document_title: Trigger (Only Fools and Horses)

question_text: what was trigger's real name in only fools and horses

question_tokens: what was trigger 's real name in only fools and horses

text: Trigger (Only Fools and Horses)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Colin "Trigger" Ball

Only Fools and Horses
Rock & Chips character

Portrayed by
Roger Lloyd-Pack (1981–2003)
Lewis Osborne (2010-2011)

Duration
1981–1983, 1985-1993, 1996, 2001-2003:
Only Fools and Horses
2010-2011:
Rock & Chips

First appearance
Big Brother

Last appearance
Sleepless in Peckham

Created by
John Sullivan

Classification
Former; regular

[show]Family

Grandfathers
Arthur Ball

Grandmothers
Alice Ball

Aunts
Reenie Turpin

Nieces
Lisa

First cousins
Cyril
Sidney
Marilyn

text: Colin "Trigger" Ball is a fictional character in the popular BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses and its prequel Rock & Chips. He was played by Roger Lloyd-Pack in Only Fools and Horses and Lewis Osbourne in Rock & Chips.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: How you going, Dave?

text: A regular at the Nag's Head pub, and old friend of Del Boy, Trigger is a road sweeper, and also appears to dabble in trading and petty thefts (though this status as a small-time thief is soon phased out of the character's development). He once supplied Del with paint which Del proceeded to use to decorate his mother's grave. Only then did Trigger inform him that the paint was used on signs in railway tunnels and therefore, luminous. He also supplies a load of stolen cigarettes, and in the opening episode he announces to Del that "he popped round to his sisters to sort out an alibi for next Thursday."[1]

text: Trigger's most famous characteristic is that he constantly calls Rodney Trotter "Dave", the reason why being unknown. In fact, it is established that Trigger simply cannot grasp the idea that "Dave" is actually called Rodney. Rodney finally brings up the issue with Trigger in "Homesick", and he agrees to stop, but a few seconds later he calls him "Dave" again.[2] When Cassandra Trotter, Rodney's wife, announced she was pregnant in "Modern Men", everybody raised a toast and said "To Cassandra and Rodney", but Trigger can be heard saying "Dave" after everyone else has spoken. At another point, while discussing Del and Raquel's son, Trigger claims that "They're naming him Rodney, after Dave".[3]

text: He reveals he always greets women with 'hello darling, where have you been all my life?', but has no idea why as "it's never worked".

text: He can miss the point of the silliest joke, such as in "Fatal Extraction", when Del jokes with Boycie, Mike, Denzil and Trigger, saying that women ask men something then correct them, and everyone says "Why ask" together, and Trigger waits until they're finished and says "Why ask?" very stupidly.

text: In the pilot episode Rodney asked Del where Trigger got his nickname, thinking Trigger was an armed criminal (i.e. a trigger man). Del however replies that 'it's 'cause he looks like a horse',[1] this is a reference to the famous screen horse, Trigger, of the 1950s and 1960s, as Del says to Trig later on "You know what happened to the real Trigger don't you? Roy Rogers had him stuffed!".

text: It was revealed in Class of '62, that Trigger used to have a crush on Julie Christie, albeit getting her name muddled with the famous early 1900s crime writer Agatha Christie, after he tells Boycie, Del, Rodney and Denzil that he loved her in the film Dr. Zhivago.

text: Trigger speaks in a fairly slow, monotone voice, but he is charming, affable and warm-hearted, and the regular characters are all fond of him. However, Trigger's most noticeable trait is that he is stupid beyond belief, which is a source of much humour in the show, despite his remaining deadly serious in his delivery. Del has often commented on Trigger's painfully low intelligence; "You could tell the state our school was in; Trigger was head boy." Del also mentions that Trigger once banged into a "Mind your head" sign at school (Trigger mentioned that he couldn't read at the time) and jokingly claims that Trigger's parents sued the school for brain damage and the judge awarded them £7.50. In "Fatal Extraction", Del had relationship problems with Raquel and a very bad tooth. Whilst talking about the problems with Raquel, Trigger confused the subjects, advising him to just "get shot of it," and proceeding to say, "I know what it's like, you give 'em pet names, I've done it, but take my advice, go to the dentist and have it taken out." Trigger's low intelligence is also shown in "If They Could See Us Now", when he turns up at the Trotter's flat because Del has offered him a lift to the Nag's Head, despite Trigger living closer to the Nag's Head than the Trotters and even having to walk past the pub to reach the flat.

text: Trigger did not know his father and in all seriousness says "he died a couple of years before I was born" when Rodney asks of his whereabouts in the episode "Ashes to Ashes". He was brought up by his grandparents, with his grandfather having also been a roadsweeper. When Trigger is pushed by Boycie to say whom his mother had written down on the birth certificate as Trigger's father Trigger says, reluctantly, "Some soldiers". Trigger is not married, but he occasionally mentions past relationships during the series and is seen on a blind date with a woman in the 1988 Christmas special, Dates.

text: In the episode "Heroes and Villains", Trigger wins an award for having owned the same broom for 20 years. He reveals that it has had 17 new heads and 14 new handles, but insists it is still the same broom.

text: On several occasions, however, despite his general stupidity, Trigger has displayed some moments of cleverness, given his smart remarks and rather intelligent way of explaining the situation of his pregnant niece in the episode The Frog's Legacy.

text: In 2010, Lloyd-Pack stated that Trigger, while not intelligent, believed that he had an insight into life. Lloyd-Pack suggested that Trigger felt excluded as a child and found his status by saying things that made people laugh.[4]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Trigger appeared on Only Fools and Horses since the very first episode and carried on appearing in almost every episode until the final episode, Sleepless in Peckham.

text: Trigger is an example of a breakout character in that he quickly attained a high level of popularity with the show's audience, despite his status as a minor, supporting character.

text: Trigger appears as a teenager in the Only Fools and Horses prequel series, Rock & Chips, where he is portrayed as equally daft as in the main series. As shown in "Sleepless in Peckham", he accompanies Del, his gang, his family and Freddie the Frog on the first Jolly Boys' Outing in 1960. Trigger is a relatively minor character in the prequel series, giving a daft remark every now and again, but he receives a rather notable mention in "The Frog and the Pussycat" when Violet Trotter, Del's grandmother, mentions Grandad's affair with Trigger's grandmother, Alice Ball[5] (marking the first time in the history of the Only Fools and Horses franchise that Trigger's real name is mentioned). At one point in the pilot episode, Reg asks Del and Jumbo if Trigger is mentally OK, since he once spotted Trigger laughing at a television set which was turned off.

text: Trigger was scripted to appear in the 2014 Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief, but Lloyd-Pack died on 15 January 2014, from pancreatic cancer. The script was subsequently rewritten to omit his role, although it is mentioned in the sketch that Trigger cannot assist Del and Rodney with their latest business venture because he is working at the market.


document_title: Mercury(II) chloride

question_text: role of mercuric chloride in plant tissue culture

root

text: Mercury(II) chloride

text: Production and basic properties[edit]

text: Mercuric chloride exists not as a salt composed of discrete ions, but rather is composed of linear triatomic molecules, hence its tendency to sublime. In the crystal, each mercury atom is bonded to two close chloride ligands with Hg—Cl distance of 2.38 Å; six more chlorides are more distant at 3.38 Å.[3]

tag: p

text: Mercuric chloride is obtained by the action of chlorine on mercury or mercury(I) chloride, by the addition of hydrochloric acid to a hot, concentrated solution of mercury(I) compounds such as the nitrate:[2]

text: Heating a mixture of solid mercury(II) sulfate and sodium chloride also affords volatile HgCl2, which sublimes and condenses in the form of small rhombic crystals.[2]

text: Its solubility increases from 6% at 20 °C (68 °F) to 36% in 100 °C (212 °F). In the presence of chloride ions, it dissolves to give the tetrahedral coordination complex [HgCl4]2−.

text: Applications[edit]

text: The main application of mercuric chloride is as a catalyst for the conversion of acetylene to vinyl chloride, the precursor to polyvinylchloride:

text: For this application, the mercuric chloride is supported on carbon in concentrations of about 5 weight percent. This technology has been eclipsed by the thermal cracking of 1,2-dichloroethane. Other significant applications of mercuric chloride include its use as a depolarizer in batteries and as a reagent in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry (see below).[4] It is being used in plant tissue culture for surface sterilisation of explants such as leaf or stem nodes.

text: As a chemical reagent[edit]

text: Mercuric chloride is occasionally used to form an amalgam with metals, such as aluminium. Upon treatment with an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride, aluminium strips quickly become covered by a thin layer of the amalgam. Normally, aluminium is protected by a thin layer of oxide, thus making it inert. Once amalgamated, aluminium can undergo a variety of reactions. For example, it will dissolve in water (this can be dangerous, as hydrogen gas and heat are generated). Halocarbons react with amalgamated aluminium in the Barbier reaction. These alkylaluminium compounds are nucleophilic and can be used in a similar fashion to the Grignard reagent. Amalgamated aluminium is also used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. Zinc is also commonly amalgamated using mercuric chloride.

text: Mercuric chloride is used to remove dithiane groups attached to a carbonyl in an umpolung reaction. This reaction exploits the high affinity of Hg2+ for anionic sulfur ligands.

text: Mercuric chloride may be used as a stabilising agent for chemicals and analytical samples. Care must be taken to ensure that detected mercuric chloride does not eclipse the signals of other components in the sample, such as is possible in gas chromatography.[5]

text: Historical use in photography[edit]

text: Mercury(II) chloride was used as a photographic intensifier to produce positive pictures in the collodion process of the 1800s. When applied to a negative, the mercury(II) chloride whitens and thickens the image, thereby increasing the opacity of the shadows and creating the illusion of a positive image.[6]

text: Historical use in preservation[edit]

text: For the preservation of anthropological and biological specimens during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, objects were dipped in or were painted with a "mercuric solution". This was done to prevent the specimens' destruction by moths, mites and mold. Objects in drawers were protected by scattering crystalline mercuric chloride over them.[7] It finds minor use in tanning, and wood was preserved by kyanizing (soaking in mercuric chloride).[8] Mercuric chloride was one of the three chemicals used for railroad tie wood treatment between 1830 and 1856 in Europe and the United States. Limited railroad ties were treated in the United States until there were concerns over lumber shortages in the 1890s.[9] The process was generally abandoned because mercuric chloride was water-soluble and not effective for the long term, as well as poisonous. Furthermore, alternative treatment processes, such as copper sulfate, zinc chloride, and ultimately creosote; were found to be less toxic. Limited kyanizing was used for some railroad ties in the 1890s and early 1900s.[10]

text: Historic use in medicine[edit]

text: Mercuric chloride was used to disinfect wounds by Arab physicians in the Middle Ages.[11] It continued to be used by Arab doctors into the twentieth century, until modern medicine deemed it unsafe for use.

text: Syphilis was frequently treated with mercuric chloride before the advent of antibiotics. It was inhaled, ingested, injected, and applied topically. Both mercuric-chloride treatment for syphilis and poisoning during the course of treatment was so common that the latter's symptoms were often confused with those of syphilis. This use of "salts of white mercury" is referred to in the English-language folk song "The Unfortunate Rake".[12]

text: Yaws was treated with mercuric chloride (labeled as Corrosive Sublimate) before the advent of antibiotics. It was applied topically to alleviate ulcerative symptoms. Evidence of this is found in Jack London's book "The Cruise of the Snark" in the chapter entitled The Amateur M.D.

text: Historic use in crime[edit]

text: In volume V of Alexandre Dumas' Celebrated Crimes, he recounts the history of Antoine François Desrues, who killed a noblewoman, Madame de Lamotte, with "corrosive sublimate".[13]

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Mercuric chloride is highly toxic, both acutely and as a cumulative poison.


document_title: List of most viewed YouTube videos

question_text: what's the highest viewed video on youtube ever

question_tokens: what 's the highest viewed video on youtube ever

text: List of most viewed YouTube videos

text: Top videos

text: The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube, with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views, as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube.[A]

text:
Rank
Video name
Uploader / artist
Views (billions)
Upload date
Notes

1.
"Despacito"[6]
Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee
3.85
January 12, 2017
[B]

2.
"See You Again"[11]
Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth
3.13
April 6, 2015
[C]

3.
"Gangnam Style"[17]
Psy
2.96
July 15, 2012
[D]

4.
"Sorry"[21]
Justin Bieber
2.77
October 22, 2015

5.
"Uptown Funk"[22]
Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars
2.68
November 19, 2014

6.
"Masha and the Bear: Recipe for Disaster"[23]
Get Movies
2.49
January 31, 2012
[E]

7.
"Shape of You"[24]
Ed Sheeran
2.41
January 30, 2017

8.
"Shake It Off"[25]
Taylor Swift
2.39
August 18, 2014

9.
"Bailando"[26]
Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona
2.37
April 11, 2014

10.
"Sugar"[27]
Maroon 5
2.32
January 14, 2015

11.
"Roar"[28]
Katy Perry
2.28
September 5, 2013

12.
"Lean On"[29]
Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ
2.18
March 22, 2015

13.
"Blank Space"[30]
Taylor Swift
2.17
November 10, 2014

14.
"Dark Horse"[31]
Katy Perry featuring Juicy J
2.12
February 20, 2014

15.
"All About That Bass"[32]
Meghan Trainor
2.12
June 11, 2014

16.
"Hello"[33]
Adele
2.07
October 22, 2015
[F]

17.
"Wheels on the Bus"[34]
LittleBabyBum
1.98
August 9, 2014

18.
"Counting Stars"[35]
OneRepublic
1.95
May 31, 2013

19.
"Closer (Lyric video)"[36]
The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey
1.85
July 29, 2016

20.
"Chantaje"[37]
Shakira featuring Maluma
1.83
November 18, 2016

21.
"Thinking Out Loud"[38]
Ed Sheeran
1.82
October 7, 2014

22.
"What Do You Mean?"[39]
Justin Bieber
1.80
August 30, 2015

23.
"This Is What You Came For"[40]
Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna
1.80
June 16, 2016

24.
"Baby"[41]
Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris
1.71
February 19, 2010
[G]

25.
"Work from Home"[44]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign
1.70
February 26, 2016

26.
"Chandelier"[45]
Sia
1.68
May 6, 2014

27.
"Let Her Go"[46]
Passenger
1.60
July 25, 2012

28.
"Love Me Like You Do"[47]
Ellie Goulding
1.56
January 22, 2015

29.
"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"[48]
Shakira featuring Freshlyground
1.55
June 4, 2010

30.
"Rockabye"[49]
Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie
1.53
October 21, 2016

31.
"We Don't Talk Anymore"[50]
Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez
1.48
August 2, 2016

32.
"Worth It"[51]
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
1.47
March 28, 2015

33.
"Ay Vamos"[52]
J Balvin
1.40
August 29, 2014

34.
"Love the Way You Lie"[53]
Eminem featuring Rihanna
1.40
August 5, 2010

35.
"Wake Me Up"[54]
Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc
1.39
July 29, 2013

36.
"Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)"[55]
Silentó
1.38
June 25, 2015

37.
"Rude"[56]
Magic!
1.37
December 5, 2013

38.
"Party Rock Anthem"[57]
LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock
1.35
March 8, 2011

39.
"Treat You Better"[58]
Shawn Mendes
1.35
July 12, 2016

40.
"Faded"[59]
Alan Walker
1.30
December 3, 2015

41.
"Hotline Bling"[60]
Drake
1.30
October 26, 2015

42.
"Propuesta Indecente"[61]
Romeo Santos
1.27
September 9, 2013

43.
"Johny Johny Yes Papa"[62]
ChuChu TV
1.26
November 14, 2014
[H]

44.
"Vente Pa' Ca"[64]
Ricky Martin featuring Maluma
1.25
September 22, 2016

45.
"Love Yourself"[65]
Justin Bieber
1.24
November 14, 2015

46.
"Hasta el Amanecer"[66]
Nicky Jam
1.23
January 14, 2016

47.
"Starboy"[67]
The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk
1.21
September 28, 2016

48.
"The Lazy Song"[68]
Bruno Mars
1.20
April 15, 2011

49.
"Let It Go"[69]
Idina Menzel
1.19
January 30, 2014
[I]

50.
"Rolling in the Deep"[71]
Adele
1.18
November 30, 2010

51.
"Burn"[72]
Ellie Goulding
1.17
July 7, 2013

52.
"All of Me"[73]
John Legend
1.17
October 2, 2013

53.
"Summer"[74]
Calvin Harris
1.17
April 6, 2014

54.
"How Deep Is Your Love"[75]
Calvin Harris featuring Disciples
1.16
August 6, 2015

55.
"Picky"[76]
Joey Montana
1.15
June 29, 2015

56.
"Hey Mama"[77]
David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj, Bebe Rexha and Afrojack
1.15
May 19, 2015

57.
"Side to Side"[78]
Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj
1.13
August 29, 2016

58.
"Bad Blood"[79]
Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar
1.13
May 17, 2015

59.
"The Hills"[80]
The Weeknd
1.12
May 27, 2015

60.
"On the Floor"[81]
Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull
1.12
March 3, 2011

61.
"Gentleman"[82]
Psy
1.11
April 13, 2013

62.
"Thrift Shop"[83]
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz
1.11
August 29, 2012

63.
"Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)"[84]
CNCO
1.10
October 7, 2016

64.
"The Gummy Bear Song"[85]
Gummibär
1.09
October 9, 2007

65.
"Stressed Out"[86]
Twenty One Pilots
1.09
April 27, 2015

66.
"El Perdón"[87]
Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias
1.07
March 23, 2015

67.
"Diamonds"[88]
Rihanna
1.06
November 8, 2012

68.
"Animals"[89]
Martin Garrix
1.06
June 17, 2013

69.
"Shaky Shaky"[90]
Daddy Yankee
1.05
July 14, 2016

70.
"Problem"[91]
Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea
1.05
May 30, 2014

71.
"El Perdedor"[92]
Maluma
1.05
April 22, 2016

72.
"Andas en Mi Cabeza"[93]
Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee
1.05
April 20, 2016

73.
"Firework"[94]
Katy Perry
1.05
October 28, 2010

74.
"El Pollito Pio"[95]
pulcinopiotv
1.03
November 29, 2012

75.
"La Bicicleta"[96]
Carlos Vives and Shakira
1.03
July 8, 2016

76.
"Not Afraid"[97]
Eminem
1.02
June 4, 2010

77.
"Bang Bang"[98]
Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj
1.01
August 25, 2014

78.
"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"[99]
Katy Perry
1.01
June 12, 2011

79.
"Call Me Maybe"[100]
Carly Rae Jepsen
1.00
March 1, 2012

80.
"Felices los 4"[101]
Maluma
0.99
April 21, 2017

81.
"La Mordidita"[102]
Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel
0.99
June 12, 2015

82.
"La Gozadera"[103]
Gente de Zona featuring Marc Anthony
0.98
June 5, 2015

83.
"Just the Way You Are"[104]
Bruno Mars
0.98
September 8, 2010

84.
"Happy"[105]
Pharrell Williams
0.98
November 21, 2013

85.
"Where Are Ü Now"[106]
Jack Ü and Justin Bieber
0.98
June 29, 2015

86.
"Timber"[107]
Pitbull featuring Kesha
0.97
November 25, 2013

87.
"Darte un Beso"[108]
Prince Royce
0.95
August 20, 2013

88.
"6 AM"[109]
J Balvin featuring Farruko
0.95
April 4, 2014

89.
"That's What I Like"[110]
Bruno Mars
0.94
March 2, 2017

90.
"Somebody That I Used To Know"[111]
Gotye featuring Kimbra
0.94
July 5, 2011

91.
"Someone like You"[112]
Adele
0.94
September 29, 2011

92.
"Danza Kuduro"[113]
Don Omar featuring Lucenzo
0.93
August 11, 2010

93.
"Masha and the Bear: Bon appétit!"[114]
Get Movies
0.93
September 21, 2012

94.
"Work"[115]
Rihanna featuring Drake
0.93
February 22, 2016

95.
"Cheap Thrills"[116]
Sia featuring Sean Paul
0.92
February 11, 2016

96.
"HUGE EGGS SURPRISE TOYS CHALLENGE"[117]
Ryan ToysReview
0.92
April 13, 2016

97.
"Travesuras"[118]
Nicky Jam
0.90
July 3, 2014

98.
"El Amante"[119]
Nicky Jam
0.90
January 15, 2017

99.
"Wrecking Ball"[120]
Miley Cyrus
0.90
September 9, 2013

100.
"Ahora Dice"[121]
Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin, Ozuna and Arcángel
0.90
March 19, 2017

As of September 25, 2017

tag: table

text: By year of release

text: The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year, with each total rounded to the nearest million views, as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube.[J]

text: As of September 2017, only Linkin Park (2007), Gummibär/icanrockyourworld (2007) and Taylor Swift (2014) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year, with both the English and French versions of Gummibär's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007.

text:
Year
Video name
Uploader
Views (millions)
Upload date
Notes

2005
"Life Goes On"[122]
fhearnoiz
93
September 22, 2005

"guitar"[123]
guitar90
92
December 20, 2005

"Johnny Cash Hurt"[124]
beachbuggy
78
December 12, 2005

"Bohemian Rhapsody"[125]
Frozentoast
63
September 18, 2005

"Tarzan Boy"[126]
nailofgilead
60
November 2, 2005

Combined views (2005)
386
[127][128]

2006
[K]
"Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado"[129]
Galinha Pintadinha
441
December 28, 2006

"Ella y Yo"[130]
JosephIngma
315
April 27, 2006

"Evolution of Dance"[131]
Judson Laipply
300
April 6, 2006
[L]

"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"[132]
Fueled By Ramen
205
July 18, 2006

"If you are happy"[133]
aliciaaa2
179
September 5, 2006

Combined views (2006)
1440
[134][135]

2007
[M]
"The Gummy Bear Song"[85]
icanrockyourworld
1092
October 9, 2007

"Charlie Bit My Finger"[136]
HDCYT
854
May 22, 2007
[N]

"Numb"[137]
Linkin Park
665
March 4, 2007

"What I've Done"[138]
307
April 3, 2007

"Je m'appelle Funny Bear"[139]
icanrockyourworld
283
October 15, 2007

Combined views (2007)
3201
[134][135]

2008
"Hot n Cold"[140]
KatyPerryVEVO
717
October 13, 2008

"Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha"[141]
Galinha Pintadinha
468
September 15, 2008

"Viva la Vida"[142]
Coldplay Official
440
August 4, 2008

"Bohemian Rhapsody"[143]
Queen Official
424
August 1, 2008

"Colgando en tus manos"[144]
Carlos Baute
357
October 29, 2008

Combined views (2008)
2406
[134]

2009
"November Rain"[145]
GunsNRosesVEVO
866
December 24, 2009

"Bad Romance"[146]
LadyGagaVEVO
863
November 23, 2009
[O]

"You Belong with Me"[147]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
761
June 16, 2009

"Axel F"[148]
CrazyFrogVEVO
675
June 16, 2009

"Chop Suey!"[149]
systemofadownVEVO
613
October 2, 2009

Combined views (2009)
3778
[134]

2010
"Baby"[41]
JustinBieberVEVO
1714
February 19, 2010
[P]

"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"[48]
shakiraVEVO
1550
June 4, 2010

"Love the Way You Lie"[53]
EminemVEVO
1397
August 5, 2010

"Rolling in the Deep"[71]
AdeleVEVO
1179
November 30, 2010

"Firework"[94]
KatyPerryVEVO
1048
October 28, 2010

Combined views (2010)
6888
[134]

2011
"Party Rock Anthem"[57]
LMFAOVEVO
1352
March 8, 2011

"The Lazy Song"[68]
Bruno Mars
1204
April 15, 2011

"On the Floor"[81]
JenniferLopezVEVO
1119
March 3, 2011

"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"[99]
KatyPerryVEVO
1006
June 12, 2011

"Somebody That I Used to Know"[150]
gotyemusic
941
July 5, 2011

Combined views (2011)
5622
[134]

2012
"Gangnam Style"[17]
officialpsy
2955
July 15, 2012
[Q]

"Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша"[23]
Get Movies
2486
January 31, 2012

"Let Her Go"[46]
Passenger
1597
July 25, 2012

"Thrift Shop"[83]
Macklemore LCC
1114
August 29, 2012

"Diamonds"[88]
RihannaVEVO
1064
November 8, 2012

Combined views (2012)
9216
[134]

2013
"Roar"[28]
KatyPerryVEVO
2279
September 5, 2013

"Counting Stars"[35]
OneRepublicVEVO
1950
May 31, 2013

"Wake Me Up"[54]
AviciiVEVO
1385
July 29, 2013

"Rude"[56]
ournameismagicVEVO
1370
December 5, 2013

"Propuesta Indecente"[61]
RomeoSantosVEVO
1274
September 9, 2013

Combined views (2013)
8258
[134]

2014
"Uptown Funk"[22]
MarkRonsonVEVO
2679
November 19, 2014

"Shake It Off"[25]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
2389
August 18, 2014

"Bailando"[26]
EnriqueIglesiasVEVO
2365
April 11, 2014

"Blank Space"[30]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
2173
November 10, 2014

"Dark Horse"[31]
KatyPerryVEVO
2118
February 20, 2014

Combined views (2014)
11724
[134]

2015
"See You Again"[11]
Wiz Khalifa
3127
April 6, 2015
[R]

"Sorry"[21]
JustinBieberVEVO
2774
October 22, 2015

"Sugar"[27]
Maroon5VEVO
2325
January 14, 2015

"Lean On"[29]
majorlazer
2180
March 22, 2015

"Hello"[33]
AdeleVEVO
2067
October 22, 2015

Combined views (2015)
12473
[134]

2016
"Closer (Lyric video)"[36]
ChainsmokersVEVO
1851
July 29, 2016

"Chantaje"[37]
shakiraVEVO
1835
November 18, 2016

"This Is What You Came For"[40]
CalvinHarrisVEVO
1797
June 16, 2016

"Work from Home"[44]
FifthHarmonyVEVO
1698
February 26, 2016

"Rockabye"[49]
Clean Bandit
1530
October 21, 2016

Combined views (2016)
8711
[134]

2017
"Despacito"[6]
LuisFonsiVEVO
3850
January 12, 2017
[S]

"Shape of You"[24]
Ed Sheeran
2412
January 30, 2017

"Felices los 4"[101]
MalumaVEVO
991
April 21, 2017

"That's What I Like"[110]
Bruno Mars
944
March 1, 2017

"El Amante"[119]
NickyJamTV
904
January 15, 2017

Combined views (2017)
9101
[134]

As of September 26, 2017

text: Historical most viewed videos

text: The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube's most viewed video, from October 2005 to the present.

text:
Video name
Uploader
Views*
Upload date
Date achieved
Days held
Ref(s)
Notes

"Despacito"[6]
LuisFonsiVEVO
2,993,700,000
Jan 12, 2017
Aug 4, 2017
53
[151]
[T]

"See You Again"[11]
Wiz Khalifa
2,894,000,000
Apr 6, 2015
Jul 10, 2017
25
[153]

"Gangnam Style"[17]
officialpsy
803,700,000
Jul 15, 2012
Nov 24, 2012
1,689
[18]
[U]

"Baby"[41]
JustinBieberVEVO
245,400,000
Feb 19, 2010
Jul 16, 2010
862
[42]
[V]

"Bad Romance"[146]
LadyGagaVEVO
178,400,000
Nov 23, 2009
Apr 14, 2010
93
[157]
[W]

"Charlie Bit My Finger"[136]
HDCYT
128,900,000
May 22, 2007
Oct 25, 2009
171
[160]

"Evolution of Dance"[131]
Judson Laipply
118,900,000
Apr 6, 2006
May 2, 2009
176
[161]

"Girlfriend"[162]
RCARecords
92,600,000
Feb 27, 2007
Jul 17, 2008
289
[163]

"Evolution of Dance"[131]
Judson Laipply
78,400,000
Apr 6, 2006
Mar 15, 2008
124
[164]

"Music Is My Hot Hot Sex"[165]
CLARUSBARTEL72
76,600,000
Apr 9, 2007
Feb 29, 2008
15
[166]
[X]

"Evolution of Dance"[131]
Judson Laipply
10,600,000
Apr 6, 2006
May 19, 2006
651
[169]
[Y]

"Pokemon Theme Music Video"[170]
Smosh
4,300,000
Nov 28, 2005
Mar 12, 2006
68
[171]
[Z]

"Myspace - The Movie"[174]
eggtea
2,700,000
Jan 31, 2006
Feb 18, 2006
22
[175]

"Phony Photo Booth"[176]
mugenized
3,400,000
Dec 1, 2005
Jan 21, 2006
28
[177]
[AA]

"The Chronic of Narnia Rap"[178]
youtubedude
2,300,000
Dec 18, 2005
Jan 9, 2006
12
[179]

"Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold"[180]
Nikesoccer
255,000
Oct 21, 2005
Oct 31, 2005
70
[181]
[AB]

"I/O Brush"[184]
larfus
247,000
Oct 5, 2005
Oct 29, 2005
2
[185]

As of September 26, 2017

text: *The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube's most viewed video.

text: Timeline of Most Viewed Videos (Oct 2005 - Sep 2017)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Oct 2005 - Jun 2006)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Apr 2006 - Jan 2010)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Oct 2009 - Jan 2013)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Jan 2012 - Sep 2017)


document_title: Gone Girl (novel)

question_text: in gone girl why do amy and nick move to missouri

text: Gone Girl (novel)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The first part of the novel centers around Nick Dunne and his wife Amy's marriage. It alternates point of view between Nick and Amy, with Nick describing their relationship in the present day and Amy's diary entries depicting their relationship in the past. Their perspectives on their marriage are very different - Amy's diary portrays Nick as an aggressive, moody, idle and threatening husband while Nick describes Amy as someone who is needlessly difficult, anti-social, stubborn, and irrationally perfectionist.

text: When Nick and Amy both lose their jobs in New York, they relocate to Nick's hometown in Missouri to help take care of Nick's sick mother. This causes their marriage to take a turn – Amy loved their life in New York and hates living in the midwest, and she soon begins to resent Nick for making her move to his hometown.

text: On their wedding anniversary, Amy disappears without a trace, and over time, Nick becomes a suspect in her disappearance. Among other reasons, his lack of emotion about Amy's disappearance and the discovery that Amy was pregnant when she went missing lead both the police and the public to believe that Nick may have murdered his wife.

text: In the second half of the book, the reader learns that the main characters are unreliable narrators, and that they are not being given all of the information. Nick is revealed to have been cheating on his wife and Amy is revealed to be alive and in hiding, and is trying to frame Nick for her "death" as revenge for his perceived wrongs against her. Her pregnancy and her diary entries are revealed to be fake; she fabricated them in order to further incriminate Nick. Her plan is foiled, however, when she is robbed at the motel she was hiding in. Desperate, she seeks help from her ex-boyfriend Desi Collings, who agrees to hide her in his lake house but soon becomes possessive, causing Amy to feel trapped.

text: Meanwhile, Nick has discovered that Amy is framing him for her murder, but he has no way of proving it. Together, he and his lawyer work to change the public's perception of Nick. He is granted an interview with a popular talk show host, and during the interview he pretends to be apologetic for his infidelity and appeals to Amy to come back. Amy sees the TV interview and is convinced that Nick really does want her back. She murders Desi after seducing him and returns to her husband, fabricating a story that she had been kidnapped and imprisoned by Desi. Although Nick knows she's lying, he has no proof, and is forced to return to married life with Amy as the media storm dies down.

text: Though forced to remain with his wife, Nick soon begins writing a memoir detailing Amy's crimes and deceptions. Aware of Nick's intentions to expose her lies, Amy uses Nick's semen they had saved at a fertility clinic to make herself pregnant. She then forces him to delete his book by threatening to keep him from their unborn child. In the end, Nick deletes his memoir and chooses to stay with Amy for his child's sake.[1]

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Nick Dunne: Raised in a working-class household with a misogynistic father who later suffered from Alzheimer's, a mother who later developed cancer, and a twin sister to whom he is close, Nick grew up as the golden child of the family, and held several jobs throughout his adolescence. He worked as a journalist in New York City until he was laid off.[1]
Amy Elliot Dunne[1]
Jim Gilpin: A detective who participated in Nick's investigation. He is described by Nick as having "fleshy bags under his eyes" and "scraggly white whiskers in his mustache."[1]
Rhonda Boney: A detective who participated in Nick's investigation. She has a younger brother whom she "dotes on," and is the mother of a teenaged daughter, Mia.[1] She is described by Nick as "ugly," although he says he has an "affinity" for "ugly women."[1]
Tanner Bolt: Nick's lawyer, a defense attorney who specializes in defending husbands accused of murdering their spouses.[1]
Andie Hardy: The woman with whom Nick cheats on Amy. Andie met Nick as a student in his magazine writing class, and their affair began when she was 23 years old.[1]
Margo ("Go") Dunne: Nick's twin sister, with whom he owns a bar and has a close relationship. She remains loyal to Nick throughout the murder investigation, despite her suspicions.[1]
Desi Collings: Amy's boyfriend in high school, who is described as wealthy and obsessed with Amy. He is eventually murdered by Amy near the end of the novel.[1]

tag: ul

text: Composition and publication[edit]

text: Gillian Flynn is a former writer for Entertainment Weekly who wrote two popular novels prior to Gone Girl — Sharp Objects and Dark Places.[2] Gone Girl is her best selling book to date. Her other two books were about people incapable of making commitments, but in this novel she tried to depict the ultimate commitment, marriage: "I liked the idea of marriage told as a he-said, she-said story, and told by two narrators who were perhaps not to be trusted." Flynn has also described marriage as "the ultimate mystery."[3]

text: Flynn admits to putting some of herself in the character of Nick Dunne. Like Dunne, she was a popular culture writer. Also like Dunne, she was laid off after many years at the same job.[4] Flynn said, "I certainly wove that experience, that sense of having something that you were going to do for the rest of your life and seeing that possibility taken away... I definitely wove that sense of unrest and nervousness into Nick's character."[5]

text: Asked how she can write so believably about a man's inner life, Flynn says, "I'm kind of part guy myself." When she needs to understand something about how men think, she asks her husband or a male friend.[4] Flynn's autobiographical essay "I Was Not a Nice Little Girl..." invites readers to believe she took inspiration for Amy Dunne from her own interior monologue. In that essay, Flynn confesses to sadistic childhood impulses like "stunning ants and feeding them to spiders." A favorite indoor game called "Mean Aunt Rosie" allowed Flynn to cast herself as a "witchy caregiver" who exercised malevolent influence over her cousins. The same essay argues that women fail to acknowledge their own violent impulses and incorporate them into their personal narratives, though men tend to cherish stories of their childhood meanness.[6][7]

text: Flynn identified Zoë Heller's Notes on a Scandal and Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? as influences on her writing and, in particular, on the plot and themes of Gone Girl. Flynn said she admired the "ominous" ending of Notes on a Scandal and the pathology of a bad marriage from Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. For the conclusion of Gone Girl, Flynn drew from Rosemary's Baby: "I love that it just ends with, you know, 'Hey, the devil's in the world, and guess what? Mom kind of likes him!'" she said.[8]

text: Flynn also says she is influenced by the mystery writers Laura Lippman, Karin Slaughter, George Pelecanos, Dennis Lehane, and Harlan Coben. However, she tries not to read any one genre exclusively, and she also admires Joyce Carol Oates, Margaret Atwood, T.C. Boyle, and Arthur Phillips, who are better known as realistic contemporary writers.[8]

text: Gone Girl is also the title of a Lew Archer story, in the 1955 collection The Name is Archer, by Ross Macdonald, whom Flynn has also cited as a favorite author.[9]

text: Genre[edit]

text: Gone Girl is an example of mystery, suspense, and crime genres. A Reader's Digest review, for instance, notes that the book is "more than just a crime novel". The review goes on to describe Gone Girl as a "masterful psychological thriller" which offers "an astute and thought-provoking look into two complex personalities".[10] A Chicago Tribune review notes that Gone Girl uses many of the devices common to thrillers—a cast of viable suspects, unfolding secrets, and red herrings. However, the novel does more with these devices than the thriller genre requires: "While serving their usual functions, they also do much more, launching us into an unnerving dissection of the fallout of failed dreams."[11]

text: In her New York Times review, Janet Maslin also writes that the elements of Gone Girl that "sound like standard-issue crime story machinations" are not, because both narrators are also consummate liars and cannot be trusted to convey the truth about their own stories.[12] Salon.com writes that Gone Girl has literary features that enhance the crime genre features, adding that Flynn is "kicking the genre into high gear."[13] Flynn herself says that, in writing Gone Girl, she employed the mystery genre as a "thru-lane" to explore what she was really interested in: relationships.[4]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Gone Girl's themes include dishonesty, the devious media, and the unhappiness that comes with a troubled economy. The characters lie to each other and the reader about affairs and disappearances. Amy fabricates a fake diary to implicate her husband for her disappearance and murder. Flynn says that, in writing the book, she wanted to examine how people within a marriage lie to each other: "marriage is sort of like a long con, because you put on display your very best self during courtship, yet at the same time the person you marry is supposed to love you warts and all. But your spouse never sees those warts really until you get deeper into the marriage and let yourself unwind a bit."

text: An underlying theme is the brief undertone of feminism, most notably represented in Amy's 'Cool Girl' speech. For some, it is in this monologue that the otherwise despised Amazing Amy emerges as an unlikely heroine of sorts; flying the flag for women who refuse to succumb to the pressure to morph into the male's ideal.[14] Flynn is a self-identified feminist and has stated that Amy's "just pragmatically evil" character and non-conformity to the traditional perception of women as innately good characters are the embodiment of feminism, which she defined as "the ability to have women who are bad characters."[15]

text: Several reviews have also noted how well Gone Girl shows the tricky nature of media representation. Nick seems guilty due to media coverage before a trial occurs. Salon.com notes that "Flynn, a former staff writer for Entertainment Weekly, is especially good on the infiltration of the media into every aspect of the missing-person investigation, from Nick's cop-show-based awareness that the husband is always the primary suspect to a raving tabloid-TV Fury, who is out to avenge all wronged women and obviously patterned on Nancy Grace."[13] Entertainment writer Jeff Giles notes that the novel also plays on reader expectations that the husband will be the murderer, expectations that have also been shaped by the media, writing, "The first half of Gone Girl is a nimble, caustic riff on our Nancy Grace culture and the way in which 'The butler did it' has morphed into 'The husband did it.'"[16] A New York Daily News review also notes the novel's interest in how quickly a husband can be convicted in the media: "In a media society informed by Nancy Grace, when a wife goes missing, the husband murdered her. There’s no need for a body to arrive at a verdict."[17] A San Francisco Chronicle review also notes the book's recurring commentary on media influence: "Flynn pokes smart fun at cable news, our collective obsession with social media and reality TV."[18]

text: Flynn has also said that she wanted this novel to capture the sense of bankruptcy that both individuals and communities feel when the economy spirals. Not only have both her main characters lost their jobs, they have also moved to a town that is blighted by unsold houses and failed businesses. "I wanted the whole thing to feel bankrupt ... I wanted it to really feel like a marriage that had been hollowed out in a city that had been hollowed out and a country that was increasingly hollowed out," said Flynn.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Gone Girl was #1 on the New York Times Hardcover Fiction Bestseller list for eight weeks.[19] It was also twenty-six weeks on National Public Radio's hardcover fiction bestseller list.[20] Culture writer Dave Itzkoff wrote that the novel was, excepting books in the Fifty Shades of Grey series, the biggest literary phenomenon of 2012. By the end of its first year in publication, Gone Girl had sold over two million copies in print and digital editions, according to the book's publisher.[19]

text: Gone Girl has been widely praised in numerous publications including the New Yorker, The New York Times, Time, Publishers Weekly, Entertainment Weekly, Chatelaine, People, and USA Today. Reviewers express admiration for the novel's suspense, a plot twist involving an unreliable narrator, its psychological dimension, and its examination of a marriage that has become corrosive. Entertainment Weekly describes it as "an ingenious and viperish thriller."[16] The New Yorker describes it as a "mostly well-crafted novel," praising its depiction of an "unraveling" marriage and a "recession-hit Midwest," while finding its conclusion somewhat "outlandish."[21]

text: The New York Times likens Gillian Flynn to acclaimed suspense novelist Patricia Highsmith. Gone Girl, the Times goes on to say, is Flynn's "dazzling breakthrough," adding that the novel is "wily, mercurial, subtly layered and populated by characters so well imagined that they’re hard to part with."[12] A USA Today review focuses on bookseller enthusiasm for the book, quoting a Jackson, Mississippi store manager saying, "It will make your head spin off."[22] People Magazine's review found the novel "a delectable summer read" that burrows "deep into the murkiest corners of the human psyche."[23] A Chatelaine review commends the novel's suspense, its intricately detailed plot and the way it keeps the reader "unnervingly off balance."[24]

text: Many reviewers have noted the difficulty of writing about Gone Girl, because so little in the first half of the novel is what it seems to be. In his Time review, Lev Grossman describes the novel as a "house of mirrors." He also writes "Its content may be postmodern, but it takes the form of a thoroughbred thriller about the nature of identity and the terrible secrets that can survive and thrive in even the most intimate relationships."[25]

text: In an article in Salon.com, Laura Miller laments that Gone Girl was conspicuously absent from the winning ranks of prestigious literary awards, like the National Book Awards, and the Pulitzer Prize. The same article argues that Gone Girl was snubbed because it belongs to the mystery genre. Judges awarding top literary prizes "have all refrained from honoring any title published within the major genres."[26] Gone Girl was chosen for the inaugural Salon What To Read Awards (2012).[27] The novel has also been short-listed for the Women's Prize for Fiction. Natasha Walter, one of the Women's Prize judges in 2013, told the Independent that there was considerable debate amongst the judges about the inclusion of Gone Girl in the finalists' circle. Walter indicated that crime fiction is often "overlooked" by those in a position to make literary commendations.[28]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Audio book[edit]

text: Gone Girl was recorded as a Random House audio book, featuring the voices of Julia Whelan as Amy Dunne and Kirby Heyborne as Nick Dunne. It is an unabridged edition on fifteen compact discs and takes 19.25 hours to hear in its entirety.[29]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: American actress Reese Witherspoon's film production company and 20th Century Fox bought the screen rights to Gone Girl, for which they paid US$1.5 million. The novel's author Gillian Flynn was engaged to write the screenplay. Witherspoon produced the film version along with Leslie Dixon, Bruna Papandrea, and Ceán Chaffin. Witherspoon was drawn to the script because of its strong female character and its use of multiple perspectives and non-linear structure.[30] In May 2013, it was announced that David Fincher was brought on as director,[31] with Ben Affleck cast as Nick and Rosamund Pike in the role of Amy. New Regency and Fox agreed to co-finance the film.[32][33] The film was released October 3, 2014.


document_title: Combatives

question_text: when was the first combatives field manual written

text: Combatives

text: History[edit]

text: Sometimes called Close Quarters Combat (CQC or close combat), World War II-era American combatives were largely developed by Britain's William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes. Also known for their eponymous Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife, Fairbairn and Sykes had worked in the British Armed Forces and helped teach the Shanghai Municipal Police (SMP)[1] quick, effective, and simple techniques for fighting with or without weapons in melee situations. Similar training was provided to British Commandos, the First Special Service Force, Office of Strategic Services, Army Rangers, and Marine Raiders. Fairbairn at one point called this system Defendu and published on it, as did their American colleague Rex Applegate. Fairbairn often referred to the technique as "gutter fighting," a term which Applegate used, along with "the Fairbairn system."

text: Other combatives systems having their origins in the modern military include Chinese Sanshou, Soviet Bojewoje (Combat) Sambo, and Israeli Kapap. The prevalence and style of combatives training often changes based on perceived need, and even in times of peace, special forces and commando units tend to have a much higher emphasis on close combat than most personnel, as may embassy guards or paramilitary units such as police SWAT teams.

text: De-emphasized in the United States after World War II, insurgency conflicts such as the  Vietnam War,  low intensity conflict, and urban warfare tend to encourage more attention to combatives. While the United States Marine Corps replaced its LINE combat system with Marine Corps Martial Arts Program in 2002, The United States Army adopted the Modern Army Combatives (MAC) program the same year with the publishing of Field Manual 3-25.150. MAC draws from systems such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Muay Thai, Boxing and Eskrima, which could be trained "live" and can be fully integrated into current Close Quarters Battle tactics and training methods.

text: In August 2007, MAC training became required in every Army unit by Army regulation 350-1. The Modern Army Combatives Program was adopted as the basis for the Air Force Combatives Program in January 2008.[2][2]

text: In recent years the major tenets of MAC, namely "live" training and using competitions as a tool to motivate Soldiers and units to higher levels of training,  have been adopted by many of the major Combatives Systems such as Krav Maga and the Russian military hand-to-hand combat system.[3][4]

text: Modern Army Combatives[edit]

text: In 2001, Matt Larsen, then a Sergeant First Class, established the United States Army Combatives School at Fort Benning. Students are taught techniques from the 2002 and 2009 versions of FM 3-25.150 (Combatives), also written by Larsen. The aim of the regimen is to teach soldiers how to train rather than attempting to give them the perfect techniques for any given situation. The main idea is that all real ability is developed after the initial training and only if training becomes routine. The initial techniques are simply a learning metaphor useful for teaching more important concepts, such as dominating an opponent with superior body position during ground grappling or how to control someone during clinch fighting. They are taught as small, easily repeatable drills, in which practitioners could learn multiple related techniques rapidly. For example, Drill One teaches several techniques: escaping blows, maintaining the mount, escaping the mount, maintaining the guard, passing the guard, assuming side control, maintaining side control, preventing and assuming the mount. The drill can be completed in less than a minute and can be done repeatedly with varying levels of resistance to maximize training benefits.

text: New soldiers begin their Combatives training on day three of Initial Military Training, at the same time that they are first issued their rifle. The training begins with learning to maintain control of your weapon in a fight. Soldiers are then taught how to gain control of a potential enemy at the farthest possible range in order to maintain their tactical flexibility, what the tactical options are and how to implement them.

text: The three basic options upon encountering a resistant opponent taught are:[citation needed]

text:
Option One, disengage to regain projectile weapon range
Option Two, gain a controlling position and utilize a secondary weapon
Option Three, close the distance and gain control to finish the fight.

text: During the graduation exercises the trainee must react to contact from the front or rear in full combat equipment and execute whichever of the three tactical options is appropriate and to take part in competitive bouts using the basic rules.

text: The Combatives School teaches four instructor certification courses. Students of the first course are not expected to have any knowledge of combatives upon arrival. They are taught fundamental techniques which are designed to illuminate the fundamental principles of combatives training. The basic techniques form a framework upon which the rest of the program can build and are taught as a series of drills, which can be performed as a part of daily physical training. While the course is heavy on grappling, it does not lose sight of the fact that it is a course designed for soldiers going into combat. It is made clear that while combatives can be used to kill or disable, the man that typically wins a hand-to-hand fight in combat is the one whose allies arrive with guns first.

text: Subsequent courses build upon the framework by adding throws and takedowns from Wrestling and Judo, striking skills from Boxing and Muay Thai, ground fighting from Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Sambo and melee weapons fighting from Eskrima and the western martial arts, all of that combined with how to conduct scenario training and referee the various levels of Combatives competitions.

text: There are several reasons that the combatives course is taught:

text:
To educate soldiers on how to protect themselves against threats without using their firearms
To provide a non-lethal response to situations on the battlefield
To instill the 'warrior instinct' to provide the necessary aggression to meet the enemy unflinchingly

text: Training[edit]

text: Larsen recognized in the development of the Modern Army Combatives Program that previous programs had suffered from the same problems. Invariably, the approach had been to pick a small set of what were deemed simple, effective, easy to learn techniques and train them in whatever finite amount of time was granted on a training calendar. This "terminal training" approach, which offered no follow-on training plan other than continued practice of the same limited number of techniques, had failed in the past because it did not provide an avenue or the motivation for continued training.

text: Instead, his approach was to use the limited amount of institutional training time to lay a foundation for training around the Army. Techniques were put together in a series of simple drills so that through repetition, such as during daily physical training or as a warm-up exercise, soldiers could be expected to not only memorize but master the basic techniques.

text: Drills[edit]

text: Drills were designed to rapidly teach core concepts to students. The first and most widely taught drill is known as Drill One and is as follows:

text:
Student A starts in the mount on student B
B escapes from the mount by trapping one of A's arms and rolling him to his back
A holds B in his guard
B passes A's guard to side control
B achieves the mount
B is now in the same position that A was in the beginning of the drill
The drill is repeated, with the roles reversed

text: Such drills serve many pedagogical functions. They instill basic movement patterns and so internalize the concept of a hierarchy of dominant positions. When used as a part of a warm-up they maximize the use of available training time, allowing instructors to review the details of the basic techniques without taking time away from more advanced training. New techniques can be taught in context, for example a new choke can be practiced every time the appropriate position is reached. They allow students of different levels to work together. An advanced student will not necessarily pass the guard or achieve the mount in the same way as a beginner but the drill still functions as a framework for practice. The drills also allow Combatives training to become a routine part of every soldier's day. During physical training for instance soldiers could be asked to perform the drills interchangeable with callisthenic exercises.

text: Submission techniques[edit]

text: The most beneficial category of submission technique is the chokehold. Students are taught a variety of different chokes and are taught how a properly applied choke feels so that they know the difference between a choke that they must break or submit to immediately and one that they can safely ignore if they have an opening for a submission hold of their own. A properly applied blood choke will prevent the flow of blood to and from the brain, resulting in unconsciousness in approximately 4–10 seconds. The best known example of this is the rear naked choke.

text: Less preferred, but also effective techniques are joint locks. Joint locks are not the preferred method for attacking an enemy, because they do not completely disable the enemy. Joints locks do inflict large amounts of pain and can secure compliance from the enemy. This makes them especially useful in controlling opponents during crowd control operations or when someone is being clearly threatening, but the rules of engagement prohibit killing them (if the opponent is easily given to surrender under pain). If compliance cannot be secured or is not desired, the joint lock can be extended fully, breaking the applicable joint. Students are taught the difference between pain that signals a joint lock is in progress and simple discomfort.

text: Army Combatives School[edit]

text: Larsen founded US Army Combatives School in 2001 in building 69 at Fort Benning, Georgia.

text: After years of developing the elite 75th Ranger Regiment's hand to hand program, he was assigned to the Ranger Training Brigade, the Combatives proponent at the time, to rewrite the Field Manual FM 21-150. Upon finishing this, it was published in 2002 as FM 3-25.150 (Combatives). He was asked by the 11th Infantry Regiment (a TRADOC unit) to develop a training course for their cadre. Advocacy for the Combatives doctrine was transferred to the 11th Infantry Regiment to follow him. An old, disused warehouse in Fort Benning, Georgia became the site of the school. Soon, units from around the Army were sending Soldiers to this course. Over the next several years, the program was developed around the idea of building virtually self-sustaining Combatives programs within units by training cadres of instructors indigenous to each unit. With the continued success of this approach, the school became the recognized source of instruction for the entire US Army.

text: Courses[edit]

text: There are four different courses taught at the Combatives Center:

text:
Combatives Train the Trainer – Skill level 1: a 40-hour, one-week course. It is tailored for developing the instructor base necessary to get basic combatives to every soldier. Students learn to teach the techniques of basic combatives. The Army's goal is to have one skill level 1 trainer per platoon.
Combatives Train the Trainer – Skill level 2: an 80-hour, two-week course that builds on the skills introduced in the basic course. It is tailored to teach the more advanced techniques which illuminate why the basic techniques are performed as they are as well as the teaching philosophy/methodology of the program.  The Army's goal is to have one skill level 2 trainer per company.
Combatives Train the Trainer – Skill level 3: a 160-hour, four-week course that builds on the skills taught in the previous two courses. It is designed to take the skills that have until now been stand alone, and integrate them into unit-level training.  The Army's goal is to have one skill level 3 trainer per battalion.
Combatives Train the Trainer – Skill level 4: a 160-hour, four week course designed to provide master trainers. The Army's goal is to have one skill level 4 trainer per brigade.

text: Trainers at skill level 3 or higher are certified to teach all courses lower than their certification level.  Skill level 1 and 2 courses are now usually taught and participants certified at the unit level.  Skill level 3 and 4 courses are usually held at Ft. Benning, GA.  A Soldier who has a level 3 certification can certify other Soldiers to be skill level 1.  Soldiers who are skill level 4 can certify other Soldiers to be skill level 1 or 2.

text: Competitions[edit]

text: One of the fundamental aspects of Modern Army Combatives training is the use of competitions as a tool to motivate Soldiers to train. Realizing the inherent problem with competitive systems, that competitors will focus their training on winning and therefore only train the techniques that are allowed in competition, Larsen designed a system of graduated rules that, combined with scenario based training, demand that Soldiers train on all aspects of fighting.

text: There are four levels of competition;

text:
Basic- For competition for new Soldiers such as basic trainees or for squad and platoon level, Competitors start grappling from their knees and no leg locks are allowed.
Standard- For company level competition and for preliminary bouts in any tournament above company level, Competitors begin from their feet. Straight leg and foot locks are allowed (twisted knee or ankle attacks are not allowed) and points are awarded in a scoring system based the way takedowns are scored in Collegiate wrestling and positional dominance in ground grappling from Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.
Intermediate- For the finals at Battalion and brigade level and semi-finals at division and above, Intermediate rules allow limited striking. Open hand strikes are allowed to the head and closed fist strikes to the body. Kicks are allowed to any target except the groin while standing and knee strikes are allowed to the body while standing and to the legs while on the ground. The fight consists of one ten-minute round.
Advanced- For finals at division level and above, the advanced rules are essentially Mixed Martial Arts. Elbow or forearm strikes, and knees to head are not allowed.

text: Combatives Belt System[edit]

text: In 2010 Larsen initiated a belt system for Modern Army Combatives at the Army Championships by promoting the first three Combatives Black Belts.[5]

text: Damien Stelly → Andrew Chappelle[6] → Tim Kennedy (fighter)[5][7]

text: Air Force Combatives Program[edit]

text: The United States Air Force has at times in its history been at the forefront of Combatives Training. Soon after the establishment of the Air Force as a separate service in September 1947, General Curtis Lemay was appointed as the Commanding General of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). General Lemay, who had masterminded the US air attacks on the Japanese mainland during World War II, knew that US bomber groups in Europe had suffered more combat casualties than the US Marine Corps had in the Pacific. Many of the lost airmen ended up as German prisoners of war. He was determined that all of his flying personnel would have a working knowledge of hand-to-hand combat to aid in escape and evasion.

text: In 1951, General Lemay appointed Emilio "Mel" Bruno, his judo teacher, a former national American Athletic Union wrestling champion and fifth degree black belt in judo, to direct a command wide judo and combative measures program. Bruno devised a program combining techniques from aikido, judo, and karate. In 1952 the Air Training Command took over the program. The Commanding General was General Thomas Power. Because of the deficiency in qualified instructors, Power sent two classes of twenty four airmen to train at the Kodokan for several weeks. Based upon the success of this trial and after an official delegation from the Kodokan toured SAC bases in the United States, Bruno set up an eight-week training course at the Kodokan. Students trained eight hours a day, five days a week, and upon return to the United States were assigned throughout SAC. The course was a Japanese designed mix of judo, aikido, karate, and taihojutsu.

text: From 1959 to 1966 the Air Force Combative Measures (Judo) Instructors Course was taught at Stead Air Force Base in Reno, Nevada. The 155-hour course consisted of: 36 hours of fundamentals of judo, 12 hours of aikido, 12 hours of karate, 12 hours of Air Police techniques, 12 hours of aircrew self-defense, 18 hours of judo tournament procedures, 5 hours on code of conduct, and 48 hours on training methods. There were also a 20-hour Combative Methods course and a 12-hour Combative Survival course for aircrew members.[8]

text: The program was dropped in 1966 in an effort to save money and reduce aircrew training time.

text: With the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the demand for airmen with the ground troops on the battlefield grew significantly over their historic role. In response, commanders around the Air Force started independent training programs to both teach hand-to-hand combat and instill a warrior ethos in deploying airmen. Because of the decentralized nature of the training, approaches varied wildly.

text: In 2007 the Chief of Staff of the Air Force read an article in the Air Force Times about airmen training in one of the systems that was being widely used, the LINE system]], which had previously been used and replaced in both the Marine Corps and the Special Forces, and ordered a review of all hand-to-hand combat in the Air Force.[9][10] He tasked the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) to form a study committee to plan a way forward.

text: The AETC included Larsen and Dave Durnil, who had run the Combatives program for the US Army’s 1st Infantry Division at Fort Riley Kansas and a program for both Army and Air Force ROTC at Kansas State University (KSU). Also on the AETC were Ed Weichers Jr. who had been the Air Force Academy's boxing coach for more than 30 years, and representatives from each command in the Air Force who were currently conducting combatives training of various sorts, including the Air Force Security Forces and the Air Force Special Operations Command.

text: The committee was led by Lt. Col. Kevin Adelsen from AETC Headquarters and hosted by Col. Billy Walker, Head of the Physical Education Department, Directorate of Athletics at the Air Force Academy. before the first meeting, Lt. Col. Adelson visited Ron DonVito to witness and investigate LINE training, Matt Larsen at the Army Combatives School, and the Marine Corps Martial Arts Center of Excellence (MACE).  After the first meeting Col. Walker led several of the Academy cadre to KSU to attend the Army Combatives courses. The result of all of this was the Air Force deciding to adopt a program based upon the Army Combatives Program but modified to fit the needs and culture of the Air Force.[2] In 2009 Dave Durnil was hired to work at the Air Force Academy, which was designated the Combatives Center of Excellence with Col. Walker as its director.

text: Combatives elsewhere[edit]

text: Combatives courses have been taught by the United States Military Academy for its entire history. The National Defense University's combatives program includes a course in Jigo Tensin-Ryu Jujutsu, also known as Combat Jujutsu.[11]  The Virginia Military Institute also has full-time civilian instructors for Level 1 Combatives that is offered to all students in addition to their mandatory boxing class. In 2005 the Modern Army Combatives Program began to spread to academia with its adoption at Kansas State University, where there are courses specifically tailored to military personnel (active duty and ROTC) and university athletes, in addition to those available to the general student body.[12][13]  The Kansas program is currently defunct.[14]


document_title: North Dakota State Capitol

question_text: when was the north dakota state capitol built

text: North Dakota State Capitol

text: History[edit]

text: The original North Dakota State Capitol building, built between 1883 and 1884, and expanded in 1894 (Senate wing) and 1903 (House wing), burned to the ground the morning of December 28, 1930. The fire was said to have been started by oily rags in a janitor's closet on the top floor of the main part of the building. The rags had been used to clean and varnish the legislators' desks in preparation for the upcoming legislative session. North Dakota Secretary of State Robert Byrne saved the original copy of the state's constitution, but he suffered cuts and burns on his hands while breaking a window to reach the document. Another state employee, Jennie Ulsrud, burned her hands when she attempted to save records in the North Dakota State Treasurer's office. Governor George F. Shafer came back from his visit to St. Paul, Minnesota while the fire was still burning. Upon arrival, he immediately assembled a team of state legislators and officials to discuss plans for coping with the loss of records and work space. The day after the fire, to save as many records as possible, 40 state prison inmates went to work trying to salvage materials from the ruins. The Legislature met temporarily in Bismarck's War Memorial Building and the City Auditorium.

text: The disaster required the construction of a new building during the Great Depression. The tower and wing were built between 1931 and 1934, at a cost of $2 million. Ground was broken for the building by Governor George F. Shafer on August 13, 1932.[3] Workers on the building were paid only 30 cents an hour and, after multiple worker strikes, the capitol grounds were administered by martial law in June 1933. The state sold half of the original capitol campus to defray the cost of construction.[4]Artist Edgar Miller was brought in to do much of the interior design and decoration as well as the bas-relief sculptures on the facade which depict the rich human history of North Dakota.

text: While the new 19-story Capitol building was expected to have plenty of space for years to come, it quickly filled as the Government of the state expanded. The Liberty Memorial Building, which was completed in 1924, was able to contain some of the additional workers, but more space was needed by 1955 when construction was begun for the State Office Building. The building originally housed the Bismarck Junior College, but the Legislature purchased it in 1959. The 1960s was a period of rapid development of the grounds. In 1960, the new North Dakota Governor's Residence was built on the grounds to replace the old residence which was beginning to deteriorate. In 1980, the North Dakota Heritage Center was built to accommodate the expanding State Historical Society of North Dakota, and in 1968, the North Dakota Department of Transportation building was built to provide more office space for that agency. It is the last new building built as of 2007, although a Judicial Wing was added onto the base of the Capitol tower in 1977 (completed in 1981). While the space needed by state government has increased since the original construction of the Capitol in the 1930s, the state's population has decreased since that time.[5]

text: Layout[edit]

text: The North Dakota State Capitol grounds has six buildings: the main Capitol building, the North Dakota Department of Transportation building, the North Dakota Heritage Center, the Liberty Memorial Building, the North Dakota Governor's Residence, and the North Dakota State Office Building. Additionally, two parks, Myron Atkinson Park and the Capitol Park, are also on the campus. Through the center of the grounds is the Capitol Mall, a large open field of grass with walking paths and American Elm trees line both sides. The Mall was the site of the state's snow angel world record breaking in 2007, with 8,962 people sprawled out on the snow-covered mall; a picture was taken from the top of the Capitol tower.[6]

text: Buildings[edit]

text: State Capitol[edit]

text: The main State Capitol building is a 241.67 feet (73.7 m) tall, 21 story, Art Deco skyscraper designed by North Dakota architects Joseph Bell DeRemer of Grand Forks and W. F. Kurke of Fargo in conjunction with the noted Chicago firm of Holabird and Root,[4][7] It is the tallest building in North Dakota and is known as the Skyscraper on the Prairie.[8][9] This tower houses the office of the Governor of North Dakota and the offices of multiple state agencies and departments. At the tower's base, in the west wing, the two chambers of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly meet when in session while the North Dakota Supreme Court meets in the east wing. The 18th floor of the Capitol is an observation deck with the highest vantage point in the state.[10]

text: The south side of the Capitol building features a drive-through tunnel which leads to an entrance to the building. This was accessible by public vehicles until 2001 when it was closed due to security measures after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Today, only pedestrians are able to enter the tunnel.[11] In 1988, U.S. President George H. W. Bush presented and dedicated an American Elm tree near the Capitol steps in commemoration of the state's Centennial of 1989.

text: The many windows on the capitol building's tower are used for several ongoing traditions. During the Christmas season, red and green shades are drawn over the windows and lights are turned on in certain offices to make a pattern that resembles a Christmas tree. During the New Year's Eve, office lights are turned on to spell out the new year; the first two numbers of the new year are given on the top half, and the last two numbers on the bottom. This tradition began during the 1970s, and is now done on all four sides of the building; the Christmas tree tradition began as early as the 1940s.[12]

text: Tours of the capitol building are available on weekdays. Weekend tours are available Memorial Day through Labor Day. Tours include stops throughout both the building's legislative and judicial wings as well as an elevator ride to the top of the tower.[13]

text: Judicial Wing[edit]

text: The judicial Wing of the State Capitol building serves as a hub for the North Dakota Supreme Court and its support staff, as well as office space for state agencies like the North Dakota Department of Health and the Department of Human Resources. The design for the building began in May 1977, construction began in April 1979 and it was finished completely and occupied by 1981. The size of the Judicial Wing is 168,400 square feet (15,640 m2) and was built at a cost of $10,500,000. The dedication for the addition was held on November 15, 1981 with both Governor Allen Olson and former Governor Arthur A. Link present at the ceremony. Included in the wing is the Capitol lunchroom, which serves food to state employees and even the general public on weekdays.[14]

text: Liberty Memorial Building[edit]

text: The Liberty Memorial Building is home to the North Dakota State Library, as well as offices for the Special Education Unit of the North Dakota Department of Public Instruction. The building's construction was authorized by the state's legislature in 1919 in response to an increase of governmental departments and the project was finished by 1924 with a cost of $350,000. The building originally housed the State Historical Society Museum, the Adjutant General, the State Library Commission, and the North Dakota Supreme Court until the State Library occupied it. The building is the oldest facility still on the Capitol grounds and it was renovated totally in 1982 to conform with modern building code.[15]

text: Department of Transportation building[edit]

text: The North Dakota Department of Transportation building is home to the central office of the state's transportation department, as well as small divisions of other agencies. The building was completed in 1968 and was built with materials that harmonize visually with the pre-existing structures on the grounds. Before the building was completed, the Department of Transportation, known then as the State Highway Department, was in various buildings around the campus including the State Office Building and the Capitol building itself. The building contains 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) of gross building area and is just to the east of the Capitol tower. While above ground the building is separated from the tower, it is still connected to the Judicial Wing of the tower by an underground tunnel accessible only to state employees.[16]

text: North Dakota Heritage Center[edit]

text: The North Dakota Heritage Center building is home to the Heritage Center museum which stores and displays artifacts from around the state. The building also is home to office space for the North Dakota State Historical Society which operates the museum. Planning for the building began as early as 1963 and upon completion of the structure in 1981, the State Historical Society moved from the Liberty Memorial Building into its new Heritage Center quarters. The facility consists of 130,000 square feet (12,000 m2) and provides exhibit areas as well as storage, meeting room, and office area for the Society.

text: In 2006, a massive expansion plan for the center was revealed. The construction cost approximately $50 million and nearly doubled the size of the complex. The design added three large galleries to the east of the existing structure, as well as a new main entry that faces State Street. The present building consists of 140,000 square feet (13,000 m2) and the expansion added 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) of space. Funding for the project is estimated to consist of 20 percent private, 20 percent federal, and 60 percent state.[17] In addition to the new gallery area, the expansion includes a 50-seat digital auditorium, climate-controlled storage areas, a cafe, a children's gallery, expanded visitors service and store, and the "Corridor of History," a 25-foot (7.6 m)-wide walkway spanning the length of the expansion with a glassed southern exposure on one side and digital murals on the other.[18]

text: State Office Building[edit]

text: The State Office Building, on the complex's southeast corner, contains the Water Commission, in addition to several divisions from the office of the North Dakota Attorney General: the Civil Litigation Division and the Natural Resources and Indian Affairs attorneys. Built in 1955, the building was meant to house the Bismarck Junior College and it did so until 1961. After that date, the building was used for various departments and divisions of state government. During the 1991-1993 biennium, the building underwent massive renovation and was re-faced with an exterior that blended more harmoniously with the complex's other buildings. At 28,838 square feet (2,679 m2), the building is the smallest among those used for offices on the campus.

text: North Dakota Governor's Residence[edit]

text: Prior to 1960, North Dakota's First Family lived in a house located off the capitol grounds. In 1960, a second residence was built off of 4th street on the west side of the campus to replace the outdated residence in order to offer the state's First Family a convenient location at the center of the state's government. After an extensive remodeling effort managed by then-first-lady Nancy Schafer in 2000, the residence had more than 10,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of floor space and eighteen rooms. This residence has now been demolished to make room for a new $5 million Governor's Residence that will be completed in March of 2018. $1 million of the budget was raised by private donations. The new residence will sit on the same southwest corner of the capital grounds.[19]

text: Outdoor facilities[edit]

text: Parks[edit]

text: There are two parks, the Myron Atkinson Park and the Capitol Park, on the capitol grounds. The Myron Atkinson Park, named after the Bismarck attorney Myron Atkinson, is on the east side of State Street.[20] Pedestrians can access the park by a tunnel under the road. The Capitol Park is on the northwest corner of the grounds at the intersection of 4th Street and Divide Avenue and includes a playground with trees and shrubs planted by the Farwest Rotary Club.[4]

text: Arboretum Trail[edit]

text: The Arboretum Trail is a walking trail winding through a wooded area on the west side of the grounds. The trail takes walkers past 60-million-year-old petrified tree stumps from the Amidon, North Dakota area, as well as 75 different species of trees and shrubs which are all labeled with ground plaques.[21] Various statues and memorials are also on the trail. The trail was created in 1985 in anticipation of the state's centennial and also as an opportunity for state employees and the general public to exercise while learning about various trees and the history of the buildings on the grounds. Many area schools take their students to the trail for nature walks and students in the past have used the various trees for leaf collections. This damaged some of the trees, so signs that forbid leaf picking were posted.

text: Prairie Trail[edit]

text: The Prairie Trail runs north of the Capitol's Judicial Wing, taking pedestrians into an area filled with examples of grasses and wild flowers which are typical of native prairie. In 2006, the trail was expanded to take walkers from the corner of State Street and Divide Avenue south into the main grounds area. The original trail was dedicated with a plaque in 1987 and the wild grassland surrounding the trail was registered as a state Natural Area by the North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department.[22]

text: Statues and monuments[edit]

text: Pioneer Family[edit]

text: The Pioneer Family statue is one of the most prominent on the grounds, as it is on the southern end of the mall in the foreground of the capitol tower. The statue was sculpted in 1946 by Avard Fairbanks and dedicated to honor the memory of the great northwest.

text: All Veterans Memorial[edit]

text: The All Veterans Memorial is a large monument south of the Heritage Center, along a walking path. The memorial is to all North Dakotans who served in the armed forces during the first 100 years of statehood was finished and dedicated on June 10, 1989. The names of 4,050 men and women who died in the nation's wars are inscribed on the bronze tablets displayed under a large block of stone supported by columns. The monument is lit during the night hours. Stone benches are available for seating.

text: Other statues[edit]

text: Other statues on the capitol grounds include Sakakawea, John Burke, Cortés, Buffalo, Pioneers of the Future, Purple Heart Memorial, Peace Officers Memorial, French Gratitude, and USS North Dakota bowplate.[23]