document_title: White Chicks

question_text: who plays the vandergeld sisters in white chicks

text: White Chicks

text: Plot[edit]

text: The plot begins in a convenience store where two FBI agent brothers who are posing as Cuban clerks, Kevin and Marcus Copeland (Shawn Wayans and Marlon Wayans), try to capture members of an organization that sells drugs inside ice cream boxes. Unfortunately, the first arrival turns out to be a genuine ice cream delivery, and the actual drug dealers manage to get away. The situation is worsened by the fact that Kevin and Marcus have decided to resolve this bust by themselves.

text: The FBI supervisor, Elliott Gordon (Frankie Faison), gives the two agents a last chance to remain in the FBI by giving them the duty of protecting the mega-rich billionaire cruise line heiresses Brittany and Tiffany Wilson (Maitland Ward and Anne Dudek), who are arriving in town for Labor Day Weekend in the Hamptons, from a kidnapping plot (known as the socialite kidnappings). When the Wilson sisters get minor facial cuts in a car accident, Kevin convinces them to stay in the hotel all weekend. Kevin and Marcus then disguise themselves as the Wilson sisters in order to save their jobs.

text: At the Hamptons hotel, Kevin and Marcus (as Brittany and Tiffany) meet Brittany and Tiffany's three best friends, Karen (Busy Philipps), Tori (Jessica Cauffiel), and Lisa (Jennifer Carpenter), and their rivals the Vandergeld sisters, Megan (Brittany Daniel) and Heather (Jaime King). They also encounter Karen's love interest, Heath, a broke and jobless actor who happens to be Heather's boyfriend. Kevin shows an interest in the news reporter Denise Porter (Rochelle Aytes) from New York 1 and makes an attempt to woo her, forgetting that he is still in disguise as a woman. Marcus' wife Gina (Faune Chambers), whose relationship is already troubled, becomes an additional complicating factor as she gets suspicious when she hears a woman's voice in the background during a phone conversation with Marcus. The woman (a sales assistant) is actually just trying to help Marcus get dressed into some very tight clothes, but Gina misinterprets them talking and assumes that Marcus is having an affair. Meanwhile, pro basketball player Latrell Spencer (Terry Crews) takes an interest in Marcus, thinking that he is Tiffany and white. A date with Marcus/Tiffany is then auctioned off to Latrell during a charity dinner, much to Marcus's fear and Heather's jealousy. At the same time, Kevin learns of Denise's desire to be wooed by a wealthy man as opposed to the men she usually sees, and uses Latrell/Marcus's date to steal Latrell's Aston Martin DB7 and house keys to take Denise on a date while pretending to be Latrell. When Kevin and Denise arrive at Latrell's house, Kevin gets mauled by Latrell's Rottweiler until he manages to trap the dog in a coat closet. As Kevin and Denise get close, he manages to gain some information relevant to the case of Ted Burton (the suspect they're after). Meanwhile, Marcus makes many attempts to repulse Latrell on their date while brushing off his many advances such as eating uncontrollably, chewing off a hangnail on his toe and farting. His attempts fail to do anything but amuse and further endear “Tiffany” to Latrell. Elsewhere, FBI agents Gomez and Harper investigate Marcus and Kevin's hotel room due to suspicion. In their search, they find the Wilson Sisters masks and conclude that they are Marcus and Kevin in disguise.

text: At a nightclub, Latrell attempts to roofie Marcus in hopes of having sex only to be tricked into taking it himself and ends up in bed with Heath's friend, Russ (Steven Grayhm). Marcus and Kevin beat Heather and Megan in a dance-off hoping to help Karen win Heath only to have Heather drag him off. Karen is seen vomiting in the bathroom, drunk and unintentionally slips to Marcus and Kevin that Warren Vangergeld (John Heard) is penniless, and has only recently paid Karen's own father back for loans he has lent him. The next day, the real Brittany and Tiffany see their faces on a magazine, and they realize that two people are impersonating them. Gina and her friend, Shaunice (Drew Sidora), see Kevin as Brittany while visiting Marcus and believes that Marcus is "cheating" on her and leaves him in disbelief and hurt. The Wilson sisters go to the hotel their clones were seen at where agents Gomez and Harper undress them and pull at their faces and their hair, thinking they are Marcus and Kevin, only to find out that they're the real Wilson sisters and lose their jobs. This leads to the chief finding out that Marcus and Kevin have been impersonating Brittany and Tiffany. Because of this, the chief fires the both of them. Later on, Kevin and Marcus then realize that Mr. Vandergeld has been behind the kidnappings, using the ransom money to keep his family in their luxurious lifestyle. Their attempts to notify their chief fall on deaf ears and so they pursue the case themselves.

text: At the fashion show, Kevin and Marcus replace the Vandergeld sisters on the catwalk which angers them and attempt to humiliate the Wilson sisters. Marcus stands up for Karen after she tells Heath she's tired of waiting for him and he callously brushes her off. After the Vandergeld sisters are foiled by the trio and humiliated off the catwalk, Marcus and Kevin are exposed by the real Wilson sisters, at which point Warren Vandergeld attempts to kidnap the Wilson sisters. He temporarily manages to capture one of the real twins and Kevin, only to have his criminal activities and bankruptcy exposed. In the ensuing fight, Kevin is shot trying to protect Denise, and Latrell is shot trying to protect Marcus. The duo successfully capture Vandergeld along with Heath and Russ (with the help of Gomez and Harper) before his plan succeeded which gets them their jobs back. While thanking Latrell, Marcus peels his mask off, revealing that he is actually a black man. While Latrell is upset that Marcus is a man, his primary anger stems from the fact that Marcus is black, not that he is a man. Marcus apologizes to Gina for constantly putting work before love, and the two make up, much to Shaunice's chagrin. Denise falls for Kevin after he saves her from a bullet shot by Vandergeld when she caught his secret on film. The movie ends with Tori, Lisa, and Karen admitting they liked Brittany and Tiffany a lot more when it was Marcus and Kevin, and the five agree to remain friends, promising to go shopping.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Shawn Wayans as Kevin Copeland/“Brittany Wilson”
Marlon Wayans as Marcus Anthony Copeland II/“Tiffany Wilson”
Jaime King as Heather Vandergeld
Busy Philipps as Karen Googlestein
Jessica Cauffiel as Tori
Jennifer Carpenter as Lisa
Brittany Daniel as Megan Vandergeld
Terry Crews as Latrell Spencer
John Heard as Warren Vandergeld
Frankie Faison as Section Chief Elliott Gordon
Lochlyn Munro as Special FBI Agent Jacob Harper
Eddie Velez as Special FBI Agent Vincent Gomez
Rochelle Aytes as Denise Porter
Maitland Ward as Brittany Wilson
Anne Dudek as Tiffany Wilson
Faune A. Chambers as Gina Copeland
John Reardon as Heath
Steven Grayhm as Russ
Casey Lee as Tony
Drew Sidora as Shaunice
David Lewis as Josh
Heather McDonald as Saleswoman
Brad Loree as Dealer Henchman
Evangeline Lilly as Party Guest (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Portions of the filming occurred in Chilliwack, British Columbia, including the exterior scenes of the Hamptons.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: White Chicks was released in the US on June 23, 2004, and grossed $19.7 million in its opening weekend, taking the #2 spot. The film grossed $70.8 million at the US box office and $42 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $113 million.[4] Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment released the DVD in the United States on October 26, 2004.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $113.1 million worldwide against a budget of $37 million.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives it an aggregate rating of 15% based on 123 reviews and an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's consensus reads that the film is a "scattershot comedy that's silly and obvious".[7] On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 41 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[9] Film critic Richard Roeper put the film at #1 on his list of the worst films of 2004 amongst claims of unconvincing prosthetics and racism. It was nominated for five Razzies, including Worst Picture, Worst Actress for the Wayans brothers in drag, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay and Worst Screen Couple, but failed to get any of those awards.[10]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In 2009, a sequel to the film was announced by Sony.[11] Sony later announced that they had cancelled the film before they could begin filming.[12] In April 2014, Marlon expressed interest in a sequel.[13]


document_title: Toast of London

question_text: who plays ray purchase in toast of london

root

text: Toast of London

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Matt Berry as Steven Toast, the central character of the series. A bumbling, self-important actor, an unsuccessful ladies' man and often the bearer of bad fortune. However, Toast considers himself a success despite his obviously failing career.
Doon Mackichan as Jane Plough (which she pronounces "pluff" /plʌf/), Toast's unhelpful agent. Prim and posh, she sees herself as superior to Toast, despite her failure to provide him with decent work. She was played by Fiona Mollison in the pilot.
Robert Bathurst as Ed Howzer-Black, Toast's landlord and an idle retired actor.
Harry Peacock as Ray Purchase, Toast's fellow actor and rival, and a virulent homophobe. The two hate each other with a vengeance and are constantly in competition. While Purchase often seems to have the upper hand, Toast is still sometimes able to come out on top.
Tim Downie as Danny Bear, a sound recordist and stereotypical hipster who regularly hires Toast for voiceover work in a London studio.
Shazad Latif as Clem Fandango, another hipster who is doing work experience in the recording studio. Clem routinely says to Toast "This is Clem Fandango, can you hear me?" to which Toast is forced to reply with some variation of "Yes, I can hear you Clem Fandango."
Tracy-Ann Oberman as Mrs. Purchase, the wife of Ray Purchase and a prostitute who is having an affair with Toast. Despite being a prostitute, the only person she ever charges for sex is her husband.

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Adrian Lukis as Colonel Blair Toast, Steven's eccentric older brother. An army veteran, he lost his hand in the Falklands War and now uses a stuffed rubber glove as a replacement.
Amanda Donohoe as Ellen, Toast's abusive and volatile ex-wife. Despite her poor treatment of him, Toast continues to have feelings for her.
Alan Ford as Alan, who is both a hypnotist and a homeopath. Ford also appeared as a taxi driver called "Mick Carriage"
Peter Davison plays a fictional version of himself in several episodes.
Morgana Robinson has made one appearance in each of the three series, each time as a different character.
Geoffrey McGivern appeared as three separate one-off characters, all of whom were temperamental directors working with Toast.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Pilot episode (2012)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

Pilot
"The Unspeakable Play"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
20 August 2012 (2012-08-20)

Guest starring: Geoffrey McGivern, Fiona Mollison

tag: table

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Addictive Personality"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
20 October 2013 (2013-10-20)

Toast is informed that he will be the recipient of an acting award. Meanwhile, the daughter of the Nigerian Ambassador has been the victim of some unscrupulous plastic surgery, so Ed invites her to stay at the flat to recuperate. Guest starring: Emma Fryer, Morgana Robinson

2
"Afternoon Tea"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
27 October 2013 (2013-10-27)

Toast is cast in a new play, and the director has a dark and dangerous past. Guest starring: Geoffrey McGivern, Emily Bruni

3
"Vanity Project"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
3 November 2013 (2013-11-03)

Toast is caught in the middle of an acrimonious and expensive divorce so he needs to find a lot of cash, fast. Guest starring: Alan Ford, John Guerrasio, Stanley Townsend, Alison Pargeter, Daisy Ridley

4
"Submission"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
10 November 2013 (2013-11-10)

After helping the Royal Navy on a recent project, Toast is invited to the launch of their new nuclear submarine, the "Penetrator". Guest starring: Lisa Jackson, Rachel Shelley

5
"The End"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
17 November 2013 (2013-11-17)

Toast is tired of doing crummy voiceovers and appearing every night in his bad play. With the help of a new agent, Brooke Hooberman, he tries his hand at a new career: an author of erotic literature. Guest starring: Carol Cleveland, Sally Dexter

6
"Bonus Ball"
Michael Cumming
Matt Berry and Arthur Mathews
24 November 2013 (2013-11-24)

After losing £20,000 to Andrew Lloyd Webber in a celebrity poker game, Toast finds himself hunted by musical superstar and part-time theatre-land enforcer Michael Ball

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Match Fit"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
3 November 2014 (2014-11-03)

Toast accepts Ed's invitation to the Celebrities and Prostitutes Blow Football Tournament and becomes obsessed with winning. Guest Starring: Trevor Laird, Louise Jameson

2
"Desperate Measures"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
10 November 2014 (2014-11-10)

After Ray Purchase snitches on him to the 'Tax People', Toast receives a massive tax bill, and is forced to take on some unappealing jobs to pay off the debt. Guest Starring: Paul Darrow, Trevor Laird, John Nettles, Geoffrey McGivern

3
"The Moosetrap"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
17 November 2014 (2014-11-17)

A return to the West End stage in the legendary 'whodunnit' play The Moose Trap is seriously jeopardised when Toast reveals the killer's identity in a radio interview. Guest Starring: Peter Davison, Terry Mynott

4
"High Winds Actor"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
24 November 2014 (2014-11-24)

After the tragic death of his friend Axel Jacklin, Britain's finest exponent of acting in high winds, Toast finds himself in demand for dramatic roles. Guest Starring: Terry Mynott, Stephen Boxer, Peter Davison

5
"Buried Alive!"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
1 December 2014 (2014-12-01)

Toast is very excited to land a major role in a big movie, but when his co-star, Max Gland, has an accident on set, it has terrifying consequences for Toast's role. Guest Starring: Matthew Holness

6
"Fool in Love"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
8 December 2014 (2014-12-08)

An old heartbreaker flame of Toast's, Lorna Wynde, turns up in London, but is she still in love with him, or is she trying to make her husband, Josh Homme, jealous? Guest Starring: Morgana Robinson, Josh Homme, Alan Ford, Steve Pemberton (as Francis Bacon)

text: Series 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Over the Moon"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
18 November 2015 (2015-11-18)

A tipsy Toast appears on Lorraine chat show and tells a story from his past that could bring down the U.S. government. Later, he suffers stage fright ahead of his starring role in Macbeth. Guest starring: Alan Ford, Charlotte Cornwell, Lorraine Kelly

2
"Beauty Calls"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
25 November 2015 (2015-11-25)

Ed is dating former beauty queen Penvelope - and Toast hooks up with her friend Clancy Moped. However, their romances are jeopardized when the guys are invited to judge a beauty contest. Guest starring: Paul Whitehouse, Vic Reeves, Morgana Robinson, Peter Davison

3
"Hamm on Toast"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
2 December 2015 (2015-12-02)

Toast experiences the charisma of Mad Men star Jon Hamm. Toast's father dies. Guest starring: Jon Hamm, Brian Blessed

4
"Bob a Job"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
9 December 2015 (2015-12-09)

Toast and Purchase perform the "sand dance" at Royal Variety Performance, hosted by Bob Monkhouse. Guest starring: Bob Mortimer, Pat Shortt

5
"Man of Sex"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
16 December 2015 (2015-12-16)

When appearing in a play called "Man of Sex", Toast's co star is taken to rehab. Replacing him is the albino twin brother of Ray Purchase, Bill Purchase. Guest starring: Timothy West, Sinead Matthews

6
"Global Warming"
Michael Cumming
Arthur Mathews and Matt Berry
23 December 2015 (2015-12-23)

Toast is set to appear alongside a cast consisting entirely of dogs, in a production of Twelfth Night at the Globe Theatre. Guest starring: Steve Furst, Sebastian Armesto; Celebrity cameos: Lindsay Duncan, Martin Freeman, Sheila Hancock, Jude Law, Sam Mendes, Tim Pigott-Smith, John Simm

text: Book[edit]

text: In 2015, Matt Berry and Arthur Mathews published "Toast on Toast: Cautionary tales and candid advice", a spoof autobiography of Steven Toast. It was also released as an audio book read by Matt Berry.

tag: p


document_title: Keeping Up with the Kardashians

question_text: number of viewers keeping up with the kardashians

text: Keeping Up with the Kardashians

text: Background

text: Robert Kardashian (1944–2003) and Kristen Mary "Kris" Houghton (born 1955) married in 1978, and had four children together: daughters Kourtney (born 1979), Kim (born 1980), and Khloé (born 1984), and son Rob (born 1987). The couple divorced in 1991. In 1994, Robert rose to prominence when he defended O. J. Simpson for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman during the O.J. Simpson trial.[2][3] In 1991, Kris married retired Olympic decathlon champion Bruce Jenner (born 1949; now known as Caitlyn Jenner after undergoing a gender transition in 2015).[4] Bruce and Kris had two daughters together, Kendall (born 1995) and Kylie (born 1997). Robert died in 2003, eight weeks after being diagnosed with esophageal cancer.[5] The Kardashian sisters began appearing in the media spotlight more often. In 2004, Kim became a personal stylist for recording artist Brandy Norwood. She eventually developed into a full-time stylist, and was a personal shopper and stylist for actress Lindsay Lohan.[6] Khloé, Kim, and Kourtney ventured further into fashion, opening a high fashion boutique Dash in Calabasas, California. Throughout Kim's early career, she was involved in some high-profile relationships including Brandy Norwood's brother, singer Ray J, and later, singer Nick Lachey.[6] In 2006, Kourtney starred in her first reality television series, Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive.[7] In February 2007, a home sex video that Kim made with Ray J years earlier was leaked.[8] Vivid Entertainment bought the rights for $1 million and released the film as Kim Kardashian: Superstar on February 21.[8] Kim sued Vivid for ownership of the tape, but dropped the suit in April 2007 settling with Vivid Entertainment for $5 million.[9] It is often assumed that the release of the sex tape was a major contributor to the rising fame of Kim Kardashian and her family.[10]

text: Production

text: Development

text:
"[Kris] was interested in doing a television show and this was in the time that The Osbournes was popular. I had seen The Osbournes and thought to myself — because I had formed a production company — I thought we should find something in this vein. And at the time, we had heard that Kris was interested in doing something with the family, so it was me and one other guy at the company. […] We had no idea it would become the monster pop culture business that it is."

—Ryan Seacrest on developing the idea for the reality series.[11]

tag: div

text: The idea of creating a reality series originated in 2006 when Kris Jenner showed an interest in appearing on a television show together with her family.[12] Jenner commented: "Everybody thinks that [my children] could create a bunch of drama in their lives, but it's something that I felt I didn't even have to think about. It would be natural."[13] Producer Ryan Seacrest, who had his own production company, decided to develop the idea, having the popular family-based show The Osbournes in mind. He hired a camera man to visit the Kardashian's family home to film them having a Sunday barbeque: "They were all together — as crazy and as fun as loving as they are," Seacrest described the family after seeing the tape. He later initiated the series by sharing the tape with E!, an American cable network which features mostly entertainment-related programming, and reality television series; the show was eventually picked up.[11][14] In August 2007, it was announced that the Kardashian and Jenner families would star in a yet-to-be-titled reality show on E! described as a "new non-scripted family sitcom", being produced by Ryan Seacrest and Bunim/Murray Productions. The series' announcement came one week after Paris Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie announced that their popular E! series, The Simple Life, was ending.[15]

text: The show, entitled Keeping Up With the Kardashians, premiered on October 14, 2007.[16] The reality series centers around the members of the Kardashian-Jenner blended family, focusing on the sisters Kourtney, Kim and Khloé. Most episodes have very similar structure: the family "show[s] off their privileged lifestyle and maybe get into one or two minor family squabbles before ultimately wrapping things up with a monologue that reinforces the importance of family," as noted by Caroline Siede of Quartz.[17] Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times described the reality series as a: "Hollywood version of The Brady Bunch -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against a backdrop of wealth and famous connections".[18] Kim Kardashian described the beginning of filming the show, "When we first started [the show], we came together as a family and said, 'If we're going to do this reality show, we're going to be 100 percent who we really are.'".[19] She further commented on the show's authenticity by saying that the network "has never once put anything out there that we haven't approved of or accepted".[19] The series was renewed for a second season one month after its premiere due to high ratings.[16] Seacrest described the show's success: "At the heart of the series—despite the catfights and endless sarcasm—is a family that truly loves and supports one another […] The familiar dynamics of this family make them one Hollywood bunch that is sure to entertain."[7]

text: The following year, Keeping Up with the Kardashians was picked up for a third season.[20] In April 2012, E! signed a three-year deal with the Kardashian family that kept the series airing through seasons seven, eight and nine.[21] Keeping up with the Kardashians was later renewed for a tenth season which premiered on March 15, 2015.[22] In February 2015, it was announced that the show had been renewed for four more years, along with an additional spin-off series, making it one of the longest-running reality television series in the country.[23][24] In terms of the show's future, Kim Kardashian has commented that the reality series could go for an indefinite number of seasons saying that she: "hope[s] it goes on for as long as it can."[25] Keeping Up With the Kardashians, including its spin-off series, has become the cable network's flagship show and its most lucrative franchise. "It has changed the face of E!" said Lisa Berger, the network's executive producer. "We were a place to report on celebrity; we weren't a place to break and make celebrity, which is now the whole idea of the E! brand."[26] The show's success contributed significantly towards building the "Kardashian brand", or "Kardashian Inc." as it is called by The Hollywood Reporter. "These shows are a 30-minute commercial," Khloé Kardashian admitted in 2011, in response to a suggestion that the television series is used to promote their retail stores and endorsement deals.[26]

text: On August 3, 2017 It was announced the show's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24, 2017 following the show's season 14 premiere.[27]

text: On August 24, 2017 It was announced the family had signed a $150 million deal with E!. [28]

text: Cast

text: The reality series revolves around the children of Kris Jenner, and originally focused mainly on the children from her first marriage to deceased attorney Robert Kardashian: Kourtney, Kim, Khloé, and Rob. Kris' children Kendall and Kylie from her subsequent marriage to American athlete Bruce (later Caitlyn) Jenner have also been featured on the show since its beginning,[29][30] along with Jenner's son Brody from another marriage, although he appeared very few times during the early seasons, mostly being called by his step-brother Rob to babysit their half-sisters Kylie and Kendall.[31] Kourtney's boyfriend Scott Disick has also been appearing frequently on the show since the first season, as well as on the show's spin-offs.[29] Cast members also include numerous friends and other acquaintances of the family members, most notably Malika Haqq and Jonathan Cheban who joined Keeping Up with the Kardashians in the second and third seasons, respectively.[32][33]

text: Most of the Kardashian sisters' significant others have appeared on the reality series. Kim's relationship with football player Reggie Bush was featured on the show when they were dating; after the breakup, Bush commented on appearing on the show saying that he never felt comfortable being followed by cameras, adding: "I do it because it's important to [Kim]."[34] Rob's relationship with singer Adrienne Bailon has also been documented on the show when they were dating from 2007 to 2009; although Bailon later admitted that the decision to appear on the show, and be associated with the family, hurt her career.[35] Kim's ex-husband Kris Humphries first appeared on the show during the premiere of the sixth season; their relationship was chronicled throughout the season and ended with the couple's wedding special "Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event".[36] They eventually went through a highly publicized divorce; Kardashian's former publicist later claimed that Humphries was allegedly set up to be portrayed on the show in a negative way and that the short-lived marriage was staged for the cameras as a ploy to generate money.[37][38]

text: Khloé married basketball player Lamar Odom during a fourth-season premiere aired in 2009. He later had a major role as part of the supporting cast of the series, though he did not appear regularly during the following seasons as he was attempting to repair his marriage with Khloé.[39] Kim's current husband Kanye West made his first appearance on Keeping Up with the Kardashians in July 2012 during the seventh season when he started dating Kim.[40] However, West was seldom seen in subsequent seasons. He explained the reasons for not appearing on the show later: "You know, the amount of backlash I got from it is when I decided to not be on the show anymore. And it's not that I have an issue with the show; I just have an issue with the amount of backlash that I get."[41] He also criticized the show for its cinematography and further complained about the way how the show is filmed.[42] In the eighth season, Caitlyn Jenner's sons Brandon and Brody Jenner, as well as Brandon's wife Leah, joined the cast for regular appearances.[31]

text: The success of the reality series resulted in the development of several spin-off shows and other related programming. In April 2009, E! announced the first spin-off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians entitled Kourtney and Khloé in Miami, which was later renamed Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami. The series followed the sisters who moved to Miami to open a new Dash boutique. Ted Harbert, president and CEO of Comcast Entertainment Group, considered the sisters capable of handling their own standalone series. "It's a very simple formula that we took from scripted TV and applied to a reality show. […] There are a lot of family sitcom elements to 'Kardashians,' and we think that humor and warmth will carry over to Miami," Harbert added.[43] The show premiered on August 16, 2009 to very high ratings; the first episode brought in 2.7 million total viewers and then became the most-watched show on the network since The Anna Nicole Show in 2002.[44] The spin-off was subsequently renewed for a second season which premiered on June 13, 2010,[45] and later returned as Kourtney and Kim Take Miami for a third season on January 20, 2013.[46] Additionally, a series of webisodes entitled Lord Disick: Lifestyles of a Lord were released following the show, which showcased Disick as he informed viewers how to live like a "king".[47]

text:
"Khloé and Lamar are such a dynamic couple that we just knew we had to give them their own series. […] They are funny, dramatic, opinionated, and we intend to capture all this, along with the unvarnished reality of their lives together and apart, since each is constantly followed by their own celebrity spotlight."

—Lisa Berger, the executive vice president of the network.[48]

text: In October 2010, the network announced another spin-off called Kourtney and Kim Take New York which followed the same format as its predecessor. The show debuted on January 23, 2011, and followed the sisters who opened a Dash location in New York City.[49] The series returned for another season which premiered on November 27 the same year.[50] In January 2011, Khloé & Lamar, which featured Khloé and her husband Lamar Odom, became the third spin-off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[51] The show premiered on April 10, 2011, and lasted two seasons.[52] In March 2014, E! announced the fourth spin-off entitled Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons.[53] The series premiered on November 2, 2014, and followed Kourtney and Khloé who relocated to the Hamptons to work on opening a new Dash pop-up store.[54] The fifth spin-off series called Dash Dolls premiered on September 20, 2015. The reality series chronicles the daily life of the employees of the Dash boutique in Los Angeles.[55] In June 2016, the network announced another show entitled Rob & Chyna which premiered on September 11 the same year, and follows the relationship of Rob Kardashian and Blac Chyna as they prepare to welcome their first child.[56] The show was later renewed for a second season.[57] In July 2017, E! confirmed the series was put on hold, and not on their current schedule.[58]

text: The network has also aired several television specials featuring important family events. A two-part television event called "Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event", showcasing the wedding between Kim and Kris Humphries, was broadcast on October 9 and 10, 2011 as part of the sixth season; the special was highly successful with a combined 10.5 million viewers.[59] A few days after Caitlyn Jenner (then Bruce) came out as a trans woman during a 20/20 interview with Diane Sawyer in May 2015, E! aired a two-part special on Keeping Up with the Kardashians entitled "About Bruce", in which another side of the story was told featuring family members who were not involved in the previous interview on 20/20.[60] The first part of the special debuted on May 17, 2015, and attracted 2.92 million total viewers, a 40% increase from the previous episode, while the second part aired the following day with similar viewership.[61] I Am Cait, a separate documentary series, was announced immediately after the 20/20 interview. Jeff Olde, head of programming at E! network, said that the series is "not at all a Kardashian spin-off", and that "we will not resort to spectacle," trying to emphasize its distinct format that is entirely different from most programming on the network, including Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[62] The eight-part, one-hour docuseries debuted on July 26, 2015, on E!, and focused on how Jenner was handling the aftermath of the transition; it also attempted to deal with various LGBT-related issues.[63][64] It was later cancelled after two seasons.[65] In April 2017, it was announced E! had ordered an 8-episode spin-off Life of Kylie revolving around Kylie Jenner which is set to premiere in summer 2017.[66]

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text:
"The Kardashians are the last ladies standing in reality TV because they've simply always believed they were celebrities – endlessly amused with themselves, endlessly oblivious to one another. Their vanity is impervious to the outside world, which is how many of us often wish our own personal vanity worked. Their gargantuan egos, their petty jealousies, their catty feuds, the effort-vs.-eye-roll they put into reciting their lines, their commitment to frivolity at all costs – these are seductive qualities in a reality-TV star, however repugnant they might be in real life. Whatever it is you watch reality TV for, the Kardashians just have a lot more of it."

—Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone[67]

text: Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been the subject of constant panning by critics since its inception. Brian Lowry, reviewing the show for Variety, said that the network: "widens its lens to encompass the whole irritating brood — including Kim's sisters Khloé and Kourtney, mom-manager Kris and stepdad Bruce Jenner, who now has the distinction of having two sets of useless rich kids featured in pointless reality shows."[68] Ginia Bellafonte of The New York Times compared the show to reality series Gene Simmons Family Jewels and exclaimed that: "the Kardashian show is not about an eccentric family living conventionally; it is purely about some desperate women climbing to the margins of fame, and that feels a lot creepier."[69] Laura Burrows of IGN criticized the family for being too self-seeking and using the given platform only to gain more notoriety for themselves. Following the conclusion of the second season of the series, Burrows wrote: "Those of us who watch this show […] want to believe that these whores of attention have souls and would actually do something for their fellow man and not reap the benefits of their service, but two seasons' worth of self-absorbed egocentrism speaks to the contrary."[70]

text: Roxana Hadadi, reviewing Keeping Up with the Kardashians for The Washington Post, was extremely negative towards the reality series due to its absurdity, and commented that the show: "firmly captures all of Kim and Co.'s dumbest instances from the series' debut — from the simply self-absorbed to the downright despicable."[71] Amaya Rivera, writing about the series for Popmatters, noted: "Indeed, there is something disturbing about the Kardashians' intense hunger for fame. But even worse—it is downright boring to watch this family live out their tedious lives."[72] John Kubicek, the senior writer of BuddyTV, reviewed the premiere of the third season of the show and discussed the reason for the family's success by saying that: "the Kardashians' fame is a lot like Möbius strip or an M. C. Escher painting."[73] Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times described Keeping Up with the Kardashians as a: "Hollywood version of The Brady Bunch -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against a backdrop of wealth and famous connections".[18] Jessica Chasmar of The Washington Times said that series: "illustrates our nation's moral, spiritual and cultural decay." Chasmar emphasized its negative influence and noted: "America of 50 years ago would regard Ms. Kardashian with a mixture of disdain and pity, embarrassed by the very idea of a young lady's most private moments being broadcast for all the world to see."[74]

text: Goal Auzeen Saedi, reviewing Keeping Up with the Kardashians for Psychology Today, emphasized the show's influence saying that: "The Kardashians become more relatable the more famous they become." Saedi also questioned their decision to appear on the show and added: "But if living life in the spotlight is so taxing and demands multiple justifications for the way your life is being lived and criticized, perhaps you can take the cameras out of your house."[75] Vinnie Mancuso, writing for New York Observer, criticized the show and felt: "roughly one iota of shadenfreudic pleasure from this endeavor, but for the most part this show is the 100% drizzling poops."[76] David Hinckley of the New York Daily News, reviewing the tenth season, said that "even when you think something about the Kardashians could be interesting, it's not," adding that the "entertainment value [of the show] is like having spent 10 years in Rapid City, S.D., watching the traffic lights change."[77] Amy Amatangelo of The Hollywood Reporter said that "in true Kardashian fashion, they managed to make everything about them," after Caitlyn Jenner came out as a trans woman to her family in the "About Bruce" special aired as part of the tenth season. Amatangelo felt that the conversations "seemed a little too staged, too controlled", and noted that "there was no attempt to educate the viewers about transgender issues."[78]

text:
"The title of the show is misleading – Keeping Up with the Kardashians has me imagining the raven-haired siblings being tracked by a slobbering pack of hunting dogs. Sadly, the reality is much more mundane. The best we can hope for is a peek into the crazy chaos of life on the A-list. […] The Kardashians would be the first to admit that their notoriety has little to do with any discernible talent, beyond an alarming capability for self-promotion."

—Gareth Dimelow from Sabotage Times[79]

text: However, several critics were more positive towards the show. A number of publications welcomed the show as "guilty pleasure", including The Huffington Post, The Atlantic, and The Week.[80][81][82] Tim Stack, writing for Entertainment Weekly, described the reality series as: "my favorite little slice of reality TV spongecake."[83] Lauren Le Vine of Refinery29 appreciated the success of the family which "achieved the American dream of making something out of nothing," using the given platform.[84] Libby Hill of The A.V. Club also acknowledged the show's success and said: "Keeping Up With The Kardashians gives us real, joyous, ugly, unsavory, hilarious life, with all the polished sitcom trappings. And though the latter may have launched a multimedia empire, the former has made it last".[85] Maura Kelly of The Guardian evaluated the aftermath of the failed wedding of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries, which was documented on Keeping Up with the Kardashians, and subsequently caused public outrage, including an online protest petition to cancel the show. "Since Kim doesn't exactly seem to be an exemplar of self-awareness, I suppose it's possible that she really believed she and Humphries would live happily ever after," Kelly speculated whether or not the marriage was a publicity stunt. "But more likely, she and E! are laughing all the way to the bank – 10.5 million viewers tuned into "Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event", after all," Kelly summarized the controversy.[86] Josh Duboff, writing for Vanity Fair, commented on the show's long run and said that "it is near impossible to argue that their continued relevance, 10 years later, is anything other than awe-inspiring and remarkable".[87]

text: Viewership

text:
"At their core, the Kardashians are an incredibly bonded, loving, large family who live an incredibly large life. And if you actually look at the history of television, there's a pretty large number of families with that blend resonating with viewers. This just happens to be the first reality show that does it. […] It's just an incredibly fascinating drama that's played out. But at its core, you know that they're going to end up around that dinner table together."

—E! President Suzanne Kolb discusses the popularity of the series in an interview with The Wrap.[88]

text: Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been a ratings success for E! – in its first month it became the highest-rated series aired on Sunday nights for adults 18–34 and was seen by 1.3 million total viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research.[16][89] Lisa Berger, executive vice president of original programming and series development for E!, said: "The buzz surrounding the series is huge, and viewers have clearly fallen for the Kardashians. […] Seacrest and Bunim-Murray's unique ability to capture this family's one-of-a-kind dynamics and hilarious antics has made the series a fantastic addition to our prime-time lineup."[16] The second season continued the success and was viewed by 1.6 million viewers on average, which led to a third season renewal.[90] The two-hour fourth-season premiere, which aired on November 8, 2009, and featured the wedding ceremony of Khloé and Lamar Odom, brought in then-record ratings with 3.2 million viewers.[91] The subsequent season debuted with nearly 4.7 million total viewers, which ranked as the highest-rated season premiere of the show, as of August 2015.[92] It was also the second highest-rated episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians, second only to the previous season's record-breaking finale with 4.8 million viewers.[93]

text: The seventh-season premiere of the series, which aired on May 20, 2012 in its earlier timeslot, continued to deliver high ratings attracting almost three million total viewers which exceeded the premiere of the previous season by 16%.[94] Kim Kardashian has explained the success of the show by saying that people tune in to watch the series because they can relate themselves to the members of the family; in an interview with the V magazine she said: "You can see that soap operas aren't on the air as much anymore. I think reality shows are taking over that genre, but I think the draw to our show is that we are relatable."[95] The eighth season debuted to 3 million viewers, up 6% from the previous season, while the subsequent ninth season's premiere was down by 20%.[96][97] The ninth season averaged 3.3 million total viewers and almost 2.2 million in the 18–49 years adult demographic, the most sought after by advertisers. It was the highest rated cable show in its timeslot.[22] The series finished as the most-social ad-supported cable program and, as of March 2015, Keeping Up with the Kardashians is the most-watched show on E! network.[98] The first episode of the tenth season averaged 2.5 million viewers, slightly less than the premiere of the ninth season.[99] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Keeping Up with the Kardashians "tends to most popular in areas with large Hispanic populations, particularly in the Southwest".[100]

text: Awards and nominations

text: Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been nominated for, and won, several television awards. The reality series has received nominations for a Teen Choice Award in the Choice TV: Celebrity Reality Show category nine consecutive times between 2008 and 2016, winning the award in 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2016. The show also won a People's Choice Award as Favorite TV Guilty Pleasure in 2011. The Kardashian sisters have been nominated as part of the cast for five awards, winning four times; Kim Kardashian has been nominated for three awards winning one in 2012. In 2010, Kris and Caitlyn Jenner received a Teen Choice Award nomination in a one-time Choice TV: Parental Unit category.

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2008
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Celebrity Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Nominated
[101]

Choice TV Reality/Variety Star: Female
Kim Kardashian
Nominated

2009
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Nominated
[102]

Choice TV Reality/Variety Star: Female
Kim Kardashian
Nominated

2010
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Won
[103]

Choice TV Reality/Variety Star: Female
The Kardashian sisters
Won

Choice TV: Parental Unit
Kris Jenner and Caitlyn Jenner
Nominated

2011
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer TV Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Nominated
[104]

Choice TV Reality/Variety Star: Female
The Kardashian sisters
Won

People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Guilty Pleasure
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Won
[105]

2012
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Nominated
[106]

Choice TV Reality/Variety Star: Female
The Kardashian sisters
Won

People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Celebreality Star
Kim Kardashian
Won
[107]

2013
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Won
[108]

Choice TV Reality/Variety Star: Female
The Kardashian sisters
Won

2014
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Won
[109]

Choice TV Reality/Variety Star: Female
The Kardashian sisters
Nominated

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Nominated
[110]

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Won
[111]

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Reality Show
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Nominated
[112]

text: Broadcast history

text: Keeping Up with the Kardashians premiered on October 14, 2007 in the United States on the E! cable network at 10:30/9:30 pm ET/PT. The half-hour reality series continued to air every Sunday night in the same time slot, and the eight-episode first season of the show concluded on December 2. The subsequent season premiered the following year on March 9 in an earlier time slot at 10:00/9:00 pm with a repeated episode airing immediately afterwards.[113] The season ended on May 26, 2008 with an episode "Junk in the Trunk", which featured the Kardashian siblings sharing the most memorable moments of the season.[114] The third season commenced airing on March 8, 2009 and concluded with two back-to-back episodes which aired on May 25. The subsequent season premiered with a two-hour long episode entitled "The Wedding" on November 8, and ended on February 21, 2010;[113] some of the episodes aired throughout the season were extended to a full hour.[115]

text: The fifth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians began airing on August 22, 2010 and concluded with another "Junk in the Trunk" episode on December 20.[114] The sixth season commenced on June 12, 2011 and ended with a television special "Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event" which aired two extended episodes on October 9 and 10. The show later returned on December 19 with the episode "Kendall's Sweet 16".[113] Starting with the seventh season, which premiered on May 20, 2012, the half-hour reality series was extended to a full hour in a new 9:00/8:00 pm time slot.[116] The season concluded on October 28. The eighth season of the series started airing on June 2, 2013; it became the longest season with 21 episodes and ended on December 1. The ninth and tenth seasons aired in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The latter season included a television special entitled "About Bruce" which aired on May 17 and 18, 2015.[113] The eleventh season premiered on November 15, one month after the previous season finished.[113] The twelfth season of the show debuted on May 1, 2016.[117] The thirteenth season premiered on March 12, 2017.[118]

text: Home video releases and streaming

text: In North America, the first three seasons of the reality series were distributed on DVD.[119] The first season was released on October 7, 2008 by Lions Gate Entertainment which obtained the home entertainment distribution rights for a variety of programming from Comcast Entertainment Group, including Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[120] The second and third seasons of the series were released on November 10, 2009 and August 17, 2010, respectively.[119] In Australia, all seasons are released on DVD by Universal Sony Pictures. The latest addition, which includes the eleventh season of the show, was released on April 28, 2016.[121] In the United Kingdom, the reality series is distributed by Universal Pictures UK. The DVD set of the seventh season, the latest addition, was released on June 24, 2013.[122] The episodes of Keeping Up with the Kardashians are also available on numerous streaming video on demand services, such as Amazon Video, iTunes, Google Play, Microsoft Movies & TV,[123] Hulu,[124] and Vudu,[125] as well as the E! network's own streaming service.[126]


document_title: List of governors-general of India

question_text: who was the last viceroy to have served in india before independence

text: List of governors-general of India

text: The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, or Governor-General of Bengal to be appointed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company (EIC). The Court of Directors assigned a Council of Four (based in India) to assist The Governor General, and decision of council was binding on Governor General during 1773-1784.

text: The Saint Helena Act 1833 (or Government of India Act 1833) re-designated the office with the title of Governor-General of India.

text: After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the company rule was brought to an end, and the British India along with princely states came under the direct rule of the Crown. The Government of India Act 1858 created the office of Secretary of State for India in 1858 to oversee the affairs of India, which was advised by a new Council of India with 15 members (based in London). The existing Council of Four was formally renamed as the Council of Governor General of India or Executive Council of India. The Council of India was later abolished by Government of India Act 1935.

text: Following the adoption of the Government of India Act of 1858, the Governor-General as representing the Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation 'Viceroy', although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first Viceroy and Governor-General", none of the Warrants appointing his successors referred to them as 'Viceroys', and the title, which was frequently used in Warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the Sovereign's representative. The Governor-General continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the Government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council.[1]

text: From the year 1858 onwards, the appointments of Governor-General of India were made by British Crown at the advice of Secretary of State for India. The office of Governor-General continued to exist as a ceremonial post in each of the new dominions until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 respectively..

text: List of Viceroys and Governor-Generals[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Notable events
Appointer

Governors of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1833

Warren Hastings
(1732-1818)
20 October
1773
[nb 1]
1 February
1785

Regulating Act of 1773
Supreme Council Of Bengal
Asiatic Society of Bengal
Stopped Mughal pension to Shah Alam II
Stopped Diarchy in Bengal
New Sanskrit School by Jonathan Deccan
Moved Treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta
Bengal Gazette- First Indian newspaper published
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82)
Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–84)
First Rohilla War of 1773–1774
Second Rohilla War 1779
Experimentation on land settlements. (1772-five years settlement, changed to 1 year in 1776)
English Translation of Bhagwat Gita[2]

East India
Company

(1773–1858)

John Macpherson
(acting)
(1745–1821)
1 February
1785
12 September
1786

Charles Cornwallis
The Marquess Cornwallis [nb 2]
(1738–1805)
12 September
1786
28 October
1793

Established lower courts and appellate courts
Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal in 1793
3rd Mysore war
Introduction of Cornwallis Code
Introduction of Civil Services in India

John Shore
(1751–1834)
28 October
1793
18 March
1798

Policy of Non-intervention
Charter Act of 1793
Battle of Kharda between Nizam and Marathas (1795)

Alured Clarke
(acting)
(1744–1832)
18 March
1798
18 May
1798

Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington [nb 3]
(1760–1842)
18 May
1798
30 July
1805

Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance
Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05)
Fort William College at Calcutta
Formation of Madras Presidency in 1801

The Marquess Cornwallis
(1738–1805)
30 July
1805
5 October
1805

Sir George Barlow, Bt
(acting)
(1762–1847)
10 October
1805
31 July
1807

Sepoy mutiny at Vellore

The Lord Minto
(1751–1814)
31 July
1807
4 October
1813

Charter Act of 1813
Treaty of Amritsar, 1809 with Ranjit Singh

Francis Rawdon-Hastings, The Earl of Moira [nb 4]
(1754–1826)
4 October
1813
9 January
1823

Ended the policy of Non-intervention
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
1816,Treaty of Sagauli with Nepal
Creation of Bombay Presidency in 1818
Establishment of Ryotwari System in Madras and
Mahalwari System in Central India,Punjab And Western UP.

John Adam
(acting)
(1779–1825)
9 January
1823
1 August
1823

Licensing Regulations

The Lord Amherst[nb 5]
(1773–1857)
1 August
1823
13 March
1828

First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)
Treaty of Yandabo, 1826

William Butterworth Bayley
(acting)
(1782–1860)
13 March
1828
4 July
1828

Governors-General of India, 1833–1858

Lord William Bentinck
(1774–1839)
4 July
1828
20 March
1835

First Governor General of India
Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829
Charter Act, 1833
Saint Helena Act 1833
English Education Act 1835
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

East India
Company

(1773–1858)

Charles Metcalfe, Bt
(acting)
(1785–1846)
20 March
1835
4 March
1836

Repealed 1823 Licensing Regulations

The Lord Auckland[nb 6]
(1784–1849)
4 March
1836
28 February
1842

The Lord Ellenborough
(1790–1871)
28 February
1842
June
1844

William Wilberforce Bird
(acting)
(1784–1857)
June
1844
23 July
1844

Henry Hardinge[nb 7]
(1785–1856)
23 July
1844
12 January
1848

The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)
The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)
Treaty of Lahore

The Earl of Dalhousie[nb 8]
(1812–1860)
12 January
1848
28 February
1856

Doctrine of Lapse
Charles Wood Despatch
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
First Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane
First telegraph Line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta.
Post Office Act, 1854
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Established Public Works Department
Engineering College was established at Roorkee

Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947

The Viscount Canning[nb 9]
(1812–1862)
28 February
1856
21 March
1862

University of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were set up in 1858
The revolt of 1857
The Government of India Act, 1858
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856

Victoria

(1837–1901)

The Earl of Elgin
(1811–1863)
21 March
1862
20 November
1863

Robert Napier
(acting)
(1810–1890)
21 November
1863
2 December
1863

William Denison
(acting)
(1804–1871)
2 December
1863
12 January
1864

Sir John Lawrence, Bt
(1811–1879)
12 January
1864
12 January
1869

Bhutan War
Establishment of Shimla as India's summer capital in 1863

The Earl of Mayo
(1822–1872)
12 January
1869
8 February
1872

Assassinated by a Pathan Sher Ali Afridi

Started the Census.

Sir John Strachey
(acting)
(1823–1907)
9 February
1872
23 February
1872

The Lord Napier
(acting)
(1819–1898)
24 February
1872
3 May
1872

The Lord Northbrook
(1826–1904)
3 May
1872
12 April
1876

The Lord Lytton
(1831–1891)
12 April
1876
8 June
1880

Vernacular Press Act
Second Anglo-Afghan War
The Indians Act (1878)[3]

The Marquess of Ripon
(1827–1909)
8 June
1880
13 December
1884

First Factory Act (1881)
Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
Ilbert Bill

The Earl of Dufferin
(1826–1902)
13 December
1884
10 December
1888

Formation of Indian National Congress
Third Anglo-Burmese War

The Marquess of Lansdowne
(1845–1927)
10 December
1888
11 October
1894

The Earl of Elgin
(1849–1917)
11 October
1894
6 January
1899

The Lord Curzon of Kedleston[nb 10]
(1859–1925)
6 January
1899
18 November
1905

Partition of Bengal (1905)
Second Delhi Darbar (1903)

The Earl of Minto
(1845–1914)
18 November
1905
23 November
1910

Edward VII

(1901–1910)

The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
(1858–1944)
23 November
1910
4 April
1916

George V

(1910–1936)

The Lord Chelmsford
(1868–1933)
4 April
1916
2 April
1921

The Earl of Reading
(1860–1935)
2 April
1921
3 April
1926

The Lord Irwin
(1881–1959)
3 April
1926
18 April
1931

The Earl of Willingdon
(1866–1941)
18 April
1931
18 April
1936

The Marquess of Linlithgow
(1887–1952)
18 April
1936
1 October
1943

Edward VIII

(1936)

The Viscount Wavell
(1883–1950)
1 October
1943
21 February
1947

George VI

(1936–1952)

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
(1900–1979)
21 February
1947
15 August
1947

Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1947–1950

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma[nb 11]
(1900–1979)
15 August
1947
21 June
1948

George VI

(1936–1952)

C. Rajagopalachari
(1878–1972)
21 June
1948
26 January
1950

text:
Jump up ^ Originally joined on 28 April 1772
Jump up ^ Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess Wellesley in 1799.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Hastings in 1816
Jump up ^ Created Earl Amherst in 1826.
Jump up ^ Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.
Jump up ^ Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Dalhousie in 1849.
Jump up ^ Created Earl Canning in 1859.
Jump up ^ The Lord Ampthill was acting Governor-General in 1904
Jump up ^ Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.

tag: ol


document_title: Manrique

question_text: where does the last name manriquez come from

text: Manrique

text: Manrique is (1) a Spanish-origin given name derived from the Gothic name Ermanaric ([H]ermanarico, [H][er]manrique) and (2) a surname.

text: Given name[edit]

text:
Manrique Pérez de Lara (died 1164), magnate of the Kingdom of Castile and its regent from 1158 until his death
Manrique Gil (1879–1968), Spanish actor and poet
Manrique Larduet  (born 1996), Cuban artistic gymnast

text: Surname[edit]

text:
Manuel Manrique (es) (1793–1823), military leader for the independence of Venezuela
César Manrique (1919–1992), Spanish artist and architect
Francisco Manrique (1919–1988), Argentine policy maker and politician
Fred Manrique, Venezuelan baseball player
Gómez Manrique (c. 1412 – c. 1490), Spanish poet
Jaime Manrique, Colombian writer
Jorge Manrique (1440–1479), Spanish poet
Laurent Manrique (born 1966), French restaurateur and chef who relocated to U.S.A.
Miguel Manrique, Spanish painter
Sebastien Manrique, Portuguese missionary and traveler to India during 1628 – 1643

text: Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Manrique. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: Given namesSurnamesSpanish given names

text: Articles with short descriptionAll set index articles


document_title: My Mother Said I Never Should

question_text: when is my mother said i never should set

text: My Mother Said I Never Should

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text:
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text: My Mother Said I Never Should is a play in three acts by Charlotte Keatley.

text: My Mother Said I Never Should was written in 1985 and was first produced at the Contact Theatre in Manchester on 25 February 1987, directed by Brigid Larmour. A revised edition premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in a production directed by Michael Attenborough on 23 February 1989 and in a revival which premiered on 29 September 2009 at the Watford Palace Theatre, again directed by Brigid Larmour.

text: This play is about the difficult relationships between mothers and daughters and explores the themes of independence, growing up and secrets. A story which explores the lives and relationships of four generations of women: Doris, Margaret, Jackie and Rosie. Their loves, expectations, and choices are set against the huge social changes of the twentieth century. When Jackie falls pregnant with Rosie, without a husband, she is unable to cope and hands over the baby to her mother, Margaret. The play looks at the consequences of this secret and each woman's opinion on it. The play has a minimalist set and is deliberately unrealistic. One of the most unrealistic things in the play is the waste ground scenes where all characters become children. In these scenes, Doris becomes the youngest child at 5, with Rosie at 8 and Jackie and Margaret both 9. Some viewers have said that "it works backwards on itself which can get rather confusing." The scenes do not follow in chronological order, so in one scene Margaret will be a young child during the war being comforted by her mother Doris and in the next Jackie will be a child visiting her grandma Doris. This can also be slightly confusing because it is not specifically mentioned how old the characters are in each scene, but mostly it is very self-explanatory.

text: The main themes of the play are relationships and motherhood. It addresses the issues of teenage pregnancy, career prioritisation and single motherhood. It is also about how the different generations break free from their parents' traditions and culture.

text: Margaret is caught in the middle in between her mother and her daughter, Jackie, who had a daughter (Rosie) despite being unmarried.

text: The father of Rosie is named Graham, but he was married, when he got Jackie pregnant...

text: Plot[edit]

text:
The play begins in the Wasteground, where the four girls play as contemporaries - Doris appears aged five, Margaret eight, and Jackie and Rosie at nine. They show disgust for the idea of little girls being made of 'sugar and spice and all things nice' and then put forth the idea of 'killing their Mummy'. Jettisoning the younger Doris, they are wary of ingredients for their 'curse' being too real (such as harelip) or too fantastical; and then call upon the spirit of their Granny, fleeing as a figure moves upstage towards them.
The figure is Doris, now an adult and singing to a racy George Formby song on the radio. Her daughter, Margaret, aged eight; surprises her by shouting 'knickers' from beneath the piano. Doris insists on being called 'Mother' rather than 'Mummy', and pushes Margaret to practice the piano rather than answering her inquisitive, lively child's questions about the war and whether her parents say their prayers. The next scene shows Doris as a grandmother with Jackie, Margaret's daughter; now affectionate and lenient, by contrast to her relationship with Margaret.

text: Roles[edit]

text:
Roles
Premiere Cast, 25 February 1987
Manchester, Contact Theatre
Revised Version, 23 February 1989
London, Royal Court Theatre
Modern Revival, 29 September 2009
Watford, Watford Palace Theatre
London Revival, 13 April 2016
London, St. James' Theatre

Doris Partington
Joan Campion
Elizabeth Bradley
Eve Pearce
Maureen Lipman

Margaret Bradley
Jenny Howe
Sheila Reid
Abigail Thaw
Caroline Faber

Jackie Metcalfe
Jane Paton
Jane Gurnett
Claire Brown
Katie Brayben

Rosie Metcalfe
Michele Wade
Shirley Henderson
Katherine Manners
Serena Manteghi

Directed by
Brigid Larmour
Michael Attenborough
Brigid Larmour
Paul Robinson

text: Debut plays

text: Articles lacking sources from May 2014All articles lacking sourcesArticles with topics of unclear notability from May 2014All articles with topics of unclear notability


document_title: Light-independent reactions

question_text: where does the calvin cycle get its energy

text: Light-independent reactions

text: Coupling to other metabolic pathways [edit]

text: These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed. The process of photorespiration, also known as C2 cycle, is also coupled to the dark reactions, as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme, and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde-3-P.

text: The Calvin cycle, Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms.

text: The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley[3] by using the radioactive isotope carbon-14.

text: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short-lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds[4] that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation. The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO. In the following biochemical equations, the chemical species (phosphates and carboxylic acids) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH.

text: The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol, separating the reactions. They are activated in the light (which is why the name "dark reaction" is misleading), and also by products of the light-dependent reaction. These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide. Energy (in the form of ATP) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity.

text: The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:

text:
Hexose (six-carbon) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle. Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C
6H
12O
6, this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration, where six-carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria. The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or "triose phosphates", namely, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

text: Steps[edit]

text: In the first stage of the Calvin cycle, a CO2 molecule is incorporated into one of two three-carbon molecules (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or G3P), where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH, which had been produced in the light-dependent stage. The three steps involved are:

text:
The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, RuBP, a 5-carbon compound, by carbon dioxide (a total of 6 carbons) in a two-step reaction.[5] The product of the first step is enediol-enzyme complex that can capture CO
2 or O
2. Thus, enediol-enzyme complex is the real carboxylase/oxygenase. The CO
2 that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six-carbon compound called 2-carboxy 3-keto 1,5-biphosphoribotol (or 3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, or 3-PGA, a 3-carbon compound[6] (also: 3-phosphoglyceric acid, PGA, 3PGA).
The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3-PGA by ATP (which was produced in the light-dependent stage). 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPGA, glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate) and ADP are the products. (However, note that two 3-PGAs are produced for every CO
2 that enters the cycle, so this step utilizes two ATP per CO
2 fixed.)
The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1,3BPGA by NADPH (which is another product of the light-dependent stage). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (also called G3P, GP, TP, PGAL, GAP) is produced, and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP+. Again, two NADPH are utilized per CO
2 fixed.

text: The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP. Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules, using up three molecules of ATP. Since each CO2 molecule produces two G3P molecules, three CO2 molecules produce six G3P molecules, of which five are used to regenerate RuBP, leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO2 molecules (as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved).

text: The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps.

text:
Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), also a 3-carbon molecule.
Aldolase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6-phosphate (6C). A phosphate ion is lost into solution.
Then fixation of another CO
2 generates two more G3P.
F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase, giving erythrose-4-phosphate. The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P, giving the ketose xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P).
E4P and a DHAP (formed from one of the G3P from the second CO
2 fixation) are converted into sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate (7C) by aldolase enzyme.
Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants) cleaves sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate into sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution.
Fixation of a third CO
2 generates two more G3P. The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase, giving ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P, giving another Xu5P. This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO
2, with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P.
R5P is converted into ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P, RuP) by phosphopentose isomerase. Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase.
Finally, phosphoribulokinase (another plant-unique enzyme of the pathway) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, completing the Calvin cycle. This requires the input of one ATP.

text:
Thus, of six G3P produced, five are used to make three RuBP (5C) molecules (totaling 15 carbons), with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose. This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO
2 molecules. The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below.

text:
RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O
2 instead of CO
2 in photorespiration. The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures. Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3-PGA and 2-phosphoglycolate, a 2-carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine. Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate, two glycines are converted into serine +CO
2. Serine can be converted back to 3-phosphoglycerate. Thus, only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3-PGA. It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant, because, rather than fixing CO
2, this process leads to loss of CO
2. C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration, but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates—corn, for example.

text: Products[edit]

text: The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, 3 ADP, and 2 NADP+. (ADP and NADP+ are not really "products." They are regenerated and later used again in the Light-dependent reactions). Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons. For the Calvin cycle to continue, RuBP (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) must be regenerated. So, 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose. Therefore, there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn. To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons, and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle. To make one glucose molecule (which can be created from 2 G3P molecules) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle. Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose, and cellulose, depending on what the plant needs.[7]

text: Light-dependent regulation[edit]

text: These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night. There is a light-dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes, as the third step requires reduced NADP.

text: There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off: the thioredoxin/ferredoxin activation system, which activates some of the cycle enzymes; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation, active in the Calvin cycle, which involves its own activase.

text: The thioredoxin/ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-P phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, and ribulose-5-phosphatase kinase, which are key points of the process. This happens when light is available, as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it.[8] Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein, which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes. This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes. The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available.

text: The enzyme RuBisCo has its own, more complex activation process. It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme. This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated. A specific activase enzyme, called RuBisCo activase, helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible. Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional, as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function. This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow. RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation.