document_title: The Wall (Australian game show)

question_text: where is the australian tv show the wall filmed

text: The Wall (Australian game show)

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The Wall is a four-story-tall pegboard, similar to a pachinko game or bean machine; it also is similar to the Plinko board used for that pricing game of the same name on The Price is Right. The bottom of the board is divided into 15 slots marked with various dollar amounts, some of which increase as the game progresses. Seven numbered "drop zones" are centered at the top of the board (above the center seven slots), from which balls can be dropped into play.

text: A team of two contestants plays each game, with a potential top prize of $12,374,994.[3][4] Green balls dropped on the board will add to the team's bank, while red balls dropped on the board will subtract from it. Throughout the game, the bank has a floor of $0.

text: Round 1: Free Fall[edit]

text: In Free Fall, the team is asked a series of five questions, each with two answer choices. As each question is asked, three balls are simultaneously released from drop zones 1, 4, and 7. The team must select one answer and lock it in before any portion of a ball crosses the threshold of a money slot. If the team's answer is correct, the balls turn green and their values are added to the team's bank. If the team answers incorrectly or fails to lock in an answer, the balls turn red and their values are subtracted from the team's bank.

text: If the team's bank balance is zero at the end of this round, the game ends immediately and they leave with no winnings. Otherwise, their earnings become part of a guaranteed payout to be offered to them at the end of the game. The maximum amount that a team can bank in this round is $375,000.

text: The values on the board range from $1 to $25,000, and are arranged as follows:

text:
$1
$5,000
$100
$20,000
$10
$10,000
$1
$25,000
$1
$10,000
$10
$20,000
$100
$5,000
$1

text: Round 2[edit]

text: At the start of the second round, the contestants are separated from each other for the remainder of the game. One enters an isolation chamber behind The Wall, while the other remains onstage. Two green balls are played simultaneously, dropped from zones chosen by the onstage player. Three multiple-choice questions are then played, each with three answer choices. The onstage player is shown only the answers to each question, and must decide which zone to use, based on how confident he/she is that the isolated player can answer correctly. The question and answers are then presented to the isolated player; after he/she responds, the ball is dropped from the chosen zone. A correct answer turns the ball green and adds the value of the slot it lands in to the team bank, while a miss turns the ball red and deducts the value. The isolated player is not told which of his/her answers are correct or given any information on the team bank.

text: The onstage player is offered an opportunity to "Double Up" on the second question and "Triple Up" on the third; these options allow him/her to play two or three balls from the selected drop zone instead of one, respectively.

text: After the third question, if the banked total is at least $3 (as the least that could be lost from two red balls is $2), two red balls are dropped simultaneously from the same zones that were chosen for the initial two green balls. The maximum amount that a team can bank in this round is $1,999,998.

text: The values on the board range from $1 to $250,000, and are arranged as follows:

text:
$1
$5,000
$100
$10,000
$10
$25,000
$1
$50,000
$1
$100,000
$10
$125,000
$100
$250,000
$1

text: Round 3[edit]

text: Gameplay proceeds as in Round 2, but each of the three questions now has four answer choices. In addition, four green and four red balls are played at the start and end of the round respectively, and are dropped one at a time, rather than simultaneously. The "Double Up" and "Triple Up" options are available as before.

text: The maximum amount that a team can bank in this round is $9,999,996.

text: The values on the board range from $1 to $1,000,000, and are arranged as follows:

text:
$1
$50,000
$100
$100,000
$10
$150,000
$1
$200,000
$1
$300,000
$10
$400,000
$100
$1,000,000
$1

text: Final Decision[edit]

text: After the third question in Round 3, the isolated player is sent a contract by the host and must either sign or destroy it. Signing the contract gives up the team bank in favor of a guaranteed payout, equal to the Free Fall winnings plus an additional $20,000 for every question answered correctly in Rounds 2 and 3. If the isolated player destroys the contract, the team receives their final bank total instead. After the four red balls have dropped in Round 3 and the final bank is calculated (or after the last question if there is less than $4 banked), the isolated player returns to the stage to reveal his/her decision. Only at this point does he/she learn the number of correct answers given, the payout total, and the team's final bank. If the isolated player destroys the contract, the team receives their final bank total instead.

text: The maximum possible guaranteed payout is $495,000, obtained by scoring $375,000 in Free Fall and answering all questions correctly in Rounds 2 and 3. The maximum possible bank total is $12,374,994, obtained by answering every question correctly, having every green ball drop into the highest-valued slot, and having the six mandatory red balls each drop into a $1 slot.

text: Production[edit]

text: The game show is filmed in Warsaw, Poland alongside the Polish, Russian, Hungarian and Czech versions of the show. Subsequently, the crew is largely Polish and the audience consists of English speaking locals and Australian ex-pats.[5]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Episode
Contestants
Guaranteed Payout Contract
Final Bank Total
Contract Decision
Relationship between the 2 contestants

Free Fall Bank
Correct Answers (Bonus)
Total Offer

1
Chrissy and Dez
$140,123
5 ($100,000)
$240,123
$700,335
Accepted
Husband and wife

2
Jess and Lee
$95,404
3 ($60,000)
$155,404
$249,999
Accepted
Husband and wife

3
Jane and Alan
$65,105
4 ($80,000)
$145,105
$0
Rejected
Father in law and daughter in law

4
Kent and Suz
$75,135
5 ($100,000)
$175,135
$935,385
Accepted
Husband and wife

5
Bron and Michelle
$80,242
4 ($80,000)
$160,242
$880,373
Accepted
Long lost sisters

6
Rosanna and Laurie
$110,112
4 ($80,000)
$190,112
$0
Rejected
Husband and wife

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Timeslot
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Chrissy and Dez
30 October 2017
Monday 7:30pm
974,000
4
54,000
1
1,028,000
[6][7]

2
Jess and Lee
31 October 2017
Tuesday 7:30pm
795,000
6
23,000
6
818,000
[8][9]

3
Jane and Alan
5 November 2017
Sunday 7:00pm
755,000
6
9,000
6
764,000
[10][11]

4
Kent and Suz
6 November 2017
Monday 7:30pm
687,000
11
27,000
12
714,000
[12][13]

5
Bron and Michelle
12 November 2017
Sunday 7:00pm
669,000
6
15,000
7
684,000
[14][15]

6
Rosanna and Laurie
19 November 2017
Sunday 7:00pm
634,000
7
26,000
7
660,000
[16][17]


document_title: Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama

question_text: where did the first mardi gras take place

root

text: Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Mobile Mardi Gras season starts in November, with exclusive parties held by some secret mystic societies, then New Year's Eve balls. It has become closely entwined with the social debutante season for certain families. Other mystic societies begin their events at Twelfth Night (January 6), with parades, balls (some of them masquerade balls), and king cake parties.[7][8]

tag: p

text: During the last two weeks before Mardi Gras, at least one major parade takes place each day in the city.[8] The largest and most elaborate parades take place the last few days of the season. In the final week of Mardi Gras, many events large and small occur throughout Mobile and the surrounding communities.

text: The parades in Mobile are organized mainly by mystic societies or orders. Society float riders toss throws to the crowds. The most common throws are strings of colorful plastic beads,[5] doubloons (aluminium or wooden dollar-sized coins usually impressed with a krewe logo),[5] wrapped candy/snacks/MoonPies,[5][6] decorated plastic throw cups, stuffed animals,[6] and other small inexpensive toys.[6] Major krewes follow the same parade schedule and route each year.

text: To Mobilians, Mardi Gras refers to the entire festival season, also known as Carnival. Local schools have multiple "Mardi Gras Holidays", which often include Ash Wednesday.[3][4][5] Mobile's culture is diverse, and as a result the Mardi Gras season has been extended. The area's traditions draw from all of its history, including French, Spanish, British, African, Creole, American, and even Swedish influences. The 2008 documentary The Order of Myths details the origins of Mobile Mardi Gras and highlights the differences in the mystic societies due to race and history.

text: History[edit]

text: A type of Mardi Gras festival was brought to Mobile by the founding French Catholic settlers of French Louisiana, as the celebration of Mardi Gras was part of preparation for Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent. The first record of the holiday being marked in America is on March 3, 1699, at a camp site along the Mississippi River delta.[9] Following the construction of Fort Louis de La Louisiane in 1702, the soldiers and settlers celebrated Mardi Gras beginning in 1703. Thus started an annual tradition, only occasionally canceled because of war.[10][5]

text: Mardi Gras has evolved over three centuries in the Mobile area, combining tradition and culture with new ideas. French Mardi Gras arrived in North America with the founding French settlers, the Le Moyne brothers,[10] Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. In the late 17th century, King Louis XIV sent the pair to defend France's claim on the territory of La Louisiane, which included what are now the U.S. states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.[11]

text: The two explorers, arriving first at Dauphin Island in what is now Alabama, navigated the mouth of the Mississippi River (charted by Cavelier de La Salle, 1682), sailed upstream, and on March 3, 1699, celebrated, naming the spot Pointe du Mardi Gras 60 miles downriver from the wilderness that would become New Orleans.[10][9] Meanwhile, in 1702, the 21-year-old Bienville founded the settlement of Mobile (Alabama), as the first capital of French Louisiana,and in 1703, the American Mardi Gras tradition began with French annual celebrations in Mobile.[2][10][12][13][14]

text: The feasting and revelry on Mardi Gras in Mobile was called Boeuf Gras (fatted ox).[5] Masked balls, with the Masque de la Mobile, began in 1704.[10] The first known parade was in 1711, when Mobile's Boeuf Gras Society paraded on Mardi Gras, with 16 men pushing a cart carrying a large papier-mâché cow's head.[2][10]

text: By 1720, Biloxi became the second capital of Louisiana, and also celebrated French customs.[10] Due to fear of tides and hurricanes, in 1723, the capital was moved to New Orleans, founded in 1718. That city also later started a Mardi Gras celebration.[10][12]

text: In 1763, Mobile came under British control. Its restrictions on free blacks and racial segregation caused many Creoles to leave Mobile and move west towards New Orleans. In 1780, Spain took control of the Mobile area in the aftermath of the American Revolution. The Carnival celebration incorporated the Spanish custom of torch-lit parades[2] on Twelfth Night (January 6, also known as Epiphany.) In 1813, Mobile became a United States city, included in the Mississippi Territory. In 1817 it was part of the Alabama Territory. In the Anglican and Episcopal traditions, the day before Ash Wednesday was celebrated as Shrove Tuesday, marked by consumption of rich foods before the fasting practices of Lent.

text: In 1830, a group of revelers, led by Michael Krafft, who was likely influenced by his Pennsylvania Swedish traditions of celebrating the New Year, stayed awake all New Year's Eve, started a dawn parade on January 1, 1831, making noise with cowbells, hoes, and rakes.[10][15] The group became the first parading mystic society, calling themselves the Cowbellion de Rakin Society, in a parody of French. They had annual parades each New Year's Eve.[2][10] Nearly 125 years after Mobile's first parade of 1711, members of the Cowbellion de Rakin Society, took their parade tradition to New Orleans in 1835, eventually forming the Mistick Krewe of Comus.[10]

text: In 1843, some men who had been refused membership by the Cowbellions, formed the Strikers Independent Society with their own New Year's parade. The Boeuf Gras Society held their last procession on Shrove Tuesday in 1861, before the start of the American Civil War, and then dissolved.[2][16]

text: In 1867, following the end of the Civil War, Joe Cain revived the parade tradition in Mobile on Mardi Gras, riding in a decorated charcoal wagon, along with six fellow veterans.[17][2][10] That event has celebrated annually with Joe Cain Day since 1966.[17] The Joe Cain Day parade is held on the Sunday before Mardi Gras. The event's founder, artist and historian Julian Lee "Judy" Rayford, portrayed the "Chief" and in 1970 handed the features to the third "Old Slac", fireman J. B. "Red" Foster. Foster portrayed the "Chief" until passing the features in 1985 to historian, public relations professional and pastor, Bennett Wayne Dean Sr. Dean, as Old Slac IV, celebrated his 25th year under the feathers on Joe Cain Day in 2010.

text: War, economic, political, and weather conditions sometimes led to cancellation of some or all major parades, especially during the Civil War and World War II. The city has traditionally always observed some celebration of Mardi Gras.

text: Traditional colors[edit]

text:
Mardi Gras colors and meanings

 Justice (purple)

 Faith (green)

 Power (gold)

tag: table

text: The traditional colors of Mardi Gras in Mobile have been purple and gold. Purple has been related to royal monarchies in Europe, and is the liturgical color used during Lent in Christianity. Many in Mobile now incorporate a third color, green. This is perhaps an influence from New Orleans' traditional colors of purple, green, and gold, which came from the Russian House of Romanov in 1872. They were adopted there when Grand Duke Alexis Romanoff Alexandrovitch, brother of the heir apparent to the throne of Russia, accepted New Orleans's invitation to attend Mardi Gras, with festivities in his honor.[11]

text: Mystic societies[edit]

text: The first mystic society began in Mobile in 1704, with the Societé de Saint Louise. It was founded by French soldiers at Fort Louis de La Louisiane.[10] The annual Masque de la Mobile was started in the same year.[10] In 1830, a group celebrating with an early morning parade, later known as the Cowbellion de Rakin Society held the first parade in Mobile society.[17]

text: Dozens of mystic societies have come and gone over the past three centuries in Mobile. Membership has been formed by affiliated groups such as co-workers, bachelors, women, blacks, black women, Jews, married women, married couples, or open membership, including visitors.[17] There are currently more than 40 mystic societies in Mobile.[17] Because many are run as secret societies, their impact on Mobile politics, business affairs, and Carnival activities is difficult to determine, but they have been another avenue of social and political influence.

text: Today, many mystic societies operate under a business structure; membership is basically open to anyone who pays dues to have a place on a parade float. In contrast, the traditional mystic societies were social clubs with secret membership lists. Divulging one's membership in a society can be grounds for dismissal. Some of the newer mystic societies actively recruit prospective members. Some of the older societies have restricted membership, with waiting lists numbering in the hundreds; others restrict members to alumni of particular schools, or other conventions.

text: The oldest parading society in Mobile is the Order of Myths (OOM), founded in 1867.[17] Its emblem consists of "Folly" chasing "Death" around the broken pillar of life, a symbol of Mardi Gras in Mobile. Other notable mystic societies include the Knights of Revelry (with their emblem as "Folly" dancing on the rim of a huge champagne glass), the Comic Cowboys of Wragg Swamp, Infant Mystics, Mystics of Time, Crewe of Columbus, Mystic Stripers Society, Order of Inca and Conde Cavaliers. Ladies' societies include the Order of Polka Dots (OOP), the oldest and largest of the Mobile ladies' societies, Maids of Mirth (MOM), Order of LaShe's, Order of Athena, Neptune's Daughters and Mobile Area Mardi Gras Association (MAMGA).

text: Contemporary Mardi Gras[edit]

text: Each year, the Mardi Gras (or Carnival) season starts with three major events: the November parties of the International Carnival Ball and the Camellia Ball where the city's debutantes are presented,[8] New Year's Eve and January 6, also known as Twelfth Night or the Feast of the Epiphany. In Mobile, the parade season generally starts three weekends before Mardi Gras Day with the Conde Cavaliers parade.

text: Parades[edit]

text: Starting two Fridays before Mardi Gras, there is usually at least one parade every night. The Wednesday before Mardi Gras is reserved as a "rain out" day in case one or more of the earlier parades are affected by weather.

text: Multiple parades lead up to Mardi Gras day. On the Sunday before Fat Tuesday, Joe Cain Day celebrations are held. In recent years these have included a jogger's run and the Joe Cain Procession, also known as the people's parade. Joining the Joe Cain Procession does not require membership in a mystic society. However, participants must now sign up with the city, due to unsafe numbers of people participating in past years. The parade is always led by Chief Slacabamorinico, currently personified by only the fourth person in the city's long-Carnival history to wear the features of the "Chief". He is surrounded by the Mistresses of Joe Cain clad in red veils and dresses, followed by Cain's Merry Widows wailing in black mourning attire.

text: The Monday before Ash Wednesday is known as "Lundi Gras" ("Fat Monday"), after the French tradition of eating good foods this day as well as Tuesday, in preparation for dietary restrictions during Lent. In Mobile, Lundi Gras is traditionally a family day. Schools are closed both Lundi and Mardi Gras. At noon, the Mobile Carnival Association's Floral Parade is held, with area parochial and public schools providing floats and young riders. The Optimist Club hosts a family-oriented midway near Fort Conde, complete with carnival rides, food, games and activities. Lundi Gras is also a day for king cake parties and other family get-togethers in Mobile. As a tradition, after other parades, the Infant Mystics society has held its parade annually after 6 p.m. on this Monday night in downtown Mobile.

text: Celebrations begin early on Mardi Gras day. Downtown, the long parade organized by the Order of Athena rolls first, followed by the Comic Cowboys, founded in 1884. The evening ends with a spectacular night parade of illuminated floats decorated to a theme chosen by the Order of Myths. Each parade follows a defined route so that viewers can plan attendance along particular streets or balconies.

text: Some parades are long and circular so that viewers can walk to a second viewing spot and catch more throws, as the floats circle back. It allows more time to see performances as well. Numerous smaller parades and walking clubs also parade around the city.

text: Promptly at the stroke of midnight at the end of Fat Tuesday, all festivities related to Mardi Gras cease, as it is the start of Lent. City crews quickly clean the streets of all signs of Mardi Gras for the next day. Local traditions frown on wearing Mardi Gras beads during Lent. Both Catholics and other Christians often observe Lenten rituals, such as giving up certain foods or taking on charitable obligations during the season of repentance.

text: Floats[edit]

text: The design, construction and decoration of Mardi Gras floats is a year-round business in Mobile. Several companies along the Gulf Coast do no other work than building floats. The larger floats in Mobile's parades are designed to hold about 15 or 16 adults and their throws. City regulations stipulate length, width and height of floats, to ensure that the floats can safely navigate the narrow streets and tight turns of downtown.

text: The floats are typically multilevel, with a lower and upper level, and one or two mezzanine stations (typically near the back of the float). The float "captain" typically rides on the upper level, which lets him or her see everyone on the float. For floats in night-time parades, the structures are wired for lighting, and a portable generator is towed behind the float to provide power. Each float also contains some type of portable restroom facilities. Although from the street, a Mardi Gras float might look like a dainty, flimsy contraption, the reality is that they are quite sturdily built and are capable of withstanding a good rocking by the riders.

text: Some of Mobile's most famous floats include:

text:
Order of Myths Emblem: Folly chasing Death around the broken pillar of life.
Knights of Revelry Emblem: Folly dancing in the goblet of life.
Infant Mystics Emblem: A black cat atop a cotton bale, the foundation of Mobile's antebellum wealth
Mystics of Time's Vernadean: A giant, rolling, fire and smoke-breathing dragon float
Mystic Stripers Society: Two large 40-foot-long (12 m) emblem floats, one a ferocious and "strong" Tiger, another a sleek and "fast" Zebra.
Crewe of Columbus' Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria: Three floats built to resemble Columbus' famed ships.
Order of Polka Dots: Famed emblem featuring three winged sons of Pegasus bearing the Golden Chariot of the Gypsy Queen through rainbow enveloped clouds
Order of Inca Messengers and Sun Worshippers: Some of Mobile's largest moving structures.
Conde Cavaliers Emblem: Swashbuckler points his sword right at Mobile.
Comic Cowboys: Series of satirical comments on current events, locally and nationally.
Mobile Area Mardi Gras Association (MAMGA) The Mollies

tag: ul

text: Throws[edit]

text: For many of the Mardi Gras parades in Mobile, Al members of societies on floats toss gifts to the general public, known as throws, that include plastic beads, doubloon coins, decorated plastic cups, candy, wrapped cakes/snacks, stuffed animals, and small toys, footballs, frisbees, or whistles.

text: Mardi Gras throws have themselves evolved over the years. As little as 20 years ago, the beads thrown by Mobile maskers were small, cheap plastic pieces, and few maskers gave much thought to them. Today, the beads can be the most expensive items on a masker's throw list. In 1956, the first Moon Pies were thrown by children on the Queen's float in the Comic Cowboys parade.[17] Moon Pies have since become a staple of Mardi Gras in Mobile. Other items that have come and gone through Mobile's Mardi Gras history include Cracker Jacks (outlawed in 1972), confetti and candy. Maskers throwing candy today typically throw small bags of bubble gum, kisses and other sweet treats.

text: Mystic society members have thrown strings of beads from floats to parade-goers since at least the late 19th century. Until the 1960s, the most common forms were custom-colored necklaces of smaller glass beads made in Czechoslovakia. These were replaced by inexpensive, durable, standardized plastic beads. Lower-cost beads allow riders to purchase greater quantities, hence throws have become more numerous and common.

text: In the 1990s, many people lost interest in small, common beads, often leaving them where they had landed on the ground. Larger, more elaborate, multi-colored bead necklaces and strands with figures of animals, people, or other objects have become the sought-after throws. Nevertheless, citing the increasing cost of throws, maskers continue to buy and throw the smaller diameter beads to the masses and save the more expensive, elaborate creations for friends along the route.

text: One of the many Mardi Gras throws, doubloons are large coins, either plastic or metal, that are usually in the Mardi Gras colors. These coins portray the mystic society's emblem, name, and founding date on one side, and the theme and year of the parade and ball on the other side. The Infant Mystics were the first Mobile mystic to toss doubloons in the mid-1960s.

text: The doubloons thrown during the parade are inexpensive, stamped anodized aluminum. However, a thriving cottage industry has developed for the production and collection of limited edition doubloons. As a means of fundraising, many societies now offer limited edition doubloons struck from bronze, silver, gold and platinum. Other offerings include cloisonné and hand-painted varieties. Rather than being stamped, these pieces are struck like legal tender coins. The Resurrected Cowbellion de Rakin Society struck what has become the most unusual coins in Mobile Carnival history – the Belldallion – doubloons struck in the shape of a cowbell.

text: In recent years, plastic cups have been thrown. The Order of Inca was the first krewe to throw plastic cups emblazoned with their emblem and the theme of the parade and ball. Now, every mystic society in the city throws themed cups from their floats. Also thrown are generic Mardi Gras cups, often with the dates of future Mardi Gras seasons printed on them.

text: The snacks are typically wrapped, individual portions of food, such as a brownie cookie, snack cake, bag of peanuts, or a Moon Pie, usually in the flavors of chocolate, banana, or orange frosted marshmallow cake. Several newer flavors of coconut, vanilla, mint, peanut butter, and salted caramel have been added, over the years. The tossed snacks have also included various bags of pork rinds crackers. Other snacks include dried fruits and whole bags of candy and gum.

text: A large variety of soft plastic toys have become throws, such as hollow plastic water pistols, or ribbed tube-straw whistles. The plastic toy Frisbees are typically small-sized frisbees, with the round disc less than 8 inches (41 cm) in diameter. Small footballs of soft plastic, or foam rubber, have been thrown from floats, often aimed to spin when thrown like a full-sized football. Many of these are emblazoned with the Society's emblem or initials.

text: Prohibited throws[edit]

text: A number of objects are prohibited as parade throws in Mobile, based on safety or sexual restrictions, as defined in Section 49 of the Mobile City Code (from 10 February 2004): [18]

text: Costumes and masks[edit]

text: On the days before Fat Tuesday (other than at parties), people who do not belong to a mystic society seldom wear costumes and masks publicly. Sometimes the general public may wear costumes or masks on Mardi Gras Day. Most people simply dress to be attractive, enjoying the open air and the chance to socialize with other people.

text: Mystic society members wear elaborate costumes that reflect the theme of their parade, ball or float. Costumes include custom-made hats or feather headdresses, though some societies do not require this. Most of the traditional krewes require riders to wear a mask that is sufficient to conceal the rider's identity. Excessive cutting of the mask or removing the mask at any time during the parade is grounds for dismissal from some societies. Some mystic societies also require that members wear masks during the society's ball (typically held the same night of its parade).

text: Since 1957, the general public has been allowed to wear masks only on Mardi Gras day from 9am – 9pm, or if they are members of mystic societies.[17] The restriction is related to problems with masked bandits and also lingering associations with the damage done by the Ku Klux Klan.

text: Flambeaux carriers[edit]

text: The flambeaux or flame-torch was originally a beacon for parade-goers to better enjoy the spectacle of night festivities. In Mobile, night parades were formerly cross-lit by torches topped by signal flares.

text: By the end of the 20th century, most burning flares were replaced by generator-powered electric lights on the floats. The Order of Myths parade still uses people carrying flambeaux, a.k.a. fuel torches, on Mardi Gras night.

text: Commercialization[edit]

text: There is virtually no commercial advertising during the Mobile parades, as it was prohibited by law in 1935. The various floats in a parade have been designed as independent creations, although some mystic societies have entertained the idea of corporate sponsors.[10]

text: Other traditions[edit]

text: King cake[edit]

text: The first week of January starts the king cake season. The traditional king cake was associated with Epiphany, January 6, also known as Twelfth Night, when English and Europeans celebrated Christmas for twelve days up to this night. The current version is a coffee cake, and is oblong and braided. The cake is iced with a simple icing and covered with purple, green and gold sugar. Each cake contains a small hidden baby doll. According to custom, whoever finds the doll must either buy the next King Cake or throw the next King Cake party. In Mobile, people throw hundreds of King Cake parties every year, and thousands of cakes are made, bought and eaten.

text: Mardi Gras icons[edit]

text: Several common images or phrases appear during the Mardi Gras season:

text:
official Mardi Gras flags: flags with a special emblem in Mardi Gras colors
signs or items using traditional colors: purple, green, and gold
the faces of Comedy and Tragedy: the smiling and frowning theater faces
feathered masks: with fluffy feathers attached at the edges
Fleur de Lis: the French symbol from the time Mobile was the capital of the French colony
"Let the good times roll!" (French: "Laissez les bons temps rouler")
"Throw me something, Mister!"[5]

text: Legal restrictions[edit]

text: Over the past centuries, laws have been established in Mobile to limit certain types of behavior during the Carnival season. Laws in Mobile have regulated activities based on race, immorality, noise, face masks, gloves, parading, fireworks, and objects thrown.[17] In 1826, people of color were required to obtain licenses for assemblies or dances;[17] in 1845, balls were banned at homes of free blacks or slaves (but not Creoles);[17] and in 1866, laws restricted noise or any party where "immoral or disorderly persons" might gather.[17]

text:
1826: According to Section 7 of City of Mobile Ordinance 4 titled "An Ordinance to establish a City Watch and to regulate the duties of Watchmen," no ball, dance, or assembly of people of color would be permitted within the City unless they first obtain a license from the Mayor or the Alderman, with no license granted passed 1 a.m. in the morning.[17]
1845: A Mobile city Ordinance prohibits free blacks or slaves from holding balls at their place of residence; the restriction does not include the Creoles in Mobile, who held a distinct status in American society as written in the 1803 Treaty of Paris (Louisiana Purchase), with Thomas Jefferson;[17] Alabama had become a state in 1819, giving American protection to citizens after Mobile had been a colony of Spain, 1780–1812.

text: After 1902 the use of masks were largely limited to mystic societies or children under 12.[17] In 1918, public masking was forbidden in Mobile during World War I (repealed in 1920);[17] by 1947, masks were limited to mystic societies only, plus a masked individual was forbidden to "wear gloves or have his hands concealed" or covered.[17] After 1957, the general public were allowed to wear masks, but only on Mardi Gras day from 9a.m.–9p.m., or as members of mystic societies.[17]

text: Because of safety issues, in 1987 fireworks were prohibited during Mardi Gras.[17] The city also restricted pets in parade areas, skateboards and scooters, prohibited firearms, and the public throwing any object into the parade.

text: While many visiting tourists might think of Mardi Gras as an adult holiday, local residents view it as a time of family traditions; indeed, many view the parades mainly as sources of enjoyment for children. Many families with young children gather along the parade routes in downtown. The city discourages nudity, blatant public drunkenness and other lewd behavior, which will lead to a prompt arrest if witnessed by law enforcement.

text: Comparison with New Orleans[edit]

text: Due to the complex web of events in the 300-year history of Mardi Gras in Mobile, it is not easy to compare activities with New Orleans, which includes celebrations of the many communities within the Greater New Orleans area. Both regions schedule dozens of parades and have masked balls oriented towards adults, with alcoholic beverages. Both celebrations include family-oriented activities in addition to the more popularized images of alcohol consumption and rowdiness that have colored popular perception of the events.

text: The histories of Mobile and New Orleans are broadly interconnected, with both having been the capital of French Louisiana in the early 18th century, and later, both under control of Spain. Although Mobile's annual parades began with a Tuesday procession in 1711, the scheduled mystic society parades in Mobile were developed 120 years later and held for New Year's Eve, while New Orleans developed a traditional Tuesday public procession on Mardi Gras day.[17][10][11] A cross-mix occurred when former Mobile Cowbellions instigated scheduled Tuesday parades in New Orleans, which led Joe Cain having parading in New Orleans in 1865, and then in Mobile in 1867.[17][10] The influence of Joe Cain led to an annual Joe Cain Day in Mobile, celebrated with a parade, on the Sunday before Ash Wednesday, but not in New Orleans, which has other traditions.[17]

text: The mystic societies or orders/krewes differ between the cities. Mobile's final parade, on Tuesday night, is presented by the Order of Myths. In New Orleans, since 1857 the final parade had been presented by the Mistick Krewe of Comus, until they ceased parading in 1991. Now Mardi Gras ends with the parades of Zulu, Rex, Elks and Crescent City. The official end of Mardi Gras in New Orleans is the meeting of the courts of Rex and Comus at midnight. Both krewes have held their balls on Fat Tuesday night for over a century. Rex and his queen and court leave their ball and go to ball of the Mystic Krewe of Comus, as Rex is the younger organization.

text: Post Hurricane Katrina[edit]

text: Like so much of the Gulf Coast, many parts of Mobile were flooded due to the intense storm surge caused by Hurricane Katrina on August 28–29, 2005.[19] Although some waterfront areas were submerged and battered by high waves, downtown was flooded only several feet deep, including the downtown parade routes. Despite these difficulties, enough of the routes were cleared to continue Mardi Gras celebrations, and Mobile had the largest Mardi Gras in its history following the storm.[20] The following year, the 2007 Mardi Gras season in Mobile was attended by roughly 900,000 people, with police estimating the overall attendance at 878,000 and a crowd of 105,600 along the streets for the Fat Tuesday finale.[21]

text: Glossary[edit]

text: The Mobile Mardi Gras season uses several terms which have specific meanings for the events:

text:
Carnival: the festival season, generally from January 6, Twelfth Night, to Mardi Gras, the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday;
Lundi Gras: ("Fat Monday") the Monday before Lent;
Mardi Gras: ("Fat Tuesday") the Tuesday before Lent, also refers to the general several weeks of Carnival festival;
King Felix III: the contemporary king of the Mobile Mardi Gras;
mystic society: secret society formed for any annual Carnival events;
parade krewe: a society that has annual, organized parades;
tableau: a pageant event; and
throw: any gift thrown from a float to the spectators.


document_title: Tola (unit)

question_text: 1 tola is equal to how many gram

question_tokens: 1 tola is equal to how many gram

text: Tola (unit)

text:
British Indian
units of mass

Mughal Empire[show]

1 maund
=
40 seers

1 seer
=
30 dams

1 dam
=
5 tanks

1 tank
=
3 mashas

1 masha
=
8 ruttees

Bengal Presidency[show]

1 maund
=
8 passerees

1 passeree
=
5 seers

1 seer
=
16 chitaks

1 chitak
=
5 tolas

1 tola
=
12 mashas

1 masha
=
8 rattis

1 ratti
=
4 dhans

Regulation VII 1833 fixed the mass of one tola as 180 troy grains
(11.663 8038 grams)

Bombay Presidency[show]

1 candy
=
20 maunds

1 maund
=
40 seers

1 seer
=
72 tanks

The maund was fixed at 28 pounds avoirdupois (¼ hundredweight)
(12.700 586 36 kilograms)

Madras Presidency[show]

1 candy
=
20 maunds

1 maund
=
8 vis

1 vis
=
5 seers

1 seer
=
8 pollums

1 pollum
=
10 pagodas

The maund was fixed at 25 pounds avoirdupois
(11.339 809 25 kilograms)

text: The tola (Hindi: तोला; Urdu: تولا; Bengali: তোলা; tolā. from Sanskrit: तोलकः; tolaka) Punjabi ਤੋਲਾ, also transliterated as tolah or tole, is a traditional Ancient Indian and South Asian unit of mass, now standardised as 180 troy grains (11.663 8038 grams) or exactly 3/8 troy ounce. It was the base unit of mass in the British Indian system of weights and measures introduced in 1833, although it had been in use for much longer.[1] It was also used in Aden and Zanzibar: in the latter, one tola was equivalent to 175.90 troy grains (0.97722222 British tolas, or 11.33980925 grams).[2]

text: The tola is a Vedic measure, with the name derived from the Sanskrit tol (तोलः root तुल्) meaning "weighing" or "weight".[3] One tola was traditionally the weight of 100 ratti (ruttee) seeds,[4] and its exact weight varied according to locality. However, it is also a convenient mass for a coin: several pre-colonial coins, including the currency of Akbar the Great (1556–1605), had a mass of "one tola" within slight variation.[1][5] The very first rupee (Urdu: رپيا; rupayā), minted by Sher Shah Suri (1540–45), had a mass of 178 troy grains, or about 1% less than the British tola.[6] The British East India Company issued a silver rupee coin of 180 troy grains, and this became the practical standard mass for the tola well into the 20th century.[7]

text: The British tola of 180 troy grains (from 1833) can be seen as more of a standardisation than a redefinition: the previous standard in the Bengal Presidency, the system of "sicca weights", was the mass of one Murshidabad rupee, 179.666 troy grains.[1] For the larger weights used in commerce (in the Bengal Presidency), the variation in the pre-1833 standards was found to be greater than the adjustment.[1]

text: The tola formed the base for units of mass under the British Indian system, and was also the standard measure of gold and silver bullion.[1] Although the tola has been officially replaced by metric units since 1956,[8] it is still in current use, and is a popular denomination for gold bullion bars in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Singapore, with a ten tola bar being the most commonly traded.[9] In Nepal, minting of tola size gold coins continue up to the present, even though the currency of Nepal is called rupee and has no official connection to the tola. It is also used in most gold markets (bazars/souks) in the United Arab Emirates and in all the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) countries.

text: Tola is still used as a measure of charas. (Indian hashish)[10]


question_text: what lady gaga music video was skydoesminecraft in

text: G.U.Y.

text: Background and development[edit]

text: Development of Gaga's third studio album, Artpop, began shortly after the release of her second one, Born This Way (2011), and by the following year, the record was already being recorded.[1][2] "G.U.Y." was confirmed in an interview with Stylist magazine where Joanna McGarry asked Gaga about her views on feminism. Gaga told McGarry that the song is about new-age feminism which she wanted to explore, where being subordinate to a man is the transfer of strength.

text: I actually wrote a song about it on my album, it's called 'GUY' and it stands for 'Go Under You'. So wearing make-up, smelling delicious and having suckable, kissable, edible things between your limbs is something I find strengthening because I know that when I pick the right guy, I can let him have it. Some women feel oppressed by make-up and clothing, and here’s to them, they have every right to feel that way as well.[3]

text: On her social media website Littlemonsters.com, Gaga later corrected the song title, saying that it is actually "G.U.Y.", an acronym for "Girl Under You". She also revealed that the song was written and produced with musician Zedd, who had been touring with Gaga for her Born This Way Ball. Zedd had previously done a remix of her single "Marry the Night" for her remix album, Born This Way: The Remix, and Gaga had contributed vocals on an alternate version of Zedd's track, "Stache". The musician told MTV News that they "both love nothing more than making music, so it was just kind of natural for us to just work on music". He also confirmed that around ten songs were composed with Gaga and was almost finished, although he was not sure which would be available on the final track list for Artpop.[4][5]

text: By January 2013, Zedd clarified that due to their busy schedules it was difficult to complete the project and work progressed mainly during the tour.[6] Talking to Sirius XM Radio in December 2013, where she gave an in-depth analysis of each song from the album, Gaga further expanded on the concept of new-wave feminism: "The record's all about being comfortable underneath, because you are strong enough to know that you don't have to be on top to know you're worth it," she concluded.[7]

text: Recording and composition[edit]

text: Initial recording sessions for Artpop coincided with the Born This Way Ball.[8] Zedd was not happy with the initial outcome of the recordings and so he suggested Gaga to re-do the whole process. Gaga's idea of recording the songs with Zedd was to not limit themselves with the intention of creating a staple radio hit, instead be creative in whichever way they wanted. He explained to Rolling Stone that they did not "try to make an EDM album — but, at the same time, we didn't try not to make an EDM album. I've done a lot of stuff that's really outside of what I usually do. There was one song that started from her just giving me, like, 10 words to describe an emotion, and then I had to make this into music. It's been a very experimental way of approaching music."[9]

text:
"G.U.Y." (2013)

A 23 second sample of "G.U.Y.", where Gaga sings the "Love me, love me, please retweet" line and then the main chorus, "I wanna be that guy (G.U.Y.)", backed by an EDM beat.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The song was recorded at Record Plant Studios, Hollywood, California, by Dave Russell with assistance from Benjamin Ladder. Zedd did the mixing of the track at Zeddl. The instructional voice at the beginning of the song was done by Sonja Durham. Assisting with the whole process was Ryan Shanahan and Jesse Taub. Finally, Rick Pearl did the additional programming and Gene Grimaldi did the audio mastering at Oasis Mastering Studios in Burbank, California.[10]

text: According to Musicnotes.com, "G.U.Y." is set in the time signature of common time, with a dance-pop tempo of 110 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of C minor with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of D3 to C5.[11] "G.U.Y." is an EDM song with industrial, R&B, and house elements.[12][13][14] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard described the track as a "shuddering dance siren that makes the distinction between gender equality and willful sexual submission".[15] Caryn Ganz from Rolling Stone called the song a "gothy grinder".[16]

text: Its composition is reminiscent of the songs on Gaga's first album, The Fame (2008), with MTV News' John Walker noticing a number of topics being addressed by the lyrics, including sexual preferences, dominance and submission and gender roles.[17] There is also glimpse of baroque music in the composition which Ed Power of Hot Press described as landing "its blows with agreeable fervor".[18] The song opens with Gaga playing the role of a hostess, which Maura Johnson of Spin found similar to the 1993 erotic album, Cyborgasm.[19]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Following its release, "G.U.Y." received mixed reviews from music critics. Positive comment came from Lipshutz, who commended Zedd's production of the song, noticing that it complimented Gaga's vocals and the hook was relatable, making "G.U.Y." the first standout track from Artpop.[15] Robert Copsey from Digital Spy praised the song's "grinding bass and darting synths" and "hypnotic chorus".[20] Andy Gill of The Independent felt that Gaga's "robotic" vocal delivery in the song made the theme of sexual attraction "seem grimly denatured".[21] Walker praised the track's lyrical content and gave "G.U.Y" four out of five rating, but was less pleased with the background music.[17] Owen Myers of Dazed & Confused complimented the entendres present in the song, saying that "this pop wonder" would have worked better as the lead single from Artpop.[12] Harper's Bazaar magazine's Justin Miller shared this opinion, and believed that both the dance music composition and the lyrics catered most to the Venus inspiration behind the album.[22]

text: Johnson described the song as "a seriously banging pop EP", and a welcome departure from the first two tracks of the album, "Aura" and "Venus". She described the song to be "an ode to taking on the submissive role in a relationship".[19] Stacy-Ann Ellis from Vibe deemed the song "almost clever".[23] Brian Tank from The Buffalo News called the track a "catchy and fun" song which made one "feel happy and dance along".[24] Writing for Fact, William Bennett described the song as incredible.[25] Mikael Wood from Los Angeles Times felt that "G.U.Y." helped the Artpop album have a "fresh" sound.[26] Annie Zalenski of The A.V. Club praised it as one of the album's highlights.[27] The song was called an "instant hit" by Mike Driver from Clash who found the usage of handclaps and the chorus as addictive.[28] Clare Considine from Time Out found the song to be inspired by the work of Madonna and David Bowie, in its "cosmic pansexual playfulness".[29] Brad Wheeler from The Globe and Mail noted the erotic elements associated with the track, jokingly adding that "one imagines Gaga's choreographer is busy at work on the song's live erotica possibilities as we speak."[30]

text: Negative reviews came from Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine, who criticized the song, saying that it did not portray Gaga as an artist moving forward with her music, and did not contribute anything musically to distinguish itself from other sexual songs.[31] Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast opined that "G.U.Y." is a "complicated" track where the production is so chaotic that it drowned the commendable hook of the song, making it sound like a "whirring bee's nest".[32] Melinda Newman from Hitfix gave the song a "C" rating and criticized its production as "clunky".[33] Preston Jones from Fort Worth Star-Telegram called the song "blunt", and believed that it showed Gaga "has been, all along, more or less creatively bankrupt".[34] Allan Moses Rodricks from The Hindu felt that too much experimenting with the music led to a low quality production on the song.[35] Allison Stewart from The Washington Post criticized the song's lyrics for including "role playing, bad puns, a killer hook". Stewart also characterized it as "highly sexualized, which is different from saying it's sexy, because Gaga's air of sexual detachment rivals Rihanna's."[36] Chris Bosman from Time found the song's sexual themes to be "very similar" and redundant to those from "Venus".[37] Lydia Jenkin from The New Zealand Herald was unsure whether the lyrics were interesting or "just confused".[38]

text: Release and artwork[edit]

text: A 12-second preview of "G.U.Y." was posted online by Gaga in October 2013 as preview of songs from Artpop.[39] The part in the snippet was from the, "Love me, love me, please retweet. Let me be the girl under you that makes you cry," line.[40] Interscope Records later uploaded the track "Gypsy" on their SoundCloud account as list of singles they would send for radio play. This led to speculation in the media that "Gypsy" would be released as the third single from Artpop.[41] Gaga also announced plans of shooting a new music video, which tied in with the single rumors.[42] In March 2014, NBC announced that the next Artpop single would be "G.U.Y." and that they would premiere its music video on March 22.[43] It officially impacted mainstream and rhythmic radio stations in the US on April 8, 2014, according to All Access Music Group.[44][45] A radio edit was uploaded to Interscope's SoundCloud; the edit has 20 seconds of the introduction chopped off.[46] Universal Music announced that in Italy, the song would be played from March 28, 2014, while BBC Radio 1 declared "G.U.Y." as new music on UK radio from April 21, 2014.[47][48]

text: Gaga revealed the official artwork for the single through her Facebook account. It shows the singer in one of the instances from the music video, in a bruised state and sporting big wings behind her. Digital Spy's Lewis Corner described the artwork as "[representing] a phoenix who rises from the ashes."[49] The image is surrounded by the same white border prevalent in the other artworks, like those of "Do What U Want", "Applause", and promotional single "Dope". Beneath the cover, Gaga revealed that the song title and the artist name were self-written.[50]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: Following the release of Artpop, the song debuted and reached a peak of number 42 on the Gaon Music Chart of South Korea, selling 3,362 copies.[51] It debuted as the second-highest new entry on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 76 for the week ending April 13, 2014. Among the total chart points gained, 72% of it was due to streaming activity, enabling it to enter the Streaming Songs chart—one of the component charts for the Hot 100—at number 31 with two million streams following the premiere of the music video on March 22. Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems tracked the streams from the first full week of the music video release, from March 24 to March 30. The total point also included the streams from the music video containing only the "G.U.Y." version, which debuted five days later. The total marked a 98% increase in overall streaming activity for the song from the prior tracking week.[52] The release of the video also helped Gaga re-enter the Social 50 chart of Billboard at number 26, with 86% increase in views on her Vevo account, 87% rise in mentions on Twitter, and an 84% gain in conversation on Facebook.[53] Two weeks later, the song debuted at number 35 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, becoming the second debut of the week.[54] It debuted at number 34 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart.[55] "G.U.Y." also debuted at number 92 in France,[56] number 88 in Australia[57] and number 115 in the United Kingdom.[58]

text: Music video[edit]

text: Background and production[edit]

text: In February 2014, it was announced that Gaga had been allowed to shoot for a musical project at Hearst Castle, located near San Simeon, California. The shooting took place from February 11–13, at locations including the 84,000 square feet area of the Castle's main terrace, the Neptune Pool and the indoor Roman Pool. The cast from Bravo channel's reality show The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (RHOBH) was also seen around the shoot. The news attracted media attention as it was the first time since 1960 that a video project was shot there, the last being for Stanley Kubrick's epic film Spartacus; the Deed of gift mandate by the Hearst Corporation prohibited any commercial filming at the location.[59]

text: Among the accessories shown, the wings worn in the video were made by Jim Henson Studios and her own creative team, Haus of Gaga, created the arrows. Gaga told Access Hollywood about the shoot at Hearst Castle and the main idea behind the video: "It was a great experience writing the treatment working with everyone and I was like, 'Don't touch anything, and if you knock over a sculpture I'm going to pass out!'. The intention of the video was to create something that was a true sort of road map of my journey, being an artist, a pop singer, a creative person..... It's interesting because in this video the fashion and the psychotic sort of whimsy is all happening around me and it's me almost like Alice in Wonderland going through my own rabbit hole in my brain and re-experiencing the past year of my life. Every moment that we were filming together was really joyous and really fun."[60]

text: The cast from RHOBH featured included Lisa Vanderpump, Yolanda Foster, Carlton Gebbia, Kyle Richards, and Kim Richards, who acted as instrument players in the video. Kyle Richards and Vanderpump also accompany Gaga on a different sequence in the video, showing the trio taking revenge against a corporation. Vanderpump explained that they were contacted by Andy Cohen—who himself has a cameo appearance in "G.U.Y."—from Bravo and were signed for side-roles in the video. Richards noticed that Gaga was a perfectionist on the set, with Vanderpump saying that the singer took charge of every detail of the production. They explained to The Hollywood Reporter that Gaga wanted the housewives to "feel and look beautiful and fierce" and during one of the homicide scenes she explained: "I want you to whip that ponytail even more. Go back and really exaggerate your head-flipping'. I was like, 'Whatever you say'. [Vanderpump] To get me into a lace bodysuit, there's not many people I'd do that for. I'm 53 years old, for God's sake. She said, 'This is what you're wearing'." Richards personally wanted to play the guitar since she had been taking lessons.[61]

text: Gaga also utilized the 3D game Minecraft in a sequence and enlisted Minecraft Youtuber SkyDoesMineCraft in a sequence which depicts the singer reviving famous men who have been dead. The artist had been a fan of the game since Martyn Littlewood of The Yogscast used it to create a parody of her 2011 single, "Born This Way", which she appreciated. Minecraft and Lego were also used to create little items like fruits and chairs in the video. The 3D theme also expanded onto using artist Nathan Sawaya's Lego sculpture Yellow—which showed a man ripping his chest out—in a sequence showing Gaga's head being transposed on the artpiece.[62][63] Sawaya recalled that Gaga had contacted him for collaborating on the music video. They mutually agreed on the idea of making art "accessible" and decided on the different sculptures to be created, including a duplicate of Yellow, without the head. Sawaya then traveled to Hearst Castle to install the art pieces for the shoot.[64] Multiple designer dresses were also used in the video namely, a white ensemble with a giant headpiece by Jean Paul Gaultier, jeans by Versace, a red swimsuit by La Perla and a black one by Madrid label POL, jewelry from Lynn Ban, and custom made sandals form Ruthie Davis. The homicide scenes showed designs by Helen Yarmak, lace bodysuits by Somarta and Aturo Rios feathered headpiece. Designer Bea Szenfeld created a dress from paper resembling a teddy bear as well as other couture also. Finally, gold colored latex body suit created by Atsuko Kudo was also work by Gaga, as well as gold garments for her backup dancers.[65]

text: Release and synopsis[edit]

text: On March 14, 2014, Gaga revealed during her keynote speech with John Norris at SXSW that she would release the video a week later.[66] She also tweeted a still from the clip with a caption about the release date.[67] A preview of the clip aired on March 21, during an interview with Savannah Guthrie for Today. The video debuted in full on Dateline NBC a day later.[68] To coincide with the release of the video, The Out NYC hotel changed their name temporarily to The G.U.Y. Hotel and would keep it till April 10, 2014. Located in Midtown New York, the hotel also opened a Gaga Gallery which started from March 28 (Gaga's birthday) and show cased the props and dresses included in the music video.[69]

text: Running for nearly twelve minutes, the video features four songs from Artpop and features the central video for "G.U.Y." The video opens with corporate business men fighting each other over money. Nearby, a fallen angel (played by Gaga) has been shot out of the sky with an arrow. The instrumental of her song "Artpop" plays in the background. The men run off and Gaga crawls to safety, removing the arrow from her chest. Gaga makes it to her feet and travels to a palace, where she collapses at the front door and is scraped up by the guards. "Venus" begins as she is carried down to the pool, where people cover her in flowers and put her into the water in order to heal her.

text: "G.U.Y." begins as Gaga rises again in a white dress, reborn as a Greek goddess of sorts and the song begins to play. Shots of Gaga in different outfits, including a blue dress and white bikini are shown with dance sequences. Andy Cohen and the stars of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills make cameos in the video. A scene featuring Gaga rolling around on a seashell bed in a red outfit, dancing in a gold leotard with arrows, and floating on a bed in a pool are shown throughout the song. With the help of YouTuber SkyDoesMinecraft (also making his cameo appearance), Michael Jackson, Mahatma Gandhi, John Lennon, and Jesus are resurrected using the game Minecraft and their blood is used to create clones known as "G.U.Y." Gaga, Vanderpump, and Richards are seen coming out of a car in black outfits, shooting money cannons, and walking down the hallway to kill corporate executives to replace with G.U.Y. clones. The video ends with thousands of these clones marching out of the castle. The credits section of the video then features "Manicure" playing.

text: Reception and analysis[edit]

text:
"It's really up for interpretation by anyone that watches it. There's some artistic images and just some really pop images and I think the trick is to kind of watch it a few times and you'll catch something different each time. But it's ok to be confused because the intention was for there to be a hallucinogenic quality to when you're watch it, like Pop Culture Acid."

—Gaga talking on Sirius XM about the different themes in the video.[70]

tag: div

text: Christina Lee from Idolator called it "extravagant" and found similarity to the release of Jackson's music video for "Remember the Time", with Gaga building up anticipation for "G.U.Y." with teasers and premiere.[71] Marissa G. Muller from MTV News commended the fashion, the choreography, the appearance of RHOBH in the video, and all who worked in it in the credits, saying "While it's a humbling move to put the spotlight on everyone else's contributions, it's also a reminder of how truly epic this production is. It's gonna be really hard for Gaga to out-Gaga this one."[72] Adam Markovitz from Entertainment Weekly was impressed by the grandiose of the video calling it "camp-pop delirium". He compared it with director Jean Cocteau's films and proposed different theories as to the plot of the video, including ode to old and new Hollywood and a satire of "corporate subservience".[73] This view was shared by Whitney Phaneuf from HitFix who called it a "heavy dose of camp and pop culture".[74]

text: MuuMuse's Bradley Stern described the video as "an eye-popping 7-minute deep dive into astonishing new levels of self-importance and certifiable insanity." The video was also noted as Gaga's most ambitious project since those for her previous singles "Bad Romance" and "Telephone".[75] Kevin Rutherford from Billboard said that Gaga "has no problem attaching art to music" and that "she's not showing signs of stopping anytime soon with her new music video."[76] Isaiah Thomas from El Espectador noted that the video was a response by Gaga against accusations of "selling out" to the corporate world. Especially the ending of the video justified this with Gaga murdering the corporate heads who supposedly destroyed her freedom in the beginning of the video.[77] Dharmic X from Complex described the release as "vibrant" and "leftfield", as is expected from a release by Gaga.[78] Samantha Grossman from Time expected the video to be full of the strange imagery and the extravagant costumes, making it "bizarre".[79]

text: Negative reviews came from Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani, who found the plot to be "muffled", ultimately deducing that the final output was "unsexy" for a song talking about sexual submissiveness. Cinquemani found inspirations from the 1952 musical film Million Dollar Mermaid, in the scenes involving synchronized swimming.[80] Contactmusic.com's Elinor Cosgrave highlighted the video's "mix of symbolism", though criticized the references to Christ and rebirth.[81]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: "G.U.Y." was included in the setlist of her Manhattan residency show at Roseland Ballroom.[82] Following the performance of "Applause", Gaga appeared in a white jumpsuit and green colored wig which she had introduced during the Artpop era.[83] She stood in the middle of the Ballroom stage and sang the opening lyrics while purple neon lights flooded the stage. On April 2, her performance of the song was broadcast on Late Show with David Letterman along with her song "Dope".[84] Amanda Holpuch from The Guardian recalled that the performance of "G.U.Y." received "as much love as [Gaga's] first big hit 'Just Dance'".[85] April Spanos from The Village Voice rendered the performances of "Applause" and "G.U.Y." as the "power duo" of the night. She added that the latter was "particularly pleasant to hear live; the Zedd beat was made to be experienced in a club and its crunch was felt all over the dancefloor."[86] Conversely, Hilary Hughes from USA Today felt that the simplest moments of the performances were the ones featuring toned down versions of her singles like "Born This Way" and "Poker Face", rather than the "extravagant" choreography during "Bad Romance" and "G.U.Y."[87] On the final day of the Roseland shows, Gaga took a bow with her dancers after the performance, saying "Roseland, thank you for all the wonderful memories you've given us... Thank you for giving us this historic opportunity."[88]

text: The song was also included in the set list of her ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour, being the second track performed. The singer wore a bejeweled leotard which had the Jeff Koons blue gazing ball attached in the middle; the ball was previously used in the album cover art for Artpop. Gaga accessorized the dress with a pair of feathered wings while wearing a blond bob wig reminiscent of her looks from The Fame era.[89] Following the performance of the album title song, "Artpop", Gaga loosened the wings and was joined by her dancers on the ramp to perform "G.U.Y." During the intermediate verses Gaga performed a choreographed routine reminiscent of the music video with a dancer. The performance ended with the singer and the dancers reaching the main stage and dancing energetically. It received positive review from Ross Raihala of St. Paul Pioneer Press who said that the song sounded "terrific" in its live rendition.[90] Chuck Yarborough from The Plain Dealer noticed that Gaga sang with a backing track during the performance of "G.U.Y.", but concluded that "she and a gifted crew of dancers kept up a manic pace that matched the frenzy of the evening".[91]

text: Track listing and formats[edit]

text: Digital download – Remixes[92]

text:
"G.U.Y." (St. Lucia Remix) – 5:29
"G.U.Y." (Rami Samir Afuni Remix) – 4:28
"G.U.Y." (Wayne G Throwback Anthem) – 7:53
"G.U.Y." (Lovelife Remix) – 3:15
"G.U.Y." (KDrew Remix) – 4:45

tag: ol

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text: Credits adapted from the liner notes of Artpop.[10]

text: Management[edit]

text:
Recorded at Record Plant Studios, Hollywood, California
Mastered at Oasis Mastering Studios, Burbank, California
Stefani Germanotta P/K/A Lady Gaga (BMI) Sony ATV Songs LLC/House of Gaga Publishing, LLC/GloJoe Music Inc. (BMI), Zedd Music Empire (ASCAP), All rights administered by Kobalt Songs Music Publishing.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Lady Gaga – songwriter, lead vocals, producer, piano, guitar, vocal arrangement
Zedd – songwriter, producer, mixing
Dave Russell – recording
Benjamin Rice – recording assistant
Sonja Durham – vocals during introduction
Rick Pearl – additional programming
Ryan Shanahan – assistant
Jesse Taub – assistant
Ivy Skoff – union contract administrator
Gene Grimaldi – mastering

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Charts (2013–14)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[57]
88

Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[93]
7

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[94]
13

Bulgaria (IFPI)[95]
5

Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[96]
47

Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[97]
45

Finnish Airplay (Radiosoittolista)[98]
38

France (SNEP)[56]
92

Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)[99]
8

Lebanon (The Official Lebanese Top 20)[100]
16

Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[101]
73

South Korea (Gaon Music Chart)[51]
42

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[58]
115

US Billboard Hot 100[102]
76

US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[103]
4

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[104]
29

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Format
Label

Italy[47]
March 28, 2014
Contemporary hit radio
Streamline Records

United States[44][45]
April 8, 2014
Contemporary hit radio

Streamline Records
Interscope Records

Rhythmic contemporary

United Kingdom[48]
April 21, 2014
Contemporary hit radio
Polydor Records

United States[105]
April 29, 2014
Digital Remixes EP
Interscope Records


document_title: The Boss Baby: Back in Business

question_text: who plays stacy in boss baby back in business

text: The Boss Baby: Back in Business

text: Premise[edit]

text: Taking place after the film, the series follows Boss Baby, and his big brother Tim, as they navigate around the world of Baby Corp while dealing with a new cute threat that involves battling cats.[2][3]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
JP Karliak as Theodore Lindsey "Ted" Templeton Jr./Boss Baby
Pierce Gagnon as Timothy Leslie "Tim" Templeton
David W. Collins as Ted Templeton Sr.
Hope Levy as Janice Templeton
Kevin Michael Richardson as Jimbo
Alex Cazares as Staci
Eric Bell Jr. as The Triplets
Flula Borg as Mega Fat CEO Baby
Jake Green as Bootsy Calico
David Lodge as Magnus
Brandon Scott as Manager Baby Hendershot
Kari Wahlgren as Marsha Krinkle

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboarded by
Original release date

1
"Scooter Buskie"
Matt Engstrom
Brandon Sawyer
Scott Cooper, Steve Cooper & Christo Stamboliev
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

3
"Family Fun Night"
Matt Engstrom & Allan Jacobsen
JD Ryznar
Zeus Cervas, Scott Cooper, Glenn Harmon, Brian Hatfield, Trevor Tamboline & Kenji Ono
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

4
"Formula for Menace: A Dekker Moonboots Mystery"
Allan Jacobsen
Sam Cherington
Scott Cooper, Kenji Ono, Greg Leysens & Paul Scarlata
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

5
"Monster Machine"
Pete Jacobs
Alexandra Decas & Melanie Kirschbaum
Mandy Clothworthy & Ben McLaughlin
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

6
"The Constipation Situation"
Christo Stamboliev
Sam Cherington
Ian Abando, Wolf-Rüdiger Bloss, Paul Cohen, Fred Gonzales, Howard Perry & Rossen Varbanov
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

7
"The Boss Babysitter"
Allan Jacobsen
Alexandra Decas & Melanie Kirschbaum
Clayton Christman, Brian Hatfield & Arielle Rosenstein
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

8
"Into the Belly of the Den of the House of the Nest of Cats"
Pete Jacobs
Alexandra Decas & Melanie Kirschbaum
Jerome Co & Ben McLaughlin
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

9
"Spirit Day"
Christo Stamboliev
Sam Cherington
Wolf-Rüdiger Bloss & Fred Gonzales
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

10
"Par Avion"
Christo Stamboliev
Brandon Sawyer
Paul Cunningham, Fred Gonzales, Brian Hatfield & Jon Magram
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

11
"Cat Cop!"
Pete Jacobs
JD Ryznar
Mandy Clotworthy & Ben McLaughlin
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

12
"Hang in There, Baby"
Allan Jacobsen
JD Ryznar
Paul Cunningham & Arielle Rosenstein
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

13
"Six Well-Placed Kittens"
Christo Stamboliev
Brandon Sawyer
Wolf-Rüdiger Bloss & Fred Gonzales
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

text: Release[edit]

text: The series premiered on Netflix on April 6, 2018.[4][5]


document_title: Bloons Tower Defense

question_text: when will bloons td 6 be released for pc

text: Bloons Tower Defense

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The main objective of Bloons TD is to prevent balloons, known in-game as "Bloons", from reaching the end of a defined track on a map which consists of one or more entrances and exits for the bloons. The game is a tower defense game and thus the player can choose various types of towers and traps at his or her disposal to place around the track in order to defend against the bloons, gaining 1 in-game dollar for every layer of bloon popped.[1][2] If a bloon reaches the end of a path, the player loses lives (or in later games, health); once these are all depleted, the game ends.[3][4] The bloons always follow the map's set path on the track until they either reach the exit(s), are popped, or are moved to an earlier part of the track by a towers’ ability.

text: There are two classes of bloons the game: regular (unnamed in the game) and MOAB-class. The regular bloons consist of: red bloons, blue bloons, green bloons, yellow bloons, pink bloons, black bloons, white bloons, lead bloons, zebra bloons, rainbow bloons, purple bloons, and ceramic bloons. MOAB-class bloons are in the shape of a blimp and consist of: MOAB (Massive Ornary Air Blimp), BFB (Brutal Flying Behemoth), DDT (Dark Dirigible Titan), the ZOMG (Zeppelin Of Mighty Gargantuaness) and the BAD (Big Airship of Doom). Tougher variants of most bloon types contain a number of specified weaker ones.[5] In later versions of the game, regular bloons possess sometimes special characteristics such as camo (which most towers cannot detect),  regrowth (the ability for the bloons to slowly grow back to its original size) and fortified (which doubles the health of toughest bloons), that resist certain tower types.[6] With each level, the intensity of bloon waves proportionately increases.[7]

text: Towers are the main defensive utility in the Bloons TD series. Each tower has its own unique purpose, power, and use, with some being powerful against specific bloons but unable to target others effectively.[8] Every tower can be upgraded to increase power and other capabilities by spending the in-game currency, known simply as 'money', which is earned by popping bloons and at the end of each round.[8] In Bloons TD 4 on, certain towers such as banana farms can be placed to produce additional money during a round.[9]

text: In later games, there are multiple difficulty levels; for instance, in BTD5, there are four difficulty levels and in Bloons Monkey City there are 5. With each harder difficulty the player plays on, the fewer lives they have and the more each tower and upgrade cost. There are also different types of maps rated by difficulty; in general, there are more types of maps in newer games.

text: Numbered Games[edit]

text: There are currently six released numbered games in the Bloons TD series apart from various add-on packs and spin-offs such as Bloons TD 4 Expansion and Bloons Monkey City[10]. The newest release, Bloons TD 6, was released on June 14, 2018.[11] The series was retitled from Bloons Tower Defense to Bloons TD in 2009 due to infringement on the TowerDefense trademark owned by Com2uS.[12]

text: Bloons Tower Defense and Bloons Tower Defense 2[edit]

text: Bloons Tower Defense is the first game in the BTD series, released for free as a flash browser game in Mid 2007.[13] In the game players had to defend against coloured bloons with monkeys, dart throwers, and other towers positioned around the map.[14] When strong bloons are popped they release weaker ones until eventually completely popping.[5]

text: Bloons Tower Defense 2 was released soon after in Late 2007,[13] adding new towers, multiple map options, new bloons, and an option for game difficulty.[15]

text: Bloons TD 3[edit]

text: Bloons TD 3 was released around September 5, 2008, months after the release of Bloons Tower Defense 2, named differently due to a trademark dispute with Com2uS.[12][13] As with the second game, new towers, bloons, and maps were added.[16]

text: A version based on this game was released for iOS titled Bloons TD; made available on October 3, 2009 from the iOS App Store.[7] This version had extra maps styled in snow and beach themes,[17] and included OpenFeint achievements.[18]

text: The game included 5 map packs, containing a total of 15 different levels to play, with packs unlocked by completing the previous levels.[4] This version of the game was also released for the PlayStation Portable in 2010.[2]

text: Another version of the game, simply titled Bloons TD, was released for DSiWare in 2011, containing 50 rounds to complete.[19][20]

text: Bloons TD 4[edit]

text: Bloons TD 4 was released on October 26, 2009 as an online freemium game with a proprietary iOS version released on December 7, 2010, developed in conjunction with Digital Goldfish.[21][22][23] The gameplay underwent changes including a graphical update, the ability to save the current game, and the introduction of an unlock-based leveling system.[3] The tower upgrading system received various changes including increasing the number of upgrades per tower,[13] and new maps and game modes were added.[24]

text: iPhone and iPad versions of this title have been purchased over one million times.[25] A version of the game was also released as a DSiWare game in 2012.[26]

text: Bloons TD 5[edit]

text: The original (Flash and freemium) Bloons TD 5 was released on December 13th, 2011. On November 15, 2012, the proprietary version of BTD 5 was released on iOS worldwide for iPhones and iPods with improved graphics and additional upgrades, tracks, towers, and bloon types.[8] In November 19, 2014 it was released on Steam.[27]

text: The game introduced a daily challenge feature in January 27, 2012; which sets a certain goal for the player to achieve, rewarding him or her with more in-game currency.[28]  Also with a new update for the mobile version of BTD5, a new tower was added called the "Monkey Sub". The submarine was later added to the online version in July 23, 2015.

text: The iOS, Android and Steam versions have 15 languages: English, Arabic, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish.[29] On March 3rd, 2017 it was released for Microsoft's Xbox One, later releasing for PlayStation 4 on May 9th, 2017 and Nintendo Switch on June 13th, 2018, all of which cost $14.99 USD . [30]

text: Bloons TD 6[edit]

text: Bloons TD 6 is the newest game in the Bloons series. After being announced on March 28, 2017 on PRLog, it was released for the iOS App Store and the Google Play Store on June 14, 2018.

text: New Features in BTD 6 include:

text:
An overhaul of monkey knowledge upgrades.
3D graphics and obstacles.
Two new towers, Druid and Alchemist.
Six heroes.
Fortified bloons, purple bloons, and the B.A.D.
5th tier and 3rd path upgrades for every tower.[31]

text: In BTD 6, heroes were introduced, a special type of tower that levels itself up and can upgrade without player input. There were four heroes released at start: Quincy, Gwendolin, Striker Jones, Obyn Greenfoot. Captain Churchill and Benjamin are the recent heroes added to the game.[32]

text: On June 14, 2018, the game was released on the iTunes App Store and the Google Play Store. The game will only be a mobile exclusive game for the first few months, and unlike the past games, will not have a PC counterpart on the Ninja Kiwi website. However, Ninja Kiwi has hinted at a Steam version set to come out several months after the release of Bloons TD 6.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Apart from the main series, Ninja Kiwi has made several BTD games that include the core gameplay of BTD but are not numbered sequels.

text: Bloons TD Battles[edit]

text: Bloons TD Battles was released in December 13, 2012,[33] and later to Android and iOS platforms in Between November 5 & 6, 2013.[34] In April 20, 2016, it came to Steam as a ported version of mobile.[citation needed]

text:
The gameplay is similar to that in Bloons TD 5 but two players compete against one another in one of three game modes. In "assault" mode, each player normally progresses through the levels that are made harder However, the players are also given the ability to purchase additional bloons, sending them to the opponent, overwhelming them.[35]
In "defense" mode, the players play a natural game, the screen split vertically. Players can spend money to increase their income. In "Card Battles" mode, the players choose from a selection of cards to use in their games. The cards have two functions: Sending bloons to the enemy player, which, like in Assault Mode, will give the player who sends the bloons income, and placing down a tower. All three game objectives are to outlast the opponent in surviving the bloon attacks. The mobile version of Bloons TD Battles is exclusive as it has 5 non-PC towers, the Monkey Sub, the Monkey Engineer, the Bloonchipper, the Heli Pilot, and an exclusive tower called the "COBRA" (Covert Ops Battles Response Agent).[36] Using the system's skill-based matching system, players can be automatically matched with one another.[37]

text: Bloons Monkey City[edit]

text: This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This section is incomplete. This is because it needs more information.  (January 2016)

text: Bloons Monkey City was released in November 25, 2013. Like Bloons TD Battles, the core gameplay is similar to that of BTD5, however, the player has to maintain a city, expanding the city by capturing bloon-infested areas called tiles. One important goal of the game is levelling up the city. Players earn XP for the city by capturing tiles, completing missions or building towers.

text: There is also an in-game feature known as Monkey vs. Monkey, allowing players to fight each other; raids can be launched using the resource "Bloontonium". This can be acquired by capturing certain tiles or with Bloontonium generators. If the opponent fails to defend against the raid in the set time period, the attacker gains city cash, another resource in the game used to build towers, bloonstones, the 'premium currency' of the game, and city honor, which has no primary purpose in the game other than achievements.

text: One primary difference between this game and the others in the Bloons series is the addition of buildings. Buildings in Bloons Monkey City are required in order to use and to upgrade towers. Some buildings serve as prerequisites to other buildings, while others are prerequisites to using certain bloons in raids, and the number of towers you can use in a game depends on how many of that specific type of building you possess. Some buildings unlock new monkeys, while others unlock upgrades for these monkeys. Other buildings are required to unlock the tier four upgrades, Camo Bloon defense, and MOAB class Bloon popping power (the Sun God and Robo-Monkey also require buildings).

text: In mid-2014, Ninja Kiwi released a new mode known as Contested Territory, a mini-game which offers bonus rewards, and pits players against each other, all of whom compete to survive the most rounds for the longest time on a trickier-than-normal track.[38] This game was released on browser, but a port to iOS and Android was released in December 3, 2014 and February 18, 2015 respectively.[39][40]

text: Bloons Adventure Time TD[edit]

text: Bloons Adventure Time TD is a crossover game between Ninja Kiwi's Bloons TD series and Cartoon Network's "Adventure Time" series that was announced via the Cartoon Network International News Site and the Ninja Kiwi blog on March 8th and March 9th, 2018 respectively.

text: The game soft launched on July 14th in Australia, New Zealand, Philippines and Singapore on Android and iOS. The game features characters from Cartoon Network's Adventure Time like Finn, Jake and Princess Bubblegum as well as new monkey heroes like Max, Cassie and C4 Charlie .[41].

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scores

Game

Year

Metacritic

Bloons TD 4

2009

iOS: 69/100[42]

Bloons TD 5

2012

iOS: 79/100[43]

Bloons TD Battles

2012

iOS: 78/100[44]

text: Shortly after the release of Bloons Tower Defense, Lore Sjöberg of Wired described the game as cheerful and addictive, calling it "pop culture at its best".[14] In 2012, Justin Davis of IGN described Bloons Tower Defense as one of the best free tower defense games, despite its "amateurish" artwork.[5] He later noted the first entry's lack of depth, and that the sequel improved this.[15]

text: IGN editor Daemon Hatfield said that he thought Bloons TD 3 succeeded in standing out in the crowded genre by having sufficient core game mechanics and adding an individual twist.[45] The game's iOS version received mixed reviews with some authors praising the unique towers and good gameplay, though the user interface, controls, and lack of leaderboards were criticised.[4][7][46] The DS version received similar reception, with Lucas Thomas of IGN describing it as "a pretty good take on good old Bloons TD."[19] Eurogamer's Kristan Reed gave the PSP version 8/10, describing it as "transfixing", though he said that the music appeared to be designed to "drive you insane".[16]

text: GameZebo editor Jim Squires gave Bloons TD 4 a 3.5/5 rating, praising it on its well designed maps and towers and for having a large amount of content, but he criticized the game for not "bringing anything new to the genre."[21] GamePro editor Ryan Rigney gave Bloons TD 4 a 2/5 rating, stating that it had the same Bloons Tower Defense gameplay as the previous titles, and "the screen eventually gets so hectic that it's no longer fun to play"; an issue which many other reviews also responded negatively to.[3][21][47]

text: Bloons TD 5 was received similarly to its previous version, with reviewers commenting positively on the number of maps, towers, and levels, but criticising the lack of innovation to the tower-defense genre and performance issues at higher levels.[8][9] Both Bloons TD 4 and Bloons TD 5 featured among the top 10 paid iPhone apps in the iOS App Store,[48][49] with Bloons TD 4 selling over 1 million copies.[25] Bloons TD remained in the top 100 apps for at least 3 months,[17] and Bloons TD 5 was the 8th most purchased iPhone app in 2013.[50] Overall, the game series has been played over 1 billion times across web and mobile devices.[51]