document_title: Grown Ups (film)

question_text: who played kevin james wife in grown ups

text: Grown Ups (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. Afterwards, they celebrate at a rented lake house. The friends' coach, whom they nickname "Buzzer" (Blake Clark), encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game. Thirty years later, Lenny (Adam Sandler) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife, fashion designer Roxanne (Salma Hayek), and his three children—daughter Becky (Alexys Nicole Sanchez) and two sons Greg (Jake Goldberg) and Keith (Cameron Boyce). The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity, much to his annoyance. Eric (Kevin James) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company, but is disappointed in his wife Sally (Maria Bello) for continuing to breastfeed Bean (Morgan Gingerich), one of his two children, the other being Donna (Ada-Nicole Sanger). Kurt (Chris Rock) is a stay-at-home father with two children, Andre and Charlotte (Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain). His wife Deanne (Maya Rudolph), the primary breadwinner of the family, is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother (Ebony Jo-Ann). Rob (Rob Schneider), nicknamed Carrot, has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget (Madison Riley, Jamie Chung, and Ashley Loren). His current wife, Gloria (Joyce Van Patten), is 30 years older than him. Marcus (David Spade) is a slacker and lothario. All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film: Lenny for being rich, Eric for being overweight, Kurt for being skinny and useless, Rob for his continuous use of the joke "Maize!" and for having a much older wife, and Marcus for being sexually juvenile.

text: The friends each find out that Buzzer has died, and reunite at their hometown with their families, a first in the three decades. Intending to pay tribute to Buzzer at a private funeral, Lenny rents the lake house for the 4th of July weekend for his friends to stay at. However, Roxanne has planned a fashion show in Milan, forcing Lenny to retreat. While at the lake house, he becomes annoyed at how his sons are playing video games instead of being outdoors, and pushes them to play outside along with his friend's children. At a local restaurant, Lenny talks to his old nemesis, Dickie (Colin Quinn), who is still bitter towards Lenny for an error in the match, where his shot shouldn't have counted since he allegedly had his foot on the outside line. With this, Dickie challenges Lenny and his friends to a rematch, but he declines when commenting on Dickie's health. The next day, Buzzer's ashes are spread in the woods while Rob becomes depressed, lamenting his failed marriages, and later warns the arrival of his three daughters from the previous marriages. After having to deal with Jasmine, he then relaxes with his friends partaking in fishing. After joking on Rob, the others elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette. Rob wins by staying in the circle for the longest time, but the arrow pierces his foot when it flies back down. Rob then snaps at Gloria for using a maize-covered poultice. That night, Lenny manages to get the kids interested in talking on cup-phones and Roxanne accidentally reveals herself to be the "Tooth Fairy" when Becky listens in. Now happy that they are enjoying a similar kind of young fun that he had, Lenny proceeds to install an extensive cup-phone network in the house.

text: Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show. The friends decide to visit a water park, where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber, having bought them skimpy bikinis. Rob kicks a ride attendant down a water slide when the latter insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters. Eric ignores Donna's warning about a chemical in the kiddie pool that turns urine blue, and chaos results when the urine is revealed. The spouses spot and attempt to attract a muscleman, but he is laughed off when revealed to have a high-pitched voice. Later, Lenny and the group go to the zip line and meet Dickie again, this time with his own group of friends and former teammates, including Wiley (Steve Buscemi), who overshoots the swimming pool sliding down the zip line by his feet, and slams into a shopping kiosk. He is hospitalized as a result. Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball, and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses. The next day, Roxanne picks up Lenny's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying. Eventually, everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives. On their final day at the lake house, Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all, and plays against their former opponents. At the game-deciding shot, Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie's team to get a proper win. Before the end of the film, Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, but with a larger crowd of people this time. Everyone fearfully takes off, and Wiley (who is still paralyzed) gets his foot impaled by the arrow.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder

Michael Cavaleri as Young Lenny

Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff

Andrew Bayard as Young Eric

Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie

Jameel McGill as Young Kurt

David Spade as Marcus "Higgy" Higgins

Kyle Brooks as Young Marcus

Rob Schneider as Rob "Carrot" Hilliard

Joshua Matz as Young Rob

text: The Feder family[edit]

text:
Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder
Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder
Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder
Alexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder

text: The Lamonsoff family[edit]

text:
Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff
Ada-Nicole Sanger as Donna Lamonsoff
Frank and Morgan Gingerich as Bean Lamonsoff

text: The McKenzie family[edit]

text:
Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie
Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie
China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie

text: The Hilliard family[edit]

text:
Madison Riley as Jasmine Hilliard
Jamie Chung as Amber Hilliard
Ashley Loren as Bridget Hilliard

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Joyce Van Patten as Gloria Noonan
Blake Clark as Coach Robert "Buzzer" Ferdinando
Victoria Cyr, Niece of Coach Buzzer[3]
Di Quon as Rita
Steve Buscemi as Wiley
Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey

Hunter Silva as Young Dickie

Lisa M. (Seitz) Francis as Bailey's wife
Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo
Ebony Jo-Ann as Mama Ronzoni
Dan Patrick as Norby the Ride Guy
Tim Herlihy as Pastor
Norm Macdonald as Geezer
Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux

Connor Panzner as Young Robideaux

Dennis Dugan as Basketball Referee

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August, 2009.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $109.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $271.4 million against a production budget of $80 million.[1] Happy with the gross, Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand-new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars.[5][6]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 10% based on 164 reviews and an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grown Ups' cast of comedy vets is amiable, but they're let down by flat direction and the scattershot, lowbrow humor of a stunted script."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[9]

text: Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as "the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity."[10] Rick Groen of the Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism, saying the cast "lob[bed] gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off-camera dash all the way to the bank." Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was "a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema", and that he hated it.[11] Tom Long of the Detroit News called it "trite comedy" and "total garbage."[12] On the other end of the spectrum, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it "crude and decent-hearted" and "easy, breezy, predictable."[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film, but lost to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.[citation needed]

text: The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the "Best Line from a Movie" category, which it won for the line "I want to get chocolate wasted!", delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on November 9, 2010.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013. Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director. The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider. New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger. The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up.[14] Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews[15] but was still a box office hit.[16]


document_title: Literature

question_text: the broadest category of literature that is based on facts

root

text: Literature

text: Definitions[edit]

text: There have been various attempts to define "literature".[1] Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt to answer the question "What is Literature?" with the observation:

tag: p

text: The quest to discover a definition for "literature" is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they inevitably change over time. In fact, the only thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well. [2]

text: Definitions of literature have varied over time: it is a "culturally relative definition".[3] In Western Europe prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing.[3] A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" writing.[4][5] Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to older, more inclusive notions; Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.

text: The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition.[6] This sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."[7] Problematic in this view is that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature": anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value judgments can change over time.[6]

text: The formalist definition is that "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poetic" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism).[8][9] Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards.[1] The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.[10]

text: Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "letter".[11] In spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts.[1][12]

text: Major forms[edit]

text: Poetry[edit]

text: Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across meter or the visual aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the 19th century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the 19th century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[19] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[20][21] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

text: Prose[edit]

text: Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.[18][22] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of Ancient Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[23]

text:
Novel: a long fictional prose narrative. It was the form's close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance;[24][25] in most European languages the equivalent term is roman, indicating the proximity of the forms.[25] In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the late 15th century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.[26] Although there are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",[27] the modern novel form emerges late in cultural history—roughly during the eighteenth century.[28] Initially subject to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.[25][29][30]
Novella: in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".[31] There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count.[32] Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits,[33] which vary according to their particular intentions. Summarizing the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form] whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity".[34] It has been suggested that the size restriction of the form produces various stylistic results, both some that are shared with the novel or short story,[35][36] and others unique to the form.[37]
Short story: a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative; hence it also has a contested origin,[38] variably suggested as the earliest short narratives (e.g. the Bible), early short story writers (e.g. Edgar Allan Poe), or the clearly modern short story writers (e.g. Anton Chekhov).[39] Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure;[40][41] these discussions often position the form in some relation to the novel.[42]

tag: ul

text: Drama[edit]

text: Drama is literature intended for performance.[43] The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theater. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theater; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.[44] Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.

text: Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.

text: History[edit]

text: The history of literature follows closely the development of civilization. When defined exclusively as written work, Ancient Egyptian literature,[45] along with Sumerian literature are considered the world's oldest literatures.[46] The primary genres of the literature of Ancient Egypt—didactic texts, hymns and prayers, and tales—were almost entirely written in verse;[47] while use of poetic devices is clearly recognizable, the prosody of the verse is unknown.[48]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Different historical periods are reflected in literature. National and tribal sagas, accounts of the origin of the world and of customs, and myths which sometimes carry moral or spiritual messages predominate in the pre-urban eras. The epics of Homer, dating from the early to middle Iron age, and the great Indian epics of a slightly later period, have more evidence of deliberate literary authorship, surviving like the older myths through oral tradition for long periods before being written down.

text: Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters' actions and words or the authors' style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our[who?] history. Through the study of past literature we[who?] are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but one can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I"[49] and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature.[50] Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we[who?] continue to evolve and learn more and more.

text: As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.

text: In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced the world's first print cultures.[51] Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769‒269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th-century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.

text: In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000‒500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid-2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age.[52] The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD. Other major literary works are Ramcharitmanas & Krishnacharitmanas.

text: In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.[53]

text: Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.

text: In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasizing unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.

text: Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction. The separation of "mainstream" and "genre" forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up to our own times. William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War, and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general.

text: Awards[edit]

text: There are numerous awards recognizing achievement and contribution in literature. Given the diversity of the field, awards are typically limited in scope, usually on: form, genre, language, nationality and output (e.g. for first-time writers or debut novels).[54]

text: The Nobel Prize in Literature was one of the six Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895,[55] and is awarded to an author on the basis of their body of work, rather than to, or for, a particular work itself.[b] Other literary prizes for which all nationalities are eligible include: the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Man Booker International Prize and the Franz Kafka Prize.

text: Essays[edit]

text: An essay consists of a discussion of a topic from an author's personal point of view, exemplified by works by Michel de Montaigne or by Charles Lamb.

text: Genres related to the essay may include the memoir and the epistle.

text: Other prose literature[edit]

text: Philosophical, historical, journalistic, and scientific writings are traditionally ranked as literature. They offer some of the oldest prose writings in existence; novels and prose stories earned the names "fiction" to distinguish them from factual writing or nonfiction, which writers historically have crafted in prose.

text: Natural science[edit]

text: As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programs of literary study. Outside of "history of science" programs, students rarely read such works.

text: Philosophy[edit]

text: Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.

text: Psychology[edit]

text: Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person's character that would not be obvious otherwise.[56] It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in The English Journal explains how the author used young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of "wonder".[57]

text: Hogan also explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character's situation in literature allows literature to be considered "ecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion".[58] This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions. It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences.[59] Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe, thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others.[60]

text: Furthermore, literature is being more popularly regarded as a psychologically effective research tool. It can be considered a research tool because it allows psychologists to discover new psychological aspects and it also allows psychologists to promote their theories.[61] For example, the print capacity available for literature distribution has allowed psychological theories such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to be universally recognized.

text: Maslow's "Third Force Psychology Theory" even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author's intended message and to understand the author's psychology.[62] The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true "self" and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a character's and an author's natural self.[60] In his "Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature", Paris argues "D.H. Lawrence's 'pristine unconscious' is a metaphor for the real self".[64] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.

text: History[edit]

text: A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.

text: Law[edit]

text: Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature.

text: Other narrative forms[edit]

text:
Electronic literature is a literary genre consisting of works that originate in digital environments.
Films, videos and broadcast soap operas have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction.
Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of sequential artwork, dialogue and text.

text: Genres of literature[edit]

text: Literary genre is a mode of categorizing literature. The term originates from French, designating a proposed type or class.[65] However, such classes are subject to change, and have been used in different ways in different periods and traditions.

text: Literary techniques[edit]

text: A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative, or the choice of literary genre, are all examples of literary technique. They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work, such as a conventional murder-mystery novel; or, the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader.

text: In this way, use of a technique can lead to the development of a new genre, as was the case with one of the first modern novels, Pamela by Samuel Richardson. Pamela is written as a collection of letter-writing correspondence, called "epistolary technique"; by using this technique, Pamela strengthened the tradition of the epistolary novel, a genre which had been practiced for some time already but without the same acclaim.

text: Literary technique is distinguished from literary device, as military strategy is distinguished from military tactics. Devices are specific constructions within the narrative that make it effective. Examples include metaphor, simile, ellipsis, narrative motifs, and allegory. Even simple word play functions as a literary device. The narrative mode may be considered a literary device, such as the use of stream-of-consciousness narrative.

text: Literary criticism implies a critique and evaluation of a piece of literature and, in some cases, it is used to improve a work in progress or a classical piece, as with an ongoing theater production. Literary editors can serve a similar purpose for the authors with whom they work. There are many types of literary criticism and each can be used to critique a piece in a different way or critique a different aspect of a piece.

text: Legal status[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2014)

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Literary works have been protected by copyright law from unauthorized reproduction since at least 1710.[66] Literary works are defined by copyright law to mean any work, other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung, and accordingly includes (a) a table or compilation (other than a database), (b) a computer program, (c) preparatory design material for a computer program, and (d) a database.

text: It should be noted that literary works are not limited to works of literature, but include all works expressed in print or writing (other than dramatic or musical works).[67]


document_title: List of Presidents of South Korea

question_text: who became the president of south korea in 1998

text: List of Presidents of South Korea

text: List of Heads of State of the Provisional Government[edit]

text: Heads of Governments Proclaimed after the March 1st Movement (1919)[edit]

text: Following the March 1st Movement with the Declaration of Independence, several groups within Korea and Korean diaspora proclaimed the establishment of republican governments, claiming to be the representation of the Korean people. Three of these proclaimed governments remained active in the months thereafter and amalgamated to form the unified Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

text: Four other governments were proclaimed in the aftermaths of the March 1st Movement but these did not have significant activity following the proclamation.

text:
The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (조선민국임시정부) proclaimed in Seoul on 19 April 1919: President (정도령) Son Byong-hi
The Government of the New Republic of Korea (신한민국정부) proclaimed in Northwestern Korea including Pyongyang on 17 April 1919: Consul (집정관) Lee Dong-hwi
The Republican Government of Korea (고려공화정부) proclaimed in Manchuria in early 1919
The Provisional Government in Jiandao (간도임시정부) proclaimed in Jilin in early 1919

text: There was a further plan to proclaim The Civil Government of Korea (대한민간정부) on 1 April 1919 with Son Byong-hi as the President (대통령) in the anticipation of the success of the March 1st Movement; the planned proclamation was not distributed.

text: Consul-President of the Republic of Korea (Seoul Government)[edit]

text: The Republic of Korea (대한공화국) was proclaimed in Seoul on April 23, 1919, by 24 representativse gathered from 13 provinces of Korea. It is commonly known as the Seoul Government (한성정부). Syngman Rhee was elected by the assembled representatives as the Consul-President (집정관 총재). Rhee sent letters to foreign heads of state including those of the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom notifying these countries of the proclamation of the Republic and his election as the President. It was agreed at the time of the amalgamation with the Governments of Shanghai and Vladivostok that the new unified Provisional Government is the successor government of the legitimacy of the Seoul Government.

text:
No.

Portrait

Name(Birth–Death)

Term of Office

Deputy

1

Rhee Syngman이승만李承晩(1875–1965)

23 April1919

11 September1919

Premier-President Lee Dong-hwi

Also the Head of the Shanghai Government as the Chancellor and the Prime Minister of the Vladivostok Government under President Son Byong-hi before the amalgamation of the governments. Became the President of the unified Provisional Government on 11 September 1919 but impeached in 1925. Chairman of the State Council of the Provisional Government 1947-1948. President of South Korea 1948-1960.

text: Chancellors of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (Shanghai Government)[edit]

text: The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 임시정부) was established in Shanghai on 11 April 1919 as a result of the first meeting of the Provisional Assembly from the previous night (10 April 1919). Syngman Rhee was elected as the Chancellor (국무총리). The Government was amalgamated with the Governments proclaimed in Seoul and Vladivostok on 11 September 1919 to form the unified Provisional Government.

text:
No.

Portrait

Name(Birth–Death)

Term of Office

Deputy

1

Rhee Syngman이승만李承晩(1875–1965)

11 April1919

23 April1919

Also the Head of State of the Seoul Government as the Consul-President and the Prime Minister of the Vladivostok Government under President Son Byong-hi before the amalgamation of the governments. Became the President of the unified Provisional Government on 11 September 1919 but impeached in 1925. Chairman of the State Council of the Provisional Government 1947-1948. President of South Korea 1948-1960.

2

Yi Dong-nyeong이동녕李東寧(1869–1940)

23 April1919

28 June1919

Later served for twelve years over four different periods as the Head of State of the unified Provisional Government. Died in Office in 1940.

From 28 June 1919 until 27 August 1919, Director-General of the Interior Ahn Changho (안창호 / 安昌浩) was Acting Chancellor.

3

Yi Dong-hwi이동휘李東輝(1873–1935)

27 August1919

11 September1919

Continued to serve as the Prime Minister of the Unified Provisional Government after September 1919 under President Syngman Rhee

text: President of the National Congress of Korea (Vladivostok Government)[edit]

text: The National Congress of Korea (대한국민의회) was proclaimed in Vladivostok on 17 March 1919 by the Korean diaspora living in Primorsky Krai, as the re-organisation of the Korean Central Assembly (한족중앙총회). Son Byong-hi, the leader of 33 representatives who signed the Korean Declaration of Independence on 1 March 1919, was elected as the President. The government was amalgamated with the governments proclaimed in Seoul and Shanghai on 11 September 1919.

text:
No.

Portrait

Name(Birth–Death)

Term of Office

Deputy

1

Son Byong-hi손병희孫秉熙(1861-1922)

17 March1919

11 September1919

Vice President Park Young-ho  Prime Minister Syngman Rhee

The leader of the 33 representatives who signed the Korean Declaration of Independence during the March 1st Movement. The Head of Cheondogyo 1897-1908. He was in Japanese custody throughout the term as the President, having been arrested in the March 1st Movement.

text: Heads of State of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919-1948)[edit]

text: Three of the Governments proclaimed in 1919 continued to be active in the months after the March 1st Movement; the Governments proclaimed in Seoul, Shanghai and Vladivostok. After a period of negotiations, members of these three governments agreed to form the unified Provisional Government in Shanghai, with succession of the legitimacy of the Seoul Government and bringing the members of the Vladivostok legislature into the Shanghai legislature. The unified Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on 11 September 1919 with a new constitution.

text: The forms of the government from September 1919 were:

text:
Presidency (대통령제): 1919-1925
Presidency of the Governance (국무령제): 1925-1927
State Council Directory (국무위원제): 1927-1940
Chairpersonship of the State Council (국무위원회 주석제): 1940-1948

text: In total, nine people served twenty-four terms as the Heads of States of the Provisional Government between September 1919 and August 1948, when the last Chairman of the State Council Syngman Rhee became the first President of South Korea.

text:
No.

Portrait

Name(Birth–Death)

Term

Term of Office

Political Party

Deputy

Presidents (대통령)

1

Rhee Syng-man이승만李承晩(1875–1965)

1

11 September1919

1922

Prime MinisterYi Dong-hwiYi Dong-nyeong (acting)Shin Kyu-sikRoh Baek-linKim Koo (acting)Yi Dong-nyeongPark Eun-sik

2

1922

23 March1925

From 6 June 1924 until 11 December 1924, Prime Minister Yi Dong-nyeong (이동녕 / 李東寧) served as the Acting President for Syngman Rhee.

From 11 December 1924 until 23 March 1925, Prime Minister Park Eun-sik (박은식 / 朴殷植) served as the Acting President for Syngman Rhee.

The first President of the unified Provisional Government. Previously the Consul-President of the Seoul Government and the Chancellor of the Shanghai Government, and the Prime Minister under President Son Byong-hi of the Vladivostok Government. Impeached in 1925. Later became the last Chairman of the State Council (1947) before becoming the first Speaker of the Constituent Assembly and then the first President of the Republic of Korea (1948-1960). The first Korean to earn a Ph.D from a University of the Western World (Princeton) in 1910. The Korean War from 1950 to 1953. Forced to resign in the April Revolution of 1960 and died in exile in Hawaii in 1965

2

Park Eun-sik박은식朴殷植(1859-1922)

3

23 March1925

7 April1925

Prime MinisterRoh Baek-lin

Elected after the impeachment of Syngman Rhee; the Constitutional amendment of 1925.

Presidents of Governance (국무령)

(2)

Park Eun-sik박은식朴殷植(1859-1922)

4

7 April1925

26 September1925

Prime MinisterRoh Baek-lin

During September 1925, Director-General of the Interior Lee Yu-pil (이유필 / 李裕弼) served as the Acting President.

Died two months after leaving office

3

Yi Sang-ryong이상룡李相龍(1858-1932)

5

26 September1925

18 February1926

Resigned due to difficulties forming the cabinet

4

Yang Gi-tak양기탁梁起鐸(1871-1938)

6

18 February1926

29 April1926

The Revolutionary Party of Korea (고려혁명당)

Resigned

5

Yi Dong-nyeong이동녕李東寧(1869-1940)

7

29 April1926

3 May1926

Resigned

6

Ahn Changho안창호安昌浩(1878-1938)

8

3 May1926

16 May1926

Resigned due to difficulties forming the cabinet

(5)

Yi Dong-nyeong이동녕李東寧(1869-1940)

9

16 May1926

7 July1926

Resigned

7

Hong Jin홍진洪震/洪鎭(1877-1946)

10

7 July1926

14 December1926

Resigned due to conflict within the Korean resistance. Also served as the Speaker of the Provisional Assembly

8

Kim Koo김구金九(1876-1949)

11

14 December1926

11 April1927

The Constitutional amendment of 1927.

Chairpersons of the State Council Directory (국무회의 주석)

(8)

Kim Koo김구金九(1876-1949)

12

11 April1927

18 August1927

The first Chairman of the State Council Directory under the Constitution of 1927, where the Chairperson is the first among equals in the directory of state councillors

(5)

Yi Dong-nyeong이동녕李東寧(1869-1940)

13

19 August1927

October1930

Korean Independence Party (한국독립당)

14

October1930

5 March1933

President of Governance Kim Koo

The first person to have served longer than a year since 1925

9

Song Byeong-jo송병조宋秉祚(1877-1942)

15

5 March1933

24 June1933

President of Governance Kim Koo

16

24 June1933

October1933

Also served as the Speaker of the Provisional Assembly

(5)

Yi Dong-nyeong이동녕李東寧(1869-1940)

17

October1933

October1935

Korean Independence Party (한국독립당)

President of GovernanceYang Gi-tak

18

October1935

23 October1939

Korean National Party (한국국민당)

19

23 October1939

13 March1940

Chief of the Government Staff Ryu Dong-ryeol

Died in Office

(8)

Kim Koo김구金九(1876-1949)

20

13 March1940

8 October1940

Korean Independence Party (한국독립당)

Chief of the Government StaffRyu Dong-ryeol

The Constitutional Amendment of 1940

Chairpersons of the State Council (국무위원회 주석)

(8)

Kim Koo김구金九(1876-1949)

21

9 October1940

22 April1944

Korean Independence Party (한국독립당)

Deputy Chairman Kim Kyu-sik

22

22 April1944

3 March1947

Korean Liberation Army in 1940. The Declaration of War against Japan and Germany 1941. The Constitutional Amendment of 1944. Return to Korea 1945 after the end of World War II which brought liberation to Korea

(1)

Rhee Syngman이승만李承晩(1875-1965)

23

3 March1947

September1948

National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence

Deputy Chairman Kim Koo

24

September1947

15 August1948

Previously the first President of the Provisional Government 1919-1925 before being impeached. The Speaker of the Constituent Assembly 1948. The first President of South Korea 1948-1960.

text: List of Presidents of the Republic of Korea[edit]

text:
Conservative
  Centrist
  Liberal
  Military
  Independent

text:
No.

Portrait

Name(Birth–Death)

Term

Term of Office

Electoral mandate

Political party

President of the First Republic

1, 2, 3

Rhee Syng-manI (Yi) Seungman이승만李承晩(1875–1965)

1

24 July1948

14 August1952

1948 — 91.8%

NARRKI (1948–1951)Liberal (1951–1960)

2

15 August1952

14 August1956

1952 — 74.6%

3

15 August1956

27 April1960

1956 — 70.0%

1960 — 100.0%

The only President of the First Republic of Korea. Previously the President (1919-1925) and the Chairman of the State Council (1947-1948) of the Provisional Government. The Speaker of the Constituent Assembly (1948). The first Korean to earn a Ph.D from a University of the Western World (Princeton) in 1910. The Korean War from 1950 to 1953. Forced to resign in the April Revolution of 1960 and died in exile in Hawaii in 1965

During this interval, Minister of Foreign Affairs Heo Jeong (허정 / 許政) was Acting President.

President of the Second Republic

During this interval, Speaker of National Assembly (House of Commons) Gwak Sang-hun (곽상훈 / 郭尙勳) was Acting President.

During this interval, Prime Minister Heo Jeong (허정 / 許政) was Acting President.

During this interval, Speaker of National Assembly (Senate) Paek Nak-jun (백낙준 / 白樂濬) was Acting President.

4

Yun Bo-seonYun Boseon윤보선尹潽善(1897–1990)

4

12 August1960

24 March1962

1960 — 82.2%

Democratic (1960–1962)New Democratic (1962)

The only President of the Second Republic of Korea. Park Chung-hee took de facto control over the country through the May 16 coup in 1961.

Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction

—

Park Chung-heeBak Jeonghui박정희朴正熙(1917–1979)

—

24 March1962

17 December1963

Acting President

Military

Park Chung-hee was de facto leader of the country after leading the May 16 coup in 1961, which effectively overthrew the Second Republic of Korea. Park also became Acting President after Yun Bo-seon's resignation in 1962.

President of the Third Republic

5, 6, 7

Park Chung-heeBak Jeonghui박정희朴正熙(1917–1979)

5

17 December1963

30 June1967

1963 — 46.6%

Democratic Republican

6

1 July1967

30 June1971

1967 — 51.4%

7

1 July1971

26 December1972

1971 — 53.2%

The only President of the Third Republic of Korea. Successfully industrialized South Korea and improved the economy significantly. He also proposed a range of significant policies, movements, and diplomatic pacts that contributed to constructing modern South Korea.

Presidents of the Fourth Republic

8, 9

Park Chung-heeBak Jeonghui박정희朴正熙(1917–1979)

8

27 December1972

26 December1978

1972 — 99.9%

Democratic Republican

9

27 December1978

26 October1979

1978 — 99.9%

The first President of the Fourth Republic of Korea. Assassinated by Kim Jae-kyu, the director of Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA).

During this interval, Prime Minister Choi Kyu-hah (최규하 / 崔圭夏), was Acting President.

10

Choi Kyu-hahChoe Gyuha최규하崔圭夏(1919–2006)

10

6 December1979

16 August1980

1979 — 96.7%

Independent

The second President of the Fourth Republic of Korea. Chun Doo-hwan took de facto control over the country by leading Coup d'état of December Twelfth in 1979. Presided at the time of the Gwangju Democratization Movement in 1980.

During this interval, Acting Prime Minister Pak Choong-hoon (박충훈 / 朴忠勳), was Acting President.

11

Chun Doo-hwanJeon Duhwan전두환全斗煥(1931–)

11

1 September1980

25 February1981

1980 — 99.9%

Democratic Justice

The third President of the Fourth Republic of Korea.

President of the Fifth Republic

12

Chun Doo-hwanJeon Duhwan전두환全斗煥(1931–)

12

25 February1981

25 February1988

1981 — 90.2%

Democratic Justice

The only President of the Fifth Republic of Korea.

Presidents of the Sixth Republic

13

Roh Tae-wooNo Taeu노태우盧泰愚(1932–)

13

25 February1988

25 February1993

1987 — 36.6%8,282,738

Democratic Justice (1987–1990)Democratic Liberal (1990–1992)Independent (1992-1993)

The first Administration of the Sixth Republic of South Korea and the first president after the introduction of direct free and fair elections. Roh remained committed to democratic reforms, and also hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Formerly served as a ROK Army general, an ally and friend of the previous President of the Fifth Republic Chun Doo-hwan.

14

Kim Young-samGim Yeongsam김영삼金泳三(1929–2015)

14

25 February1993

25 February1998

1992 — 42.0%9,977,332

Democratic Liberal (1993–1995)New Korea (1995–1997)Independent (1997-1998)

The second Administration of the Sixth Republic of South Korea. The first democratic activist to be elected president. Kim further attempted to reform the government and economy. He had former President Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo arrested on charges of corruption and treason, winning convictions against both, but later pardoned them on the advice of then President-elect Kim Dae-jung. Kim Young-sam also granted amnesty to thousands of political prisoners, and removed the criminal convictions of pro-democracy protesters who had been arrested during the Gwangju massacre in the aftermath of the Coup d'état of December Twelfth. Led an anti-corruption campaign, requiring government and military officials to publish their financial records, precipitating the resignation of several high-ranking officers and cabinet members. Presided over the International Monetary Fund bailout of South Korea following the financial crisis of 1997.

15

Kim Dae-jungGim Daejung김대중金大中(1924–2009)

15

25 February1998

25 February2003

1997 — 40.3%10,326,275

NCNP (1998–2000)New Millennium Democratic (2000–2002)Independent (2002-2003)

The third Administration of the Sixth Republic of South Korea. The second democratic activist President of South Korea. Kim formulated and implemented the Sunshine Policy of engagement with North Korea, and became the first South Korean president to visit North Korea in 2000, meeting North Korean leader Kim Jong-il in Pyongyang. Nobel Peace Prize recipient in 2000 "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular."[1] Co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with the neighboring country of Japan.

16

Roh Moo-hyunNo Muhyeon노무현盧武鉉(1946–2009)

16

25 February2003

25 February2008

2002 — 48.91%12,014,277

Millennium Democratic (2003)
Uri (Opened Our) (2004–2007)Independent (2007-2008)

From 12 March 2004 until 14 May 2004, Prime Minister Goh Kun (고건 / 高建) served as an Acting President for Roh Moo-hyun.

The fourth Administration of the Sixth Republic of South Korea. The second liberal/centrist President of the Sixth Republic. Roh maintained the existing Sunshine Policy of engagement towards North Korea. The first President of the Sixth Republic to be tried for impeachment. Roh's planned to the create an administrative capital, but he was set back by the Constitutional Court's ruling that the relocation of the capital was unconstitutional. Instead Roh opted for an administrative center. Served as Member of the National Assembly for Dong District, Busan (1988–1992).

17

Lee Myung-bakI (Yi) Myeongbak이명박李明博(1941–)

17

25 February2008

25 February2013

2007 — 48.7%11,492,389

Grand National (2008–2012)Saenuri (New World) (2012–2013)

The fifth Administration of the Sixth Republic of South Korea. Lee implemented a tougher policy with regard to North Korea, through the MB Doctrine. Reversed the U.S. beef import arrangement in 2008, triggering a series of anti–U.S. beef import protests. Attempted to scale down the development of Sejong into a hub of education, science and business rather than a national administrative center, with the support and backing of the former Prime Minister Chung Un-chan. Growing conflicts with North Korea resulted in the ROKS Cheonan sinking and bombardment of Yeonpyeong. Lee also became the first South Korean president to visit Dokdo, which further escalated tensions with Japan in 2012 before the end of his term. Served as Member of the National Assembly for Jongno District (1996–1998), Mayor of Seoul (2002–2006).

18

Park Geun-hyeBak Geunhye박근혜朴槿惠(1952–)

18

25 February2013

10 March2017

2012 — 51.6%15,773,128

Saenuri (New World) (2013–2017)Liberty Korea (2017)

From 9 December 2016 until 10 March 2017, Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn (황교안 / 黃敎安) served as an Acting President for Park Geun-hye.

The sixth Administration of the Sixth Republic of South Korea. Park is a daughter of former President Park Chung-hee, and she was the first female President of South Korea. She was the second president to be tried for impeachment and the first president to be successfully impeached following a unanimous (8-0) vote on 10 March 2017 by the Constitutional Court to remove her from office. Served as Member of the National Assembly for Dalseong County (1998–2012), and as a party list member (2012).

During this interval, Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn (황교안 / 黃敎安) was Acting President.

19

Moon Jae-inMun Jaein문재인文在寅(1953–)

19

10 May2017

Incumbent

2017 — 41.1%13,423,800

Democratic

The seventh President of the Sixth Republic of South Korea. The third left-wing President of South Korea. Assumed the office immediately upon election on 10 May 2017, following the impeachment of Park Geun-hye. Served as Member of the National Assembly for Sasang (2012–2016).

text: Timeline[edit]


document_title: Brokedown Palace

question_text: who put the drugs in the backpack in brokedown palace

text: Brokedown Palace

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lifelong best friends Alice Marano and Darlene Davis take a trip after graduating from high school, giving their parents the impression that they're going to Hawaii. However, Alice talks Darlene into going to Thailand instead, after comparing the prices of both destinations. Darlene agrees, albeit with some reluctance. Once in Thailand, they meet a captivating Australian man who calls himself Nick Parks. Unknown to them, Nick Parks is a drug smuggler. Darlene is particularly smitten with Nick and convinces Alice to take Nick up on his offer to treat the two of them to what amounts to a day trip to Hong Kong. While boarding their flight at Don Mueang International Airport, the girls are seized by the police and shocked to discover that one of their bags contains heroin, which unknown to them, is planted by Nick himself.

text: The two girls are interrogated by the Thai police and Darlene signs a confession written in Thai, which she foolishly thinks is her verbatim statement. At their trial, they beg for mercy and are given a lenient 33-year sentence instead of the usual life sentence in prison. In prison, the girls are advised to seek out Henry Greene, aka "Yankee Hank", an expatriate American attorney living in Thailand.

text: As the girls try to deal with the violence and squalor of prison, Hank begins work on their case. He tracks down another girl who had been used as an unwitting drug mule by Nick Parks, but is warned that the smuggler has friends in high places. Hank arranges a deal with a corrupt prosecutor whereby the girls will receive a clemency if they confess to having lied about Parks' involvement. However, the prosecutor reneges on the deal after the girls confess. Desperate, and realizing that Darlene will not survive their time in prison, Alice begs the King of Thailand to allow her to serve both of their sentences in exchange for letting Darlene go. The deal is accepted and Darlene is released, where she promises to continue working with Henry to try and free Alice.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Claire Danes as Alice Marano
Kate Beckinsale as Darlene Davis
Bill Pullman as Henry Greene
Lou Diamond Phillips as Roy Knox
Jacqueline Kim as Yon Greene
Daniel Lapaine as Nick Parks
Tom Amandes as Doug Davis
Aimee Graham as Beth Ann Gardener
John Doe as Bill Marano
Lim Kay Tong as Chief Detective Jagkrit
Paul Walker as Jason

text: Filming[edit]

text: Because the film presents a critical view of the Thai legal system, most of the scenes were filmed in the Philippines; however, some panoramas and views were filmed in Bangkok. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 1 stood in for Don Mueang International Airport and during the airport arrest scene, a Philippine Airlines Boeing 747-400 is seen. The prison scenes were shot at the Manila City Jail.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Brokedown Palace received negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rated the film "Rotten", with only 31% of 35 critics giving positive reviews, summarizing that the movie "lacks credibility and tension".[1] Roger Ebert however gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The heart of the film is in the performances of Danes and Beckinsale".

text: The film underperformed at the box office, failing to make back even half of its $25 million budget.


document_title: Divide and rule

question_text: who implemented divide and rule policy in india

text: Divide and rule

text: Narcissism[edit]

text: A primary strategy the narcissist uses to assert control, particularly within his/her family, is to create divisions among individuals. This weakens and isolates them, making it easier for the narcissist to manipulate and dominate. Some are favoured, others are scapegoated. Such dynamics can play out in a workplace setting.[10]

text: Psychopathy in the workplace[edit]

text: Clive R. Boddy found that "divide and conquer" was a common strategy by corporate psychopaths used as a smokescreen to help consolidate and advance their grip on power in the corporate hierarchy.[11]

text: Historical examples[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text: The divide and conquer strategy was used by foreign countries in parts of Africa during the colonial and post-colonial period.

text:
Germany and Belgium ruled Rwanda and Burundi in a colonial capacity. Germany used the strategy of divide and conquer by placing members of the already dominant Tutsi minority in positions of power. When Belgium took over colonial rule in 1916, the Tutsi and Hutu groups were rearranged according to race instead of occupation. Belgium defined "Tutsi" as anyone with more than ten cows or a long nose, while "Hutu" meant someone with less than ten cows and a broad nose. The socioeconomic divide between Tutsis and Hutus continued after independence and was a major factor in the Rwandan Genocide.
During British rule of Nigeria from 1900 to 1960, different regions were frequently reclassified for administrative purposes. The conflict between the Igbo and Hausa made it easier for the British to consolidate their power in the region.[citation needed][12]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Mongolian Empire[edit]

text: While the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. Pakistan and India were also divided by this policy.[13]

text: Indian subcontinent[edit]

text: The strategy of "Divide and Rule" was employed by most imperial powers in Indian subcontinent. The British and French backed various Indian states in conflicts between each other, both as a means of undermining each other's influence and consolidating their authority.

text: Further, it is argued that the British used the strategy to destroy the harmony between various religions and use it for their benefits[14]; a Times Literary Supplement review suggests that although this was broadly the case a more nuanced approach might be closer to the facts[15].

text: Middle East[edit]

text: The Sykes-Picot Agreement is an example of a 'divide and rule' strategy.

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Romans entered Macedonia from the south and defeated King Perseus of Macedon in the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC. Macedonia was then divided into four republics that were heavily restricted from relations with one another and other Hellenic states. A ruthless purge occurred, with allegedly anti-Roman citizens being denounced by their compatriots and deported in large numbers.
During the Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar was able to use a divide and rule strategy to easily defeat the militarily strong Gauls. By the time the Gauls united under Vercingetorix, it was already too late for them.[16][17]
Following the October revolution, the Bolsheviks engaged at various times in alliances with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, some anarchists, and various non-Russian ethnic nationalist groups, against the White movement, Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, and other anarchist and ethnic nationalist groups. This was done to establish the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (the Bolshevik party) as the sole legal party in the Soviet Union. Similar shifting alliances were played out amongst various dissident factions within the CPSU, such as the Workers Opposition and Left Communists, with Joseph Stalin and his supporters gaining absolute power within the party by the mid-1920s.
The Salami strategy of Hungarian Communist leader, Mátyás Rákosi.[citation needed]
Alliances with various parties played a role in the Nazi Machtergreifung and Gleichschaltung, the seizure and consolidation of total power by the National Socialist German Workers Party. The Enabling Act, which banned the Communist and Social Democratic parties, was supported by the Nazis' coalition partner, the German National People's Party, as well as by the Centre Party. Several months later, all political parties in Germany were banned except for the NSDAP.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: Chiapas conflict


document_title: Mumbai Indians

question_text: how many matches did mi win in ipl 2017

question_tokens: how many matches did mi win in ipl 2017

text: Mumbai Indians

text: Franchise history

text: The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced in September 2007 the establishment of the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008.[7] In January 2008, the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city-based franchises. The Mumbai franchise was sold to the Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) for $111.9 million, making it the most expensive team to be sold in the league.[8] RIL, owned by Mukesh Ambani acquired the rights to the franchise for a period of 10 years. The franchise was eventually named "Mumbai Indians".

text: Team history

text: 2008–2009: Struggle in the initial seasons

text: The Indian Premier League named four players as icon players for their respective city franchises which made the players unavailable to play for any team other than their city team. Sachin Tendulkar was named Mumbai's icon player. The icon player was also entitled to earn 15% more than the next-best paid player in their team. At first player auctions for the inaugural IPL season conducted in February 2008, the Mumbai franchise bought several star international cricketers such as Sanath Jayasuriya, Harbhajan Singh, Shaun Pollock, Lasith Malinga and Robin Uthappa.[9] The franchise named Sachin Tendulkar as the captain of the team and appointed former India cricketer Lalchand Rajput as the head coach. However, Tendulkar was injured before the start of the 2008 season due to which Harbhajan Singh took over as the captain in the initial stage of the season. The team got off to a bad start in the season losing their first four games by some comprehensive margins. Their first match was a five-wicket defeat to the Royal Challengers Bangalore on 20 April 2008 at the Wankhede. Their stand-in captain, Harbhajan, was suspended from the tournament for reportedly slapping Sreesanth during Mumbai's league match against Kings XI Punjab. After Harbhajan's suspension, Shaun Pollock assumed the leadership duties until Tendulkar's return on 24 May. Under Pollock's captaincy, Mumbai won six out of their next six games which left them needing to win two more out of the remaining four matches to qualify for the semifinals. Mumbai suffered three last-over defeats in the next three games, including two off the last ball, before winning their last league match. They finished fifth in the points table with 7 wins and 7 losses, missing out on a semifinal spot by just one point.[10]

text: The 2009 season was played in South Africa as it coincided with multi-phase 2009 Indian general elections due to which the Government of India refused to commit the Indian paramilitary forces to provide security for the IPL. Before the start of the season, Mumbai Indians traded Robin Uthappa for Zaheer Khan with Royal Challengers Bangalore, and Ashish Nehra for Shikhar Dhawan with the Delhi Daredevils. Shaun Pollock retired after the first season and became the head coach of the team. Lasith Malinga, who missed the previous season due to an injury, returned to the team. At the player auction, Mumbai bought South African batsman JP Duminy to strengthen their batting department. After winning their opening match against the Chennai Super Kings, Mumbai struggled to put up consistent performances during the season. They relied heavily on Duminy and Tendulkar's batting, and Malinga's bowling along with minimal contributions from other players. With only five wins from 14 matches, Mumbai finished on seventh place in the league table.

text: 2010–2012: Rise as a strong team

text: At the 2010 players auction, Mumbai Indians bought Trinidadian all-rounder Kieron Pollard for $750,000 following a secret tiebreaker. After the auction, they signed up ten uncapped Indian players out whom seven were former ICL players. Former India cricketer Robin Singh was named as the head coach of the team as Pollock took up the role of bowling coach. Mumbai had to shift their home venue to Brabourne Stadium for the season since the Wankhede was undergoing renovation to host some matches of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup. Mumbai won seven of their first eight games to take the top spot in the points table. Their success was mainly due to the efforts of Tendulkar, Malinga, Harbhajan, Ambati Rayudu and Saurabh Tiwary. They won three of the remaining six league games and finished with 20 points from 14 games at the top of the points table. They beat the Royal Challengers Bangalore by 35 runs in the semifinal, thanks to Pollard's all-round efforts (33* from 13 balls, and 3/17). At the final, they were defeated by the Chennai Super Kings by 22 runs. The Mumbai team management was criticised for the "strategic errors" during the final such as sending Abhishek Nayar and Harbhajan at batting positions 3 and 4 respectively while Duminy and Pollard were sent at 7 and 8. Mumbai skipper Sachin Tendulkar, who scored 618 runs at an average of 47.53 and strike rate of 132.6, won the Orange Cap for scoring most runs in the season. Mumbai qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 where they were eliminated in the group stage with two wins and two defeats in four matches.

text: In 2011, with the addition of two new teams to the IPL, the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their 2010 squad, and the rest of the international players would be auctioned. Mumbai Indians retained Tendulkar, Harbhajan, Pollard and Malinga for a sum of $4.5 million. This retention left the franchise with the power of spending $4.5 million at the auction where they purchased Indian batsman Rohit Sharma for $2 million, former Australian all-rounder Andrew Symonds for $850,000, and pacer Munaf Patel for $700,000. Mumbai won eight of their first ten league games following which they suffered a loss of form that led to three consecutive defeats and a last-ball win in their last league match. They finished third on the points table with 18 points from 14 games and qualified for the Eliminator. The Eliminator was played at the Wankhede where Mumbai faced the Kolkata Knight Riders. After winning the toss and electing to bowl first, Mumbai restricted Kolkata to 147 in 20 overs and chased down the target for the loss of six wickets with four balls to spare. Munaf Patel won the Man of the Match for his bowling figures of 3/27. With this win, Mumbai qualified for the Qualifying final against Royal Challengers Bangalore, the winner of which would play the Super Kings in the final. Mumbai skipper Tendulkar won the toss once again and put their opposition into bat who set Mumbai a target of 186. Mumbai kept losing wickets at regular intervals from the start of their innings and could score only 142/8, falling short by 43 runs. The top two leading wicket-takers of the season were Mumbai Indians pacers Lasith Malinga and Munaf Patel with 28 and 22 wickets respectively.

text: Mumbai qualified for the 2011 Champions League Twenty20 held in India. Before the start of the tournament, six first-choice Indian players in the Mumbai squad including Tendulkar, Sharma and Patel were ruled out of the tournament due to injuries and two more Indian players were ruled out based on medical reports. This left their 14-member squad with only six Indian players, while the tournament allowed a maximum of four overseas players and minimum of seven local players in the playing eleven. An exception was made for the Mumbai Indians which permitted them to field five overseas players during the tournament. Harbhajan was named the stand-in captain in the absence of Tendulkar. Mumbai were placed in Group A alongside Chennai Super Kings, New South Wales Blues, Cape Cobras and Trinidad & Tobago. Mumbai had two wins, one defeat and one no result in the group stage which gave them the second place on the group points table with five points. They qualified for the semifinal and Mumbai batsman Suryakumar Yadav returned to the squad after recovering from his injury. This led to the withdrawal of the concession given by the Champions League for the Mumbai Indians to field five overseas players. Mumbai faced Somerset County Cricket Club in the semifinal at Chennai. Batting first, Mumbai made 160/5 in 20 overs. Somerset's chase was dented by Malinga who picked four wickets for 20 (all bowled) to help Mumbai restrict Somerset to 150 and win the match by 10 runs. The final was also played in Chennai where Mumbai met Royal Challengers Bangalore. Mumbai batted first and managed only 139 in 20 overs. Bangalore started strongly in the run-chase putting 38 for the first wicket before Malinga broke the partnership. Harbhajan then picked up the key wickets of Chris Gayle and Virat Kohli triggering a batting collapse and eventually Bangalore were bowled out for 108, giving Mumbai a 31-run victory and their first-ever title. Harbahajan was named player of the match and Malinga won the man of the tournament award. Andrew Symonds retired from all forms of cricket in early 2012.

text: Before the start of the 2012 season, the Mumbai Indians traded Dinesh Karthik from Kings XI Punjab and Pragyan Ojha from the Deccan Chargers for undisclosed sums. At the auction, the franchise bought five players including R. P. Singh, Thisara Perera (both for $600,000) and Mitchell Johnson. Tendulkar stepped down from captaincy hours before the season's first game following which Harbhajan was appointed as the captain. In the first half of the league stage, Mumbai had four wins and four defeats, including three losses at home. Mumbai did not have a fixed opening combination, with Tendulkar missing out four matches due to an injury and other opening batsmen failing to show consistency. Johnson was ruled out of rest of the season in late-April with an injury and Dwayne Smith was named his replacement in the squad. Mumbai fared better in the second half of the league stage, winning six of their eight matches. They finished third on the points table with 20 points from 16 matches and qualified for the Eliminator against the fourth-placed Chennai Super Kings at Bangalore. Mumbai won the toss and put Chennai in to bat first. After losing two wickets inside the first two overs, Chennai managed to put up 187/5 in 20 overs mainly because of their captain MS Dhoni's unbeaten 20-ball 51. Mumbai's chase had started solidly with the score reading 47/0 in the fifth over, before they started losing wickets at regular intervals to end at 149/9 and lose the match by 38 runs. They gained direct qualification to the 2012 Champions League Twenty20 in South Africa, along with the three IPL teams that finished at the top that season. Mumbai, placed in Group B, were winless in the tournament with three defeats and one no result.

text: 2013– The IPL and CLT20 Double

text: The 2013 IPL saw Anil Kumble being appointed as the chief mentor, after he quit a similar position from Royal Challengers Bangalore. With a slump in batting form of Ricky Ponting, he was eventually dropped from the playing eleven and Rohit Sharma took lead of the team. Having the experienced advice of the likes of Anil Kumble, Jonty Rhodes and Sachin Tendulkar, the team emerged victorious in IPL 2013.

text: In the year 2013 Mumbai Indians started off by losing against the Royal Challengers Bangalore because of the efforts of Chris Gayle and pace bowler Vinay Kumar but they were able to make a comeback in that match because of Dinesh Karthik due to which Mumbai lost by just one run. In the second match against the Chennai Super Kings the openers went off cheaply but because of the efforts of Dinesh Karthik and Kieron Pollard Mumbai had put a defend able score on the board. The Mumbai Indians bowlers started off well by dismissing Murali Vijay cheaply and the match went off till the last over with the Super Kings needing 16 off the last over with MS Dhoni on strike and Munaf Patel to bowl; Patel dismissed Dhoni on the first ball and Mumbai won the match comfortably by 9 runs. In their third match against the Delhi Daredevils Mumbai once again lost their openers Ricky Ponting and Sachin Tendulkar cheaply and this time it was again Dinesh Karthik who brought the match in Mumbai's grasp, but this time it was not Kieron Pollard, but it was Rohit Sharma with him which helped the Mumbai Indians reach the formidable score of 209/5. At one stage it looked that David Warner would snatch the game away from Mumbai but the Mumbai Indians bowlers got rid of David Warner by dismissing him and then the Delhi Daredevils collapsed due to which Mumbai Indians won comfortably by 44 runs. In the next match against the Pune Warriors India Mumbai got off to a flying start with a 54-run opening stand between the so-called Pon-dulkar(Ricky Ponting and Sachin Tendulkar) and then it was followed by Rohit Sharma due to which Mumbai scored 183/3 and won the match comfortably by 41 runs. In the next match against the Rajasthan Royals Mumbai were bundled out for just 92 giving the Rajasthan Royals an 83-run victory due to which Ricky Ponting stepped down as a captain and retired from all forms of cricket. With Rohit Sharma in good batting form, he was made the captain. Under his captaincy the Mumbai Indians improved a lot and won their first IPL title.

text: They continued their winning streak in the Champions League. But in the Champions league too they had quite slow start which saw them having to win their final match of the league stage against the Perth Scorchers by a margin; they did it by the combined efforts of Nathan Coulter-Nile, Dwayne Smith and skipper Rohit Sharma. In the final Glenn Maxwell scored a quick fire 14-ball 37. Mumbai posted 202/6 and won the match comfortably by 33 runs.

text: 2014– Present

text: In 2014 Mumbai didn't start off well losing 5 of their matches in the UAE leg against Kolkata Knight Riders, Royal Challengers Bangalore, Chennai Super Kings and Delhi Daredevils by big margins but did well in their 5th match against Sunrisers Hyderabad but consequently lost the matches against respective opponents.

text: In the Indian leg they made a comeback by beating Kings XI Punjab who were at the top of the table at that time. After that they were inconsistent with their performance. They won against Royal Challengers Bangalore but lost against Chennai Super Kings. They won against the Sunrisers Hyderabad and again lost against Kolkata Knight Riders. But after losing against the Kolkata Knight Riders they won against Kings XI Punjab and the Delhi Daredevils respectively.

text: In the match against Kings XI Punjab, Lendl Simmons scored a hundred due to which they won comfortably by seven wickets.

text: With one game left to play they were fifth in the table with 12 points. In the last league-stage match of the season against Rajasthan Royals who were fourth in the league table with 14 points they needed to win by a big margin so as to leapfrog the opponent into the fourth spot and claim the play-offs spot too. Rajasthan Royals set the target of 190 runs but Mumbai Indians had to reach the target in 14.3 overs in order to improve the net run rate and claim the fourth position in the table but they just managed a tie with the Rajasthan Royals in 14.3 overs. So the Mumbai Indians needed a boundary off the next ball to push Rajasthan Royals below and claim that fourth spot and Aditya Tare hit a six to a full toss bowled by James Faulkner. Due to that six they reached the play-offs of IPL but lost against the Chennai Super Kings in the eliminator which ended their IPL 2014 campaign.

text: The Mumbai Indians qualified in the qualifier round of the CLT20 2014. Due to injury to their skipper Rohit Sharma, Kieron Pollard was named as their captain.

text: In the first match they faced the first the FBT20 2014 champions Lahore Lions but they lost against them with Lahore Lions winning by 6 wickets in 18.4 overs. In the second match they faced the Southern Express, who had a slow start and lost wickets regularly but managed to score 161/6 in 20 overs. The Mumbai Indians started off with an excellent opening partnership of 139 runs in just 14 overs but lost their first wicket on the 4th ball of the 15th over but skipper Kieron Pollard ended things off in blistering way, scoring 20 runs from just 7 balls. But in the last match against the Northern Knights they just managed 132 runs which the Northern Knights won comfortably 6 wickets with 16 balls to spare. In this way Mumbai's CLT20 2014 campaign ended.

text: Mumbai Indians won their second IPL title in 2015 after they defeated Chennai Super Kings by 41 runs. They started the season with 4 IPL defeats mainly due to their bowling. They lost Aaron Finch and Corey Anderson due to injury for the rest of the season, which meant Lendl Simmons got a chance back into the team and with the help of 6 half-centuries, gave the team solid starts throughout the season. He was the top scorer for Mumbai with 540 runs and joint second (with Ajinkya Rahane) in total for the season behind David Warner. The introduction of another strike bowler Mitchell McClenaghan in the team provided good support to Lasith Malinga upfront. Mumbai went on to win 9 out of their last 10 Matches to win the title thanks to solid batting performances from Simmons, Rohit Sharma, Ambati Rayudu and Kieron Pollard and good bowling from Malinga, McClenaghan and Harbhajan Singh.

text: In the Vivo IPL 2016 Auction they bought Tim Southee, Nathu Singh, Jos Buttler, Jitesh Sharma, KP Kamath, Krunal Pandya and Deepak Punia. They finished the season in the fifth spot in the points table.

text: In IPL 2017, the Mumbai Indians finished at the top of the points table, winning 10 out of 14 matches. They went on to win the trophy after beating Rising Pune Supergiant in a nail-biting finish which is often hailed as the best IPL match and IPL final till date[12]. This was their 3rd IPL title and with it they became the most successful team in the history of IPL.

text: Home ground

text: The Mumbai Indians played home games at the DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai for the first two IPL seasons. In the third season, in 2010, they played all seven home games at the Brabourne Stadium while the Wankhede Stadium underwent renovation to host group matches and the final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup. Mumbai Indians won six out of the seven matches at the Brabourne Stadium that season.

text: Mumbai Indians now play their home games at Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. The stadium is named after former BCCI President S. K. Wankhede. The stadium is owned by the Mumbai Cricket Association and has a seating capacity of around 33,000.

text: Team identity

text: The Mumbai Indians were the most watched team on television in the first and the lastest season of the IPL, totaling to 239 million viewers.[13] After posting a revenue of ₹69 crore and expenditure of ₹85 crore, the first season left the owners with net loss of INR 16 crore and were expected to break even in the 2009 season.[14]

text: Team name, motto and logo design

text: The motto of the team is "Duniya Hila Denge Hum...", which translates to We will rock the world.[15] The first anthem of Mumbai Indian was based on this motto, wherein the Bollywood actor Hrithik Roshan was roped in for a promotional video campaign.[16]

text: The team logo is the Sudarshan Chakra (or Razor) as initially the name of the team was supposed to be "Mumbai Razors" before Sachin Tendulkar suggested to keep it Mumbai Indians.

text: Jersey colours

text: The team's primary colour is blue with silver stripes on either sides of the jersey. The team colours was almost the same in 2008 and 2009, with Idea as the principal sponsor, except for the colour shade and additional sponsors. In 2010, a new kit with golden stripes was unveiled. In 2011, kit used in 2010 is being used with Hero Honda as the main sponsor. The 2011 jersey also has three gold stripes going towards the back on the side of the jersey for the new players in the team. The kit manufacturer was Adidas from the start of IPL in 2008 till 2014.[17] In 2015, Performax, an in-house brand of Reliance Trends, replaced Adidas as the kit manufacturer.

text: Theme song

text: The current theme song of the Mumbai Indians is the famous "Ala Re". Also, after every boundary or a wicket by the team, a fan-made song titled "Akkha Mumbai Khelega" is always played by the stadium disc jockey.

text: Players

text: During the player auction in 2008, the Mumbai Indians successfully bid for seven players, including two members of the Indian Twenty-20 World cup winning side in Harbhajan Singh, Robin Uthappa. Sanath Jayasuriya, Lasith Malinga, Luke Ronchi, Dilhara Fernando and Shaun Pollock were other cricketers who were successfully bid for by the franchise.[18]

text: Outside of the player auction, the franchise also signed up Ajinkya Rahane and Abhishek Nayar (from Mumbai), Yogesh Takawale (WK-Batsman from Maharashtra) and Pinal Shah (WK-Batsman from Baroda).[19] Saurabh Tiwary and Manish Pandey, the members of the U-19 world-cup winning team were the random picks drafted in during the BCCI held second auction. Dominic Thornely was also signed by the Mumbai Indians for a sum of $30,000. André Nel the South African fast bowler was signed on in the place of Dwayne Bravo who left the tournament early.[20]

text: In the 2009 player auction, the Mumbai Indians signed up South African player, JP Duminy for $950,000. He was the third most expensive pick after Kevin Pietersen and Andrew Flintoff (both signed up for $1.55m by Bangalore Royal Challengers and Chennai Super Kings respectively). In addition Kyle Mills and Mohammad Ashraful for $150,000 and $75,000 respectively were bought by MI management. The team also signed Graham Napier and Ryan McLaren at the pre-auction signings.

text: In the IPL 2010 Mumbai Indians bought West Indian all-rounder Kieron Pollard for $750,000 ($2,750,000) after a silent tie-breaker with Chennai Super Kings, Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Kolkata Knight Riders, after he impressed teams with his performances at Big Bash and Champions League.

text: In 2011, as two new teams were added to the IPL, the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their squad, only three of whom can be Indian players, and the rest of the international players would be put in the mega-auction. The Mumbai franchise, keen to have the same set of core players, retained captain Sachin Tendulkar, vice-captain Harbhajan Singh, all-rounder Kieron Pollard and fast bowler Lasith Malinga for a total of $4.5 million. The retention left them with the power of spending only $4.5 million at the mega-auction. At the auction, they purchased Rohit Sharma as one of the costliest player in the auction along with Munaf Patel, Andrew Symonds, Aiden Blizzard, a hard-hitting Australian batsman and James Franklin, an all rounder from New Zealand.

text: At the 2012 IPL player auction, Mumbai Indians bought South Africans Richard Levi and Robin Peterson for $50,000 and $100,000 respectively, Australian fast bowler Mitchell Johnson for $300,000, Indian fast bowler R. P. Singh for $600,000 and Sri Lankan all-rounder Thisara Perera for $650,000.

text: After the auctions, Mumbai Indians managed to get South African explosive opener Richard Levi, who shot into limelight after hitting the fastest century in T20 international cricket and hitting a record 13 sixes, after a bidding war with Pune Warriors India. Richard Levi was brought in as a replacement for Andrew Symonds, who retired from all forms of the game citing family reasons. Sachin Tendulkar stepped down as Mumbai Indians captain ahead of the IPL 2012 season-opener against Chennai.

text: At the 2013 IPL player auction, Former Australian Captain Ricky Ponting was purchased by Mumbai Indians for $400,000 and he became the new captain for sixth edition of IPL. Also at the auction, Glenn Maxwell was purchased by Mumbai Indians. Also Phillip Hughes, Nathan Coulter - Nile, Jacob Oram was purchased by MI Management.

text: Transfers

text: In the 2008–2009 transfer window, Mumbai Indians conducted two straight swap deals, with no money exchanged. Ashish Nehra was swapped with Shikhar Dhawan of Delhi Daredevils[21] and on the last day of the transfer window, Robin Uthappa was swapped with parekh Apurva of Royal Challengers Bangalore,[22] who plays for Mumbai in the Ranji Trophy. In a three-way trade, Jaydev Shah of the Rajasthan Royals – captain of the Saurashtra Ranji squad that made it to the semi-finals and son of former cricket board secretary Niranjan Shah – will move to the Mumbai Indians.

text: During the transfer window, Mumbai Indians was the first team to induct a new player in their squad. Tamil Nadu wicket-keeper Dinesh Karthik transferred to Mumbai Indians for $2.35 million (Rs 12.4 crores approximately).[23] Also making a switch was Rajagopal Sathish, who moved to Kings XI Punjab for an undisclosed amount. In their latest trade, Indian left-arm spinner Pragyan Ojha has transferred to Mumbai Indians from Deccan Chargers for an undisclosed amount,[24] while letting Ali Murtaza move to Pune Warriors India.

text: On 4 November 2014, Mumbai Indians acquired Unmukt Chand, Aaron Finch and Vinay Kumar for 2015 IPL.[25] Parthiv Patel also joined the Mumbai Indians squad for the 8th edition of IPL in the transfer window period. Aaron Finch along with Mitchell Mcclenaghan joined Mumbai Indians in the 2015 IPL Auction.

text: Seasons

text:
DNQ = Did not qualify
TBD = To be decided

text:
Year
Indian Premier League
Champions League T20

2008
League stage
Cancelled (DNQ)

2009
League stage
DNQ

2010
Runners-up
Group stage

2011
Playoffs
Champions

2012
Playoffs
Group stage

2013
Champions
Champions

2014
Playoffs
Qualifier stage

2015
Champions
Tournament defunct

Year
Indian Premier League

2016
League stage

2017
Champions

2018
League stage

text: Current squad

text:
Players with international caps are listed in bold.
 *  denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection.
 *  denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season.

text:
No.
Name
Nat
Birth date
Batting style
Bowling style
Signed year
Salary

Notes

v
t
e

Batsmen

17
Evin Lewis

(1991-12-27) 27 December 1991 (age 26)
Left-handed
Right-arm medium
2018
₹3.8 crore (US$566,000)
Overseas

21
JP Duminy

(1984-04-14) 14 April 1984 (age 34)
Left-handed
Right-arm off break
2018
₹1 crore (US$149,000)
Overseas

23
Siddhesh Lad

(1992-05-23) 23 May 1992 (age 26)
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
2018
₹20 lakh (US$30,000)

45
Rohit Sharma

(1987-04-30) 30 April 1987 (age 31)
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
2018
₹15 crore (US$2.2 million)
Captain

77
Suryakumar Yadav

(1990-09-14) 14 September 1990 (age 27)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
2018
₹3.2 crore (US$477,000)

N/A
Saurabh Tiwary

(1989-12-30) 30 December 1989 (age 28)
Left-handed
Right-arm off break
2018
₹80 lakh (US$119,000)

N/A
Sharad Lumba

(1989-09-10) 10 September 1989 (age 28)
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
2018
₹20 lakh (US$30,000)

All-rounders

4
Akila Dananjaya

(1993-10-04) 4 October 1993 (age 24)
Left-handed
Right-arm off break
2018
₹50 lakh (US$75,000)
Overseas

24
Krunal Pandya

(1991-03-24) 24 March 1991 (age 27)
Left-handed
Slow left-arm orthodox
2018
₹8.8 crore (US$1.3 million)

31
Ben Cutting

(1987-01-30) 30 January 1987 (age 31)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
2018
₹2.2 crore (US$328,000)
Overseas

33
Hardik Pandya

(1993-10-11) 11 October 1993 (age 24)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast
2018
₹11 crore (US$1.6 million)

55
Kieron Pollard

(1987-05-12) 12 May 1987 (age 31)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast
2018
₹5.4 crore (US$805,000)
Overseas

N/A
Anukul Roy

(1998-11-30) 30 November 1998 (age 19)
Left-handed
Slow left-arm orthodox
2018
₹20 lakh (US$30,000)

N/A
Tajinder Dhillon

(1992-05-25) 25 May 1992 (age 26)
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
2018
₹55 lakh (US$82,000)

Wicket-keepers

27
Aditya Tare

(1987-11-07) 7 November 1987 (age 30)
Right-handed

2018
₹20 lakh (US$30,000)

51
Ishan Kishan

(1998-07-18) 18 July 1998 (age 19)
Left-handed
Left-arm medium
2018
₹6.2 crore (US$924,000)

Bowlers

11
Mayank Markande

(1997-11-11) 11 November 1997 (age 20)
Right-handed
Right-arm leg break
2018
₹20 lakh (US$30,000)

18
Pradeep Sangwan

(1990-11-05) 5 November 1990 (age 27)
Right-handed
Left-arm fast-medium
2018
₹1.5 crore (US$224,000)

81
Mitchell McClenaghan

(1986-06-11) 11 June 1986 (age 32)
Left-handed
Left-arm fast-medium
2018
₹1 crore (US$149,000)
Overseas

90
Mustafizur Rahman

(1995-09-06) 6 September 1995 (age 22)
Left-handed
Left-arm fast-medium
2018
₹2.2 crore (US$328,000)
Overseas

93
Jasprit Bumrah

(1993-12-06) 6 December 1993 (age 24)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium
2018
₹7 crore (US$1.0 million)

N/A
Rahul Chahar

(1999-08-04) 4 August 1999 (age 18)
Right-handed
Right-arm leg spin
2018
₹1.9 crore (US$283,000)

N/A
Pat Cummins

(1993-05-08) 8 May 1993 (age 25)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast
2018
₹5.4 crore (US$805,000)
Overseas

N/A
Mohsin Khan

(1998-07-15) 15 July 1998 (age 19)
Left-handed
Left-arm medium-fast
2018
₹20 lakh (US$30,000)

N/A
M. D. Nidheesh

(1991-05-05) 5 May 1991 (age 27)

2018
₹20 lakh (US$30,000)

N/A
Jason Behrendorff

(1990-04-20) 20 April 1990 (age 28)
Right-handed
Left-arm fast-medium
2018
₹1.5 crore (US$224,000)
Overseas

N/A
Adam Milne

(1992-04-13) 13 April 1992 (age 26)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium
2018
₹75 lakh (US$112,000)
Overseas

text: Administration and support staff

text:
Owner – Reliance Industries
Head coach – Mahela Jayawardene
Assistant coach - Paras Mhambrey
Batting coach – Robin Singh
Bowling coach - Shane Bond[26]
Fielding coach – James Pamment
Team manager - Rahul Sanghvi
Batting Mentor - Sachin Tendulkar
Bowling Mentor - Lasith Malinga

text: Head Coach Record

text:
Name
Nationality
From
To
P
W
L
NA
Win%

Lalchand Rajput
 India
April 2008
June 2008
7001140000000000000♠14
7000700000000000000♠7
7000700000000000000♠7
5000000000000000000♠0
07001500000000000000♠50.00

Shaun Pollock
 South Africa
April 2009
June 2009
7001140000000000000♠14
7000500000000000000♠5
7000800000000000000♠8
7000100000000000000♠1
07001357100000000000♠35.71

Robin Singh
 India
April 2010
June 2012
7001490000000000000♠49
7001310000000000000♠31
7001180000000000000♠18
5000000000000000000♠0
07001632700000000000♠63.27

John Wright
 New Zealand
April 2013
June 2014
7001320000000000000♠32
7001190000000000000♠19
7001130000000000000♠13
5000000000000000000♠0
07001593800000000000♠59.38

Ricky Ponting

 Australia
April 2015
June 2016
7001290000000000000♠29
7001160000000000000♠16
7001130000000000000♠13
5000000000000000000♠0
07001551700000000000♠55.17

Mahela Jayawardene

 Sri Lanka
April 2017
Present
7001310000000000000♠31
7001180000000000000♠18
7001130000000000000♠13
5000000000000000000♠0
07001580600000000000♠58.06

text: Note: Record also includes matches played in Champions League T20

text: Kit manufacturers and sponsors

text: American multinational corporation – MasterCard was the official founding sponsor of the Mumbai Indians,[27] while Adidas was their official apparel sponsor until 2014.[28] Since then, the UAE's national carrier Etihad Airways signed a three-year contract and took over as one of the principle sponsors of Mumbai Indians. In 2015, Performax, the in-house brand of Reliance Trends, took over as the apparel sponsors. Associate sponsors and official partners include Bridgestone, Dheeraj and East Coast LLC, Kingfisher, Wrigley's Orbit, Wrigley's Boomer, Royal Stag, Air India, Msn, Jet Airways and Red FM 93.5.[29] Hero MotoCorp was also one of the main sponsors of Mumbai Indians for 2011 and 2012 seasons. The principal sponsors of Mumbai Indians are Videocon d2h since 2013. In 2015, companies such as USHA, Jack & Jones, HTC, Tiny Owl, Paytm, Ola Cabs, DNA and Fever 104 FM came on board. From 2016, DHFL and Samsung joined as the new associate sponsors. Along with them Pepsi, yatra.com, Radio City, LYF smartphones and Guvera came in as the new official sponsors. The global fashion brand Diesel's first ever association with cricket will produce a limited edition collection which will be available globally across popular cricket playing nations.

text:
Year
Kit manufacturers
Shirt sponsor (front)
Shirt sponsor (back)
Chest Branding

2008
Adidas
Idea
MasterCard
Adidas

2009
Zandu Balm

2010
Videocon
Dheeraj and East Coast LLC

2011
Hero Honda

2012
Hero
DHFL

2013
Videocon d2h
Bajaj Allianz

2014

2015
Performax[30]
Jet Airways

2016

2017
Etihad Airways

2018
Samsung[31]
Goibibo

text: Philanthropy

text: Mumbai Indians have supported the social cause of education to the underprivileged. They have raised funds for the cause via selling merchandise like wristbands signed by their players. The NGOs supported are Pratham, Ummeed, Akanksha, Teach For India and Nanhi Kali.[32]

text: Statistics

text: Overall results in the IPL

text:
Year
Total
Wins
Losses
No result
% win
Position

2008
14
7
7
0
50.00%
5

2009
14
5
8
1
35.71%
7

2010
16
11
5
0
68.75%
2

2011
16
10
6
0
62.50%
3

2012
17
10
7
0
58.82%
4

2013
19
13
6
0
68.42%
Champion

2014
15
7
8
0
46.67%
4

2015
16
10
6
0
62.50%
Champion

2016
14
7
7
0
50%
5

2017
14
10
4
0
71.42%
Champion

2018
14
6
8
0
42.86%
5

Total
169
96
72
1
56.80%

text: By opposition

text:
Opposition
Played
Won
Lost
NR

Cape Cobras
1
0
0
1

Chennai Super Kings
23
12
11
0

Deccan Chargers
10
6
4
0

Delhi Daredevils
13
6
7
0

Guyana
1
1
0
0

Gujarat Lions
4
2
2
0

Highveld Lions
2
1
1
0

Kings XI Punjab
21
11
10
0

Kochi Tuskers Kerala
1
0
1
0

Kolkata Knight Riders
20
15
5
0

Lahore Lions
1
0
1
0

Lions
3
1
2
0

New South Wales Blues
1
0
1
0

Perth Scorchers
1
1
0
0

Pune Warriors India
6
5
1
0

Rajasthan Royals
15
8
6
1

Otago Volts
1
0
0
1

Rising Pune Supergiant
6
2
4
0

Royal Challengers Bangalore
17
9
8
0

Somerset
1
1
0
0

Southern Redbacks
1
0
1
0

Sunrisers Hyderabad
6
3
3
0

Sydney Sixers
1
0
1
0

Trinidad and Tobago
2
2
0
0

Yorkshire Carnegie
1
0
0
1

text:
Colour Indication
Teams now defunct

Non-IPL team