document_title: Fruit of the Holy Spirit

question_text: what bible verse talks about the fruit of the spirit

root

text: Fruit of the Holy Spirit

text: Early Commentary[edit]

text: Aquinas pointed out that numbered among the fruits of the Holy Spirit are certain virtues, such as charity, meekness, faith, and chastity.[5] Augustine defined virtue as "a good habit consonant with our nature." [6]

tag: p

text: Though traditionally discussed as nine attributes of the Fruit of the Spirit, the original Greek term translated as "fruit" is singular. Aquinas explained, "Consequently fruit is mentioned there in the singular, on account of its being generically one, though divided into many species which are spoken of as so many fruits."[5] Augustine's commentary on Galatians 5:25-26, says, "the Apostle had no intention of teaching us how many [either works of the flesh, or fruits of the Spirit] there are; but to show how the former should be avoided, and the latter sought after."[5]

text: Love (Greek: agape, Latin: caritas)[edit]

text: Agape (love) denotes an undefeatable benevolence and unconquerable goodwill that always seeks the highest in others, no matter their behavior. It is a  love that gives freely without asking anything in return, and does not consider the worth of its object.  Agape is more a love by choice than philos, which is love by chance; and it refers to the will rather than the emotion.  Agape describes the unconditional love God has for the world. Paul describes love in 1 Corinthians 13:4–8:[7]

text: Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5 It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away.

text: According to Strong's Greek Lexicon, the word ἀγάπη [G26] (Transliteration: agapē) means love, i.e. affection or benevolence; specially (plural) a love-feast:—(feast of) charity(-ably), dear, love.[8]

text:
Pronunciation: ag-ah'-pay
Part of Speech: feminine noun
Root Word (Etymology): From ἀγαπάω (G25)

tag: ul

text: Outline of Biblical Usage:

text:
affection, good will, love, benevolence, brotherly love
love feasts

tag: ol

text: The Greek word ἀγάπη (agapē) occurs 117 times in 106 verses in the Greek concordance of the NASB.

text: Joy (Greek: chara, Latin: gaudium)[edit]

text: The joy referred to here is deeper than mere happiness, is rooted in God and comes from Him. Since it comes from God, it is more serene and stable than worldly happiness, which is merely emotional and lasts only for a time.

text: According to Strong's Greek Lexicon, the Greek word listed in the verse is χαρά (G5479), meaning 'joy', 'gladness', or 'a source of joy'. The Greek χαρά (chara) occurs 59 times in 57 verses in the Greek concordance of the NASB.

text:
Original Word: χαρά, ᾶς, ἡ  From χαίρω (G5463)
Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine
Transliteration: chara
Phonetic Spelling: (khar-ah')

text: Joy (Noun and Verb), Joyfulness, Joyfully, Joyous:

text: "joy, delight" (akin to chairo, "to rejoice"), is found frequently in Matthew and Luke, and especially in John, once in Mark (Mar 4:16, RV, "joy," AV, "gladness"); it is absent from 1 Cor. (though the verb is used three times), but is frequent in 2 Cor., where the noun is used five times (for 2Cr 7:4, RV, see Note below), and the verb eight times, suggestive of the Apostle's relief in comparison with the circumstances of the 1st Epistle; in Col 1:11, AV, "joyfulness," RV, "joy." The word is sometimes used, by metonymy, of the occasion or cause of "joy," Luk 2:10 (lit., "I announce to you a great joy"); in 2Cr 1:15, in some mss., for charis, "benefit;" Phl 4:1, where the readers are called the Apostle's "joy;" so 1Th 2:19, 20; Hbr 12:2, of the object of Christ's "joy;" Jam 1:2, where it is connected with falling into trials; perhaps also in Mat 25:21, 23, where some regard it as signifying, concretely, the circumstances attending cooperation in the authority of the Lord.

text: Note: In Hbr 12:11, "joyous" represents the phrase meta, "with," followed by chara, lit., "with joy." So in Hbr 10:34, "joyfully;" in 2Cr 7:4 the noun is used with the Middle Voice of huperperisseuo, "to abound more exceedingly," and translated "(I overflow) with joy," RV (AV, "I am exceeding joyful").[9]

text: Peace (Greek: eirene, Latin: pax)[edit]

text: The Greek word εἰρήνη (Strong's G1515)(eirēnē)(transliteration: i-ray'-nay), probably derived from a primary verb εἴρω eírō (to join), means peace (literally or figuratively); by implication, prosperity:—one, peace, quietness, rest, + set at one again. [10]

text: The word "peace" comes from the Greek word eirene, the Greek equivalent for the Hebrew word shalom, which expresses the idea of wholeness, completeness, or tranquility in the soul that is unaffected by the outward circumstances or pressures.  The word eirene strongly suggests the rule of order in place of chaos.[11]

text: The Greek εἰρήνη (eirēnē) occurs 92 times in 86 verses in the Greek concordance of the KJV. The KJV translates Strong's G1515 in the following manner: peace (89x), one (1x), rest (1x), quietness (1x). The outline of Biblical usage is as follows:

text:
a state of national tranquillity
exemption from the rage and havoc of war
peace between individuals, i.e. harmony, concord
security, safety, prosperity, felicity, (because peace and harmony make and keep things safe and prosperous)
of the Messiah's peace
the way that leads to peace (salvation)
of Christianity, the tranquil state of a soul assured of its salvation through Christ, and so fearing nothing from God and content with its earthly lot, of whatsoever sort that is
the blessed state of devout and upright men after death

text: Jesus is described as the Prince of Peace, who brings peace to the hearts of those who desire it.  He says in John 14:27:[12] "Peace I leave with you, My peace I give to you; not as the world gives do I give to you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid". In Matthew 5:9 he says, "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God."[13]

text: Patience (Greek: makrothumia, Latin: longanimitas)[edit]

text: Generally the Greek world applied this word to a man who could avenge himself but did not. This word is often used in the Greek Scriptures in reference to God and his attitude to man.[14] Exodus 34:6 describes the Lord as "slow to anger and rich in kindness and fidelity."

text: Patience, which in some translations is "longsuffering" or "endurance", is defined in Strong's by two Greek words, makrothumia and hupomone.

text: The first, pronounced (mak-roth-oo-mee-ah) comes from makros, "long", and thumos, "temper".  The word denotes lenience, forbearance, fortitude, patient endurance, longsuffering.  Also included in makrothumia is the ability to endure persecution and ill-treatment.  It describes a person who has the power to exercise revenge but instead exercises restraint. (Strong's #3115)

text: The latter, hupomone, (hoop-om-on-ay) is translated "endurance": Constancy, perseverance, continuance, bearing up, steadfastness, holding out, patient endurance.  The word combines hupo, "under", and mone, "to remain".  It describes the capacity to continue to bear up under difficult circumstances, not with a passive complacency, but with a hopeful fortitude that actively resists weariness and defeat, (Strong's #5281) with hupomone (Greek ὑπομονή) being further understood as that which would be "as opposed to cowardice or despondency"[15]

text: "With lowliness and meekness, with longsuffering, forbearing one another in love".[16]

text: Kindness (Greek: chrestotes, Latin: benignitas)[edit]

text: In Greek, old wine was called "chrestos" which meant that it was mellow or smooth.[14] Christ used this word in Matthew 11:30, "For my yoke is easy, and my burden light."

text: In contrast, kindness is acting for the good of people regardless of what they do, properly, "useable, i.e. well-fit for use (for what is really needed); kindness that is also serviceable".[17]

text: Strong's #5544: Kindness is goodness in action, sweetness of disposition, gentleness in dealing with others, benevolence, kindness, affability.  The word describes the ability to act for the welfare of those taxing your patience.  The Holy Spirit removes abrasive qualities from the character of one under His control. (emphasis added)

text: The word kindness comes from the Greek word chrestotes (khray-stot-ace), which meant to show kindness or to be friendly to others and often depicted rulers, governors, or people who were kind, mild, and benevolent to their subjects.  Anyone who demonstrated this quality of chrestotes was considered to be compassionate, considerate, sympathetic, humane, kind, or gentle.  The apostle Paul uses this word to depict God's incomprehensible kindness for people who are unsaved (see Romans 11:22;[18] Ephesians 2:7;[19] Titus 3:4[20]).

text: One scholar has noted that when the word chrestotes is applied to interpersonal relationships, it conveys the idea of being adaptable to others.  Rather than harshly require everyone else to adapt to his own needs and desires, when  chrestotes is working in a believer, he seeks to become adaptable to the needs of those who are around him.  (Sparkling Gems from the Greek, Rick Renner)

text: Kindness is doing something and not expecting anything in return. Kindness is respect and helping others without waiting for someone to help one back. It implies kindness no matter what. We should live "in purity, understanding, patience and kindness; in the Holy Spirit and in sincere love; in truthful speech and in the power of God; with weapons of righteousness in the right hand and in the left".[21]

text: Goodness (Greek: agathosune, Latin: bonitas)[edit]

text:
The state or quality of being good
Moral excellence; virtue;
Kindly feeling, kindness, generosity,joy in being good
The best part of anything; Essence; Strength;
General character recognized in quality or conduct.

text: Popular English Bibles (e.g. NIV, NASB, NLT) translate the single Greek word chrestotes into two English words: kindness and goodness. "Wherefore also we pray always for you, that our God would count you worthy of this calling, and fulfill all the good pleasure of his goodness, and the work of faith with power".[22] "For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth",[23] with agathosune being "found only in Biblical and ecclesiastical writings, uprightness of heart and life"[24]

text: Faithfulness (Greek: pistis, Latin: fides)[edit]

text: The root of pistis[25] ("faith") is peithô[26] that is to persuade or be persuaded which supplies the core-meaning of faith as being "divine persuasion", received from God, and never generated by man. It is defined as the following: objectively, trustworthy; subjectively, trustful:—believe(-ing, -r), faithful(-ly), sure, true.[27]

text:
Greek: πιστός
Transliteration: pistos
Pronunciation: pē-sto's
Part of Speech: adjective
Root Word (Etymology): From πείθω

text: The Greek πιστός (pistos) occurs 67 times in 62 verses in the Greek concordance of the KJV: faithful (53x), believe (6x), believing (2x), true (2x), faithfully (1x), believer (1x), sure (1x).

text: Outline of Biblical Usage[28]

text:
trusty, faithful
of persons who show themselves faithful in the transaction of business, the execution of commands, or the discharge of official duties
one who kept his plighted faith, worthy of trust
that can be relied on
easily persuaded
believing, confiding, trusting
in the NT one who trusts in God's promises
one who is convinced that Jesus has been raised from the dead
one who has become convinced that Jesus is the Messiah and author of salvation

text: Examples:

text: "O Lord, thou art my God; I will exalt thee, I will praise thy name; for thou hast done wonderful things; thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth".[29] "I pray that out of his glorious riches he may strengthen you with power through his Spirit in your inner being, so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith".[Eph 3:16-17]

text: The writer of the Letter to the Hebrews describes it this way: "Let us fix our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of our faith, who for the joy set before him endured the cross, scorning its shame, and sat down at the right hand of the throne of God".[30]

text: Gentleness (Greek: prautes, Latin: modestia)[edit]

text: Gentleness, in the Greek, prautes, commonly known as meekness, which is "a divinely-balanced virtue that can only operate through faith (cf. [1 Tim 6:11]; [2 Tim 2:22-25]).[31]

text: . The New Spirit Filled Life Bible defines gentleness as

text: "a disposition that is even-tempered, tranquil, balanced in spirit, unpretentious, and that has the passions under control. The word is best translated 'meekness,' not as an indication of weakness, but of power and strength under control. The person who possesses this quality pardons injuries, corrects faults, and rules his own spirit well".

text: "Brothers and sisters, if someone is caught in a sin, you who live by the Spirit should restore that person gently. But watch yourselves, or you also may be tempted".[Gal 6:1]

text: "Be completely humble and gentle; be patient, bearing with one another in love".[Eph 4:2]

text: Self-control (Greek: egkrateia, Latin: continentia)[edit]

text: The Greek word used in Galatians 5:23 is "egkrateia", meaning "strong, having mastery, able to control one's thoughts and actions."[32]

text: "...make every effort to add to your faith goodness; and to goodness, knowledge; and to knowledge, self-control; and to self-control, perseverance; and to perseverance, godliness; and to godliness, mutual affection; and to mutual affection, love".[2 Pet 1:5-7]


document_title: Causing death by dangerous driving

question_text: maximum sentence for death by dangerous driving uk

text: Causing death by dangerous driving

text: Statute[edit]

text: Section 1 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 (as substituted by section 1 of the Road Traffic Act 1991[1]), creates the offences of causing death by dangerous driving:

text:
“
A person who causes the death of another person by driving a mechanically propelled vehicle dangerously on a road or other public place is guilty of an offence.
”

tag: table

text: "Dangerously"[edit]

text: See Dangerous driving#"Dangerously"

text: Mode of trial[edit]

text: Causing death by dangerous driving is an indictable-only offence.

text: Sentencing[edit]

text: A person convicted of causing death by dangerous driving is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.[2] Disqualification for a minimum of two years is obligatory on conviction.[3] Endorsement is obligatory on conviction.[4] The offence carries three to eleven penalty points (when the defendant is exceptionally not disqualified).[5]

text: The Court of Appeal in R v Cooksley and others[6] gave guidelines for cases where death is caused by dangerous driving. In R v Richardson[7] the Court of Appeal reassessed the starting point set out in R v Cooksley taking into consideration the increase in the maximum penalty. The relevant starting points identified in Cooksley should be reassessed as follows:

text: When a court disqualifies a person on conviction for causing death by dangerous driving, it must order an extended retest.

text: History[edit]

text: Part I of Schedule 2 to the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 originally provided that a person convicted of this offence was liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years. It was amended by section 67(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 on 16 August 1993[8] so as to increase the maximum term to ten years.

text: New offences[edit]

text: The Road Safety Act 2006 introduced two new offences, of "causing death by careless, or inconsiderate driving" and a distinct offence for causing (any) death by driving when unlicensed, or disqualified.

text: History[edit]

text: This offence was formerly created by section 1 of the Road Traffic Act 1972. But it was abolished by section 50 of the Criminal Law Act 1977.

text: Equivalents in other countries[edit]

text: Australia (not including overseas dependencies)[edit]

text: In New South Wales and Western Australia, "Dangerous driving occasioning death" is an equivalent to "Causing death by dangerous driving".

text: The person's driving privileges, in Western Australia, will be suspended for at least 2 years[permanent dead link], from the date of conviction. Should any of the following "Circumstances of aggravation" be proven, in a trial for dangerous driving occasioning death, it is possible for the driver to receive a prison sentence of up to and including 20 years:

text:
driver was unlawfully driving the motor vehicle concerned without the consent of the owner or person in charge (an equivalent to aggravated TWOC);
driver was driving more than 45 km/h (28 mph) over the speed limit; or
person was driving the vehicle to escape pursuit by the police

text: If a defendant is tried in District Court for dangerous driving occasioning death, but none of the circumstances of aggravation can be proven, the maximum imprisonment is 10 years. A conviction in Magistrates Court can result in imprisonment of up to and including 3 years.

text: In NSW, the maximum term of imprisonment, for a conviction of dangerous driving occasioning death, is:

text:
14 years, if:

the person's blood alcohol content was 0.15 or more;
the person drove the vehicle at 45 or more km/h over the posted speed limit;
the person drove the vehicle to escape the police; or
the person drove under the influence of drugs or a combination of drink and drugs

10 years, if none of the above circumstances of aggravation was present at the time of the offence

text: The equivalent, in Queensland, to "Causing death by dangerous driving", is "Dangerous operation of a vehicle causing death". Under Section 328A of the Queensland Criminal Code, the maximum penalties, for this offence, are:

text:
14 years, if the driver:

operated the vehicle at more than 40 km/h (25 mph) over the posted speed limit
was under the influence of drink or drugs
knew or ought to have known, that bodily harm or death resulted, and the death of the victim so results, but nonetheless failed to remain at the scene of the collision, "other than to obtain medical or other help for the other person, before a police officer arrives"

10 years, if none of the above circumstances of aggravation is present

text: Driving disqualifications handed down by Australian courts, whether inside or outside Queensland, will result in the suspension of Queensland driving privileges. Disqualifications for dangerous operation of a vehicle causing death are included.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, the Criminal Code has several road traffic offences equivalent to causing death by dangerous driving. The basic offence, "Dangerous operation of a motor vehicle causing death", has a maximum penalty of 14 years' imprisonment. If the driver is convicted of failing to stop for police, criminal negligence, street racing, a hit and run or drink-driving, in addition to dangerous driving, and a death resulted, the maximum penalty is life imprisonment.

text: A person's Canada-wide driving privileges will be suspended, for any Criminal Code driving conviction, although lengths of suspensions vary by province and territory. In some cases, a driver's licence can be taken away permanently after a certain number of Criminal Code driving convictions, as in the province of Ontario.[9]

text: Some provinces and American states have agreements to mutually recognize road traffic offences that occur out-of-province or out-of-state. Traffic violations that occur in Michigan and New York for vehicular homicide are counted, for licence suspension purposes, on a person's Ontario driving record.[10] Vehicular homicide convictions in Maine and New York are counted on a driver's Quebec driving record (see also "United States" above).

text: Ireland (Republic)[edit]

text: An equivalent, under Republic of Ireland traffic laws, to causing death by dangerous driving, is "Dangerous driving causing death". The maximum period of imprisonment, for such a conviction, is 10 years. The minimum licence suspension is 5 years. The UK and Republic of Ireland are parties to the 1998 EU Convention on Driving Disqualifications (98/C 216/01) and therefore convictions for dangerous driving causing death in the UK are counted on a person's Republic of Ireland driving record.

text: United States (not including overseas dependencies)[edit]

text: In many American states, vehicular homicide is an equivalent to causing death by dangerous driving. Maximum prison sentences and licence suspension lengths vary by state.

text: Vehicular homicide, under the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986, is often classified as a "major violation", with the following minimum CDL suspensions applicable country-wide:

text:
for a 1st conviction: 3-year suspension from operating commercial motor vehicles designed to transport hazardous materials; otherwise, 1 year
for a 2nd conviction: lifetime, although 10 years if a state allows CDL privileges to be reinstated

text: Some states, such as Florida and Virginia, count out-of-state traffic violations, so long as they occurred anywhere else in the United States, the same as traffic violations that occurred in the state in which the driver was licensed. Vehicular homicide convictions are included.

text: Other states, such as New York and Maine, count some traffic violations that occur in Canada, the same as if those violations had occurred in those states. Vehicular homicide convictions are included. Permanent revocation of driving privileges is possible, particularly for holders of driving licences issued in North Carolina or New York, after a vehicular homicide conviction.


document_title: That's All Right

question_text: who wrote the song that's alright mama

question_tokens: who wrote the song that 's alright mama

text: That's All Right

text: History[edit]

text: The song was written by Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup, and originally recorded by him in Chicago on September 6, 1946, as "That's All Right". Some of the lyrics are traditional blues verses first recorded by Blind Lemon Jefferson in 1926.[3][4] Crudup's recording was released as a single on RCA Victor 20-2205, but was less successful than some of his previous recordings. At the same session, he recorded a virtually identical tune with different lyrics, "I Don't Know It", which was also released as a single (RCA Victor 20-2307). In early March 1949, the song was rereleased under the title "That's All Right, Mama" (RCA Victor 50-0000), which was issued as RCA's first rhythm and blues record on their new 45 rpm single format,[5][6] on bright orange vinyl.[7]

text: Elvis Presley's version was recorded in July 1954.[8] Its catalogue number was Sun 209.[9] The label reads "That's All Right" (omitting "Mama" from the original title), and names the performers as Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill.[10] Arthur Crudup was credited as the composer on the label of Presley's single, but even after legal battles into the 1970s, was reportedly never paid royalties. An out-of-court settlement was supposed to pay Crudup an estimated $60,000 in back royalties, but never materialized.[11][12] Crudup had used lines in his song that had been present in earlier blues recordings, including Blind Lemon Jefferson's 1926 song "That Black Snake Moan".[12]

text: A country music version by Marty Robbins peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1955.[13]

text: Presley's recording[edit]

text: During an uneventful recording session at Sun Studios on the evening of July 5, 1954, Presley, Scotty Moore (guitar) and Bill Black (string bass) were taking a break between recordings when Presley started fooling around with an up-tempo version of Arthur Crudup's song "That's All Right, Mama".[6] Black began joining in on his upright bass, and soon they were joined by Moore on guitar.[6] Producer Sam Phillips, taken aback by this sudden upbeat atmosphere, asked the three of them to start again so he could record it.[6]

text: Black's bass and guitars from Presley and Moore provided the instrumentation. The recording contains no drums or additional instruments. The song was produced in the style of a "live" recording (all parts performed at once and recorded on a single track).[14] The following evening the trio recorded "Blue Moon of Kentucky" in a similar style, and it was selected as the B-side to "That's All Right".[6]

text: Presley's version has different lyrics compared to the Arthur Crudup version. According to a 1986 rolling stone interview, Sam Phillips said that Elvis changed some of the lyrics of the songs that he recorded.[15]

text: The recording session was Presley's fifth visit to the Sun Studio.[16] His first two visits, the summer of 1953 and January 1954, had been private recordings, followed by two more visits in the summer of 1954.[16]

text: Upon finishing the recording session, according to Scotty Moore, Bill Black remarked, "Damn. Get that on the radio and they'll run us out of town."

text: Release[edit]

text: Sam Phillips gave copies of the acetate to local disc jockeys Dewey Phillips[17] (no relation) of WHBQ, Uncle Richard of WMPS, and Sleepy Eyed John Lepley of WHHM.[6] On July 7, 1954, Dewey Phillips played "That's All Right" on his popular radio show "Red, Hot & Blue".[6] On hearing the news that Dewey was going to play his song, Presley went to the local movie theater to calm his nerves.[6]

text: Interest in the song was so intense that Dewey reportedly played the acetate 14 times and received over 40 telephone calls.[6] Presley was persuaded to go to the station for an on-air interview that night.[6] Unaware that the microphone was live at the time, Presley answered Dewey's questions, including one about which high school he attended: a roundabout way of informing the audience of Presley's race without actually asking the question.[6]

text: "That's All Right" was officially released on July 19, 1954,[6] and sold around 20,000 copies.[6] This number was not enough to chart nationally, but the single reached number four on the local Memphis charts.[6]

text: In July 2004, exactly 50 years after its first release, the song was released as a CD single in the United Kingdom, and entered the UK Singles Chart at Number 3. It also became a minor hit outside the UK, debuting and peaking at Number 31 in Australia and Number 33 in Ireland.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Elvis Presley - lead vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar
Scotty Moore - lead guitar
Bill Black - double bass

text: The Beatles version[edit]

text:
"That's All Right (Mama)"

Song by The Beatles

from the album Live at the BBC

Released
30 November 1994

Recorded
2 July 1963

Length
2:56

Label
Apple

Songwriter(s)
Arthur Crudup

Producer(s)
Terry Henebery

text: The Beatles recorded the song for the Pop Go The Beatles radio show on 2 July 1963 at Maida Vale Studios in London. Their recording went unreleased until 1994 when it was released on Live at the BBC as "That's All Right (Mama)".

text: Although the Beatles had performed about thirty of Presley's songs in their early years, only three were officially recorded, "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry (Over You)", "I Forgot to Remember to Forget", and "That's All Right"; all appear on Live at the BBC.[18]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Paul McCartney – vocals, bass guitar
John Lennon – rhythm guitar
George Harrison – lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums[18]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Rolling Stone magazine argued in a 2004 article that Presley's recording of "That's All Right" was the first rock-and-roll record.[19]

text: Charts and certifications[edit]

text: Sales and certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[20]
Gold
500,000^

^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Other versions[edit]

text: This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions.

text: The song has been performed by many of the most notable artists in country and rock music. Performers who have covered the song include:

text:
The International Submarine Band on their 1968 album Safe At Home as a medley with Folsom Prison Blues
Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash performed the song together on 18 February 1969 during the sessions for Nashville Skyline
Canned Heat recorded a version for their 1970 album Future Blues
Led Zeppelin frequently performed the song in concert, for example during the "Whole Lotta Love" medley on John Peel's In Concert on 1 April 1971
Rod Stewart on his 1971 album Every Picture Tells a Story
Carl Perkins recorded a version for his 1978 album Ol' Blue Suede's Back
Jerry Garcia Band frequently performed the song live, and is on their 1991 album Jerry Garcia Band
The song was featured in the 2005 movie Walk the Line, where it was covered by Tyler Hilton.

text: Other artists to cover the song are: Albert Lee, Johnny Rivers, Foghat, Robin Trower, Paul McCartney, Faith Hill, Jet, Wes Paul and Green Day.


document_title: National Lampoon's Vacation

question_text: what kind of car is in national lampoon's vacation

question_tokens: what kind of car is in national lampoon 's vacation

text: National Lampoon's Vacation

text: Plot[edit]

text: Clark Griswold, wanting to spend more time with his wife Ellen and children Rusty and Audrey, decides to lead the family on a cross-country expedition from the Chicago suburbs to the southern California amusement park Walley World, billed as "America's Favorite Family Fun Park." Ellen wants to fly, but Clark insists on driving, so he can bond with his family. He has ordered a new car in preparation for the trip, but the dealer claims that it will not be ready for six weeks. Clark is forced to accept a Wagon Queen Family Truckster, an ugly, out-sized station wagon, as the car he brought to trade in has already been hauled away and crushed.

text: During the family's travels, they run into numerous mishaps, such as being tagged by vandals in a rundown area of St. Louis, while Clark is tantalized numerous times by a beautiful young woman driving a flashy red 1983 Ferrari. They stop in Coolidge, Kansas to visit Ellen's cousin Catherine and her husband Eddie, who foist cranky Aunt Edna and her mean dog Dinky on the Griswolds, asking them to drop her off at her son Norman's home in Phoenix. After stopping at a decrepit and dirty campground in Colorado for the night, Clark forgets to untie Dinky's leash from the bumper before driving off the next morning, killing the dog. A state trooper pulls the Griswolds over and angrily lectures Clark over animal cruelty but accepts Clark's apology; Edna learns of her dog's death and becomes more irate with Clark. Exiting Colorado, Ellen loses her bag which had her credit cards, forcing Clark to have to cash a check for future spending.

text: While Ellen and Clark argue during a drive between Utah and Arizona, they crash and become stranded in the desert. After setting off alone in the desert to look for help, Clark eventually reunites with his family, who have been rescued and taken to a local mechanic. The mechanic extorts the remainder of Clark's cash only to make the car barely operational. Frustrated, they stop at the Grand Canyon; when Clark cannot convince a hotel clerk to cash a personal check because HIS credit card was reported stolen, he takes cash from the cash register behind the clerk's back and leaves the check. Leaving, they find that Aunt Edna has died in her sleep. They tie the deceased to the roof of the car, wrapped in a tarpaulin. When they reach Norman's home, they discover he is out of town and leave Edna's body at the back door. Having enough of the road-trip and of the mishaps they encountered, Ellen and the children want to go back home, but Clark has become obsessed in reaching Walley World and they continue on. After an argument with Ellen, Clark eventually meets the Ferrari-driving blonde beauty at a hotel and goes skinny-dipping with her in its pool, but they are discovered by the family before anything untowards can transpire. Ellen forgives Clark, and the couple goes skinny-dipping as well.

text: Despite the family's misfortunes, they finally arrive the next day, only to find that the park is closed for the next two weeks for repairs. Finally slipping into madness and realizing that all his efforts have been for nothing, Clark buys a realistic-looking BB gun and demands that park security guard Russ Lasky take them through Walley World; Ellen and the kids follow, attempting to placate Clark. Eventually, an LAPD SWAT team arrives, along with park owner Roy Walley. Roy understands Clark's impassioned longing to achieve the perfect vacation, bringing back memories of his own family's vacation headaches. He decides not to file criminal charges against the Griswolds and lets the family – and the SWAT team – enjoy the park as his guests.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chevy Chase as Clark W. Griswold
Beverly D'Angelo as Ellen Griswold
Imogene Coca as Aunt Edna
Anthony Michael Hall as Russell "Rusty" Griswold
Dana Barron as Audrey Griswold
Randy Quaid as Cousin Eddie
Miriam Flynn as Ellen's cousin Catherine
Christie Brinkley as the Girl in Red Ferrari
John Candy as Russ Lasky
Eddie Bracken as Roy Walley
Brian Doyle-Murray as Kamp Komfort clerk
James Keach as Motorcycle cop
Eugene Levy as Ed the car salesman
Frank McRae as Grover
Jane Krakowski as Cousin Vicki
John P. Navin Jr. as Cousin Dale

text: Production[edit]

text: During the Chicago Blizzard of 1979, writer John Hughes began developing a short story entitled "Vacation '58" for an issue of the National Lampoon. While the story ended up being bumped from the initial vacation-themed issue, it was eventually published in September 1979 and subsequently optioned by Warner Bros.[4] "When I brought it to Hollywood, the first guy I brought it to was Jeff Katzenberg who was at Paramount," recalled producer Matty Simmons, who worked as a publisher at the National Lampoon. "He said it would never make a movie, it was too episodic, too consequential. I said, 'Yeah, it's a road trip. It's supposed to be episodic. You go from town to town, place to place.' But he didn’t like it, so then my agent brought it to Warner Brothers, and I met with them. Most of them said the same thing, but there was one executive over there—a guy named Mark Canton—who really pulled for it and it got made."[5] Upon Simmons' agreement with Warner Bros., Hughes was assigned the task of adapting his original story into a screenplay.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Parts of the film were shot in Monument Valley, Utah, Flagstaff, Sedona, and the Grand Canyon in Arizona, Arcadia and Magic Mountain in California, and St. Louis, Missouri.[7]

text: Walley World[edit]

text: In Hughes' original short story, the theme park was Disneyland. To avoid legal troubles, all of the names associated with Disneyland were altered to sound-alikes. For instance, the park became Walley World, itself a good-natured parody of the Anaheim location, and the mascot, Marty Moose, is reminiscent of Walt Disney's own Mickey Mouse.[4] Similarly, Roy Walley's appearance bears similarities to that of Disney and his name is similar to that of his brother Roy Disney.[citation needed].

text: In the film, the Walley World theme park is represented by Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California and Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Santa Anita Park's large parking lot and blue-tinged fascia served as the exterior of Walley World, while all park interior scenes were shot at Magic Mountain.[8] The two roller coasters seen in the film are The New Revolution, which can be recognized by the vertical loop, and Colossus, the double-track wooden roller coaster.

text: The movie's popularity gave rise to an ongoing cultural running gag of using the name "Wally World" (spelled as "Wally" without an "e") as a nickname for real-life retailer Walmart.[9]

text: Wagon Queen Family Truckster[edit]

text: The Wagon Queen Family Truckster station wagon was created specifically for the film. It is based on a 1979 Ford LTD Country Squire station wagon.[10] The car was designed by George Barris, and it lampooned American cars of the late 1970s. The Truckster features a pale avocado metallic green paint scheme; extensive imitation wood-paneling decals; eight headlights (the second pair was taken from another Crown Victoria/Country Squire and mounted upside-down below the stock pair); a grille area largely covered by bodywork with only two small openings close to the bumper; an oddly-placed fuel filler door; and an airbag made from a trashcan liner.[11]

text: In the 2015 film Vacation (a sequel to the original), the Wagon Queen Family Truckster reappears at the bed-and-breakfast garage of Clark and Ellen Griswold. The Truckster used in this later film is the creation of Lisa and Steve Griswold, a real-life family living in Atlanta, who created the replica wagon to take family trips with their two daughters. In July 2014, the real-life Griswolds drove across the United States, visiting the locations seen in the original film, and ended their journey on the 31st anniversary of the film at Walley World (Six Flags Magic Mountain), so they could ride the Colossus before Six Flags' planned closure of the roller coaster.[12]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for National Lampoon's Vacation was composed by Ralph Burns, featuring original songs by Lindsey Buckingham. A soundtrack album was released in 1983 by Warner Bros. Records.[13] While the album did not chart, Buckingham's single "Holiday Road" reached number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100.

text:
"Holiday Road" – Lindsey Buckingham
"Mister Blue" – The Fleetwoods
"Blitzkrieg Bop" – Ramones
"Deep River Blues" – Ralph Burns
"Summer Hearts" – Nicolette Larson
"Little Boy Sweet" – June Pointer
"The Trip (Theme from Vacation)" – Ralph Burns
"He's So Dull" – Vanity 6
"Christie's Song" – Ralph Burns
"Dancin' Across the USA" – Lindsey Buckingham

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: National Lampoon's Vacation opened theatrically in 1,175 venues on July 29, 1983 and earned $8,333,358 in its opening weekend, ranking number one at the domestic box office.[14] The film grossed $61,399,552.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 93% rating based on 43 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Blessed by a brilliantly befuddled star turn from Chevy Chase, National Lampoon's Vacation is one of the more consistent – and thoroughly quotable – screwball comedies of the 1980s."[15] Metacritic reports a 60 out of 100 rating based on six critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale; the company's founder said in 2016, "I loved it ... I couldn't figure out for anything why people didn't love that more".[17]

text: Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, saying, "National Lampoon's Vacation, which is more controlled than other Lampoon movies have been, is careful not to stray too far from its target. The result is a confident humor and throwaway style that helps sustain the laughs – of which there are quite a few."[18] Entertainment magazine Variety called the film "an enjoyable trip through familiar comedy landscapes" and praised "director Harold Ramis for populating the film with a host of well-known comedic performers in passing parts."[19] Conversely, Richard Rayner of Time Out magazine said, "The visual gags come thick and fast, and are about as subtly signposted as the exit markers on a freeway. An exercise in the comedy of humiliation which is the stuff of shamefaced giggles."[20] In August 2015 it was listed as the best film in the Vacation film series by Daniel Cohen.[21]

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: National Lampoon's Vacation was first released on VHS, Betamax, Laserdisc, and CED in late 1983. It was later released again on VHS in 1986, 1991, 1995 and 1999. It was first released on DVD in 1997. The DVD was presented in an open-matte full screen presentation. Its only feature was the film's theatrical trailer. A 20th anniversary DVD was released in 2003. It included an anamorphic widescreen transfer. Its bonus features included an audio commentary with director Harold Ramis, producer Matty Simmons, and stars Chevy Chase, Anthony Michael Hall, Dana Barron, and Randy Quaid. It also included an introduction with Chase, Simmons, and Quaid, a family truckster interactive featurette gallery, and the film's theatrical trailer. A Blu-ray was released in 2013. It included the same features from the 20th Anniversary DVD and included the A&E documentary: Inside Story: National Lampoon's Vacation.


document_title: HDFC Life

question_text: how many hdfc life insurance branches in india

text: HDFC Life

text: Presence & Distribution[edit]

text: HDFC Life has about 414 branches and presence in 980+ cities and towns in India. The company has also established a liaison office in Dubai.[1]

text: HDFC Life distributes its products through a multi channel network consisting of Insurance agents, Bancassurance partners (HDFC Bank, Saraswat Bank, RBL Bank), Direct channel, Insurance Brokers & Online Insurance Platform.

text: Products & Services[edit]

text: HDFC Life's products include Protection, Pension, Savings, Investment, Health along with Children and Women plans. The company also provides an option of customizing the plans, by adding optional benefits called riders, at an additional price. The company currently has 29 retail and 8 group products, along with 7 optional rider benefits (as on 7 May 2018).[2]

text:
Protection Plans - insurance plans that provide protection and financial stability to the family in case of any unforeseen events.
Click2Protect Plus is their online term plan.
Launched CSC Suraksha to be sold exclusive through the Common Services Centre network.
Click2Invest is their online ULIP investment plan.
Health Plan – offers financial security to meet health related contingencies.
Savings & Investment plans - These plans help in investment to achieve financial goals.
Retirement plans - financial security for life post retirement.
Women’s plans - plans catering to different financial needs of women.
Children’s plans – plans meant to secure children’s future.
Rural & social Plans – meant specifically for rural customers.
Click2Retire completed their Click2 portfolio.

text: Key people[edit]

text: The MD & CEO of the company is Amitabh Chaudhry,[3] ED & CFO is Vibha Padalkar, Chief Actuary & Appointed Actuary is Srinivasan Parthasarthy, Prasun Gajri is the CIO & Rajendra Ghag heads the human resources as Chief HR Officer.[4]

text: Corporate History[edit]

text: The  Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) was constituted in 1999 as an autonomous body to regulate and develop the insurance industry. The IRDA opened up the market in August 2000 with the invitation for application for registrations. HDFC Life was established in 2000 becoming the first private sector life insurance company in India.[5]

text:
By 2001, the company had its 100th customer, strengthened its employee force to 100 and had settled its first claim. HDFC Life launched its first TV advertising campaign 'Sar Utha Ke Jiyo' in 2005.
In 2006, a study conducted by the Brand Equity – Economic Times had put HDFC Life at 29th rank in the most trusted Indian Brands amongst the Top 50 Service Brands of 2010.[6]

text: The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) gave accreditation to HDFC Life for 149 training centres housed in its branches to cater to the mandatory training required to be given as well as for other sales training requirements in 2009.

text: In 2012, it the first private life insurance company to bring back pension plans under the new regulatory regime, with the launch of two pension plans - HDFC Life Pension Super Plus and HDFC Life Single Premium Pension Super.[7]

text: Associated Companies[edit]

text: HDFC Life's associated companies include HDFC Ltd, HDFC Bank, HDFC International Life and Re Company Limited, HDFC Pension, HDFC MF, HDFC Sales, HDFC Ergo, HDB Financial Services, HDFC Securities, HDFC RED,[8] HDFC Ventures Trustee Company, GRUH Finance, HDFC Trustee Company, HDFC Developers, HDFC Property Ventures, HDFC Investments, Credit Information Bureau (India) Ltd


document_title: Crocodile (Black Mirror)

question_text: black mirror season 4 episode 3 shooting locations

text: Crocodile (Black Mirror)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mia Nolan (Andrea Riseborough) and Rob (Andrew Gower) go to a club together. While driving home, a drunken Rob hits and kills a cyclist on a mountain road. He convinces Mia to help him cover up the death by throwing the cyclist's body and bicycle into a lake.

text: Fifteen years later, Mia is happily married with a son and successful career. When she goes on a business trip, Rob meets her at her hotel. He shows her a news article about the dead cyclist, whose wife believes he is alive and is still looking for him. A newly sober Rob wants to make amends by writing an anonymous letter telling the truth, but Mia is afraid the letter will be traced. An argument ensues and she kills Rob. She is further shaken upon seeing a road accident outside, where a self-driving pizza delivery truck hits a pedestrian. Mia rents a pay per view porn movie to provide herself with an alibi, then disposes of Rob's body.

text: The man who was hit by the pizza delivery truck contacts his insurance company and is visited by Shazia (Kiran Sonia Sawar), an insurance investigator. She uses a device known as a Recaller to scan a claimant's and witnesses' memories to verify the claims, despite memory being acknowledged as unreliable. Shazia follows a chain of witnesses near the accident without determining liability as none had witnessed it directly, but one witness's memories show Mia looking out of her hotel room window at the time of the accident. Shazia is hopeful that Mia's testimony will allow her to prove the case—which would also allow the insurance company to pursue a lucrative negligence suit against the owners of the pizza truck. Before Shazia sets off to test Mia, she tells her husband that she hopes Mia will submit to the test.

text: Mia admits to witnessing the accident, and initially refuses to let Shazia in her house, but eventually relents after Sharzia tells her of a legal requirement to submit to the test. Shazia mistakes Mia's reluctance as being due to embarrassment over watching a porn movie, and assures her that she is not interested in her personal activities. Mia tries to prepare her mind to focus away from Rob's murder before Shazia uses the Recaller on her, but she cannot stop memories of the road collision and the homicide surfacing during the scan. Recognizing what she has seen, Shazia tries to leave, but Mia incapacitates her and ties her up. Shazia promises that she will delete the Recaller data and will not tell anyone what happened if Mia lets her go, but Mia believes she will be incriminated. Mia scans Shazia's memories with the Recaller to learn that her husband Anan knew Shazia was going to see Mia that day. Mia kills Shazia and drives to her home to kill Anan. Upon realising that Shazia's baby son is also in the house and has seen her face, Mia reluctantly kills him too.

text: Police investigating the murders reveal that Shazia's son was blind and would have been unable to identify the killer; they instead use the Recaller on the family guinea pig to dredge its memories for evidence. Meanwhile, Mia cries in the audience as she watches her son's school production of Bugsy Malone; the audience begins to clap. The police are seen waiting at the back of the auditorium. As the camera continues lingering on Mia, in tears, the screen abruptly cuts to black.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Some critics have suggested that the title is a reference to the metaphor "crocodile tears", a phrase that could be referring to Mia's insincere expressions of sorrow while committing a series of violent crimes.[1][2] Jason Koebler of Vice notes that Mia does not read the End-User License Agreement (EULA) for the Recaller. Koebler suggests that Mia reading the EULA would have allowed her to avoid using the Recaller, and thus prevent her later murders from being necessary.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: Whilst series one and two of Black Mirror were shown on Channel 4 in the UK, in September 2015 Netflix commissioned the series for 12 episodes,[4] and in March 2016 it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series, with a bid of $40 million.[5] The 12 episode order was divided into two series of six episodes each.

text: The episode was inspired by the series one episode, "The Entire History of You", which featured a personal implant that one could use privately to review their memories. For "Crocodile", they considered what the situation would be like if these memories were not private, developing a "cat-and-mouse type drama" that would highlight the importance of memories, and to what lengths one with a secret would go to hide those memories.[6]

text: The episode was initially conceived as having a male protagonist with Andrea Riseborough reading the script with another part in mind. However, after Riseborough liked the journey of the protagonist and asked if the part could be rewritten as a woman, the script was altered in order to accommodate Riseborough.[7] Both Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones described the change as interesting, with Jones noting that "How often do you see a mother reduced to this level of desperation?" on television.[7][8]

text: The episode was shot in Iceland and includes scenes filmed in the Harpa concert hall.[7] Brooker had originally called out for filming in Scotland in his script, but Netflix suggested Iceland as a "more stunning backdrop", according to Brooker. During filming, Iceland had its largest snowfall in forty years, which required them to add one line of dialogue to comment on the change of weather to account for the sudden snow accumulation.[9]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror.[10] The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and contained the six episode titles.[11][12]

text: Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for the fourth series of the show, referred to as the "13 Days of Black Mirror".[13] On 6 December, Netflix published a trailer featuring an amalgamation of scenes from the fourth series, which announced that the series would be released on 29 December.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The episode received mixed reviews. The cinematography of the Icelandic landscape was widely praised, along with Riseborough's and Sawar's performances.[15] Two critics criticised the violence and described it as unnecessarily bleak.[16][17]

text: At the 2018 Consumer Electronics Show in January 2018, Toyota announced its customisable self-driving delivery vehicle, the e-Palette, with one of their first partners being Pizza Hut to create a self-driving pizza delivery truck. Commentators pointed out the coincidence of this announcement shortly after the first broadcast of "Crocodile",[18] and the official Twitter account for Black Mirror commented on the announcement, "We know how this goes."[19]


document_title: Bal Diwas

question_text: when was children's day first celebrated in india

question_tokens: when was children 's day first celebrated in india

text: Bal Diwas

text:
Children's DayObserved by
 IndiaType
NationalSignificance
Birthday of Jawahar Lal NehruDate
November 14Next time
14 November 2018 (2018-11-14)Frequency
Annual

text: Children's Day is  celebrated across India to increase awareness of the rights, care and education of children.[1][2] It is celebrated on 14 November every year on the birth anniversary of the  first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru also called 'Chacha Nehru'. Nehru is often cited as saying that children should always be carefully and lovingly nurtured, as they are the future of the nation and the citizens of tomorrow.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: The celebration of Children's Day in India has its roots back to 1959. Prior to the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, India is  celebrating Children's Day on November 20 (the date observed as Universal Children's Day by the United Nations). After the death of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, it was unanimously decided to celebrate his birthday as or Children's Day in India.[4][5][6][7]


document_title: Joe Sabia

question_text: who is the guy who does vogue 73 questions

text: Joe Sabia

text:
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text: Joe Sabia is a New York City-based digital remix artist, 2011 TED Speaker, and international pun champion.

text: While a student at Boston College, Sabia started his digital career in 2005 as the creator of the web show The BC, a nationally recognized spoof of The OC which featured cameos from Tim Russert, Doug Flutie, and Jared Dudley.[1] The show landed him a job as one of the founders of HBO Lab, an experimental interactive arm of HBO in Los Angeles. Sabia's most notable creation was Seven Minute Sopranos, a viral video recap of all the seasons of The Sopranos. Facing potential repercussions from HBO lawyers, his role with the video was not public until The New York Times revealed it in a follow-up story.[2][3]

text: In 2007, Sabia won the International Pun Championship in Austin, Texas. In 2009, he was a participant in the Mongol Rally.

text: As interviewer, he created the "73 Questions"[4] series for Vogue in 2014 and is also the co-founder of YouTube music collective Cdza.


document_title: Swiss nationality law

question_text: how many citizenships can you have in switzerland

text: Swiss nationality law

text: Acquisition of Swiss citizenship[edit]

text: Jus sanguinis[edit]

text: A child is Swiss at birth if:

text:
They are the child of a married couple of whom at least one parent is Swiss.[1]
They are the child of a Swiss mother not married to the child's father.[2]

text: A child of a Swiss father not married to the mother is considered Swiss by birth when a link of paternity is declared.[3][4]

text: Foundlings[edit]

text: A foundling acquires Swiss citizenship and the citizenship of the canton in which s/he was found. The canton decides which bourgeoisie the child receives. Once paternity is determined, the child loses Swiss citizenship, unless this would leave him or her stateless.[5]

text: Adoption[edit]

text: A child adopted by a Swiss parent acquires the cantonal citizenship and bourgeoisie of the Swiss parent, thus equally acquiring Swiss nationality.[6]

text: Naturalisation[edit]

text: 2014 Federal Nationality Law[edit]

text: On 20 June 2014, the two Chambers of the Swiss Parliament passed the Total Revision of the Federal Law Concerning the Acquisition and Loss of Swiss Nationality (Révision totale de la loi sur l'acquisition et la perte de la nationalité suisse). The Law, first introduced in 2011 by the Swiss federal government, aimed to lower, among other requirements, the residency requirement from 12 years to 8 years.[7] During the parliamentary debates and the ensuing disagreements between the more conservative National Council (lower house) and the more liberal Council of States (upper house), the residency requirements were increased to 10 years. The time spent in Switzerland between the ages of 8 and 18 is doubled for purposes of applying for naturalisation, however, an applicant must spend at least 6 years in Switzerland.[8] The new law also requires cantons to set a minimum residency requirement of between 2 and 5 years, as well as requiring applicants to have a permanent residency permit (Autorisation d'établissement), which is known as a C permit.[9][10] Additionally, time spent in Switzerland with temporary admission (Permis d'admission provisoire) halved for purposes of applying for naturalisation.[11] The 2014 Total Revision of the Federal Law Concerning the Acquisition and Loss of Swiss Nationality is scheduled to enter into force on 1 January 2018.[12]

text: 1952 Federal Nationality Law[edit]

text: The 1952 nationality law is scheduled to be replaced by the 2014 total revision of the nationality law on 1 January 2018. Applications for naturalisation submitted prior to the entry into force of the new nationality law will continue to be processed under the 1952 law. [13] Ordinary naturalisation is a cantonal competency, however no cantonal naturalisation is legally valid without federal authorisation.[14]

text: Citizenship in Switzerland may be obtained by a resident who has lived in Switzerland for at least 12 years (any years spent in Switzerland between the 10th and the 20th years of age count double) and lived in the country for 3 out of the last 5 years before applying for citizenship. One should be able to speak in at least one of German, French, Italian or Romansch (depending on the canton or municipality) and show the following:

text:
integration into the Swiss way of life;
familiarity with Swiss habits, customs and traditions;
compliance with the Swiss rule of law;
no danger to Switzerland's internal or external security.

text: Cantons impose further requirements which can complement the federal requirements.

text: Simplified naturalisation[edit]

text: Confederation[edit]

text: Foreigners in the following categories may apply for simplified naturalisation:

text:
Women who lost Swiss citizenship through marriage to a non-Swiss citizen, or through the loss of Swiss citizenship by their husband, before 23 March 1992.
Children born to Swiss mothers who lost their citizenship due to marriage to a foreigner before 23 March 1992 but who later were reintegrated into their former Swiss nationality.
Children born to Swiss mothers who had acquired Swiss citizenship themselves on the basis of a previous marriage to a Swiss husband.
Persons born before 1 July 1985 whose mothers had acquired Swiss citizenship by descent, adoption or naturalisation.
Children whose mothers had acquired Swiss citizenship by virtue of marriage to a Swiss husband (before 31 December 1991).
Children of Swiss parents born abroad who were not registered at a Swiss representation abroad before their 22nd birthday can be "reintegrated" within a period of ten years immediately following their 22nd birthday.
Children for whom the ten year limit has expired for their "reintegration" can nevertheless be reintegrated, if they can prove a "close relationship with Switzerland."

text: All these categories have additional requirements to be fulfilled. Normally, a successful applicant acquires the cantonal and municipal citizenship of the Swiss mother, father, or spouse.

text: Third generation immigrants (CF Art. 38)

text: Simplified naturalisation by virtue of marriage[edit]

text: A person married to a Swiss citizen may apply for Swiss citizenship by facilitated naturalisation after living in Switzerland for five years and having been married for at least three years. No language test is required, but one must show the following:

text:
integration into the Swiss way of life;
compliance with the Swiss rule of law;
no danger to Switzerland's internal or external security.

text: Children from the person's previous relationships (but not same-sex couples) are given citizenship along with the partner.

text: It is also possible for the spouse of a Swiss citizen to apply for facilitated naturalisation while resident overseas after the following:

text:
Six years of marriage to a Swiss citizen.
Close ties to Switzerland, i.e. travelling regularly to Switzerland, being an active member of a Swiss club abroad, and/or having close relations to the family of their Swiss spouse.

text: Spouses acquiring Swiss citizenship by facilitated naturalisation will acquire the citizenship of the place and canton of origin of their Swiss spouse.

text: Simplified naturalisation for third generation immigrants[edit]

text: The federal constitution declares that the Confederation will facilitate the naturalisation of third generation immigrants (Art. 38 §3 part a). Legislation has yet to be introduced describing the precise requirements for an application for facilitated naturalisation under article 38 §3 part a.

text: Canton of Vaud[edit]

text: The Canton of Vaud legislated in 2004 to allow for 2nd-generation foreigners to acquire Swiss nationality more easily under the following conditions:[15]

text:
The applicant must meet the requirements set by federal law.
Aged between 14 and 25 years.
Has completed at least 5 years of obligatory education in Switzerland.
At least 2 years' residence in Vaud.
Has not lived abroad since the end of his or her obligatory education, with the exception of temporary stays abroad for purposes of education.
One of the applicant's parents must currently be lawfully resident in Switzerland or have been so in the past.
Integration and command of the French Language.
Lawful behaviour.
The applicant must not represent a danger for Swiss national security.

text: The 2004 Law also facilitates the naturalisation of foreigners of the 3rd generation under the following conditions:[16]

text:
The applicant must meet the requirements set by federal law.
At least 2 years' residence in Vaud.
The applicant must have not resided outside Switzerland since his birth, with the exception of temporary stays abroad for purposes of education.
Integration and command of the French Language.
The applicant must not represent a danger for Swiss national security.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The yearly rate of naturalisation has quintupled over the 1990s and 2000s, from roughly 9,000 to 45,000 naturalisations per year.

text: Relative to the population of resident foreigners, this amounts to an increase from 8% in 1990 to 27% in 2007, or relative to the number of Swiss citizens from 0.16% in 1990 to 0.73% in 2007.

text: Loss of Swiss citizenship[edit]

text: Loss due to cessation of paternity[edit]

text: A child whose Swiss citizenship depends on paternal links loses citizenship when those are cut.[17]

text: Loss due to adoption[edit]

text: A Swiss child adopted by foreign parents is considered to have lost Swiss citizenship.[18]

text: Annulled adoptions[edit]

text: Where a former Swiss citizen lost citizenship due to adoption by foreign parents and that adoption is later annulled, the Swiss citizenship is considered to never have been lost.[19]

text: Loss due to birth abroad[edit]

text: A Swiss citizen born abroad to at least one Swiss parent and holding at least one other nationality loses Swiss citizenship at age 22 if:

text:
They have never been announced to the Swiss authorities, or [20]
They have never written to the Swiss authorities expressing their desire to retain Swiss citizenship, or [21]
They (or their guardians) have never sought to procure Swiss identity documents for them, i.e. a passport or an identity card.[22]

text: Equally, the child of a person who thus loses Swiss nationality equally loses Swiss nationality.[23] Exceptionally, a person who has been prevented, against their will, from taking the necessary actions to retain Swiss citizenship may undertake the required actions within a delay of 1 year following the cessation of such delays.[24]

text: Triple citizenship level within Swiss citizenship[edit]

text: Each municipality in Switzerland maintains its own registry of citizens, which is separate from the registry of people living in the municipality. Most Swiss citizens do not live in their municipality of origin; therefore, they are often required by the municipality in which they live to get a certificate of citizenship (acte d'origine/Heimatschein/atto d'origine) from their place of origin. In practice, there is no difference in rights or obligations between citizens of different municipalities, except for the extra paperwork that may be involved.

text: Dual nationality[edit]

text: According to the Federal Office for Migration, there has been no restriction on multiple citizenship in Switzerland since 1 January 1992. Thus, foreigners who acquire Swiss citizenship and Swiss citizens who voluntarily acquire another citizenship keep their previous citizenship (subject to the laws of the other country), as was the case before this date. An estimated 60% of Swiss nationals living abroad in 1998 were multiple citizens.

text: Since many nationality laws now allow both parents to transmit their nationality to their common child (and not only the father, as used to be often the case), many children automatically acquire multiple citizenship at birth. This is especially frequent in Switzerland, since a relatively high proportion of the population holds a foreign passport (up to 54% in Geneva and 20% nationally). However, the Federal Office for Migration specially notes that this has not resulted in any practical problems worth mentioning. Military service, the most likely problem to arise, is usually done in the country where the applicant resides at the time of conscription.

text: Even though Swiss nationality law permits multiple citizenship, a Swiss national who also holds another country's citizenship may be required to renounce the foreign citizenship, under the foreign country's nationality law.

text: After two referendums rejected laws to facilitate naturalisation in September 2004, some opponents (notably the Swiss People's Party) attempted to go back to the pre-1992 situation, in which multiple citizenship was forbidden.

text: Political discussions and referendums about Swiss citizenship in Switzerland in recent years[edit]

text: Swiss citizenship laws have been widely debated over recent years. In comparison to other nationality laws, access to Swiss citizenship is relatively narrow and restricted, and several modifications to widen access to Swiss citizenship via constitutional initiatives and referendums have been proposed. The referendums on the matter – held in 1983, 1994 and 2004 – were all rejected by Swiss voters. In particular, during the referendum held in September 2004, Swiss voters rejected proposals [25] to give some long-resident Swiss-born persons aged between 14 and 24 the right to apply for facilitated naturalisation (which bypasses cantonal and municipal requirements) and grant automatic Swiss citizenship to persons born in Switzerland with a parent also born in Switzerland.

text: While minimal requirements for obtaining Swiss citizenship by naturalisation are set at the federal level, Swiss cantons and municipalities are free to introduce more stringent requirements. Some municipalities had previously had no procedure for allowing naturalisations, effectively rendering it impossible, such as in La Chaux in the Canton of Vaud.[26] In 1999, the municipality of Emmen and the canton of Lucerne began using referendums to decide the outcome of naturalisation requests. The practice was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in July 2003. A referendum directed at legalizing this practice was rejected on 1 June 2008.

text: Rights and obligations of Swiss citizens[edit]

text: Swiss citizens are entitled to

text:
vote in political elections upon reaching the age of 18;
run for political office, including the Swiss Federal Council without being a member of any political party;
start and sign a petition or citizen's initiative for a referendum;
obtain a Swiss passport or a Swiss identity card granting them the right to return to Switzerland at any time;
avoid deportation from Switzerland;
be able to live, work, study, buy property and open up a business anywhere in the EU (through the bilateral agreement between Switzerland and the EU), Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway;
be required to perform military service or civilian service if male.

text: Travel freedom of Swiss citizens[edit]

text: Visa requirements for Swiss citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Switzerland. In 2017, Swiss citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 171 countries and territories, ranking the Swiss passport 6th in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.