document_title: History of the Argentina national football team

question_text: when did argentina win their first world cup

question_tokens: when did argentina win their first world cup

text: History of the Argentina national football team

text: History[edit]

text: Beginning and first titles[edit]

text: Although the first match ever recorded by an Argentine side was played on 16 May 1901 against Uruguay, this is not considered an official game due to the match was not organized by Uruguay's Football Association but by Albion FC in its home field, "Paso del Molino". The Uruguayan side had nine players from that club and the remainder from Nacional.[3] Argentina won the match by 3-2.

text: The match considered the first official game played by Argentina was held in the same venue, on 20 July 1902 against Uruguay.[1] Argentina defeated the Uruguayan side by 6–0. The line-up was: José Buruca Laforia (Barracas A.C.), William Leslie (Quilmes), Walter Buchanan (Alumni), Eduardo Patricio Duggan (Belgrano A.C.), Carlos J. Buchanan (Alumni), Ernesto Brown (Alumni), Edward O. Morgan (Quilmes), Juan José Moore (cap.) (Alumni), Juan O. Anderson (Lomas A.C.), Carlos Edgar Dickinson (Belgrano A.C.), Jorge Brown (Alumni). The goals were scored by Dickinson, Arímalo, Morgan, Carve Urioste, Anderson and J. Brown.[4]

text: During its first years of existence, the national team played only friendly matches until 1905, when the first edition of Lipton Cup was held. It was a cup organized by both Argentine and Uruguayan Football Associations, with its last edition being contested in 1992. The first official title won by Argentina was the 1906 Copa Lipton, defeating Uruguay 2–0 in Montevideo.[5] That same year, Argentina also played the Newton Cup, another competition organized by both associations, earning the trophy after defeating Uruguay 2–1 in Buenos Aires.

text: In the following years, matches played by the Argentine side were against South American teams only. The reasons varied from the long time the trips took to another countries by then to World War I.[6]

text: Argentina would win four consecutive Newton Cups from 1907 to 1911,[7] and four Lipton Cups from 1906 to 1909. After some Uruguayan victories, Argentina won the 1913, 1915 and 1916 Lipton and 1916 Newton Cup trophies.

text: In 1916, Argentina contested the first tournament organized by CONMEBOL, the South American Championship (the current Copa América) hosted in Buenos Aires and Avellaneda and won by Uruguay. The host plus Brazil, Chile and Uruguay were the only teams contesting the inaugural competition. During that tournament Argentina played three matches, defeating Chile 6–0 and drawing Brazil and Uruguay, who became champions on goal difference. The line-up at the final was: Isola, Díaz, Reyes, Martínez, Olazar, Badaracco, Heissinger, Ohaco, H. Hayes, E. Hayes and Perinetti.[8]

text: Argentina won its first South American championship in 1921, also held in Buenos Aires. The squad won all the games disputed, defeating Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay to earn six points with no goals received. Notable players of that team were goalkeeper Américo Tesoriere and striker Pedro Calomino. Julio Libonatti was also tournament's top scorer.[9]

text: The Olympic goal[edit]

text: In 1924, Argentina played a friendly match against Uruguay at Sportivo Barracas' stadium. When only 15 minutes had been played, winger Cesáreo Onzari scored from a corner kick, with no other player touching the ball before scoring. Due to the fact that Uruguay was the Olympic champion, this play was called "Gol Olímpico". This denomination still remains.[10]

text: The goal stood since FIFA had previously regulated goals scored directly from the corner kick, as Onzari did during that match. According to La Nación newspaper, 52,000 fans attended the game, an Argentina 2–1 win, where the Uruguayan team left the field with only four minutes to play. Argentine players later complained about the rough play of the Uruguayans during the match, while their rivals also complained about the aggressiveness of local spectators, who threw bottles at them at the end of the match.[11]

text: In 1925, the South American championship was hosted by third time in Argentina, and the Albicelest won its second title. The team played four matches and remained unbeaten once more, defeating Paraguay and Brazil twice each. A highmark was the 4–1 victory against rivals Brazil.

text: Argentina won another consecutive title in 1927 obtaining the South American championship held in Peru. The team made a great campaign, finishing unbeaten with three wins over three games played. The national squad achieved a large victory over Bolivia (7–1), then beating Uruguay by 3–2 and the local team by 5–1 in the last match of the tournament. It was the third South American title for the Argentine national team.

text: 1928 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: In 1928, Argentina went to Amsterdam to play the 1928 Summer Olympics, which was the first international tournament played by the national team in its history. The football squad reached the final after trashing the United States 11–2, Belgium 6–3 and Egypt 6–0. The final saw Argentina defeated by Uruguay 2–1, thus winning the silver medal.

text: 1930 World Cup[edit]

text: In 1929, Argentina hosted a new edition of the South American championship, winning its second consecutive title. Argentina finished unbeaten once more, defeating all its rivals in the group: Peru (3–0), Paraguay (4–1) and Uruguay in the last match played in the Estadio Gasómetro of Buenos Aires. Most of players that took part of the team would play for Argentina in the first World Cup organized by FIFA one year later.

text: Argentina was one of the 13 national teams attending to the inaugural FIFA World Cup hosted by Uruguay.

text: In the inaugural match of the World Cup, Argentina defeated France 1–0. The national team then beat Mexico 6–3 and finished its run in the first stage by defeating Chile 3–1. Argentina qualified to the semi-finals where the squad widely beat the United States 6–1. On July 30, Argentina played its first World Cup final against Uruguay, but lost 4–2.

text: 1934–54: A long absence[edit]

text: Argentina played only one game at the next World Cup in Italy in 1934. The tournament format was a knockout tournament, and Argentina lost its only match 3–2 to Sweden. Argentina would not participate in the 1938 World Cup in France, the last before World War II. The first World Cup after the War was the 1950 World Cup held in Brazil, but Argentina did not enter the competition due to a conflict with the Brazilian Football Confederation. For the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, Argentina refused to participate.

text: In 1951, Argentina played England for the first time and were defeated 2–1 at Wembley Stadium. The second leg was played in Buenos Aires on 14 June 1953, where Argentina won 3–1, though the match caused great repercussions in Argentina.[12]

text: From Los Carasucias to the 1958 disaster[edit]

text: Although Argentina did not contest any World Cups from 1934 to 1954, the team won the 1937, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1955 and 1957 South American championships, all squads coached by Guillermo Stábile.

text: The 1957 squad is probably the most remembered team of those years because of its skilled players and exquisite style of playing showed on the field. Argentina trashed Colombia (8–2), Ecuador (3–0), Uruguay (4–0), Chile (6–2) and Brazil (3–0). The team was defeated by Peru in the last game but won the tournament due to finishing first in its group. The attacking line, formed by Oreste Corbatta, Humberto Maschio, Antonio Angelillo, Omar Sívori and Osvaldo Cruz, was widely praised by then, being still remembered by the media and football fans.[13] Maschio was also the topscorer with 9 goals.

text: Argentina returned to a World Cup competition after 24 years, more precisely to the 1958 held in Sweden. The team suffered the absence of Maschio, Angelillo and Sívori (playing in the Italian first division but not called by Stábile for the tournament[14]), who had made outstanding performances in Lima one year before. Although the squad was formed with valued players, the lack of experience facing European squads was evidenced once the tournament finished. Argentina lost to West Germany 3-1 in the first game, though they came back to defeat Northern Ireland in the second match. Argentina was finally thrashed by Czechoslovakia 6–1, one of the worst defeats of a national team in a World Cup and being eliminated from the competition. The poor performance was called "El desastre de Suecia" ("The Sweden disaster"). After the team arrived in Buenos Aires, 10,000 people were expecting in the Ezeiza International Airport to insult them.[15]

text: Transition[edit]

text: After the "Sweden disaster", Argentina returned to official competitions in 195, winning a new edition of the Copa América, its 12th title. The team thrashed Chile 6–1 at the debut, then beat Bolivia 2–0, Peru and Paraguay 3–1, Uruguay 4–1 and finished with an 1–1 draw against Brazil. Argentina remained unbeaten, winning five of six matches played. The team was coached by a triumvirate composed by Victorio Spinetto, José Della Torre and José Barreiro, replacing Guillermo Stábile after his 19-year tenure in the national team. Argentina would not win a Copa América until 1991 Copa América, when the team coached by Alfio Basile obtained the trophy in Chile.

text: In 1959, José Manuel Moreno became Argentina coach, although he did not spend much time with the team. Under his coaching Argentina disputed the Southamerican championship in Ecuador, where the squad defeated Paraguay 4–2, drew the hosts 1–1 and suffered a large defeat by 5–0 at the hands of Uruguay, although the team achieved a great 4–1 victory against Brazil with three goals by José Sanfilippo in the last match. Once the extra tournament finished, Moreno left his place and Guillermo Stábile started his 2nd period as coach of Argentina national team.

text: In 1960, Argentina won its first and only Panamerican championship held in San José, Costa Rica. That same year the team suffered three losses to Brazil: two of them in the Roca Cup and the next in the Atlantic Cup. That was the last match where Argentina was coached by Stábile in his second tenure. He would be replaced by Victorio Spinetto.

text: In 1961, Argentina started a tour across Europe, playing several matches against local national teams. The squad only achieved one victory against Portugal with two losses and two draws. After a short period coached by José D'Amico, Juan Carlos Lorenzo took over the team. Argentina made a poor performance at the 1962 World Cup, being defeated by England (3–1) to be eliminated from the tournament.

text: In the 1963 South American Championship, Argentina finished third in the tournament, although the team achieved important victories over Brazil (3–0), Ecuador and Colombia, but lost to Bolivia and Peru. That same year, Argentina was also defeated by Brazil in the Roca Cup.

text: Nation's Cup[edit]

text: In 1964, Argentina won the Nations' Cup, a friendly tournament organized by the Brazilian Association to commemorate its 50th anniversary. Argentina took part of the championship with the debut of José María Minella as coach, along with the local squad and Portugal. Then called "a little World Cup", the Nations' Cup is considered "the first great title" won by Argentina.[16] The team remained unbeaten winning all the matches played, with a large 3–0 over Brazil.[17] The victory over Brazil was highly praised by the media due to the Brazilian not being defeated as hosts since the 1950 World Cup final.[18] Argentina finished the tournament with no goals received.

text: The transition continues: 1965–74[edit]

text: Argentina, still coached by Minella, qualified to the 1966 World Cup held in England for the first time. The team shared their group with Chile, Paraguay and Bolivia. Argentina finished the round unbeaten with three matches won and two draws. Minella left the team, being replaced by Osvaldo Zubeldía after qualification was over. Juan Carlos Lorenzo took over the squad, beginning his second tenure on the national side.

text: The national side played several friendly matches against the Soviet Union, Poland and Italy before its flight to England. Argentina only drew the first two games and was defeated in the last in Torino.

text: Argentina made its debut in Group 2 of the World Cup, defeating Spain by 2–1. The next matches were against West Germany, which ended 0–0 and Switzerland also won by 2–1. Argentina qualified to the quarter-finals where the team was defeated by the host team 1–0. It was a controversial match where midfielder Antonio Rattín was sent off by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein for "violence of the tongue", despite the referee speaking no Spanish. Rattín was so incensed with the decision, believing the referee to be biased in favour of England, that he refused to leave. As a way to show his disgust, he sat on the red carpet exclusively meant for the Queen to walk on. He eventually had to be escorted from the field by two policemen and as a final sign of disgust, wrinkled at a British pennant before being escorted out. This incident, and others surrounding the same game, arguably started the long-lasting rivalry between both national teams, although on the other hand, allowed for the institution of yellow and red cards into football, a solution devised by FIFA after the spark that set off the incident.

text: Although Argentina did not have a great performance in England, the players were well received by the crowd in Ezeiza, in part due to the incident with Rattín and the Queen's carpet, where Rattín himself later saying that he "didn't know where he had sat on".[19]

text: The next step for the team was the 1967 Copa América, hosted by Uruguay. Argentina made a good campaign, winning five over six matches disputed, being defeated only by the host team and finished second.

text: During 1967 and 1969, the Football Association named four different coaches to the national team: Carmelo Faraone, who only coached two matches, Renato Cesarini, José M. Minella, Humberto Maschio and Adolfo Pedernera. In those years, Argentina played a series of friendly matches with most of them being South American teams and a few European teams. Argentina also played a new edition of the Lipton Cup, obtaining it by goal average over Uruguay.

text: In 1969, Argentina began qualifying for the 1970 World Cup under Pedernera. The national squad shared its group with Bolivia and Peru, losing the first two games played as the away team. Although Argentina won the next game (over Bolivia, 1–0), the 2–2 draw against Peru in the last fixture (played at La Bombonera) allowed the Peruvian squad to be one of the South American representatives in the World Cup, eliminating Argentina.[19][20] To date, this remains the only time that Argentina has failed to qualify for a World Cup in which it entered a team. This poor performance that caused the absence of a national representative in the 1970 World Cup is still regarded as one of Argentina's biggest frustrations in its history.[21]

text: After the frustration of 1969, the Association named Juan José Pizzuti, who had won the Intercontinental Cup with Racing Club three years before, as coach of the national team. Pizzuti was the manager during three years, in which Argentina played several friendly games against South American teams, which included the 1971 Roca Cup title (shared with Brazil). In 1972, Argentina was invited to play the Brazil Independence Cup, where the team did not achieve good results.

text: After the Independence Cup, Pizzuti was replaced by Omar Sívori, the most notable player of the 1957 Copa América triumph and had previous experience as manager of Rosario Central and Estudiantes de La Plata. Argentina played some friendly matches as preparation for the qualifying, with some interesting results such as a 3–2 over West Germany in Munich.

text: "The Ghost Team" and 1974 World Cup[edit]

text: Qualifying for the 1974 World Cup began in September 1973, where Argentina shared its group with Bolivia and Paraguay. Bolivia used to play its home venues at La Paz, where Argentine players suffered the lack of oxygen and other effects caused by altitude sickness. To avoid complications, Sívori decide to prepare a team to play in altitude. Following his instructions, Miguel Ignomiriello took many players to Tilcara so they could become acclimatized to altitude.[22][23]

text: Argentina won the match played in La Paz 1–0. That team was nicknamed "La Selección Fantasma" ("The Ghost National Team" in Spanish) due to the lack of organisation existing in the Association at the time, meaning the media could not get information about the team during its tenure in Tilcara. Year later, Mario Kempes revealed that the players themselves had to organize some friendly matches to get money to buy food because the Association forgot about them completely.[24][25]

text: Argentina won the other games against Bolivia and Paraguay (4–0 and 3–1 respectively, both in Buenos Aires), finally qualifying for the World Cup.

text: After having qualified for the 1974 World Cup, Sívori left and was replaced by Vladislao Cap. With its new coach on the bench, Argentina played only four matches before the competition, facing European teams. Argentina defeated Romania and France and drew England before suffering a defeat to the Netherlands by 4–1.

text: Once more, Argentina made a poor performance in a World Cup. They were defeated by Poland in their opening game by 3–2, followed by a 1–1 draw with Italy. In the last game of the first round, Argentina defeated Haiti 4–1, granting qualification to the second round of the tournament, where the team lost to the Netherlands, Brazil, ending with a 1–1 draw to East Germany. Argentina finished last in the group table and eighth in the overall table.

text: The Menotti era: Beginning of greatness[edit]

text: The demise of the team in the World Cup forced the Association to make changes in Argentine football. David Bracuto was named president of the Football Association in 1974. He offered César Luis Menotti the head coaching role of Argentina, which Menotti accepted under several conditions, one being that native players under 25 should not be sold to foreign clubs.[26]

text: Menotti debuted on 12 October 1974 in a friendly match against Spain. Argentina began a long preparation for the 1978 World Cup which would be hosted on home soil for the very first time, playing friendly matches and tournaments. During those years, Argentina played a total of 33 matches. The year 1977 was also the international debut of Diego Maradona, who played for the first time at age 16 against Hungary. The match was held in Buenos Aires with a large victory for Argentina by 5–1.[27]

text: Argentina also played a new edition of Copa América, where for the first time there was no fixed venue. All matches were played throughout each country across the tournament. Argentina debuted thrashing Venezuela but lost to Brazil in the two games played (2–1 and 1–0). Brazil qualified to the next stage and the national team was eliminated.

text: In 1978, the final preparations for the World Cup began, playing several matches against South American and European teams. Although Maradona was considered one of the best players in the world, Menotti did not include him in the definitive list for the tournament. Some sources state that the Argentine military junta that ruled Argentina by then pushed Menotti to include River Plate's midfielder Norberto Alonso instead of Maradona, and that Menotti almost certainly knew that the prodigiously talented 17-year old would not be able to handle the immense pressure and attention in the biggest sporting event in Argentina's history. Nevertheless, other journalists assert that there were too many offensive midfielders.[28]

text: Argentina finally debuted on 2 June 1978 against Hungary, winning 2–1. Argentina defeated France by 2–1 in the second game and qualifying for the second stage, although the team lost to Italy by 1–0, finishing second in Group A. In the second round Argentina was placed in Group 1 sharing it with Brazil, Poland and Peru. In the first game, Argentina beat Poland 2–0, with both goals from Mario Kempes. Next game was against South American powerhouse Brazil in which the game ended with a 0–0 draw. The last game was against Peru, a rival that Argentina easily defeated with a 6–0 win. Argentina was able to edge out Brazil in the group and went on to the final. Argentina had to beat Peru by four goals or more to progress. The nature of Argentina's victory has fueled rumors that the match was fixed.[29]

text: That large victory over Peru allowed Argentina to play the final. On 25 June 1978, at River Plate's Estadio Monumental in Buenos Aires, Argentina played its second World Cup final. Mario Kempes gave Argentina the lead in the 38th minute, with the Dutch squad able to respond in the 82nd minute for the equalizer. The game went to extra time and Mario Kempes once again gave the Argentines the lead and Daniel Bertoni added another goal which sealed the win for Argentina, which became the second South American team to win the World Cup at its home soil. Kempes was not only the most notable player of the team but also the topscorer of the tournament with six goals.

text: After the success of the World Cup, Menotti continued as coach and Argentina played some friendly match as preparation for the 1979 Copa América. Maradona scored his first goal for the Senior team against Scotland in Glasgow, where Argentina won 3–1.[30]

text: In 1979, Argentina contested a new edition of the Copa América. The squad shared its group with Brazil and Bolivia, both of which defeated Argentina. Argentina largely won the second match to Bolivia 3–0, but drew with Brazil 2–2 in the last game and being eliminated from the tournament.

text: The highlight of 1979 was the 1979 FIFA World Youth Championship obtained by the under-20 team in Tokyo. The team, also coached by Menotti, won the tournament with Maradona and Ramón Díaz as the leaders and most notable players of the squad. The tournament was also the first official championship played by Maradona in a national team.

text: Due to Argentina needing no qualifiers to the next World Cup as holders, the national team played a series of matches as preparation for the competition. In 1980 there was no official tournaments so the team toured on Europe and also hosted friendly games in some of the most important cities of Argentina such as Mar del Plata, Córdoba and Mendoza. Argentina played the 1980 Mundialito, a competition hosted by Uruguay in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the first World Cup tournament, where the team defeated West Germany and drew with Brazil to be eliminated in the first stage.

text: Demise in 1982: the end of an era and the beginning of the Maradona era[edit]

text: In 1982 the Argentine squad travelled to Spain to participate in the 1982 World Cup while Argentina was fighting in the Falklands War (Guerra de Malvinas) with the United Kingdom after the invasion of the Falkland Islands had been ordered by president Leopoldo Galtieri on April 2.

text: The lineup was based on the 1978 team with the addition of Diego Maradona (who had won a domestic title playing at a high level) and Ramón Díaz. The squad arrived in Spain as a big favourite to win the Cup. Argentina debuted with a 1–0 loss to Belgium at Camp Nou in Barcelona. There were internal tensions within the camp between the older and younger players, and this caused problems. Nevertheless, the team recovered by defeating Hungary (4–1) and El Salvador (2–0) therefore qualifying for the next stage. In the second round, Argentina shared a group with Italy and Brazil, being defeated by both (3–1 and 2–1) and eliminated from the championship. Maradona could not show his skills during the tournament, suffering from the rough play of rivals (especially Claudio Gentile in the game against Italy). He would eventually be sent off by the referee after kicking Brazilian player Batista in the groin.[31][32]

text: Other players that formed the squad were Juan Barbas, Gabriel Calderón (from the 1979 youth championship-winning team), Patricio Hernández, Julio Olarticoechea, Enzo Trossero and Jorge Valdano.

text: The failure at the World Cup caused Menotti to leave his post. Despite the poor performances, the national team achieved two world titles (senior and youth) during the nine years with Menotti as coach. That was the first time that Argentina planned and carried out long-term work with clear and serious objectives.[33][34]

text: Carlos Bilardo era: the road to Mexico[edit]

text: To replace Menotti, the Football Association choose Carlos Bilardo, who had won the 1982 Metropolitano with Estudiantes de La Plata. Bilardo was famous for his perfectionism and obsession with tactic and strategy of the game, which called the attention as much as followers as critics. The Bilardo era began in May 1983 with a 2–2 draw with Chile in Santiago. Soon after Argentina played the 1983 Copa América, the first official tournament with Bilardo. The squad was eliminated on first round with 3 draws (2 with Ecuador and a 0–0 with Brazil), winning its only match 1–0 to Brazil in Buenos Aires.

text: The team was formed by footballers playing in domestic Argentine Primera División exclusively, being some of them goalkeepers Ubaldo Fillol and Nery Pumpido, defenders Néstor Clausen, José Luis Brown, Enzo Trossero, Julio Olarticoechea and Roberto Mouzo; midfielders Claudio Marangoni, Jorge Burruchaga, Alejandro Sabella and José Daniel Ponce; forwards Ricardo Gareca, Alberto Márcico.

text: After the Copa América, Argentina travelled to Calcuta to play the Nehru Cup, then playing a series of friendly matches before the qualifiers to 1986 World Cup in Mexico. The team made a successful tour on Europe where it won the three matches disputed, including a 3–1 against West Germany in Düsseldorf. In May 1985, Argentina played its first qualifying match against Venezuela, winning 3–2. Argentina won three consecutive games, to Colombia (3–1 home, 1–0 away) and Venezuela (3–0 home) but lost to Peru 1–0 in Lima in a match where Peru midfielder Claudio Reyna marked Maradona with excessive roughness, although he was not sent off by the referee.[35][36]

text: Argentina played the last match of the qualifiers against Peru in Buenos Aires. The visitor team won by 2–1 qualifying to Mexico, but in the last minutes of the match Ricardo Gareca scored the 2–2 that allowed Argentina to be one of the four South American representatives at Mexico.[37]

text: Although he led the team to a new qualification for a World Cup, Bilardo was hardly criticized by the media which focused on the low level of the team during the process. Some journalists also accused Bilardo to play defensively, leaving behind the historic Argentine landmark of short passes and dribblings according to their point of view. Clarín, the most popular newspaper of Argentina, was one of the hardest opponents of the coach, and Bilardo himself declared that Clarín called Association President Julio Grondona to ask him to fire the coach.[38]

text: Before the World Cup, Argentina toured Europe losing to France (one of the favorites to win the Cup) and Norway and largely defeating Israel by 7–2.[39]

text: 1986: Return to glory[edit]

text: Argentina entered the 1986 World Cup with hope because of one player, Diego Maradona. Argentina was placed in Group A alongside Italy, Bulgaria, and South Korea. In the first game, Argentina was able to beat South Korea 3–1. The second match was against Italy, a tougher opponent. Italy took the lead in the sixth minute but Diego Maradona responded with a goal in the 34th minute. The game later ended with a 1–1 draw. The last group game was against Bulgaria, which resulted in a 2–0 Argentina win; therefore Argentina passed to the next round being the first in the group.

text:
My daughter Daniela could not be called by her last name. The word "Bilardo" was banned. I could not walk on the street, I could not get out of my house. After the World Cup, everything changed
“
”

Carlos Bilardo on the previous days to the 1986 World Cup [38]

tag: div

text: Argentina entered the round of 16 against South American rivals Uruguay in Puebla. The hot-tempered game ended in a 1–0 win for Argentina. Next, Argentina moved on to the quarter-finals, playing England at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. The game started very evenly, with both teams getting chances to score but none were able to finish. The first half ended with Argentina having the majority of possession but unable to get past a tough defense. Six minutes following the second half, Maradona scored a controversial goal in which he used his hand; once the match finished, Maradona called it "La mano de Dios" ("the hand of God"), explicitly admitting the infringement. The goal began with a defensive error from Steve Hodge, who passed the ball incorrectly back to his goalkeeper, Peter Shilton. At that time, Maradona was still continuing his run and reached the ball first and netted it in with his left fist. After the goal, Maradona encouraged his teammates to embrace the goal so the referee would allow it. Four minutes after the "hand of God" goal, Maradona scored a goal which people[who?] called "The Goal of the Century" because of the individual effort of Maradona, who starting his run from the half-way line, passed four English midfielders (he beat midfielder Terry Butcher twice) and dribbled around Shilton, finally scoring the goal which allowed Argentina to win the match, 2–1. That victory was very celebrated due to not only the rivalry between both teams but Argentina had lost the Falklands War at the hands of the British Army four years prior.[40]

text: In the semi-finals, Argentina defeated Belgium 2–0 at the Estadio Azteca to advance to the final against West Germany. Argentina won a game played at the Azteca in which the squad won its second World Cup title. José Luis Brown opened the scoring for Argentina, then the team increased the lead with a goal by Jorge Valdano. Germany started a comeback with goals from Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and Rudi Völler, which evened the game at 2–2. Jorge Burruchaga scored the winning goal in the 83rd minute, giving Argentina a 3–2 victory over Germany.

text: Argentina remained unbeaten in the World Cup, winning five over six matches disputed. Maradona played at a superlative level,[41][42] as he had done in the 1979 Youth Championship leading Argentina to the title. Maradona was the national team top-scorer with five goals, apart from winning the Gold Boot as the best player of the tournament.[43]

text: Other important players for the team were defenders José Luis Brown and Oscar Ruggeri, midfielders Héctor Enrique and Jorge Burruchaga and forward Jorge Valdano. The line-up in the final was: Nery Pumpido, Brown, José Luis Cuciuffo, Ruggeri, Julio Olarticoechea; Ricardo Giusti, Sergio Batista, Enrique, Burruchaga; Maradona, Valdano.

text: After winning the World Cup, the players went on vacation and Argentina did not play a match until 1987, when a new edition of Copa América was contested. The tournament changed its format, returning to a unique host where Argentina was chosen. Argentine formed a team with a mix of players from European and local leagues. The squad debuted with a 1–1 draw against Perú, then beat Ecuador 3–0. In the second stage, Argentina lost to Uruguay (which would be the champion) 1–0 in Buenos Aires and was eliminated. At the end of 1987, Argentina played West Germany (the rival of the 1986 final) winning 1–0 at the Estadio José Amalfitani. In 1988, the squad played the Four Nations Cup, losing to the Soviet Union (4–2) and West Germany (1–0).

text: Argentina immediately went to Australia to contest the Australia Bicentennial Gold Cup, where the team did not have a good performance, with one win against Saudi Arabia and a large defeat by the local team (4–1).

text: Back to Argentina, the team started its preparation for the 1989 Copa América, held in Brazil. Argentina qualified to the second round after beating Chile and Uruguay (both 1–0) and two draws with Ecuador and Bolivia (both 0–0). In the second stage, Argentina lost to Brazil and Uruguay (both 2–0) and only drew with Paraguay (0–0). Argentina was eliminated without winning a game and with no goals scored on this round. Some players of the team were Pumpido, Brown, Ruggeri, Clausen, Cuciuffo, Burruchaga, Maradona, Enrique, Giusti (all of them world champions in 1986), Claudio Caniggia, Abel Balbo, Luis Islas, Roberto Sensini, Gabriel Calderón, Néstor Gorosito and Pedro Troglio.

text: 1990: Finalist again[edit]

text: Argentina went to the 1990 World Cup with no qualifiers needed as being the previous champion. Prior to the World Cup, the national team played some several matches with no good results: Argentina lost to Mexico (0–2) and Scotland (0–2), winning just one of the five games played (to Israel, chosen again to be the last rival before the tournament as it had been four years before). In addition, Jorge Valdano (one of the most important players during the 1986 World Cup) trained hard in order to be in good physical condition for the Cup, but Bilardo decided not to include him in the definitive list of players. To that, Valdano said, "I swam through the ocean but I drowned at the shore."[44]

text: Argentina finally debuted at the inaugural match at the San Siro in Milan, being defeated by Cameroon (1–0). This result caused a great surprise in Argentina[45] so the national team line-up was based on the 1986 world champion.

text: Argentina won its second match against the Soviet Union 2–0 (where titular goalkeeper was Nery Pumpido seriously injured, being replaced by Sergio Goycochea for the rest of the tournament), and drew 1–1 with Romania in the last match of first round, both played in Naples, where Maradona played for Napoli in the Serie A. The team qualified to the second round, where they faced Brazil at the Stadio delle Alpi in Turin. In a match where Brazil played much better than Argentina, with forwards Müller and Careca repeatedly shooting to the goal but missing the target (the ball clashed Argentina's posts a couple of times, while Goycoechea stopped other shots) Argentina (with Maradona in bad physical condition) resisted Brazilian offensive movements during the first half, which ended 0–0. In the second half, Brazil was not so persistent as it had been during the first 45 minutes, so Argentina took advantage of the situation. With nine minutes till full-time, Maradona took the ball in the centre of the field, dribbled past three opponents and made a precise pass to winger Claudio Caniggia, who advanced with the ball to a goal after dribbling around goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel. Argentina won the match 1–0, eliminating its arch-rival in a World Cup for the first time. That match is still regarded by the media and fans as one of the most remarkable moments of an Argentine national team.[46][47]

text: For their quarter-final match in Florence, Argentina narrowly eliminated Yugoslavia in an exciting penalty shootout,[48] with Goycoechea becoming a hero after stopping three penalty kicks, including the last two.[49] Maradona also missed a penalty kick, a rare occurrence; at one point Argentina were behind the Yugoslavs, but Goycoechea's outstanding goalkeeping kept Argentina in the tournament.

text: Argentina advanced to semi-finals where it to play against Italy in Naples. The local host was considered favourite to win the match because their striker Salvatore Schillaci was the tournament's top scorer (he would be awarded both the Golden Boot and the Golden Ball at the end of the tournament) and Argentina had many injured players, Maradona being one of them. Nevertheless, Argentina made its best performance in the World Cup and the match ended 1–1 after 90 minutes. With zero goals in extra time, the game went to a penalty shootout where Goycoechea was the hero again, stopping the shots from Aldo Serena and Roberto Donadoni to send Argentina to its second-straight World Cup final.

text: In the final, Argentina played West Germany, coached by former player Franz Beckenbauer. Caniggia was suspended for one game after receiving a yellow card in the match against Italy so he could not play the final. Germany arrived to the final as a wide favorite to take the Cup, as the squad had showed an effective and precise playing style, unlike Argentina which (with the exception of the game with Italy) had not had good previous performances. In addition, German footballers were in good condition while the Argentine players came to the final with several injuries, including Maradona. The game proved to be violent, brutal and bad tempered, particularly from the Argentines. Nevertheless, Germany only could score a goal at 83 minutes for a doubtful punishment by Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal, who awarded Germany a penalty kick for what he thought was a foul by Roberto Sensini against Rudi Völler. The call was controversial, and it was heavily debated by the Argentinian players. Andreas Brehme converted the penalty kick to give West Germany team its third World Cup title.[50][51]

text: The 1986 champion side could not repeat the high performances made four years prior, most notably Maradona, who played all the tournament injured. Other players, including Ruggeri and Burruchaga, played in similar conditions due to injury.[52]

text: The most notable player for Argentina was Sergio Goycochea, who is still remembered by his outstanding performance at the penalty shootouts.[53]

text: Coming of Basile[edit]

text: After the World Cup, Bilardo resigned, considering that his era had finished, as did Diego Maradona, announcing that the 1990 World Cup had been his last tournament.[54]

text: Alfio Basile was announced as his replacement. The new coach started his tenure convinced that the new era would come up with youth players to the team, so he mostly called up footballers who were playing in the domestic league rather than footballers from international championships, at least for the first time.

text: Argentina debuted with Basile on the bench in February 1991, defeating Hungary 2–0 in Rosario. The national team played some friendly matches and tournaments such as the Stanley Rous Cup, where Argentina drew 2–2 with England at Wembley Stadium (after winning 0–2 after the first half). In March, Diego Maradona failed a drug test for cocaine in Italy, being suspended by 15 months.[55][56]

text: 1991 was also the year when Argentina played its first official championship with Basile, the Copa América held in Chile. Argentina won its 13th Copa after 32 years, with a great performance on the field. The team debuted with a wide 3–0 to Venezuela, then defeating Chile 1–0 finishing the first stage with a 4–1 over Paraguay.

text: On the final round, the Albiceleste achieved a great 3–2 over Brazil, then drew 0–0 with Chile and defeated Colombia 2–1 in the final game, winning the Cup due to points average. Argentina won the tournament unbeaten, winning six of seven matches. Gabriel Batistuta was also the topscorer of the Copa with six goals. Apart from Batistuta, Sergio Goycochea, Leonardo Astrada, Claudio Caniggia, Diego Simeone (who wore the number 10 shirt), Dario Franco, Leo Rodríguez were some of the most Argentine notable players.[54]

text: In 1992, Argentina won the friendly tournament Kirin Cup (defeating Japan and Wales). Then, in October, the team won the King Fahd Cup, where they easily defeated Ivory Coast 4–0 in the semi-final and Saudi Arab 3–1 in the final game.

text: On 24 February 1993, Maradona returned to the team when Argentina played the Artemio Franchi Trophy against Denmark in Mar del Plata. Argentina won 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out after an 1–1 draw.[57] That same year, the national team also played the Copa América hosted by Ecuador, winning its second consecutive South American title. Maradona had returned to active football after being suspended due to the incident with drugs but Basile did not call him for the Cup, so Simeone wore the emblematic number 10 again.

text: Argentina only drew the matches against Mexico and Colombia (both 1–1) and defeated Bolivia 1–0 to pass to the next stage. Argentina first eliminated Brazil for the second-straight time, (6–5 via penalty shootout after an 1–1 draw), then Colombia the same way (6–5 p.s.), arriving to the final game against Mexico, which the national team won 2–1, with two goals from Batistuta. Argentina achieved its 14th title, winning only two matches in normal time, the rest either in extra time or penalties.[58] This is the last Copa América Argentina has won to date.[59]

text: Some of the players that took part in the squad were Goycochea, Ruggeri, Batistitua, Franco, Simeone, Fernando Redondo and Luis Islas.

text: A second "disaster" in 1993[edit]

text: Immediately after the Copa América, Argentina had to play the qualifiers for the 1994 World Cup, held in the United States. The team shared group with Colombia, Paraguay and Peru. Argentina won the first two as visitor to Peru (1–0 in Lima) and Paraguay (3–1 in Asunción) but lost to Colombia 2–1 in Barranquilla. In Buenos Aires, Argentina defeated Peru 2–1, drew with Paraguay 0–0 and suffered a catastrophic loss to Colombia 5–0 on 5 September 1993 in the Estadio Monumental. It became the largest defeat to a national team since a 1–6 result in the 1958 World Cup. Colombia (with great players such as Carlos Valderrama, Freddy Rincón, Faustino Asprilla and Leonel Álvarez) not only won the qualifiers unbeaten, but sent Argentina to play against the representative of Oceania to get a place for the World Cup.[60]

text: The most important sports magazine of Argentina, El Gráfico, went into "mourning" with a completely black cover with the only legend: "Vergüenza" ("Shame") that expressed the deception and humillation after the defeat.[61][62]

text: Argentina had to play two knockout games against Australia to earn a place at the World Cup. Basile asked Maradona to return to the national squad so the team needed him to qualify to the Cup. Maradona agreed and he flew to Sydney with the rest of the team.[63] Argentina played the first game on 31 October 1993 which ended 1–1. The second match was in Buenos Aires, where the national team won 1–0 (Batistuta) qualifying for the World Cup.[64]

text: Another hard time: USA '94[edit]

text: Argentina played several friendly matches as preparation for the World Cup. The team lost to Brazil 0–2 but beat Morocco 3–1 at Salta and smashed Israel 3–0 in Ramat Gan. Argentina debuted in the championship thrashing Greece 4–0 in Boston, Massachusetts, with a hat-trick by Batistuta. Maradona also scored the third goal for Argentina, which would be his last goal in a World Cup. The national team played its second match against Nigeria again in Boston, which defeated by 2–1 (2 goals by Caniggia). At the end of the match, Argentina became a favorite to win the tournament, due to the attacking playing style showed by the squad (playing with four forwards), the amount of goals scored and the good performances of some of its players such as Redondo, Caniggia, Batistuta, and even the aging Maradona, who looked in great shape and scored a gem of a goal.

text: At the end of the match against Nigeria, Maradona was called for the drug test, which gave positive results for ephedrine, a banned substance. The impact and repercussion of the news were immediate, and Maradona was expelled from the tournament and suspended for 15 months by FIFA.[65]

text: With the team still hurt after losing its leader, Argentina was defeated by Bulgaria in the sweltering heat of Dallas, Texas, for their last match of the first round. The team qualified to the knockout phase, where they were beaten by Romania 3–2 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, just outside Los Angeles, California. After the successes of 1986 and 1990, Argentina was eliminated in the second round. Although eliminated in the second round; in an ESPN interview with Quique Wolff, Maradona called the 1994 squad the greatest Argentina team of all time.

text: 1998 World Cup[edit]

text: With Maradona officially retired, Argentina went into the tournament with high expectations, still fielding players from their previous tournament, with Gabriel Batistuta still a constant goalscoring threat and Diego Simeone remaining as the leading figure from the anchorman position. Drawn into Group H of the competition, their opponents consisted of Japan, Jamaica and Croatia. They began their campaign with a 1–0 victory over the Asian nation, following it up with a 5–0 demolition of the Caribbeans. Their third group game was against the Croatians, who had also confirmed qualification to the next round and ended with victory for the Albiceleste by 1–0.

text: Argentina went into the knockout phase with the impressive record of seven goals scored, keeping clean sheets in all three group games. Their opponent was England]], fielding an equally strong team. Argentina took the lead with just six minutes played through Gabriel Batistuta from the penalty spot, only for Alan Shearer to equalize through the same means four minutes later. Six minutes after, youngster Michael Owen broke past Roberto Ayala to score a great individual effort, which was eventually cancelled out one minute into stoppage time after a free kick routine put Javier Zanetti through on goal to score, leaving the final result at 2–2 at the end of the first half.

text: In the second half, England playmaker David Beckham was sent off after a kick on Simeone, with the scores remaining unchanged until the end of normal time and extra time. Argentina won 4–3 on penalties, after Ayala scored the decisive spot kick to book their quarter-final spot, where the Netherlands awaited them.

text: The game was an equally fought match, with both sides scoring early goals; Patrick Kluivert netting after just 12 minutes and Claudio López equalizing five minutes later. Argentina held an advantage as the Dutch went a man down with the dismissal of Arthur Numan after his second booking for a foul on Simeone, though they were unable to take the opportunity and break the deadlock before they too went a man down; with Ariel Ortega receiving two successive yellow cards, the first one for diving inside the penalty box, with the second coming after headbutting Dutch goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar. Argentina's defence held tightly as extra-time beckoned, until a long aerial ball from Dutch captain Frank de Boer found Dennis Bergkamp, who maneuvered around Ayala and beat the Argentine goalkeeper Roa to send the Dutch through, eliminating Argentina from the competition.

text: 2006 World Cup[edit]

text: Argentina had been eliminated at the group stage at Korea/Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, although they had been among the pre-tournament favorites. There was a high expectation of a better performance in the 2006 World Cup in Germany. Argentina qualified for the knockout stages with wins over the Ivory Coast (2–1) and Serbia and Montenegro (6–0), and a 0–0 draw with the Netherlands.

text: In the round of 16, Argentina defeated Mexico 2–1 in extra-time, the winning goal scored by Maxi Rodríguez; this goal went on to win an online poll organized by FIFA as the best goal of the World Cup.[66] In the quarter-final, they lost 4–2 in penalties against hosts Germany after a 1–1 draw. A brawl erupted between the Argentines and Germans after the game ended; unused substitute Leandro Cufré was sent off for kicking Per Mertesacker, while Maxi Rodríguez hit Bastian Schweinsteiger from behind. Following an investigation of video evidence, FIFA issued four-and two-game suspensions for Cufre and Rodríguez respectively. Germany's Torsten Frings was also suspended for the semi-final match for punching Julio Cruz.

text: Shortly after the elimination, coach José Pékerman resigned from his position. The AFA appointed Alfio Basile, who had previously managed the national side during the 1994 World Cup, as his successor.

text: 2007 Copa América[edit]

text: Argentina won all three games in the group stage, beating the United States, Colombia and Paraguay. After convincing victories over Peru and Mexico in the quarter-final and semi-final, respectively, they were favorites to beat Brazil in the final, but were defeated 3–0.

text: 2010 World Cup[edit]

text: Prior to the 2010 World Cup, Diego Maradona was appointed head coach. Argentina was placed in Group B, winning all their games. Their first game was against Nigeria, where Argentina netted a goal in the sixth minute to ensure a 1–0 victory. In the second match, against South Korea, a Gonzalo Higuaín hat-trick and a Korean own goal finished the score at 4–1. Argentina's last group game was against Greece, a 2–0 victory.

text: Argentina then advanced to the round of 16 to play Mexico. The game started with controversy when Carlos Tevez headed a ball from Lionel Messi for a goal; replay clearly showed that Tevez was in an offside position. Eventually, Argentina beat Mexico 3–1 to advance to the quarter-finals. In a much-hyped game, Argentina was shocked after Germany eliminated them with a 4–0 win. Thomas Müller opened the scoring in the third minute, with Miroslav Klose adding an additional two and Arne Friedrich one.

text: 2011 Copa América[edit]

text: The 2011 Copa América was the first major tournament for new coach Sergio Batista. Argentina started the tournament with a shocking 1–1 tie against underdogs Bolivia. In their second game, they played a goalless draw against Colombia in Santa Fe, but went on to win their third game 3–0 against underdogs Costa Rica. Argentina was to play Uruguay in the quarter-finals. After going down after five minutes to a Diego Pérez goal, Gonzalo Higuaín equalized in the 17th minute. The score remained unchanged and after extra time, Argentina lost 5–4 in penalties with a miss from Carlos Tevez. After the elimination, Batista was sacked and replaced by former Estudiantes de La Plata coach Alejandro Sabella.

text: 2014 World Cup[edit]

text: Argentina qualified for the 2014 World Cup and were drawn into Group F alongside Nigeria, Iran and debutants Herzegovina. Argentina had beaten all three of those teams, easily making it through to the next round. In the next round, they beat Switzerland 1–0 after a goalless 90 minutes. In the quarter-finals, they beat Belgium, also 1–0 through an early goal. They then beat the Netherlands]] 4–2 from a penalty shootout in São Paulo, but lost to eventual winners Germany in the final at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, concluding the World Cup runners-up.

text: 2015 Copa América[edit]

text: Argentina entered the subsequent tournament, the 2015 Copa América as heavy favorites to take home the trophy. They began their group stage against Paraguay, where after leading 2–0 for most of the match ultimately settled for a 2–2 draw. Despite doubts in defence, they overcame the difficulties to beat fellow tournament favorites Uruguay and Jamaica. Their quarter-final opponent was Colombia, whose sturdy defense was impossible to break through and goalkeeper David Ospina making impressive saves to keep the game tied at 0–0. In penalties, Argentina missed several chances until Carlos Tevez, who was the sole player to miss his spot kick during the previous tournament, netted his attempt to send la Albiceleste through to the semi-finals to face Paraguay. The game was evenly played until half-time, when the score was 2–1 to Argentina, but four more goals during the second half allowed Argentina to cruise to the final, where they met host nation Chile.

text: The final was a hotly contested match, with both sides having great chances to open the scoring, particularly with a powerful shot from Sergio Agüero in the first half for Argentina, with Alexis Sánchez having a clear one for Chile in the second half. With the scores still tied at the end of regulation, the match went to penalties. Only captain Lionel Messi netted his penalty attempt, with Gonzalo Higuaín sending his attempt well over the crossbar and Éver Banega having his shot saved by Claudio Bravo to leave the final scoreline at 4–1 in penalties.

text: Copa América Centenario[edit]

text: Once more, Argentina entered the tournament as heavy favorites to take home the trophy after 22 years of international drought. La Albiceleste cruised through their group, with their opening match being a replay of the Copa América final from the year before against trophy holders Chile, which Argentina would go on to win 2–1. Further victories against Panama and Bolivia allowed them to top the group with the maximum amount of points. Their quarter-final match was against surprise side Venezuela, where the match remained even for both sides before the Argentines won 4–1. They then dispatched hosts United States 4–0 to earn yet another final clash against Chile.

text: As previously, it was an even match, with Chile initially having the upper hand and more possession before going a man down, with Marcelo Díaz being dismissed after obstructing Messi on the ball. This, however, made it more difficult for Argentina to break through their defence, and they too would go a man down not long after with Marcos Rojo receiving a straight red card for a tackle on Arturo Vidal. Once again the match finished 0–0 and went to penalties. Although Sergio Romero saved Vidal's penalty kick, Messi shot his attempt over the crossbar, with the subsequent players netting their attempts until Bravo saved from Lucas Biglia and Francisco Silva netted the final penalty to once again hand Chile the trophy. The defeat caused frustration within the Argentine players, with Messi announcing his retirement from international football not long after, as well as many others suggesting their departure from the national team as well.

text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
"Historial de la Selección Argentina 1901-1985", Sólo Fútbol Anuario 1985, Editorial Sineret, Buenos Aires (1985)
Historia de la Selección Argentina 1901-1991
Argentina national team 1901-2008 at RSSSF
Argentina: Other matches 1901-2008 at RSSSF
Selección Nacional: Historia at AFA website
Biblioteca del Fútbol Argentino
Copa América 1916-2007 at RSSSF


document_title: A Nightmare on Elm Street

question_text: where is the nightmare on elm street house located

root

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street

text: Plot[edit]

text: Fifteen-year-old Tina Gray is stalked through a boiler room and attacked by a disfigured man wearing a blade-fixed glove. She awakens from the nightmare, but her mother points out four mysterious slashes on her nightgown.

tag: p

text: The following morning, Tina is consoled by her best friend, Nancy Thompson, and Nancy's boyfriend, Glen Lantz. Later, Nancy and Glen sleep at Tina's following her mother's out-of-town departure; the sleepover is interrupted by Tina's boyfriend Rod Lane. Falling asleep, Tina sees the man and runs. Awakened by Tina's thrashing, Rod witnesses her being fatally slashed by an unseen force. He flees as Nancy and Glen find Tina, mistakenly blaming Rod. Nancy tells her father, Lieutenant Don Thompson, of Tina's death.

text: The next day, Rod is arrested by Don, despite his pleas of innocence. At school, Nancy falls asleep in class and finds the man, calling himself Freddy Krueger, chasing her in the boiler room. Nancy burns her arm on a pipe and then awakens. She notices the burn mark on her arm and is concerned. At home, Nancy falls asleep in the bathtub and nearly gets drowned by Freddy. Nancy goes to Rod, who tells her what happened to Tina, and Nancy believes Freddy is responsible for Tina's death.

text: Nancy has Glen watch over her as she falls asleep. She tries to find Freddy and sees him preparing to kill Rod. He turns his attention on her; she runs and wakes up when her alarm clock goes off. Nancy and Glen go to the jail and discover Rod dead in his cell in an apparent suicide. At Rod's funeral, Nancy's parents become worried when she describes the man in her dreams. Her mother Marge takes her to a dream clinic. In her dream, Nancy is attacked again and grabs Freddy's hat. When the staff wake her up, she has a gash on her arm and Freddy's hat in her possession.

text: At home, Marge bars the windows and begins drinking heavily. She tells Nancy that Freddy was a child murderer released on a technicality. In a form of vigilante justice, the parents in the neighborhood burned him alive. Realizing that Freddy desires revenge, Nancy convinces Glen to help her. She plans to take Freddy into the real world, and sets up booby traps in her house. Concerned over her influence, Glen's parents prevent the two from meeting. Glen falls asleep at their appointed hour, and Freddy kills him and releases his blood in a large fountain in his room, which is witnessed by Glen's mother.

text: Alone, Nancy puts Marge to bed and asks Don, who is across the street, to break into the house in twenty minutes. In her sleep, she locates Freddy at the last second and pulls him out of the dream. In the real world, Nancy runs from Freddy, who trips on the booby traps. She lights him on fire, locks him in the basement, and rushes to the door for help. The police arrive, and they realize Freddy has escaped the basement. In Marge's bedroom, they see a still-burning Freddy smother her. After Don puts out the fire, Freddy and Marge have vanished. Despite her father's words, Nancy believes she is still in danger.

text: Freddy attacks Nancy once again. Realizing he is powered by his victim's fear, she calmly turns her back on him, reducing him to nothingness. She steps outside into a bright morning where all of her friends and mother are still alive. She gets into Glen's car to go to school when the top comes down and suddenly locks them in. As the car is driven uncontrollably down the street, Marge is grabbed through the window of their front door by Freddy's gloved hand and is dragged through it to her apparent death.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The cast of A Nightmare on Elm Street included a crew of veteran actors such as Robert Englund and John Saxon, as well as several aspiring young actors including Johnny Depp and Heather Langenkamp.

text:
Robert Englund as Freddy Krueger
John Saxon as Lt. Donald Thompson
Heather Langenkamp as Nancy Thompson
Johnny Depp as Glen Lantz
Ronee Blakley as Marge Thompson
Amanda Wyss as Christina “Tina” Gray
Nick Corri as Rod Lane
Leslie Hoffman as Hall Guard
Joe Unger as Sgt. Garcia
Charles Fleischer as Dr. King
Joseph Whipp as Sgt. Parker
Lin Shaye as Teacher
Mimi Craven as Nurse
Jack Shea as Minister
Ed Call as Mr. Lantz
Sandy Lipton as Mrs. Lantz
David Andrews as Foreman
Jeff Levine as Coroner
Donna Woodrum as Mrs. Gray
Paul Grenier as Mrs. Gray's Boyfriend
Ash Adams and Don Hannah as Surfers
Shashawnee Hall, Brian Reise and Carol Pritikin as Cops
Kathi Gibbs, John Richard Peterson, Chris Tashima and Antonia Yannouli as Kids (uncredited)

tag: ul

text: The task of creating Krueger's disfigured face fell to makeup man David Miller, who based his creation on photographs of burn victims he obtained from the UCLA Medical Center.[12]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"It was a series of articles in the LA Times, three small articles about men from South East Asia, who were from immigrant families and had died in the middle of nightmares—and the paper never correlated them, never said, ‘Hey, we’ve had another story like this."

 — Wes Craven on the film's creation[13]

tag: table

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street contains many biographical elements, taking inspiration from director Wes Craven's childhood.[14] The basis of the film was inspired by several newspaper articles printed in the Los Angeles Times in the 1970s on a group of Southeast Asian refugees, who, after fleeing to the United States from the results of war and genocide in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, were suffering disturbing nightmares, after which they refused to sleep. Some of the men died in their sleep soon after. Medical authorities called the phenomenon Asian Death Syndrome. The condition itself afflicted only men between the ages of 19 and 57 and is believed to be sudden unexplained death syndrome or Brugada syndrome, or both.[15] The 1970s pop song "Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright sealed the story for Craven, giving him not only an artistic setting to "jump off" from, but a synthesizer riff for the Elm Street soundtrack as well.[16] Craven has also stated that he drew some inspiration for the film from Eastern religions.[17]

text: Other sources also attribute the inspiration for the film to be a 1968 student film project made by students of Craven's at Clarkson University. The student film parodied contemporary horror films, and was filmed along Elm Street in Potsdam, New York[18][19] (the town in the film was named Madstop—Potsdam spelled backwards).[20]

text: The film's villain, Freddy Krueger, draws heavily from Craven's early life. One night, a young Craven saw an elderly man walking on the sidepath outside the window of his home. The man stopped to glance at a startled Craven and walked off. This served as the inspiration for Krueger.[14] Initially, Fred Krueger was intended to be a child molester, but Craven eventually characterized him as a child murderer to avoid being accused of exploiting a spate of highly publicized child molestation cases that occurred in California around the time of production of the film.[12]

text: By Craven's account, his own adolescent experiences led to the naming of Freddy Krueger. He had been bullied at school by a child named Fred Krueger, and he named his villain accordingly.[12] Additionally, Craven had done the same in his earlier film The Last House on the Left (1972), where the villain's name was shortened to "Krug". The colored sweater he chose for his villain was based on the DC Comics character Plastic Man, and Craven chose to make Krueger's sweater red and green, after reading an article in Scientific American in 1982 that said the two most clashing colors to the human retina were this particular combination.[13]

text: Craven strove to make Krueger different from other horror-film villains of the era. "A lot of the killers were wearing masks: Leatherface, Michael Myers, Jason," he recalled in 2014. "I wanted my villain to have a 'mask,' but be able to talk and taunt and threaten. So I thought of him being burned and scarred." He also felt the killer should use something other than a knife, which was too common. "So I thought, How about a glove with steak knives? I gave the idea to our special-effects guy, Jim Doyle." Ultimately two models of the glove were built: one called the "hero glove" used only whenever anything needs to be cut, and the other a stunt glove less likely to cause injury.[21]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Wes Craven began writing A Nightmare on Elm Street's screenplay around 1981, after he had finished production on Swamp Thing (1982). He pitched it to several studios, but each one of them rejected it for different reasons. The first studio to show interest was Walt Disney Productions, although they wanted Craven to tone down the content to make it suitable for children and pre-teens. Craven declined.[12][13] Another early suitor was Paramount Pictures; however the studios passed on the project due to A Nightmare on Elm Street's similarity to Dreamscape (1984), a film they were producing at the time. Universal Studios also passed; Craven, who was in desperate personal and financial straits during this period, later framed their rejection letter on the wall of his office.[21]

text: Finally, the fledgling and independent New Line Cinema corporation—which had up to that point only distributed films, rather than making its own—gave the project the go-ahead.[12] During filming, New Line's distribution deal for the film fell through and for two weeks it was unable to pay its cast and crew. Although New Line has gone on to make much bigger and more profitable films, Nightmare holds such an important place in the company's history that the studio is often referred to as "The House That Freddy Built".[22]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Actor David Warner was originally slated to play Freddy.[23] Make-up tests were done,[24] but he had to drop out due to scheduling conflicts. Replacing him was difficult at first. "I couldn’t find an actor to play Freddy Krueger with the sense of ferocity I was seeking," Craven recalled on the film's 30th anniversary. "Everyone was too quiet, too compassionate towards children. Then Robert Englund auditioned. [He] wasn’t as tall I’d hoped, and he had baby fat on his face, but he impressed me with his willingness to go to the dark places in his mind. Robert understood Freddy."[21]

text: To get that understanding, Englund had darkened his lower eyelids with cigarette ash on his way to the audition and slicked his hair back. "I looked strange. I sat there and listened to Wes talk. He was tall and preppy and erudite. I posed a bit, like Klaus Kinski, and that was the audition," he said later. He took the part because it was the only project that fit his schedule during the hiatus between the V miniseries and series.[21]

text: Craven said he wanted someone very "non-Hollywood" for the role of Nancy, and he believed Langenkamp met this quality.[14] Langenkamp, who had appeared in several commercials and a TV film, took time off from her studies at Stanford to continue acting.[21] Eventually she landed the role of Nancy Thompson after an open audition, beating out more than 200 actresses including Demi Moore, Courteney Cox, Tracey Gold, and Jennifer Grey.[25] Langenkamp returned as Nancy in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), and also played herself in Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994).

text: Johnny Depp was another unknown when he was cast; he initially went to accompany a friend (Jackie Earle Haley, who went on to play Freddy in the 2010 remake) so he could audition, yet eventually got the part of Glen.[14] Glen Lantz's epic death in this movie is paid homage to by a flashback in Freddy vs. Jason and Depp gets his own nod in a cameo role in Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare as a guy on TV.[26] Craven's daughters picked Depp's headshot from the set he showed them.[21] Other actors such as Charlie Sheen (who wanted too much money[21]), John Cusack, Kiefer Sutherland, Nicolas Cage, and C. Thomas Howell were considered.[citation needed]

text: Filming[edit]

text: According to Shaye, all the film's original investors backed out at one point or another during pre-production. The original budget was merely $700,000. "It ended up at $1.1 million ... Half the funding came from a Yugoslavian guy who had a girlfriend he wanted in movies."[21]

text: Principal photography began in June 1984 in several locations throughout Los Angeles, California. The fictional address of the house that appears in the film is 1428 Elm Street; the actual house is a private home located in Los Angeles on 1428 North Genesee Avenue.[27][28] During production, over 500 gallons of fake blood were used for the special effects production.[29] For the famous blood geyser sequence, the filmmakers used the same revolving room set that was used for Tina's death.

text: They put the set so that it was upside down and attached the camera so that it looked like the room was right side up, then they poured gallons of red water into the room, because the normal film blood would not make the right effect for the geyser.  During the filming of this scene, the blood poured in an unexpected way causing the rotating room to spin.  Much of the blood spilled out of the bedroom window covering Craven and Langenkamp.[30] The scene where Nancy is attacked by Krueger in her bathtub was accomplished with a special bottomless tub. The tub was put in a bathroom set that was built over a swimming pool. During the underwater sequence Heather Langenkamp was replaced with a stuntwoman. The "melting staircase" as seen in Nancy's dream was Robert Shaye's idea; it was created using pancake mix.[30]

text: Jsu Garcia, who was credited as Rod under the name "Nick Corri", says the production was difficult for him. He had recently come off a period of homelessness, and was still dealing with the depression from that by snorting heroin in the bathroom between takes. In 2014, he revealed that he was high on that drug during the scene between him and Langenkamp in his jail cell. "His eyes were watery and they weren’t focused," Langenkamp said. "I thought, 'Wow, he’s giving the best performance of his life.'"[21]

text: A scene from  Sam Raimi's The Evil Dead appears on a television when Nancy is trying to stay awake about halfway through. This was in response to Raimi featuring a Hills Have Eyes poster in the film. Craven was so impressed that he included it on the TV, and in return a Freddy Krueger glove was featured in the tool shed in Evil Dead II: Dead by Dawn.[citation needed]

text: Wes Craven originally planned for the film to have a more evocative ending: Nancy kills Krueger by ceasing to believe in him, then awakes to discover that everything that happened in the film was an elongated nightmare. However, New Line leader Robert Shaye demanded a twist ending, in which Krueger disappears and the film all appears to have been a dream, only for the audience to discover that they are watching a dream-within-a-dream-within-a-dream, where Fred reappears as a car that "kidnaps" Nancy and her friends, followed by Fred reaching through a window on the front door to pull Nancy's mother inside.[30] Both a happy ending and a twist ending were filmed, but the final film used the twist ending. As a result, Craven (who never wanted the film to be an ongoing franchise), dropped out of working on the first sequel, Freddy's Revenge (1985).[30] Production wrapped in late July, and the film was rushed to get ready for its November release.

text: Censorship issues[edit]

text: When the film was submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system (MPAA), two cuts were required to grant it an R rating[16]  The theatrical version was released with an R rating and 13 seconds of cuts.  In the U.K. the film was released theatrically and on home video uncut.[31] The Australian theatrical release would see the film edited to an M rating,[32] but the uncut version on VHS home video in 1985 with an Australian R rating.[33]  The uncut version would not see a U.S. release until the 1996 Elite Entertainment Laserdisc release.[34]  However all DVD, digital and Blu-ray releases use the R-rated theatrical version, meaning the uncut version has yet to be released on a digital format.[31]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Freddy exclusively attacks teenagers and his actions have been interpreted as symbolic of the often traumatic experiences of adolescence.[35] Nancy, like the archetypal teenager, experiences social anxiety and her relationship with her parents becomes very strained.  Sexuality is present in Freudian images and is almost exclusively displayed in a threatening and mysterious context (e.g., Tina's death visually evokes a rape, Freddy's glove between Nancy's legs in the bath).  The original script actually called for Krueger to be a child molester, rather than a child killer, before being murdered.[36]

text: "In Nightmare, all the adults are damaged: They're alcoholic, they're on pills, they're not around," Englund has observed. Blakley says the parents in the film "verge on being villains". Englund adds: "The adolescents have to wade through that, and Heather is the last girl standing. She lives. She defeats Freddy." Langenkamp agrees: "Nightmare is a feminist movie, but I look at it more as a 'youth power' film."[21]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first introduced to the home video market by Media Home Entertainment in early 1985 and was eventually released on Laserdisc. It has since been released on DVD, first in 1999 in the United States as part of the Nightmare on Elm Street Collection box set (along with the other six sequels), and once again in Restored "Infinifilm" Special Edition in 2006, containing various special features with contributions from Wes Craven, Heather Langenkamp, John Saxon and the director of photography.

text: The Special Edition consisted of two DVDs, one with the film picture and sound restored (DTS 5.1, Dolby Digital 5.1 and original mono audio track) and another DVD with special features. Along with the restored version of the film, DVD 1 also had two commentaries, and other nightmares (if not all) from the film's sequels (2–7 and Freddy Vs. Jason). It also included additional, extended or alternate scenes of the film, such as one scene where Marge reveals to Nancy that she had another sibling who was killed by Freddy. These unused clips/scenes were not included or added in the film but could be viewed separately from the DVD's menus.

text: On April 13, 2010, the film was released on Blu-ray Disc by Warner Home Video,[37] with all the same extras from the 2006 Special Edition included.[38] A new DVD box set containing all of the films up to that point was released on the same day.[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street premiered in the United States with a limited theatrical release on November 9, 1984, opening in 165 cinemas across the country.[4] Grossing $1,271,000 during its opening weekend, the film was considered an instant commercial success. The film eventually earned a total of $25,504,513 at the American box office.[4] Additionally, A Nightmare on Elm Street was released in Europe, Canada and Australia.[40]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
In a contemporary review, Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that A Nightmare on Elm Street was closer to a Stephen King adaptation with its small-town setting, and "invented monster myth".[1] Newman concluded that the film found "Craven emerging from the his recent career slump (Swamp Thing, The Hills Have Eyes Part 2, Invitation to Hell) with a fine, perhaps definitive bogeyman to back him up." and that the film was "a superior example of an over-worked genre".[1]
Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post praised the film, stating that "for such a low-budget movie, Nightmare on Elm Street is extraordinarily polished. The script is consistently witty, the camera work (by cinematographer Jacques Haitkin) is crisp and expressive."[41] The review noted that "the genre has built-in limitations [...] but Craven faces the challenge admirably; "A Nightmare on Elm Street" is halfway between an exploitation flick and classic surrealism". The review also commented on Freddy Krueger, calling him "the most chilling figure in the genre since "The Shape" made his debut in "Halloween"."[41] Variety commented that the film was "a highly imaginative horror film", praising the special effects while finding that the film "fails to tie up his thematic threads satisfyingly at the conclusion."[42]

text: The review commented negatively on some of the scenes involving Nancy's family, noting that "the movie's worst scenes involve Nancy and her alcoholic mother".[41] On the character development, Newman stated that "the impression that about two hundred pages worth of characterisation has been compressed into cliché details like boozy Ronee Blakley demonstrating her renewed self-respect by throwing away a half-full bottle."[1] Newman also said that the nightmares in the film worked against itself, stating that "while the kissing telephone and bottomless bathtub are disorienting in the [David] Cronenberg spirit, they get in the way of the relentless, pursuing-monster aspect that Carpenter manages so well."[1]

text: Later reception[edit]

text: Author Ian Conrich praised the film's ability to rupture "the boundaries between the imaginary and real",[43] and critic James Berardinelli said it toys with audience perceptions.[11] Kelly Bulkeley interpreted the overriding theme as a social subtext, "the struggles of adolescents in American society".[44]

text: The film has a 94% approval rating based on 47 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes with and average rating of 7.7/10 and with the site's consensus saying: "Wes Craven's intelligent premise, combined with the horrifying visual appearance of Freddy Krueger, still causes nightmares to this day."[45] The film is also considered one of the best of 1984 by Filmsite.org.[46] In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the past 30 years.[47] It ranked at #17 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments (2004), a five-hour program that selected cinema's scariest moments.  In 2008, Empire ranked A Nightmare on Elm Street 162nd on their list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time".[48] It also was selected by The New York Times as one of "The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made".[49]

text: American Film Institute recognition

text: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains — #40, Freddy Krueger, Villain

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films – Best Horror Film (1985) (nomination)
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films – Best Performance by a Young Actor – Jsu Garcia (1985) (nomination)
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films – Best DVD Classic Film Release (2007) (nomination)
Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival – Critics Award – Wes Craven (1985) (won)
Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival – Special Mention for Acting – Heather Langenkamp (1985) (won)[50]

text: Remakes[edit]

text: In 2010, a remake was released, also titled A Nightmare on Elm Street, starring Jackie Earle Haley as Freddy Krueger. The film was produced by Michael Bay, directed by Samuel Bayer and written by the team of Wesley Strick and Eric Heisserer. The film was intended as a reboot to the franchise, but plans for a sequel never came to fruition after the film received mostly negative reviews.

text: On August 7, 2015, it was reported that New Line Cinema was developing a second remake with Orphan writer David Leslie Johnson.[51]  Englund expressed interest in returning to the series in a cameo role.[52]


document_title: Acoustical oceanography

question_text: can you suggest one application of sound waves in oceanography

text: Acoustical oceanography

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)

text: The earliest efforts at bathymetry, or study of the contours of the ocean's floor, were made by the ancient Greeks in the Mediterranean. They made a depth sounding by lowering a rope with a stone tied to the end over the side of a ship, until it hit bottom. The process was very time consuming, and not always accurate.[1]

text: Interest in developing echo ranging systems began in earnest following the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912. By sending a sound wave ahead of a ship, the theory went, a return echo bouncing off the submerged portion of an iceberg should give early warning of collisions. By directing the same type of beam downwards, the depth to the bottom of the ocean could be calculated.[1]

text: The first practical deep-ocean echo sounder was invented by Harvey C. Hayes, a U.S. Navy physicist. For the first time, it was possible to create a quasi-continuous profile of the ocean floor along the course of a ship. The first such profile was made by Hayes on board the U.S.S. Stewart, a Navy destroyer that sailed from Newport to Gibraltar between June 22 and 29, 1922. During that week, 900 deep-ocean soundings were made.[2]

text: Using a refined echo sounder, the German survey ship Meteor made several passes across the South Atlantic from the equator to Antarctica between 1925 and 1927, taking soundings every 5 to 20 miles. Their work created the first detailed map of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It showed that the Ridge was a rugged mountain range, and not the smooth plateau that some scientists had envisioned. Since that time, both naval and research vessels have operated echo sounders almost continuously while at sea.[3]

text: Important contributions to acoustical oceanography have been made by:

text:
Leonid Brekhovskikh
Walter Munk
Herman Medwin
John L Spiesberger
C C Leroy
David E. Weston
D. Van Holliday
Charles Greenlaw

text: Equipment used[edit]

text: The earliest and most widespread use of sound and sonar technology to study the properties of the sea is the use of an rainbow echo sounder to measure water depth. Sounders were the devices used that mapped the many miles of the Santa Barbara Harbor ocean floor until 1993.

text: Fathometers measure the depth of the waters. It works by electronically sending sounds from ships, therefore also receiving the sound waves that bounces back from the bottom of the ocean. A paper chart moves through the fathometer and is calibrated to record the depth.

text: As technology advances, the development of high resolution sonars in the second half of the 20th century made it possible to not just detect underwater objects but to classify them and even image them. Electronic sensors are now attached to ROVs since nowadays, ships or robot submarines have Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs). There are cameras attached to these devices giving out accurate images. The oceanographers are able to get a clear and precise quality of pictures. The 'pictures' can also be sent from sonars by having sound reflected off ocean surroundings. Oftentimes sound waves reflect off animals, giving information which can be documented into deeper animal behaviour studies.[4][5][6]

text: Theory[edit]

text: See Clay and Medwin.[7]

text: Measurements[edit]

text: See Clay and Medwin.[7]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Applications of acoustical oceanography include:

text:
fish population surveys
classification of fish species and other biota
rain rate measurement
wind speed measurement
water depth measurement
seabed classification
ocean acoustic tomography
global thermometry
monitoring of ocean-atmospheric gas exchange

text: Depth sounding[edit]

text: Marine biology[edit]

text: The study of marine life, from microplankton to the blue whale, uses bioacoustics.[8]


document_title: Montpelier, Vermont

question_text: when did montpelier become the capital of vermont

text: Montpelier, Vermont

text: History[edit]

text: The first permanent settlement began in May 1787, when Colonel Jacob Davis and General Parley Davis arrived from Charlton, Massachusetts. General Davis surveyed the land, while Colonel Davis cleared forest and erected a large log house on the west side of the North Branch of the Winooski River. His family moved in the following winter.

text: Colonel Davis selected the name "Montpelier" after the French city of Montpellier.[7] There was a general enthusiasm for things French as a result of the country's aid to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War.[8] The settlement grew quickly, and by 1791 the population reached 117.

text: In 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette visited Montpelier on a triumphal tour of the United States, 50 years after the Revolutionary War.

text: The town developed into a center for manufacturing, especially after the Central Vermont Railway opened in Montpelier on June 20, 1849—the same year East Montpelier was set off as a separate town. Falls on the Winooski River provided water power for mills. There was an iron foundry.

text: Ten thousand people turned out to greet Major General Philip Sheridan when he visited to address the fourth annual meeting of Vermont former Union officers. He particularly thanked Vermont veterans of the Civil War for their performance at the Battle of Cedar Creek.[9][10]

text: The town had the first municipal water driven hydro system in Vermont in 1884. Water pressure generated sufficient electricity for streetlights.[11]

text: The state proclaimed October 12, 1899, as "Dewey Day" to honor native son George Dewey, the hero of Battle of Manila Bay and the Spanish–American War. Thousands turned out from the state to his hometown of Montpelier for the celebration.[12]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Montpelier is located at 44°15′N 72°34′W / 44.250°N 72.567°W / 44.250; -72.567 (44.2500, −72.5667) in the north-central area of Vermont.[13] The city center is a flat clay zone (elevation 520 ft/158 m), surrounded by hills and granite ledges. Towne Hill runs in a 2-mile (3.2 km) ridge (~900 ft/275 m) along the northern edge of the city.

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.3 square miles (27 km2), of which 10.2 square miles (26 km2) is land and 0.10% is water. The Winooski River flows west along the south edge of downtown village and is fed by several smaller tributaries that cut through residential districts. Montpelier is subject to periodic flooding in the flat city center, with two major floods occurring 1927 and 1992.[14]

text: On its borders are the towns of Middlesex to the west, Berlin to the south, and East Montpelier to the north and east. Montpelier lies near the geographic center of the state.[15]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Montpelier features a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), with long, cold, and snowy winters, short springs and autumns, and warm summers. From January to July, daily means range from 16.4 to 67.3 °F (−8.7 to 19.6 °C). In winter, lows fall below 0 °F or −17.8 °C on 24 mornings and daytime highs stay below freezing for the majority of afternoons from December to February. Snow is also frequent and remains on the ground for long stretches throughout the winter, though thaws are by no means infrequent. Average annual snowfall is 94.2 inches or 2.39 metres.[16] Summers are warm and often humid, with 2 or 3 days above 90 °F or 32.2 °C, but rarely reaching 95 °F or 35 °C.

text: Extremes have ranged from −34 °F or −36.7 °C in January 1981 to 97 °F or 36.1 °C, most recently recorded in July 1977.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Montpelier, Vermont

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
66
(19)
61
(16)
82
(28)
90
(32)
90
(32)
95
(35)
97
(36)
97
(36)
92
(33)
84
(29)
76
(24)
67
(19)
97
(36)

Average high °F (°C)
26.4
(−3.1)
30.3
(−0.9)
39.0
(3.9)
53.3
(11.8)
65.7
(18.7)
74.3
(23.5)
78.5
(25.8)
76.7
(24.8)
68.7
(20.4)
56.0
(13.3)
43.8
(6.6)
31.6
(−0.2)
53.7
(12.1)

Average low °F (°C)
7.0
(−13.9)
9.5
(−12.5)
18.9
(−7.3)
31.5
(−0.3)
41.9
(5.5)
51.2
(10.7)
55.7
(13.2)
53.8
(12.1)
46.1
(7.8)
35.3
(1.8)
26.9
(−2.8)
14.4
(−9.8)
32.7
(0.4)

Record low °F (°C)
−34
(−37)
−29
(−34)
−18
(−28)
2
(−17)
20
(−7)
29
(−2)
35
(2)
31
(−1)
20
(−7)
14
(−10)
−7
(−22)
−27
(−33)
−34
(−37)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.45
(62.2)
2.04
(51.8)
2.39
(60.7)
2.66
(67.6)
3.37
(85.6)
3.80
(96.5)
4.08
(103.6)
4.01
(101.9)
3.12
(79.2)
3.44
(87.4)
3.17
(80.5)
2.74
(69.6)
37.27
(946.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
22.6
(57.4)
18.0
(45.7)
16.8
(42.7)
4.9
(12.4)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.9
(2.3)
9.1
(23.1)
21.9
(55.6)
94.2
(239.3)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
13.0
11.2
11.3
12.6
12.9
12.4
12.4
11.7
10.4
12.3
14.0
14.4
148.6

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
12.0
9.1
7.5
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
5.7
11.7
50.2

Source: NOAA (normals 1981–2010, extremes 1948–present) [17][18]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1800
890

—

1810
1,877

110.9%

1820
2,308

23.0%

1830
1,193

−48.3%

1840
3,725

212.2%

1850
2,310

−38.0%

1860
2,411

4.4%

1870
3,023

25.4%

1880
3,219

6.5%

1890
4,160

29.2%

1900
6,266

50.6%

1910
7,856

25.4%

1920
7,125

−9.3%

1930
7,837

10.0%

1940
8,006

2.2%

1950
8,559

6.9%

1960
8,782

2.6%

1970
8,609

−2.0%

1980
8,241

−4.3%

1990
8,247

0.1%

2000
8,035

−2.6%

2010
7,855

−2.2%

Est. 2016
7,535
[19]
−4.1%

U.S. Decennial Census[20]
[21]

text: Along with Barre, the city forms a small micropolitan area in the center of the state; together they are known as the twin cities.

text: As of the census[1] of 2010, there were 7,855 people, 3,739 households, and 1,940 families residing in the city. The population density was 784.0 people per square mile (302.7/km²). There were 3,899 housing units at an average density of 380.4 per square mile (146.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.7% White, 1.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.

text: There were 3,739 households out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 years living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.1% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.84.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.0 males.

text: Government[edit]

text: Montpelier's government maintains a city council, city manager, and mayor. The city council consists of a mayor and six members each elected from districts with each district electing two members for two year terms. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote to a two-year term. The council appoints the city manager who is the chief administrative officer of the city.

text: The city provides municipal services for its residents and businesses. These include local law enforcement, firefighting, planning and zoning regulation, and provision for potable drinking water and wastewater.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Government, higher education, insurance and tourism are principal businesses.[22]

text: Personal income[edit]

text: The median income for a household in the city was $37,513, and the median income for a family was $51,818. Males had a median income of $35,957 versus $29,442 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,599. About 7.2% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.

text: Industry[edit]

text: Since the city's establishment as capital in 1805, the primary business in Montpelier has been government, and by the mid-19th century government and life and fire insurance. Companies based in Montpelier include the National Life Group.

text: Located in Montpelier are the New England Culinary Institute, the annual Green Mountain Film Festival and the headquarters of several insurance companies. The majority of businesses in the downtown area, mostly retail, are locally owned.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: The Vermont History Museum, operated in The Pavilion by the Vermont Historical Society, is an attraction.

text: Education[edit]

text:
Public schools include:

Montpelier High School
Main Street Middle School[23]
Union Elementary School[24]

River Rock School is a private school serving kindergarten through 8th grade students.[25]
A campus of the Community College of Vermont
New England Culinary Institute, a for-profit career college
Union Institute & University Vermont campus, offers a Master of Education program through a low-residency (online) program[26]
Vermont College of Fine Arts is a low-residency graduate school offering Masters of Fine Arts degrees in visual arts, writing, and writing for children and young adults[27]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Montpelier has become one of Vermont's most readily accessible cities and towns, as Vermont's founders deliberately placed the capital near the geographic center of the state.[28][29]

text: Roads[edit]

text: The city is located along Interstate 89. East-west U.S. Route 2 and north-south Vermont Route 12 are two other principal routes that intersect in Montpelier. Both I-89 and U.S. 2 provide a direct link to Burlington and the populous Lake Champlain Valley in the northwestern corner of the state. U.S. Route 302 has its western terminus in Montpelier, connecting it with the nearby city of Barre and points east.

text: Rail[edit]

text: Amtrak, the national rail passenger system, provides daily service from its station at Montpelier Junction in the neighboring town of Berlin, on the route known as the "Vermonter", operating between St. Albans, Vermont and Washington, D.C.

text: Bus[edit]

text: Greyhound and Megabus operate buses that serve Montpelier. The Green Mountain Transit Authority (GMTA) operates a local bus network throughout the micropolitan area, with stops in Montpelier and Barre, including nearby Waterbury, the Vermont State House, Ben & Jerry's factory, and the local Berlin Mall. GMTA and its sister bus company in Burlington, the Chittenden County Transportation Authority (CCTA), operate a series of LINK commuter buses with stops in Montpelier, Burlington, Richmond, and Waterbury.

text: Taxi[edit]

text: A few small taxi companies serve the area.

text: Air[edit]

text: Air travelers in private planes can use the Edward F. Knapp State Airport in Berlin to access Montpelier. The Burlington International Airport in Chittenden County is the closest commercial air service, located 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Montpelier.

text: Other[edit]

text: Two shared-use paths for walking and bicycling connect to Montpelier: the Cross Vermont Trail and the Central Vermont Regional Path. Montpelier's downtown is relatively compact and pedestrian-friendly, with sidewalks and crosswalks throughout the downtown area.

text: Sports[edit]

text: The Vermont Mountaineers of the New England Collegiate Baseball League play at the Montpelier Recreation Field.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Arts and culture[edit]

text:
Kellogg-Hubbard Library—with a copy of the Parthenon Frieze[30]
Lost Nation Theater[31]
Montpelier Theatre Guild[32]
Vermont History Museum—in The Pavilion[33]
Vermont State House
T. W. Wood Gallery & Arts Center[34]
Capital City Concerts[35]
An annual local vernacular culture phenomenon, the Valentine Phantom, a tradition of covering downtown storefronts and public buildings with red hearts each February 14, began in Montpelier in the 1990s.

text: Parks and natural areas[edit]

text: The city has three city nature centers. Hubbard Park rises behind the state capitol building and extends along the ridge line towards the north past the pool to the stump dump.[37] Accessible from Cummings Street off State Route 12, the North Branch River Park is the second-largest park in the city.[38] The Mill Pond Park is located along State Route 12 approximately a 0.25 miles (0.40 km) from the cemetery and features boat access to the North Branch river, as well as benches and short-term parking.[39] The North Branch Nature Center is located at the northern end of town and includes 17 acres (6.9 ha) of protected land as well as a community nature center. A bridge from the North Branch Nature Center connects the land to the North Branch River Park on the opposite side of the North Branch River.[40]