres (46,660 sq mi) of territory controlled by Pakistan, but claimed by India along with Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley, territories administered by the People's Republic of China.
^β Excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata, and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur.


document_title: Long drive

question_text: what is the longest drive in golf history

text: Long drive

text: Distance[edit]

text: Professional long drivers can average over 355 yards (320 m) in competition,[1] compared with 305 yard (274 m) averages from the top PGA Tour drivers[2] and 225 yards (201 m) for an average amateur.[3] Some shots in competitions surpass 400 yards (366 m).[4] The world record recognized by Guinness World Records as the longest drive in a competition is 516 yards (472 m) by 64-year-old Mike Austin in 1974 at the US Senior National Open Qualifier with a 43.5" steel shafted persimmon wood driver.[5] The record distance achieved in the European Long Drive Championship is 473 yards (433m) by Allen Doyle in September 2005.[6] The record distance achieved in the South African Long Drive Championship is 506 yards (462.9m) by Nico Grobbelaar in September 2012. Fast swingers can swing their club heads at over 150 mph (245 km/h), well beyond the 85 mph (140 km/h) average for an amateur. They train for strength, flexibility, and speed and often perform corporate exhibitions for money, exhibiting a variety of trick shots. Ball speeds are nearly double that of an average golfer (220 mph).

text: There are several well-known names in long drive. Jason Zuback is perhaps the most famous, being one of three people to win multiple World Long Drive Championships, with four consecutive wins from 1996–99 and a win in 2006. Sean "The Beast" Fister is another, winning in 1995, 2001, and 2005. Jamie Sadlowski had back to back wins in 2008–09.

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Long drive clubs, which are always drivers, are different in many ways from consumer clubs. Until the recent club length limitation rules, the shafts were much longer than a normal 45 in (114.3 cm) shaft, sometimes exceeding 55 in (139.7 cm). In 2005, a 50 in (127.0 cm) limitation was introduced (measured vertically). Long drive shafts differ from standard shafts. The main difference is stiffness, as a shaft not stiff enough will lag in an inconsistent manner, causing a loss of control. These shafts are stiffer in flex and almost always made of graphite, which is lighter than steel. In order to be stiff, a shaft is usually heavier and stronger. The kick point or bend point is also higher for a lower trajectory relative to the swing, and the shaft has a lower torque, meaning that it will not twist as much, allowing the clubhead to stay straighter.

text: Clubheads usually approach the 460 cubic centimeter limit, rarely below 400 cc. They must stay within the coefficient of restitution (COR) limit of 0.83, which measures how a ball hits off the surface. Most clubheads only approach the COR in the center of the club, so technology has allowed more area of the club to possess a COR of above 0.80. Thus, mishits are less affected by the newer clubheads. The loft of a long drive club is also much lower than a consumer club, sometimes around 4 or 5 degrees, as opposed to 10.5 degrees for an amateur's driver. The reason for lower lofted driver heads is to greatly reduce back spin. Too much back spin causes the ball to balloon or climb, creating a steep landing angle which does not allow the ball roll out.  A flatter landing angle is desired to get the most out of the ball's forward velocity and energy.

text: In November 2016, as part of a move to make its equipment rules more in line with the standard rules of golf, the World Long Drive Association changed the maximum length of clubs in its competitions from 50 to 48 in (120 cm), the maximum length allowed by the USGA.[7][8]

text: Many competitions require golfers to use a specification ball for the tournament.  The specific design characteristics of this ball include a dimple design that helps to maintain lower spin rates and a ball compression[definition needed] of 110. The average ball compression in golf varies from the mid-70s to the upper 80s.

text: Notable long drivers[edit]

text:
David Mobley, World Long Drive Champion – 2004 – Ranked #1 in the World by Long Drivers of America in 2003, 2004, and 2005[9]
Bubba Watson, 424 yd. drive [10] (lost Long Drive contest to Jamie Sadlowski)
Alan Shepard, "Miles and miles and miles." Apollo 14, February 5, 1971.[11] (This occurred on the Moon with a 6-iron and is unofficial.)
Mike Austin, He was credited by Guinness World Records with hitting the longest drive in tournament play (471m/515 yards) in 1974
Sean Fister ("The Beast"), World Long Drive Champion 1995, 2001, 2005.[12][13]
Monte Scheinblum, 1992 U.S. National and World Long Drive Champion.[14]
Jason Zuback ("Golfzilla"), World Long Drive Champion 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2006.Seniors World Long Drive Champion 2015.
Sandra Carlborg, Ladies Division WR holder 391,Yards World Long Drive Champion 2011,2012,2014,2015, 2017[15][16]
Phillis Meti 2006 & 2016 Womens World Long Drive Champion. WR for women's longest drive 406 yards [17] and being the youngest female World Champion 19 years, 2 months.  Hit 349 yards on the WLD grid in 2008.,,[18][19][20][21]


document_title: Celestial (comics)

question_text: guardians of the galaxy 2 what is a celestial

text: Celestial (comics)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The Celestials debuted in Eternals #1 (July 1976) and were created by writer-artist Jack Kirby. They reappeared as regular guest stars in three subsequent limited series sequels: Eternals vol. 2, #1–12 (October 1985 – September 1986), Eternals vol. 3, #1–7 (August 2006 – February 2007), and Eternals vol. 4, #1–9 (August 2008 – May 2009).

text: The characters have also been featured in other titles, including the "Celestial Saga" storyline in Thor Annual #7 (1978), Thor #283 – 300 (May 1979 – October 1980), Thor #387–389 (January–March 1988), Quasar #24 (July 1991), Fantastic Four #400 (May 1995), X-Factor #43–46 (August–November 1989) and #48–50 (December 1989 × 2 – January 1990). The first detailed account of the Celestials' origin was finally presented in Ultimates 2 #6 (2017).

text: Fictional history[edit]

text: The origin of the Celestials has long been unknown, with many species across the mainstream Marvel universe having legends of their beginning, none of which have been validated. There have been major revelations about the origin and nature of the Celestials by the mysterious cosmic entity called the Queen of Nevers.

text: At the beginning of creation itself, countless billions of years ago, before the modern Cosmic Order, creation was composed of a single sentient universe whose omnipotent intelligence was referred to as The First Firmament. For countless ages, the First Firmament was the sole being in creation-until its loneliness became unbearable. It decided to create the first life in Creation to give it companions as well as servants-an act it later came to regret. These servants were cosmic beings of a lesser order of power. They were of two kinds: Black humanoid entities who dutifully obeyed and worshiped their creator. They created their own servants and sought to preserve the simple order their creator had made complete and unchanging for all time. The Firmament named these loyal beings Aspirants and was very pleased by their goals and desire to maintain the status quo of its reign. However, the Firmament also created another group of multicolored humanoid entities whom it considered "rebels" who had completely different values and desires from the Aspirants. The rebels wanted a dynamic, diverse and evolving Reality where beings lived, learned, reproduced, aged and died in order to improve themselves slowly through evolution. The rebels wanted this with the ultimate long term goal of producing superior cosmic beings with the power to create universes of their own and for the universe to evolve with them as they advanced towards that state. These were the beings whom one day would be called by lesser life forms The Celestials.[1]

text: The two opposing factions of the First Firmament's children could not peacefully co-exist and would came to a war with each other that nearly destroyed the first universe. At some point during the war, the Aspirants created a now-lost hyper weapon called the Godkiller, a space-borne 25,000 foot (7,600 m) tall humanoid robot that dwarfed even the Celestials themselves. It was powered by a cosmic artifact later called the Heart of The Voldi (named after the species which would adopt it) and operated by genetically engineered pilots.[2] During the war, the Godkiller destroyed countless billions of Celestials and brought them to the brink of extinction. At this point, for unknown reasons, a civil war broke out among the Aspirants that lead to the Godkiller being stripped of critical parts for weapons. This division within the Aspirants gave the Celestials a chance to recover and make their last stand. In the final battle against the Aspirants, the Celestials detonated their ultimate weapons that tore the Firmament apart and very nearly killed it. In a desperate act of self-preservation, the core essence of the First Firmament took the surviving Aspirants and fled outside Reality. In the wake of its near destruction, the major fragments of the First Universe that the weapons tore off coalesced into a new cosmic being, one with multiple realities comprising it: Eternity. This was the birth of the second creation, The First Multiverse. After the birth of the first Eternity, the "rebels" settled inside him, multiplied and began their vast plan to create and nurture transitory but evolving life on the newborn worlds within.[1]

text: A general outline of the basic plan the Celestials follow for shaping the evolution of life on a chosen planet, which has been judged to possess the needed properties for an effective "seeding", has been documented on Earth and has been found on many other planets throughout the universe. Other major examples include the Skrull homeworld hundreds of millions of years ago and numerous Sh'iar worlds, such as Gladiator's homeworld. The Celestials first visit a chosen world after it develops primitive sentient life. This initial visit is called a First Host of Celestials. Collecting a number of natives, they then begin genetic experimentation that determines the future development of that species. They create three subspecies from the natives: Eternals, Deviants, and a majority "normal" strain that may or may not be modified in some manner that enhances its long term development. For example, the Celestials first visited Earth nearly a million years ago and implanted a special genetic code into the early hominids. This implanted DNA structure has been revealed to be not only the source of the ability of select random humans to develop superpowers upon exposure to dangerous environmental catalysts, it also allowed for the development of benevolent mutations that caused the existence of inborn potential superpowers in mutants.[3]

text: The Celestials then return for follow-up visits or "Hosts" during which they monitor the subject planet's progress and make whatever modifications or interventions they deem appropriate. For example, approximately 21,000 years ago, the Celestials returned to Earth for the Second Host and found that the Deviants had created a vast empire across the world based on the continent of Lemuria, where they had conquered most of the primitive human tribes with their superior technology. They were also about to go to war with the original human inhabitants of the neighboring continent of Atlantis. The Celestials then destroyed Lemuria and sunk it under the ocean, utterly shattering the Deviants' empire and indirectly sinking Atlantis-therefore destroying both continents and reshaping the Earth.[4]

text: Resenting the presence of the Celestials and their monitoring of Earth's progress, the Skyfather figures of Earth (i.e. Odin, Zeus) attempted to stop the Third Host, but were quickly outmatched. The Skyfathers then developed a convoluted plan to stop the Fourth Host via the use of the Odinsword and Destroyer armour, but once again the Celestials—although also opposed by Odin's son Thor—prevented the offensive and melted the Destroyer armour into slag, scattering the Asgardians' life forces. Thor threw the Odinsword through Arishem's chest, but he removed it, analyzed it, and then vaporized it. The Earthmothers (such as Frigga and Hera) of Earth, however, made an offering of twelve perfect humans, which was accepted and the planet was spared judgment.[5] The judgment process was witnessed by Thor, who observed Celestial Arishem the Judge sending an execution code to Exitar the Exterminator, a 20,000-foot (6,100 m) tall Celestial who carried out Arishem's "sentence". Exitar terraforms the planet in question into a garden paradise, with only the "evil" inhabitants having been destroyed.[6] On one occasion, the hero Quasar observes a race completely failing the genetic test, with every living creature being destroyed with their planet.[7]

text: The Celestials' actions conflicted with the policy of "non-interference" practiced by fellow cosmic entities the Watchers, with the two races becoming enemies.[8] The Celestials and their "opposites", a group of entities known as the Horde, are established as instruments of an entity referred to as The Fulcrum, their purpose to be "instruments of the planting/creation/teeming of the universe".[9]

text: A team of space adventurers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, find and use as a base the severed head of a Celestial floating in an area of space known as "The Rip". Dubbed "Knowhere", the structure also acts as a common port of call (complete with a market and bar) for travelers from all points in the space-time continuum. The base is administered by its chief of security, Cosmo, a telepathic and telekinetic Soviet space dog originally lost in Earth orbit in the 1960s. Courtesy of the deceased Celestial's "Continuum Cortex", travelers with special "passport" bracelets can teleport to any point in the universe instantaneously.[10][11]

text: During the "Time Runs Out" storyline, the Beyonders are revealed to have killed all the Celestials in each reality across the multiverse.[12] It remains a mystery why the Beyonders destroyed the Seventh Multiverse, eons before its time. However, a number of Celestials from across the multiverse survived taking shelter in the folds of space time. They were planning to reenter the Multiverse after it was reborn after the "Secret Wars" event.

text: The destruction of the Seventh and the rebirth of the Eighth Multiverse had an unforeseen consequence: it provided an opening for the embittered First Firmament, who had been patiently waiting Outside, to attack the newly reborn, and therefore greatly weakened, Eternity with the goal of destroying the multiverse and restoring itself to the center of creation. The Firmament first chained and then began infiltrating Eternity with both its loyal Aspirant agents and taking control over the lesser cosmic entities that protected the cosmic balance in its component universes. Under the Firmament's influence, Master Order and Lord Chaos destroyed the reborn Living Tribunal in front of Galactus the Lifebringer and then found their servant, The In-Betweener and forcibly merged into a new cosmic being many orders of magnitude of power greater that called itself Logos. Logos then located the surviving Celestials and destroyed all but one of them who was rescued by The Queen of Nevers.[13]

text: Later, while observing the last stand against the First Firmament, The Queen of Nevers reveals the reason why she had saved the One Above All. By using him as a seed, she rises the Celestials anew as her own Avatars of Possible in what she claims to be the Fifth Host. The True Celestials then face and defeat the Dark Celestials of the First Firmament.[14]

text: Members:

text:
Arishem the Judge: A Celestial tasked with judging whether the civilization of a planet will live or die.
Ashema the Listener: A female (though gender is likely academic to the race) Celestial tasked, along with Nezarr the Calculator, with retrieving Franklin Richards for evaluation as a new member of the Celestials.
The Blue Celestial: The first Celestial whose birth is documented.
The Celestial Gardener: A Celestial tasked with the maintenance of the Apocalypse entity on Earth.[15]
Devron the Experimenter: A young Celestial tasked with watching over Earth alongside Gamiel the Manipulator.
The Dreaming Celestial: Originally known as Tiamut the Communicator; a renegade Celestial.
Ea the Wise: An action figure sized Celestial Machine Man carries and treats as an "imaginary friend".
Eson the Searcher: The Celestial tasked with "seeking".
Exitar the Exterminator: A Celestial tasked with the destruction of life on worlds that fail the Celestials' tests.
The Fallen: A deranged Celestial that came to Earth during the Stone Age, apparently searching for something. Due to the danger it posed, the Avengers of the Stone fought the Fallen and defeated it before burying it deep underground in the modern-day country of South Africa where he remained sealed until the underground cavern was eventually uncovered in modern times by a team of archaeologists.[16]
Gamiel the Manipulator: A young Celestial tasked with watching over Earth alongside Devron the Experimenter.
Gammenon the Gatherer: A Celestial tasked with collecting samples of all life forms present on a planet during a Celestial Host.
Hargen the Measurer: A Celestial tasked with measuring or quantifying the planets the Celestials survey.
Jemiah the Analyzer: A Celestial tasked with analyzing life-form samples.
Nezarr the Calculator: A Celestial who is a mathematician and possesses the ability to project illusions.
The One Above All: The leader of the Celestials and temporarily marked as the last living Celestial.
Oneg the Prober: A Celestial tasked with experimentation and implementation.
The Red Celestial: The Celestial tasked with helping to birth the Blue Celestial.
The Red/Blue Judge: The Celestial tasked with judging whether the civilization of a planet will live or die.
Scathan the Approver: A Celestial from the alternate timeline/reality Earth-691, tasked with approving or disapproving situations.
Tefral the Surveyor: A Celestial tasked with surveying and mapping the geography of planets.
Ziran the Tester: A Celestial tasked with testing the stability of the genetic material of life forms they alter.

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: Referred to as "space gods" by the Eternals and the Deviants, the Celestials appear as silent, armored humanoids with an average height of 2,000 feet (610 m).[17] They are capable of feats such as reducing the Asgardian construct known as the Destroyer to slag,[18] moving planets at will,[19] and creating and containing entire pocket universes.[20] Reed Richards theorized that the Celestials' source of power was Hyperspace itself – the source of all energy in the Marvel Universe. The characters are almost invulnerable, and have only been harmed in rare instances[21][22] before instantly regenerating.[23] The first known assassination of a Celestial was carried out by the Apocalypse Twins,[15] who used the divinely-enchanted axe, "Jarnbjorn", to pierce Celestial armor,[24] against the Celestial Gardener. The now-lost hyperweapon, Godkiller, a space-borne humanoid robot which dwarfs even the Celestials themselves, was claimed to have destroyed Celestials literally by the billions.[25] New Celestials may be born by consuming the mass of an entire galaxy.[26]

text: Thanos, wielding the Infinity Gauntlet, ranked the Celestials as being on roughly the same scale of power as Galactus, the Stranger, Odin, and Zeus, but below that of Mistress Love, Lord Chaos, and Master Order.[27]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: The characters also appear in the 1999 alternate universe limited series Earth X, appearing as beings of energy encased in armor composed of vibranium, a metal with properties that prevent their dissipation. They reproduce by planting a fragment of their essence in a planet, which matures into a new Celestial over the course of eons. As a form of protection of that growing Celestial, its "parents" would manipulate the DNA of a planet's dominant life form to gain super-abilities and unknowingly act as antibodies, protecting the planet until the Celestial is born. The cosmic entity Galactus opposes them, devouring planets that incubate Celestial "eggs" to prevent the Celestials from overpopulating the universe.[28]

text: In the Ultimate Marvel universe, the Celestials are a race of powerful Asian metahumans led by Shen Xorn.[29]

text: In the alternate reality of the 1998 miniseries Mutant X, the Celestials openly opposed the Goblin Entity, an all powerful being that consumed entire galaxies and the polar opposite of the Phoenix Force. While they were ultimately successful in imprisoning their enemy, they would die from the injuries they sustained during the battle. The Goblin Entity escaped its prison several years later by attaching itself to the life force of Madelyne Pryor.[30]

text: The Celestials of Earth-4280 were convinced they were gods and attempted to conquer the Multiverse by use of the Bridge, a device created by Reed Richards that allows its users to observe and enter alternate worlds.[31] They were defeated by the combined forces of Galactus and a Franklin Richards from an alternate future.[32]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Live action[edit]

text:
The severed head of a deceased Celestial appears in the 2014 feature film Guardians of the Galaxy. The head is used as a congregation hub for space travelers known as Knowhere.[33] As in the comics the origin and nature of the Celestials are shrouded in mystery. Whatever was known about them is known only to a few, such as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector, who reveals that the Celestials utilized the Infinity Stone known as the Orb as a means of execution against those who wronged them. The Celestial shown in a hologram on Knowhere is Eson the Searcher.[34]
In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Ego the Living Planet, who is Peter Quill / Star-Lord's biological father, is a Celestial who controls a humanoid avatar to travel the universe. His planetary form is a living extension of his Celestial consciousness. Over the course of many years, he has planted thousands of alien-seedlings to carry on his existence after he has gone. Ego then has these children retrieved by Yondu Udonta to gauge their Celestial powers. Peter is revealed to have been the only child who gained his father's abilities.

text: Animation[edit]

text: The Celestials are mentioned in the Avengers Assemble episode "Widow's Run". Rocket Raccoon lists them as one of the species that will soon be coming to Earth to claim the Infinity Stones.