document_title: List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons

question_text: when was the last time eagles were in playoffs

text: List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons

text: This article is a list of seasons completed by the Philadelphia Eagles, a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles are a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) East division in the National Football League (NFL). This article documents the season-by-season records of the Eagles’ franchise from 1933 to present, including postseason records, as well as league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Philadelphia Eagles won their 500th game on Sunday, October 26, 2008 over the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 27–14. They were the seventh NFL team to accomplish this feat and the first since the San Francisco 49ers defeated the St. Louis Rams in week 16 of the 2005 NFL season. They are also the first team in the NFC East to accomplish this feat since the Washington Redskins defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 8 of the 2000 NFL season. As of 2017, the Eagles have never lost a game to the New York Jets (10–0) or the Houston Texans (4–0).

text: The Eagles have won four league titles. Three of these were won prior to the start of the Super Bowl era (in 1948, 1949, and 1960). The fourth and most recent championship was won in Super Bowl LII.

text: Season records[edit]

text:
NFL Champions (1920–1969)
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth
One-Game Playoff Berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Playoffs
Awards/Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

Philadelphia Eagles

1933
1933
NFL

East
4th
3
5
1
—
Lud Wray

1934
1934
NFL

East
T-3rd
4
7
0
—
Lud Wray

1935
1935
NFL

East
5th
2
9
0
—
Lud Wray (9-21-1)

1936
1936
NFL

East
5th
1
11
0
—
Bert Bell

1937
1937
NFL

East
5th
2
8
1
—
Bert Bell

1938
1938
NFL

East
4th
5
6
0
—
Bert Bell

1939
1939
NFL

East
T-4th
1
9
1
—
Bert Bell

1940
1940
NFL

East
5th
1
10
0
—
Bert Bell (10-44-2)

1941
1941
NFL

East
4th
2
8
1
—
Greasy Neale

1942
1942
NFL

East
5th
2
9
0
—
Greasy Neale†

Steagles

1943
1943
NFL

East
3rd
5
4
1
—
Greasy Neale†

Philadelphia Eagles

1944
1944
NFL

East
2nd
7
1
2
—
Greasy Neale†

1945
1945
NFL

East
2nd
7
3
0
—
Greasy Neale†

1946
1946
NFL

East
2nd
6
5
0
—
Greasy Neale†

1947
1947
NFL

East
1st
8
4
0
Won Eastern Divisional Playoff (at Steelers) 21–0
Lost NFL Championship (at Cardinals) 21–28
Greasy Neale†

1948
1948
NFL

East
1st
9
2
1
Won NFL Championship (1) (Cardinals) 7–0
Greasy Neale†

1949
1949
NFL

East
1st
11
1
0
Won NFL Championship (2) (at Rams) 14–0
Greasy Neale†

1950
1950
NFL
American

T3rd
6
6
0
—
Greasy Neale† (66-44-5)

1951
1951
NFL
American

5th
4
8
0
—
Bo McMillin (2-0)
Wayne Millner (2-8)

1952
1952
NFL
American

T-2nd
7
5
0
—
Jim Trimble

1953
1953
NFL
Eastern

2nd
7
4
1
—
Jim Trimble

1954
1954
NFL
Eastern

2nd
7
4
1
—
Jim Trimble

1955
1955
NFL
Eastern

T-4th
4
7
1
—
Jim Trimble (25-20-3)

1956
1956
NFL
Eastern

6th
3
8
1
—
Hugh Devore

1957
1957
NFL
Eastern

5th
4
8
0
—
Hugh Devore (7-16-1)

1958
1958
NFL
Eastern

T-5th
2
9
1
—
Buck Shaw

1959
1959
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd
7
5
0
—
Buck Shaw

1960
1960
NFL
Eastern

1st
10
2
0
Won NFL Championship (3) (Packers) 17–13
Norm Van Brocklin (MVP)
Buck Shaw (COY) (20-16-1)

1961
1961
NFL
Eastern

2nd
10
4
0
—
Nick Skorich

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

7th
3
10
1
—
Nick Skorich

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

7th
2
10
2
—
Nick Skorich (15-24-3)

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

T-3rd
6
8
0
—
Joe Kuharich

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

T-5th
5
9
0
—
Joe Kuharich

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd
9
5
0
—
Joe Kuharich

1967
1967
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
2nd
6
7
1
—
Joe Kuharich

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
4th
2
12
0
—
Joe Kuharich (28-41-1)

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
4th
4
9
1
—
Jerry Williams

1970
1970
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
10
1
—
Jerry Williams

1971
1971
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
7
1
—
Jerry Williams (7-22-2)
Ed Khayat

1972
1972
NFL
NFC
East
5th
2
11
1
—
Ed Khayat (8-15-2)

1973
1973
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
5
8
1
—
Mike McCormack

1974
1974
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
7
0
—
Mike McCormack

1975
1975
NFL
NFC
East
5th
4
10
0
—
Mike McCormack (16-25-1)

1976
1976
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
10
0
—
Dick Vermeil

1977
1977
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
9
0
—
Dick Vermeil

1978
1978
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Falcons) 13–14
Dick Vermeil

1979
1979
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 27–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Buccaneers) 17–24
Dick Vermeil

1980
1980
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 31–16
Won NFC Championship (Cowboys) 20–7
Lost Super Bowl XV (vs. Raiders) 10–27
Harold Carmichael (WP MOY)
Dick Vermeil

1981
1981
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Giants) 21–27
Dick Vermeil

1982
1982
NFL
NFC

13th+
3
6
0
—
Dick Vermeil (57-51)

1983
1983
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0
—
Marion Campbell

1984
1984
NFL
NFC
East
5th
6
9
1
—
Marion Campbell

1985
1985
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—
Marion Campbell (17-29-1)
Fred Bruney (1-0)

1986
1986
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
10
1
—
Buddy Ryan

1987
1987
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
8
0
—
Buddy Ryan
Reggie White (DPOY)

1988
1988
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bears) 12–20
Buddy Ryan

1989
1989
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 7–21
Buddy Ryan

1990
1990
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Redskins) 6–20
Buddy Ryan (43-38-1)

1991
1991
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
10
6
0
—
Rich Kotite

1992
1992
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Saints) 36–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Cowboys) 10–34
Rich Kotite

1993
1993
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0
—
Rich Kotite

1994
1994
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—
Rich Kotite (37-29)

1995
1995
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 58–37
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Cowboys) 11–30
Ray Rhodes (COY)

1996
1996
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at 49ers) 0–14
Ray Rhodes

1997
1997
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
9
1
—
Ray Rhodes

1998
1998
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
13
0
—
Ray Rhodes (30-36-1)

1999
1999
NFL
NFC
East
5th
5
11
0
—
Andy Reid

2000
2000
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 21–3
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Giants) 10–20
Andy Reid

2001
2001
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 31–9
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Bears) 33–19
Lost NFC Championship (at Rams) 24–29
Andy Reid

2002
2002
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 20–6
Lost NFC Championship (Buccaneers) 10–27
Andy Reid (COY)
Troy Vincent (WP MOY)

2003
2003
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 20–17 (OT)
Lost NFC Championship (Panthers) 3–14
Andy Reid

2004
2004
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 27–14
Won NFC Championship (Falcons) 27–10
Lost Super Bowl XXXIX (vs. Patriots) 21–24
Andy Reid

2005
2005
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
10
0
—
Andy Reid

2006
2006
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Giants) 23–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Saints) 24–27
Andy Reid

2007
2007
NFL
NFC
East
4th
8
8
0
—
Andy Reid

2008
2008
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
6
1
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Vikings) 26–14
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Giants) 23–11
Lost NFC Championship (at Cardinals) 25–32
Andy Reid

2009
2009
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Cowboys) 14–34
Andy Reid

2010
2010
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Packers) 16–21
Andy Reid
Michael Vick (CBPOY)

2011
2011
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
8
8
0
—
Andy Reid

2012
2012
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
12
0
—
Andy Reid (130-93-1)

2013
2013
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Saints) 24–26
Chip Kelly

2014
2014
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
—
Chip Kelly

2015
2015
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
7
9
0
—
Chip Kelly (26-22)
Pat Shurmur (1-0)

2016
2016
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—
Doug Pederson

2017
2017
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 15–10
Won NFC Championship (Vikings) 38–7
Won Super Bowl LII (vs. Patriots) 41–33
Doug Pederson
Nick Foles (SB MVP)

Totals thru November 1, 2017 [1]
562
592
26
(1933–2017, regular season)

22
21
–
(1933–2017, playoffs)

582
613
26
(all games, 1933–2017, including NFL playoffs)

text: * = Current standing

text: + = Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.


document_title: True-breeding organism

question_text: what is the genotype of a true breeding organism

root

text: True-breeding organism

text: It has been suggested that this section be merged into Purebred#True breeding. (Discuss) Proposed since September 2016.

tag: table

text: This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A true-breeding organism, sometimes also called a purebred, is an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits (i.e. physically expressed traits) to its offspring. An organism is referred to as true breeding for each trait to which this applies, and the term "true-breeding" is also used to describe individual genetic traits.[1]

tag: p

text: In Mendelian genetics, this means that an organism must be homozygous for every trait for which it is considered true breeding; that is, the pairs of alleles that express a given trait are the same. In a purebred strain or breed, the goal is that the organism will "breed true" for the breed-relevant traits.[citation needed]

text: Apomixis and parthenogenesis, types of asexual reproduction, also result in true breeding, although the organisms are usually not homozygous.[2]

text: Examples[edit]

text: A purebred variety of cat, such as Siamese, only produces kittens with Siamese characteristics because their ancestors were inbred until they were homozygous for all of the genes that produce the physical characteristics and temperament associated with the Siamese breed.


document_title: 1919 World Series

question_text: who fixed the 1919 world series in the great gatsby

text: 1919 World Series

text: The Teams[edit]

text: The Chicago White Sox[edit]

text: In 1917, the Sox won the World Series and, managed by William "Kid" Gleason, the 1919 Chicago White Sox had the best record in the American League. Comiskey had succeeded in building one of the most powerful teams in baseball.[4] Most of the same players had defeated the New York Giants in the 1917 World Series, four games to two. They had fallen to sixth place in the American League in 1918, largely as a result of losing their best player, Shoeless Joe Jackson, and a few of his teammates as well, to World War I service. Team owner Charlie Comiskey fired manager Pants Rowland after the season, replacing him with Kid Gleason, who had played over twenty years in the majors but had never managed before. The 88–52 White Sox won the American League pennant again in 1919, by  3 1⁄2 games over the Cleveland Indians (world champions the following year).

text: Jackson was the unquestioned star of the team. The left fielder hit .351 that season, fourth in the league and in the AL's top five in slugging percentage, RBI, total bases and base hits. He was not the only star in a lineup with hardly a weak spot, as former A's superstar leadoff hitter Eddie Collins, one of the greatest second basemen of all time,[5] was still going strong in his early thirties, hitting .319 with a .400 on-base percentage. Right fielder Nemo Leibold hit .302 with 81 runs scored. First baseman Chick Gandil hit .290, third baseman Buck Weaver .296, and center fielder Oscar "Hap" Felsch hit .275 and tied Jackson for the team lead in home runs with only 7 (as the dead-ball era was coming to a close). Even typical "good field, no hit" catcher Ray Schalk hit .282 that year, and shortstop Swede Risberg was not an automatic out with the .256 average and 38 RBI. Manager Gleason's bench contained two impressive hitters, outfielder Shano Collins and infielder Fred McMullin, both veterans of the 1917 world championship.

text: The 1919 pennant-winning pitching staff was led by a pair of aces and a very promising rookie. Knuckleballer Eddie Cicotte had become one of the AL's best pitchers after turning 30 and discovering the "shine ball;" he had won 28 games for the 1917 champions, and after an off-year in 1918 had come back with a hefty 29–7, leading the league in wins and second in earned run average to Washington's veteran "Big Train," Walter Johnson. Next came Claude "Lefty" Williams, at 23–11 and 2.64. Twenty-six-year-old rookie Dickie Kerr started only 17 games, but turned in a solid 13–7 and 2.88. Fourth in the rotation was Urban "Red" Faber, who had beaten the Giants three times in the 1917 World Series but had an off-year in 1919 at 11–9 and 3.83 in 20 starts. He was ill and unable to pitch in the Series in any event, limiting Gleason to three top-of-the-line starters for what could be nine games.

text: But all was not well in the White Sox camp. Tension between many of the players and owner Comiskey was quite high, given his penny-pinching ways memorialized in two urban legends: (1) that he told Gleason to shut down Cicotte in the last days of the regular season to prevent him from winning 30 games, a milestone which would have earned him a sizeable $10,000 bonus; (2) that many derided the White Sox as the Black Sox because Comiskey wouldn't pay to have their uniforms laundered regularly, and they became blacker and blacker due to accumulated sweat, grime, and dirt.

text: The Cincinnati Reds[edit]

text: In contrast to the White Sox, the 1919 Cincinnati Reds were upstarts. They had finished no higher than third since 1900, and then only twice, before winning the NL pennant handily in 1919. Under new manager Pat Moran, best known as the leader of another bunch of unlikely newcomers to the World Series, the 1915 Philadelphia Phillies, the Reds finished nine games in front of the runner-up New York Giants at 96–44 and at least 20 games ahead of the other six, with the second highest NL won-lost percentage since 1910 at .686.

text: Their greatest star was center fielder Edd Roush, who led the league in hitting at .321 and, like the White Sox's Jackson, was in the top five of their respective leagues in most important hitting categories. Third baseman Heinie Groh was the other great hitter on the team at .310 with a .392 on-base percentage and 79 runs scored. Slick-fielding first baseman Jake Daubert, a two-time National League batting champion with Brooklyn earlier in the decade, also scored 79 runs and hit .276, while catcher Ivey Wingo hit .273. The rest of the team was unheralded, including second baseman Morrie Rath, a .264 hitter with no power but a good on-base percentage, and shortstop Larry Kopf, a .270 singles hitter. The corner outfielders were decidedly weaker hitters, with former Phillies star left fielder Sherry Magee's .215 in 56 games and right fielder Earle "Greasy" Neale's .242 with little power. This would prompt Moran to start rookie Pat Duncan in left field in the World Series.

text: The Reds' pitching was universally solid, however. The team's big three included Hod Eller (20–9, 2.39), Dutch Ruether (19–6, 1.82) and Slim Sallee (21–7, 2.06), all among the league leaders in various categories. They were backed by three other pitchers who were almost as successful: Jimmy Ring at only 10–9 but 2.26, Ray Fisher at 14–5 and 2.17 with five shutouts, and Cuban Dolf Luque at 10–3 and 2.63, former and future Giant who would win the last game of the 1933 World Series in long relief for New York. It was a deep and talented staff, a definite advantage in a Series whose format had just been changed from best of seven to best of nine.

text: The fix[edit]

text: The conspirators got an unexpected assist when flu-stricken Faber was left off the World Series roster. Indeed, years later catcher Schalk said that had Faber been healthy, there never would have been a fix (since he almost certainly would have gotten starts that went to Cicotte and/or Williams).[6] Despite their many wins on the field, the White Sox were an unhappy team. No club played better in 1919, but few were paid so poorly. Many knowledgeable observers believe that it was Comiskey's stinginess that is largely to blame for the Black Sox scandal.

text: Stories of the "Black Sox" scandal have usually included Comiskey in its gallery of subsidiary villains, focusing in particular on his intentions regarding a clause in Cicotte's contract that would have paid Cicotte an additional $10,000 bonus for winning 30 games. According to Eliot Asinof's account of the events, Eight Men Out, Cicotte was "rested" for the season's final two weeks after reaching his 29th win presumably to deny him the bonus, but the truth may be more complex. Cicotte won his 29th game on September 19, had an ineffective start on September 24 and was pulled after a few innings in a tuneup on the season's final day, September 28 (three days before the Series opener). In addition, Cicotte reportedly agreed to the fix the same day he won his 29th game before he could have known of any efforts to deny him a chance to win his 30th.[7] The story was probably true with regard to the 1917 season, however, when Cicotte won 28 games and hurled the White Sox to the world championship.

text: Although rumors were swirling among the gamblers (according to Tom Meany in his chapter on the 1919 Reds in "Baseball's Greatest Teams," "Cincinnati money was pouring in" even though the White Sox were regarded as the overwhelming favorite) and some of the press, most fans and observers were taking the Series at face value. On October 2, the day of Game 2, the Philadelphia Bulletin published a poem which would quickly prove to be ironic:

text: Summary[edit]

text: NL Cincinnati Reds (5) vs. AL Chicago White Sox (3)

text:
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance

1
October 1
Chicago White Sox – 1, Cincinnati Reds – 9
Redland Field
1:42
30,511[8]

2
October 2
Chicago White Sox – 2, Cincinnati Reds – 4
Redland Field
1:42
29,698[9]

3
October 3
Cincinnati Reds – 0, Chicago White Sox – 3
Comiskey Park
1:30
29,126[10]

4
October 4
Cincinnati Reds – 2, Chicago White Sox – 0
Comiskey Park
1:37
34,363[11]

5
October 6
Cincinnati Reds – 5, Chicago White Sox – 0
Comiskey Park
1:45
34,379[12]

6
October 7
Chicago White Sox – 5, Cincinnati Reds – 4 (10 innings)
Redland Field
2:06
32,006[13]

7
October 8
Chicago White Sox – 4, Cincinnati Reds – 1
Redland Field
1:47
13,923[14]

8
October 9
Cincinnati Reds – 10, Chicago White Sox – 5
Comiskey Park
2:27
32,930[15]

text: Matchups[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text:
Wednesday, October 1, 1919 3:00 pm (ET) at Redland Field in Cincinnati, Ohio

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Chicago
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
1

Cincinnati
1
0
0
5
0
0
2
1
X
9
14
1

WP: Walter "Dutch" Ruether (1–0)   LP: Eddie Cicotte (0–1)

text: The first game began at 3 pm at Cincinnati's Redland Field, with 30,511 fans in the stands and ticket scalpers outside the park raking in at least $50 per ticket. Chicago failed to score in the top of the first. In the bottom of the inning, Cicotte (who was paid his $10,000 the night before the series began) took the mound and hit the leadoff hitter, Morrie Rath, in the back with his second pitch, a prearranged signal to Arnold Rothstein that the fix was on. Even so, the game remained close for a while, due in part to some excellent defense from the conspirators, seeking to deflect suspicion from themselves. In the fourth, however, Cicotte "went haywire" (again according to Meany, op. cit.), allowing a number of hits in succession climaxed by a two-out triple to the opposing pitcher, as the Reds scored five times to break a 1–1 tie. Cicotte was relieved at that point, but the damage was done and the Reds went on to add three more runs in later innings and triumph 9–1.

text: By that evening, there already were signs that things were going wrong. Only Cicotte, who had shrewdly demanded his $10,000 in advance, had been paid. "Sleepy" Bill Burns and Maharg met with Abe Attell, former world boxing champ and Rothstein's intermediary, but he withheld the next installment ($20,000) nonetheless to bet on the next game. The next morning Gandil met Attell and again demanded money, but again to no avail.

text: Game 2[edit]

text:
Thursday, October 2, 1919 3:00 pm (ET) at Redland Field in Cincinnati, Ohio

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Chicago
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
10
1

Cincinnati
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
X
4
4
3

WP: Harry "Slim" Sallee (1–0)   LP: Lefty Williams (0–1)

text: Although they had not received their money, the players were still willing to go through with the fix. "Lefty" Williams, the starting pitcher in Game 2, was not going to be as obvious as Cicotte. After a shaky start, he pitched well until the fourth inning, when he walked three and gave up as many runs. After that he became virtually unhittable again, giving up only one more run; but lack of clutch-hitting, with Gandil a particularly guilty party, led to a 4–2 White Sox loss. Attell was still in no mood to pay up afterwards, but Burns managed to get hold of $10,000 and gave it to Gandil, who distributed it among the conspirators. The teams headed north to Comiskey Park in Chicago for Game 3 the next day, with no days off for travel in this Series.

text: Game 3[edit]

text:
Friday, October 3, 1919 2:00 pm (CT) at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Cincinnati
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1

Chicago
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
X
3
7
0

WP: Dickie Kerr (1–0)   LP: Ray Fisher (0–1)

text: Rookie pitcher Dickie Kerr, the Game 3 starter for the Sox, was not in on the fix. The original plan was for the conspirators, who disliked Kerr, to lose this game; but by now dissent among the players meant that the plan was in disarray. Burns still had faith and gathered the last of his resources to bet on Cincinnati. It was a decision that would leave him broke, as Chicago scored early—Gandil himself driving in two runs—and Kerr was masterful, holding the Reds to three hits in a 3–0 complete game shutout.

text: Game 4[edit]

text:
Saturday, October 4, 1919 2:00 pm (CT) at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Cincinnati
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
5
2

Chicago
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2

WP: Jimmy Ring (1–0)   LP: Eddie Cicotte (0–2)

text: Cicotte, the Game 4 White Sox starter, was determined not to look as bad as he had in Game 1. For the first four innings, he and Reds pitcher Jimmy Ring matched zeroes. With one out in the fifth, Cicotte fielded a slow roller by Pat Duncan but threw wildly to first for a two-base error. The next man up, Larry Kopf, singled to left; Cicotte cut off the throw from Jackson and fumbled the ball, allowing Duncan to score. The home crowd was stunned by the veteran pitcher's obvious mistake. When he then gave up a double to Greasy Neale scoring Kopf to make it 2–0, that was enough of a lead for Ring, who threw a three-hit shutout of his own matching Kerr's in Game 3. The Reds led the Series 3–1.

text: After the game "Sport" Sullivan came through with $20,000 for the players, which Gandil split equally among Risberg, Felsch, and Williams, who was due to start Game 5 the next day.

text: Game 5[edit]

text:
Monday, October 6, 1919 2:00 pm (CT) at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Cincinnati
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
5
4
0

Chicago
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3

WP: Hod Eller (1–0)   LP: Lefty Williams (0–2)

text: Game 5 was postponed by rain for a day. Both starters, Williams and Cincinnati's Hod Eller, pitched excellently at first, with neither allowing a runner past first until the top of the sixth, when Eller himself hit a blooper that fell between Felsch and Jackson. Felsch's throw was off-line, sending Eller all the way to third. Leadoff hitter Morrie Rath hit a single over the drawn-in infield, scoring Eller. Heinie Groh walked before Edd Roush's double—the result of more doubtful defense from Felsch brought home two more runs, with Roush scoring shortly thereafter. Eller pitched well enough (he struck out nine batters, including a then-World Series record six in a row, since tied by Moe Drabowsky in the 1966 World Series opener) for the four runs to stand up, and the Reds were only one game away from their first world championship.

text: Game 6[edit]

text:
Tuesday, October 7, 1919 3:00 pm (ET) at Redland Field in Cincinnati, Ohio

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Chicago
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
1
5
10
3

Cincinnati
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
11
0

WP: Dickie Kerr (2–0)   LP: Jimmy Ring (1–1)

text: The Series reverted to Cincinnati for Game 6. Dickie Kerr, starting for the White Sox, was less dominant than in Game 3. Aided and abetted by three errors, the Reds jumped out to a 4–0 lead before Chicago fought back, tying the game at 4–4 in the sixth, which remained the score into extra innings. In the top of the tenth, Gandil drove in Weaver to make it 5–4, and Kerr closed it out to record his—and Chicago's—second win.

text: Game 7[edit]

text:
Wednesday, October 8, 1919 3:00 pm (ET) at Redland Field in Cincinnati, Ohio

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Chicago
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
10
1

Cincinnati
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
7
4

WP: Eddie Cicotte (1–2)   LP: Harry "Slim" Sallee (1–1)

text: Despite the rumors already circulating about Cicotte's erratic performances in Games 1 and 4, ChiSox manager Kid Gleason showed faith in his ace for Game 7. This time, the knuckleballer did not let him down. Chicago scored early and, for once, it was Cincinnati that committed errors. The Reds threatened only briefly in the sixth before losing 4–1, and suddenly the Series was relatively close again.

text: This did not go unnoticed by Sullivan and Rothstein, who were suddenly worried. Before the Series started, the Sox had been strong favorites and few doubted they could win two games in a row—presuming that they were trying to win. Rothstein had been too smart to bet on individual games, but had a considerable sum riding on Cincinnati to win the Series. The night before Game 8, Williams—the scheduled starter—was supposedly visited by an associate of Sullivan's known as Harry F who left no doubt that if he failed to blow the game in the first inning, he and his wife would be in serious danger.

text: Game 8[edit]

text:
Thursday, October 9, 1919 2:00 pm (CT) at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Cincinnati
4
1
0
0
1
3
0
1
0
10
16
2

Chicago
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
5
10
1

WP: Hod Eller (2–0)   LP: Lefty Williams (0–3)
Home runs:
CIN: None
CWS: Joe Jackson (1)

text: Whatever Williams had been told made its impression. In the first, throwing nothing but mediocre fastballs, he gave up four straight one-out hits for three runs before Gleason relieved him with "Big" Bill James, who allowed one of Williams' baserunners to score. James continued ineffective and, although the Sox rallied in the eighth, the Reds came away with a 10–5 victory for a five-games-to-three Series win. Jackson hit the only homer of the Series, a solo shot in the third inning after the Reds had built a 5–0 lead. Immediately after the Series ended, rumors were rife from coast to coast that the games had been thrown. Journalist Hugh Fullerton of the Chicago Herald and Examiner, disgusted by the display of ineptitude with which the White Sox had "thrown" the series, wrote that no World Series should ever be played again.[16]

text: Composite line score[edit]

text: 1919 World Series (5–3): Cincinnati Reds (N.L.) over Chicago White Sox (A.L.)

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Cincinnati Reds
5
1
2
10
3
9
2
2
1
0
35
64
13

Chicago White Sox
1
3
2
1
3
3
2
4
0
1
20
59
12

Total attendance: 236,936   Average attendance: 29,617
Winning player's share: $5,207   Losing player's share: $3,254[17]

text: Notable performances[edit]

text: Jackson led all players with his .375 average. Some[18] believed that most of his offensive potency came in games that were not fixed and/or when the game seemed out of reach. He hit the Series' lone home run in the final (eighth) game, a solo shot in the third inning, by which time the Reds were already ahead by a score of 5–0. His five hits with runners in scoring position came in: Game 6, sixth inning with Kerr pitching; Game 7, first and third innings; Game 8, two in the four-run eighth. This theory is extremely faulty though, as it would have to be assumed that Jackson could have batted 1.000 if he had wanted to, and simply chose to pick the precise spots in which he would get a hit.

text: Shoeless Joe had 12 hits overall, a World Series record at that time.[19]

text: Cincinnati Reds[edit]

text:
Greasy Neale (OF): 10-for-28; .357 batting average; 3 runs; 2 doubles; 1 triple; 4 RBI
Hod Eller (P): 2 complete games (1 shutout); 2 wins; 18 innings pitched; 13 hits allowed, 4 earned runs; 2 bases-on-balls; 15 strikeouts; 2.00 ERA

tag: ul

text: Chicago White Sox[edit]

text:
Joe Jackson (OF): 12-for-32; .375 batting average; 5-for-12 w/ men in scoring position; 5 runs; 3 doubles; 1 home run; 6 RBI
Ray Schalk (C): 7-for-23; .304 batting average; 2-for-3 w/ men in scoring position; 1 run; 2 RBI
Buck Weaver (3B): 11-for-34; .324 batting average; 1-for-5 w/ men in scoring position; 4 runs; 4 doubles; 1 triple
Dickie Kerr (P): 2 games (started); 2 complete games (1 shutout); 2 wins; 19 innings pitched; 14 hits allowed; 3 earned runs; 3 bases-on-balls; 6 strikeouts; 1.42 ERA

text: In modern culture[edit]

text:
In the book The Great Gatsby the character Meyer Wolfsheim is a reference to the actual Arnold Rothstein, who fixed the World Series of 1919.
In the film The Godfather Part II, Hyman Roth states that he has liked baseball since Arnold Rothstein fixed the 1919 World Series.
The eight banned players, most prominently Shoeless Joe Jackson, are principal characters in the novel Shoeless Joe, and its film adaptation, Field of Dreams.
The film Eight Men Out, based on the book by Eliot Asinof, is about the fix itself.
The television show Boardwalk Empire discusses the event in great detail.
In Episode 6, Season 5 of Mad Men ("Far Away Places"), Roger Sterling imagines he is watching the 1919 World Series from his bathtub while on an LSD trip.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "1919 Chicago White Sox". historicbaseball. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "History Files - Chicago Black Sox". 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
Jump up ^ "History Files - Chicago Black Sox". 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
Jump up ^ "History Files - Chicago Black Sox". 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
Jump up ^ James, Bill. The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001).
Jump up ^ Purdy, Dennis (2006). The Team-by-Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball. New York: Workman. ISBN 0-7611-3943-5.
Jump up ^ Cicotte's 29 Wins in 1919
Jump up ^ "1919 World Series Game 1 – Chicago White Sox vs. Cincinnati Reds". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1919 World Series Game 2 – Chicago White Sox vs. Cincinnati Reds". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1919 World Series Game 3 – Cincinnati Reds vs. Chicago White Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1919 World Series Game 4 – Cincinnati Reds vs. Chicago White Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1919 World Series Game 5 – Cincinnati Reds vs. Chicago White Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1919 World Series Game 6 – Chicago White Sox vs. Cincinnati Reds". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1919 World Series Game 7 – Chicago White Sox vs. Cincinnati Reds". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1919 World Series Game 8 – Cincinnati Reds vs. Chicago White Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Payne, Shaun. Hugh Fullerton and the Press’s Revealing Coverage of the Black Sox Scandal, 1919–1921. Historic Baseball.
Jump up ^ "World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Richard M.; Neft, David S.; Deutsch, Jordan A.; Johnson, Roland T. (1976). World Series. Dial Press. ISBN 0-8037-9699-4.
Jump up ^ All-time and Single-Season World Series Batting Leaders. baseball-reference.com

tag: ol


document_title: Nelson (surname)

question_text: where does the last name nelson come from

text: Nelson (surname)

text: Nelson is a surname. Within the United States, it is ranked as the 39th-most common surname of 88799 listed.[1]

text: Nelson is a patronymic surname meaning son of Nell.[2][3] Many derived from Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, also known as Lord Nelson, a British admiral known for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars.

text: Notable persons named Nelson[edit]

text:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text: A[edit]

text:
Adam Nelson, American shotputter
Al Nelson, American football cornerback
Alberta Nelson, American television actress
Alexander Nelson, British sprint athlete
Alice Nelson, fictional housekeeper to the Brady Bunch
Alice Dunbar Nelson, American poet, journalist and political activist
Allison Nelson, mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
Andrew Nelson, American missionary
Ann Nelson, particle physicist
Anthony Nelson, British Conservative politician
Anthony Nelson (boxer) (born 1985), English boxer
Antonya Nelson, American author
Arthur E. Nelson, American politician
Aven Nelson, American botanist
Azumah Nelson, boxer

text: B[edit]

text:
Baby Face Nelson
Barry Nelson, American actor
Barry Nelson (rugby league)
Ben Nelson, US senator
Benjamin Nelson, American sociologist
Bill Nelson (born 1942), US senator for Florida
Bill Nelson (musician) (born 1948), UK musician
Billy Bass Nelson (born 1951), US musician, member of the P-funk all stars
Brad Nelson, Major League Baseball player
Brendan Nelson (born 1958), Australian member for Bradfield and former Leader of the Opposition
Brian Nelson (disambiguation)
Bruce Nelson (historian)
Bruce Nelson (naval architect)
Bruce Jay Nelson, inventor
Buck Nelson, UFO incident
Byron Nelson, American PGA Tour golfer

text: C[edit]

text:
Carey Nelson, long-distance runner
Charles Gregory Nelson (computer scientist)
Charles P. Nelson (1877–1935), US admiral
Cindy Nelson, American alpine ski racer
Clara Nelson (1901–1979), entertainer, better known as Hilo Hattie
Cody Nelson (born 1988), Australian rugby league player
Colette Nelson (born 1974), IFBB American professional bodybuilder
Corey Nelson, American football linebacker
Craig T. Nelson, American actor

text: D[edit]

text:
Darrin Nelson, American football player
Dave Nelson, Major League Baseball player
David Nelson (actor), American actor, appeared in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
David Nelson (American football), American football wide receiver
David Nelson (musician), American musician
David Nelson (VC), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
David D. Nelson, Chairman, CEO of Westbank Corporation
David M. Nelson, college football coach
Diane Nelson (comics), President of DC Entertainment
Don Nelson, National Basketball Association head coach
Donnie Nelson, general manager

text: E[edit]

text:
Earle Nelson (1897–1928), American serial killer
Ed Nelson (1928–2014), American actor
Edmund Nelson (American football) (born 1960), American football player and television commentator
Edmund Nelson (clergyman) (1722–1802), father of Horatio Nelson
Edward Nelson (1932–2014), American mathematics professor
Edward Nelson (Alamo defender), Texian soldier
Edward W Nelson (1883–1923), British invertebrate zoologist and polar explorer
Edward William Nelson (1855–1934), American naturalist and ethnologist
Emma Nelson, fictional character on Degrassi: The Next Generation television series
Erven T. Nelson (born 1956), American lawyer and politician.
Esther Nelson (1810–1843), Manx poet

text: F[edit]

text:
Foggy Nelson, fictional character and law partner of Matt Murdock in the Marvel Comic Universe
Francis Nelson, "Legend of Hockey"
Frank Nelson (disambiguation)
Franklin Nelson, American figure skater
Frederick Nelson, professor emeritus of mechanical engineering

text: G[edit]

text:
Gary Nelson (disambiguation)
Garry Nelson (born 1961), English footballer
Gaylord Nelson (1916–2005), American Democratic politician
Gene Nelson (1920–1996), American dancer, actor, screenwriter, and director.
Gene Nelson (baseball) (born 1960), American baseball player
George Nelson (astronaut) (born 1950), American astronaut
George Nelson (designer) (1908–1986), American designer
George Nelson, 1st Baron Nelson of Stafford (1887–1962)
Graham Nelson (born 1968), British mathematician and poet
Greg Nelson and Jenny Gardner, fictional characters
Gunnar Nelson (fighter) (born 1988), Icelandic martial artist and professional fighter
Gunnar Nelson (musician) (born 1967), American musician, singer, and songwriter
Guy Nelson (1900–1969), English cricketer

text: H[edit]

text:
Harold Nelson (illustrator)
Harold George Nelson, Australian politician
Harold "H" Nelson, English cycling coach
Harriet Nelson, American singer and actress
Harriman Nelson, fictional character in Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea
Haywood Nelson, American actor
Henry Nelson, 2nd Baron Nelson of Stafford
Henry C. Nelson (born 1836), New York politician
Holly Nelson, Canadian writer, poet, activist
Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805), British Vice-Admiral
Horatio Nelson, 3rd Earl Nelson (1823–1913), British politician
Howard Nelson (disambiguation)
Hugh Nelson (disambiguation)

text: I[edit]

text: Ira Schreiber Nelson (1912–1965), American botanist

text: J[edit]

text:
Jameer Nelson, American professional basketball player
James Nelson (disambiguation)
Jane Nelson, Texas Senate member
Jeff Nelson (disambiguation)
Jeremiah Nelson, Massachusetts Representative
Jerry Nelson, Muppet puppeteer
Jesy Nelson, Member of British four-piece girl group Little Mix
Jez Nelson, jazz broadcaster and television producer
Jill Nelson, American journalist and novelist.
Jimmy Nelson (disambiguation)
J. J. Nelson, American football wide receiver
Joe Nelson, relief pitcher in Major League Baseball
John Nelson (disambiguation)
Johnny Nelson, World Champion boxer
Jordy Nelson, American professional football player
Joseph S. Nelson, American/Canadian ichthyologist
Juanita Morrow Nelson, American activist and war tax resister
Judd Nelson, American actor
Judy Nelson, ex-partner of Martina Navratilova
Julie Nelson (disambiguation)

text: K[edit]

text:
Karl Nelson, American football offensive tackle
Katy Nelson, Hollywood costume designer
Keith Nelson (disambiguation), several people
Ken Nelson (British record producer), British music producer
Ken Nelson (United States record producer), US country music producer
Kent C. Nelson, CEO United Parcel Service
Kirsten Nelson, American actress
Knute Nelson, 12th Governor of Minnesota
Kristin Nelson, American primitive painter and author

text: L[edit]

text:
Larry Nelson, American professional golfer
Lauren Nelson, American beauty pageant contestant
Lauritz Nelson, American Medal of Honor recipient
Lee Nelson (disambiguation), several people
Leonard Nelson, German mathematician and philosopher
Lori Nelson, American actress
Luke Nelson, American baseball pitcher
Luke Nelson (ski mountaineer)

text: M[edit]

text:
Marc Nelson, American singer
Marilyn Nelson (born 1946), American poet, translator, and children's book author
Matthew Nelson, American singer/songwriter/musician
Melody Nelson, fictional character
Michael Nelson (disambiguation), several people including those named "Mike Nelson"
Morley Nelson, falconer and educator

text: N[edit]

text:
Ned Nelson, American college baseball and basketball player
Nikki Nelson, American country music singer.

text: O[edit]

text:
Olaf Frederick Nelson, founding leader of the Mau movement for Samoan independence
Olive Nelson, first Pacific Island graduate of the University of Auckland
Oliver Nelson, jazz musician
Oscar Frederick Nelson, American Medal of Honor recipient
Otto L. Nelson, Jr., US soldier
Ozzie Nelson, American entertainer and band leader

text: P[edit]

text:
Paul Nelson (disambiguation)
Peter Nelson, American actor
Phyllis Nelson, American singer
Picasso Nelson, American football player
Polly Nelson, lawyer
Prince (musician), Prince Rogers Nelson

text: R[edit]

text:
Ralph Nelson, American movie and television director, producer, writer, and actor
Ray Nelson, science fiction author and cartoonist
Rebecca J. Nelson, Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and International Agriculture at Cornell University
Reggie Nelson, American football free safety
Richard Nelson (author), anthropologist and writer
Ricky Nelson, American singer-songwriter, instrumentalist, and actor
Ricky Nelson (baseball)
Rob Nelson (baseball) (born 1964), former Major League Baseball first baseman
Rob Nelson (reporter), American news reporter
Rob Nelson (talk show host), American talk show host
Robert Nelson (disambiguation)
Rocky Nelson, American professional baseball player
Roger D. Nelson, director of the Global Consciousness Project
Ron Nelson (composer), classical and popular music composer
Ron Nelson (DJ), Canadian hip hop and reggae DJ and producer
Rosemary Nelson, Irish human rights lawyer
Roy Nelson (disambiguation)
Russ Nelson, American computer programmer
Russell M. Nelson, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
Ruth Nelson (volleyball), women’s volleyball coach at University of Iowa

text: S[edit]

text:
Sammy Nelson, Northern Ireland former football player
Samuel Nelson (1792–1873), American attorney and Supreme Court justice
Sandy Nelson, rock drummer
Scott Nelson, New Zealand race walker
Sean Nelson, British singer best known for her performances with Massive Attack
Shane Nelson (disambiguation), several people
Shara Nelson, singer and musician
Shawn Nelson (disambiguation)
Simeon Nelson, Australian sculptor
Simon Nelson, mass murderer
Simon Nelson-Cook, fictional character
Steady Nelson, American musician
Stephen L. Nelson, author
Steve Nelson (American football)
Steve Nelson (vibraphonist)
Stewart Nelson, American mathematician and programmer
Stuart Nelson, English professional footballer
Susan Richard Nelson, American lawyer and judge

text: T[edit]

text:
Tara Nelson, Canadian television journalist and news anchor
Ted Nelson, American sociologist and philosopher
Thomas Nelson (publisher)
Thomas Nelson, Jr. (1738–1789), American planter, soldier, and statesman from Yorktown, Virginia
Thomas Nelson Page (1853–1922), American writer
Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson (1812–1873), American Congressman from Tennessee
Thomas Nelson, 2nd Earl Nelson
Tim Blake Nelson, American director, writer, singer and actor
Todd Nelson (disambiguation)
Tommy Nelson (baseball) (1917–1973), Major League Baseball player
Tracy Nelson (actress), of Father Dowling Mysteries
Tracy Nelson (singer)
Trevor Nelson, British DJ and presenter

text: V[edit]

text:
Van Nelson (born 1945), American long-distance runner
Vicki Nelson-Dunbar, tennis player

text: W[edit]

text:
Wallace Nelson, Australian politician
Wally Nelson, American civil rights activist
Walter Nelson-Rees, Cytogeneticist
William Nelson (disambiguation)
Willie Nelson (born 1933), US guitarist and country singer
Wolfred Nelson (1791–1863), mayor of Montreal, Quebec, Canada


question_text: who has been on sports illustrated swimsuit cover the most

text: List of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models enumerates the chronological history of cover models for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue has grown from being an issue of Sports Illustrated magazine created just to creatively fill space at a time of year with little sports news into a major marketing franchise that includes a special separate issue, a website, television specials, calendars, books and enormous amounts of advertising. It began as a short photo spread of women in bathing suits and has become a fashion issue for beachwear worn by the world's top models. Being the subject of the Sports Illustrated magazine cover is a well chronicled event which has both become a measure by which fame is measured and a status which is supposedly accompanied by a curse known as the "SI jinx".[1] There seems to have been no reports of any association of the SI jinx with the swimsuit issue.

text: The media considers being the cover person for Sports Illustrated an important career statistic for notable persons and keeps track of cover appearance counts with Michael Jordan having taken over the leadership from Muhammad Ali.[2][3] In the internet era, Time Warner had to create a dedicated web page for Sport Illustrated cover research.[4]

text: There is a lot of public interest in who is on the cover of fashion magazines with websites dedicated to the subject.[5] For supermodels being on the cover of important magazines is a matter of prestige and achieving the cover of Sports Illustrated's annual swimsuit edition is quite a celebrated highlight.[6] It is especially noteworthy if a cover model is fortunate enough to have a solo cover appearance.[7] The unveiling of the swimsuit issue cover and its model is a media event,[8] widely reported in the press.[9]

text: For many the mere sight of bronzed bathing beauties on the cover of a sports magazine is quite a moral issue. The issue generates numerous letters from readers both in support and in opposition of the issue each year. Numerous subscribers cancel subscriptions as a matter of propriety annually. Recently, Time Warner took action to avoid many of the complainants by withholding the Swimsuit issue from certain types of recipients, such as libraries and schools.[10]

text: Numerous types of trivia and statistics are monitored regarding the swimsuit issue cover subjects. Several have gone on to subsequent success in Hollywood.[11] Others have become the spouses of notable celebrities.[11] The following list is a list of models chosen as subjects for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover, incorporating some related statistics and trivia.

text: List of covers[edit]

text:
Issue [12]
Name (appearance)
Nationality
Notes

1964-01-20[13]
Babette March
 Germany

1965-01-18[14]
Sue Peterson
 United States

1966-01-17[15]
Sunny Bippus
 United States

1967-01-16[16]
Marilyn Tindall
 United States

1968-01-15[17]
Turia Mau
 France

1969-01-13[18]
Jamee Becker
 United States

1970-01-12[19]
Cheryl Tiegs
 United States

1971-02-01[20]
Tannia Rubiano
 United States

1972-01-17[21]
Sheila Roscoe
 United States

1973-01-29[22]
Dayle Haddon
 Canada

1974-01-28[23]
Ann Simonton
 United States

1975-01-27[24]
Cheryl Tiegs (2)
 United States
first repeat cover model

1976-01-19[25]
Yvette Sylvander
Yvonne Sylvander
 Sweden
 Sweden
first multi-subject cover

1977-01-24[26]
Lena Kansbod
 Sweden

1978-01-16[27]
Maria Joao
 Brazil
most cancellations (340),[28] most letters regarding a cover (2947)[11]

1979-02-05[29]
Christie Brinkley
 United States

1980-02-04[30]
Christie Brinkley (2)
 United States

1981-02-09[31]
Christie Brinkley (3)
 United States
first three-time cover model

1982-02-08[32]
Carol Alt
 United States

1983-02-14[33]
Cheryl Tiegs (3)
 United States

1984-02-13[34]
Paulina Porizkova
 Czechoslovakia
Paulina Porizkova was the youngest Swimsuit Issue cover model at age 18[35]

1985-02-11[36]
Paulina Porizkova (2)
 Czechoslovakia

1986-02-10[37]
Elle Macpherson
 Australia

1987-02-09[38]
Elle Macpherson (2)
 Australia

1988-02-15[39]
Elle Macpherson (3)
 Australia

1989-02-07[40]
Kathy Ireland
 United States
Best selling swimsuit issue,[11] 25th anniversary

1990-02-12[41]
Judit Mascó
 Spain

1991-02-11[42]
Ashley (Richardson) Montana
 United States

1992-03-09[43]
Kathy Ireland (2)
 United States

1993-02-22[44]
Vendela Kirsebom
 Sweden

1994-02-14[45]
Kathy Ireland (3)
Elle Macpherson (4)
Rachel Hunter
 United States
 Australia
 New Zealand
pregnant cover models (Ireland Hunter),[11] first four-time cover model

1995-02-20[46]
Daniela Peštová
 Czech Republic

1996-01-29[47]
Valeria Mazza
Tyra Banks
 Argentina
 United States
first African-American cover model

1997-02-21[48]
Tyra Banks (2)
 United States
first dedicated special issue,[28] first African-American solo cover model.[7][49]

1998-02-20[50]
Heidi Klum
 Germany

1999-02-12[51]
Rebecca Romijn
 United States

2000-02-01[52]
Daniela Peštová (2)
 Czech Republic

2001-02-01[53]
Elsa Benítez
 Mexico

2002-02-01[54]
Yamila Diaz-Rahi
 Argentina

2003-02-18[55]
Petra Němcová
 Czech Republic

2004-02-10[56]
Veronika Vařeková
inset Anna Kournikova
 Czech Republic
 Russia
40th anniversary

2005-02-15[57]
Carolyn Murphy
inset Jessica White, Marisa Miller, Yamila Diaz-Rahi
 United States
 United States,  United States,  Argentina

2006-02-17[58]
Veronika Vařeková (2)
Elle Macpherson (5)
Rebecca Romijn (2)
Rachel Hunter (2)
Daniela Peštová (3)
Elsa Benítez (2)
Carolyn Murphy (2)
Yamila Diaz-Rahi (2)
inset Heidi Klum, Maria Sharapova
 Czech Republic
 Australia
 United States
 New Zealand
 Czech Republic
 Mexico
 United States
 Argentina
inset  Germany,  Russia
McPherson’s record 5th cover

2007-02-15[59]
Beyoncé Knowles
inset Bar Refaeli
 United States
 Israel
First non-model/non-athlete; 2nd African-American

2008-02-12[60]
Marisa Miller
 United States

2009-02-10[61]
Bar Refaeli
inset Brooklyn Decker
 Israel
 United States

2010-02-12[62]
Brooklyn Decker
 United States

2011-02-15[63]
Irina Shayk
inset Kate Upton
 Russia
 United States

2012-02-14[64]
Kate Upton
inset Alex Morgan
 United States
 United States

2013-02-15[65]
Kate Upton (2)
inset Hannah Davis
 United States
 United States

2014-02-18[66][67]
Nina Agdal
Lily Aldridge
Chrissy Teigen
flip-cover Kate Upton
 Denmark
 United States
 United States
 United States
50th Anniversary

2015-02-20[68]
Hannah Davis
 United States

2016-02-23[69]
Ronda Rousey
Ashley Graham
Hailey Clauson
 United States
 United States
 United States
First issue with multiple front covers

2017-02-20[70]
Kate Upton (3)
 United States
First cover model with multiple front covers

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Steigerwald, Bill (January 24, 2002). "Sports Illustrated investigates cover curse". Tribune-Review Publishing Co. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Michael Jordan: The Sports Illustrated covers". CNN/SI. 1999. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The 35 faces of Ali". CNN/SI. 1999. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ "SI Cover Search". Time Inc. 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Fashion Watch". fashionWATCH. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
Jump up ^ Shattuck, Kathryn (February 19, 2007). "WHAT'S ON TONIGHT". The New York Times Company. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sports Illustrated: Tyra’s 10 Year Anniversary". ANE Productions, Inc. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Shattuck, Kathryn (February 14, 2007). "WHAT'S ON TONIGHT". The New York Times Company. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Beyonce On Cover of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue". FOX News Network, LLC. February 14, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Aspan, Maria (March 12, 2007). "The Swimsuits Were Skimpy, but the Magazine Was Invisible". The New York Times Company. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sports Illustrated 50: The Anniversary Book, Rob Fleder, 2005, p.286, ISBN 1-932273-49-2
Jump up ^ "Swimsuit Collection: Swimsuit Covers". Time Inc. 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Almasy, Steve (February 18, 2011). "From cover to cover: Reflections from SI's first swimsuit star". CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pitz, Marylynne (July 16, 2006). "Bikini still a blast after 60 years". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ballard, Sarah (February 7, 1989). "Always Fair Weather". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fimrite, Ron (February 7, 1989). "A Wallflower Blossomed". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Kenny (February 7, 1989). "Life Without A Problem". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ McCallum, Jack (February 7, 1989). "An American In Paris". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Osborn, Dave (March 7, 2014). "Cheryl Tiegs reflects on white 'fishnet' SI swimsuit, modeling career". Naples Daily News. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stathoplos, Demmie (February 7, 1989). "On Top of The World". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Diaz, Jaime (February 7, 1989). "No Prima Donna". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wiley, Ralph (February 7, 1989). "Her Gaze Can Daze". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seals, Brian (February 13, 2008). "Aptos native Marisa Miller makes Sports Illustrated cover". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Kate (February 12, 2013). "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Models: Then and Now". People. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Newman, Bruce (February 7, 1989). "Birds of a Feather". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ McCallum, Jack (February 7, 1989). "The Best Of Both Worlds". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Denley, Susan (February 9, 2014). "Fame, fortune follow cover". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Curtis, Bryan (February 16, 2005). "The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue: An intellectual history". Slate. Washington Post.Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kerr-Dineen, Luke (February 7, 2017). "63-year-old Christie Brinkley makes surprise return to Sports Illustrated's swimsuit issue". USA Today. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hawkins, Timothy (April 4, 1980). "His fortune is their faces". Los Angeles Times. p. I5.
Jump up ^ Usborne, David (August 17, 2005). "Beauty before age; She was the all-American girl who became the world's first supermodel. Now Christie Brinkley's a born-again cover star at 51". The Independent. pp. 34–35.
Jump up ^ Pesce, Nicole Lyn (July 19, 2012). "Supermodels then and now: Beverly Johnson, Christy Turlington, Carol Alt among veteran catwalkers who paved the way". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Simmons, Roger (February 15, 2017). "Kate Upton is Sports Illustrated Swimsuit 2017 cover model for third time". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Paulina Porizkova". New York. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Miller, Winter (April 1, 2007). "Pampering Two Left Feet". The New York Times Company. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cobb, Nathan (February 11, 1985). "Magazine's Swimsuit Issue Still An Event". Sun-Sentinel. p. 1C.
Jump up ^ Merron, Jeff. "SI undressed". ESPN. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Melloy, John (February 14, 2012). "Swimsuit Indicator: Why Stocks May Have a Good Year". CNBC. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elle Macpherson; From Down Under to the top". USA Today. February 10, 1988. p. 4D.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Karen S. (February 6, 1989). "On the anniversary cover, a glimpse of Ireland; Favorites give an encore". USA Today. p. 4D.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Karen S. (February 7, 1990). "Fleshing out magazine sales; 'SI' swimsuits lead wave of skin issues". USA Today. p. 1D.
Jump up ^ "Missing Model Fine, After All". The Province. July 4, 1991. p. 16.
Jump up ^ MacCambridge, Michael (March 7, 1992). "Sports Illustrated stays the course in swimsuit debate". Austin American-Statesman. p. D5.
Jump up ^ Brady, James (August 8, 1993). "In Step With: Vendela". Kokomo Tribune. p. 54. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gendel, Debra (February 11, 1994). "Model Sporting Spirits—in Triplicate". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Snead, Elizabeth (February 14, 1995). "'95 cover girl from Prague". USA Today. p. 2D.
Jump up ^ Luther, Catherine; Ringer Lepre, Carolyn; Clark, Naeemah (2011). "Representations of African Americans". Diversity in U.S. Mass Media. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444344523.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Roy H. (April 3, 1997). "Tyra Banks hits superstar status". Toronto Star. p. D12.
Jump up ^ "Tyra Banks". Time Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ "All-Time 100 Fashion Icons: Heidi Klum". Time. April 2, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A conversation with ... Rebecca Romijn-Stamos". The Cincinnati Post. February 23, 1999. p. 14A.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Bill (February 22, 2000). "Swim Mag Coming Right At Ya". New York Daily News. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Elsa gets her cover-girl wish". USA Today. February 20, 2001. p. 1D.
Jump up ^ "Yamila Diaz Rahi is 2002 covergirl for Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue". United Press International. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sports Illustrated unveils new swimsuit edition". Breakingnews.ie. February 20, 2003.
Jump up ^ McDonell, Terry (2017). The Accidental Life: An Editor's Notes on Writing and Writers. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 317. ISBN 9781101970515.
Jump up ^ Sturrock, Staci (March 4, 2005). "From Kathy To Carolyn: 'SI' Cover Girls Then And Now! 'It Was Amazing How Sexy I Started To Feel'". The Palm Beach Post. p. 1E.
Jump up ^ "Recent Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue covers". Newsday. February 9, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Beyoncé Knocks 'Real' Swimsuit Models Off SI Cover". Adweek. February 15, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Marisa Miller heads Maxim's Hot 100 list". Reuters. May 14, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Tim (February 9, 2009). "SI Cover Model Bar Refaeli". Time. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Celizic, Mike (February 9, 2010). "S.I. swimsuit cover model revealed". Today. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Joyce (February 15, 2011). "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit 2011 Cover Girl: Irina Shayk". CBS News. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trebay, Guy (February 13, 2012). "Model Struts Path to Stardom Not on Runway, but on YouTube". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Monde, Chiderah (February 13, 2013). "Kate Upton describes her body 'shutting down' after freezing Sports Illustrated cover shoot: 'I was losing my hearing and eyesight'". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shore, Rebecca (February 13, 2014). "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit cover revealed". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Shore, Rebecca (February 18, 2014). "Kate Upton nabs 2014 SI Swimsuit Issue flip-side cover". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Joseph, Adi (February 5, 2015). "Hannah Davis lands 'Sports Illustrated' swimsuit edition cover". USA Today. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Karimi, Faith (February 14, 2016). "Sports Illustrated has 3 swimsuit cover models this year". CNN. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hendrix, Kelsey (February 14, 2017). "It's Official: Kate Upton is our SI Swimsuit 2017 cover girl!". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 14, 2017.

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models

1960s

Babette March
Sue Peterson
Sunny Bippus
Marilyn Tindall
Turia Mau
Jamee Becker

1970s

Cheryl Tiegs
Tannia Rubiano
Shelia Roscoe
Dayle Haddon
Ann Simonton
Cheryl Tiegs
Yvette and Yvonne Sylvander
Lena Kansbod
Maria João
Christie Brinkley

1980s

Christie Brinkley
Christie Brinkley
Carol Alt
Cheryl Tiegs
Paulina Porizkova
Paulina Porizkova
Elle Macpherson
Elle Macpherson
Elle Macpherson
Kathy Ireland

1990s

Judit Mascó
Ashley Richardson
Kathy Ireland
Vendela Kirsebom
Kathy Ireland, Rachel Hunter & Elle Macpherson
Daniela Peštová
Valeria Mazza & Tyra Banks
Tyra Banks
Heidi Klum
Rebecca Romijn

2000s

Daniela Peštová
Elsa Benítez
Yamila Díaz
Petra Němcová
Veronika Vařeková
Carolyn Murphy
Veronika Vařeková, Elle Macpherson, Rebecca Romijn, Rachel Hunter, Daniela Peštová, Elsa Benítez, Carolyn Murphy & Yamila Díaz
Beyoncé Knowles
Marisa Miller
Bar Refaeli

2010s

Brooklyn Decker
Irina Shayk
Kate Upton
Kate Upton
Nina Agdal, Lily Aldridge & Chrissy Teigen
Hannah Jeter
Ronda Rousey/Ashley Graham/Hailey Clauson
Kate Upton

text: Sports IllustratedLists of female models

text: Use mdy dates from February 2014


document_title: Geography of Japan

question_text: what is the most important resource that japan has

text: Geography of Japan

text: Overview[edit]

text: The major islands, sometimes called the "Home Islands", are (from east to west) Hokkaido, Honshu (the "mainland"), Shikoku and Kyushu. There are 6,852 islands in total,[5] including the Nansei Islands, the Nanpō Islands and islets, with 430 islands being inhabited and others uninhabited. In total, as of 2006, Japan's territory is 377,923.1 km2 (145,916.9 sq mi), of which 374,834 km2 (144,724 sq mi) is land and 3,091 km2 (1,193 sq mi) water.

text: Location: Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula.

text: Map references: Asia, Oceania

text: Area:

text:
total: 377,915 km²
land: 364,485 km²
water: 13,430 km²
notes: Includes the Bonin Islands, Daitō Islands, Minami-Tori-shima, Okinotorishima, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Volcano Islands. Ownership of the Senkaku Islands and Liancourt Rocks (Japanese:Takeshima, Korean:Dokdo) is in dispute.

text: Land boundaries: the ocean

text: Coastline: 29,751 km (18,486 mi)

text: Maritime claims:

text:
territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi); between 3 and 12 nmi (5.6 and 22.2 km; 3.5 and 13.8 mi) in the international straits—La Pérouse (or Sōya Strait), Tsugaru Strait, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait.
exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)

text: Climate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

text: Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous, can easily be compared to Norway, both having about 70% of their land in the mountains.

text: Natural resources: small deposits of coal, oil, iron, and minerals. Major fishing industry.

text: Land use:

text:
arable land: 11.65%
permanent crops: 0.83%
other: 87.52% (2012)

text: Irrigated land: 25,000 km² (2010)

text: Total renewable water resources: 430 km3 (2011)

text: Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

text:
total: 90.04 km3/yr (20%/18%/62%)
per capita: 714.3 m3/yr (2007)

text: Composition, topography and geography[edit]

text: About 73% of Japan is mountainous, with a mountain range running through each of the main islands. Japan's highest mountain is Mount Fuji, with an elevation of 3,776 m (12,388 ft). Japan's forest cover rate is 68.55% since the mountains are heavily forested. The only other developed nations with such a high forest cover percentage are Finland and Sweden.[6]

text: Since there is little level ground, many hills and mountainsides at lower elevations around towns and cities are often cultivated. As Japan is situated in a volcanic zone along the Pacific deeps, frequent low-intensity earth tremors and occasional volcanic activity are felt throughout the islands. Destructive earthquakes occur several times a century. Hot springs are numerous and have been exploited as an economic capital by the leisure industry.

text: The mountainous islands of the Japanese archipelago form a crescent off the eastern coast of Asia. They are separated from the mainland by the Sea of Japan, which historically served as a protective barrier. The country consists of four major islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu; with more than 6,500 adjacent smaller islands and islets ("island" defined as land more than 100 m in circumference),[7] including the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands in the Nanpō Islands, and the Satsunan Islands, Okinawa Islands, and Sakishima Islands of the Ryukyu Islands.

text: The national territory also includes the Volcano Islands (Kazan Retto) such as Iwo Jima, located some 1,200 kilometers south of mainland Tokyo. A territorial dispute with Russia, dating from the end of World War II, over the two southernmost of the Kuril Islands, Etorofu and Kunashiri, and the smaller Shikotan Island and Habomai Islands northeast of Hokkaido remains a sensitive spot in Japanese–Russian relations (as of 2005[update]). Excluding disputed territory, the archipelago covers about 377,000 square kilometers. No point in Japan is more than 150 kilometers from the sea.

text: The four major islands are separated by narrow straits and form a natural entity. The Ryukyu Islands curve 970 kilometers southward from Kyūshū.

text: The distance between Japan and the Korean Peninsula, the nearest point on the Asian continent, is about 200 kilometers at the Korea Strait. Japan has always been linked with the continent through trade routes, stretching in the north toward Siberia, in the west through the Tsushima Islands to the Korean Peninsula, and in the south to the ports on the south China coast.

text: The Japanese islands are the summits of mountain ridges uplifted near the outer edge of the continental shelf. About 73 percent of Japan's area is mountainous, and scattered plains and intermontane basins (in which the population is concentrated) cover only about 27 percent. A long chain of mountains runs down the middle of the archipelago, dividing it into two halves, the "face", fronting on the Pacific Ocean, and the "back", toward the Sea of Japan. On the Pacific side are steep mountains 1,500 to 3,000 meters high, with deep valleys and gorges.

text: Central Japan is marked by the convergence of the three mountain chains—the Hida, Kiso, and Akaishi mountains—that form the Japanese Alps (Nihon Arupusu), several of whose peaks are higher than 3,000 meters. The highest point in the Japanese Alps is Mount Kita at 3,193 meters. The highest point in the country is Mount Fuji (Fujisan, also erroneously called Fujiyama), a volcano dormant since 1707 that rises to 3,776 meters above sea level in Shizuoka Prefecture. On the Sea of Japan side are plateaus and low mountain districts, with altitudes of 500 to 1,500 meters.

text: None of the populated plains or mountain basins are extensive in area. The largest, the Kantō Plain, where Tokyo is situated, covers only 13,000 square kilometers. Other important plains are the Nōbi Plain surrounding Nagoya, the Kinai Plain in the Osaka–Kyoto area, the Sendai Plain around the city of Sendai in northeastern Honshū, and the Ishikari Plain on Hokkaidō. Many of these plains are along the coast, and their areas have been increased by reclamation throughout recorded history.

text: The small amount of habitable land has prompted significant human modification of the terrain over many centuries. Land was reclaimed from the sea and from river deltas by building dikes and drainage, and rice paddies were built on terraces carved into mountainsides. The process continued in the modern period with extension of shorelines and building of artificial islands for industrial and port development, such as Port Island in Kobe and the new Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay. Hills and even mountains have been razed to provide flat areas for housing.

text: Rivers are generally steep and swift, and few are suitable for navigation except in their lower reaches. Although most rivers are less than 300 kilometers in length, their rapid flow from the mountains provides a valuable, renewable resource: hydroelectric power generation. Japan's hydroelectric power potential has been exploited almost to capacity. Seasonal variations in flow have led to extensive development of flood control measures. Most of the rivers are very short. The longest, the Shinano River, which winds through Nagano Prefecture to Niigata Prefecture and flows into the Sea of Japan, is only 367 kilometers long. The largest freshwater lake is Lake Biwa, northeast of Kyoto.

text: Extensive coastal shipping, especially around the Seto Inland Sea (Seto Naikai), compensates for the lack of navigable rivers. The Pacific coastline south of Tokyo is characterized by long, narrow, gradually shallowing inlets produced by sedimentation, which has created many natural harbors. The Pacific coastline north of Tokyo, the coast of Hokkaidō, and the Sea of Japan coast are generally unindented, with few natural harbors.

text: In November 2008, Japan filed a request to expand its claimed continental shelf.[8] In April 2012, the U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf recognized around 310,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) of seabed around Okinotorishima, giving Japan priority over access to seabed resources in nearby areas. According to U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, the approved expansion is equal to about 82% of Japan's total land area.[8] The People's Republic of China and South Korea have opposed Japan's claim because they view Okinotorishima not as an island, but as a group of rocks.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Most regions of Japan, such as much of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, belong to the temperate zone with humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by four distinct seasons. However, its climate varies from cool humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) in the north such as northern Hokkaido, to warm tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south such as Ishigaki in the Yaeyama Islands.

text: The two primary factors influences in Japan's climate are a location near the Asian continent and the existence of major oceanic currents. Two major ocean currents affect Japan: the warm Kuroshio Current (Black Current; also known as the Japan Current); and the cold Oyashio Current (Parent Current; also known as the Okhotsk Current). The Kuroshio Current flows northward on the Pacific side of Japan and warms areas as north as the South Kantō region; a small branch, the Tsushima Current, flows up the Sea of Japan side. The Oyashio Current, which abounds in plankton beneficial to coldwater fish, flows southward along the northern Pacific, cooling adjacent coastal areas. The intersection of these currents at 36 north latitude is a bountiful fishing ground.

text: Japan's varied geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones.

text:
Hokkaido (北海道, Hokkaidō): Belonging to the humid continental climate, Hokkaido has long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not great.
Sea of Japan (日本海, Nihonkai): The northwest seasonal wind in winter gives heavy snowfall, which south of Tohoku mostly melts before the beginning of spring. In summer it is a little less rainy than the Pacific area but sometimes experiences extreme high temperatures due to the foehn wind phenomenon.
Central Highland (中央高地, Chūō-kōchi): A typical inland climate gives large temperature variations between summers and winters and between days and nights. Precipitation is lower than on the coast due to rain shadow effects.
Seto Inland Sea (瀬戸内海, Setonaikai): The mountains in the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions block the seasonal winds and bring mild climate and many fine days throughout the year.
Pacific Ocean (太平洋, Taiheiyō): The climate varies greatly between the north and the south but generally winters are significantly milder and sunnier than those of the side that faces the Sea of Japan. Summers are hot due to the southeast seasonal wind. Precipitation is very heavy in the south, and heavy in the summer in the north. The climate of the Ogasawara Island chain in the Pacific Ocean ranges from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) to tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with temperatures being warm to hot all year round.
Ryukyu Islands (南西諸島, Nansei-shotō): The climate of these islands ranges from humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) in the north to tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very high, and is especially affected by the rainy season and typhoons.

text: Japan is generally a rainy country with high humidity. Because of its wide range of latitude, seasonal winds and different types of ocean currents, Japan has a variety of climates, with a latitude range of the inhabited islands from 24° to 46° north, which is comparable to the range between Nova Scotia and The Bahamas in the east coast of North America. Tokyo is at about 35 degrees north latitude, comparable to that of Tehran, Athens, or Las Vegas.

text: Regional climatic variations range from humid continental in the northern island of Hokkaido extending down through northern Japan to the Central Highland, then blending with and eventually changing to a humid subtropical climate on the Pacific Coast and ultimately reaching tropical rainforest climate on the Yaeyama Islands of the Ryukyu Islands. Climate also varies dramatically with altitude and with location on the Pacific Ocean or on the Sea of Japan.

text: Northern Japan has warm summers but long, cold winters with heavy snow. Central Japan in its elevated position, has hot summers and moderate to short winters with some areas having very heavy snow, and southwestern Japan has long hot summer and short mild winters. The generally temperate climate exhibits marked seasonal variation such as the blooming of the spring cherry blossoms, the calls of the summer cicada and fall foliage colors that are celebrated in art and literature.

text: The climate from June to September is marked by hot, wet weather brought by tropical airflows from the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia. These airflows are full of moisture and deposit substantial amounts of rain when they reach land. There is a marked rainy season, beginning in early June and continuing for about a month. It is followed by hot, sticky weather. Five or six typhoons pass over or near Japan every year from early August to early October, sometimes resulting in significant damage. Annual precipitation averages between 1,000 and 2,500 mm (40 and 100 in) except for the areas such as Kii Peninsula and Yakushima Island which is Japan's wettest place[9] with the annual precipitation being one of the world's highest at 4,000 to 10,000 mm.[10]

text: Maximum precipitation, like the rest of East Asia, occurs in the summer months except on the Sea of Japan coast where strong northerly winds produce a maximum in late autumn and early winter. Except for a few sheltered inland valleys during December and January, precipitation in Japan is above 25 millimetres (1 in) of rainfall equivalent in all months of the year, and in the wettest coastal areas it is above 100 millimetres (4 in) per month throughout the year.

text: In winter, the Siberian High develops over the Eurasian land mass and the Aleutian Low develops over the northern Pacific Ocean. The result is a flow of cold air southeastward across Japan that brings freezing temperatures and heavy snowfalls to the central mountain ranges facing the Sea of Japan, but clear skies to areas fronting on the Pacific.

text: Mid June to mid July is generally the rainy season in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, excluding Hokkaidō since the seasonal rain front or baiu zensen (梅雨前線) dissipates in northern Honshu before reaching Hokkaido. In Okinawa, the rainy season starts early in May and continues until mid June. Unlike the rainy season in mainland Japan, it rains neither everyday nor all day long during the rainy season in Okinawa. Between July and October, typhoons, grown from tropical depressions generated near the equator, can attack Japan with furious rainstorms.

text: The warmest winter temperatures are found in the Nanpō and Bonin Islands, which enjoy a tropical climate due to the combination of latitude, distance from the Asian mainland, and warming effect of winds from the Kuroshio, as well as the Volcano Islands (at the latitude of the southernmost of the Ryukyu Islands, 24° N). The coolest summer temperatures are found on the northeastern coast of Hokkaidō in Kushiro and Nemuro Subprefectures.

text: Sunshine, in accordance with Japan’s uniformly heavy rainfall, is generally modest in quantity, though no part of Japan receives the consistently gloomy fogs that envelope the Sichuan Basin or Taipei. Amounts range from about six hours per day in the Inland Sea coast and sheltered parts of the Pacific Coast and Kantō Plain to four hours per day on the Sea of Japan coast of Hokkaidō. In December there is a very pronounced sunshine gradient between the Sea of Japan and Pacific coasts, as the former side can receive less than 30 hours and the Pacific side as much as 180 hours. In summer, however, sunshine hours are lowest on exposed parts of the Pacific coast where fogs from the Oyashio current create persistent cloud cover similar to that found on the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.

text: As an island nation, Japan has the 7th longest coastline in the world.[11][12] A few prefectures are landlocked: Gunma, Tochigi, Saitama, Nagano, Yamanashi, Gifu, Shiga, and Nara. As Mt. Fuji and the coastal Japanese Alps provide a rain shadow, Nagano and Yamanashi Prefectures receive the least precipitation in Honshu, though it still exceeds 900 millimetres (35 in) annually. A similar effect is found in Hokkaido, where Okhotsk Subprefecture receives as little as 750 millimetres (30 in) per year. All other prefectures have coasts on the Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, Seto Inland Sea or have a body of salt water connected to them. Two prefectures—Hokkaido and Okinawa—are composed entirely of islands.

text: The hottest temperature ever measured in Japan, 41.0 °C (105.8 °F), occurred in Shimanto, Kochi on August 12, 2013.[13]

text: Environmental issues[edit]

text: Environment - current issues: In the 2006 environment annual report,[14] the Ministry of Environment reported that current major issues are: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer, conservation of the atmospheric environment, water and soil, waste management and recycling, measures for chemical substances, conservation of the natural environment and the participation in the international cooperation.

text:
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes (Basel Convention), Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection (Montreal Protocol), Ship Pollution (MARPOL 73/78), Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands (Ramsar Convention), Whaling
signed and ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Natural hazards[edit]

text: Ten percent of the world's active volcanoes—forty in the early 1990s (another 148 were dormant)—are found in Japan, which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability. As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, and magnitudes of 4 to 7 are common. Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another, causing slight shaking of buildings. Major earthquakes occur infrequently; the most famous in the twentieth century was the great Kantō earthquake of 1923, in which 130,000 people died. Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis (津波).

text: On March 11, 2011 Japan was subject to a devastating magnitude 9.0 earthquake and a massive tsunami as a result. The March 11 quake was the largest ever recorded in Japan and is the world's fourth largest earthquake to strike since 1900, according to the U.S. Geological Service. It struck offshore about 371 kilometres (231 mi) northeast of Tokyo and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east of the city of Sendai, and created a massive tsunami that devastated Japan's northeastern coastal areas. At least 100 aftershocks registering a 6.0 magnitude or higher have followed the main shock. At least 15,000 people died as a result.

text: Japan has become a world leader in research on causes and prediction of earthquakes. The development of advanced technology has permitted the construction of skyscrapers even in earthquake-prone areas. Extensive civil defence efforts focus on training in protection against earthquakes, in particular against accompanying fire, which represents the greatest danger.

text: Another common hazard are several typhoons that reach Japan from the Pacific every year and heavy snowfall during winter in the snow country regions, causing landslides, flooding, and avalanches.

text: Regions[edit]

text: Japan is informally divided into eight regions. Each contains several prefectures, except the Hokkaido region, which covers only Hokkaido Prefecture.

text: The region is not an official administrative unit, but has been traditionally used as the regional division of Japan in a number of contexts: for example, maps and geography textbooks divide Japan into the eight regions, weather reports usually give the weather by region, and many businesses and institutions use their home region as part of their name (Kinki Nippon Railway, Chūgoku Bank, Tohoku University, etc.). While Japan has eight High Courts, their jurisdictions do not correspond to the eight regions.

text: Extreme points[edit]

text: This is a list of the extreme points of Japan, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

text: Japan[edit]

text:
Northernmost point

Benten-jima, Wakkanai, Hokkaido – 45°31'35″N, 141°55'09″E
Including land currently disputed with Russia: Cape Kamuiwakka (カムイワッカ岬, Kamuiwakka-misaki)), Etorufu – 45°33'N, 148°45'E

Southernmost point: Okinotorishima – 20°25'N, 136°04'E
Westernmost point: Yonaguni – 24°27′N, 122°59′E
Easternmost point: Minami-Tori-shima – 24°18′N, 153°58′E

text: Japan (main islands)[edit]

text:
Northernmost point: Cape Sōya, Wakkanai, Hokkaido – 45°31'N, 141°56'E
Southernmost point: Cape Sata on Ōsumi Peninsula, Minamiōsumi, Kagoshima – 30°59'N, 130°39'E
Westernmost point: Kōsakibana (神崎鼻), Sasebo (formerly Kosaza), Nagasaki – 33°13'N, 129°33'E
Easternmost point: Cape Nosappu (納沙布岬, Nosappu-misaki)), Nemuro, Hokkaido – 43°22'N, 145°49′E

text: Elevation extremes[edit]

text:
Lowest point: Hachirōgata – -4 m
Highest point: Mount Fuji – 3,776 m

text: Antipodes[edit]

text: The only part of Japan with antipodes over land are the Ryukyu Islands, though the islands off the western coast of Kyūshū are close.

text: The northernmost antipodal island in the Ryukyu Island chain, Nakanoshima, is opposite the Brazilian coast near Capão da Canoa. The other islands south to the Straits of Okinawa correspond to southern Brazil, with Gaja Island being opposite the outskirts of Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Takarajima with Jua, Amami Ōshima covering the villages of Carasinho and Fazenda Pae João, Ginoza, Okinawa with Palmas, Paraná, the Kerama Islands with Pato Branco, Tonaki Island with São Lourenço do Oeste, and Kume Island corresponding to Palma Sola. The main Daitō Islands correspond to near Guaratuba, with Oki Daitō Island near Apiaí.

text: The Sakishima Islands beyond the straits are antipodal to Paraguay, from the Brazilian border almost to Asunción, with Ishigaki overlapping San Isidro de Curuguaty, and the uninhabited Senkaku Islands surrounding Villarrica.


document_title: Idukki Dam

question_text: where does the water from idukki dam go

question_tokens: where does the water from idukki dam go

text: Idukki Dam

text: History[edit]

text: Early surveys[edit]

text: The idea of constructing a dam for power generation was first conceived in 1919 in a report submitted by Italian engineer Jacob to the Travancore government, which was rejected.  As per history,  Shri Chemban Karuvellayan Kolumban [4], the head of 'Oorali' race during 1922, showed the way to the Malankara Estate Superintendent W.J.John and his friend AC Thomas Edattu, who were on hunting trip to forests near the present Arch Dam. Upon hearing the legend of Kuravan and Kurathi Hills, Thomas impressed by the sight of water flow between the mountains; suggested the spot suitable for an Arch dam. In 1932,  W.J.John submitted a report to the Government of Travancore on the possibility of constructing a dam at Idukki for Power Generation.[5]

text: In 1935, assembly member Shri.K.A.Narayana Pillai brought the Idukki project to the attention of Government of Travancore. Italian engineers Angelo Omedayo and Clantheyo Masele conducted a study in 1937 but things didn't go forward.

text: In 1947, a preliminary investigation report was prepared and submitted by Sri. P. Joseph John, the then Chief Electrical Engineer to the Government of Travancore. It was during 1956 that the Central Water Commission conducted a detailed investigation based on the Government's request. The project report was prepared in 1961 and the Planning Commission accorded sanction for implementing the scheme in 1963. In 1964, under the leadership of Sri. E.U.Philipose, Superintending Engineer,  preliminary works of the project were started.

text: Construction[edit]

text: The construction of this Dam commenced on 30 April 1969 under the guidance of several engineers like Sri. C.V Mathews(Retired Chief Engineer, Electricity Board) .  The Government of Canada aided the Project with long term loans and grants. SNC-Lavalin, Canada, a well-known firm of Consulting Engineers were advising and assisting Project Engineers under Canadian aid, while Hindustan Construction Company (a.k.a. HCC) of Walchand group won the bid for construction[6][7].

text: Storage of water in Idukki reservoir commenced in February, 1973. The inauguration of trial run of the first machine was celebrated on 4 October 1975. Commercial operation of the Power Station was Commissioned on 12 February 1976 by the then Hon. Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi.

text: Features[edit]

text: Idukki Dam is 168.91 m (554.2 ft) tall, constructed between the two mountains - Kuravanmala (839 m (2,753 ft)) and Kuravathimala (925 m (3,035 ft)). Length of the dam on its top is 365.85 m (1,200.3 ft). It has a width of 7.62 m (25.0 ft) in the top and 19.81 m (65.0 ft) in the bottom. About 464,000 m3 (16,400,000 cu ft) of concrete was used in the construction of the dam. This project is situated in Idukki District and its underground power house is located at Moolamattom which is about 43 km (27 mi) from the dam. One thing to be noted is, Idukki Arch dam doesn't have any shutters to be opened so it has to rely on the Cheruthoni dam to maintain the reservoir water level.

text: Usage[edit]

text: Power Generation

text: The Project harnesses a major portion of the power potential of Periyar, the largest river in Kerala, by the creation of a reservoir of 2,000 M.cum (2 Billion Tonnes) capacity, diversion of waters thus impounded through a water conductor system consisting of a power tunnel and two underground pressure shafts to an underground power house situated in Moolamattom. The installed capacity of the Power House is 780MW consisting of 6 Units of Pelton-type turbines with a power generation capacity of 130 MW each. The regulated waters of Periyar falls through a drop of about 669.2 m (2,196 ft) while generating power in the underground power house.The generated power is given to two sub stations,One double circuit line to Kalamassery; one single circuit line to Tamil Nadu; One single circuit line to Pallom, 3 feeder bays for future.

text: Irrigation

text: The tail waters flowing to Kudayathurpuzha through tunnel and open channel is diverted for irrigation purposes in the Muvattupuzha Valley.

text: Tourist destination and attraction

text: Earlier, there was a blanket ban on public entry in to the dam due to security reasons. Later, it was relaxed opening the dam for public for 10 days during the Onam and the Christmas seasons. The duration has been increased to one month since last year. Cameras and cell phones are not allowed inside the dam area. The entry fee is Rs.25 for adults and Rs.5 for children. The fee for 15-minute boating service for five persons is Rs. 600.[8]

text: Idukki valley is 121 km (75 mi) away from Kottayam, and is a small hill town surrounded by a spread of beautiful, wooded valleys and meandering streams. Idukki is a well known tourist center in Kerala.

text: The Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary extends over the Thodupuzha and Udumbanchola taluks of Idukki district, spread over 77 km (48 mi) and is about 450–748 m (1,476–2,454 ft) above sea level. The Idukki Reservoir formed by three dams - Cheruthoni, Idukki and Kulamavu - extends to 33 km (21 mi). One can find elephants, bisons, sambar deer, wild dogs, jungle cats, tigers, wild boars etc. and a variety of snakes like cobra, viper, krait and a number of non-venomous snakes in this sanctuary. The birds of Idukki are Jungle fowl, myna, laughing thrush, black bulbul, peafowl, woodpecker, kingfisher, eagle etc.


document_title: Vaziani Military Base

question_text: where is the military base in georgia located

text: Vaziani Military Base

text: The Vaziani Military Base is located Coordinates: 41°41′41″N 45°02′48″E / 41.6947°N 45.0467°E / 41.6947; 45.0467 about twenty kilometers outside Tbilisi at Latitude 41.6947 Longitude 45.0467, Georgia. The main base is spread over 10,000 hectares. The Vaziani airfield—location: 41°37′41″N 45°1′51″E / 41.62806°N 45.03083°E / 41.62806; 45.03083[1]—has strategic importance as its concrete landing-strip is suitable for middle (Il-76MD) and heavy (An-124 "Ruslan") transport aircraft.[2]

text: Under the Soviet Union, it was the home base of the 137th Guards District Training Centre, originating from the Soviet 1st Guards Mechanized Corps. The airfield was home to the 283rd Aviation Division of the 34th Air Army.

text: The Russians retained control of a number of military bases even after Georgian independence. Vaziani was one of them, the others being Gudauta, Akhalkalaki and Batumi. It was from Vaziani that Igor Giorgadze was taken on a military flight to Moscow after the 1995 assassination attempt on President Eduard Shevardnadze.[citation needed]

text: At the OSCE Summit in Istanbul in 1999, the Russian Federation and Georgia released a joint statement that Russian military bases at Gudauta and Vaziani would be disbanded and withdrawn by 1 July 2001.

text: Russia finally ceded control on June 29, 2001. A battalion of Georgia's 1st Infantry Brigade, Georgian Land Forces, then took possession.

text: In July 2008, it was the site of Immediate Response 2008, which were U.S. training operations for Georgian forces.

text: It was bombed during the 2008 South Ossetia War.

text: The Vaziani military base with its training areas has been chosen as a site for the construction of one of the planned joint NATO-Gorgia training centers codenamed JTEC in accordance to the Whales Summit 2014 agreement on enhancing education and training cooperation between Georgia and NATO.[3]

text: During exercise "Noble Partner 2015", a rifle company of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team and a mechanized company of the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division deploying M2 Bradleys – 14 in total, participated in a joint mechanized infantry manoeuver alongside their Georgian counterparts, who on their side deployed the BMP-2[4]

text: For "Noble Partner 2016", which will take place in May 2016 on the Vaziani training area, it has been reported that the US will deploy an armoured unit of M1 Abrams tanks.[5]